Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56de307c4396321400ee2667	Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?	president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de307c4396321400ee2668	Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?	Senate	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de307c4396321400ee2669	What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?	constitutional courts	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8	What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?	Judicial power	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9	Who appoints a judge?	the president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba	Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?	the Senate	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJudicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavi...
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2	What kind of courts did congress establish?	legislative courts	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise t...
56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3	What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?	judicial power of the United States	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCongress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise t...
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc	Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?	President	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for...
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de	Who can call congress into emergency session?	The president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for...
56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df	Who serves as president of the Senate?	The Vice President	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for...
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0	Who has the power to issue a pardon?	The president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to accep...
56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1	Who has the power to issue a reprieve?	The president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to accep...
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706	Who is the commander and chief of the Army?	The president	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the pow...
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707	Who has the power to declare ware?	Congress	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the pow...
56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708	Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?	the Senate	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the pow...
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c	Who is responsible for judicial review?	Courts	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCourts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Su...
56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d	What is the court case that established judicial review?	Marbury v. Madison	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nCourts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Su...
56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710	Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?	the Supreme Court	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nA common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, ...
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a	Who can limit judicial review of a law?	Congress	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Cour...
56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b	Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?	the Supreme Court	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Cour...
56de41c54396321400ee2726	Who presides over an impeachment trial?	The Chief Justice	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one." ]
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734	Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?	James Madison	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possi...
56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735	In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?	Federalist 51	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possi...
56de445a4396321400ee273e	Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?	Congress	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThroughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had...
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d	How many bills did George Washington veto?	two	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong...
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e	How many bills did James Monroe veto?	one	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong...
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f	How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto	twelve	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong...
56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760	Who was the seventh President of the United States?	Andrew Jackson	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nThe first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong...
56de466e4396321400ee2757	How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress	fifteen	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSome of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstru...
56de466e4396321400ee2758	What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?	Tenure of Office Act	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSome of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstru...
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f	Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?	Grover Cleveland	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJohnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a...
56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770	Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed?	Grover Cleveland	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nJohnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a...
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787	Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?	Franklin Roosevelt	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeveral twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to hi...
56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789	Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?	Congress	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nSeveral twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to hi...
56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793	Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?	national security	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nRichard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that \"the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation\" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon ...
56de4bd44396321400ee27a8	What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?	checks and balances	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nIt is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement acr...
56de4ce74396321400ee27b2	Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to?	the Supreme Court	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nAn example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Cour...
56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf	Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?	the Florida Supreme Court	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nAn example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set ...
56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0	Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?	the Florida Supreme Court	[ "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution\n\nAn example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set ...
56de29c64396321400ee2617	What is the latin word for architecture?	Architectural	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56e4607b39bdeb1400347930	In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?	Greek	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56e4607b39bdeb1400347931	What two words is "architecture" a combination of?	ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56e4607b39bdeb1400347932	Architecture involves the creation of what?	buildings and other physical structures	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56e4607b39bdeb1400347933	Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?	as works of art	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56e4607b39bdeb1400347934	What can extant architectural works be used to identify?	Historical civilizations	[ "Architecture\n\nArchitecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton \"architect\", from ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buil...
56de2b2d4396321400ee261d	What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?	De architectura	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56de2b2d4396321400ee261e	Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?	Roman architect Vitruvius	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56de2b2d4396321400ee261f	When did Vitruvius create these plans?	1st century AD.	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56de2b2d4396321400ee2620	What are the three principles every plan should consider?	firmness, commodity and delight.	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f	What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?	De architectura	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56e462c98c00841900fbaf70	Who was the author of De architectura?	Vitruvius	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56e462c98c00841900fbaf71	What was Vitruvius' profession?	architect	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56e462c98c00841900fbaf72	What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?	firmitas, utilitas, venustas	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56e462c98c00841900fbaf73	What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?	firmness, commodity and delight	[ "Architecture\n\nThe earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translatio...
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610	When were the styles of arts created?	16th century	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611	Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?	Vasari	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612	By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?	Italian, French, Spanish and English	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79	In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?	architect	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a	Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?	Leon Battista Alberti	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b	What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?	proportion	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c	What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?	the Golden mean	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d	In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?	16th	[ "Architecture\n\nAccording to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a pa...
56de2cf84396321400ee262f	Who wrote the book Contrasts?	Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56de2cf84396321400ee2630	What year was Contrasts written in?	1836	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56e464f48c00841900fbaf83	What was the name of Pugin's book?	Contrasts	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56e464f48c00841900fbaf84	In what year was Contrasts written?	1836	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56e464f48c00841900fbaf85	What world did Pugin dislike?	modern, industrial world	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56e464f48c00841900fbaf86	What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?	Gothic	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of arc...
56de2d214396321400ee2633	Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?	John Ruskin	[ "Architecture\n\nThe 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his ...
56e472028c00841900fbaf8b	Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?	John Ruskin	[ "Architecture\n\nThe 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his ...
56e472028c00841900fbaf8c	What was Ruskin's career?	art critic	[ "Architecture\n\nThe 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his ...
56e472028c00841900fbaf8d	When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published?	1849	[ "Architecture\n\nThe 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his ...
56e472028c00841900fbaf8e	What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?	to his mental health, power, and pleasure	[ "Architecture\n\nThe 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his ...
56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c	Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?	not	[ "Architecture\n\nFor Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very leas...
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93	What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?	the aesthetic	[ "Architecture\n\nFor Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very leas...
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94	To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?	it is in some way "adorned"	[ "Architecture\n\nFor Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very leas...
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95	What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?	string courses or rustication	[ "Architecture\n\nFor Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very leas...
56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e	What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?	20th-century	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56e4744d39bdeb140034793a	Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?	Le Corbusier	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56e4744d39bdeb140034793b	What was Le Corbusier 's profession?	Architect	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56e4744d39bdeb140034793c	When did Le Corbusier live and write?	20th-century	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56e4744d39bdeb140034793d	What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?	heart	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56e4744d39bdeb140034793e	What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?	I am happy	[ "Architecture\n\nOn the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my he...
56de2e2d4396321400ee2644	What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?	Function	[ "Architecture\n\nWhile the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all cr...
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99	In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?	aesthetic, psychological and cultural	[ "Architecture\n\nWhile the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all cr...
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a	Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?	Vitruvius	[ "Architecture\n\nWhile the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all cr...
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b	What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?	all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building	[ "Architecture\n\nWhile the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all cr...
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c	What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?	both popularity and skepticism	[ "Architecture\n\nWhile the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all cr...
56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c	What are some philosophies that modern architects use?	rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.	[ "Architecture\n\nAmong the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ]
56e478328c00841900fbafa7	Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?	philosophies	[ "Architecture\n\nAmong the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ]
56e478328c00841900fbafa9	Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?	their approach to building design	[ "Architecture\n\nAmong the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ]
56e478328c00841900fbafaa	Which philosophy followed structuralism?	poststructuralism	[ "Architecture\n\nAmong the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ]
56de308f4396321400ee266e	When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?	late 20th century	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in ...
56e4793839bdeb140034794e	What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?	sustainability	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in ...
56e4793839bdeb140034794f	To what should a building be friendly?	environment	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in ...
56e4793839bdeb1400347950	What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?	non-sustainable power sources	[ "Architecture\n\nIn the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in ...
56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654	What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?	shelter, security, worship	[ "Architecture\n\nBuilding first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architect...
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0	Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?	knowledge	[ "Architecture\n\nBuilding first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architect...
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1	What was building considered?	a craft	[ "Architecture\n\nBuilding first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architect...

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.