id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5732a188cc179a14009dabaf | When was Glasgow's police force established? | 1800 | [
"Police\n\nMeanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary ... |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb0 | Which law established Ireland's police? | Irish Constabulary Act | [
"Police\n\nMeanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary ... |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb1 | When was Ireland's police force established? | 1822 | [
"Police\n\nMeanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary ... |
5732a188cc179a14009dabb2 | What was Ireland's police force called? | Royal Irish Constabulary | [
"Police\n\nMeanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary ... |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb8 | Who was the 'father of modern policing'? | Peel | [
"Police\n\nPeel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a ... |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabb9 | Whose philosophy influenced Peel? | Jeremy Bentham | [
"Police\n\nPeel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a ... |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabba | What political position did Bentham think police should have? | neutral | [
"Police\n\nPeel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a ... |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbb | How did Peel standardize police? | as an official paid profession | [
"Police\n\nPeel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a ... |
5732a37ecc179a14009dabbc | How did Peel organize police? | in a civilian fashion | [
"Police\n\nPeel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a ... |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd4 | When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed? | 1829 | [
"Police\n\nThe 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This wa... |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd5 | What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of? | the judicial system | [
"Police\n\nThe 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This wa... |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd6 | Where was the 'Continental model' of police from? | France | [
"Police\n\nThe 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This wa... |
5732a6ebcc179a14009dabd7 | What part of the government did French police work under? | the authority of the monarch | [
"Police\n\nThe 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This wa... |
5732a92f328d981900601ff3 | When did Rio get its first police investigator? | 1566 | [
"Police\n\nIn 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal fa... |
5732a92f328d981900601ff4 | How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century? | most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions | [
"Police\n\nIn 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal fa... |
5732a92f328d981900601ff5 | When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment? | July 9, 1775 | [
"Police\n\nIn 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal fa... |
5732a92f328d981900601ff6 | Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808? | Brazil | [
"Police\n\nIn 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal fa... |
5732a92f328d981900601ff7 | Who invaded Portugal in 1808? | French | [
"Police\n\nIn 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal fa... |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a60 | When did Canada get its first police? | 1729 | [
"Police\n\nIn Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Do... |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61 | What was Canada's first police force? | Royal Newfoundland Constabulary | [
"Police\n\nIn Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Do... |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a62 | When was the Toronto police created? | 1834 | [
"Police\n\nIn Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Do... |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a63 | When was the Montreal police created? | 1838 | [
"Police\n\nIn Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Do... |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64 | When were the first Mounties created? | 1873 | [
"Police\n\nIn Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Do... |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff88f | What were the Old West's local police options? | poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses | [
"Police\n\nIn the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National De... |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890 | Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? | The Army | [
"Police\n\nIn the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National De... |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff891 | Which private contractor acted as police for businesses? | Pinkerton National Detective Agency | [
"Police\n\nIn the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National De... |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892 | Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? | Army | [
"Police\n\nIn the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National De... |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a | Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? | German and French | [
"Police\n\nMichel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la ... |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6b | Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? | Nicolas Delamare | [
"Police\n\nMichel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la ... |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6c | What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? | Traité de la Police | [
"Police\n\nMichel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la ... |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6d | When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published? | 1705 | [
"Police\n\nMichel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la ... |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6e | What was von Hornigk's career? | Political economist and civil servant | [
"Police\n\nMichel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la ... |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74 | Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | Foucault | [
"Police\n\nAs conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty (\"procuring abundance\"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore givi... |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75 | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? | procuring abundance | [
"Police\n\nAs conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty (\"procuring abundance\"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore givi... |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76 | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? | mercantilist theory | [
"Police\n\nAs conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty (\"procuring abundance\"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore givi... |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a77 | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc. | [
"Police\n\nAs conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty (\"procuring abundance\"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore givi... |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0e | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? | Edwin Chadwick | [
"Police\n\nEdwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaini... |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0f | When was 'Preventive Police' published? | 1829 | [
"Police\n\nEdwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaini... |
5732afaccc179a14009dac10 | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? | London Review | [
"Police\n\nEdwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaini... |
5732afaccc179a14009dac11 | What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? | prevention | [
"Police\n\nEdwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaini... |
5732afaccc179a14009dac12 | What was the alternative to prevention? | a deterrent of punishment | [
"Police\n\nEdwin Chadwick's 1829 article, \"Preventive police\" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that \"A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaini... |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18 | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | patrol duties | [
"Police\n\nDespite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified... |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19 | Where do some think the most important police work happens? | on patrol | [
"Police\n\nDespite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified... |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a | How do patrol officers affect crime? | prevent crime by their presence | [
"Police\n\nDespite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified... |
5732b2a0328d981900602011 | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? | 1993 | [
"Police\n\nThe terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices ... |
5732b2a0328d981900602012 | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? | 1995 | [
"Police\n\nThe terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices ... |
5732b2a0328d981900602013 | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? | international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing | [
"Police\n\nThe terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices ... |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86 | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? | 2002 | [
"Police\n\nHistorical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other polit... |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87 | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? | anarchist agitators and other political radicals | [
"Police\n\nHistorical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other polit... |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88 | Which police force monitored Karl Marx? | Prussian | [
"Police\n\nHistorical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other polit... |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | What international police agency was created before WW2? | Interpol | [
"Police\n\nHistorical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other polit... |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a8a | In what era did cross-border policing increase? | post–Cold War | [
