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that”). During the Middle English period (about 1100-1500), the first part of the phrase was dropped, and it was written as les the (“less that”), then les te, then leste, and finally “lest,” though other spellings continued into later times. |
The Oxford English Dictionary says that “lest,” which is a conjunction, is used in two senses. First, it’s “a negative particle of intention or purpose, introducing a clause expressive of something to be prevented or guarded against.” Thomas Jefferson, writing |
in 1797, used the word in that sense: “Nobody scarcely will venture to buy or draw bills, lest they should be paid there in depreciated currency.” And here’s an example of that sense of “lest” used with the subjunctive (without |
“should”), from Cornwall magazine (1855): “Look to the Purser well, lest he look to himself too well.” Second, the OED says, the word is “used after verbs of fearing, or phrases indicating apprehension or danger, to introduce a clause expressing |
the event that is feared.” The mountaineer Frederick Clissold used the word in that sense in The Ascent of Mont Blanc (1823): “I felt a strong inclination to sleep, and feared lest I should drop down.” And here’s an example |
The Museum was established by the Municipality of Heraklion, following the very successful exhibition of documents 1941- 1945; the exhibition took place in 1991 on the occasion of the 50th |
anniversary of the Nazi invasion of the island. The Museum is housed in a big hall of an old building at the city centre (Doukos Beaufort st. and Meramvellou st.), |
close to the Walls, at the Sambonera bastion. There are displayed thousands of authentic photos about the Battle of Crete and the activities of the Greek Resistence, a good number |
of books, historic works and studies about this period, many authentic documents, as well as relative extracts taken from the press of recent periods. Personal items, weapons of various kinds |
(german and british of the period and older ones), war souvenirs, military suits and other equipment complete A Centre of Studies of the period 1940-1945 has also been established in |
the Musum; several eminant scholars, historians and researchers work there, trying to classify, study and show off a huge archive material coming from many countries; they also deal with the |
translation of official documents from all the countries involved in the War, as well as with the writing of the history of the Battle of Crete. It is interesting that |
the Resistence in Crete ends up in 1945, although the rest of Greece was freed in 1944; this happens because the Germans were hemmed on the island and more precisely |
in Chania and Heraklion where they had took to; from there they left only on the 7th of May 1945, when the German army signed capitulation on the dotted line. |
tanks” mounted on the sides of a tractor can hold hundreds of gallons. Trailer-mounted spray tanks are even bigger. Folding booms on such sprayers can easily be 60 feet wide. Nozzles or tips are mounted every few feet on sprayer booms. “Flat fan-spray” tips produce an overlapping tapered-edge spray pattern |
by periodically measuring the amount of herbicide they deliver. And anyone who has ever used a power-sprayer to paint will warn about the ever-present danger of “spray drift.” Even a slight breeze can blow herbicide mist on prize rose bushes and valuable vegetation that you don’t want to zap. “Resistance” |
is another term increasingly linked with herbicides. “There are about 250 species of herbicide-resistant weeds in the world,” according to Purdue University. “The highest number is in areas where production row-crop agriculture is most intensive and relies almost exclusively on herbicides for weed control. That would be North America, Australia |
and Europe.” Nature developed herbicide-resistant “super weeds” around 1960, more than 30 years before genetic engineering gave us a few herbicide-resistant crop plants. Here are 10 other things you can and should do to help control weeds on your place: 1. Stop Seeds Now – Never let any weed go |
to seed. “Weed seed populations in the soil should be kept to a minimum by preventing weeds from producing seed in and around vegetable fields. Destroy all weeds immediately after a crop is harvested,” cautions the Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations from Penn State. That’s why, no matter how many pressing |
chores there are to take care of around your property, you should always make time to at least mow your worst weed patches before they set seed and make the problem even worse. “But the days aren’t long enough,” you say. Nonsense! Why do you think tractors have headlights? Page: |
The measurements suggest that the main greenhouse gas is continuing to increase in the atmosphere at an alarming rate despite the downturn in dip in the rate of increase of |
