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South: The Story of Koinonia Farm (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997). Dallas Lee, The Cotton Patch Evidence: The Story of Clarence Jordan and the Koinonia Farm Experiment (New York: Harper and Row, 1971). Andrew S. Chancey, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities |
Stone Mountain, located in DeKalb County about ten miles northeast of downtown Atlanta, is the largest exposed mass of granite in the world. A town at the base of the mountain bears the same name. Before 1800, Native Americans used the mountain as a meeting and ceremonial place. Stone Mountain emerged as a major tourist resort in the 1850s, attracting |
residents of nearby Atlanta and other cities. The carving of a Confederate memorial on the side of the mountain attracted national and international attention during the twentieth century. Today, Stone Mountain is a tourist attraction that draws approximately 4 million visitors Native Americans were the first humans to visit Stone Mountain about 9,000 years ago. In the late seventeenth century |
Europeans, probably English traders and slave raiders, journeyed to Stone Mountain. Disease followed these Europeans to central Georgia, killing thousands of Native Americans. In response to the threat posed by contact with whites, surviving indigenous tribes made alliances with one another during the late eighteenth century. These alliances became known as the Creek Confederation. Although Stone Mountain lay between the |
Creek Confederation and the Cherokees, it became an important meeting place, because two major trails connected it to the eastern part of the state. European settlers also increasingly moved into the region during the early nineteenth century. 1821 Treaty of Indian Springs opened settlement for European Americans. These whites settled the base of Stone Mountain in the late 1820s. The |
town was officially named Stone Mountain in 1847. The building of railroads in the 1830s and 1840s allowed local farmers to participate in the larger market economy. It also connected residents from newly settled Atlanta and other cities such as Augusta to Stone Mountain. By 1850 urbanites increasingly visited Stone Mountain, admiring its natural scenery, fine hotels, and Quarrying was |
another business that benefited from railroads in the nineteenth century. Stone Mountain granite was desirable for use as building stone. The railroad made it easy for entrepreneurs to transport this granite to larger markets. Unfortunately, quarrying destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain. events brought Stone |
Mountain attention during the twentieth century: the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan (KKK) there in 1915 and the struggle to complete the Confederate memorial. Inspired by D. W. Griffith's silent film Birth of a Nation (which romanticized the earlier heyday of the Klan), William Simmons, a minister and organizer for fraternal associations, planned the induction ceremonies that awakened |
the KKK from its slumber of forty years to take place a week before the movie's opening in Atlanta. In 1914 the leader of the Atlanta chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), Caroline Helen Jemison Plane, and the Stone Mountain Memorial Association had decided to carve a memorial on the side of Stone Mountain. Simmons may have |
selected Stone Mountain as the location of the ceremonies because of the planned memorial. more than the birth of the second KKK, the Confederate memorial gave Stone Mountain notoriety throughout the twentieth century. A product of the Lost Cause era, the memorial was originally conceived as a symbol of the white South. In 1916 the recently incorporated Stone Mountain Confederate |
Monumental Association (SMCMA) hired the renowned sculptor Gutzon Borglum, a northerner, to carve Robert E. Lee leading his Confederate troops across the mountain's summit. These whites hoped that the memorial would serve as a symbol of sectional reconciliation. World War I (1917-18) delayed the project until 1923. Then, in 1925, with only the head of Lee carved, a growing rift |
between the sculptor and the SMCMA over artistic control ended with the association firing Borglum, thereby halting construction. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Confederate memorial remained unfinished. In 1941 Governor Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial Association to continue work on the memorial, but the project was delayed once again by the U.S. entry into World |
War II (1941-45). It was not until the 1950s that interest in (and funding for) the completion of the Confederate memorial was revived. As the civil rights movement gained momentum, segregationists hoped that the memorial would serve as a reminder of white supremacy. According to historian Grace Elizabeth Hale, "The rising tide of African-American activism in the wake of the |
