id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56df9b7338dc4217001520d1 | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | Specification of illumination requirements | [
"Lighting\n\nSpecification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportiona... |
56df9c5038dc4217001520e4 | What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? | Lighting control | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and... |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90 | What type of standard do newer control systems use? | wireless mesh open standards | [
"Lighting\n\nMany newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security)."
] |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91 | What is the name of one type of control system used? | ZigBee | [
"Lighting\n\nMany newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security)."
] |
56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92 | Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder? | no | [
"Lighting\n\nMany newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security)."
] |
56df9fbe38dc421700152112 | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | Occupancy sensors | [
"Lighting\n\nOccupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobst... |
56df9fbe38dc421700152113 | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | changes in heat | [
"Lighting\n\nOccupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobst... |
56df9fbe38dc421700152114 | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | Ultrasonic sensors | [
"Lighting\n\nOccupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobst... |
56df9fbe38dc421700152115 | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | no | [
"Lighting\n\nOccupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobst... |
56dfa1c738dc42170015213a | What is the oldest method of interior lighting? | Daylighting | [
"Lighting\n\nDaylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on pat... |
56dfa1c738dc42170015213c | Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people? | not | [
"Lighting\n\nDaylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on pat... |
56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c | What is a form of solid state lighting? | LEDs | [
"Lighting\n\nIn recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics."
] |
56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d | What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs? | nonimaging optics | [
"Lighting\n\nIn recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics."
] |
56dfa3d938dc42170015215e | What can cause health effects such headache frequency? | higher lighting levels | [
"Lighting\n\nBeyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency."
] |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | Alzheimer's Disease | [
"Lighting\n\nAnalysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown ... |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f | The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern? | 24 | [
"Lighting\n\nAnalysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown ... |
56dfa58d7aa994140058df80 | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | disrupt the natural circadian cycle | [
"Lighting\n\nAnalysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown ... |
56dfa6de7aa994140058df99 | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | Robert Ulrich | [
"Lighting\n\nA study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negat... |
56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a | Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays? | no | [
"Lighting\n\nA study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negat... |
56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b | Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics? | no | [
"Lighting\n\nA study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negat... |
56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51 | What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at? | University of Toronto Scarborough | [
"Lighting\n\nAlison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the ... |
56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52 | What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with? | Northwestern University | [
"Lighting\n\nAlison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the ... |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3 | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | Dr. Abraham Gesner | [
"Lighting\n\nIn 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did no... |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4 | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | 1849 | [
"Lighting\n\nIn 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did no... |
56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5 | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | coal-gas methods | [
"Lighting\n\nIn 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did no... |
56dfb498231d4119001abc8d | What does CFL stand for? | Compact fluorescent lamps | [
"Lighting\n\nCompact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Som... |
56dfb498231d4119001abc91 | Are all CFLs suitable for dimming? | not | [
"Lighting\n\nCompact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Som... |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f | How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED? | 10% | [
"Lighting\n\nLED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer ... |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e041 | What is the average lifetime of a CFL? | 50,000 hours | [
"Lighting\n\nLED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer ... |
56dfb65b7aa994140058e042 | How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub? | 70% | [
"Lighting\n\nLED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer ... |
56dfbac5231d4119001abd34 | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | Light pollution | [
"Lighting\n\nLight pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrude... |
56dfbac5231d4119001abd36 | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | glare | [
"Lighting\n\nLight pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrude... |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47 | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | searchlights and flares | [
"Lighting\n\nFrom a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your... |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48 | The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? | light | [
"Lighting\n\nFrom a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your... |
56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49 | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | infrared cameras | [
"Lighting\n\nFrom a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your... |
56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f | What can be used by military for targeting? | Flares | [
"Lighting\n\nFlares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part."
] |
56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50 | What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield? | laser-guided and GPS weapons | [
"Lighting\n\nFlares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part."
] |
56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1 | What does the CIE stand for? | International Commission on Illumination | [
"Lighting\n\nThe International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index."
