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572a8448be1ee31400cb806b | What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly? | good men | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in w... |
572a8598111d821400f38ba4 | What concept did Hayek dislike? | social justice | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necess... |
572a8598111d821400f38ba5 | How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution? | there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necess... |
572a8598111d821400f38ba6 | What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust? | the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necess... |
572a8598111d821400f38ba7 | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | the opposite of a free society | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise \"the results of the individual's efforts are necess... |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807b | What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend? | non-interventionist policy | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire syste... |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807c | What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem? | prima facie | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire syste... |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807d | What are ecosystems views to be? | spontaneous orders | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire syste... |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807e | One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments? | analysis of markets | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire syste... |
572a8747be1ee31400cb807f | What is limited by the ignorance of humanity? | our ability to manipulate nature | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire syste... |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8085 | According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care? | Hayek | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nWith regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calcula... |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8086 | Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society? | the state | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nWith regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calcula... |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8087 | In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance? | The economic calculation problem | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nWith regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calcula... |
572a88adbe1ee31400cb8088 | Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net? | Bernard Harcourt | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nWith regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated \"some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy.\" As referenced in the section on \"The economic calcula... |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb60 | Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts? | Arthur M. Diamond | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nArthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a... |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb61 | Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic? | economic science | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nArthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a... |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb62 | What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek? | intellectual skeptic | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nArthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a... |
572a89eaf75d5e190021fb63 | Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what? | confused and contradictory | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nArthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued that: “The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a... |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd2 | At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary? | a transitional period | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nAsked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I... |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd3 | What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals? | a liberal dictatorship | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nAsked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I... |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd4 | What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future? | a liberal government | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nAsked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I... |
572a8b41111d821400f38bd5 | As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler? | Pinochet | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nAsked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, \"As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I... |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be2 | Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what? | totalitarianism | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nFor Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevale... |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be3 | What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism? | Venezuela | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nFor Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevale... |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be4 | What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America? | totalitarian governments | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nFor Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevale... |
572a8c4c111d821400f38be5 | What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian? | the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nFor Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevale... |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bea | What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs? | private investment in the public markets | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The ... |
572a8d8e111d821400f38beb | What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment? | Lionel Robbins | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The ... |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bec | Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency? | Churchill | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The ... |
572a8d8e111d821400f38bed | With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly? | John Maynard Keynes | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The ... |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8197 | Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field? | Kenneth Arrow | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox ... |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8198 | What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man? | Paul Samuelson | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox ... |
572ab384be1ee31400cb8199 | On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong? | Joseph Schumpeter | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox ... |
572ab384be1ee31400cb819a | On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical? | Hayek's | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox ... |
572ab384be1ee31400cb819b | Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics? | Prices and Production | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox ... |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a1 | Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics? | Milton Friedman's | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively... |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a2 | What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980? | Free to Choose | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively... |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a3 | How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system? | Hayekian | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively... |
572ab4d5be1ee31400cb81a4 | Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach? | The Use of Knowledge in Society | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The \"informal\" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively... |
572ab680111d821400f38ce8 | Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with? | Karl Popper | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated h... |
572ab680111d821400f38ce9 | Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper? | Alfred Tarski | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated h... |
572ab680111d821400f38cea | Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work? | Conjectures and Refutations | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated h... |
572ab680111d821400f38ceb | Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention? | Logik der Forschung | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated h... |
572ab680111d821400f38cec | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | the inaugural meeting | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, \"I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski.\" (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated h... |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d5 | Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism? | The Road to Serfdom | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politic... |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d6 | To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success? | Carl Menger | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politic... |
572ab7babe1ee31400cb81d7 | Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period?? | Scottish Enlightenment | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politic... |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6e | In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister? | 1979 | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studie... |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc6f | Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state? | Keith Joseph | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studie... |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc70 | During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what? | conservative governments | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studie... |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc71 | What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold? | director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studie... |
