id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2 | What was the most valued type of building craft called? | architecture | [
"Architecture\n\nBuilding first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architect... |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3 | Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building? | building materials | [
"Architecture\n\nBuilding first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architect... |
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e | What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world? | vernacular buildings | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660 | Why did the economy begin to expand? | a surplus in production | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347954 | Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made? | trial and error | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347955 | What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet? | vernacular | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347956 | In what environment were many of the first human settlements? | rural | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347957 | What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements? | urbanization | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347958 | At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand? | rapidly | [
"Architecture\n\nIt is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the wo... |
56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4 | What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture? | Egypt and Mesopotamia | [
"Architecture\n\nIn many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, th... |
56e481598c00841900fbafc3 | What are two examples of past civilizations? | Egypt and Mesopotamia | [
"Architecture\n\nIn many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, th... |
56e481598c00841900fbafc4 | To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture? | the divine and the supernatural | [
"Architecture\n\nIn many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, th... |
56e481598c00841900fbafc5 | What does architectural monumentality often represent? | political power | [
"Architecture\n\nIn many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, th... |
56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6 | Name one Asian architectural writer. | Kao Gong Ji | [
"Architecture\n\nEarly Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."
] |
56e4839b39bdeb1400347968 | What country produced the Kao Gong Ji? | China | [
"Architecture\n\nEarly Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."
] |
56e4839b39bdeb1400347969 | When was the Kao Gong Ji written? | 7th–5th centuries BCE | [
"Architecture\n\nEarly Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."
] |
56e4839b39bdeb140034796a | What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka? | Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra | [
"Architecture\n\nEarly Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."
] |
56e4839b39bdeb140034796b | India produced which early architectural text? | Shilpa Shastras | [
"Architecture\n\nEarly Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka."
] |
56de3d844396321400ee26d0 | What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries? | pantheistic religion | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56de3d844396321400ee26d1 | Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity? | Buddhist architecture | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3 | When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced? | 3rd century BCE | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4 | What does Hindu temple architecture try to express? | the macrocosm and the microcosm | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5 | What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture? | the Shastras | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6 | What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences | Buddhist | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7 | What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia? | pantheistic religion | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the ... |
56de3de54396321400ee26d5 | What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's? | European architecture | [
"Architecture\n\nIslamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Su... |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdd | When was Islamic architecture first seen? | 7th century CE | [
"Architecture\n\nIslamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Su... |
56e485f58c00841900fbafde | In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture? | Byzantium | [
"Architecture\n\nIslamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Su... |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdf | What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill? | religious and social needs | [
"Architecture\n\nIslamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Su... |
56e485f58c00841900fbafe0 | What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects? | pointed arch | [
"Architecture\n\nIslamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Su... |
56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702 | What type of buildings were took the most effort to build? | abbeys and cathedrals. | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56e4878a39bdeb1400347978 | What were the most important buildings of the time? | abbeys and cathedrals | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56e4878a39bdeb1400347979 | What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe? | clerics and tradesmen | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797a | What style is Gothic? | pan-European | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797b | What is another pan-European style? | Romanesque | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797c | When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information? | 900 CE onwards | [
"Architecture\n\nThe major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic."
] |
56de3fd84396321400ee2702 | When was Renaissance Humanism developed? | 1400 | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982 | When did the Classical learning revival begin? | 1400 onwards | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983 | What continent did this revival take place on? | Europe | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984 | What was the name for the time period? | Renaissance | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985 | What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize? | role of the individual | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986 | What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time? | artist, architect and engineer | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to speci... |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf69 | What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? | functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requireme... |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a | In architecture what aspects are planned and designed? | form, space and ambience | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requireme... |
56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b | Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve? | pragmatic aspects | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requireme... |
56e476b139bdeb1400347944 | Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function? | Nunzia Rondanini | [
"Architecture\n\nNunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of its... |
56e476b139bdeb1400347945 | In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality? | Through its aesthetic dimension | [
"Architecture\n\nNunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of its... |
56e476b139bdeb1400347946 | What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"? | social life | [
"Architecture\n\nNunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of its... |
56e476b139bdeb1400347947 | What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini? | social development | [
"Architecture\n\nNunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of its... |
56e476b139bdeb1400347948 | What does architecture share with other sciences? | functional aspects | [
"Architecture\n\nNunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of its... |
56e477998c00841900fbafa1 | What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to? | art for art's sake | [
"Architecture\n\nTo restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\"."
] |
56e477998c00841900fbafa2 | What sort of quest lacks purpose? | quest for perfection or originality | [
"Architecture\n\nTo restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\"."
] |
56e477998c00841900fbafa3 | What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest? | form | [
"Architecture\n\nTo restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\"."
