id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572faa1c04bcaa1900d76b8f | Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering? | unclear | [
"Pain\n\nThe most reliable method for assessing pain in most humans is by asking a question: a person may report pain that cannot be detected by any known physiological measure. However, like infants (Latin infans meaning \"unable to speak\"), animals cannot answer questions about whether they feel pain; thus the d... |
572faad8b2c2fd14005682e7 | What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty? | presence | [
"Pain\n\nThe presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, th... |
572faad8b2c2fd14005682e8 | An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what? | pain | [
"Pain\n\nThe presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, th... |
572faad8b2c2fd14005682e9 | Who do specialists believe can feel pain? | vertebrates | [
"Pain\n\nThe presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, th... |
572faad8b2c2fd14005682ea | No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain? | plants | [
"Pain\n\nThe presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, th... |
572faad8b2c2fd14005682eb | What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack? | nociceptors | [
"Pain\n\nThe presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, th... |
572f59fc947a6a140053c8a4 | What does DBMS stand for? | database management system | [
"Database\n\nA database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-kno... |
572f59fc947a6a140053c8a5 | What is the purpose of a DBMS? | to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases | [
"Database\n\nA database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-kno... |
572f59fc947a6a140053c8a6 | How are DBMSs classified? | according to the database model that they support | [
"Database\n\nA database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-kno... |
572f59fc947a6a140053c8a7 | What is the most popular DBMS? | SQL language | [
"Database\n\nA database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-kno... |
572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59b | How is data accessed? | by a "database management system" (DBMS) | [
"Database\n\nFormally, a \"database\" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a \"database management system\" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to ... |
572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59c | A DBMS consists of what? | an integrated set of computer software | [
"Database\n\nFormally, a \"database\" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a \"database management system\" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to ... |
572f5bcfa23a5019007fc59d | How much data can a DBMS store? | large quantities | [
"Database\n\nFormally, a \"database\" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a \"database management system\" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to ... |
572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a7 | What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure? | RAID | [
"Database\n\nPhysically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks... |
572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a8 | How can large quantities of data be accessed? | Hardware database accelerators | [
"Database\n\nPhysically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks... |
572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5a9 | What do most database applications contain? | DBMSs | [
"Database\n\nPhysically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks... |
572f5d6ea23a5019007fc5aa | What is required for a modern DBMS to function? | standard operating system | [
"Database\n\nPhysically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks... |
572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c8 | How long can it take to create a DBMS? | thousands of human years | [
"Database\n\nA DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many app... |
572f5ebd947a6a140053c8c9 | Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s. | Adabas, Oracle and DB2 | [
"Database\n\nA DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many app... |
572f5ebd947a6a140053c8ca | How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed? | spread over a large number of users | [
"Database\n\nA DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many app... |
572f5ebd947a6a140053c8cb | Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS. | an email system | [
"Database\n\nA DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many app... |
572f6041947a6a140053c8e4 | How are many databases accessed? | application software | [
"Database\n\nMany other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administ... |
572f6041947a6a140053c8e5 | How do administrators work with the DBMS? | through dedicated interfaces | [
"Database\n\nMany other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administ... |
572f6041947a6a140053c8e6 | What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS? | wire protocol | [
"Database\n\nMany other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administ... |
572f61e8b2c2fd1400568093 | Who created the relational model of DBMS? | Edgar F. Codd | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the m... |
572f61e8b2c2fd1400568094 | Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model? | by content | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the m... |
572f61e8b2c2fd1400568095 | In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system? | 1980s | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the m... |
572f61e8b2c2fd1400568096 | What type of system in still prominent to this day? | relational systems | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the m... |
572f61e8b2c2fd1400568097 | What database language is the most prominent? | SQL | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the m... |
572f661fa23a5019007fc5cd | When were DBMSs first used commercially? | mid-1960s | [
"Database\n\nAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"... |
572f661fa23a5019007fc5ce | What group discovered COBOL? | Database Task Group | [
"Database\n\nAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"... |
572f661fa23a5019007fc5cf | Why was COBOL created? | Interest in a standard | [
"Database\n\nAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"... |
572f661fa23a5019007fc5d0 | What was the standard protocol called? | CODASYL approach | [
"Database\n\nAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"... |
