id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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573028f2947a6a140053d1d4 | In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain? | no less than 667 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary at... |
573028f2947a6a140053d1d5 | What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover? | the slightest sign of a break in morale | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary at... |
573028f2947a6a140053d1d6 | About how many civilians were injured in September and October? | 20,000 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary at... |
57302ae2a23a5019007fced9 | What was the name of the American observer? | Ingersoll | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive ... |
57302ae2a23a5019007fceda | The American observer said what about the damage to London? | to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive ... |
57302ae2a23a5019007fcedb | The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months? | one minor hit ("a nick") | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive ... |
57302ae2a23a5019007fcedc | How many bridges over the Thames were struck? | No bridge over the Thames had been hit | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive ... |
57302ae2a23a5019007fcedd | What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield? | prewar commercial flights. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive ... |
57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ed | British night air defenses were effective to what height? | 12,000 ft (3,700 m) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBritish night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain.... |
57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ee | By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain? | only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBritish night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain.... |
57302cf4b2c2fd14005689ef | What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns? | 25,000 ft (7,600 m) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBritish night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain.... |
57302cf4b2c2fd14005689f0 | What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft.? | Bofors 40 mm | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBritish night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain.... |
57302cf4b2c2fd14005689f1 | What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns? | falling shell fragments | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBritish night air defences were in a poor state. Few anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective against aircraft at altitudes above 12,000 ft (3,700 m). In July 1940, only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns were deployed in the whole of Britain.... |
57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e1 | Who reorganised London's defences? | General Pile | [
"The_Blitz\n\nLondon's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May ... |
57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e2 | The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery? | one-third | [
"The_Blitz\n\nLondon's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May ... |
57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e3 | Who relied on night fighters? | Dowding | [
"The_Blitz\n\nLondon's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May ... |
57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e4 | Who's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type? | Boulton Paul Defiant | [
"The_Blitz\n\nLondon's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May ... |
57302e8d04bcaa1900d772e5 | How were AA defenses improved? | by better use of radar and searchlights | [
"The_Blitz\n\nLondon's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May ... |
57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1b | What was considered unreliable? | Airborne Interception radar | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAirborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of g... |
57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1c | What used most of Fighter Command's resources? | the Battle of Britain | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAirborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of g... |
57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1d | The bombers used what out of desperation? | airborne search lights | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAirborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of g... |
57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1e | Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system? | Ground Control-led Interception | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAirborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of g... |
573030fda23a5019007fcf3d | Who replaced Dowding on November 25? | Sholto Douglas | [
"The_Blitz\n\nWhitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February ... |
573030fda23a5019007fcf3e | How many pilots remained in February 1941? | 87 pilots | [
"The_Blitz\n\nWhitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February ... |
573030fda23a5019007fcf3f | What supported the GL carpet? | six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters | [
"The_Blitz\n\nWhitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February ... |
573030fda23a5019007fcf40 | How many number of contacts and combats were there in May? | 204 and 74 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nWhitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February ... |
573030fda23a5019007fcf41 | What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion? | spot the fighter first | [
"The_Blitz\n\nWhitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February ... |
5730359db2c2fd1400568a73 | What was critical in the night battles over Britain? | radar | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pi... |
5730359db2c2fd1400568a74 | What concept eventually became successful? | airborne radar | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pi... |
5730359db2c2fd1400568a75 | On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time? | the night of 22/23 July 1940 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pi... |
5730359db2c2fd1400568a76 | Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber? | John Cunningham | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pi... |
5730386ca23a5019007fcfb3 | The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily? | the West Midlands | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. T... |
5730386ca23a5019007fcfb4 | How many parachute mines were dropped? | 127 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. T... |
5730386ca23a5019007fcfb5 | The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use? | "to conventrate" | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. T... |
5730386ca23a5019007fcfb6 | What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry? | loss of public utilities | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. T... |
5730386ca23a5019007fcfb7 | What effect did the raid have strategically? | a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. T... |
57303995947a6a140053d2d0 | How many bombers hit Birmingham? | 369 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFive nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 ... |
57303995947a6a140053d2d1 | For how many months did the night raids continue for? | two months | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFive nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 ... |
57303995947a6a140053d2d2 | How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack? | more than 100 tons of bombs dropped | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFive nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 ... |
57303995947a6a140053d2d3 | December saw how many attacks? | only 11 major and five heavy attacks | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFive nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 ... |
57303a86a23a5019007fcfbd | On what day was London itself attacked? | the evening of 29 December | [
"The_Blitz\n\nProbably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgr... |
57303a86a23a5019007fcfbe | What group was the first to use incendiaries? | Kampfgruppe 100 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nProbably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgr... |
57303a86a23a5019007fcfbf | How many fire bombs were dropped per minute? | 300 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nProbably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgr... |
57303a86a23a5019007fcfc0 | How many civilians were killed in the bombing? | 28,556 killed | [
"The_Blitz\n\nProbably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgr... |
57303a86a23a5019007fcfc1 | The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs? | 18,291 short tons | [
"The_Blitz\n\nProbably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgr... |
57303ba1947a6a140053d2ea | Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe? | to try to disrupt trade and sea communications | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNot all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. Th... |
57303ba1947a6a140053d2eb | How many times was Swansea bombed heavily? | four times | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNot all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. Th... |
57303ba1947a6a140053d2ec | What was primarily damaged in the attacks? | commercial and domestic areas | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNot all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. Th... |
57303ba1947a6a140053d2ed | What cities had large sections of them destroyed? | Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNot all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. Th... |
