id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56de0abc4396321400ee2566 | When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari? | 875 CE | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nFollowing the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the cour... |
56de0abc4396321400ee2567 | What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers? | Khorasan | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nFollowing the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the cour... |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570 | What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam? | Arabic script | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th centur... |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571 | When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off? | second half of the 8th century | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th centur... |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572 | What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s? | Tajik script | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th centur... |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573 | When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic? | the 1930s | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th centur... |
56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574 | Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic? | the Soviet government | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th centur... |
56de110e4396321400ee259f | What is another term for Western Iran? | Khuzestan | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as S... |
56de110e4396321400ee25a0 | What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic? | Sogdian and Bactrian | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as S... |
56de110e4396321400ee25a1 | By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people? | 6th century AD | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as S... |
56de110e4396321400ee25a2 | Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found? | Zarafshan valley | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as S... |
56de110e4396321400ee25a3 | Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language? | Saka | [
"Iranian_languages\n\nThe geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as S... |
56de0fef4396321400ee2583 | What is used a main source of light for a building during the day? | Daylighting | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de0fef4396321400ee2584 | What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological? | positive | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de0fef4396321400ee2585 | Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what? | energy consumption | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de0fef4396321400ee2586 | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | artificial light sources | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de0fef4396321400ee2587 | The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as? | Lighting or illumination | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2 | What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day? | Daylighting | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3 | Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what? | Lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4 | What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically? | positive | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5 | What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with? | energy consumption | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6 | What is the used to achieve a practical effect? | Lighting or illumination | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) i... |
56de10f64396321400ee2599 | What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting? | light fixtures | [
"Lighting\n\nIndoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."
] |
56de10f64396321400ee259a | What is considered a key part of interior design? | Indoor lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nIndoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."
] |
56de10f64396321400ee259b | What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping? | lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nIndoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."
] |
56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65 | What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting? | light fixtures | [
"Lighting\n\nIndoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."
] |
56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67 | What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects? | lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nIndoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects."
] |
56df12603277331400b4d941 | When was fluorescent lighting first available? | 1939 | [
"Lighting\n\nForms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting."
] |
56df1264c65bf219000b3f27 | What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush? | Recessed lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nRecessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having the... |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b | Peking man kindled fire as early as? | 400,000 BCE | [
"Lighting\n\nWith the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally o... |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d | Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick? | birds and fish | [
"Lighting\n\nWith the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally o... |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e | What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting? | campfires or torches | [
"Lighting\n\nWith the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally o... |
56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f | The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far? | 15,000 years | [
"Lighting\n\nWith the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally o... |
56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c | What type of lighting was powered by electricity? | incandescent light | [
"Lighting\n\nMajor reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle booste... |
56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d | When did gas powered street lights became economically available. | early 1800s | [
"Lighting\n\nMajor reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle booste... |
56df510196943c1400a5d395 | Street lights help reduce? | urban crime. | [
"Lighting\n\nOver time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime."
] |
56df51038bc80c19004e4a72 | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | Lighting fixtures | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be us... |
56df51038bc80c19004e4a73 | Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid? | visual glare | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be us... |
56df510696943c1400a5d39c | Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit? | lumen per watt | [
"Lighting\n\nAn important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of... |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a3 | How many Kelvins is daylight measured at? | 6400 | [
"Lighting\n\nColor temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color ... |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a4 | What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin? | incandescent bulb | [
"Lighting\n\nColor temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color ... |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a5 | It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum? | blue-white | [
"Lighting\n\nColor temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color ... |
56df510996943c1400a5d3a6 | A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be? | Lower color temperature | [
"Lighting\n\nColor temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color ... |
56df513396943c1400a5d3ab | A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? | light produced by the fixture. | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture."
] |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a91 | Who invented track lighting? | Lightolier | [
"Lighting\n\nTrack lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like... |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a92 | What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer. | master transformer | [
"Lighting\n\nTrack lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like... |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a93 | What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables? | cable lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nTrack lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like... |
56df53138bc80c19004e4a94 | How many volts does a track lighting system usually use? | 12 or 24 volts | [
"Lighting\n\nTrack lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like... |
56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b | What is a uplight used for ambient lighting? | torchiere | [
"Lighting\n\nA sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce."
] |
56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1 | What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices? | table lamp | [
"Lighting\n\nThe portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting."
] |
56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3 | Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? | task lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nThe portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting."
] |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3 | When would neon lighting be considered general lighting? | dark nightclub | [
"Lighting\n\nThe illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything els... |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4 | What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights? | illuminated ceiling | [
"Lighting\n\nThe illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything els... |
56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5 | Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting? | accent lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nThe illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything els... |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b | What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings? | small lights | [
"Lighting\n\nIn a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with L... |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c | What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters? | LED based versions | [
"Lighting\n\nIn a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with L... |
56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d | What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in? | translucent tube | [
"Lighting\n\nIn a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with L... |
56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f | What is used to light walkways at night? | Street Lights | [
"Lighting\n\nStreet Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures."