572f661fa23a5019007fc5d1 | When was the standard protocol completed? | 1971 | [
"Database\n\nAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the \"... |
572f678604bcaa1900d768dd | What was the DBMS created by IBM called? | Information Management System (IMS) | [
"Database\n\nIBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's netwo... |
572f678604bcaa1900d768de | What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS? | the Apollo program | [
"Database\n\nIBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's netwo... |
572f678604bcaa1900d768df | What is the classification of IMS? | hierarchical database | [
"Database\n\nIBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's netwo... |
572f678604bcaa1900d768e0 | What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973? | The Programmer as Navigator | [
"Database\n\nIBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's netwo... |
572f692804bcaa1900d768f5 | Who proposed using a table to store data? | Codd | [
"Database\n\nIn this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a \"table\" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linke... |
572f692804bcaa1900d768f6 | How is data accessed in a table? | A linked-list system | [
"Database\n\nIn this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a \"table\" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linke... |
572f692804bcaa1900d768f7 | What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing? | relational | [
"Database\n\nIn this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a \"table\" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linke... |
572f692804bcaa1900d768f8 | What system assists a user in seeing a table? | DBMS | [
"Database\n\nIn this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a \"table\" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linke... |
572f6a98947a6a140053c930 | How was the relational model able to improve over time? | without constant rewriting of links and pointers | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship... |
572f6a98947a6a140053c931 | What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model? | one-to-many | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship... |
572f6a98947a6a140053c932 | What is the relationship called in a navigational model? | many-to-many | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship... |
572f6a98947a6a140053c933 | What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models? | tabular | [
"Database\n\nThe relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship... |
572f6be0947a6a140053c938 | How is a database system frequently used? | to track information about users | [
"Database\n\nFor instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the ... |
572f6be0947a6a140053c939 | How is information stored in a navigational system? | in a single record | [
"Database\n\nFor instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the ... |
572f6be0947a6a140053c93a | What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system? | not be placed in the database | [
"Database\n\nFor instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the ... |
572f6be0947a6a140053c93b | How is information stored in a relational system? | normalized into a user table | [
"Database\n\nFor instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the ... |
572f703ca23a5019007fc629 | How is information accessed in a relational model? | a "key" | [
"Database\n\nLinking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a \"key\", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for th... |
572f703ca23a5019007fc62a | What is a key used for? | uniquely defining a particular record | [
"Database\n\nLinking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a \"key\", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for th... |
572f703ca23a5019007fc62b | What technique is used to collect into one place? | re-linking | [
"Database\n\nLinking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a \"key\", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for th... |
572f703ca23a5019007fc62c | How is data in an optional table accessed? | by searching for this key | [
"Database\n\nLinking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a \"key\", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for th... |
572f7193947a6a140053c970 | How does a program collect information using a navigational system? | require programs to loop | [
"Database\n\nJust as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous... |
572f7193947a6a140053c971 | What is used to solve the problem of looping? | a set-oriented language | [
"Database\n\nJust as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous... |
572f7193947a6a140053c972 | What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem? | SQL | [
"Database\n\nJust as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous... |
572f7193947a6a140053c973 | What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets? | tuple calculus | [
"Database\n\nJust as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous... |
572f7193947a6a140053c974 | Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases? | Codd | [
"Database\n\nJust as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous... |
572f72aeb2c2fd1400568137 | Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database? | Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker | [
"Database\n\nCodd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test... |
572f72aeb2c2fd1400568138 | What was the name of the project to create a geographical database? | INGRES | [
"Database\n\nCodd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test... |
572f72aeb2c2fd1400568139 | When was INGRES first tested? | 1973 | [
"Database\n\nCodd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test... |
572f72aeb2c2fd140056813a | What computer language was used in INGRES to access data? | QUEL | [
"Database\n\nCodd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test... |
572f72aeb2c2fd140056813b | Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES? | INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard | [
"Database\n\nCodd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test... |
572f73dfb2c2fd1400568141 | What is a CAFS accelerator? | a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities | [
"Database\n\nAnother approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and... |
572f73dfb2c2fd1400568142 | Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned? | efforts were generally unsuccessful | [
"Database\n\nAnother approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and... |