572ab905f75d5e190021fc72 | One of Hayek's supporters served which US president? | Ronald Reagan's | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studie... |
572aba88111d821400f38d00 | What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty? | conservatism | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what i... |
572aba88111d821400f38d01 | What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism? | "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what i... |
572aba88111d821400f38d02 | What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism? | belief in the free market | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what i... |
572aba88111d821400f38d03 | What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology? | libertarian | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what i... |
572aba88111d821400f38d04 | Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged? | internationalism | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHayek wrote an essay, \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, \"Conservatism is only as good as what i... |
572abb9a34ae481900deac87 | What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian? | Old Whig | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHowever, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical poli... |
572abb9a34ae481900deac88 | In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced? | liberal-minded economists | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHowever, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical poli... |
572abb9a34ae481900deac89 | Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"? | James M. Buchanan | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHowever, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical poli... |
572abb9a34ae481900deac8a | From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian? | Edmund Burke | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHowever, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical poli... |
572abb9a34ae481900deac8b | In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself? | a Burkean Whig | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHowever, for his part, Hayek found this term \"singularly unattractive\" and offered the term \"Old Whig\" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, \"I am becoming a Burkean Whig.\" However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical poli... |
572abd0734ae481900deaca3 | What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals? | neoliberalism | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHis opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espou... |
572abd0734ae481900deaca4 | Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy? | Samuel Brittan | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHis opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espou... |
572abd0734ae481900deaca5 | Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's? | Raymond Plant | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nHis opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of \"neoliberalism\". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, \"Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espou... |
572abec0be1ee31400cb81ff | Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative? | Madsen Pirie | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who t... |
572abec0be1ee31400cb8200 | According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom? | people in authority who think they know how to run things better | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who t... |
572abec0be1ee31400cb8201 | Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason? | mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who t... |
572abec0be1ee31400cb8202 | What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market? | to function smoothly | [
"Friedrich_Hayek\n\nIn Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who t... |
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881b | What is diarrhea? | the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.... |
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881c | What is one of the effects of diarrhea? | can result in dehydration due to fluid loss | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.... |
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881d | What are the warning signs of dehydration? | loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.... |
572a3fbf3f37b3190047881e | What are other signs of dehydration? | decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour.... |
572a446f1d046914007798b5 | What is the most common cause of diarrhea? | an infection of the intestines | [
"Diarrhea\n\nThe most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into... |
572a446f1d046914007798b6 | What can cause an infection in the intestines? | a virus, bacteria, or parasite | [
"Diarrhea\n\nThe most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into... |
572a446f1d046914007798b7 | What are the three types of diarrhea? | short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea | [
"Diarrhea\n\nThe most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into... |
572a446f1d046914007798b8 | What is it known as if blood is present? | dysentery | [
"Diarrhea\n\nThe most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into... |
572a46351d046914007798bd | What are some ways to prevent diarrhea? | improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap | [
"Diarrhea\n\nPrevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is ... |
572a46351d046914007798be | What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby? | Breastfeeding for at least six months | [
"Diarrhea\n\nPrevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is ... |
572a46351d046914007798bf | What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea? | Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar | [
"Diarrhea\n\nPrevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is ... |
572a46351d046914007798c0 | What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics? | cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites | [
"Diarrhea\n\nPrevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, is ... |
572a49623f37b31900478869 | HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year? | 1.7 to 5 billion cases | [
"Diarrhea\n\nAbout 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common c... |
572a49623f37b3190047886a | How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries? | average three times a year | [
"Diarrhea\n\nAbout 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common c... |
572a49623f37b3190047886b | Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases? | malnutrition | [
"Diarrhea\n\nAbout 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common c... |
572a49623f37b3190047886c | What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea? | stunted growth and poor intellectual development | [
"Diarrhea\n\nAbout 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common c... |
572a4e22fed8de19000d5b89 | What is secretory diarrhea? | an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption | [
"Diarrhea\n\nSecretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, t... |
572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8a | What are the causes of secretory diarrhea? | cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions | [
"Diarrhea\n\nSecretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, t... |
572a4e22fed8de19000d5b8b | Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea? | . There is little to no structural damage. | [
"Diarrhea\n\nSecretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, t... |
572a50757a1753140016ae9e | What occures with osmotic diarrhea? | s when too much water is drawn into the bowels | [
"Diarrhea\n\nOsmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or C... |
572a50757a1753140016ae9f | What causes osmotic diarrhea? | If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel | [
"Diarrhea\n\nOsmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or C... |
572a50757a1753140016aea0 | How do osmotic lazatives work? | alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels | [
"Diarrhea\n\nOsmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or C... |
572a50757a1753140016aea1 | What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people? | too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose | [
"Diarrhea\n\nOsmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or C... |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9b | When does inflammatory diarrhea occur? | when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border | [
"Diarrhea\n\nInflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diar... |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9c | What happens with inflammatory diarrhea? | a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids | [
"Diarrhea\n\nInflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diar... |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9d | What can cause inflammatory diarrhea? | bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems | [
"Diarrhea\n\nInflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diar... |
572a51a3b8ce0319002e2a9e | What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea? | tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis. | [
"Diarrhea\n\nInflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diar... |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab3 | Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person? | a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that di... |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab4 | What can early childhood malnutrition cause? | reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that di... |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab5 | What is the cause of childhood malnutrition? | diarrhea | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that di... |
572a531bb8ce0319002e2ab6 | Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect? | significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence | [
"Diarrhea\n\nDiarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. \"Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults,\" and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that di... |
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