the global economy. Levels of the gas at the Zeppelin research station on Svalbard, northern Norway, last week peaked at over 397 parts per million (ppm), an increase of more |
than 2.5ppm on 2008. They have since begun to reduce and today stand at 393.7ppm. Prior to the industrial revolution, CO2 levels were around 280ppm. CO2 levels recorded in Svalbard |
tend to be higher than the global average, but scientists said the CO2 level they had measured was unprecedented even for that location. "These are the highest figures collected in |
50m years," said Johan Strom, professor of atmospheric physics at the government-funded Norwegian Polar Institute, which collected the data. "It is not the level of CO2 that is the problem, |
because the earth will adapt. What is very worrying is the speed of change. Levels [here] are now increasing 2-3ppm a year. "The rate of increase is much faster than |
only 10-20 years ago. You can almost see the changes taking place. Never before have CO2 levels increased so fast," he said. The global annual mean growth rate for 2007 |
was 2.14ppm – the fourth year in the past six to see an annual rise greater than 2ppm. From 1970 to 2000, the concentration rose by about 1.5ppm each year, |
but since 2000 it has risen to an average 2.1ppm. "There can be week-to-week or day-to-day variability," said Thomas Conway, research chemist at US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) |
Earth Systems research lab in Boulder, Colorado. But he said a 2.5ppm annual increase was "on the high end". "This is part of an overall pattern of CO2 increasing in |
the atmosphere. Unless the burning of fossil fuels decreases, then the CO2 will not decrease. And if the rate of fossil fuel burning increases, so will the rate of CO2 |
increases," he added. "These are quite large numbers. It sounds like this is an Arctic phenomenon," said Dr Vicky Pope, head of climate change advice at the Met Office Hadley |
Centre in Exeter. "It fits with the general increase in emissions. You would expect the concentrations of CO2 to grow." Last week, NOAA released preliminary figures for its annual greenhouse |
gas index, which incorporates data from 60 sites around the world – including Zeppelin. Total global CO2 concentration topped 386ppm. In 2008 the global average increased by 2.1ppm, slightly less |
than the 2.2ppm increase in 2007. NOAA's primary CO2 measurement station is Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. CO2 levels are typically higher in the Arctic than the global average because |
there is more landmass and human activity in the northern hemisphere. As a result, human emissions from factories and transport tend to lead to higher CO2 levels here. The figures |
will concern policy-makers ahead of global talks on a successor to the Kyoto Protocol in December. Climate scientists advise that the world must prevent CO2 levels from rising higher than |
around 450ppm CO2 equivalent (a measure of global warming potential that incorporates other gasses such as methane and is higher than the measured CO2 levels) to avoid a 2C increase |
on preindustrial global average temperature. The Zeppelin research station is situated on a mountain top approximately 1100km from the North Pole. The closest town, Ny Alesund, is the northernmost human |
settlement in the world, mainly inhabited by research scientists. Although the research station is far from major sources of human pollution, atmospheric circulation brings air from Europe and North America |
into the Arctic region. "There is less human influence here and most of the pollution comes straight here at this time of the year. From now on levels will reduce |
until the end of August when they will pick back up," said Strom. "It is clearly the effect of human activity. Even if we stopped emitting now, we would have |
to live with this ... we will have to live with it for thousands of years, but that does not mean we should do nothing." The figures come as Al |
Gore hosts a conference in Tromso, northern Norway, on melting arctic ice. Last week he told the US senate committee on energy and commerce that the arctic is now melting |
at an "unprecedented" rate. "The most recent 11 summers have all experienced melting greater than the average 35 year time series," he said. He is expected to warn ministers in |
polar regions that the arctic ice cap may totally disappear in as little as five years if nothing is done to curb greenhouse emissions. Earlier this month, US scientists reported |
A lot of blues music is played by adding one note to the regular pentatonic scale. This “blue note” is what makes the blues music sound the way it does. Blues Guitar Lessons for Beginners Blues music originated in the |
deep south of the United States at the end of the 19th century and is synonymous with guitar. It's a style of music with a very rigid form (12 bar scheme, 4/4 time signature), that also relies on a an |
