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30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] folk etymology
an explanation of a word's origing that is not based on the actual historical record, but rather on common sense or custom: e.g. "It's called Friday because that's the day you eat fried fish"
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] free-word association
a word association in which the sub ject responds freely with the first word that comes to mind
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] irony
using words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning: e.g. "It's so clean in here," said of a messy dorm room
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] metalinguistic awareness
knowledge about language: e.g. an understanding of what a word is and a consciousness of the sounds of language. the ability to think about language.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] metaphor
figure of speech in which one thing is called by the name of another to indicate the similarities between them: e.g. "This room is a pig pen"
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] novel name-nameless category principle
a strategy followed by yound language learners, who assume that if they hear a new word in the presence of an object whose name they do not know, the word refers to that object.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] onset and rime
Onset refers to the initial consonant or group of consonants in a syllable, and rime refers to the remainder of the syllable.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] ontological categories
concepts about how the world is organized that yound children have before they begin to learn language
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] ostension
pointing to referent; a technique used by mothers in teaching basic level categories e.g. that's your shoe.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] overextension
used here to refer to a child's use of a word in a broader context than is permissible in the adult language: e.g. an infant may call all men Daddy. parents who call tigers kitty are also producing this.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] phoneme
a speech sound that can signal a difference of meaning: two similar speech sounds p and b represent diff phonemes in English because there are pairs of words with diff meanings that have the same phonetic form, execept that one contains b where the other contains p: e.g. pet and bet
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] phonological awareness
a form of metalinguistic knowledge that includes the ability to recognize the sounds of language and to talk about them. one of the basic skills that underlies literacy.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] preferential looking paradigm
an experimental design used with prelinguistic infants that tracks their eye movements when they are presented with verbal stimuli
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] principle of contrast
children's assumption that no two words have the same meaning. Hence they assume that a new word will ot refer to something for which they already have a name
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] principle of mutual exclusitivity
a cognitive bias shown by yound children, who typically avoid labeling anything at more than one level of generality; hence, they may refer to their pet as a dog, but not also as an animal
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] principles
rules or maxims. Basic tenets of a theory
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] probabilistic concept
a concept that is characterized by a variab le set of criteria, unlike a classical concept. For instance bird is a probabilistic concept, because no criterion defines it exclusively: a creature need not fly or have a beak or feathers to qualify as a bird.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] productivity
refereing to the regular forms of a language that are used in the formation of new words, regular plural endings, for instance.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] prototypes
an instance of a category that best exemplifies it: e.g., a robin is a prototypeical member of the category bird, because it has all of the important defining features.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] referent
the actual things to which a particular word alludes-an actual cat, for instance-as opposed to the meaning of the word, which is a mental construct.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] sarcasm
a use of language meant to wound others or convey contempt, often accomplished by the use of exaggerated intonation patterns and ironic devices (e.g. saying thank you SO MUCH to the person who say on your hat and crushed it.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] semantic development
the acquisition of words and their many meanings and the development of that knowledge into a complex hierarchical network of associated meanings.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] semantic feature
one of the criteria by which a concept is defined and distinguished from other concepts. For instance, + male and + relative are two features of the concept brother.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] semantic network
a word and all of the words that are related to it through various hierarchies of meaning.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] semantic transparency
obvious meaning. one of the principles children use in making new words: "plant man" for gardener, for instance
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] set task
a verbal task in which the respondent is required to produce particular types of items; for instance, to name in a short period of time as many items of clothing as possible or words beginning with a particular letter.
