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that they will lose the services provided or because they are indebted to traders and have no ability to make other arrangements. The local power of traders should not be under-estimated and may range from a refusal to offer further |
loans to farmers, a threat not to buy the crop again if sales are made directly to processors, a demand that farmers repay loans immediately and in extreme cases, physical violence. Despite the problems described above, there are possibilities for |
processors to agree contracts to supply fruits and vegetables of a specified variety and quality with individual farmers or with groups of farmers who may be working cooperatively. Typically a specification would include the variety to be grown, the degree |
of maturity at harvest, freedom from infection etc. The price paid for the crop is agreed in advance and may be set between the mid-season lowest point and the pre- and post-season high points. Alternatively a sliding scale of prices |
is agreed, based on one or more easily measurable characteristics such as minimum size or agreed colour range, with an independent person being present to confirm the agreement in case of later disputes. The agreement may also specify the minimum |
or maximum amount that will be bought. In a formal contract, these agreement are written down and signed by both parties, although such formal contracts are rare in most developing countries. Processors should also consider the other forms of assistance |
that could be offered to farmers. For example, in some other larger scale processing such as tea and coffee production, processors offer training and an extension service to address problems with the crop as they arise throughout the growing season. |
Although this may be beyond the resources of small scale processors, more limited types of assistance may include purchasing tools, fertilizer or other requirements in bulk with the savings being passed on to farmers. Alternatively, part-payment for the crop can |
be made in advance so that farmers can buy inputs without the need for credit and the consequent indebtedness. The advantages to the processor are greater control over the quality of raw materials and the varieties that are planted, some |
control over the amounts supplied and an advance indication of likely raw material costs which assists in both financial control and production planning (Sections 2.3.4 and 2.7.1). The advantage to the farmer is the security of having a guaranteed market |
for the crop at a known price, together with any other incentives that may be offered by processors. However, this type of arrangement can only operate successfully when both processors and farmers honour their side of the agreement. In the |
authors experience, there have been a number of occasions when these forms of agreement have been tried, but have failed because one party breaks their part of the contract. Typically, this can be farmers who sell part of their crop |
to traders at each end of the season, when the price is higher than that offered by the processor. The expected volume of crop is not then available to the processor and planned production capacity cannot be achieved, seriously damaging |
both sales and cashflow. Alternatively, the processor delays payment to farmers, resulting in the need for them to take another loan and greater indebtedness. The processor may also fail to buy the agreed amount of crop and farmers are left |
to find alternative markets without the option of supplying traders who may refuse to buy it or may offer an insignificant price. A slightly different approach is that in which a processor takes a greater degree of control over production |
of the crop and specifies the types of fruit or vegetable to be grown, supplies seeds and other inputs, even including labour. In effect farmers are paid by the processor for the use of their land. Although this involves greater |
organisational complexity and higher operating costs for the processor, the benefits of an assured supply of raw materials having the correct qualities for processing may outweigh the disadvantages, particularly in situations where the demand for a crop outstrips the supply. |
A further development of the approach is for the processor to rent or buy land and set up a separate operation to supply the processing unit. This often happens in reverse when an existing farmer diversifies into processing but retains |
the farm. In either case the processor hires the labour and supplies all inputs needed to operate the farm. The bulk of the produce supplies the processing unit with any excess being sold in local markets or to traders. |
The Department of Energy (DOE) is committed to expanding the conversation on energy issues and upholding open government principles of transparency, participation and collaboration. One of the key ways we seek to accomplish this is through the use of social media. "Social media" is a broad term for the wide spectrum of... |
blogs, wikis, podcasts, online videos, etc). Like many government agencies, the Department is exploring how best to use social media to accomplish our mission, engage the public in discussion, include people in the governing process and collaborate internally and externally. The Office of Digital Strategy and Communica... |
the Department's social media efforts. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on how to take advantage of these social media platforms by defining the broad Department of Energy vision and strategy for social media use, detailing the means by which to contribute to the Department's social media presence, o... |
social media in the government space and last but not least, sharing best practices for various social media tools. It's worth noting that while the primary focus of this guidance is on external facing social media, many of the principles and requirements outlined below can be used as a roadmap for inward facing social... |
