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Water Recirculation and Treatment Systems
A Water Recirculating System (WRS) is a great solution for supplying a consistent water flow to the dynamometer and engine and instead of discharging it to the sewer, the WRS cools the water and reuses it. When designing a WRS there are many variables that need to be considered including flow rates, pump and motor sizes, cooling devices, pipe size, electrical requirements, wet-bulb temperature and tank capacity. These will all have an effect on how efficient the water system is.
WRS Above Grade or Below Grade System
Another variable you’ll need to consider when implementing a WRS is determining if you want an above or below grade system. An above grade system will require an additional hot transfer tank and pump to return the hot water back to the system. A below grade system requires an in-ground tank with a divider to separate the supply water (cold) and return water (hot). This divider must have balance holes that help to equalize the level between the two sides. The balance holes are generally located near the bottom of the dividing wall.
Water Treatment and Filtration Systems
A synergistic, self-contained, chemical-free system for the treatment of water. The system is stand-alone equipment that includes a circulation pump separate from the water recirculation/cooling system. The water treatment and filtration system does not interfere with the operation of your cooling tower.
Need a Custom Eddy Current Dynamometer Test Stand?
Contact our engineering experts today. | <urn:uuid:87e6d336-57fc-45d7-8966-cb495861cf7f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://dynesystems.com/products/accessories/test-cell/water-recirculation-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.910143 | 319 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This undated notebook was used by Edison, probably during June 1911. The entries report on the evaluation of various chemicals from E. De HaŽn of Hanover, Germany, for use in making phonograph records. Individual entries note the melting points, hardness or viscosity, character of crystallization, and sometimes the price of the compounds being tested. The inside back cover contains some rough calculations by an unidentified employee. Inserted into the book is an unrelated memorandum from Peter Christensen to Edison regarding an electrolyte produced in June 1911. The pages are unnumbered. Only 12 pages have been used. Courtesy of Thomas Edison National Historical Park. | <urn:uuid:1dbc76fe-afe6-4444-99b2-e527521ba11e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=NA228 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246648338.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045728-00049-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953973 | 130 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Faculty experts Wendy Parmet and Martha Davis weigh in on this week’s Supreme Court decisions on gay marriage, voting rights, and affirmative action. Photo by Thinkstock.
The Supreme Court issued three major civil rights-related rulings this week. The court dramatically altered the Voting Rights Act; set in place new considerations that could end affirmative action at public colleges and universities; declared unconstitutional the federal Defense of Marriage Act; and paved the way for California again to recognize same-sex marriages. We asked Wendy Parmet and Martha Davis, law professors and Supreme Court scholars, to explain the significance of the cases and what they mean for the nation going forward.
1. How does the court’s ruling in U.S. v. Windsor, which declared the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional, reflect changes in the Supreme Court?
Wendy Parmet, the George J. and Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor of Law:
This ruling reflects broad changes in society that are clearly resonating with the court, which has come very far since Bowers v. Hardwick, the 1986 ruling that upheld the constitutionality of a sodomy ban in Georgia.
But it’s hard to look at the Windsor decision in a way that’s totally divorced from the ruling earlier this week in Shelby County v. Holder, which is the Voting Rights Act case. That decision declared much of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional and really shows a remarkable shift in the court’s understanding of the Equal Protection Clause. We’re now seeing a very ahistorical understanding of the Equal Protection Clause, one that is less focused on protecting traditionally discriminated-against groups like African-Americans and more influenced by state’s rights. Though this case was decided on Equal Protection grounds, the court is clearly concerned that DOMA seemed to step on the historical rights of the state. The court now appears to be more focused on protecting a state’s right to define marriage and establish its own voting laws than the rights of vulnerable segments of our society.
This interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause makes me feel we’re moving even more toward a polarized Red America versus Blue America dynamic, where rights that exist in some states don’t exist in others. And while the Windsor ruling should immediately open the door to all of these federal benefits that were previously denied to legally-married same-sex couples, it doesn’t answer the question of what happens if they move to a state that doesn’t recognize or has banned gay marriage.
2. Some gay marriage proponents were hoping the Supreme Court would recognize a constitutional right to gay marriage. Did that happen with the ruling on Proposition 8 in Hollingsworth v. Perry?
This ruling was a procedural punt, decided on jurisdictional grounds. The litigants seeking to uphold Proposition 8, the court ruled, simply didn’t have legal grounds to bring their suit in the first place.
What the ruling means for people in California is that same-sex marriage is now effectively legal. What it means for people outside California, in a state that does not recognize gay marriage, is that there is continued uncertainty about this issue.
This ruling may have an impact on future standing laws, but it won’t be of much interest to non-specialists. This is going to be a case that proceduralists read in law school, but it’s not a case about whether there is a constitutional right to same-sex marriage. That case will be decided one of these days, but that day hasn’t come yet.
3. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, says that courts must take a more critical look at the affirmative action policies in place at public colleges and universities. What does this ruling, which avoided a direct statement on the constitutionality of the program, tell us about the court’s evolving views on race?
Martha Davis, Professor of Law:
This ruling maintains the status quo. The existing precedent, 2003’s Grutter v. Bollinger, upheld the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School; that remains the law of the land, permitting the use of race in a holistic review of an applicant. Essentially, race cannot be the only factor in considering an applicant, but it can be one of many factors that are considered in admissions.
After Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, there was a period of two decades in which courts were very involved in school systems, monitoring desegregation and ensuring it was being appropriately carried out. There has been a lot of backlash against this so-called “judicial activism” by the current Court’s conservative members. One question is whether the Fisher ruling is now starting down that same road by cutting back on the deference to college admissions’ decisions while increasing judicial involvement and activism. This ruling may be seen as inviting courts to get very involved in second-guessing higher education admissions and possibly other educational decisions. | <urn:uuid:31498abc-e4ff-41c6-a11e-514083c227bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://cps.northeastern.edu/news/gay-marriage-voting-rights-and-evolution-equality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.952769 | 1,034 | 2.75 | 3 |
The name Tomás de Torquemada has become synonymous with the Holy Office of the Spanish Inquisition, and a symbol of religious fanaticism, hatred, oppression of minorities, and even sadism. Throughout the centuries since his death, he has been co-opted by writers and artists as a representation of cruelty and persecution. Although contemporaries praised him (albeit somewhat carefully), and he certainly enjoyed the favor of his monarchs, Isabel and Ferdinand, after his death Torquemada quickly gained a nefarious reputation as a fanatical zealot and a torturer, a characterization which lingers today. How did an (admittedly) austere Dominican come to so powerfully embody and personify the Black Legend? This paper will explore the historiography of Tomás de Torquemada, attempting to understand and explicate these cultural representations of the man which continue to thrive.
"“An impossible quid pro quo”: Representations of Tomás de Torquemada,"
Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies: Vol. 41
, Article 1.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol41/iss1/1 | <urn:uuid:4049cd59-a182-4266-933c-cda415011b6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol41/iss1/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00221-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94115 | 245 | 3.25 | 3 |
History of Lacrosse in Victoria
Mens Lacrosse in Victoria
The pioneer of lacrosse in Australia was a Canadian, Lambton L. Mount. He came to the Victorian goldfields as a fourteen year old with his family in 1853 but it was not until 1875 that he was moved to revive his early boyhood memories of lacrosse. After watching the football final between Carlton and Melbourne in that year it occurred to him that lacrosse was a superior game.
In April of 1876 Mount wrote to the Australasian Newspaper to announce that he was arranging to import forty lacrosse sticks from Canada and intended to start lacrosse and establish the Melbourne Lacrosse Club. He succeeded and the first practice match of this club took place on 22nd June 1876 between 15-20 players at Albert Park. The Melbourne club continued to promote the sport and arranged matches between the "Reds" and "Blues" in Albert Park during 1877-78. By 1879, four clubs had been formed with some 120 players. These four clubs - Melbourne, Fitzroy, South Melbourne and Carlton formed the Victorian Lacrosse Association in July 1879 for the purpose of coordinating matches. His Excellency, the Governor of Victoria The Most Hon G.A.C. Phipps, was the inaugural Patron.
The History of Men's Lacrosse in Victoria is a fascinating read, and can be downloaded here. This book follows the progress of men's lacrosse in Victoria from 1876 until 1994.
Womens Lacrosse in Victoria
The Victorian Women's Amateur Lacrosse Association was formed in 1936. The Association comprised two teams, Williamstown and the YWCA and the first coaching session saw 30 girls in attendance. The inaugural President was an English woman, Miss Nell Rawlins, who played with the YWCA. Her Secretary was Miss Joy Newhouse, who later became Joy Parker, the first patron and Life Member of both the Women's Lacrosse Victoria - WLV (formerly the Victorian Women's Lacrosse Association) and Women's Lacrosse Australia - WLA (formerly the Australian Women's Lacrosse Council).
As a result of the Second World War, the Association went into recession at the conclusion of the 1940 season. This was a pity because at the time, teams from both PLC and Melbourne University (physical education department) were both ready to enter the competition.
Although the War finished in 1945, for various reasons, the competition did not resume until 1962. It was Mrs Joy Parker who provided the impetus to re-establish the game of women's lacrosse in Victoria with the final push coming from Mal Taylor of the Williamstown Lacrosse Club. Three clubs were formed, Williamstown (two teams), Footscray and Malvern. Mrs Parker was President in this year and Mr and Mrs M. Titter donated the 'Fearon Cup' as the perpetual trophy for competition between Victorian clubs. The trophy was named after Captain James Fearon of Williamstown, who was renowned as a staunch and liberal supporter of lacrosse.
Matches commenced on Sunday afternoon 29th April 1962 at 1.30pm at Albert Park and teams comprised 8 players. The first official match of the Association was played at Lauriston Girls School in Malvern. | <urn:uuid:367065fb-ac5c-42e7-b575-7ca919c8587b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://lacrossevictoria.com.au/about-lacrosse-victoria/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00480-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980173 | 663 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Giving kids the chance to
dream more — and live more.
The St. Louis Byte Works Earn-a-Computer program aims to teach kids that they can set goals — and reach them. We believe that everyone deserves the chance to dream, and to follow those dreams, by challenging themselves, testing their abilities and reaching for more.
During this free six-week program, kids attend a series of hands-on courses. The courses are designed for 4th-8th grade students.
The following subjects are covered:
- Introduction to Computers
- Internet and Safety on the Internet
- Word Processing with OpenOffice Writer
- Creating Presentations with OpenOffice Impress
- Computer programming using MIT’s Scratch software
- Assembling the Computer and Connecting to the Internet
In order to complete the course and earn their free computer, kids must attend every class. Upon graduation they will receive:
- Computer, monitor and peripherals (keyboard, mouse)
- Audio speakers
- 4 GB flash drive
Of course, the technical training is just part of the St. Louis Byte Works experience. Along the way, children in the program learn to solve problems, both individually and as a group. They also learn the value of responsibility, making it to class every week and completing their work — all in pursuit of a shared goal.