emotional state of mind. As Eric Clapton once said, "You need to be a student for one, and a human being for the other, but those things alone don't do it." You either have the blues or you don't. Then, |
do yourself a favor and check out all the great blues guitar lessons full of tips and information we have here. If you're a beginner, you might want to start out with the easy guitar song lesson Before You Accuse |
Me. That will get you caught up on the 12 bar blues form as well as the blues shuffle and playing lead guitar. Intermediate players might benefit most from another series of lessons on Turning Practice Into Play, featuring simple |
blues numbers that sound great and are easy to learn. Nick Minnion provides a short video lesson to help beginners add riffs taken from the blues scale into their playing. Knowing the basic structure of the twelve bar blues will |
help you immensely as both a guitarist and a musician, particularly if you want to play and jam with other musicians. Here’s a guide to explain how it works. Here’s a very cool single-guitar finger style instrumental blues piece that |
will teach you about driving, single note bass lines and creating cool melody lines and fills. Guitar Noise presents the first in a new series of songs written specifically for guitar studies. Here is a cool blues number, reminiscent of |
Taj Mahal’s “Fishing Blues” to help you develop your finger picking, hammer-on skills and use of syncopation and timing. Welcome to the first of a new series of articles entitled Into the Blue, which will explore the style, sound and |
key players within the Blues genre. This series will be pitched at an intermediate level and will build on techniques and practices that many players will be well aware of. But, of course, we’ll still start off slowly, making sure |
we leave nothing to chance. It’s always a pleasure to get a new lesson from Peter Simms! His latest piece involves putting a walking bass line underneath a standard jazz blues progression. When you put it all together, you’ll definitely |
think it was worth the extra practice! This first lesson on improvisation introduces the form of the twelve bar blues, the minor pentatonic scale and the blues scale. There are exercises and even some MIDI backing tracks that you can |
practice along with! Here’s a terrific introduction to the wonders of acoustic blues, using the Muddy Waters’ classic You Can’t Lose What You Ain’t Never Had. First time GN contributor Jim Arkuszewski will get you playing the blues in no |
recently interviewed Noelani Goodyear Kaopua, a 22-year-old University of Hawaii graduate who led a youth workshop during the Linking Up the Struggles conference in Honolulu in early February. She describes her heritage as Kanaka Maoli (native Hawaiian), Chinese and MM: What are some of the problems facing Hawaiian youth? NK: Considering the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, there are Hawaiian |
youth who are out of touch with what their heritage is and are not taught to speak our language. They do not know our religious and other traditions. They are alienated from the land and this leads to a whole lot of other problems such as kids getting involved with crime, gangs and just feeling lost. MM: Do you see |
a genuine differentiation of the problems facing teenagers and young adults or is it solely NK: I think that it all stems from the same historical circumstances--the overthrow of our nation and the banning of our language. MM: What are the main issues you are involved in now as an NK: I am mainly involved in the movement for sovereignty |
and independence for Kanaka Maoli. At the root of this movement is what we call Aloha Aina, a core value at the heart of our culture and traditions--which means to love the land, respect the land as you would your mother and to feel a certain responsibility to it. You do not see the land as a commodity or something |
to exploit for oneself but as something to care for. In return you will be cared for. I think a lot of young people my age feel alienated from their traditions, but there are other young people who are starting to return to the traditions and language. ... We do not want to see ourselves as solely being environmentalists because |
we are concerned not only about the land but about the people. They go hand in hand. MM: With all of the day to day challenges facing Hawaiian youth and students, how do you go about seeking out and reaching out to these youth? NK: The group that I am working with now is called Aloha Aina. What Aloha Aina |
is trying to do is carry out political educational programs in schools. We want to bring youth together to discuss what kinds of issues they are facing, particularly in regards to sovereignty and the need to build a new nation. MM: If you could come to the U.S. to speak to young activists and organizers, what would be your main |