1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision reignited broad interest in Confederate symbols as many white southerners fired up for 'battle' with the nation again." In 1958 the state of Georgia purchased Stone Mountain, making it a state park, and Governor Marvin Griffin signed legislation to establish the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) as a state authority. The |
state and SMMA agreed to carve the images of Confederate icons Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, and Jefferson Davis on the mountain and to construct a plaza at its base. In 1970 planners dedicated the memorial, and an estimated 10,000 visitors came to witness the 1980s Stone Mountain has remained a tourist attraction, although many groups denounce the memorial |
as racist. Millions of tourists from around the world marvel at the natural scenery. The park has increased visitation by promoting such special events as the Yellow Daisy Festival, the Highland Games, and the Easter Sunrise services. Other attractions include a reconstructed antebellum plantation built in the 1960s, a skylift, a waterside complex, and a thirty-six-hole golf course. In 1996 |
Stone Mountain provided venues for three Olympic Games events: archery, tennis, and cycling. The most popular attraction in the park is the laser show. This show now symbolizes the promise of a New South, imposing other southern faces, including that of Martin Luther King Jr., over the Confederate icons. David B. Freeman, Carved in Stone: The History of Stone Mountain |
(Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1997). Grace Elizabeth Hale, "Granite Stopped Time: The Stone Mountain Memorial and the Representation of White Southern Identity," Georgia Historical Quarterly 82 (spring 1998): 22-44. Paul Stephen Hudson and Melora P. Mirza, Atlanta's Stone Mountain: A Multicultural History (Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2011). Nancy MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second |
C. Mildred Thompson (1881-1975) C. Mildred Thompson, a prominent historian, educator, and feminist, made a name for herself not only in academic circles but also in both Democratic politics and international affairs. Born in Atlanta on November 27, 1881, to Irish immigrant and hotelier Robert Galbraith Thompson and his wife, |
Alice Wood, Thompson gave early notice of her fundamental seriousness and individualism. Sharing the name Mildred Thompson with another neighborhood girl, she added to her own name the initial of her forename, Clara, so that the two could be easily distinguished. Thompson's career as a historian began in 1906, when |
she commenced graduate studies at Columbia University in New York City. Her work there would culminate in both a master's degree and a Ph.D. Joining renowned Reconstruction scholar William Archibald Dunning's coterie of southern graduate students, Thompson figured conspicuously among those fellow scholars often known as "Dunning Men." The only |
woman to contribute to Studies in Southern History and Politics Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning . . . by His Former Pupils the Authors (1914), she also became the only female historian to prepare one of the seven southern state studies of the so-called Dunning School of Reconstruction historiography. Her |
book, entitled Reconstruction in Georgia: Economic, Social, Political: 1865-1872 (1915), supplanted an earlier, sketchy treatment, The Reconstruction of Georgia (1901), by fellow Dunningite Edwin C. Woolley. Reconstruction in Georgia has long been considered among the best of the Dunning School studies. Like the others, the book benefited from wide research |
and clear presentation, but it differed conspicuously in its moderate racial views and approval of the "democratization" that Reconstruction represented. In Writing Southern History (1965), Vernon L. Wharton used such words as "cautious, judicious, and temperate" to describe the book. He further noted, "Her story of Reconstruction was no simple |
tale of good versus evil. She recognized and attempted to analyze the complexities to be found in men and social change." Asked in 1940 what she would change about her book, given the perspective of a quarter century, she responded that "most of all," a revision would focus more on |
"the part of the Negroes themselves in securing and maintaining their freedom." Thompson's life away from academia was quite varied and colorful. A lifelong and very active Democrat, she was a friend of Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt, whom she often visited at their home in Hyde Park, New York. |
An early "celebrity intellectual" on the radio in the 1940s, Thompson was a popular participant on the radio show Information, Please! and counted the comedic actor Harpo Marx among her fans. She also hosted a weekly program on WJZ in New York called Listen, the Women. An ardent internationalist, she |
was the only woman delegate to London's Conference of Allied Ministers of Education in England in 1944, and the next year she served as a drafter of the charter for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, known as UNESCO. The final decades of her life were spent in |