] |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1 | What does the IESNA stand for? | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photomet... |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2 | Who else publishes along with IESNA? | ANSI and ASHRAE | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photomet... |
56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4 | What defines photo metric data? | distribution of light released | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photomet... |
56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd | What does IALD stand for? | The International Association of Lighting Designers | [
"Lighting\n\nThe International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the ... |
56dfbfd97aa994140058e109 | What does PLDA stand for? | The Professional Lighting Designers Association | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world."
] |
56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a | What was the PLDA formerly known as? | ELDA | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world."
] |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e123 | Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? | NCQLP | [
"Lighting\n\nThe National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification p... |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e124 | What does NCQLP stand for? | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions | [
"Lighting\n\nThe National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification p... |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e125 | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | LC | [
"Lighting\n\nThe National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification p... |
56dfc0b67aa994140058e126 | What other national examinations are available? | CLEP and CLMC | [
"Lighting\n\nThe National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification p... |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12b | What does PLASA stand for? | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar pr... |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12c | Where is PLASA based? | UK | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar pr... |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12d | How many individuals does PLASA represent? | 500+ | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar pr... |
56dfc1797aa994140058e12e | What does RoHS stand for? | Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive | [
"Lighting\n\nThe Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar pr... |
56de244f4396321400ee25ef | Which political practice did Montesquieu originate? | Separation of powers | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeparation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abi... |
56de244f4396321400ee25f0 | How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for? | three | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeparation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abi... |
56de244f4396321400ee25f1 | What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers? | United States Constitution | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeparation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abi... |
56de244f4396321400ee25f3 | What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote? | checks and balances | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeparation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abi... |
56de333b4396321400ee268f | What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other? | separation of powers | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeparation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abi... |
56de24b24396321400ee25fd | Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers? | John Locke | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de24b24396321400ee25fe | Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers? | Thomas Hobbes | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de24b24396321400ee25ff | Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches? | Montesquieu | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de24b24396321400ee2600 | Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy? | the framers of the United States Constitution | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de33fc4396321400ee2694 | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | John Locke | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de33fc4396321400ee2695 | Who was an opponent of separation of powers? | Thomas Hobbes | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de33fc4396321400ee2696 | Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution? | Montesquieu | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nDuring the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the exec... |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea | What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers? | UK | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system... |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb | What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK? | parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system... |
56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee | What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia? | separate and distinct | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system... |
56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678 | What country's government served as a model for the United States Government? | United Kingdom | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system... |
56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679 | In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? | a member of the Court of Appeals | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system... |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4 | What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities? | Congress | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5 | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | Clinton v. City of New York | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6 | When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court? | 1998 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de37794396321400ee26ac | In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation? | Congress | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de37794396321400ee26ad | What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency? | nondelegation doctrine | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de37794396321400ee26ae | What was the court case that struck down the line item veto? | Clinton v. City of New York | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de37794396321400ee26af | What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court? | 1998 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New Y... |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616 | What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation? | Wayman v. Southard | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617 | In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court? | 1825 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618 | Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court? | John Marshall | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619 | In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress? | the judiciary | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e | What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court? | Wayman v. Southard | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f | Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling? | John Marshall | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nWhere Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congres... |
56de2d374396321400ee2636 | When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution? | the 1930s | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nMarshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Adm... |
56de2d374396321400ee2637 | The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States? | National Recovery Administration | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nMarshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Adm... |
56de2d374396321400ee2638 | In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court? | 1935 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nMarshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Adm... |
56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698 | In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional? | 1935 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nMarshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Adm... |
56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699 | What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition? | Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nMarshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Adm... |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263c | Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command? | Army and Navy | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263d | Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office? | Senate | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263e | What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees? | impeachment | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de2e1d4396321400ee263f | What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission? | quasi-judicial | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6 | Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief? | Executive | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7 | Who has the authority to make treaties? | the President | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8 | What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President? | impeachment | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9 | Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission? | Congress | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nExecutive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and app... |
56de2fe04396321400ee265c | To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials? | the performance of their duties | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—r... |
56de2fe04396321400ee265d | What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution? | INS v. Chadha | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—r... |
56de2fe04396321400ee265e | When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court? | 1983 | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—r... |
56de3bf44396321400ee26c0 | By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto? | two-thirds | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—r... |
56de307c4396321400ee2666 | In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed? | Judicial | [
"Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi... |
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