If you would like to register your child for the St. Louis Byte Works Earn-a-Computer program, click here to go to our OnLine Student Registration form.
Please note that the Earn-a-Computer program is very popular, and there may be a waiting list. | <urn:uuid:cb5e11b1-a87a-42a0-b238-518e4061d566> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.bworks.org/byteworks/earn-a-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.938826 | 337 | 2.71875 | 3 |
U.S. History in Review: Set 2
To better understand current U.S. history, it's important to look back at the people and events that started it all. In this series, young readers will get an up-close look at some of the events and documents that helped to shape the United States as it is today. Each title is written in accessible language designed to help struggling readers understand important historical events, time periods, and documents. The most significant names, dates, and battles are seamlessly woven into the main text of each book, while timelines further illuminate key dates in an approachable way.
• Accessible language engages even reluctant readers
• Timeline in each volume helps readers keep track of key dates
• Fact boxes aid students' understanding of key figures and events | <urn:uuid:79ffb3e4-3c12-41c9-8d7a-54162f980971> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://images.enslow.com/series/U-S-History-in-Review-Set-2?isbn=9781978536913 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.948758 | 159 | 3.265625 | 3 |
In a recent blog post, Scott McLeod asked “15 questions to ask about the technology leadership in your school district.” Many of his questions got me thinking about how we plan for technology in our schools and in our districts. Many of the questions of leadership can be solved through good planning. (you can read my response to his blog post about this, too) With good planning, questions of roles and responsibilities can be easily solved. So can problems with hardware-to-faculty or hardware-to-student ratios or whether technology is being used effectively to engage and instruct students.
With all the talk of Glogster recently, I decided to create a visual depiction of the planning process. There are 7 main steps to good technology planning:
1.) Create a team: Make sure the team consists of members of all stakeholders (parents, community members, teachers, administrators….)
2.) Assign roles: Describe the roles and responsibilities of all team members.
3.) Complete a Needs Assessment: Conduct surveys, conversations, observations to assess what your school/students/staff need to increase effective use of technology to promote teaching and learning.
4.) Set measurable goals based on the Needs Assessment: Once you know what the needs are, set a few realistic, measurable goals (goals with a timeline and with a way to measure effectiveness or success- i.e. test scores, observed behaviors…).
5.) Plan for tracking and monitoring of goals: Make sure that one of the team members is assigned to monitor the progress of each goal.
6.) Collect data: Have each team member collect measurable data about their goal for future use.
7.) Assess goals, revise, revisit and rewrite: Once your goals’ time period have passed, look back on whether they were effective. Keep good initiatives going, revise ones that were fairly successful but need some changes and scratch those that were not effective.
This cycle starts again at #3 (Needs Assessment). It is up to your school or district to decide how often you will go through this cycle. Usually it is from every 2-3 years.
Make sure you include a budget and budgetary concerns in the plan and that funding of the Technology Plan mirrors the school or district’s budget plan.
Please feel free to comment or add anything I may have left out!
Technology Planning resources:
National Center for Technology Planning
Guiding Questions for Technology Planning
Looking for your state’s plan? Just do a search for : “my state technology plan” and it should come up. These plans are public and should be available for viewing. | <urn:uuid:064e51be-682b-4a6a-8289-85e7086029e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.marybethhertz.me/2009/07/15/whats-the-plan-stan-planning-for-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662578939.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525023952-20220525053952-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.947759 | 573 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Definition of rub someone's nose in
- He beat us all in the race and then rubbed our noses in it.
: to move along the surface of a body with pressure : grate
: to fret or chafe with or as if with friction
: to cause discontent, irritation, or anger
: an unevenness of surface (as of the ground in lawn bowling)
: obstruction, difficulty
: something grating to the feelings (such as a gibe or harsh criticism)
: some person : somebody
: the part of the face that bears the nostrils and covers the anterior part of the nasal cavity
: the anterior part of the head at the top or end of the muzzle : snout, proboscis
: the sense of smell : olfaction
: to detect by or as if by smell : scent
: to push or move with the nose
: to move (something, such as a vehicle) ahead slowly or cautiously
What made you want to look up rub someone's nose in? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:4d4a17ab-cd8f-45c2-a7b6-fac9d416499f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rub%20someone%27s%20nose%20in | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213247.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818001437-20180818021437-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.939297 | 228 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Osteomalacia literally means "soft bones". It is a metabolic disorder that renders the skeleton less resistant, predisposes for bone pain and fractures. It is most frequently caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Both radiologic and clinical findings may prompt a suspicion for OM. Thus, the disease may be diagnosed in patients undergoing diagnostic imaging for any other reason, or in individuals that present with characteristic symptoms. Generalized bone pain as well as symmetrical bone pain localized to vertebral spine, pelvis and thighbones are frequent causes of presentation to health care givers. Arms and ribs may be affected during later stages of the disease. Bone pain may be accompanied by fatigue, proximal muscle weakness and gait disturbances. Patients often report to have difficulties to rise from a sitting or prone position, or to climb stairs. In other cases, they present with (recurrent) pathological fractures.
