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the watch meant an additional caseback stamp marking the repair status. One look at the caseback, and the markings tell you, British issue. Mark IV.A (1914) and Mark V (1916) pocket watches were standard issue. The RFC and RNAS had |
near identical watches, but the RNAS watches were predominately the eight-day variety and the RFC, the 30-hour. Once inside the aircraft, these watches became chronometric instruments, which the pilot fit into the instrument panel. As a result, the Mark IV.A |
and Mark V had long shank winding stems to extend beyond their instrument panel housing for mid-flight winding, earning the nickname, cockpit watch. German pilots, on the other hand, wore inverted watches suspended from a fob on their flight suits. |
Zeppelin pilots had rapid access to time, and the hanging, inverted dial was right side up when held. These adaptive measures were precursors to the pilot watch worn on the wrist. ÔŅľNumerous manufacturers supplied Mark watches with unsigned movements; retailers |
like H. Williamson Ltd. Of London or Birch & Gaydon Ltd. of London distributed these anonymous watches. The Smith watch company was a leading provider of Mark IV.A watches and bragged, “Because of its splendid time keeping and unfailing accuracy |
this instrument has gained the reputation of being the most successful watch yet designed for constant use on Aircraft‚ÄĚ. The four known manufacturers of Mark V watches were Zenith, Omega, Doxa and Electa. ÔŅľMark watches had various configurations. Night flying |
required the issue of luminous editions so that pilots could monitor fuel consumption and navigate in the dark. The eight-day Mark V model was ideal for longer flights. The rigors of flight demanded thermal compensation, accuracy and shock-resistance. Form follows |
function, and the aviator‚Äôs tool was shaped by its intended use, and nowhere was that use more crucial than in combat. Forged in the fires of warfare, the pilot watch‚Äôs functionality expanded and would continue to expand. ÔŅľWar is serious |
business. Its existence is evidence of human failure, and war’s sometimes unavoidable necessity requires better than the best effort possible. The exigencies of war called the watchmaking industry to respond with their best effort, making war a catalyst for horological |
advance. WW1 was the beginning of an appreciation of the watch as essential military equipment. Yet after the horrors of World War I ravaged Europe, Omega issued watches in France which were embossed with the dove of peace. Without celebrating |
violence, we can celebrate the technological feats achieved amidst appalling circumstances. Mark IV.A and Mark V watches exemplify WWI horological achievement. Resource: A Concise Guide to Military Timepieces: 1880-1990 by Z.M. Wesolowski This article is written by Max E. Reddick, |
"Structure" includes all the elements in a story. The final objective is to see the story as a whole and to become aware of how the parts are put together to produce a unified effect. ELEMENTS OF PLOT? All fiction is based on conflict and this conflict is presented in a structured format called PLOT. Exposition? The introductory material which gives the setting, creates |
the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story. Foreshadowing? The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. Inciting Force? The event or character that triggers the conflict. Conflict? The essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. (Man versus…Man, Nature, |
Society, or Self) Rising Action ?A series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax. Crisis? The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most intense. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax. Climax? The climax is |
the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the highest interest and greatest emotion. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted. Falling Action? The events after the climax which close the story. Resolution (Denouement)?Rounds out and concludes the action. Almost always round or three-dimensional characters. |
They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions and values change. A round character changes as a result of what happens to him or her. A character who changes inside as a result of what happens to him is referred to in literature as a DYNAMIC character. A dynamic character grows or progresses to a higher level of understanding in the course of |
the story. The main character in the story The character or force that opposes the protagonist. A character who provides a contrast to the protagonist. Almost always flat or two-dimensional characters. They have only one or two striking qualities. Their predominant quality is not balanced by an opposite quality. They are usually all good or all bad. Such characters can be interesting or amusing |
in their own right, but they lack depth. Flat characters are sometimes referred to as STATIC characters because they do not change in the course of the story. POINT OF VIEW First Person? The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. He can’t tell |
us thoughts of other characters. Third-Person Objective? The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts of the characters. Third-Person Limited ?The narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one of the characters. Omniscient ?The narrator is an all-knowing |
outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters. Conflict is the essence of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. Man versus Man?Conflict that pits one person against another. Man versus Nature ?A run-in with the forces of nature. On the one hand, it expresses the insignificance of a |
single human life in the cosmic scheme of things. On the other hand, it tests the limits of a person’s strength and will to live. Man versus Society ?The values and customs by which everyone else lives are being challenged. The character may come to an untimely end as a result of his or her own convictions. The character may, on the other hand, |
bring others around to a sympathetic point of view, or it may be decided that society was right after all. Man versus Self ?Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves other people. Sometimes people are their own worst enemies. An internal conflict is a good test of a character’s values. Does he give in to temptation or rise above it? Does he demand the most |