active retirement in her native Atlanta, where she died on February 17, 1975, at the age of ninety-three. Frank Daniel, "She Found Teaching Is Friendship," Atlanta Journal, March 18, 1963. The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (Clifton, N.J.: James T. White, 1982), s.v. "Thompson, C[lara] Mildred." William Harris Bragg, Georgia |
College and State University A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor. |
In recognition of its status as one of the world’s oldest and most magnificent cultural landscapes, UNESCO included the Upper Middle Rhine Valley in its list of World Cultural Heritage |
sites in 2002. The romantic river valley is lined with castles and palaces. It extends from the old Roman town of Koblenz, via the myth-enshrouded Loreley rock, to Bingen and |
Rüdesheim, and includes the steep vineyards that are home to the famous Rhine wines. In the Romantic era, the Rhine began to be associated with Germany’s fate. It carried not |
only goods and people from many different countries, but was also a channel for a wealth of cultural influences and ideas – the religious buildings along the river, in particular, |
Perth is set on the Swan River, so named because of the native black swans. A Dutch expedition in 1697 captained by Willem de Vlamingh led to Vlamingh naming the river after the black swans. It is a city that |
fills the sandplain that lies adjacent to the Darling Scarp known as the Bassendean Sand Dune Ecosystem. The metropolitan area extends to Yanchep in the north, Mandurah in the south, total distance of approximately 125km by road. From the Coast |
in the west to Mundaring in the east, a total distance of approximately 50 km by road. The coastal suburbs take advantage of Perth’s oceanside location and clean beaches. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment |
called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land – largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, the first being the Swan and Canning Rivers. |
The second is that of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Estuary at Mandurah. In recent years, climate change has resulted in reduced rainfall in the region, reducing inflow into dams by two thirds over the |
last 30 years. The lower runoff into Perth’s dams and groundwater supplies, coupled with Perth’s relatively high population growth, has caused concerns that Perth will be “out of water” within ten years. The Western Australian State Government has responded by |
introducing mandatory household sprinkler restrictions in the city. The State Government has also begun the process of constructing a sea water desalination plant in Kwinana (expected to be finished in late 2006). Due to the emission of large volumes of |
greenhouse gases involved in sea water desalination, this plan has been criticised by some as environmentally unfriendly. The state government considered piping water from the Kimberley region, however this proposal was rejected in May 2006 due mostly to the high |
Glossary Term – Event A group of African American and white activists left Washington, DC, for New Orleans in the first Freedom Ride. Freedom Riders intended to test the enforcement of the ban on segregation in interstate bus travel. The riders faced violent attacks and arrest. Local police forces did |
nothing to protect them from angry white mobs. Eventually the National Guard was called in for the riders’ protection. On May 29, Robert F. Kennedy petitioned the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the interstate travel segregation ban. |
Focus on the basics first otherwise this will confuse you. Basically structure/class members are stored as a data structure in memory, one after the other. So if you have: then at an instantiation of class foo at address 1000 then **depending on how the compiler implements this**, there could be an integer at 1000, 10 chars at 1004 and a |
Why DOE-Funded Floating Turbines May Change Future of Offshore Wind This week, Statoil has an application for a pilot demonstration of their Hywind floating wind turbine 12 miles off the coast of Maine before the new Bureau of Ocean Energy |
Management for approval. The demo would be the fruition of a project begun in 2009, and funded by the Department of Energy. Then Maine Governor John Baldacci had visited Norway to inspect Statoil’s Hywind floating turbine project with state and |
university officials and business leaders and encouraged Statoil to consider his state for deep-water testing of the commercial floating wind turbine technology in the Gulf of Maine. A return visit introduced Norway’s Statoil to turbine construction expertise in Maine, visiting |
the Vinalhaven wind turbines on the Fox Islands constructed by Cianbro. Maine is a good site for the test, with deep coastal waters conducive to testing floating technologies and the University of Maine, with its DeepCWind Consortium and the public/private |