In plain radiographic images, reduction of bone density (osteopenia) and Looser zones (pseudofractures) are frequently detected . Vertebrae and pelvic bones may be compressed, and in severe cases, the patient's stature may progressively diminish. Alterations of spine curvature may be noted.
Jaw & Teeth
- Bone Pain
This hypothesis was proven after surgical removal of the mass led to normalisation of the metabolic derangements and eventually led to a resolution of the bone pains. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Disease and Genetic Research Unit, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yi-Shan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China. [email protected] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Osteoporosis Definition of osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a bone disease which characterized by low bone mass as result of body loses too much bone and makes too little bone. [aclr.com.es]
See Natural Treatments for Osteopenia and Osteoporosis CLICK HERE for index of topics in addition to Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis [osteopenia3.com]
Define and contrast osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Both osteoporosis and osteomalacia can cause weak bones. In osteoporosis, there is decreased bone mass with a normal ratio of mineral to matrix. [orthopaedicsone.com]
- Bone Disorder
Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by impaired mineralization of bone matrix. Symptoms of osteomalacia can be confused with other conditions such as spondyloarthropathy, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, and fibromyalgia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
This is particularly true if your bone disorder is not seen in conjunction with another serious medical condition. [disability-benefits-help.org]
While the bone disorders, rickets and osteomalacia, are the most widely known consequences of vitamin D deficiency, research in recent years has suggested that the impact may be on many other organs. [scitechconnect.elsevier.com]
- Proximal Muscle Weakness
Proximal muscle weakness, spinal tenderness to percussion, pseudofractures, and skeletal deformities are found commonly. [bestpractice.bmj.com]
All had generalized bone pain and tenderness, muscle weakness, stooping posture, difficulty walking, and waddling gait due to severe proximal muscle weakness for a period of 2 to 5 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Severely affected patients may have difficulty walking and may have a waddling gait or a change in gait, with proximal muscle weakness and marked adductor spasm. [patient.info]
muscle weakness may be evident & pt may have T-burg gait; - Radiographs: - Looser's zones: - osteoid seams are insufficiency types of stress frx which are commonly seen in patients with osteomalacia; - they are more common in adults than in children; [wheelessonline.com]
- Genu Valgum
Bowing of the legs (genu varum) is typical, but knock knees (genu valgum) can also occur. [patient.info]
The most characteristic findings include: growth retardation, deformities in upper and lower limbs (genu varum or genu valgum) generally noted when the infant begins to creep or to walk, metaphyseal widening, palpable enlargement of the costochondral [scielo.br]
Symptoms largely resemble those of the more common osteoporosis and neither anamnestic data nor results of physical examination allow for a clear distinction between both bone disorders. Laboratory analyses of blood samples are very helpful to this end. Alterations of parameters like serum calcium, phosphate, pre-vitamin D, vitamin D, PTH, urea and creatinine may indicate hypocalcemia or hypophosphatemia, vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism and renal insufficiency, and thus argue for OM. Alkaline phosphatase levels are elevated in all forms of OM and osteoporosis; this parameter is highly sensitive but little specific and does neither permit to infer about the underlying disease.
In most cases, vitamin D deficiency accounts for OM. This condition is associated with hypophosphatemia, reduced concentrations of pre-vitamin D and vitamin D, and possibly hypocalcemia, whereby the latter is not an exclusion criterion. In case of hypocalcemia, PTH concentrations may be elevated and the patient may be diagnosed with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
If these measurements don't permit a definite diagnosis, calcium and phosphate excretion should be revised by analysis of a 24-hour urine sample. In case of confirmed kidney disease, the respective workup should be realized: Renal sonography and pyelography are valuable techniques, but the therapeutic approach of choice largely depends on prior findings.
[…] antacid-induced osteomalacia osteomalacia in which the combination of low dietary phosphorus intake and chronic excessive consumption of aluminum hydroxide–containing antacids has led to phosphate depletion; characteristics include hypophosphatemia, nephrolithiasis [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Osteomalacia Clinical feature Long standing case sign of secondary hyperparathyroidism • Depression • Polyuria • Increased thirst • Constipation • Nephrolithiasis • ?Peptic Ulcer Disease 38. Osteomalacia X- ray • Looser zone 39. [slideshare.net]
- Phosphate Decreased
He had multiple stress fractures, low serum phosphate, decreased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, and normal PTH and FGF23, indicating adult onset hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
When phosphate decreases below a critical level, mineralization cannot proceed normally. [wikilectures.eu]
Once phosphate decreases lower than a critical level, mineralization cannot proceed normally as in Figure 5 [ 20 ]. Figure 5: Pathophysiology of osteomalacia. [aclr.com.es]
- Alkaline Phosphatase Increased
Alkaline phosphatase increased over time (linear component, r 2 0.46, F 1,28 23.9, p 0.000037). Figure 2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in historical controls and psychiatric inpatients. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]
Because OM occurs secondary to an underlying disease, causative treatment of OM consists in curing the respective primary disorder.
- Since vitamin D deficiency is the main trigger of OM, such treatment commonly consists in adjusting dietary habits and daily intakes of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate.
- Dietary supplementation of deficient nutrients is also indicated in case of chronic gastrointestinal disorders like celiac disease. Dose increases may be necessary to assure absorption of adequate quantities of nutrients. Additional, specific measures should be considered.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism generally remits as soon as serum calcium levels normalize.