from himself or settle for something less? Does he even bother to struggle? The internal conflicts of a character and how they are resolved are good clues to the character’s inner strength. Often, more than one kind of conflict is taking place at the same time. In every case, however, the existence of conflict enhances the reader’s understanding of a character and creates the |
suspense and interest that make you want to continue reading. An author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story. Not all foreshadowing is obvious. Frequently, future events are merely hinted at through dialogue, description, or the attitudes and reactions of the characters. Foreshadowing frequently serves two purposes. It builds suspense by raising questions that encourage the |
reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing is also a means of making a narrative more believable by partially preparing the reader for events which are to follow. Irony is the contrast between what is expected or what appears to be and what actually is. Verbal Irony? The contrast between what is said and what |
is actually meant. Irony of Situation? This refers to a happening that is the opposite of what is expected or intended. Dramatic Irony? This occurs when the audience or reader knows more than the characters know. Tone? The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a subject. Some possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, seriousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful. An author’s tone can be revealed |
through choice of words and details. Mood ?The climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood. For example, an author may create a mood of mystery around a character or setting but may treat that character or setting in an ironic, serious, or humorous tone A person, place or |
object which has a meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well. Things, characters and actions can be symbols. Anything that suggests a meaning beyond the obvious.?Some symbols are conventional, generally meaning the same thing to all readers. ?For example: bright sunshine symbolizes goodness and water is a symbolic cleanser. The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. A theme may |
be stated or implied. Theme differs from the subject or topic of a literary work in that it involves a statement or opinion about the topic. Not every literary work has a theme. Themes may be major or minor. A major theme is an idea the author returns to time and again. It becomes one of the most important ideas in the story. Minor |
themes are ideas that may appear from time to time. It is important to recognize the difference between the theme of a literary work and the subject of a literary work. The subject is the topic on which an author has chosen to write. The theme, however, makes some statement about or expresses some opinion on that topic. For example, the subject of a |
story might be war while the theme might be the idea that war is useless. Four ways in which an author can express themes are as follows: 1. Themes are expressed and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel.. By sharing feelings of the main character you also share the ideas that go through his mind. 2. Themes are presented in thoughts |
and conversations. Authors put words in their character’s mouths only for good reasons. One of these is to develop a story’s themes. The things a person says are much on their mind. Look for thoughts that are repeated throughout the story. 3. Themes are suggested through the characters. The main character usually illustrates the most important theme of the story. A good way to |
get at this theme is to ask yourself the question, what does the main character learn in the course of the story? 4. The actions or events in the story are used to suggest theme. People naturally express ideas and feelings through their actions. One thing authors think about is what an action will "say". In other words, how will the action express an |
idea or theme? IMAGERY:Language that appeals to the senses. Descriptions of people or objects stated in terms of our senses. Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject. The most common figures |
of speech are simile, metaphor, and alliteration. Simile? A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: The muscles on his brawny arms are strong as iron bands. Metaphor? A figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. The comparison is not |
announced by like or as. Example: The road was a ribbon of moonlight. Alliteration? Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words. Alliteration is used to create melody, establish mood, call attention to important words, and point out similarities and contrasts. Example: wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken. Personification? A figure of speech which gives the |
qualities of a person to an animal, an object, or an idea. It is a comparison which the author uses to show something in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it. Example: a brave handsome brute fell with a creaking rending cry--the author is giving a tree human qualities. |
Onomatopoeia? The use of words that mimic sounds. They appeal to our sense of hearing and they help bring a description to life. A string of syllables the author has made up to represent the way a sound really sounds. Example: Caarackle! Hyperbole ?An exaggerated statement used to heighten effect. It is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point. Example: |
Humans have been exploiting western Canada ’s abundant natural resources for 10,000 years. Indigenous people hunting bison obviously had little effect on ecological integrity, but over time, the eradication of |
the species by white settlers and the clearing of land for agriculture did. Today, it is minimizing the effects of logging operations and the fossil fuel industry, global warming, and |
development within national parks that are hot-button environmental issues in the region. The issue of forestry management in western Canada is very complex, and beyond the scope of a guidebook. |
In British Columbia , where a couple of mega-companies control an industry worth $17 billion annually to the local economy, many forestry decisions have as much to do with politics |
