id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5730ed42497a881900248a67 | What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws? | Birds | [
"Bird\n\nBirds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.... |
5730ed42497a881900248a68 | What is the smallest bird? | bee hummingbird | [
"Bird\n\nBirds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.... |
5730ed42497a881900248a69 | What is the largest bird? | ostrich | [
"Bird\n\nBirds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.... |
5730ed42497a881900248a6a | What is the size of the smallest bird? | 5 cm (2 in) | [
"Bird\n\nBirds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.... |
5730ed42497a881900248a6b | What is the size of the largest bird? | 2.75 m (9 ft) | [
"Bird\n\nBirds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.... |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafb | What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record? | birds | [
"Bird\n\nThe fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatic... |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafc | When did true birds first appear? | Cretaceous period | [
"Bird\n\nThe fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatic... |
5730ed91a5e9cc1400cdbafd | Name an example of an early stem-bird. | Archaeopteryx | [
"Bird\n\nThe fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatic... |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac0 | What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight? | digestive and respiratory systems | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, ... |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac1 | What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? | Darwin's finches | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, ... |
5730ee0ce6313a140071cac2 | Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs? | Wings | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, ... |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0d | Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals? | corvids and parrots | [
"Bird\n\nSome birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating wi... |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0e | How to birds produce offspring? | by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction | [
"Bird\n\nSome birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating wi... |
5730ef7ca5e9cc1400cdbb0f | Where are eggs usually laid? | nest | [
"Bird\n\nSome birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating wi... |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac6 | Which birds are popular as pets? | Songbirds, parrots | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure thro... |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac7 | What is guano? | bird excrement | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure thro... |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac8 | What is the name of bird excrement? | Guano | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure thro... |
5730efe2e6313a140071cac9 | What is harvested for use as fertilizer? | Guano | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure thro... |
5730efe2e6313a140071caca | How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity? | 120–130 | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of birds are economically important. Domesticated and undomesticated birds (poultry and game) are important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers. Songbirds, parrots, and other species are popular as pets. Guano (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a fertilizer. Birds prominently figure thro... |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad0 | Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria? | clade Crocodilia | [
"Bird\n\nAves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an ... |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad1 | Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds? | Gauthier | [
"Bird\n\nAves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an ... |
5730f10ae6313a140071cad2 | What is a sister group to Aves? | clade Crocodilia | [
"Bird\n\nAves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an ... |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1c | What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs? | fossil and biological evidence | [
"Bird\n\nBased on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods ... |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1d | What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids? | Maniraptora | [
"Bird\n\nBased on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods ... |
57310b9a05b4da19006bcd1e | Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs. | China | [
"Bird\n\nBased on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods ... |
5731123fe6313a140071cbea | What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs? | flying theropods | [
"Bird\n\nThe consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which ... |
5731123fe6313a140071cbeb | What are the closest relatives of flying theropods? | deinonychosaurs | [
"Bird\n\nThe consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which ... |
5731123fe6313a140071cbec | Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group? | deinonychosaurs | [
"Bird\n\nThe consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which ... |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc01 | What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found? | Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx | [
"Bird\n\nThe Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a lo... |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc02 | What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics? | Archaeopteryx | [
"Bird\n\nThe Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a lo... |
57311339a5e9cc1400cdbc03 | Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics? | reptilian | [
"Bird\n\nThe Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a lo... |
573113b905b4da19006bcd4e | The Oxfordian stage is also known as what? | late Jurassic period | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early av... |
573113b905b4da19006bcd4f | How long ago was the late Jurassic period? | about 160 million years ago | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early av... |
573113b905b4da19006bcd50 | Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period? | late Jurassic period | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early av... |
573113b905b4da19006bcd51 | What may have been used in aerial maneuvering? | hind wings | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early av... |
57311531e6313a140071cc08 | During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms? | Cretaceous Period | [
"Bird\n\nAvialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopt... |
57311531e6313a140071cc09 | Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors? | Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis | [
"Bird\n\nAvialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopt... |
57311531e6313a140071cc0a | When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell? | late Cretaceous | [
"Bird\n\nAvialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopt... |
57311531e6313a140071cc0b | How long ago was the late Cretaceous period? | around 95 million years ago | [
"Bird\n\nAvialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopt... |
573115ade6313a140071cc10 | What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve? | enantiornithes | [
"Bird\n\nThe first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and f... |
573115ade6313a140071cc11 | Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called? | opposite birds | [
"Bird\n\nThe first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and f... |
573115ade6313a140071cc12 | What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period? | enantiornithes | [
"Bird\n\nThe first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and f... |
573115ade6313a140071cc13 | When did enantiornithes become extinct? | end of the Mesozoic era | [
"Bird\n\nThe first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or \"opposite birds\", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and f... |
573116a4e6313a140071cc22 | What does Euornithes mean? | true birds | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal ... |
573116a4e6313a140071cc23 | Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?" | because they include the ancestors of modern birds | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal ... |
573116a4e6313a140071cc24 | What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers? | Euornithes | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal ... |
573116a4e6313a140071cc25 | What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability? | fully mobile fan of tail feathers | [
"Bird\n\nMany species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning \"true birds\", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal ... |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd90 | All modern birds lie within which crown group? | Aves | [
"Bird\n\nAll modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are ... |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd91 | What is another name for Aves? | Neornithes | [