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] shape bias
a constraint on early word learning that leads the child to assume that a new word refers to the shape of an object rather than to its color, texture, or other properties
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] simplicity
one of the principles children follow in creating new words. They extend forms they already know to cover new situations, creating words like bicycler for one who rides a bicycle
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift
the change-word association patterns seen when children reach the age of about seven; where previously they responded with a word that typically follows in conversations (eat: dinner), after the shift takes place they respond, like adults, with the same part of speech (eat: drink)
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] taxonomic principle
the assumption that a new word can be extended to members of the same category
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] underextension
use or understanding of a word that does not include its full range: assuming, for instance that dog refers only to collies
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
30967d05_keyterms_Flashcards___Cram_com____rather_than_animal_or_collie
[basic level category] word assoiciations
words that come to mind as a result of hearing other words
[]
4380 exam 2 ch 4 keyterms Flashcards - Cram.com
the level of abstraction that is most generally appropriate in a given situation or for the given speaker: e.g. dog, rather than animal or collie
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/4380-exam-2-ch-4-keyterms-679875
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00057-ip-10-236-191-2_399003266_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Decreased light sensitivity Impaired night vision Increased glare sensitivity Decreased ability to adjust from light to darkness. Decreased ability to focus on near objects (presbyopia), the light is focused pass the retina
Age associated visual changes that are not severe
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
decreased elasticity of the lens, considered to be normal aging, far sided Lens can't focus near objects Affects most older people Starts as early as age 40 Correctable by glasses
Presbyopia
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
"looking through a waterfall" Cloudiness of lens, the leading cause of REVERSIBLE blindness in the U.S., doesn't always cause loss of vision, 50% of people 60+ have cataracts, reversible through surgery which removes the lens and replaced with artificial lens or glasses
Cataracts
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
caused by increased buildup of aqueous humor, which causes interocular pressure and damages the optic nerve and the retina, leading cause of IRREVERSIBLE blindness in older people in the U.S., "sneak thief of sight", there is medication to eliminate fluid build up
Glaucoma
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Loss of central vision Dry & wet forms: wet is more dangerous Until recently, MD was NOT reversible, but there are some promising new drugs
Macular degeneration
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Presbycusis - "usual" aging, noise, disease, medications 1/3 of 65+ populations have hearing loss
Causes of hearing loss in aging
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
age associated hearing loss, leading cause of hearing loss in older adults, loss of high pitched sounds, harder to screen out background noise, men are at greater risk
Presbycusis
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
hearing loss is not perceived or acknowledged, decreased social activities, withdrawl, depression, paranoid feelings, others withdraw from the hearing-impaired person
Impact of presbycusis
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
hearing is not 100% restored, 20-25% use hearing aids, not perfect solution but many times helpful, uncomfortable, expensive, some say it stigmatizes them
Why are hearing aids underused?
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
vestibular senses visual peripheral
Balance and equilibrium involves...
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Not inevitable part of life Most often preventable May relate to meds Elders may not report Unpredictable impact on lives of elderly
Falling
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Improves balance and strength UCLA study that shows it augments immunity, protects against varicella zoster virus
Tai Chi
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Developed by Leiberman (grad student at Harvard), first developed for astronauts who had trouble with balance after returning from space Pressure sensors relay data to MD An alarm in the shoe to report falling
Ishoe
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
As we age, receptors decrease both in number and sensitivity. There is a decreased ability to detect, locate, and identify objects. This also impairs ability to manipulate objects.
What happens to touch as we age?
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Modest changes (10%) Decrease in number of sensory neurons in nasal lining Indicator of Alzheimer's disease Food-borne illnesses, impairs appetite, inability to smell natural, gas, burned food, etc
What happens to smell as we age?
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
96566a12_g_Senses_Flashcards___Cram_com__ed_physical_changes_of_the_eye
Age related changes affect hearing and balance Earwax can build up Organ of Corti can be affected by atherosclerotic changes Prebycusis - hearing loss with age which is common. Lose higher pitches first, inability to screen out background noise, shorter hair cells which respond to higher pitches witness wear and tear
What happens to hearing as we age?
[]
Lecture 1: The Aging Senses Flashcards - Cram.com
Age related physical changes of the eye
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/lecture-1-the-aging-senses-966647
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00077-ip-10-236-191-2_386123316_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The smallest branches of the repiratory system tubes terminate in clusters of microscopic air sacs called _____________. [circulatory system]
alveoli
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Gas exchange takes place between the blood and the atmosphere in structures called ____________. [circulatory system]
alveoli
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Blood enters the lung from the heart through a major artery known as the ____________. [circulatory system]
pulmonary artery
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The mouth and nasal cavities meet in a region known as the ____________. [circulatory system]
pharynx
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The nasal cavities open to the external environment at the nostrils, also called the _________________. [circulatory system]
external nares
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Passageways in the nasal cavity are separated from one another by bony extensions of the nasal septum known as the _____________. [circulatory system]
nasal conchae
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Many bones of the skull contain openings from the nasal cavities referred to as ________________. [circulatory system]
sinuses
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
At the roof of the nasal cavities the sense of smell is associated with an area called the ________________. [circulatory system]
olfactory region
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Three functions of the nose include moistening the air, filtering the air, and ___________________. [circulatory system]
warming the air
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Allergic reactions occurring within the nasal chambers are given the general name ___________________. [circulatory system]
allergic rhinitis
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Another name for the pharynx is the ______________. [circulatory system]
throat
