id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ac | `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly? | due to space weather | [
"Vacuum\n\nStars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100... |
572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ad | What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space? | the Kármán line | [
"Vacuum\n\nStars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100... |
572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15ae | What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line? | number density | [
"Vacuum\n\nStars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100... |
572ece9bcb0c0d14000f15af | What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line? | radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds | [
"Vacuum\n\nStars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100... |
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d411 | What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum? | incandescent light bulb | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultr... |
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d412 | What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying? | chemical inertness | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultr... |
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d413 | Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction? | obstruction of air, | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultr... |
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d414 | How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum? | Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultr... |
572ed1f3dfa6aa1500f8d415 | What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum? | electron microscopes and vacuum tubes | [
"Vacuum\n\nVacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultr... |
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5d | What provides power assistance for auto brakes? | vacuum servo | [
"Vacuum\n\nManifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and th... |
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5e | What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane? | engine and an external venturi | [
"Vacuum\n\nManifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and th... |
572ed2ee03f9891900756a5f | Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered? | protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments, | [
"Vacuum\n\nManifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and th... |
572ed2ee03f9891900756a60 | What does a manifold vacuum do on a car? | drive accessories | [
"Vacuum\n\nManifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and th... |
572ed2ee03f9891900756a61 | What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum? | vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps | [
"Vacuum\n\nManifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and th... |
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f0 | what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum? | outgassing | [
"Vacuum\n\nEvaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the a... |
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f1 | When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials? | vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure | [
"Vacuum\n\nEvaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the a... |
572ed3f1cb0c0d14000f15f2 | Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission? | obscure optical instruments | [
"Vacuum\n\nEvaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the a... |
572ed67403f9891900756a71 | Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what? | continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth | [
"Vacuum\n\nTo continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands ... |
572ed67403f9891900756a72 | How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump? | a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity | [
"Vacuum\n\nTo continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands ... |
572ed67403f9891900756a73 | Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded? | Because of the pressure differential | [
"Vacuum\n\nTo continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands ... |
572ed67403f9891900756a74 | What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called? | displacement pumps | [
"Vacuum\n\nTo continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands ... |
572ed7a0c246551400ce4716 | What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state? | Entrapment pumps | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, w... |
572ed7a0c246551400ce4717 | Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else? | no vibration. | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, w... |
572ed7a0c246551400ce4718 | What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump? | Momentum transfer pumps | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, w... |
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44b | When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what? | stages | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact... |
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44c | The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what? | vacuum technique | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact... |
572ed90fdfa6aa1500f8d44d | What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure? | oil contamination, vibration | [
"Vacuum\n\nThe lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact... |
572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b1 | What period followed the Han dynasty? | Three Kingdoms | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's... |
572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b2 | What dynasty came before the Han dynasty? | Qin | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's... |
572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b3 | Who founded the Han dynasty? | Liu Bang | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's... |
572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b4 | When did the Former Han period begin? | 206 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's... |
572e97d3dfa6aa1500f8d1b5 | When did the Later Han period end? | 220 AD | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's... |
572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e6 | When did the Qing dynasty fall? | AD 1911 | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovatio... |
572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e7 | What innovation was acquired from the Qin? | commanderies | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovatio... |
572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e8 | What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court? | Confucianism | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovatio... |
572ea634cb0c0d14000f13e9 | What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty? | the Rebellion of the Seven States | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovatio... |
572ea634cb0c0d14000f13ea | What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty? | scholarly gentry | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovatio... |
572eae75c246551400ce44fa | In what year did the central government issue coins? | 119 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The ... |
572eae75c246551400ce44fb | What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns? | iron | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The ... |
572eae75c246551400ce44fc | In what period did several government monopolies become repealed? | Eastern Han | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The ... |
572eae75c246551400ce44fd | A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty? | Zhou | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The ... |
572eae75c246551400ce44fe | A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum? | inverted | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The ... |
572eb08203f989190075694b | Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC? | The Xiongnu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars... |
572eb08203f989190075694c | What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road? | military | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars... |
572eb08203f989190075694d | In what year was Nanyue annexed? | 111 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars... |
572eb08203f989190075694e | Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border? | Xianbei | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars... |
572eb08203f989190075694f | In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end? | 87 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars... |
572eb82403f9891900756993 | Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | Daoist | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAfter 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist relig... |
572eb82403f9891900756994 | Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling? | military officers | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAfter 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist relig... |
572eb82403f9891900756995 | Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian? | Cao Pi | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAfter 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist relig... |
572eb82403f9891900756996 | Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty? | Xian | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAfter 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist relig... |
572eb82403f9891900756997 | In what year did Emperor Ling die? | 189 AD | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAfter 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist relig... |
572eba61c246551400ce459c | With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States? | conquest | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nChina's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two forme... |