"Police\n\nHistorical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other polit... |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28 | Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? | the English Channel region | [
"Police\n\nNot a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange fil... |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac29 | When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | 2002 | [
"Police\n\nNot a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange fil... |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? | 1968 | [
"Police\n\nNot a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange fil... |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2b | When was the Schengen Treaty signed? | 1992 | [
"Police\n\nNot a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange fil... |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2c | What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing? | formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union | [
"Police\n\nNot a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange fil... |
5732b8ac328d98190060202b | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? | outside of Europe | [
"Police\n\nStudies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of po... |
5732b8ac328d98190060202c | Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? | Alain | [
"Police\n\nStudies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of po... |
5732b8ac328d98190060202d | What kind of policing has become common practice? | Intelligence-led | [
"Police\n\nStudies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of po... |
5732b8ac328d98190060202e | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? | make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic | [
"Police\n\nStudies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of po... |
5732b8ac328d98190060202f | What paradox did Sheptycki point out? | the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity | [
"Police\n\nStudies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of po... |
5732baf1328d981900602035 | Where has transnational policing become more important? | in United Nations peacekeeping | [
"Police\n\nPolice development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the internat... |
5732baf1328d981900602036 | What kind of countries get assistance with policing? | weak, failed or failing states | [
"Police\n\nPolice development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the internat... |
5732baf1328d981900602037 | Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? | Goldsmith and Sheptycki | [
"Police\n\nPolice development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the internat... |
5732baf1328d981900602038 | What concern did Hills raise about police models? | there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions | [
"Police\n\nPolice development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the internat... |
5732baf1328d981900602039 | What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances? | With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark | [
"Police\n\nPolice development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the internat... |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a90 | Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007? | Lloyd, et al. | [
"Police\n\nPerhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to t... |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a91 | What is the least-accountable IGO? | Interpol | [
"Police\n\nPerhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to t... |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a92 | How accountable is Interpol? | 22% | [
"Police\n\nPerhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to t... |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a93 | Why is transnational policing so unaccountable? | this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement | [
"Police\n\nPerhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to t... |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a98 | What should non-lethal weapons properly be called? | "less than lethal" or "less-lethal" | [
"Police\n\nThey can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often ... |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a99 | What are common less-lethal weapons? | batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons | [
"Police\n\nThey can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often ... |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9a | What is supposed to be the last resort for police? | The use of firearms or deadly force | [
"Police\n\nThey can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often ... |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9b | What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy? | allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians | [
"Police\n\nThey can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often ... |
5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9c | Where can police shoot fleeing convicts? | Brazil | [
"Police\n\nThey can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as \"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often ... |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff897 | How do modern police often communicate? | radio | [
"Police\n\nModern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling ea... |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff898 | Where do police have radios? | carried both on the person and installed in vehicles | [
"Police\n\nModern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling ea... |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff899 | Why do police use radios? | to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly | [
"Police\n\nModern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling ea... |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89a | What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation? | criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds | [
"Police\n\nModern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling ea... |
5732befb1d5d2e14009ff89b | What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting? | updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis | [
"Police\n\nModern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling ea... |
5732bf5c328d98190060203f | When do police often use unmarked cars? | primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence | [
"Police\n\nUnmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it e... |
5732bf5c328d981900602040 | What use of unmarked cars is controversial? | for traffic law enforcement | [
"Police\n\nUnmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it e... |
5732bf5c328d981900602041 | When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? | 1996 | [
"Police\n\nUnmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it e... |
5732bf5c328d981900602042 | Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops? | it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers | [
"Police\n\nUnmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it e... |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa2 | Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol? | they allow for more open interaction with the public | [
"Police\n\nMotorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols a... |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa3 | How do bicycles help catch some suspects? | their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot | [
"Police\n\nMotorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols a... |
5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa4 | What do police use to control motorcyclist events? | Motorcycles | [
"Police\n\nMotorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols a... |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a1 | Who introduced education requirements for US police? | August Vollmer | [
"Police\n\nIn the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson... |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a2 | Who was O.W. Wilson a student of? | August Vollmer | [
"Police\n\nIn the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson... |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a3 | Where did Wilson reduce police corruption? | Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department | [
"Police\n\nIn the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson... |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a4 | Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities? | to reduce their vulnerability to corruption | [
"Police\n\nIn the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson... |
5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a5 | How did Wilson recruit more qualified police? | an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries | [
"Police\n\nIn the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson... |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa8 | What does Miranda provide? | safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest | [
"Police\n\nIn Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that \"The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody ... |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aa9 | What does the 5th Amendment protect against? | self-incrimination | [
"Police\n\nIn Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that \"The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody ... |
5732c3d8d6dcfa19001e8aaa | Which amendment prevents self-incrimination? | Fifth | [
"Police\n\nIn Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that \"The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody ... |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aae | When was the Terry v. Ohio case? | 1968 | [
"Police\n\nIn Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search \" [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is... |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aaf | Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? | investigatory stop and arrest | [
"Police\n\nIn Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search \" [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is... |
5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8ab0 | What is an investigatory stop's search limited to? | what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed | [
"Police\n\nIn Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search \" [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is... |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ab | What is the legal status of UK police officers? | constables | [
"Police\n\nAll police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain ... |
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