partnership at its Advanced Structures and Composites Center. The University of Maine had been the recipient of an $8 million federal grant in 2009 from the Department of Energy for wind energy research, with up to $5 million in addition |
subsequently. Four pilot sites off the coast of Maine were under consideration. Pilot programs of ocean enrgy technology typically cost much more than $8 million. The inventor of the Waveroller told me in Finland that full scale pilot tests can |
be at least $100 million. As in all manufacturing industries; that “first sample” can cost as much as ten times as much to produce as the same thing on a production line. However, because Statoil already has a prototype of |
its Hywind floating turbine operating since last summer off the coast of Norway, this second one can be built for much less, even though, for the US, it would be a “pilot” project. Norway’s Statoil is the world leader in |
floating wind turbine development, so Maine made frugal use of DOE funds, getting a very big bang for the buck. There is another reason it is a good investment. Turbines have to be constructed nearby. It is not an import |
industry. Maine has the skilled industrial employees ready and willing to work, who currently work for local companies such as Bath Iron Works and Cianbro, the turbine manufacturer that built the wind farm that delivers 100% of the electricity for |
Vinalhaven, one of the Fox Islands off the coast. Although Norway’s Statoil and Germany’s Siemens brought the expertise to the US, it is US workers that will benefit if the application is approved, the test is a success and offshore |
wind potential gets harnessed to provide clean energy here. In this way, one of the smaller investments of the 2009 Recovery Act might in fact wind up unleashing one of the bigger results. Most of the world’s offshore wind is |
already a maturing industrial sector in Europe, with a staggering 141 GW of offshore wind in the pipeline. In Europe offshore wind projects are going forward with turbines attached to the sea floor which limits suitable wind farm locations, and |
Europe is already up against those limits. But the partnership between Statoil and the University of Maine on the floating model could instead yield a new kind of offshore wind industry in the US, starting from scratch with floating wind |
farms rather than attaching the turbines to the sea floor, opening up much more useful ocean territory to energy production, regardless of depths. Because of greater ability to access stronger and more consistent winds deeper out at sea, floating turbines |
are possibly more economically efficient in the long term. Despite having had to learn from European companies to get started, the US could thus take offshore wind in a whole new direction and greatly expand it. - Massive solar flare |
bursts from sun - Tri-State CEO urges Colorado governor to veto rural co-op renewable-energy bill - AP IMPACT: Wind Farms Get Pass On Eagle Deaths - Energy Future Coalition's Jimison says expanding wind capacity saves consumers money - LePage wants |
always cooking at the stove. Examples of these stereotypes can be found in dozens of Hollywood movies, but how accurate are they? Robin Pickering-Iazzi, associate professor of Italian and comparative literature at UWM, has taken an in-depth look at the second image-obedient wife and mother-and has reached some surprising conclusions. |
In three books and numerous articles, Pickering-Iazzi has forever debunked the notion that Fascism ruled women completely. As one observer noted wryly, "Pickering-Iazzi (demonstrates) that Fascism failed in making docile wombs out of them." About her upcoming book, Politics of the Visible, a reviewer wrote, "Pickering-Iazzi's reading of women's texts |
significantly challenges the ways in which literary and cultural history have been written." By highlighting never-before translated writings of Italian women authors, Pickering-Iazzi thus fills in a missing gap of Italian history. The writings collected in such volumes as Unspeakable Women: Selected Short Stories Written by Italian Women During Fascism |
and Mothers of Invention: Women, Italian Fascism and Culture offer a fresh perspective on the identities of Italian women during the 1920s and 1930s. The most famous of these writers undoubtedly is Grazia Deledda, who received the 1926 Nobel Prize for Literature. But the collections also present a diverse array |
of accomplished Italian writers such as Ada Negri, Carola Prosperi and Gianna Manzini - names that may not be familiar to American readers, but whose bylines were widely recognized in Italy during their day. While Pickering-Iazzi's work introduces American readers to these wonderfully expressive writers, her achievement is all the |
more remarkable considering that similar anthologies do not exist even in Italy. "This tells us a couple of things," remarks Pickering-Iazzi, 43, settling into a comfortable office chair during an interview. "It reveals a lot about how marginalized Italian women's literature of vthis period has been. And, to Italians, Fascism |