- In case of primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition provoked by neoplasms of the parathyroid glands, surgical resection of tumors may be required.
- If an OM patient is diagnosed with primary kidney disease, it should be adequately treated. Here, dietary supplementation of phosphate, calcium and vitamin D may be necessary.
- Drug-induced OM requires the readjustment of therapy of comorbidities.
Improvement of OM-associated symptoms may be expected a few weeks after the initiation of an adequate treatment. The above mentioned blood parameters should be evaluated periodically after starting therapy. Additionally, bone mineral density tests should be performed to monitor response to therapy or disease progression. In contrast, resolution of bone deformities is not to be expected despite successful treatment.
Prognosis is generally good if the underlying disease is curable. This applies both to rickets and to adult OM; with regards to the former, bone deformations may be permanent if therapy is initiated in a delayed manner or not at all. In these cases, rickets can be associated with significant morbidity. In adult OM, skeletal deformities are usually not an issue. However, pathological fractures are, and especially in post-menopausal women, osteoporosis is not a rare comorbidity. Such a condition may considerably complicate the healing process.
Bone mineralization is an ongoing process and both bone resorption (and subsequent release of minerals into circulation) as well as deposition of hydroxyapatite take place throughout life. These processes are regulated by a complex network of mediators, with vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin playing important roles. OM may be considered the result of a disturbance of those regulatory mechanisms, and may either be provoked by lack of resources or deficits in resource management. In detail, the following conditions may trigger OM:
- Vitamin D deficiency is the most frequent cause of OM. In fact, large parts of the adult population show certain degrees of vitamin D deficiency . This vitamin may be endogenously synthesized, starting from cholesterol that is converted into cholecalciferol in the skin upon exposure to UV-light; further metabolization in the liver yielding 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (pre-vitamin D); and a final step that takes place in the kidneys and produces 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D). In case of insufficient exposure to sunlight, vitamin D has to be provided with the diet.
- Consequently, a combination of reduced exposure to sunlight, hepatic or renal disorders and inadequate dietary supply may cause vitamin D deficiency and secondary OM. With regards to the latter, there may be an absolute deficiency of vitamin D in the diet, but malabsorption of vitamin D is more common. Patients suffering from celiac disease have a particularly high risk of OM . Bariatric surgery and gastrectomy realized for other reasons also predispose for vitamin D deficiency and OM. Of note, gastrointestinal disorders may also interfere with calcium absorption and thus contribute to decreases in bone density.
- Because conversion of pre-vitamin D into vitamin D depends on renal function, chronic kidney diseases may also lead to OM. The term chronic kidney disease and mineral bone disorder is sometimes used to refer to any renal disease that causes skeletal alterations. End-stage renal disease, for instance, is associated with histologic anomalies of osseous tissue in virtually all cases, but clinical manifestation of OM is rare .
- Renal disease related to an excess excretion of phosphorus may cause hypophosphatemia and secondary OM.
- Drug-induced OM is a possible side effect of therapy with cytochrome P450-inducing compounds .
- OM may be a symptom of Fanconi syndrome or osteodystrophia deformans (Paget disease).
Deposition and resorption of minerals in or from osseous tissue is a permanent, physiological process. Thus, disturbances of the equilibrium between both may affect people of any age. However, bone turnover is much more pronounced in children, whose skeleton constantly has to adapt to growth and changes of force distribution. Consequently, OM is generally more severe in pediatric patients. In fact, owing to the importance of that condition for the child's development, this disease has its proper name and is called rickets. OM is thus an umbrella term for rickets and adult OM, but is more commonly used to describe the latter.
Several epidemiological studies have been conducted to ascertain vitamin D deficiency, the most common cause of OM. It has been estimated that more than half of the population aged 60 years and older is vitamin D deficient , but this disease is also highly prevalent among children . For the Western world, incidence of rickets in children aged up to three years has been reported to be approximately 6:100.000 . Less reliable data are available for the adult population, presumably because OM is rarely diagnosed before symptoms manifest.
In OM, mineralization of osseous tissues is pathologically reduced. In order to understand how bone mineralization can be disturbed, it is essential to understand which physiological events eventually lead to deposition of hydroxyapatite in the organic matrix surrounding osteoblasts and osteocytes.
Hydroxyapatite is the main component of the inorganic bone matrix and mainly consists of calcium and phosphorus. Thus, an adequate supply of both minerals is essential for bone mineralization. Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus significantly affects the availability of either electrolyte. In detail, low calcium:phosphorus levels, i.e., dietary restriction of phosphorus supply, have been shown to exacerbate demineralization.
Calcium and phosphorus have to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and excessive renal excretion has to be prevented by reabsorption. On the other hand, appropriate measures need to be taken to avoid an overload with those electrolytes. Accordingly, regulation of serum levels of calcium and phosphorus depend on a variety of factors:
- Vitamin D stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and enhances renal reabsorption of both electrolytes.
- PTH acts similarly, but favors renal excretion of phosphorus. Additionally, it provokes an increased release of bone-bound minerals into circulation. In sum, PTH aims to increase serum levels of calcium.
- Calcitonin counteracts those effects mediated by PTH. It inhibits intestinal calcium absorption, stimulates deposition of calcium and phosphorus in osseous tissue, and enhances renal excretion of calcium. Thus, it contributes to the reduction of serum levels of calcium.
Consequently, any pathological condition that results in vitamin D deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, or - at least theoretically - lack of calcitonin, may induce OM. In practice, the relative importance of the three aforementioned disorders decreases in the order stated.