as they do with good management of the natural resource. The most talked about issue is clear-cutting, where entire forests are stripped down to bare earth, with the practice in |
old-growth forests especially contentious. The effect of this type of logging goes beyond just the removal of ancient trees; often salmon-bearing streams are affected. Clayoquot Sound is synonymous with environmentalists’ |
fight against the logging industry. The sound is home to the world’s largest remaining coastal temperate forest. Environmentally friendly options are practiced, with companies such as the Eco-Lumber Co-op selling |
on the Satellite link. Then zoom into British Columbia—northern Vancouver Island is a good example—to see just how extensive the clear-cut logging is. The oil and gas industry is worth |
$6 billion annually to the British Columbia economy, but that’s just a drop in the ocean compared to neighboring Alberta . But along with all the money comes a number |
of environmental issues, none more talked about than the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which are absorbed by the air, and as a result contribute to global warming. Government and |
industry work together closely to reduce emissions, mostly through modern technologies. Traditional techniques such as using sulfur from sour gas wells to make fertilizer are being joined by radical new |
ideas. Of these, one of the most interesting is the capture of carbon dioxide at its industrial source, from where the emission is compressed and then injected under the ground |
into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. The use of alternative, non-polluting “green power” is increasing exponentially. Almost 90 percent of power used by Alberta government facilities comes from renewable sources |
such as the sun and wind, and interest-free loans are offered for municipalities to become energy efficient. As elsewhere in the world, it is usually only when the ecology of |
somewhere special is threatened that the public hears about it. Development of an open pit mine at northern Alberta’s McClelland Lake Wetlands, once considered for UNESCO World Heritage Site classification, |
is one such issue. Environmental issues within Canada’s national parks are an ongoing hot topic, with the mountain parks of western Canada the center of most debate. On the surface, |
the commercialism within national parks seems to work against the mandate for their existence, but because they have grown from what were originally money-making exercises, the situation is unique. It |
is also important to remember that 100 years ago the parks were home to logging and mining operations and that wardens were directed to “exterminate all those animals which prey |
upon others.” It wasn’t that long ago that park lakes were stocked with nonnative fish for the pleasure of anglers, and still today wildlife is “managed” to some degree by |
relocating troublesome bears and moving elk away from population centers. The town of Banff , the largest urban center in any national park in the world, is center of much |
debate about development within Canada’s national park system. The town does have a good reason for its existence—serving the needs of up to 50,000 visitors daily. Along with obvious amenities |
such as accommodations and restaurants come needs such as a sewage plant, municipal infrastructure, schools, a hospital, and all the businesses you would expect to find in a mid-sized town. |
But you can also park in a multistory car park, go to Starbucks, get a tattoo, buy a bearskin rug, and sleep in a chain motel (obviously I’m not recommending |
this as an itinerary)—all within a national park. Many visitors only see the commercialism along Banff Avenue, but balancing human-use issues with the protection of the mountain ecosystem is behind |
decisions such as capping future development, closing the Banff airstrip and buffalo paddock, and restricting the use of mountain bikes on some local trails. Farther afield, the need to protect |
wildlife has lead to speed restrictions and closures on roads passing through critical habitat, access to some areas of the backcountry has been curtailed, ski resorts only offer limited summer |
activities, and in some cases, such as in Kootenay National Park , accommodations in wildlife corridors have been expropriated. For more information on any of these issues, contact the following |
One fruit contains a whopping 11 to 17 grams of fiber. A 2005 study in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry reported that avocados contain enough lutein to stop cancer growth in a lab experiment. Lutein also contributes to eye health. |
This is totally edible from skin to seeds, if it’s ripe, and so is sometimes called the apple of the tropics. This aromatic fruit is a great source of potassium, which helps keep blood pressure in check. Guava has won |
praise from the USDA for being rich in antioxidants. Especially high in cancer-fighting vitamin C, these tart berries are also a good source of vitamin A, calcium, and iron. The purple variety contains almost 50 percent more antioxidants than blueberries. |
A close but milder tasting relative of salmon, this fish is packed with omega-3 fatty acids (shown in Columbia University research to help prevent colorectal cancer). Arctic char is also exceptionally high in protein. A single ounce contains more than |
the U.S. recommended daily amount of omega-3s. Most nuts are also great sources of cardio-protective monounsaturated fats and hypertension-fighting L-arginine. A study published in the British Medical Journal linked eating them regularly to a 35 percent reduced risk of coronary |
heart disease. High in fiber (one-third your U.S. RDA in a single half-cup serving), lentils are great for regulating blood sugar and preventing diabetes, and make a great meat substitute. French lentils (they’re green) are more delicate and peppery than |
the usual supermarket lentil offering. According to one report, a single serving of figs contains more polyphenols (recently linked to longevity) than tea or red wine. They’re also loaded with iron, which helps stave off anemia and fatigue. Thanks to |
the fact that it’s strained, creamy Greek yogurt packs significantly more protein than regular yogurt, along with high levels of calcium. A study in the International Journal of Obesity found that dieters eating three servings of fat-free yogurt a day |
