Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
573215afb9d445190005e7c5	What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?	Cooperative breeding	[ "Bird\n\nCooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated grou...
573215afb9d445190005e7c6	What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?	Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals	[ "Bird\n\nCooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated grou...
573215afb9d445190005e7c7	Why is inbreeding avoided?	because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness	[ "Bird\n\nCooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated grou...
57321628b9d445190005e7cb	What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?	Aquatic birds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, o...
57321628b9d445190005e7cc	What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?	Forest birds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, o...
57321628b9d445190005e7cd	What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?	Birds of prey	[ "Bird\n\nBirds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, o...
573216f8e99e3014001e64f2	What are often important to island ecology?	Birds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plan...
573216f8e99e3014001e64f3	What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?	Nesting seabirds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plan...
573216f8e99e3014001e64f4	In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?	moas	[ "Bird\n\nBirds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plan...
573217840fdd8d15006c6785	Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?	Since birds are highly visible and common animals	[ "Bird\n\nSince birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when speci...
573217840fdd8d15006c6786	What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?	commensal	[ "Bird\n\nSince birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when speci...
573217840fdd8d15006c6787	What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?	Human activities	[ "Bird\n\nSince birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when speci...
573218720fdd8d15006c6795	What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs?	poultry	[ "Bird\n\nDomesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and gee...
573218720fdd8d15006c6796	What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans?	poultry	[ "Bird\n\nDomesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and gee...
573218720fdd8d15006c6797	In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?	76 million tons	[ "Bird\n\nDomesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and gee...
573218720fdd8d15006c6798	What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas?	Bird hunting	[ "Bird\n\nDomesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Chickens account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated turkeys, ducks, and gee...
573218cfb9d445190005e7e5	Why have birds been domesticated by humans?	both as pets and for practical purposes	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishin...
573218cfb9d445190005e7e6	What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?	Colourful birds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishin...
573218cfb9d445190005e7e7	How long have messenger pigeons been used?	since at least 1 AD	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishin...
57321963e99e3014001e650c	What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?	Birds	[ "Bird\n\nBirds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two c...
57321963e99e3014001e650d	The word auspicious is derived from which word?	auspex	[ "Bird\n\nBirds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two c...
57321963e99e3014001e650e	What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?	mythical chullumpi bird	[ "Bird\n\nBirds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two c...
57321a39e99e3014001e651c	When were birds represented in early cave paintings?	since prehistoric times	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of pow...
57321a39e99e3014001e651d	What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?	Pouākai	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of pow...
57321a39e99e3014001e651e	John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?	National Audubon Society	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of pow...
57321a39e99e3014001e651f	What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?	nightingales	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of pow...
57321a39e99e3014001e6520	The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?	The Rime of the Ancient Mariner	[ "Bird\n\nBirds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of pow...
57321ac0e17f3d140042268f	How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times?	Over a hundred	[ "Bird\n\nThough human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian ex...
57321ac0e17f3d1400422690	How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?	1,227	[ "Bird\n\nThough human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian ex...
57321ac0e17f3d1400422691	When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?	during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands	[ "Bird\n\nThough human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian ex...
573117c505b4da19006bcd86	What was the last Chinese dynasty?	Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief...
573117c505b4da19006bcd87	When did the Manchu dynasty rule?	1644 to 1912	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief...
573117c505b4da19006bcd88	What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?	Ming	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief...
573117c505b4da19006bcd89	What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?	Republic of China	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief...
573117c505b4da19006bcd8a	What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?	Qing	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief...
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc25	Who started the Manchun dynasty?	Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collec...
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc26	Where did this dynasty form?	Manchuria	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collec...
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc27	Name a peasant rebel leader?	Li Zicheng	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collec...
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc28	Where was the ming capital?	Beijing	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collec...
57311d32a5e9cc1400cdbc29	What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?	Shanhai Pass	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into \"Banners\", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collec...
57311e26497a881900248b6d	What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?	(1735–1796)	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested g...
57311e26497a881900248b6e	When was the Taiping rebellion?	(1850–64)	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested g...
57311e26497a881900248b6f	When was the Dungan Revolt?	(1862–77)	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested g...
57311e26497a881900248b70	How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?	20 million people	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested g...
57311e26497a881900248b71	When was the first Sino-Japanese War?	1895	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested g...
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5d	What started on October 11, 1911?	Xinhai Revolution	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists...
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5e	Who was the last Qing emperor?	Puyi	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists...
5731213da5e9cc1400cdbc5f	When did he step down?	February 12, 1912	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol the government then initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with reformers such as Liang Qichao and monarchists...
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6b	Who named himself the Bright Khan?	Nurhaci	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nNurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, \"gold\")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are comp...
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6c	Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?	Hong Taiji	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nNurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, \"gold\")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are comp...
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6d	What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?	water imagery	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nNurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, \"gold\")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are comp...
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6e	What language did the dynasties name come from originall?	Mongolian	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nNurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, \"gold\")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are comp...
5731223aa5e9cc1400cdbc6f	What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?	Mongolian word that means "warrior"	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nNurhaci declared himself the \"Bright Khan\" of the Later Jin (lit. \"gold\") state in honor both of the 12–13th century Jurchen Jin dynasty and of his Aisin Gioro clan (Aisin being Manchu for the Chinese 金 (jīn, \"gold\")). His son Hong Taiji renamed the dynasty Great Qing in 1636. There are comp...