message to them? Also how can they show solidarity with your struggle NK: So many people do not know that there is an indigenous population in Hawaii so I would let people know that Hawaiian people do exist. And although we have been colonized for over 200 years, we still have our own distinct language, our own distinct way of |
living, our own beliefs and practices which are being threatened every day by the current U.S. political and economic system. It would be important to support the idea of the sovereignty and independence for Native people here and of course, they should do the same for Native peoples everywhere. While we want people to come here to visit, we ask |
A yeast infection is an irritation of the genital area. It is very common and can affect everyone. Yeast is a type of fungus that is normally present in some |
amount in or on our bodies, usually in combination with bacteria. Sometimes the yeast overgrows causing a yeast imbalance or ‘infection’. Often, it is impossible to know the cause of |
a yeast infection. Generally speaking however, people get yeast infections because of changes in the yeast/bacteria balance and/or the pH balance (alkaline/acid). If you have a vagina, factors that can |
change the pH or yeast/bacterial balance include: The most common symptoms are itchiness on the inside or outside the genitals (vagina, vulva, penis, scrotum or around the anus) as well |
as burning, redness, and inflammation. There may also be pain when passing urine or during sex. Often, people with yeast infections can have a thick, white vaginal discharge that looks |
like cottage cheese. This discharge normally doesn’t smell bad. An examination by a health care worker can often diagnose a yeast infection. A sample of vaginal discharge may be taken |
and sent to the lab. If the test result shows the presence of ‘yeast’, it does not always mean that you have a ‘yeast infection’ as yeast can exist in |
vaginas without causing any problems or symptoms. Yeast in the vagina or on the head of the penis is not harmful but can be irritating or uncomfortable. You may want |
to treat the yeast infection if the symptoms are bothersome. Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments: You can treat yeast infections by using ‘over-the-counter’ (OTC) preparations. These can be used in the vagina, |
on the labia, or applied to the penis. You do not need a prescription to buy these. OTC vaginal preparations come in 1, 3, 5 and 7 day preparations. We |
recommend taking the 5 or 7 day treatment for best results. You can insert the anti-fungal medication into the vagina with the plastic applicators in the package. You can also |
use an OTC antifungal cream. Apply sparingly to the affected area if there is itching or irritation on the outside of the vagina, penis, scrotum or anus. If the symptoms |
do not go away completely after you have finished using this treatment, it is advisable to see a health care provider in order to rule out any other possible causes |
for your symptoms. Another way of treating yeast infections is to take a medication by mouth. It is one pill, also available over the counter. It takes approximately five to |
seven days to be effective. It is now available over-the-counter. The medication contains 150mg of fluconazole. Yeast is not considered a sexually transmitted infection. While it is possible to spread |
Would you be surprised to learn hearing loss is one of the most prevalent chronic health problems in the U.S.? Some 28 million Americans have hearing loss, and as the population ages, the number of people affected by hearing loss is expected to increase. By the year 2030, it is estimated that some 21 million Americans, over the age of 65 will be classified |
as having hearing loss (ASHA, 2002). However, hearing loss is not limited to just the elderly. Hearing loss can be attributed partly to our increasingly noise-polluted world, but other factors such as genetics, disease, injuries, infections and trauma can also bring about hearing loss. The American Speech Language and Hearing Association (ASHA, 2002) reports that approximately 13 out of every 1000 children has some |
degree of hearing loss, congenital hearing loss occurs in 2 to 3 of every 1000 children, 1 to 2 of every 1000 children in the USA has a moderate-to-severe hearing loss, and depending on the degree of hearing loss, hearing problems may contribute to deficient or delayed speech and language skills, academic problems and psycho-social problems too. Additionally, ASHA reports that ten percent of |
the population (of any developed country) would likely benefit from the use of hearing instruments. Nonetheless, only about 23 percent of the eligible hearing-impaired people obtain hearing instruments. Should You See a Professional? Answer the following questions for a quick assessment of your hearing: - Do you ask others to repeat themselves often, or do people seem to frequently mumble? - Do you have |
