id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5731339ae6313a140071cd0f | What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents? | bony knob on the alular metacarpal | [
"Bird\n\nA dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use... |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdb | What is a feature characteristic of birds? | Feathers | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving i... |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdc | What feature of a bird facilitate flight? | Feathers | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving i... |
57313429a5e9cc1400cdbcdd | What is pterylae? | specific tracts of skin | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving i... |
57314d0e497a881900248d89 | What is regularly moulted? | Plumage | [
"Bird\n\nPlumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" pl... |
57314d0e497a881900248d8a | What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding? | "non-breeding" plumage | [
"Bird\n\nPlumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" pl... |
57314d0e497a881900248d8b | How often does moulting occur in most species? | annual | [
"Bird\n\nPlumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" pl... |
57314d0e497a881900248d8c | What type of birds may moult only once every few years? | large birds of prey | [
"Bird\n\nPlumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the \"non-breeding\" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—\"basic\" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as \"alternate\" pl... |
57314e18e6313a140071cdec | How often do birds groom their feathers? | daily | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrob... |
57314e18e6313a140071cded | What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers? | 9% | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrob... |
57314e18e6313a140071cdee | What do birds use to brush away foreign particles? | The bill | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrob... |
57314e18e6313a140071cdef | What is the process of removing feather parasites? | anting | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrob... |
57314ee9497a881900248d91 | What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes? | Most birds can fly, | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large... |
57314ee9497a881900248d92 | What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species? | Flight | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large... |
57314ee9497a881900248d93 | How many large flight muscles do birds have? | two | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large... |
57314ee9497a881900248d94 | Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird? | 15% | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large... |
57314ee9497a881900248d95 | Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless? | 60 | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large... |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe59 | What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food? | generalists | [
"Bird\n\nBirds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean f... |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5a | What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items? | specialists | [
"Bird\n\nBirds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean f... |
57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5b | What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues? | Nectar feeders | [
"Bird\n\nBirds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean f... |
57315007e6313a140071ce14 | What is the term for stealing food items from other birds? | kleptoparasitism | [
"Bird\n\nSome species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobi... |
57315007e6313a140071ce15 | What is kleptoparasitism? | stealing food items from other birds | [
"Bird\n\nSome species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobi... |
57315007e6313a140071ce16 | A vulture is what type of bird? | scavengers | [
"Bird\n\nSome species, including frigatebirds, gulls, and skuas, engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of great frigatebirds stealing from masked boobi... |
573150b7497a881900248dc9 | How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young? | wetting their belly feathers | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depe... |
573150b7497a881900248dca | What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks? | The pigeon family | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depe... |
573150b7497a881900248dcb | What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks? | crop milk | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depe... |
573150b7497a881900248dcc | What is crop milk? | a nutritive fluid | [
"Bird\n\nMost birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depe... |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b1 | Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland? | preen gland | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gl... |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b2 | What do birds bathe in? | water or dust | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gl... |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b3 | What is anting? | bird encourages ants to run through their plumage | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gl... |
5731dce4e17f3d14004224b4 | What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage? | anting | [
"Bird\n\nFeathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gl... |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c3 | When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs? | Before migration | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually... |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c4 | What is the flight range of landbirds? | 2,500 km (1,600 mi) | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually... |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c5 | What is the flight range of shoebirds? | 4,000 km (2,500 mi) | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually... |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c6 | Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles? | bar-tailed godwit | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually... |
5731dd77e17f3d14004224c7 | Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons? | Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean | [
"Bird\n\nMany bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually... |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65b9 | In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory | 44% | [
"Bird\n\nSome bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated w... |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65ba | In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory | 32% | [
"Bird\n\nSome bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated w... |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bb | What is most often triggered by temperature changes? | Altitudinal migration | [
"Bird\n\nSome bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated w... |
5731ddfa0fdd8d15006c65bc | Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic? | Parrots | [
"Bird\n\nSome bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated w... |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e607 | In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night? | diurnal migrants | [
"Bird\n\nThe ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration us... |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e608 | Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what? | the Earth's geomagnetism | [
"Bird\n\nThe ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration us... |
5731e1c3b9d445190005e609 | What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day? | internal clock | [
"Bird\n\nThe ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration us... |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63ae | What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance? | plumage | [
"Bird\n\nBirds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identificat... |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63af | What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species? | Variation in plumage | [
"Bird\n\nBirds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identificat... |
5731e22ae99e3014001e63b0 | Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays? | ritualised displays | [
"Bird\n\nBirds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identificat... |
5731e292b9d445190005e621 | What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction? | Calls | [
"Bird\n\nCalls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), ... |
5731e292b9d445190005e622 | What do some birds use for auditory communication? | mechanical sounds | [
"Bird\n\nCalls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), ... |
5731e292b9d445190005e623 | Which type of birds use tools to drum? | palm | [
"Bird\n\nCalls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), ... |
5731e292b9d445190005e624 | Which birds drum territorially? | woodpeckers | [
"Bird\n\nCalls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), ... |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c65ff | What are the principal benefits of flocking? | safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency | [
"Bird\n\nWhile some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush preda... |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6600 | What is a cost of flocking? | bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds | [
"Bird\n\nWhile some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush preda... |
5731e2de0fdd8d15006c6601 | What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests? | Defence against predators | [
"Bird\n\nWhile some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush preda... |
57320abbb9d445190005e779 | Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what? | vigilant sleep | [
"Bird\n\nThe high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rap... |
57320abbb9d445190005e77a | What are believed to be able to sleep in flight? | Swifts | [
"Bird\n\nThe high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rap... |
57320abbb9d445190005e77b | Why is communal roosting common? | because it lowers the loss of body heat | [
"Bird\n\nThe high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening \"peeks\", allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rap... |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c6709 | These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism. | Perching birds | [
"Bird\n\nMany sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locki... |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670a | Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost? | in trees | [
"Bird\n\nMany sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locki... |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670b | A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down? | Loriculus | [
"Bird\n\nMany sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locki... |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670c | What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor? | Some hummingbirds | [
"Bird\n\nMany sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locki... |
57320b3b0fdd8d15006c670d | Birds do not have what type of glands:? | sweat | [
"Bird\n\nMany sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their bills in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Perching birds have a tendon locki... |
57320be2b9d445190005e789 | What percent of bird species are socially monogamous? | Ninety-five percent | [
"Bird\n\nNinety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which fe... |
57320be2b9d445190005e78a | What is extra-pair copulation? | infidelity | [
"Bird\n\nNinety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which fe... |
57320be2b9d445190005e78b | What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation? | sperm storage mechanisms | [
"Bird\n\nNinety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which fe... |
57320be2b9d445190005e78c | Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates? | to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise | [
"Bird\n\nNinety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which fe... |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c6719 | Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display? | male | [
"Bird\n\nBreeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekk... |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671a | Most courtship displays involve some type of what? | song | [
"Bird\n\nBreeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekk... |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671b | Which gender generally drive partner selection?: | Females | [
"Bird\n\nBreeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekk... |
57320cb40fdd8d15006c671c | Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners? | after the birds have paired and mated | [
"Bird\n\nBreeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of song. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal lekk... |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6721 | What kind of eggs to all birds lay? | amniotic eggs | [
"Bird\n\nAll birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead ... |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6722 | All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what? | calcium carbonate | [
"Bird\n\nAll birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead ... |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6723 | What kind of eggs do open nesters lay? | camouflaged eggs | [
"Bird\n\nAll birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead ... |
57320e760fdd8d15006c6724 | What type of birds lay white or pale eggs? | Hole and burrow nesting species | [
"Bird\n\nAll birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead ... |
57320f26e17f3d140042264f | Where do birds usually lay their eggs? | nest | [
"Bird\n\nBird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden are... |
57320f26e17f3d1400422650 | What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock? | cliff-nesting common guillemot | [
"Bird\n\nBird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden are... |
57320f26e17f3d1400422651 | Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs? | between their body and feet | [
"Bird\n\nBird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden are... |
57320f26e17f3d1400422652 | Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground? | albatross | [
"Bird\n\nBird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden are... |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673d | What process optimises temperature for chick development? | Incubation | [
"Bird\n\nIncubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patch... |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673e | When does incubation begin? | after the last egg has been laid | [
"Bird\n\nIncubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patch... |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c673f | What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds? | brood patches | [
"Bird\n\nIncubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patch... |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c6740 | How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers? | 10 days | [
"Bird\n\nIncubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patch... |
57320fc50fdd8d15006c6741 | How many days is the incubation period for kiwis? | over 80 days | [
"Bird\n\nIncubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patch... |
57321029e99e3014001e64bc | When does parental care end in megapodes? | at hatching | [
"Bird\n\nThe length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabi... |
57321029e99e3014001e64bd | What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care? | frigatebird | [
"Bird\n\nThe length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabi... |
57321029e99e3014001e64be | What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest? | chick guard stage | [
"Bird\n\nThe length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabi... |
57321138e17f3d1400422657 | Alloparenting is particulary common with what species? | Corvida | [
"Bird\n\nIn some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such ... |
57321138e17f3d1400422658 | True crows belong to what group? | Corvida | [
"Bird\n\nIn some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such ... |
57321138e17f3d1400422659 | What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class? | male parental care | [
"Bird\n\nIn some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such ... |
573212130fdd8d15006c6751 | Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch? | chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets | [
"Bird\n\nThe point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their ... |
573212130fdd8d15006c6752 | Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. | ducks | [
"Bird\n\nThe point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their ... |
573212130fdd8d15006c6753 | When do most species of chicks leave the nest? | just before, or soon after, they are able to fly | [
"Bird\n\nThe point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their ... |
573212a3e17f3d1400422663 | What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood? | Brood parasitism | [
"Bird\n\nBrood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood para... |
573212a3e17f3d1400422664 | How many bird species are obligate parasites? | One hundred | [
"Bird\n\nBrood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood para... |
573212a3e17f3d1400422665 | What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output? | non-obligate brood parasites | [
"Bird\n\nBrood parasitism, in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood para... |
573213bde99e3014001e64d6 | What is the most famous example of sexual selection? | peacock tail | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situatio... |
573213bde99e3014001e64d7 | What is intersexual selection also known as? | female choice | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situatio... |
573213bde99e3014001e64d8 | What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate? | intrasexual competition | [
"Bird\n\nBirds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situatio... |
573214a0b9d445190005e7bf | What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs? | inbreeding depression | [
"Bird\n\nIncestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avia... |
573214a0b9d445190005e7c0 | What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding? | Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings | [
"Bird\n\nIncestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avia... |
573214a0b9d445190005e7c1 | What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young? | 43% | [
"Bird\n\nIncestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avia... |
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