id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dd | How did being listed initially impact species? | the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThis first list is referred to as the \"Class of '67\" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the De... |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d179 | When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed? | December, 1969 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act... |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17a | How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species? | by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act... |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17b | What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act? | mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act... |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17c | What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act? | alligators and crocodiles | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act... |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17d | What important precedent did this set for invertebrates? | This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of \"worldwide extinction\" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act... |
572e94b2c246551400ce437c | Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973? | Dr. Russell E. Train | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPresident Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signe... |
572e94b2c246551400ce437d | The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization? | the Council on Environmental Quality | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPresident Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signe... |
572e94b2c246551400ce437e | Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act? | Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPresident Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signe... |
572e94b2c246551400ce437f | Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species? | Dr. Earl Baysinger | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPresident Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signe... |
572e94b2c246551400ce4380 | What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973? | the 93rd United States Congress | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPresident Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signe... |
572ea0a603f989190075685b | How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list? | two ways | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that t... |
572ea0a603f989190075685c | What federal program is used to list a species? | candidate assessment program | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that t... |
572ea0a603f989190075685d | How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list | 90-day screening period | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that t... |
572ea0a603f989190075685e | In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"? | a "distinct population segment." | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that t... |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d237 | What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982? | "solely" | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nDuring the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be \" based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available.\" The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word \"solely\" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Cong... |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d238 | Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered? | the biological status of the species | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nDuring the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be \" based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available.\" The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word \"solely\" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Cong... |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d239 | Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions? | Ronald Reagan | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nDuring the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be \" based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available.\" The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word \"solely\" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Cong... |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d23a | What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed? | Congress rejected | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nDuring the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be \" based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available.\" The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word \"solely\" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Cong... |
572ea3ab03f9891900756893 | How is public notice given regarding a listing? | through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPublic notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. \... |
572ea3ab03f9891900756894 | How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested? | 45 days | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPublic notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. \... |
572ea3ab03f9891900756895 | Do listing notices cross international soil? | Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nPublic notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. \... |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1488 | What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations? | Section 4 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critica... |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1489 | Critical habitat regulation links what two topics? | habitat protection and recovery goals | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critica... |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148a | What does critical habitat regulation require? | the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critica... |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148b | What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife? | seed germination and dispersal needs | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critica... |
572eb28c03f9891900756977 | What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats? | federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAll federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale... |
572eb28c03f9891900756978 | How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act? | require a federal permit | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAll federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale... |
572eb28c03f9891900756979 | What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage? | land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAll federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale... |
572eb350c246551400ce452a | What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list? | within one year | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reaga... |
572eb350c246551400ce452b | Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986? | the Reagan Administration | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reaga... |
572eb350c246551400ce452c | After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily? | Hawaii, California and other western states | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reaga... |
572eb350c246551400ce452d | Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically? | primarily on rivers and coastlines | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reaga... |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1490 | What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nFish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their m... |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1491 | What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nFish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their m... |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1492 | What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies? | completion within three years | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nFish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their m... |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1493 | What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | approximately six years | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nFish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their m... |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1494 | Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration? | Clinton (72) | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nFish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their m... |
572eb52fc246551400ce453c | What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species? | whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive... |
572eb52fc246551400ce453d | If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed? | the Endangered Species Committee | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive... |
572eb52fc246551400ce453e | How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed? | seven | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive... |
572eb52fc246551400ce453f | How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption? | Five | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive... |
572eb52fc246551400ce4540 | What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel? | at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive... |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e7 | Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee? | the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nLong before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if th... |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e8 | During informal consultation, what is the goal? | to determine if harm may occur | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nLong before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if th... |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e9 | What prompts the need for formal consultation? | if the harm is believed to be likely | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nLong before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if th... |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2ea | What considerations are weighed during the consultations? | whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nLong before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if th... |
572eb63603f989190075697d | How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009? | six | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThere have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded,\" ... the exempti... |
572eb63603f989190075697e | What were the results of those exemption petitions? | one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThere have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded,\" ... the exempti... |
572eb63603f989190075697f | Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor? | few consultations result in jeopardy opinions | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThere have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded,\" ... the exempti... |