was a painful time in history that many would rather forget. "Because women's contributions to literature were largely overlooked until the 1970s, there was an assumption that during Fascism women were obedient, submissive mothers, as opposed to producers of culture. But women weren't all seduced by Mussolini, who tried to |
increase the population by making women believe that becoming mothers was part of their national duty." Mussolini's vision didn't appeal to writers such as Ada Negri. An early social activist who gave voice to the Italian women's workers movement, Negri's prose and poetry struck a chord with male and female |
workers. She was born in a town near industrialized Milan, in northern Italy, and she often wrote about her feelings of isolation and restriction regarding the limited roles available to women. "The fact that she became an author was very inspiring to other Italian women," Pickering-Iazzi says. Similar themes emerge |
in the writings of another Italian author, Grazia Deledda, who was born in Sardinia, an island in rural southern Italy. The short story "Grace" was inspired by an event in the author's life. It develops such themes as self-doubt, authority, social injustice and vindication. Literary critics have effusive praise for |
Pickering-Iazzi's work. One comments that Pickering-Iazzi has made an "outstanding contribution to the fields of history, Italian studies and women's studies." Professor Gabrielle Verdier, chairperson of the UWM French, Italian and Comparative Literature department, agrees with this assessment, though she is quick to add that Pickering-Iazzi's work "is extremely relevant |
to discussions of politics as well, especially in the area of right-wing groups." Pickering-Iazzi shares some insight about her own goals for this extended exploration into Italian women's writings. "I want to offer a variety in the sense of showcasing women who were well-known, widely reviewed and who received literary |
awards, balanced by women who were relatively obscure. Since part of the project has been aimed at models of femininity reflected in Fascist thought, I want to show some ways women thought about these things, so we don't assume that Fascist ideology necessarily represented the thoughts of women." Beginning with |
Unspeakable Women, (1993, The Feminist Press at the City University of New York), Pickering-Iazzi focuses on short stories that offer alternative visions in women's attitudes toward work, motherhood and aging. (The last category is particularly interesting in the context of Fascism, a very youth-oriented political movement.) Pickering-Iazzi gathered her stories |
from the cultural pages of some of Italy's most widely read national newspapers. In the process, she sifted through hundreds of stories before selecting the 16 that appear in the book. It is noteworthy that these stories were intended for a mass readership, especially among working-class readers who may not |
have been able to afford books. The fact that these stories were widely circulated during Fascism illustrates what Pickering-Iazzi calls a "complex and contradictory situation." How could the Fascist government, which attempted to exert such rigid control over the lives of Italians - certainly including the Italian press - allow |
such "subversive" writings to be published? "Newspapers were censored in general during this period, and perhaps this area could have been an oversight," Pickering-Iazzi responds after a moment of contemplation. "Fascist leaders were quite specific about issuing orders to the press about which events should or shouldn't be covered. But |
in general, the Fascist regime was much more lax about cultural matters. Culture and literary matters were not seen as a threat to the regime unless they clearly criticized some aspect of political life. There's no evidence of (consistency) in regards to censorship." Just as the women's stories contain multiple |
meanings, so do Pickering-Iazzi's catchy book titles. The "unspeakable women" in her first book are those who've given voice to attitudes "unexpressed in Fascist discourse." Similarly, she says, "I was trying to get at the idea that these women were unspeakable in the sense that they were going against what |
women should be." Yet another meaning can be found in that "it refers to the limitations of language in a totalitarian regime." The second book, Mothers of Invention (1995, University of Minnesota Press), hints at the "invention" of the prototypical Italian mother by Fascist men. The title also honors the |
inventiveness of the women who looked beyond socially dictated gender roles and had successful careers in the visual arts, literature, and journalism. Her new book, Politics of the Visible (to be published in July by University of Minnesota Press), allows Pickering-Iazzi to more fully explore her own opinions of politics |