] |
56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70 | What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency? | photovoltaic luminaires | [
"Lighting\n\nStreet Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures."
] |
56df807956340a1900b29c64 | What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night? | Floodlights | [
"Lighting\n\nFloodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights."
] |
56df80fe56340a1900b29c77 | Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called? | security lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nSometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights."
] |
56df819456340a1900b29c88 | What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property? | Entry lights | [
"Lighting\n\nEntry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration."
] |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca2 | What color are tail lights? | red | [
"Lighting\n\nVehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to t... |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca3 | What color are headlamps on a vehicle? | white or selective yellow | [
"Lighting\n\nVehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to t... |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca4 | When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges? | late 1950s | [
"Lighting\n\nVehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to t... |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca5 | What color are reversing indicator lamps? | White | [
"Lighting\n\nVehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to t... |
56df82b856340a1900b29ca6 | What indicates that a driver is intending to change position? | turn signals | [
"Lighting\n\nVehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to t... |
56df844f56340a1900b29cc8 | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | light bulbs | [
"Lighting\n\nCommonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lig... |
56df844f56340a1900b29cc9 | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | electrical energy | [
"Lighting\n\nCommonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lig... |
56df844f56340a1900b29cca | Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb. | 60 w | [
"Lighting\n\nCommonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lig... |
56df844f56340a1900b29ccc | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | 800 lumens | [
"Lighting\n\nCommonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lig... |
56df865956340a1900b29cea | What is designing as it applies to built environments? | architectural lighting design | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes in... |
56df865956340a1900b29ceb | Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design? | kno | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes in... |
56df865956340a1900b29cec | What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment? | Radiance | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes in... |
56df865956340a1900b29ced | Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data? | tabular | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes in... |
56df865956340a1900b29cee | What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space. | Daylight factor calculation. | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes in... |
56df879856340a1900b29d0a | What type of paint tends to absorb light? | dark paint | [
"Lighting\n\nIn some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an eff... |
56df879856340a1900b29d0c | What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter? | light paint | [
"Lighting\n\nIn some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an eff... |
56df89dc38dc421700152022 | What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs? | Photometric studies | [
"Lighting\n\nPhotometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the ... |
56df8f054a1a83140091eb43 | What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator? | lighting cues | [
"Lighting\n\nLighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The ... |
56df8fcb38dc421700152055 | Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting? | stage lighting | [
"Lighting\n\nMotion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and mode... |
56df912338dc421700152064 | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | candela (cd) | [
"Lighting\n\nMeasurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the ... |
56df912338dc421700152066 | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | cd/m2 | [
"Lighting\n\nMeasurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the ... |
56df912338dc421700152067 | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | stilb | [
"Lighting\n\nMeasurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the ... |
56df912338dc421700152068 | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | lumen (lm) | [
"Lighting\n\nMeasurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the ... |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb51 | What is a standardized model of human visual brightness? | luminosity function | [
"Lighting\n\nThe SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre... |
56df92a64a1a83140091eb52 | What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance? | Lux | [
"Lighting\n\nThe SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre... |
56df93904a1a83140091eb6c | What does UGR stand for? | Unified Glare Rating | [
"Lighting\n\nSeveral measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factor... |
56df945038dc421700152082 | What does CCT stand for? | correlated color temperature | [
"Lighting\n\nTo define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light... |
56df945038dc421700152083 | What does CRI stand for? | color rendering index | [
"Lighting\n\nTo define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light... |
56df945038dc421700152084 | What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural? | CRI | [
"Lighting\n\nTo define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light... |
56df945038dc421700152085 | What metric indicates "warmth" or "coolness"? | CCT | [
"Lighting\n\nTo define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light... |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e | What does GAI stand for? | gamut area index | [
"Lighting\n\nFor example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater th... |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb80 | The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as? | GAI | [
"Lighting\n\nFor example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater th... |
56df95d44a1a83140091eb81 | Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors? | ano | [
"Lighting\n\nFor example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater th... |
56df964438dc42170015208d | What is typically used to measure light? | light dosimeters | [
"Lighting\n\nTypical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters."
] |
56df96e138dc421700152090 | What measures the amount of light entering the eye? | Daysimeter | [
"Lighting\n\nIn order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the hum... |
56df96e138dc421700152092 | A Daysimeter what type of personal meter? | circadian light meter | [
"Lighting\n\nIn order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the hum... |
56df9a3738dc4217001520bf | How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis? | 30 | [
"Lighting\n\nThe small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temper... |
56df9a3738dc4217001520c0 | What type of light stimulates the circadian system? | short-wavelength light | [
"Lighting\n\nThe small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temper... |
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