id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57304b48396df91900096049 | What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America? | Liverpool | [
"The_Blitz\n\nRegardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the ... |
57304b48396df9190009604a | The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping? | 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping | [
"The_Blitz\n\nRegardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the ... |
57304b48396df9190009604b | How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941? | 57 ships | [
"The_Blitz\n\nRegardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the ... |
57304b48396df9190009604c | How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on? | one-third of overseas trade | [
"The_Blitz\n\nRegardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the ... |
57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c3fe | How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow? | seven | [
"The_Blitz\n\nOn 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth... |
57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c3ff | How many people per week were losing housing? | 40,000 people | [
"The_Blitz\n\nOn 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth... |
57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c400 | Why was Plymouth targeted the most? | because of its vulnerable position on the south coast | [
"The_Blitz\n\nOn 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth... |
57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c401 | What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs? | aerial mines | [
"The_Blitz\n\nOn 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth... |
57304c5e8ab72b1400f9c402 | How many AAA shells were fired? | Over 2,000 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nOn 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth... |
57304d95069b53140083202f | What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North? | Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electri... |
57304d95069b531400832030 | How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack? | 120 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electri... |
57304d95069b531400832031 | Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April? | 9,000 incendiaries | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electri... |
57304d95069b531400832032 | What was the result of the German attacks? | the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electri... |
57304e592461fd1900a9cd05 | When was the last major attack London saw? | 10/11 May 1941 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westmins... |
57304e592461fd1900a9cd06 | How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London? | 800 tonnes | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westmins... |
57304e592461fd1900a9cd07 | How many casualties were inflicted? | 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westmins... |
57304e592461fd1900a9cd08 | What was the damage done to London's streets? | One-third of London's streets were impassable | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westmins... |
57304e592461fd1900a9cd09 | What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing? | 63 German fighters were sent with the bombers | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe last major attack on London was on 10/11 May 1941, on which the Luftwaffe flew 571 sorties and dropped 800 tonnes of bombs. This caused more than 2,000 fires. 1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured, which affected morale badly. Another raid was carried out on 11/12 May 1941. Westmins... |
57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd0f | How was the British night fighter operations faring? | were proving highly successful. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nGerman air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju... |
57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd10 | How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft? | was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns | [
"The_Blitz\n\nGerman air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju... |
57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd11 | How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed? | struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers | [
"The_Blitz\n\nGerman air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju... |
57304f5e2461fd1900a9cd12 | What did interception rely upon? | visual sighting | [
"The_Blitz\n\nGerman air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju... |
5730501a396df91900096052 | What performed better during night fighting? | The Boulton Paul Defiant | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsusp... |
5730501a396df91900096053 | How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret? | engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsusp... |
5730501a396df91900096054 | What benefits did attacking from below offer? | larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe Boulton Paul Defiant, despite its poor performance during daylight engagements, was a much better night fighter. It was faster, able to catch the bombers and its configuration of four machine guns in a turret could (much like German night fighters in 1943–1945 with Schräge Musik) engage the unsusp... |
573050f28ab72b1400f9c448 | What was the max speed of a Beaufighter? | 320 mph (510 km/h) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nImproved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per ... |
573050f28ab72b1400f9c449 | What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter? | 26,000 ft (7,900 m) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nImproved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per ... |
573050f28ab72b1400f9c44a | how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include? | six .303 in Browning machine guns | [
"The_Blitz\n\nImproved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per ... |
573050f28ab72b1400f9c44b | What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar? | 19 November | [
"The_Blitz\n\nImproved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per ... |
5730528c396df91900096062 | What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission? | one- to two-percent losses | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the follow... |
5730528c396df91900096063 | How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday? | 712 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the follow... |
5730528c396df91900096064 | How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday? | 1,000 tons of bombs | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the follow... |
5730528c396df91900096065 | On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost? | nine | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the follow... |
5730528c396df91900096066 | How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May? | 38 German bombers | [
"The_Blitz\n\nBy April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the follow... |
57305376069b53140083205d | The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz? | 45,000 short tons | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (... |
57305376069b53140083205e | The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping? | 58,000 long tons | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (... |
57305376069b53140083205f | How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing? | overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (... |
57305376069b531400832060 | What was the greatest achievement of the bombings? | British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (... |
57305376069b531400832061 | How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids? | most took from 10–15 days | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (... |
5730544b2461fd1900a9cd39 | How could have more been achieved in the air offensive? | had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the Unite... |
5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3a | What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about? | about tactics rather than strategy | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the Unite... |
5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3b | What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing? | an economic-industrial analysis | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the Unite... |
5730544b2461fd1900a9cd3c | How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause? | cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the Unite... |
573055502461fd1900a9cd49 | What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives? | the German experience | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on productio... |
573055502461fd1900a9cd4a | What did the RAF conclude? | bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on productio... |
573055502461fd1900a9cd4b | What caused the most production disruption? | when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on productio... |
573055502461fd1900a9cd4c | What did the Luftwaffe fail? | failed in precision attack | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on productio... |
573055502461fd1900a9cd4d | What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean? | using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on productio... |
573056242461fd1900a9cd5d | What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored? | Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSome writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 ... |
573056242461fd1900a9cd5e | Aviation strategists disputed over what? | that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSome writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 ... |
573056242461fd1900a9cd5f | What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention? | morale as a target. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSome writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 ... |