lost 22 percent more weight and 61 percent more body fat than other dieters. While they taste like artichokes, these tubers are actually more closely related to potatoes, but contain less blood sugar-boosting starch. Sunchokes are loaded with vitamins A |
and B, potassium, iron, calcium, and magnesium. Slightly darker than the ubiquitous white button mushrooms, this variety is known for its rich flavor. A 2006 German study found that cremini mushrooms have several antimicrobial properties that could protect your body |
The tonsils are two glandular masses of lymph node-like tissue that are located on either side of the throat. The function of the tonsils is to trap incoming bacteria and |
viruses that might enter the body through the throat. However, sometimes the tonsils themselves become infected. When this occurs, a fever and sore throat may develop. The tonsils usually become |
red and swollen, and they often will have white spots on them. Frequent bouts of tonsillitis may require a tonsillectomy, or the surgical removal of the tonsils. There are many |
ways to remove the tonsils. However, the method most often used today is electrical cauterization, whereby a surgeon uses electrical energy applied from a surgical instrument to remove the tonsils. |
This method results in very little bleeding. A wire and snare technique can also be used; with this method, a surgeon effectively lassos the tonsils and snips them off with |
a sharp wire. Undergoing a tonsillectomy generally does not affect a person's ability to ward off infection. The number of throat infections can be reduced, but not eliminated. It is |
Joined: 16 Mar 2004 |Posted: Thu Aug 06, 2009 11:13 am Post subject: Metals Form Porous Nanostructures for Better Fuel Cells |Scientists discover heat-free method for self-assembling of metal nanostructures For 5,000 years or so, the only way to shape |
metal has been to "heat and beat." Even in modern nanotechnology, working with metals involves carving with electron beams or etching with acid. Now, Cornell researchers have developed a method to self-assemble metals into complex nanostructures. Applications include making more |
efficient and cheaper catalysts for fuel cells and industrial processes and creating microstructured surfaces to make new types of conductors that would carry more information across microchips than conventional wires do. The method involves coating metal nanoparticles -- about 2 |
nanometers (nm) in diameter -- with an organic material known as a ligand that allows the particles to be dissolved in a liquid, then mixed with a block co-polymer (a material made up of two different chemicals whose molecules link |
together to solidify in a predictable pattern). When the polymer and ligand are removed, the metal particles fuse into a solid metal structure. "The polymer community has tried to do this for 20 years," said Ulrich Wiesner, Cornell professor of |
materials science and engineering, who, with colleagues, reports on the new method in the June 27 issue of the journal Science. "But metals have a tendency to cluster into uncontrolled structures. The new thing we have added is the ligand, |
which creates high solubility in an organic solvent and allows the particles to flow even at high density." Another key factor, he added, is to make the layer of ligand surrounding each particle relatively thin, so that the volume of |
metal in the final structure is large enough to hold its shape when the organic materials are removed. "This is exciting," Wiesner said. "It opens a completely novel playground because no one has been able to structure metals in bulk |
ways. In principle, if you can do it with one metal you can do it with mixtures of metals." Wiesner and two Cornell colleagues, Francis DiSalvo, the J.A. Newman Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Sol Gruner, the John |
L. Wetherill Professor of Physics, as well as other researchers, report in Science how they used the new method to create a platinum structure with uniform hexagonal pores on the order of 10 nm across (a nanometer is the width |
of three silicon atoms). Platinum is, so far, the best available catalyst for fuel cells, and a porous structure allows fuel to flow through and react over a larger surface area. The researchers began by mixing a solution of ligand-coated |
platinum nanoparticles with a block co-polymer. The solution of nanoparticles combines with just one of the two polymers. The two polymers assemble into a structure that alternates between small regions of one and the other, in this case producing clusters |
of metal nanoparticles suspended in one polymer and arranged around the outside of hexagonal shapes of the other polymer. Many other patterns are possible, depending on the choice of polymers. The material is then annealed in the absence of air, |
turning the polymers into a carbon scaffold that continues to support the shape into which the metal particles have been formed. Wiesner and colleagues have previously used the carbon scaffold approach to create porous nanostructures of metal oxides. The final |
step is to heat the material to a higher temperature in air to oxidize the ligands and burn away the carbon. Metal nanoparticles have a very low melting point at their surface, so the particles sinter together into a solid |
metal structure. The researchers have made fairly large chunks of porous platinum this way, up to at least a half-centimeter across. In addition to making porous materials, the researchers said, the technique could be used to create finely structured surfaces, |
the key to the new field of plasmonics, in which waves of electrons move across the surface of a conductor with the information-carrying capacity of fiber optics, but in spaces small enough to fit on a chip. |
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines. OCR for page 1 --> Executive Summary |
Sustaining the freshwater resources of the Middle East presents a great challenge and opportunity for the region's scientific and technological communities. They must play a fundamental role in ensuring that this essential but scarce resource is available for present and future generations. The challenge has been heightened, as problems with freshwater quality and availability have multiplied and changed in response to growing population and |
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