troubling understanding conversation (even though you may hear it), particularly when there is background noise? - Do you pretend to understand, and then respond inappropriately? - Do you find yourself avoiding groups or strangers or withdrawing from social activities because it is too difficult to hear? - Do you turn up the radio or TV louder than others prefer? - Do you find telephone |
conversations increasingly difficult? - Do you turn one ear toward a speaker to help you hear? - Do others comment that you speak loudly? - Has a family member or friend ever commented that you dont hear well? - Do you find yourself frequently denying you have a hearing problem? A positive response to one of these questions does not necessarily indicate a hearing |
problem. However, if you answered "yes" to several, you may have hearing loss. The best way to find out is to have your hearing checked by a hearing healthcare professional. The Better Hearing Institute can refer you to a professional in your area; just call 1-800-EAR-WELL (327-9355), Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. 5 p.m. (eastern time). If you are diagnosed with hearing loss, youre not alone! |
Approximately 28 million Americans are deaf or hearing-impaired. More than six million Americans wear hearing aids and more than 20 million more should! If hearing loss is affecting your enjoyment of life, you probably have many options and alternatives from generic (one size fits all) assistive listening devices (for use in movie theaters, assembly halls, telephones and television etc) to custom made, nearly invisible |
digital hearing aids. What Are My Hearing Aid Options? Hearing aids have come a long way due to significant advancements in technology. Todays hearing aids allow better, clearer amplification and come in smaller, more discreet sizes. There are many different hearing aids to choose from, and they are available in four basic styles: Completely-In-The-Canal (CICs): The smallest option. Fits completely in the ear canal, |
making CICs practically invisible. In-The-Canal (ITCs): Slightly larger than CICs, about the size of a dime, these hearing aids fit mostly in the ear canal so they are hardly noticeable. In-The-Ear (ITEs): These hearing aids are about the size of a quarter and fit in the outer portion of the ear and the ear canal. Behind-The-Ear (BTEs): A small, curved case fits around the |
back of the ear and is connected to the ear canal by an ear mold. What about Batteries? Zinc air is the most-used power system for hearing aid batteries. These batteries use the air outside the battery as a source of power. These batteries are much more efficient than mercury and silver systems of years past. Zinc air allows for fewer battery replacements, clearer |
tones, fewer volume adjustments and longer battery life. Todays technology allows for much more power in much less space. Zinc air batteries are packaged with a "peel off" tab, which seals the air holes and ensures freshness until you are ready to use the battery. After removing the tab, you simply wait one minute to allow the air to enter the battery and activate |
the ingredients. At that time, the battery can be inserted into the hearing aid. Once the tab is removed, there is no advantage to replacing it when the battery is not in use. In other words, once the tab has been removed and the battery has been exposed to air, there is no point in replacing the tab on the battery. Battery life is |
determined by several factors, such as the hours the hearing aid is worn and the circuit type and the power of the hearing aid. Your hearing healthcare professional can give you a better idea of the battery life you can expect once a specific hearing aid is chosen. Hearing aid batteries should be stored at room temperature. Heat will shorten the life of the |
batteries and refrigeration is not recommended. Do not carry batteries in a purse or pocket where they may have contact with metal objects such as keys or coins, as that could "short" out the battery. Batteries should be kept out of the reach of infants and children. Their small size makes them dangerously easy to swallow. If a battery is swallowed, see a doctor |
immediately. Batteries are available in several standard sizes; your hearing healthcare professional can recommend the correct size for your needs. Because of their small size, users sometimes find hearing aid batteries difficult to handle. There are batteries that have longer tabs that help alleviate this problem. Also, look for packaging that allows single battery dispersal for preventing accidental spilling of batteries. How Can I |
Protect My Hearing? No matter what your age, there are steps you can take to protect your precious sense of hearing. Avoid excessive noise, when possible. When exposed to loud noise, when riding in noisy vehicles or using power tools, protect yourself by wearing earplugs. Keep radio and CD Player headset volumes at low, comfortable levels. If the sound from someones headphones can be |
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