"Bird\n\nAll modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are ... |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd92 | The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae? | Aves | [
"Bird\n\nAll modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are ... |
5731185a05b4da19006bcd93 | What is the number range of living bird species? | 9,800 to 10,050 | [
"Bird\n\nAll modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are ... |
573118d705b4da19006bcd98 | What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes? | Galloanserae | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil rema... |
573118d705b4da19006bcd99 | What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes? | Galloanserae | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil rema... |
573118d705b4da19006bcd9a | Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group? | Anseriformes | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil rema... |
573118d705b4da19006bcd9b | The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group? | Galliformes | [
"Bird\n\nThe earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil rema... |
57311971497a881900248b67 | Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals? | birds | [
"Bird\n\nThe classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scient... |
57311971497a881900248b68 | What do scientists disagree about? | relationships between the orders themselves | [
"Bird\n\nThe classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scient... |
57311971497a881900248b69 | What do scientists tend to agree on? | the assignment of orders is accurate | [
"Bird\n\nThe classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scient... |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda0 | Birds live on how many continents? | seven | [
"Bird\n\nBirds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity wa... |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda1 | Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions? | tropical | [
"Bird\n\nBirds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity wa... |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda2 | Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet? | 980 | [
"Bird\n\nBirds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity wa... |
57311a4705b4da19006bcda3 | Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose? | to breed | [
"Bird\n\nBirds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity wa... |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4a | The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird? | game bird | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment... |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4b | Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges? | agricultural practices created suitable new habitat | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment... |
57311df8e6313a140071cc4c | Where have many birds established breeding populations? | in areas to which they have been introduced by humans | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment... |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdb8 | What consists of very lightweight bones? | The skeleton | [
"Bird\n\nThe skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thora... |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdb9 | What does the skeleton consist of? | very lightweight bones | [
"Bird\n\nThe skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thora... |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdba | What are pneumatic cavities? | large air-filled cavities | [
"Bird\n\nThe skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thora... |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdbb | What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system? | pneumatic cavities | [
"Bird\n\nThe skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thora... |
57311ee005b4da19006bcdbc | What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis? | synsacrum | [
"Bird\n\nThe skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thora... |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc53 | What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid? | uricotelic | [
"Bird\n\nLike the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of t... |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc54 | Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening? | ostrich | [
"Bird\n\nLike the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of t... |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc55 | What is a multi-purpose opening on birds? | cloaca | [
"Bird\n\nLike the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of t... |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc56 | How do most birds mate? | by joining cloaca | [
"Bird\n\nLike the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of t... |
57312110a5e9cc1400cdbc57 | What aids birds with flight? | rapid digestion | [
"Bird\n\nLike the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of t... |
57312208497a881900248b7d | Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups? | Birds | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes dir... |
57312208497a881900248b7e | Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac? | 75% | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes dir... |
57312208497a881900248b7f | Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go? | directly into the lungs | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes dir... |
57312208497a881900248b80 | Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber? | syrinx | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes dir... |
57312208497a881900248b81 | What is the syrinx? | a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes dir... |
5731236de6313a140071cc6c | The avian circulatory system is driven by what? | four-chambered, myogenic heart | [
"Bird\n\nThe avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each... |
5731236de6313a140071cc6d | Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system? | fibrous pericardial sac | [
"Bird\n\nThe avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each... |
5731236de6313a140071cc6e | What lubricates the pericardial sac? | serous fluid | [
"Bird\n\nThe avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each... |
5731236de6313a140071cc6f | Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass? | allows more blood to be pumped | [
"Bird\n\nThe avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each... |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdec | Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles? | to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to wi... |
573123ff05b4da19006bcded | What moves through the arteries? | Blood | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to wi... |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdee | What is organized into capillary beds in tissues? | Capillaries | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to wi... |
573123ff05b4da19006bcdef | What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart? | vasodilation | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to wi... |
573124bb497a881900248bb5 | Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size? | nervous system | [
"Bird\n\nThe nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of ... |
573124bb497a881900248bb6 | What is tetrachromatic? | possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones | [
"Bird\n\nThe nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of ... |
573124bb497a881900248bb7 | Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light? | courtship | [
"Bird\n\nThe nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of ... |
573124bb497a881900248bb8 | What regulates breeding activities? | photo-receptive cells in | [
"Bird\n\nThe nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of ... |
573125a9e6313a140071cc86 | What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds? | nictitating membrane | [
"Bird\n\nMany birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in ... |
573125a9e6313a140071cc87 | What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina? | pecten | [
"Bird\n\nMany birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in ... |
573125a9e6313a140071cc88 | Which birds have a wide visual field? | Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads | [
"Bird\n\nMany birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in ... |
573125a9e6313a140071cc89 | What kind of vision do owls have? | binocular vision | [
"Bird\n\nMany birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in ... |
573125a9e6313a140071cc8a | Where is a bird's cochlea located? | inner ear | [
"Bird\n\nMany birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in ... |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0c | What is known to sometimes result in injury or death? | intraspecific conflicts | [
"Bird\n\nA dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use... |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0d | What is another name for Anhimidae? | screamers | [
"Bird\n\nA dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use... |
5731339ae6313a140071cd0e | What is another name for steamer ducks? | Tachyeres | [
"Bird\n\nA dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use... |
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