Department of Energy has an urgent role to play in creating a new, clean energy economy that will spark job creation and reduce our dependence on oil, while cutting our greenhouse gas emissions. The Department will also meet its critical responsibilities of reducing nuclear dangers and environmental risks. The foundati... |
world in science, technology and engineering." - Secretary Steven Chu The Department of Energy's mission is to become the "department of innovators" and discover the solutions to power and secure America's future now. We're building the new clean energy economy, reducing nuclear dangers and environmental risk and expan... |
Digital Office in Public Affairs is not only to communicate our mission online but also to develop and foster relationships with the public, outside stakeholders and each other around that mission. With that focus, the primary goals of the Digital Office are to amplify the Department's message, promote transparency and... |
integral to achieving these goals, providing the platform for real-time conversation, collaboration and idea sharing. You know how the saying goes - our whole is much greater than the sum of our parts. The entire Department benefits from a strong enterprise brand. And in many ways, that enterprise brand and culture of ... |
by the Office of Public Affairs. We're just extending it online and into the social media sphere. The Digital Office in the Office of Public Affairs is responsible for managing Department's enterprise brand online, including social media. Leading by example, this office will push the Department into new social media sp... |
arena. Offices and labs across the Department should help build the enterprise brand by contributing content and ideas to the Digital Office. A strong, well developed, supported and executed enterprise social media brand is the primary tier of the Department's social media strategy. The Digital Office also serves as a ... |
Department's social media strategy: empowering social media innovation across the Department. Program offices, field offices and labs are encouraged to take full advantage of the opportunities social media offers. The Digital Office provides clear guidance on how to do so -- assisting with compliance of federal rules r... |
develop and execute high quality social media strategies. Contributing to the Department of Energy Enterprise Social Media Accounts The foundation of the Department of Energy enterprise social media brand is our mission - and the work being done everyday across the Department to achieve that mission drives the content ... |
to contribute to our enterprise social media accounts and share what they're doing to achieve our mission. These contributions are integral to the success of our enterprise brand. One of the primary reasons Department of Energy enterprise social media accounts were established was to break down some of the resource and... |
social media sites require active oversight to ensure proper management. Department personnel should take these commitments into account when weighing whether to create a new social media presence. Before requesting an account, personnel should consult with the appropriate actors within their program office or lab to e... |
to supervisors and the point of contact for records management, privacy, communications/new media and the program's representative from General Counsel. To be granted an account or have your current account recognized by the Department, fill out the Social Media Request form that includes fields such as: For all reques... |
the person submitting the request/office - Contact e-mail - Contact phone number - Are you authorized to make this request? - Social media application(s) you want to utilize - Existing account? (y/n) - Justification for needing an account - Proposed or current account username/URL - Proposed or current account bio - Cr... |
and feedback strategy - Staff management plan, including post frequency - Sample post (if applicable) For new accounts only - Desired launch date - Roll-out plan For existing accounts only - Length of existence - Have you completed a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA)? - Are you currently covered under DOE's amended terms... |
process? The Digital Office in the Office of Public Affairs will assess and respond to requests within a reasonable time period. The Digital Office approves accounts and will assist as needed with implementation and compliance. Accounts that consistently fail to meet the best practices outlined in this document are sub... |
supervisors in that program office or lab to determine appropriate next steps.You can also use the online form to request that the Department pursue a terms of service agreement with a social media tool or application that is offered by apps.gov but not currently part of our portfolio. Should you determine that you wou... |
process and simply have your content featured as part of the larger enterprise presence, you can contact the Digital Office to discuss options for assisting with outreach and amplifying your message. From the Privacy Act of 1974 to the Office of Management and Budget policies on third party sites and multi-session cook... |
Personal Identifiable Information (PII). These policies require the Department to file Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA) in order to utilize social media platforms like Facebook or Uservoice or Twitter for official business. The Digital Office in the Office of Public Affairs has filed several PIA's for the Department as... |
communication tools. They include the following: - Google Analytics Personnel seeking to verify existing social media presences or establish new ones on the platforms above must consult the existing PIA for that platform to make sure that presence is compliant. If you're interested in using a social media platform that... |