572eb63603f9891900756980 | How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded? | in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThere have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded,\" ... the exempti... |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4546 | Who owns the majority of critical habitat? | non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nMore than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment ... |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4547 | What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land? | Habitat Conservation Plan | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nMore than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment ... |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4548 | Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced? | only for scientific or research purposes | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nMore than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment ... |
572eb73cc246551400ce454c | An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species? | an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts o... |
572eb73cc246551400ce454d | How long do ITPs last? | allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts o... |
572eb73cc246551400ce454e | How is the public made aware of ITP applications? | A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts o... |
572eb73cc246551400ce454f | How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications? | 30 to 90 days | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of \"takes\" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts o... |
572eb7ab03f989190075698d | What location held the first HCP? | San Bruno Mountain, California | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bru... |
572eb7ab03f989190075698e | What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP? | 87% | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bru... |
572eb7ab03f989190075698f | What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP? | butterflies | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bru... |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d311 | What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation? | Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGrowing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits \"a major force for ... |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d312 | Who wrote the article "Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973." | Robert D.Thornton | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGrowing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits \"a major force for ... |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d313 | What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community? | a major headache | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGrowing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits \"a major force for ... |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a6 | What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short? | The "No Surprises" rule | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"No Surprises\" rule is meant to protect the landowner if \"unforeseen circumstances\" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The \"No Surprises\" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because o... |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a7 | Why is this particular rule so controversial? | the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"No Surprises\" rule is meant to protect the landowner if \"unforeseen circumstances\" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The \"No Surprises\" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because o... |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a8 | If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the "No Surprises" rule? | The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"No Surprises\" rule is meant to protect the landowner if \"unforeseen circumstances\" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The \"No Surprises\" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because o... |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a9 | Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short? | The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"No Surprises\" rule is meant to protect the landowner if \"unforeseen circumstances\" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The \"No Surprises\" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because o... |
572ec434c246551400ce463a | What two groups are bound by a "Safe Harbor" agreement? | the private landowner and FWS | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"Safe Harbor\" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined leve... |
572ec434c246551400ce463b | In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement? | assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"Safe Harbor\" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined leve... |
572ec434c246551400ce463c | Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy? | the Clinton Administration | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"Safe Harbor\" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined leve... |
572ec434c246551400ce463d | Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive? | A landowner can have either a "Safe Harbor" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe \"Safe Harbor\" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined leve... |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36d | How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements? | Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the \"Safe Harbor\" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies t... |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36e | How does a CCA help protect a private landowner? | if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the \"Safe Harbor\" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies t... |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36f | How does a CCA impact unlisted species? | enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nThe Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the \"Safe Harbor\" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies t... |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37d | What animal species was delisted in August 2008? | the Virginia northern flying squirrel | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nTwo examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Ap... |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37e | How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered? | listed since 1985 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nTwo examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Ap... |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37f | Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf? | President Obama | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nTwo examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Ap... |
572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d383 | As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery? | twenty-eight | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAs of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one ... |
572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d384 | Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed? | seven | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAs of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one ... |
572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d385 | How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status? | Twenty-five | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAs of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one ... |
572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d386 | How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations? | six | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAs of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one ... |
572ec6bccb0c0d14000f1548 | How many species are currently listed? | over 2,000 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOpponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and pl... |
572ec6bccb0c0d14000f1549 | What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives? | 1% | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOpponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and pl... |
572ec6bccb0c0d14000f154a | What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species? | "Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up." | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOpponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and pl... |
572ec6bccb0c0d14000f154b | How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species? | increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nOpponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed, and only 28 delisted due to recovery, the success rate of 1% over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and pl... |
572ec78cc246551400ce464c | What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes? | exotic pet trade | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAccording to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-stat... |
572ec78cc246551400ce464d | What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors? | no provisions are made for in-state commerce | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAccording to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-stat... |
572ec78cc246551400ce464e | What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations? | the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAccording to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-stat... |
572ec78cc246551400ce464f | How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife? | in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAccording to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-stat... |
572ec78cc246551400ce4650 | Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce? | the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nAccording to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-stat... |
572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3af | The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade? | cotton-top tamarin | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGreen and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regi... |
572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3b0 | What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger? | over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGreen and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regi... |
572ec878dfa6aa1500f8d3b1 | What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center? | Harvard | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nGreen and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard-affiliated New England Regi... |
572ec920cb0c0d14000f155c | Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose? | development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nSection 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These sta... |
572ec920cb0c0d14000f155d | What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists? | These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nSection 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These sta... |
572ec920cb0c0d14000f155e | What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states? | Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nSection 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These sta... |
572ec9bf03f9891900756a25 | Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations? | A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs ... |
572ec9bf03f9891900756a26 | Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife? | The Secretary | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs ... |
572ec9bf03f9891900756a27 | Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund? | $500,000 | [
"Endangered_Species_Act\n\nA reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs ... |
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