As has been described above, vitamin D deficiency is the main cause of OM. However, PTH levels are not independent of serum concentrations of vitamin D. In fact, low levels of vitamin D stimulate PTH release. Thus, an individual who suffers from vitamin D deficiency may eventually develop secondary hyperparathyroidism .
Patients should be advised about maintaining a healthy, balanced diet. While nutritional deficiencies may be detrimental, excess supplementation of certain nutrients may have similar effects. Indeed, vitamin D is lipophilic and an overdose may have fatal consequences . Dietary supplementation of vitamin D should not exceed 600 international units (IU) per day in patients aged 1 to 70 years. This also applies for pregnant and lactating women. Young infants may be prescribed 400 IU per day; people who are older than 70 years may ingest 800 IU daily. If at all possible, serum levels of vitamin D should be maintained in the range of 30 to 60 ng/ml.
Lack of exposure to sunlight and use of sunblock even though solar irradiation is low impair endogenous synthesis of vitamin D. Covering of the whole body, as frequently seen in Muslim women, has repeatedly been shown to increase the risk for bone disorders like OM.
Osteomalacia (OM) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of osseous tissue. Function of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts as well as the composition of the organic bone matrix is unaltered. In contrast, imbalances between bone formation and bone resorption account for the different entity osteoporosis.
Although OM may be diagnosed in patients pertaining to all age groups, it is not a congenital condition in the narrow sense of the word. It may be present in children, and is effectively known as rickets in such cases, but as per definition, it is an acquired disease. OM may, however, manifest as a complication of hereditary disorders.
The most common cause of OM is vitamin D deficiency, which, in turn, may result from insufficient dietary supply, malabsorption and disturbances of endogenous vitamin D synthesis. Furthermore, disturbances of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis may provoke OM.
Chronic pain, muscle weakness and pathological fractures are the most common signs of OM, and diagnosis is often delayed until such symptoms manifest. Identification of the underlying disorder is of utmost importance to treat the disease. The outcome largely depends on the primary disorder and the extent of bone deformations, if present.
Osteomalacia (OM) literally means "soft bones" and is a metabolic disorder that renders the skeleton less resistant, predisposes for bone pain and fractures. It is caused by disturbances in the bone mineralization.
The most common trigger of OM is vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and if vitamin D levels are below certain thresholds, the intestinal absorption of calcium is considerably reduced. If calcium is not provided, bones cannot be mineralized. Other causes of OM include lack of exposure to sunlight, disorders of the parathyroid glands and the kidneys.
Affected individuals often claim bone pain and muscle weakness, or report to have difficulties to rise from a sitting or prone position, or to climb stairs. Their susceptibility to fractures is increased and in fact, OM may not be diagnosed until a patient presents with a fractured bone.
Therapy consists in treating the underlying disease. Thus, in most cases, dietary supplementation of vitamin D, possible also of phosphate and calcium, may be recommended. However, overdosage may have detrimental effects. Thus, all patients should talk to their treating physicians about the necessary dose of nutrients in their particular case.
- Haq A, Svobodova J, Imran S, Stanford C, Razzaque MS. Vitamin D deficiency: A single centre analysis of patients from 136 countries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016.
- Albany C, Servetnyk Z. Disabling osteomalacia and myopathy as the only presenting features of celiac disease: a case report. Cases J. 2009; 2(1):20.
- Santoro D, Satta E, Messina S, Costantino G, Savica V, Bellinghieri G. Pain in end-stage renal disease: a frequent and neglected clinical problem. Clin Nephrol. 2013; 79 Suppl 1:S2-11.
- Wang Z, Lin YS, Dickmann LJ, et al. Enhancement of hepatic 4-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 through CYP3A4 induction in vitro and in vivo: implications for drug-induced osteomalacia. J Bone Miner Res. 2013; 28(5):1101-1116.
- Souberbielle JC, Massart C, Brailly-Tabard S, Cavalier E, Chanson P. Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in healthy French adults: the VARIETE study. Endocrine. 2016.
- Turer CB, Lin H, Flores G. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children. Pediatrics. 2013; 131(1):e152-161.
- Beck-Nielsen SS, Brock-Jacobsen B, Gram J, Brixen K, Jensen TK. Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009; 160(3):491-497.
- Erkal MZ, Wilde J, Bilgin Y, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and generalized bone pain in Turkish immigrants in Germany: identification of risk factors. Osteoporos Int. 2006; 17(8):1133-1140.
- Dedeoglu M, Garip Y, Bodur H. Osteomalacia in Crohn's disease. Arch Osteoporos. 2014; 9:177.
- Rajakumar K, Reis EC, Holick MF. Dosing error with over-the-counter vitamin D supplement: a risk for vitamin D toxicity in infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013; 52(1):82-85. | <urn:uuid:bfbc9f4c-175f-4bc2-8b0a-5b7cc4c40b27> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.symptoma.com/en/info/osteomalacia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991650.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518002309-20210518032309-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.890309 | 4,396 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Systematics of Sphagnum section Sphagnum in New Zealand: A microsatellite-based analysis
The systematics of Sphagnum section Sphagnum in New Zealand has been controversial. Two species are currently recognised in the New Zealand flora, S. cristatum and S. perichaetiale, but the presence of the widespread S. magellanicum has been debated. An analysis of 16 microsatellite loci shows that the gametophytes of Sphagnum perichaetiale appear to have one monoploid set of chromosomes (i.e., are haploid). Fixed heterozygosity at 10 loci indicates that S. cristatum is an alloploid. A red morphotype of S. cristatum, similar in macroappearance to S. magellanicum, is not genetically differentiated from the more common brown-green morphotypes of S. cristatum. Although analysis of the microsatellite data for S. cristatum showed most of the genetic variation to be within populations, significant variation did occur among populations within regions and also between regions. © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2008.
