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572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e2 | The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective? | vacuus | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they ... |
572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e3 | What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to? | imperfect vacuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they ... |
572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e4 | What is a vacuum? | space void of matter | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they ... |
572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e5 | What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum? | gaseous | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they ... |
572e9317cb0c0d14000f12e6 | What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum? | in vacuo | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for \"vacant\" or \"void\". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they ... |
572e95ba03f98919007567d9 | The Vacuum state is considered what? | the ground state of matter. | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-hig... |
572e95ba03f98919007567da | A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure? | reduce air pressure by around 20% | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-hig... |
572e95ba03f98919007567db | The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what? | how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-hig... |
572e95ba03f98919007567dc | Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent? | a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-hig... |
572e95ba03f98919007567dd | If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space? | it would still not be "empty" | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-hig... |
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d19f | What did Aristotle believe about a void? | no void could occur naturally, | [
"Vacuum\n\nHistorically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract c... |
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a0 | What was historically disputed about vacuums? | whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. | [
"Vacuum\n\nHistorically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract c... |
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a1 | What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean? | cannot rightly be said to exist | [
"Vacuum\n\nHistorically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract c... |
572e97a3dfa6aa1500f8d1a2 | Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void? | denser surrounding material continuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nHistorically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract c... |
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1cf | In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void? | 14th century | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of... |
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d0 | What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums? | Stoic physics | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of... |
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d1 | What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century? | a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of... |
572e99b7dfa6aa1500f8d1d2 | Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century? | 13th and 14th | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of... |
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136c | What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs? | rupture of the delicate alveoli | [
"Vacuum\n\nRapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft... |
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136d | What causes barotrauma? | rapid decompression | [
"Vacuum\n\nRapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft... |
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136e | What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly? | 13 kPa (100 Torr), | [
"Vacuum\n\nRapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft... |
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f136f | What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do? | hypoxia | [
"Vacuum\n\nRapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft... |
572e9d48cb0c0d14000f1370 | rapid decompression is more dangerous than what? | vacuum exposure | [
"Vacuum\n\nRapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs. Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft... |
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1428 | What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature? | that a vacuum does not occur in nature | [
"Vacuum\n\nAlmost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of ... |
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f1429 | Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space? | Descartes | [
"Vacuum\n\nAlmost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of ... |
572eaab5cb0c0d14000f142a | What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century? | Cartesian mechanical philosophy | [
"Vacuum\n\nAlmost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of ... |
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d295 | An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom? | Paul Dirac | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Wer... |
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d296 | What year was the Dirac sea modeled? | 1930 | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Wer... |
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d297 | When werer virtual particles confirmed? | late 20th century | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Wer... |
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d298 | What year was the uncertainty principle formed? | 1927, | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Wer... |
572eac6adfa6aa1500f8d299 | What theorized that time and energy can be measured? | Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Wer... |
572ead9cc246551400ce44de | what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature? | The black hole | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the for... |
572ead9cc246551400ce44df | Who's equations helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor? | Einstein | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the for... |
572ead9cc246551400ce44e0 | what produces curvature in a vacuum? | tidal forces and gravitational waves | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the for... |
572ead9cc246551400ce44e1 | What has no electric charge? | black hole | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn general relativity, a vanishing stress-energy tensor implies, through Einstein field equations, the vanishing of all the components of the Ricci tensor. Vacuum does not mean that the curvature of space-time is necessarily flat: the gravitational field can still produce curvature in a vacuum in the for... |
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c1 | Where do most satellites operate? | low Earth orbit | [
"Vacuum\n\nBut although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines ev... |
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c2 | What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel? | solar sails | [
"Vacuum\n\nBut although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines ev... |
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c3 | why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit? | atmospheric density | [
"Vacuum\n\nBut although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines ev... |
572eaf28dfa6aa1500f8d2c4 | above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit? | Kármán line | [
"Vacuum\n\nBut although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines ev... |
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2ef | Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what? | handheld plungers in water. | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available ... |
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f0 | Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what? | place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available ... |
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f1 | who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum? | Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available ... |
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f2 | what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space | air's volume | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available ... |
572eb66fdfa6aa1500f8d2f3 | What type of pump appeared in the 15th century? | suction pump | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available ... |
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d4 | Who required no restrictions regarding God's power? | Bishop Etienne Tempier | [
"Vacuum\n\nMedieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postula... |
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d5 | When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port? | 14th century | [
"Vacuum\n\nMedieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postula... |
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d6 | the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion? | God could create a vacuum if he so wished. | [
"Vacuum\n\nMedieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postula... |
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d7 | What was a common belief about vacuums and nature? | nature abhorred a vacuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nMedieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postula... |
572ebaa3cb0c0d14000f14d8 | what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called? | horror vacui | [
"Vacuum\n\nMedieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postula... |
572ebcb4c246551400ce45b8 | What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump? | partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke f... |