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The digestive and respiratory passageways meet one another at a region of the pharynx referred to as the ________________. [circulatory system]
oropharynx
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The lateral walls of the nasopharynx contain openings of tubes from the middle ear known as ____________. [circulatory system]
Eustachian tubes
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The mass of lymphatic tissue on the medial posterior wall of the nasopharynx is the _________________. [circulatory system]
pharyngeal tonsils
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The largest cartilage of the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple, is the ______________. [circulatory system]
thyroid cartilage
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring and connects the trachea and larynx is the _____________. [circulatory system]
cricoid cartilage
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The opening to the larynx is referred to as the __________. [circulatory system]
glottis
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Vibrations of the vocal chords are due to air exhaled from the _________________. [circulatory system]
lungs
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Because men have longer vocal chords, their voices have lower ____________. [circulatory system]
pitch
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The trachea is supported by a series of C-shaped rings of ________________. [circulatory system]
cartilage
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The two primary tubes that branch from the trachea are the _______________. [circulatory system]
bronchi
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
There is no cartilage in the tubes when the bronchi become ________________. [circulatory system]
bronchioles
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Bronchioles are composed entirely of muscle referred to as ________________. [circulatory system]
smooth muscle
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The common name for inflammation of the bronchial tree is ______________. [circulatory system]
bronchitis
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The lungs occupy most of the space of the _____________. [circulatory system]
thoracic cavity
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The number of alveoli in the average adult numbers approximately ____________. [circulatory system]
300 million
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The left lung is subdivided into two lobes, while the right lung is subdivided into __________. [circulatory system]
three lobes
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The two-layer membrane surrounding each lung is the _______________. [circulatory system]
pleura
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The outer layer of pleura lining the inner surface of the thoracic cavity is the __________________. [circulatory system]
parietal pleura
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The underlying principle of breathing is that air flows from the region of high pressure to a region of ____________. [circulatory system]
low pressure
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Pressure changes occurring in the lungs can be traced to the activity of skeletal muscles known as __________. [circulatory system]
respiratory muscles
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
During inspiration, the ribs are raised upward and outward by a set of repiratory muscles called _____________. [circulatory system]
external intercostal muscles
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
During inspiration, contractions cause the downward movement of a dome-shaped muscle known as the _____________. [circulatory system]
diaphragm
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The relaxation of repiratory muscles compresses the thorax and increases the air pressure in the ___________. [circulatory system]
lungs
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
While inspiration is an active process, the process of expiration is a(n) __________. [circulatory system]
passive process
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal breath under resting conditions is the _________. [circulatory system]
resting tidal volume
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a forced inspiration is the _______________. [circulatory system]
vital capacity
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Breathing is controlled by an area of the brain called the repiratory control center, which includes part of the medulla oblongata and the ______________. [circulatory system]
pons
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The repiratory centers in the brain are regulated indirectly by the bloodstream's level of __________________. [circulatory system]
carbon dioxide
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The rate of breathing is controlled by an area of the brain known as the ______________. [circulatory system]
pneumotaxic area
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The respiratory center is activated by the cerebrospinal fluid level of ______________. [circulatory system]
hydrogen ions
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
While the contraction of skeletal muscles is usually voluntary, the control of breathing is usually _______________. [circulatory system]
involuntary
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The great majority of oxygen is carried in the body in association with __________. [circulatory system]
hemoglobin molecules
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Approximately 70-75 percent of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of _________. [circulatory system]
bicarbonate ions/sodium bicarbonate
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
Aproximately 25-30 percent of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried as ____________. [circulatory system]
carboxyhemoglobin molecules
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
The driving force behind the exchange of gases in the alveoli is the process of __________________. [circulatory system]
diffusion
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
While active transport is an active process for the movement of molecules, diffusion is a(n) _________. [circulatory system]
passive process
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
During lung gas exchange, oxygen molecules move toward the ______________. [circulatory system]
red blood cells
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
feac04d0_t_Answer_Flashcards___Cram_com__circulatory_system
During lung gas exchange, carbon dioxide molecules move toward the ___________. [circulatory system]
alveolar sac
[]
The Respiratory System: Short Answer Flashcards - Cram.com
circulatory system
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/the-respiratory-system-short-answer-1303551
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00340-ip-10-236-191-2_384762407_0.json
aea52a35_Test___1_Flashcards___Cram_com__ace_it_is_composed_by_elements
[what is matter?] what is an element?
cannot be broken down to a simpler form, periodic table of elements list of them
[]
Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/human-biology-test-1-1915133
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00191-ip-10-236-191-2_398452854_0.json
aea52a35_Test___1_Flashcards___Cram_com__ace_it_is_composed_by_elements
[what is matter?] what is chemistry?
the study of matter
[]
Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/human-biology-test-1-1915133
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00191-ip-10-236-191-2_398452854_0.json
aea52a35_Test___1_Flashcards___Cram_com__ace_it_is_composed_by_elements
[what is matter?] what is an atom?
the smallest functional unit of elements
[]
Human Biology Test # 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
anything that has mass and occupies space it is composed by elements
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/human-biology-test-1-1915133
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00191-ip-10-236-191-2_398452854_0.json