and culture. "I was seeking an especially broad topic focusing on women as producers of culture during Fascism," she says. Indeed, in the book Pickering-Iazzi covers a wide territory that includes not only short stories but romance novels (very popular during the Fascist period), autobiographies, neorealist novels, poetry, and avant-garde |
writings. As one would expect, much of Pickering-Iazzi's research material has been gathered in Italy. She has traveled extensively throughout Italy, and spent three years in Rome in the late 1970s. Her husband is Italian, and the couple has a teen-age son. "The thing I love most about Italy is |
the variety," she says, warming to the subject. "You can be in the middle of Rome and drive 10 miles in any direction to find a completely different atmosphere. You become immediately aware of these differences; you can see, hear and even smell them, if you happen to pass a |
restaurant. Italy is a very lively place, with lots of (animated) political discussion at the dinner table." Over the years, Pickering-Iazzi has received substantial support from a number of organizations. She expresses deep appreciation to the UWM Graduate School (research awards in 1988 and 1993), the UWM Center for Twentieth |
Century Studies (fellowships in 1989 and 1995), her department at UWM and the Italian government (research award in 1995). "The support I've received has been absolutely critical to my research and writing, because at UWM we carry a significant teaching load as well," she says. "You need the unfragmented time |
of a sabbatical or released time to get away from the office and to concentrate fully on one project. You might be able to do the research a bit at a time, but you also need 'thinking time' to develop the innovative ideas that will engage readers." Her ideas about |
Italian literature were first formed as an undergraduate student in Comparative Literature at the University of Washington. Pickering-Iazzi took a course in the Italian short story and she "was hooked." Her first trip to Italy came in the year before she began work on her master's degree. Then as now, |
her first stop on any visit is a bookstore. "I need to see what new titles have come out," she says. "When I'm not in Italy I recruit my husband's family to send me things." In her 12 years at UWM, Pickering-Iazzi has constantly infused new ideas into the classroom. |
In her current undergraduate course in advanced Italian, for example, students are reading and analyzing an Italian mystery novel. Students tackle a variety of writing assignments based on the material, including character analyses, mock "newspaper" reports of the crime, and essays on the book's historical background. "During the semester we |
spend considerable time speculating about who the culprit might be," Pickering-Iazzi says, smiling. She's also teaching a graduate seminar in Modern Studies that focuses on Fascism, critical theory and culture. This allows students majoring in other subjects to benefit from Pickering-Iazzi's teaching. "Attracting students from a variety of areas promotes |
the collaboration so essential to education at UWM," comments Professor Verdier. "Robin's work serves to enrich the academic offerings at UWM." Such access is especially important for students in such areas as business and art history. "We've had interest in a business Italian class that would appeal to local companies |
that do a substantial amount of business in Italy," Pickering-Iazzi says. For other students, the classes "allow them to get in touch with their ethnic heritage." Pickering-Iazzi received a faculty development grant to create two courses in Italian that were scheduled to be offered this summer. The new courses feature |
an intensive "immersion" approach that will condense a whole semester's course work into a few weeks. One benefit of such an approach, says Verdier, is that it duplicates the experience "a student would have visiting a foreign country, where they are hearing the language all the time." She believes the |
approach appeals to non-traditional students who aren't on campus "four or five days a week for a whole year, as required in more traditional academic settings." Pickering-Iazzi is certain there are more books in her future, as well. She is delighted to note that since Unspeakable Women was published, many |
other scholars have been working on Fascism and feminism. "This gives readers an opportunity to balance the ideas I put forth in my books with the perspectives others bring to the subject," she says. It also critically recognizes the popularity of the neo-Fascist movement among some in modern Italy. "The |
(3) To express that something is being asked, demanded, ordered, suggested, and so on: “I demand that I be released.” But, as we pointed out, the subjunctive was once much more common than it is today. Some archaic usages have |
is an interesting word etymologically, a living antique. Its meaning is “for fear that” or, roughly, “in order not that” such-and-such happen. It developed from an Old English phrase first recorded around the year 1000: thy laes the (“whereby less |
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