573122d205b4da19006bcde0	After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?	China	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter conquering \"China proper\", the Manchus identified their state as \"China\" (中國, Zhōngguó; \"Middle Kingdom\"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means \"central\" or \"middle,\" gurun means \"nation\" or \"state\"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (in...
573122d205b4da19006bcde1	What does China mean?	Middle Kingdom	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter conquering \"China proper\", the Manchus identified their state as \"China\" (中國, Zhōngguó; \"Middle Kingdom\"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means \"central\" or \"middle,\" gurun means \"nation\" or \"state\"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (in...
573122d205b4da19006bcde2	What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?	Han and non-Han peoples	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nAfter conquering \"China proper\", the Manchus identified their state as \"China\" (中國, Zhōngguó; \"Middle Kingdom\"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means \"central\" or \"middle,\" gurun means \"nation\" or \"state\"). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (in...
57312388e6313a140071cc74	What ethnic group make up the most people in China?	Han Chinese	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mis...
57312388e6313a140071cc75	Who founded the Qing dynasty?	Jurchen	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mis...
57312388e6313a140071cc76	What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?	sedentary farming	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mis...
57312388e6313a140071cc77	What parts of China did they come from?	Jilin and Heilongjiang	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mis...
57312388e6313a140071cc78	Were the Manchu's nomadic?	farming people	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mis...
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc95	Where did Nurhachi move his court to?	Liaodong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nRelocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribe...
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc96	Where did Nurhachi move his court from?	Jianzhou	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nRelocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribe...
57312407a5e9cc1400cdbc97	Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?	Mongol nation	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nRelocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribe...
57312518497a881900248bbd	What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?	Mongols	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThere were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire \"Jiu Han jun\" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which w...
57312518497a881900248bbe	What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?	artillery	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThere were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire \"Jiu Han jun\" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which w...
57312518497a881900248bbf	When did the Manchus create their own artillery?	1641	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThere were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire \"Jiu Han jun\" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which w...
573127d505b4da19006bcdfc	When were the first couple Han Banners founded?	1637	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThis was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory result...
573127d505b4da19006bcdfd	When did the Han Banners grow to eight?	1642	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThis was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory result...
573127d505b4da19006bcdfe	Which leader defeated the Ming armies?	Hong Taiji	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThis was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory result...
573127d505b4da19006bcdff	Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?	Chongzhen Emperor	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThis was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory result...
573127d505b4da19006bce00	Where did the Ming armies retreat to?	north of the Great Wall	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThis was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory result...
57312a3b05b4da19006bce10	Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?	Hong Taiji	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects...
57312a3b05b4da19006bce11	Where did a Han revolt occur?	Liaodong	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects...
57312a3b05b4da19006bce12	When did a Han revolt occur?	1623	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects...
57312a3b05b4da19006bce13	What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?	one-sixth	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects...
57312af6497a881900248bef	When did Hong Taiji die?	September 1643	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally \"elected\" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at thi...
57312af6497a881900248bf0	Who was his heir?	without a designated heir	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally \"elected\" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at thi...
57312af6497a881900248bf1	Who were the likely heirs?	Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally \"elected\" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at thi...
57312af7497a881900248bf2	Who became the emperor?	Fulin	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally \"elected\" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at thi...
57312bb0497a881900248bfd	Who raided Beijing in 1644?	Li Zicheng	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nMing government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel ...
57312bb0497a881900248bfe	Who was Li Zicheng?	former minor Ming official	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nMing government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel ...
57312bb0497a881900248bff	What dynasty did Zicheng form?	Shun	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nMing government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel ...
57312bb0497a881900248c00	Who was the last Ming leader?	Chongzhen Emperor	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nMing government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel ...
57312bb0497a881900248c01	How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?	suicide	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nMing government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel ...
57312c4e497a881900248c07	How big was Li Zicheng's army?	200,000	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nLi Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly...
57312c4e497a881900248c08	Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?	Wu Sangui	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nLi Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly...
57312c4e497a881900248c09	What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?	Wu Sangui	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nLi Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly...
57312c4e497a881900248c0a	Who beat Li Zicheng's army?	Wu and Dorgon	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nLi Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly...
57312c4e497a881900248c0b	When did the battle take place?	May 27, 1644	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nLi Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly...
57312ede497a881900248c2d	When did Beijing fall?	June 6	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal fune...
57312ede497a881900248c2e	What was the Shunzi Emperor called?	"Son of Heaven"	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal fune...
57312ede497a881900248c2f	When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?	October 30	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal fune...
57312ede497a881900248c30	How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?	seventeen years	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal fune...
57312ede497a881900248c31	Who did the Manchus struggle against?	Ming loyalists	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the \"Son of Heaven\" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal fune...
57312f5805b4da19006bce68	Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?	Han Chinese	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manc...
57312f5805b4da19006bce69	What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?	75%	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manc...
57312f5805b4da19006bce6a	Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?	Mongol	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nHan Chinese Banners were made up of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manc...
573130f305b4da19006bce6e	Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?	Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conques...
573130f305b4da19006bce6f	What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?	southern China	[ "Qing_dynasty\n\nThe Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conques...

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