the PIA's above, reach out to the Digital Office for assistance. And if you have questions about federal privacy requirements, contact the privacy officer assigned to your office. The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552, provides a right of access to federal agency records, including any information created... |
a social media platform outside the federal government may waive the application of statutory privileges under federal law and compromise the Department's ability to withhold such information in the future. If you are concerned about making information publicly available through social media or have any questions regar... |
Public Affairs. Comment Policy and Moderation The Department of Energy respects different opinions and hopes to foster conversation within our online presences. To that end, the Department does not pre-moderate users' comments on our enterprise accounts. This means that users' comments are automatically published, but ... |
policy. Comments may be removed from Department of Energy blogs or social media accounts: - Contain obscene, indecent, or profane language; - Contain threats or defamatory statements; - Contain hate speech directed at race, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, ethnicity, age, religion, or disability; - Cont... |
or products. All Department of Energy generated content is subject to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) for retention, storage and publication. Federal records management policies regarding social media are still evolving. The CIO has issued interim guidance for the Department of Energy regarding ... |
our work continues to evolve in the social media sphere. For specific questions regarding records management, contact the records management officer assigned to your office. Access to and Use of Social Media The Department of Energy encourages the responsible use of social media consistent with current laws, policies a... |
arbitrarily ban access or the use of social media. Department of Energy personnel are encouraged to access and contribute content on social media sites in their official capacity. However, personnel should obtain supervisory approval prior to creating or contributing significant content to external social media sites o... |
Standards of Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch (5 C.F.R. Part 2635) and the Hatch Act (5 U.S.C. 7321-7326) which governs partisan political activity of Executive Branch employees. Personnel are encouraged to review the Office of Special Counsel's "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Social Media and the Ha... |
Counsel for General Law (GC-77). Non-public, sensitive, Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and classified information should not be disclosed on public social media platforms. Personal use of social media while on government time is subject to DOE Order 203.1, Limited Personal Use of Office Equipment Including I... |
have questions about this section, please contact GC-77. Security Requirements and Risk Management The Federal CIO Council's Guidelines for Secure Use of Social Media by Federal Departments and Agencies outlines recommendations for using social media technologies in a manner that minimizes risk while also embracing the... |
threats. In order to defend against rapidly evolving social media threats, Department of Energy program offices, laboratories, and sites should include a defense-in-depth, multi-layered risk management approach, addressing risks to the user, risks to the Department and risks to the federal infrastructure. Organizations... |
training, (3) user rules of behavior, (4) host and/or network controls and (5) secure configuration of social media software to determine overall risk tolerance for use of social media technologies. Cyber Security personnel should be consulted before the implementation of any social media technology to provide the oppo... |
addition, Cyber Security should help determine secure technical configurations and monitor published vulnerabilities in social media software. For questions regarding cyber security, contact your security officer. In the event of an Emergency, social media tools should be utilized in accordance with the forthcoming Eme... |
Affairs and any programs, sites or facilities that may be involved: "When Department of Energy headquarters or a DOE site/facility declares an emergency, it is expected to meet the public information obligations of the Department of Energy Orders, guidance and requirements and the comprehensive emergency management pla... |
media informational materials to the Public Affairs staff at Department headquarters. Every effort should be made by the designated public affairs officers at the site level to consult with the Headquarters Public Affairs Office on the initial dissemination of information to the public and media. From the DOE O 151.1C ... |
must be approved by the Cognizant Field Element official responsible for emergency public information review and dissemination. Following initial news releases and public statements, updates must be coordinated with the DOE/NNSA (as appropriate) Director of Public Affairs and the Headquarters Emergency Manager." For mo... |
Global climate change presents challenges associated with balancing potential environmental impacts with a wide variety of economic, technical, and lifestyle changes that may be necessary to address the issue. A |
government-industry task force is working to develop technologies and infrastructure for carbon capture and sequestration with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that can contribute to global climate |
