Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a47	The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?	raising eustatic sea levels	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun durin...
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a48	Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?	Gondwana	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun durin...
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4e	During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?	one-third	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nTo the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous tra...
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a4f	What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?	Phanerozoic	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nTo the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous tra...
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a50	The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?	Phanerozoic	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nTo the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous tra...
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a51	Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?	North America	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nTo the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous tra...
5732a253d6dcfa19001e8a52	Where are the Deccan Traps?	India	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nTo the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous tra...
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc2	How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?	66 million years	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split ...
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc3	Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split ...
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc4	What geologic period are we in currently?	Cenozoic Era	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split ...
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc5	At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?	Mesozoic	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split ...
5732a3dfcc179a14009dabc6	The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?	the Himalayas	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split ...
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff871	How many continents did Laurasia break into?	three	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nIn many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were sti...
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff872	In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?	North America	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nIn many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were sti...
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff873	What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?	the Rocky Mountains	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nIn many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were sti...
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff874	In which period did North and South america join?	Neogene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nIn many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were sti...
5732a59d1d5d2e14009ff875	Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?	Tethys	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nIn many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were sti...
5732a702328d981900601fdf	During what years did the Eocene period take place?	56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distribut...
5732a702328d981900601fe0	Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?	Antarctica	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distribut...
5732a702328d981900601fe1	How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?	around 45 Ma	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distribut...
5732a702328d981900601fe2	Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?	40 million years	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distribut...
5732a702328d981900601fe3	The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?	keeping global temperatures high	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distribut...
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87b	during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?	Eocene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished,...
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87c	What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?	huge lakes	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished,...
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87d	In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?	Tethys Sea	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished,...
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87e	The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?	Tethys Sea	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished,...
5732a7f71d5d2e14009ff87f	Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?	the Himalayan orogeny	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished,...
5732a8a6328d981900601fe9	What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?	ice cap	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nAntarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys ...
5732a8a6328d981900601fea	The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?	the Alps	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nAntarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys ...
5732a8a6328d981900601feb	During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?	Oligocene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nAntarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys ...
5732a8a6328d981900601fec	In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?	Antarctica	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nAntarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys ...
5732a8a6328d981900601fed	Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?	the Antarctic Circumpolar Current	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nAntarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys ...
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe6	The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?	the Andes	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes ...
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe7	Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?	Asia	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes ...
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe8	When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?	The Tethys Seaway	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes ...
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabe9	Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?	19 and 12 Ma	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes ...
5732ac1fcc179a14009dabea	Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?	Messinian salinity crisis	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nDuring the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes ...
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfa	What is the link between North and South America called?	the Isthmus of Panama	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nSouth America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean curr...
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfb	In which period did North and South America become linked?	Pliocene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nSouth America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean curr...
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfc	The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?	marsupial faunas	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nSouth America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean curr...
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfd	The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?	Africa	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nSouth America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean curr...
5732ae23cc179a14009dabfe	What period came after the Pliocene?	the Quaternary Period	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nSouth America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean curr...
5732aeedcc179a14009dac04	How long ago did the last glacial period end?	about 10,000 years ago	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Plei...
5732aeedcc179a14009dac05	By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?	35 metres (115 ft)	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Plei...
5732aeedcc179a14009dac06	During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?	Holocene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Plei...
5732aeedcc179a14009dac07	Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?	Pleistocene	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Plei...
5732aeedcc179a14009dac08	What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?	Tyrrell Sea	[ "Geological_history_of_Earth\n\nThe last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Plei...
5732977f0342181400a20283	What does the state want a police force to do?	enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder	[ "Police\n\nA police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the poli...
5732977f0342181400a20284	What are gendarmerie?	military units charged with civil policing	[ "Police\n\nA police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the poli...
5732977f0342181400a20285	What are police usually separate from?	military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors	[ "Police\n\nA police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the poli...
573297e90d034c1900ab0035	How are police usually paid?	through taxes	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the conte...
573297e90d034c1900ab0036	What kind of service are police?	public sector	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the conte...
573297e90d034c1900ab0037	When were police used to protect the class system?	late 18th and early 19th centuries	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the conte...
573297e90d034c1900ab0038	What problem do many police forces have?	corruption	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the conte...
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a12	Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?	Chu and Jin	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by...
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a13	What period was the Chu kingdom in?	Spring	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by...
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a14	What period was the Jin kingdom in?	Autumn	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by...
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a15	Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?	Korea and Japan	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by...
57329a31d6dcfa19001e8a16	What did ancient China call its police?	prefects	[ "Police\n\nLaw enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by \"prefects\" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by...