] |
56e482018c00841900fbafc9 | From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge? | civic ideals | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders."
] |
56e482018c00841900fbafcb | These civic ideas allowed what to come into being? | new building types | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders."
] |
56e482018c00841900fbafcc | What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on? | religious or empirical ones | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders."
] |
56e482018c00841900fbafcd | What owes its development to the Classical orders? | Architectural "style" | [
"Architecture\n\nThe architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders."
] |
56e4831739bdeb140034795e | When were architectural writings first made? | ancient time | [
"Architecture\n\nTexts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic ... |
56e4831739bdeb140034795f | Aside from general advice what did the texts contain? | specific formal prescriptions | [
"Architecture\n\nTexts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic ... |
56e4831739bdeb1400347960 | What is another term for specific formal prescriptions? | canons | [
"Architecture\n\nTexts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic ... |
56e4831739bdeb1400347961 | When did Vitruvius write his canons? | 1st-century BCE | [
"Architecture\n\nTexts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic ... |
56e4831739bdeb1400347962 | What is a significant early architectural canonical type? | religious | [
"Architecture\n\nTexts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic ... |
56e486e739bdeb1400347970 | What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen? | guilds | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes des... |
56e486e739bdeb1400347971 | What records of the guilds are still in existence? | written contracts | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes des... |
56e486e739bdeb1400347972 | What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with? | ecclesiastical buildings | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes des... |
56e486e739bdeb1400347973 | What is another term for master mason? | Magister lathomorum | [
"Architecture\n\nIn Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes des... |
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6 | What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on? | proportions and structure | [
"Architecture\n\nA revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within th... |
56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7 | Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time? | generalist | [
"Architecture\n\nA revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within th... |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798c | What two fields began to grow apart? | architecture and engineering | [
"Architecture\n\nWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also ... |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798d | What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics? | technical aspects of building design | [
"Architecture\n\nWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also ... |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798e | What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy? | "gentleman architect" | [
"Architecture\n\nWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also ... |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798f | What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect? | context and feasibility | [
"Architecture\n\nWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also ... |
56e48e3239bdeb1400347990 | Where did most architects learn their trade? | in the offices of other architects | [
"Architecture\n\nWith the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also ... |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347996 | What started with the Industrial Revolution? | mass production and consumption | [
"Architecture\n\nMeanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production."
] |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347997 | What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy? | ornamented products | [
"Architecture\n\nMeanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production."
] |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347998 | As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class? | Aesthetics | [
"Architecture\n\nMeanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production."
] |
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d | What kind of books did housebuilders use? | pattern books and architectural journals | [
"Architecture\n\nVernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals."
] |
56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e | What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate? | current architectural design | [
"Architecture\n\nVernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals."
] |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2 | At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? | 20th | [
"Architecture\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce... |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3 | What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time? | Modern Architecture | [
"Architecture\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce... |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4 | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | 1907 | [
"Architecture\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce... |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5 | What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund? | to produce better quality machine made objects | [
"Architecture\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce... |
56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6 | In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany? | the Bauhaus school | [
"Architecture\n\nAround the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce... |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac | What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning? | avant-garde movement | [
"Architecture\n\nWhen modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focu... |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad | Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of? | the middle and working classes | [
"Architecture\n\nWhen modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focu... |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae | Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style? | the rapidly declining aristocratic order | [
"Architecture\n\nWhen modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focu... |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479af | What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings? | functionalist | [
"Architecture\n\nWhen modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focu... |
56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0 | What details did Modernists' do away with? | historical references and ornament | [
"Architecture\n\nWhen modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focu... |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6 | Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture? | Frank Lloyd Wright | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater."
] |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7 | What are two of Wright's designs? | Robie House and Fallingwater | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater."
] |
56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8 | What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature? | to promote harmony | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater."
] |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc | What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods? | the Industrial Revolution | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made poss... |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd | What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers? | steel-frame construction | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made poss... |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479be | What style came after Modernism? | International Style | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made poss... |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf | What is an example of International Style? | Twin Towers | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made poss... |
56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0 | Who designed the Twin Towers? | Minoru Yamasaki | [
"Architecture\n\nArchitects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made poss... |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6 | What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles? | decorative richness | [
"Architecture\n\nMany architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernis... |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7 | Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism? | Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen | [
"Architecture\n\nMany architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernis... |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8 | What material was used in Brutalist structures? | unfinished concrete | [
"Architecture\n\nMany architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernis... |
56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9 | Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism? | postwar generation | [
"Architecture\n\nMany architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernis... |
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