572ebcb4c246551400ce45b9 | What year was the Toepler Pump invented? | 1850 | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke f... |
572ebcb4c246551400ce45ba | What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ? | vacuum pump | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke f... |
572ebcb4c246551400ce45bb | Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment? | Otto von Guericke | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke f... |
572ebcb4c246551400ce45bc | What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa? | A number of electrical properties | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke f... |
572ebe0a03f98919007569d1 | What was originally believed the heavens were filled with? | aether | [
"Vacuum\n\nWhile outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air f... |
572ebe0a03f98919007569d2 | Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century? | "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris | [
"Vacuum\n\nWhile outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air f... |
572ebe0a03f98919007569d3 | Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether? | Henry Pickering | [
"Vacuum\n\nWhile outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air f... |
572ebe0a03f98919007569d4 | Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums? | outer space | [
"Vacuum\n\nWhile outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air f... |
572ebe0a03f98919007569d5 | What was ether originally thought to be made of? | rigid indestructible material | [
"Vacuum\n\nWhile outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air f... |
572ebf10c246551400ce45e6 | What indicated the quality of a vacuum? | amount of matter remaining in the system | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemic... |
572ebf10c246551400ce45e7 | How is vacuum generally measured? | its absolute pressure | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemic... |
572ebf10c246551400ce45e8 | What does the MFP of residual gases show? | average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemic... |
572ebf10c246551400ce45e9 | What is particle gas dynamics? | study of fluid flows | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemic... |
572ec078c246551400ce460a | Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what? | "Below atmospheric" | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressur... |
572ec078c246551400ce460b | What is a torr equal to? | displacement of a millimeter of mercury | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressur... |
572ec078c246551400ce460c | What is another often used options to measure vacuum? | barometric scale | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressur... |
572ec1b6c246551400ce461a | Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge? | its high density and low vapour pressure | [
"Vacuum\n\nHydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is... |
572ec1b6c246551400ce461b | What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called? | Hydrostatic gauges | [
"Vacuum\n\nHydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is... |
572ec1b6c246551400ce461c | What is a hydrostatic gauge used for? | measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric | [
"Vacuum\n\nHydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is... |
572ec1b6c246551400ce461d | Why is the McLeod gauge special? | can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr | [
"Vacuum\n\nHydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is... |
572ec1b6c246551400ce461e | An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what? | McLeod gauge | [
"Vacuum\n\nHydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is... |
572ec300c246551400ce4624 | The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement? | Thermal conductivity gauges | [
"Vacuum\n\nThermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filame... |
572ec300c246551400ce4625 | How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated? | by running current through it | [
"Vacuum\n\nThermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filame... |
572ec300c246551400ce4626 | What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to? | chemical composition of the gases being measured | [
"Vacuum\n\nThermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filame... |
572ec300c246551400ce4627 | What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge? | to measure the temperature of the filament | [
"Vacuum\n\nThermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filame... |
572ec300c246551400ce4628 | A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges? | 10 torr to 10−3 torr | [
"Vacuum\n\nThermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filame... |
572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151a | What are the two types of Ion gauges? | hot cathode and cold cathode. | [
"Vacuum\n\nIon gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative ... |
572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151b | What affects the number of ions in a gauge? | the pressure in the gauge | [
"Vacuum\n\nIon gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative ... |
572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151c | What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr? | Cold cathode gauges | [
"Vacuum\n\nIon gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative ... |
572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151d | What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums? | mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge | [
"Vacuum\n\nIon gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative ... |
572ec42ecb0c0d14000f151e | Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement? | composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable | [
"Vacuum\n\nIon gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative ... |
572ec82acb0c0d14000f1558 | density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what? | sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, | [
"Vacuum\n\nCold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this alti... |
572ec82acb0c0d14000f1559 | What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans? | of up to 3 km | [
"Vacuum\n\nCold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this alti... |
572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bd | When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum? | after a few seconds | [
"Vacuum\n\nHumans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but... |
572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3be | A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item? | the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) | [
"Vacuum\n\nHumans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but... |
572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3bf | What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called? | ebullism | [
"Vacuum\n\nHumans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but... |
572ec989dfa6aa1500f8d3c0 | What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles? | tissues are elastic and porous | [
"Vacuum\n\nHumans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but... |
572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1576 | What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure? | Some oils and greases | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn ultra high vacuum systems, some very \"odd\" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils... |
572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1577 | How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces? | parallel | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn ultra high vacuum systems, some very \"odd\" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils... |
572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1578 | What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system? | stainless steel or titanium | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn ultra high vacuum systems, some very \"odd\" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils... |
572eca8ccb0c0d14000f1579 | What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium? | water absorption | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn ultra high vacuum systems, some very \"odd\" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils... |
572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cb | The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ? | vacuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from th... |
572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cc | A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what? | QED | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from th... |
572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3cd | why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ? | impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from th... |
572ecbdddfa6aa1500f8d3ce | What is a QCD? | vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, | [
"Vacuum\n\nIn quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from th... |
572ecd51c246551400ce46ae | When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero? | In QED vacuum | [
"Vacuum\n\nQED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum ene... |
572ecd51c246551400ce46af | What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation? | spontaneous emission | [
"Vacuum\n\nQED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum ene... |
572ecd51c246551400ce46b0 | what is vacuum fluctuation? | virtual particles that hop into and out of existence | [
"Vacuum\n\nQED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum ene... |
572ecd51c246551400ce46b1 | Finite energy in a QED is called what? | vacuum energy | [
"Vacuum\n\nQED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum ene... |
572ecd51c246551400ce46b2 | What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum? | vacuum near an electric charge | [
"Vacuum\n\nQED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum ene... |
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