57329aaa328d981900601fcb	What war ended in 1479?	War of the Castilian Succession	[ "Police\n\nAs one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under...
57329aaa328d981900601fcc	Who formed Spain's first national police force?	Ferdinand and Isabella	[ "Police\n\nAs one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under...
57329aaa328d981900601fcd	What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?	Santa Hermandad	[ "Police\n\nAs one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under...
57329aaa328d981900601fce	What does Santa Hermandad mean?	Holy Brotherhood	[ "Police\n\nAs one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under...
57329aaa328d981900601fcf	When did Spain suppress local police units?	1835	[ "Police\n\nAs one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under...
57329bc4cc179a14009dab68	Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?	The Marshal of France and the Constable of France	[ "Police\n\nIn France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Mar...
57329bc4cc179a14009dab69	How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?	Great Officers of the Crown of France	[ "Police\n\nIn France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Mar...
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6a	What was the Marshal's force called?	the Marshalcy	[ "Police\n\nIn France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Mar...
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6b	What was the Constable's force called, in English?	the Constabulary	[ "Police\n\nIn France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Mar...
57329bc4cc179a14009dab6c	What was the Constable's force called, in French?	Connétablie	[ "Police\n\nIn France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Mar...
57329c241d5d2e14009ff867	In what year did Paris get a police force?	1667	[ "Police\n\nThe first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police (\"lieutenant general...
57329c241d5d2e14009ff868	Who created Paris's police force?	King Louis XIV	[ "Police\n\nThe first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police (\"lieutenant general...
57329c241d5d2e14009ff869	What was the largest European city in 1667?	Paris	[ "Police\n\nThe first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police (\"lieutenant general...
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a	What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?	lieutenant general of police	[ "Police\n\nThe first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police (\"lieutenant general...
57329c241d5d2e14009ff86b	What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?	lieutenant général de police	[ "Police\n\nThe first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police (\"lieutenant general...
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a26	Who was Paris's first head of police?	Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie	[ "Police\n\nThis office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, e...
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a27	How many commissioners worked under Reynie?	44	[ "Police\n\nThis office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, e...
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a28	How many policing districts was Paris divided into?	16	[ "Police\n\nThis office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, e...
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a29	When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?	October 1699	[ "Police\n\nThis office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, e...
57329c9cd6dcfa19001e8a2a	When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?	1709	[ "Police\n\nThis office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, e...
57329fe2cc179a14009dab86	When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?	in the 18th century	[ "Police\n\nThe word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911)....
57329fe2cc179a14009dab87	What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?	English	[ "Police\n\nThe word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911)....
57329fe2cc179a14009dab88	Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?	Britannica 1911	[ "Police\n\nThe word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911)....
57329fe2cc179a14009dab89	When were the Marine Police created in the UK?	1798	[ "Police\n\nThe word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911)....
57329fe2cc179a14009dab8a	What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?	the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714	[ "Police\n\nThe word \"police\" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were \"disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression\" (according to Britannica 1911)....
5732a05ccc179a14009dab90	Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?	Patrick Colquhoun	[ "Police\n\nIn 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed...
5732a05ccc179a14009dab91	When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?	1797	[ "Police\n\nIn 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed...
5732a05ccc179a14009dab92	Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?	docks	[ "Police\n\nIn 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed...
5732a05ccc179a14009dab93	How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?	£500,000	[ "Police\n\nIn 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed...
5732a05ccc179a14009dab94	How did Colquhoun praise the French police?	"the greatest degree of perfection"	[ "Police\n\nIn 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed...
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9a	What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?	50	[ "Police\n\nWith the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had ...
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9b	How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?	33,000	[ "Police\n\nWith the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had ...
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9c	How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?	11,000	[ "Police\n\nWith the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had ...
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9d	How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?	£122,000	[ "Police\n\nWith the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had ...
5732a0c6cc179a14009dab9e	When was the Thames River Police made a public service?	28 July 180	[ "Police\n\nWith the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and \"on the game.\" The force was a success after its first year, and his men had ...
5732a13acc179a14009daba4	Who started the Bow Street detectives?	Henry and John Fielding	[ "Police\n\nColquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,...
5732a13acc179a14009daba5	How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?	stipendiary system	[ "Police\n\nColquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,...
5732a13acc179a14009daba6	How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?	full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees	[ "Police\n\nColquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,...
5732a13acc179a14009daba7	Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?	Robert Peel	[ "Police\n\nColquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,...
5732a13acc179a14009daba8	What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?	full-time	[ "Police\n\nColquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time,...
5732a188cc179a14009dabae	Which law established Glasgow's police?	Glasgow Police Act	[ "Police\n\nMeanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary ...

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