id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56df0baf3277331400b4d913 | In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees? | 1962 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nSince 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."
] |
56df0baf3277331400b4d914 | What see is the one exception to this rule? | Ostia | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nSince 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."
] |
56df0baf3277331400b4d915 | Who has power over the exception? | the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nSince 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."
] |
56def231c65bf219000b3e4c | The entire group of cardinals is known as what? | College of Cardinals | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nA cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Chu... |
56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f | Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church? | the pope | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinals have in canon law a \"privilege of forum\" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with ... |
56def9503277331400b4d857 | What does the pope give to a new Cardinal? | a gold ring | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nTo symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern de... |
56def9503277331400b4d858 | Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals? | the pope | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nTo symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern de... |
56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b | What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal? | a galero. | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIn previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the... |
56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c | In what year did the practice of donning this item stop? | 1969 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIn previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the... |
56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d | What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal? | scarlet biretta | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIn previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the... |
56defa45c65bf219000b3e71 | Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing? | Eastern Catholic cardinals | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nEastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet."
] |
56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d | What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals? | willingness to die for his faith | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhen in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto... |
56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e | Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white? | rochet | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhen in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto... |
56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f | The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church? | the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhen in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto... |
56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80 | When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes? | 1460s | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhen in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments — the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white — the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto... |
56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f | What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies? | the cardinalate expires | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIf conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of... |
56defd5e3277331400b4d86c | Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore? | Pope Martin V | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nDuring the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore."
] |
56defedf3277331400b4d870 | What was a "lay cardinal" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal? | marry | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nAt various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay card... |
56defedf3277331400b4d871 | In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law? | 1917 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nAt various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay card... |
56defedf3277331400b4d872 | What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals? | only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nAt various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay card... |
56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb | A cardinal who does not hold the title of "bishop" may not do what? | perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nA cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs,... |
56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc | Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year? | 1962 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nA cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs,... |
56df009f3277331400b4d887 | In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop? | 1917 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nUntil 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he ... |
56df009f3277331400b4d888 | In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops? | 1962 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nUntil 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he ... |
56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3 | In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal? | collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situa... |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5 | Who announces the election of a new pope? | The cardinal protodeacon | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City St... |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6 | Where does this person announce the election of the new pope? | from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City St... |
56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7 | Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned? | Pope John Paul I | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City St... |
56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc | What color is the hat? | white | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhen not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra ... |
56df02b23277331400b4d8a7 | How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005? | 30 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nAs of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 y... |
56df02b23277331400b4d8a8 | How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests? | 10 years | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nAs of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 y... |
56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf | In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian? | about half | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in ... |
56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0 | In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian? | third | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in ... |
56df04563277331400b4d8b1 | What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from? | seven deacons in the Papal Household | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social service... |
56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5 | Which cardinals are ranked lowest? | cardinal deacons | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests."
] |
56df05323277331400b4d8c1 | Who can become the cardinal protopriest? | The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conc... |
56df05323277331400b4d8c2 | Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time? | Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conc... |
56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b | In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who? | the Pope | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nThe Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean bel... |
56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04 | Patriarch cardinals are not given what title? | a suburbicarian see | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIn 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who h... |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a | Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church? | cardinal deacons | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold ... |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b | Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church? | cardinal bishops | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold ... |
56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c | Which rank has the most cardinals? | Cardinal priests | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nCardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold ... |
56df0d723277331400b4d91d | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | priests chosen by the pope | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nIn modern times, the name \"cardinal priest\" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests cho... |
56df0de63277331400b4d921 | Each cardinal priest has what? | a titular church in Rome | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhile the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Pa... |
56df0e673277331400b4d925 | In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals? | 1587 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhile the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growt... |
56df0e673277331400b4d926 | What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V? | 70 | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhile the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growt... |
56df0e673277331400b4d927 | Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals? | Pope John XXIII | [
"Cardinal_(Catholicism)\n\nWhile the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growt... |
56ddee969a695914005b96d2 | What is another term meaning Iranian languages? | Iranic languages | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 4... |
56ddee969a695914005b96d3 | What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of? | Indo-Iranian languages | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 4... |
56ddee969a695914005b96d4 | What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of? | Indo-European language family | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 4... |
56ddee969a695914005b96d5 | When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur? | 400 BCE | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 4... |
56ddee969a695914005b96d6 | What is an example of a Sassanid language? | Middle Persian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 4... |
56ddeed19a695914005b96dd | How many different Iranian languages exist? | 86 | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAs of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi."