Karlin, EF; Boles, SB; Shaw, AJ
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) | <urn:uuid:4d97d62e-63e3-4dec-99b0-55f093d14d51> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub704061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887253.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118111417-20180118131417-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.872827 | 271 | 2.625 | 3 |
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are used to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two or more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical device (
In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, a switch performs the layer 2 or Data-Link layer function. That is, it simply looks at each packet or data unit and determines from a physical address (the "MAC address") which device a data unit is intended for and switches it out toward that device. However, in wide area networks such as the Internet, the destination address requires a look-up in a routing table by a device known as a router. Some newer switches also perform routing functions (layer 3 or the Network layer functions in OSI) and are sometimes called
On larger networks, the trip from one switch point to another in the network is called a hop. The time a switch takes to figure out where to forward a data unit is called its latency. The price paid for having the flexibility that switches provide in a network is this latency. Switches are found at the backbone and gateway levels of a network where one network connects with another and at the subnetwork level where data is being forwarded close to its destination or origin. The former are often known as core switches and the latter as desktop switches.
In the simplest networks, a switch is not required for messages that are sent and received within the network. For example, a local area network may be organized in a Token Ring or bus arrangement in which each possible destination inspects each message and reads any message with its address.
Circuit-Switching version Packet-SwitchingA network's paths can be used exclusively for a certain duration by two or more parties and then switched for use to another set of parties. This type of "switching" is known as circuit-switching and is really a dedicated and continuously connected path for its duration. Today, an ordinary voice phone call generally uses circuit-switching. Most data today is sent, using digital signals, over networks that use packet-switching. Using packet-switching, all network users can share the same paths at the same time and the particular route a data unit travels can be varied as conditions change. In packet-switching, a message is divided into packets, which are units of a certain number of bytes. The network addresses of the sender and of the destination are added to the packet. Each network point looks at the packet to see where to send it next. Packets in the same message may travel different routes and may not arrive in the same order that they were sent. At the destination, the packets in a message are collected and reassembled into the original message.
In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network meets another), including each point-of-presence on the Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch.
A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A
An edge router is a router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is a network bridge combined with a router.
For home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections such as cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true even if the home or business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router provides better protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On the Internet, a node or stopping point can be either a gateway node or a host (end-point) node. Both the computers of Internet users and the computers that serve pages to users are host nodes. The computers that control traffic within your company's network or at your local Internet service provider (ISP) are gateway nodes.
In the network for an enterprise, a computer server acting as a gateway node is often also acting as a proxy server and a firewall server. A gateway is often associated with both a router, which knows where to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.
In general, a hub is the central part of a wheel where the spokes come together. The term is familiar to frequent fliers who travel through airport "hubs" to make connecting flights from one point to another. In data communications, a hub is a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions. A hub usually includes a switch of some kind. (And a product that is called a "switch" could usually be considered a hub as well.) The distinction seems to be that the hub is the place where data comes together and the switch is what determines how and where data is forwarded from the place where data comes together. Regarded in its switching aspects, a hub can also include a router.
1) In describing network topologies, a hub
2) As a network product, a hub may include a group of modem cards for dial-in users, a gateway card for connections to a local area network (for example, an Ethernet or a Token Ring), and a connection to a
A brouter (pronounced BRAU-tuhr or sometimes BEE-rau-tuhr) is a network bridge and a router combined in a single product. A bridge is a device that connects one local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or Token Ring). If a data unit on one LAN is intended for a destination on an interconnected LAN, the bridge forwards the data unit to that LAN; otherwise, it passes it along on the same LAN. A bridge usually offers only one path to a given interconnected LAN. A router connects a network to one or more other networks that are usually part of a wide area network (WAN) and may offer a number of paths out to destinations on those networks. A router therefore needs to have more information than a bridge about the interconnected networks. It consults a routing table for this information. Since a given outgoing data unit or packet from a computer may be intended for an address on the local network, on an interconnected LAN, or the wide area network, it makes sense to have a single unit that examines all data units and forwards them appropriately. | <urn:uuid:7eeb5520-ea5e-456a-808d-a768876ed822> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://k2cplus.blogspot.com/2009/12/general-terms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743968.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118052443-20181118073747-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.944909 | 1,523 | 4.125 | 4 |
5. Polystichum californicum (D. C. Eaton) Diels in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 191. 1899.
California sword fern
Aspidium californicum D. C. Eaton, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 555. 1865; Polystichum aculeatum (Linnaeus) Roth var. californicum (D. C. Eaton) Jepson
Stems erect or ascending. Leaves monomorphic, arching or erect, 2--8 dm; bulblets absent. Petiole 1/5--1/3 length of leaf; scales light brown, abruptly diminishing in size distally, falling off early distally. Blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base slightly narrowed. Pinnae oblong to lanceolate to falcate, shallowly to deeply divided, pinnae overlapping or not, in 1 plane, 2--10 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricle lobed; margins not incised to costae, serrulate-spiny with teeth ascending; apex acute-attenuate, subapical and apical teeth same size (southern form) or obtuse and cuspidate with subapical teeth smaller than apical teeth (northern form); microscales filiform, dense abaxially, sparse adaxially. Indusia ciliate. Spores brown. 2 n = 164.