change. US Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas development opponents complained that the Department of the Interior and Minerals Management Service’s preliminary final 5-year OCS plan goes too far, while |
proponents declared that it doesn’t go far enough. Newark East field in North Texas, center of the Mississippian Barnett shale play, was Texas’s largest gas-producing field in 2006 and could |
become the largest in terms of ultimate recovery in the Lower 48. A recent study of the European refining industry from Concawe (Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe) |
concludes that the imbalance between demand for gasoline and middle distillates will continue to increase. Changes in the vertical relative position of two liquids pipelines laid in the same trench |
"Almanac"—the word comes from the Arabic al-manakh, meaning "the calendar," earlier "the weather," deriving ultimately from ma-, "a place," and nakha, "to kneel," or a place where camels kneel, a seasonal stopping place, a camp or settlement. Coming as it does from a nomadic human society, it is a fitting word as we ta... |
as they are influenced by the season of the year. In order to understand the vital interplay of time and space as they determine which birds they'll bring us, let us first set aside time to deal with space. For birds, Ohio's longitude has less to do with time, except as it determines the diurnal rhythms of night and da... |
eons ago in the shifting of continents, where our present longitude marks our place between mountain ranges, at the edge of the feathering-out of the great prairies and the great forests, and consequently midway between the great north- and southbound rivers of birds in the Mississippi and Atlantic flyways. Our latitud... |
their life cycles along the way, the timing of migrations and even vagrancy, the changing length of daylight and the intensity of Earth's magnetic fields, even their habitats as developed in the topography of our land as formed by mile-high glaciers moving latitudinally thousands of years ago, forming our plains and hi... |
and for this success timing is everything. For migrants, early arrival at the breeding grounds is balanced against the risk of arriving too soon to find adequate food; attempting a second brood must be balanced by the risk of an early reduction in food sources. The phenology of predators, frosts, food sources, leafing ... |
the species we see have successfully adapted to these influences to remain with us today. Humans have recently (here, over the past two hundred years) radically influenced some of these influences, upsetting delicate balances, and our bird life is changing as a result. We have removed some predators, and encouraged the... |
later winters. We have introduced exotic animals and plants. We have bulldozed and burned and filled in and poisoned bird habitats. We allow birds to be killed in great numbers, but not, we reassure ourselves, in numbers too great to diminish them. Our effect on the life cycles of birds is dramatic, ongoing, and uncert... |
to discern primeval patterns of birds' natural life cycles throughout the year. Birders find the continuation of these cycles deeply satisfying as a continuous manifestation of the renewal of life, and a way to measure and better understand, during our short span, the passage of time. Fifty or more species of our birds... |
every month. Many are the most familiar of our familiar birds, but even to them the calendar brings profound changes. The crows, robins, blue jays, and song sparrows we see year-round are not always the same birds, as these are at least in part migratory species, with different cohorts inhabiting different places at di... |
the calendar year: robins that are solitary worm-eaters in summer will flock in winter to eat fruit. The breeding cycle, with all its changes over times, governs all—migrating, singing, incubating, fledging, flocking, molting. Many species have expanded their ranges over recent time—mockingbirds, titmice, cardinals, ho... |
1933 Unemployment Relief New! Search the database of more than 100,000 individuals listed in the Unemployment Relief records. There are 27 Oklahoma counties included. Search now » 1940 US Census The 1940 US Federal Census records for Oklahoma have now |
been indexed. Search and view census records online now at familysearch.org/1940census/1940-census-oklahoma/ 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census The OHS Research Center has completed the index to the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census. While the previous index listed only the head of household, this |
index includes every individual included in the census. Most of the 1890 US Federal Census was destroyed by fire in 1921, making the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census one of the few remaining census records from the time. The Oklahoma Historical |
Society Research Division collections include the original 1890 OT Census pages. Search the index » Own the Complete 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census Now you can access the 1890 Oklahoma Territorial census in its entirety as part of 1890 Resources, a |
newly-released DVD from the OHS Research Center. This easy-to-use disc includes: - A complete index to the 1890 OT census and more than 1,200 color pages of census scanned from the original documents. Just locate your ancestor in the index |
and click on the page number to see the original document. View a sample census page. - Smith's First Directory of Oklahoma Territory for the Year Commencing August 1, 1890, complete with index/namefinding list linked to color scans of the |
entire directory. View a sample page from Smith's. - A PDF of Bunky's The First Eight Months of Oklahoma City. Beginning with the land run of 1889, this publication explores area businesses, churches, newspapers, politics and citizens. This resource is |