] |
56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b | Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor? | Proto-Iranian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya."
] |
56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c | From what languages does the word Aryao come? | Persian and Sanskrit | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya."
] |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea | When was the phrase Iranian language family first used? | 1836 | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarshi... |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb | Who first used the term Iranian language? | Christian Lassen | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarshi... |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed | Who first used the term Irano-Aryan? | Robert Needham Cust | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarshi... |
56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee | When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used? | 1878 | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarshi... |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31 | From where did Iranian languages originate? | Proto-Iranian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAll Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The A... |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33 | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | Central Asia | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAll Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The A... |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34 | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian? | Andronovo | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAll Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The A... |
56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35 | When did the Andronovo culture exist? | 2000 BC | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAll Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The A... |
56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c | What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to? | Indo-European | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIt was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's... |
56ddf33166d3e219004dae56 | Where did early Iranian people establish societies? | southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nProto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and C... |
56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720 | What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | linguistic diversity | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:"
] |
56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721 | How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | two | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:"
] |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae60 | In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form? | the Behistun inscription | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nOld Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is ... |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae61 | When was the Behistun inscription written? | 520 BC | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nOld Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is ... |
56ddf42566d3e219004dae62 | During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway? | 4th century BC | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nOld Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is ... |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526 | What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language? | Avestan | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behd... |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527 | What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? | Zoroastrianism | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behd... |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529 | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan? | Rigvedic Sanskrit | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behd... |
56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a | What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan? | Old Persian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behd... |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513 | What language is Carduchi thought to have become? | Kurdish | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIn addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Ol... |
56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515 | What language did Herodotus invent a name for? | Scythian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIn addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Ol... |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251b | What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues? | western and eastern | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nConventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have littl... |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251c | Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian? | Old Persian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nConventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have littl... |
56ddf70a4396321400ee251d | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian? | Avestan | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nConventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have littl... |
56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556 | What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | *ć and *dź | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nTwo of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:"
] |
56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557 | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | first-series palatal consonants | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nTwo of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:"
] |
56ddfe654396321400ee2532 | What languages share a similar situation? | Nuristani languages | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAs a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:"
] |
56ddfe654396321400ee2533 | What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division? | *ćw and *dźw | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAs a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:"
] |
56ddfe654396321400ee2534 | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | consonant clusters | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nAs a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw:"
] |
56de03a44396321400ee2547 | What may have also been in use at the time? | other distinct dialect groups | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIt is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Par... |
56de03a44396321400ee2548 | Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed? | Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIt is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Par... |
56de03a44396321400ee2549 | What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed? | Old Parthian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nIt is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Par... |
56de03d64396321400ee254d | When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close? | 9th century | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nWhat is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern."
] |
56de03d64396321400ee254e | What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian? | Western and Eastern | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nWhat is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern."
] |
56de05334396321400ee2552 | Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language? | Eastern | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct fro... |
56de05334396321400ee2553 | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages? | Avestan | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct fro... |
56de05334396321400ee2554 | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | Aramaic | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct fro... |
56de05334396321400ee2555 | What did the Bactrian language use for writing? | Greek script | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct fro... |
56de058f4396321400ee255b | What is another term for Middle Persian? | Pahlavi | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nMiddle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also us... |
56de058f4396321400ee255c | When did Middle Persian start being u sed? | 3rd century CE | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nMiddle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also us... |
56de058f4396321400ee255d | What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans? | Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nMiddle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also us... |
56de058f4396321400ee255e | What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to? | Syriac script | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nMiddle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also us... |
56de0abc4396321400ee2563 | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages? | Islam | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nFollowing the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the cour... |
56de0abc4396321400ee2564 | What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? | Dari | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nFollowing the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the cour... |
56de0abc4396321400ee2565 | What was the first dynasty to use Dari? | Saffarid | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nFollowing the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the cour... |
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