572eba61c246551400ce459d | Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia? | Xiang Yu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nChina's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two forme... |
572eba61c246551400ce459e | Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty? | Qin Shi Huangdi | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nChina's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two forme... |
572eba61c246551400ce459f | What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved? | rebellion | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nChina's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two forme... |
572eba61c246551400ce45a0 | Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor? | his followers | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nChina's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two forme... |
572ebc9303f98919007569bf | How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire? | thirteen | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAt the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emp... |
572ebc9303f98919007569c0 | Who could appoint staff to the kings? | imperial court | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAt the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emp... |
572ebc9303f98919007569c1 | When was the Rebellion of the Seven States? | 154 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAt the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emp... |
572ebc9303f98919007569c2 | From what source did kings derive their personal income from? | tax revenues | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAt the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emp... |
572ebc9303f98919007569c3 | The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family? | Liu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nAt the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emp... |
572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33b | Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu? | Modu Chanyu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. E... |
572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33c | What group had a trade embargo created against them? | the Xiongnu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. E... |
572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33d | In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng? | 200 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. E... |
572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33e | What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han? | heqin | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. E... |
572ebdf8dfa6aa1500f8d33f | What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu? | silk clothes | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. E... |
572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f6 | The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year? | 135 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nDespite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a co... |
572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f7 | In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories? | 133 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nDespite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a co... |
572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f8 | What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over? | agricultural | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nDespite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a co... |
572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14f9 | In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place? | 119 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nDespite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a co... |
572ebfc4cb0c0d14000f14fa | Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC? | Wei Qing | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nDespite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a co... |
572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d373 | Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier? | soldiers | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nIn 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunh... |
572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d374 | Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements? | the court | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nIn 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunh... |
572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d375 | In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion? | 111 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nIn 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunh... |
572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d376 | Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to? | the frontier | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nIn 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunh... |
572ec4e8dfa6aa1500f8d377 | How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC? | four | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nIn 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunh... |
572ec73cc246551400ce4642 | What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network? | glasswares | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nEven before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered info... |
572ec73cc246551400ce4643 | Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi? | Zhang Qian | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nEven before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered info... |
572ec73cc246551400ce4644 | When did Zhang Qian end his travels? | 125 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nEven before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered info... |
572ec73cc246551400ce4645 | Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome? | Silk Road | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nEven before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered info... |
572ec73cc246551400ce4646 | What empire had established an embassy in Anxi? | Han | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nEven before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered info... |
572ec86dc246551400ce466a | Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin? | the Xiongnu | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nFrom roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southwar... |
572ec86dc246551400ce466b | When was the first national census taken in China? | 2 AD | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nFrom roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southwar... |
572ec86dc246551400ce466c | What was the population of China in 2 AD? | 57,671,400 | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nFrom roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southwar... |
572ec86dc246551400ce466d | What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in? | 60 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nFrom roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southwar... |
572ec86dc246551400ce466e | Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC? | Dian | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nFrom roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southwar... |
572ecdaac246551400ce46b8 | Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies? | former merchants | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor mo... |
572ecdaac246551400ce46b9 | When was the liquor monopoly abolished? | 81 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor mo... |
572ecdaac246551400ce46ba | Which faction did the Reformists oppose? | Modernist | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor mo... |
572ecdaac246551400ce46bb | Which political faction favored budgetary reform? | The Reformists | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor mo... |
572ecdaac246551400ce46bc | In what year did Huo Guang die? | 68 BC | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nTo pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor mo... |
572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b4 | Who tried to outlaw slavery? | Wang Mang | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nWang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked conside... |
572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b5 | What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase? | Gradual silt buildup | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nWang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked conside... |
572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b6 | Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River? | Han engineers | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nWang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked conside... |
572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b7 | What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula? | The Yellow River | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nWang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked conside... |
572ecec0cb0c0d14000f15b8 | What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime? | massive floods | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nWang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked conside... |
572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d2 | Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu? | Luoyang | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this perio... |
572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d3 | What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under? | Eastern Han dynasty | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this perio... |
572ed03ccb0c0d14000f15d4 | What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called? | Later Han dynasty | [
"Han_dynasty\n\nThe period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this perio... |
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