57303ba1947a6a140053d2ee | What was left mostly unharmed? | the docks | [
"The_Blitz\n\nNot all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. Th... |
57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdb | What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine? | target civilian morale | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAlthough official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to att... |
57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdc | In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point? | large-scale raids | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAlthough official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to att... |
57303ce9a23a5019007fcfdd | What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing? | use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAlthough official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to att... |
57303ce9a23a5019007fcfde | Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what? | regard for the civilian population | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAlthough official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to att... |
57303e00a23a5019007fcfeb | What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets? | Beleuchtergruppe | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSpecial units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked o... |
57303e00a23a5019007fcfec | The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets? | Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSpecial units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked o... |
57303e00a23a5019007fcfed | What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas? | "Satan" | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSpecial units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked o... |
57303e00a23a5019007fcfee | What was the weight of the "Max" bomb? | 2,500 kg (5,512 lb) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSpecial units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked o... |
57303f8d947a6a140053d320 | Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks? | unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThese decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the re... |
57303f8d947a6a140053d321 | What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks? | inaccuracy of navigation | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThese decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the re... |
57303f8d947a6a140053d322 | How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks? | tactical methods and weapons dropped | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThese decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the re... |
57303f8d947a6a140053d323 | What percentage of incendiaries were used in December? | 92 percent | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThese decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the re... |
57303f8d947a6a140053d324 | How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted? | Captured German air crews | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThese decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the re... |
573040dd947a6a140053d33a | What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do? | support the German submarine force | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he... |
573040dd947a6a140053d33b | Raeder convinced Hitler to do what? | attack British port facilities. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he... |
573040dd947a6a140053d33c | What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right? | the high success rates of the U-Boat force | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he... |
573040dd947a6a140053d33d | Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily? | British war economy | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he... |
573040dd947a6a140053d33e | What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine? | British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he... |
5730425604bcaa1900d77425 | What was Hitler's Directive 23? | Directions for operations against the British War Economy | [
"The_Blitz\n\nHitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial ... |
5730425604bcaa1900d77426 | What was a top priority of Directive 23? | aerial interdiction of British imports by sea | [
"The_Blitz\n\nHitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial ... |
5730425604bcaa1900d77427 | What prevented the targeting of sea communications before? | Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain | [
"The_Blitz\n\nHitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial ... |
5730425604bcaa1900d77428 | What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications? | bombing land-based aircraft industries | [
"The_Blitz\n\nHitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial ... |
573043c6a23a5019007fd027 | What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain? | Directive 23 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nDirective 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmari... |
573043c6a23a5019007fd028 | What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support? | control of more Luftwaffe units | [
"The_Blitz\n\nDirective 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmari... |
573043c6a23a5019007fd029 | Who was Raeder's successor? | Karl Dönitz | [
"The_Blitz\n\nDirective 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmari... |
573043c6a23a5019007fd02a | What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain? | Göring's lack of cooperation | [
"The_Blitz\n\nDirective 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmari... |
573043c6a23a5019007fd02b | How did Goring expect to regain prestige? | by subduing Britain by air power alone | [
"The_Blitz\n\nDirective 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmari... |
57304589b2c2fd1400568b43 | What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23? | difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production | [
"The_Blitz\n\nEven so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war produc... |
57304589b2c2fd1400568b44 | What was the second consideration? | the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break | [
"The_Blitz\n\nEven so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war produc... |
57304589b2c2fd1400568b45 | What did the OKL insist on maintaining? | pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries | [
"The_Blitz\n\nEven so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war produc... |
57304589b2c2fd1400568b46 | When would other targets be considered available? | if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions | [
"The_Blitz\n\nEven so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war produc... |
5730467a04bcaa1900d77453 | What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do? | create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and preve... |
5730467a04bcaa1900d77454 | What was preventing escalation of air operations? | meteorological conditions over Britain | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and preve... |
5730467a04bcaa1900d77455 | What happened to airfields? | Airfields became water-logged | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and preve... |
5730467a04bcaa1900d77456 | How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany? | 18 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and preve... |
57304755b2c2fd1400568b65 | How many sorties were flown in March 1941? | 4,000 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. ... |
57304755b2c2fd1400568b66 | When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions? | only on moonlit nights | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. ... |
57304755b2c2fd1400568b67 | Why were ports better targets? | Ports were easier to find | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. ... |
57304755b2c2fd1400568b68 | How did the Germans confuse the British? | radio silence was observed until the bombs fell | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. ... |
57304755b2c2fd1400568b69 | Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more? | British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät | [
"The_Blitz\n\nFrom the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. ... |
5730490704bcaa1900d7747d | What was focused in March? | western ports | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Ba... |
5730490704bcaa1900d7747e | What did these attacks accomplish? | breaks in morale | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Ba... |
5730490704bcaa1900d7747f | Why was the OKL forced to improvise? | shortage of bombers | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Ba... |
5730490704bcaa1900d77480 | How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used? | 50 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Ba... |
5730490704bcaa1900d77481 | How many German bombs hit their target? | only one-third | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Ba... |
57304a082461fd1900a9cceb | How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly? | two or three sorties | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In... |
57304a082461fd1900a9ccec | What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties? | Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In... |
57304a082461fd1900a9cced | What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying? | woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In... |
57304a082461fd1900a9ccee | What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission? | oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In... |
57304b48396df91900096048 | What did the British fear most? | intensification of submarine and air attack | [
"The_Blitz\n\nRegardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the ... |
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