573056242461fd1900a9cd60 | When was morale finally mentioned? | ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940 | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSome writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 ... |
573056242461fd1900a9cd61 | When were industrial cities to be targeted? | if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nSome writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 ... |
573057112461fd1900a9cd71 | Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris? | without the destruction of the German economy. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and... |
573057112461fd1900a9cd72 | What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives? | to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and... |
573057112461fd1900a9cd73 | Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what? | "a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable." | [
"The_Blitz\n\nAOC Bomber Command Arthur Harris did see German morale as a major objective. However, he did not believe that the morale-collapse could occur without the destruction of the German economy. The primary goal of Bomber Command's offensives was to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and... |
57305861069b53140083208d | What view became popular of the British people in WWII? | people locked in national solidarity. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It... |
57305861069b53140083208e | When did this popular view come to be? | in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It... |
57305861069b53140083208f | Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII? | aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It... |
57305861069b531400832090 | What was the Historians' critical response to this view? | over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It... |
57305861069b531400832091 | What did Calder try to expose in his book? | some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours | [
"The_Blitz\n\nA converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It... |
573059852461fd1900a9cdb3 | What was the communist party agitated over? | the need for bomb-proof shelters. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning... |
573059852461fd1900a9cdb4 | What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters? | Underground railway system | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning... |
573059852461fd1900a9cdb5 | What did Morrison warn he couldn't do? | that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning... |
573059852461fd1900a9cdb6 | Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids? | the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning... |
573059852461fd1900a9cdb7 | What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party? | the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning... |
57305a8e396df9190009609c | The success of the Communists helped what political group? | British Union of Fascists (BUF) | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsibl... |
57305a8e396df9190009609d | Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily? | particularly in London | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsibl... |
57305a8e396df9190009609e | What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters? | secured the best shelters via underhanded methods | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsibl... |
57305a8e396df9190009609f | What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters? | race riots | [
"The_Blitz\n\nThe brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsibl... |
57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc7 | How much of London's population left? | Over a quarter | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including indus... |
57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc8 | What locations saw an increase in populations? | south Wales and Gloucester | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including indus... |
57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdc9 | What was another reason for populations moving? | industry dispersal may have been a factor | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including indus... |
57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdca | How many evacuees were there? | 1.4 million | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including indus... |
57305b4f2461fd1900a9cdcb | How much of the population returned in four months? | 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including indus... |
57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd1 | What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings? | The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as... |
57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd2 | What are some of the things included in these recordings? | period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as... |
57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd3 | What is one of the notable recordings included? | Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as... |
57305bf72461fd1900a9cdd4 | What is a second recording that is of note? | Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940. | [
"The_Blitz\n\nIn recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as... |
572e8f7003f9891900756797 | In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law? | 1973 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o... |
572e8f7003f9891900756798 | Which president signed the Act into law? | Richard Nixon | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o... |
572e8f7003f9891900756799 | Which two federal agencies administer the Act? | the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o... |
572e8f7003f989190075679a | On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed? | December 28 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o... |
572e8f7003f989190075679b | What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act? | to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species o... |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a2 | What was the historical range of the whooping crane? | central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOne species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane populatio... |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a3 | What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population? | Unregulated hunting and habitat loss | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOne species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane populatio... |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a4 | What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941? | 16 birds | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOne species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane populatio... |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a5 | How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass | eight years | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOne species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane populatio... |
572e9100c246551400ce434e | What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce? | Lacey Act of 1900 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, incl... |
572e9100c246551400ce434f | What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit? | interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, incl... |
572e9100c246551400ce4350 | What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation? | all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, incl... |
572e9100c246551400ce4351 | What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird? | Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, incl... |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d0 | What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do? | list endangered domestic fish and wildlife | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nIt authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lan... |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d1 | The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase? | $15 million per year | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nIt authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lan... |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d2 | The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization? | the National Wildlife Refuge System | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nIt authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lan... |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d3 | How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce? | The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nIt authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lan... |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d4 | How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act? | Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nIt authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lan... |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12da | What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species? | "Class of '67" | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThis first list is referred to as the \"Class of '67\" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the De... |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12db | What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species? | habitat destruction | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThis first list is referred to as the \"Class of '67\" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the De... |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dc | How was the first listing limited in what species were listed? | It included only vertebrates | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThis first list is referred to as the \"Class of '67\" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the De... |
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