now available for $45 plus $2 shipping & handling. To order use our printable order form or call (405) 522-5225 - please have your credit card ready. Special Census on Microfilm at OHS - 1890 Oklahoma Territorial Census - 1860 |
Lands West of Arkansas - 1890 Union Veterans & Widows Census - 1900 US Census - Oklahoma Territory - 1900 US Census - Indian Schedule - Various Mortality Schedules - Additional special censuses for numerous states Online Subscription Services The |
Research Center offers free access to Ancestry Library Edition® and HeritageQuest Online™. These sites allow patrons visiting the Research Center to search, view and print various items pertaining to genealogy. Ancestry Library® offers US Census, ship logs and passenger indexes, |
WWI draft registration cards, vital records, and the Social Security Death Index. HeritageQuest™ also includes US Census as well as Revolutionary War pension & bounty-land warrant applications; the Freedman's Bank (1856-1874); and PERSI (Periodical Source Index), an index of almost |
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts," Carolyn Vachani RN, MSN, AOCN, OncoLink's Medical Correspondent, responds: Magnification colonoscopy uses fiberoptic technology to magnify the view of the colon to about 75 to 100 times its normal size. As a point of comparison, standard colonoscopy uses 45-fold magnification. This test... |
helpful to diagnose "flat adenomas" (cancers that do not form as a polyp) or dysplasia (abnormal appearing tissue). During the colonoscopy, the physician sprays a dye into the colon which highlights areas of dysplasia, based on the shape and appearance of the colon (called "pit pattern") and the uptake of |
dye. Magnification is needed to help the physician better and more fully visualize any areas of dye deposition. This procedure is used to screen for dysplasia and/or cancer in patients who are at high risk for colon cancer. High-risk patients typically have chronic colon inflammation (ie: irritable bowel disease, Crohn... |
disease, ulcerative colitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, etc.). Magnification colonoscopy is not yet used for general polyps. The test is currently only available at a limited number of medical centers. The physician performing the test must be trained to recognize the "pit patterns" that signify dysplasia. If this... |
A safe place to play If you ask your child what he likes most about school, the answer you are likely to get is, “Recess!” It is important for kids to be active, get some fresh air, and release their pent up energy during and after the school day, and playgrounds are a great place to do so. However, faulty equipment, u... |
lack of appropriate supervision can result in injury. Each year, more than 200,000 children are treated in hospital emergency rooms for playground-related injuries. Schools are addressing this by developing rules for safe outdoor play on and off the playground. There are also a few things that you should keep in mind a... |
around the playground. Tips for injury-free outdoor fun - Know the school rules. Depending on the amount of outdoor space, the size of the student body, and staff limitations, your child’s school may limit the games students can play on the playground. Games like tag and unsupervised sports such as dodgeball are increa... |
rules are and explain them to your child. If your child wants to take a ball, jump rope, or other equipment to share with friends, be sure to check with the school first. - Find out about supervision. Adequate supervision is the best way to reduce the number of injuries on the playground. The National Program for Playg... |
when playing on playground structures, whether these are located in your home, in the community, or at school. Adults in charge should be able to direct children to use playground equipment properly and respond to emergencies appropriately. Make sure your child is supervised on the playground at all times, at and outsi... |
Commission requires that playground equipment be separated for 2-5 year-olds and 5-12 year-olds. It is recommended that children be further separated according to age group: Pre K, grades K-2, grades 3-4, and grades 5-6. Most schools separate outdoor play times by grades. If you take child to the playground, make sure ... |
your child to use equipment appropriately and to take turns. Beware of clothing that could get caught or that your child could trip over, such as untied shoelaces, hoods, or drawstrings.. - Keep an eye on the equipment. Before you let your child play on playground structures, check the equipment and its surrounding are... |
to make sure it is not damaged or broken. Look out for any objects that can cause injuries, such as broken glass, rocks, animal feces, or other debris. According to the National Program for Playground Safety, the surface of a play structure should be of loose or soft materials that will cushion a fall, such as wood chi... |
Even a fall of one foot can cause a broken bone or concussion. If your child is injured while playing on the playground, check him carefully for bruises. If you are not sure of the extent of your child’s injury, take him to the pediatrician or the emergency room. If you think your child may have a head or neck injury o... |
Online Physiology Degree |Online Physiology Degree refers to the degree on Physiology that are provided by the online universities that are situated in different parts on the world. In this |
kind of degrees you can remain in some remote corner of the world, and can take lessons from the universities that are located at some other parts of the world. |
These degrees are very much in demand and are recognized by the organizations around the world. What is Physiology? The term Physiology refers o the study which involves the mechanical, |
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