572f73dfb2c2fd1400568143 | How are today's database systems run? | general-purpose hardware | [
"Database\n\nAnother approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and... |
572f73dfb2c2fd1400568144 | Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator? | Netezza and Oracle (Exadata) | [
"Database\n\nAnother approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and... |
572f753604bcaa1900d76989 | What is the system IBM created using Codd's research? | System R | [
"Database\n\nIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have t... |
572f753604bcaa1900d7698a | When was IBM's system released? | 1974/5 | [
"Database\n\nIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have t... |
572f753604bcaa1900d7698b | What did System R work on to change the way data was stored? | multi-table systems | [
"Database\n\nIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have t... |
572f753604bcaa1900d7698c | When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? | SQL | [
"Database\n\nIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have t... |
572f753604bcaa1900d7698d | What was the name of the database product created by IBM? | SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2) | [
"Database\n\nIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have t... |
572f762404bcaa1900d769a3 | Who created dBASE? | C. Wayne Ratliff | [
"Database\n\nThe 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"... |
572f762404bcaa1900d769a4 | Why was dBASE successful? | lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box | [
"Database\n\nThe 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"... |
572f762404bcaa1900d769a5 | Why was dBASE unique? | data manipulation is done by dBASE | [
"Database\n\nThe 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"... |
572f762404bcaa1900d769a6 | What is a benefit of using dBASE? | managing space allocation | [
"Database\n\nThe 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: \"... |
572f77f4b2c2fd1400568159 | In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases? | object-oriented | [
"Database\n\nThe 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their ad... |
572f77f4b2c2fd140056815a | What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation? | object-relational impedance mismatch | [
"Database\n\nThe 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their ad... |
572f77f4b2c2fd140056815b | How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected? | object-oriented language | [
"Database\n\nThe 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their ad... |
572f77f4b2c2fd140056815c | What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch? | object-relational mappings (ORMs) | [
"Database\n\nThe 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their ad... |
572f78f5b2c2fd1400568161 | What kind of database is XML? | structured document-oriented database | [
"Database\n\nXML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems inc... |
572f78f5b2c2fd1400568162 | Where are XML databases frequently used? | enterprise database management | [
"Database\n\nXML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems inc... |
572f78f5b2c2fd1400568163 | How is XML used in enterprise database management? | machine-to-machine data | [
"Database\n\nXML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems inc... |
572f78f5b2c2fd1400568164 | What type of processing is used in enterprise database software? | ACID-compliant transaction processing | [
"Database\n\nXML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems inc... |
572fa578947a6a140053cb04 | What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees? | the CAP theorem | [
"Database\n\nIn recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy a... |
572fa578947a6a140053cb05 | How many guarantees will most databases tolerate? | two | [
"Database\n\nIn recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy a... |
572fa578947a6a140053cb06 | What is used to offer a balance in guarantees? | eventual consistency | [
"Database\n\nIn recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy a... |
572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b79 | What should a conceptual data model do? | reflects the structure of the information to be held | [
"Database\n\nThe first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Model... |
572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7a | What makes a successful data model? | accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled | [
"Database\n\nThe first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Model... |
572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7b | What must one understand in order to create a successful data model? | the application domain | [
"Database\n\nThe first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Model... |
572fa97e04bcaa1900d76b7c | Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what? | definitions of the terminology used for entities | [
"Database\n\nThe first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Model... |
572fabfe947a6a140053cb4e | In what form is the output of a logical database design? | schema | [
"Database\n\nHaving produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a ... |
572fabfe947a6a140053cb4f | Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS? | logical | [
"Database\n\nHaving produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a ... |
572fabfe947a6a140053cb50 | A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what? | database technology | [
"Database\n\nHaving produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a ... |
572facde04bcaa1900d76bd1 | What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design? | performance, scalability, recovery, security | [
"Database\n\nThe final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes sho... |
572facde04bcaa1900d76bd2 | What is an important goal in in this final stage? | data independence | [
"Database\n\nThe final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes sho... |
572facde04bcaa1900d76bd3 | What factor is reflected in performance requirements? | Physical design | [
"Database\n\nThe final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes sho... |
572fae08a23a5019007fc877 | How many conceptual or physical views of data are there? | one | [
"Database\n\nWhile there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a fin... |
572fae08a23a5019007fc878 | How many different external views of data are there? | any number | [
"Database\n\nWhile there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a fin... |
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