On forest floor in southern part of range and in rock crevices at cliff bottoms (most commonly andesite) to north; 100--850 m; B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.
Polystichum californicum is restricted to the Coast Ranges and the Sierra-Cascade axis. It is most abundant in the Coast Range north of San Francisco.
Polystichum californicum is an allopolyploid, the evolutionary roots of which include P . dudleyi as the 2-pinnate ancestor. Morphologic and ecological data indicate P . imbricans is ancestor to the northern forms and P . munitum is ancestor to southern forms, suggesting P . californicum is an amalgam of interfertile tetraploids with polyphyletic origins (D. H. Wagner 1979). Cytological analysis corroborates this (A. D. Callan 1972; W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), but chloroplast DNA studies have detected only the involvement of P . imbricans in the ancestry of P . californicum (P. S. Soltis et al. 1991).
The more xeric, rock-inhabiting members of the complex (showing the parental influence of P . imbricans ) occupy the northern half of the range whereas plants of more mesic habitats are found to the south. Hybrids with both P . dudleyi and P . munitum are found frequently, because these three species are often sympatric (W. H. Wagner 1973). The hybrid with P . dudleyi (a triploid) will key to that species. The hybrid with P . munitum resembles a less-incised form of P . californicum with aborted sporangia. Polystichum californicum × imbricans has been found only once, in Oregon (A. D. Callan 1972). Another hybrid that will key here, based on its overall appearance, is P . munitum × scopulinum . It lacks filiform microscales and also has malformed sporangia. Such a specimen was the basis of the report of Polystichum californicum in eastern Washington (C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955--1969, vol. 1). The sterile diploid hybrid between P . dudleyi and P . munitum is indistinguishable from P . californicum except for aborted sporangia and chromosome number (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973). | <urn:uuid:fc7d2519-1d14-4fd9-b6ad-62291cecdbfa> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500985 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00061-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.822935 | 860 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Definition of Vestigial
Vestigial: Referring to a vestige (remnant) or a primitive structure and no longer believed to be important. For example, the appendix is considered a vestigial organ, and some infants are born with vestigial tails.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Medical Dictionary Definitions A - Z
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Find out what women really need. | <urn:uuid:4fcd6136-42bb-439c-9133-2fe0edeb80b1> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654390/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.769101 | 101 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Conflict isn't necessarily negative, but most of us tend to focus on the discomfort of conflict situations, missing out on what can be gained. This exercise is designed to help people examine how conflict can be a POSITIVE thing.
Small group exercise
Ideal Group Size
Small group exercise, so working groups of four to seven people in each group. Can be scaled up for larger groups.
Time For Exercise
20 to 40 minutes including debrief
Detailed Instructions If Needed
Split large groups into smaller teams of four to seven (having at least three teams is desirable). Make available: Have each team send a member up to collect their supplies:
- sheet of flip-chart paper
- some assorted markers, pens
- list of discussion questions to be answered
Have each team that write their definition of conflict.
Their challenge is to define conflict without using negative terms. Once team members agree on a definition, have them write it on their flip-chart paper along with an illustration. Before the group presentations and discussion, have each team answer the debriefing questions on the handout. After all teams are finished, have the teams present their ideas to the group. Hang up the flip-chart pages on the wall of the room for the duration of the training day.
Discussion Questions For Positive Conflict Activity:
- How does the definition of conflict affect the way we think about conflict?
- What are some negative consequences of conflict?
- What are some positive outcomes of conflict?
- List four potential positive outcomes of conflict in an organization | <urn:uuid:aad76786-2dcb-4a77-93cb-4e96532b14b8> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://activities.thetrainingworld.com/index.php?solution_id=1025 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.929666 | 318 | 3.375 | 3 |
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Naming and Writing Formulas for acids and bases
Transcript of Naming and Writing Formulas for acids and bases
1. Sodium hydroxide ________________
2. Barium hydroxide ________________
3. Potassium hydroxide ________________
4. Lithium hydroxide ________________
5. Magnesium hydroxide ________________
4. HI _______________
5. H2S _______________ Naming Base Compounds and Writing Base Formulas Base- an ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
Bases are named the same way as other ionic compounds. The name of the cation is followed by the name of the anion.
To write the formulas for bases, write the symbol for the metal cation followed by the formula for the hydroxide ion. Balance the ionic charges just as you do for any ionic compound. Give the names of these acids and bases.
1. HNO2 3. LiOH
2. HCN 4. Pb(OH)2
Identify is each compound is an acid or base.
1. Ba(OH)2 3. KOH
2. Fe(OH)2 4. HClO2 1. When the name of the anion ends in -ide, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro-. The stem of the anion has the suffix -ic and is followed by the word acid.
2. When the anion name ends in -ite, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix -ous, followed by the word acid.
3.When the anion name ends in -ate, the acid name is the stem of the anion with the suffix -ic followed by the word acid.
Use the rules for the writing the names of acids in revers to write the formulas. If you know the name of an acid, you can write it's formula. Naming Acids -Chloride hydro-(stem)-ic acid hydrochloric acid
-Sulfite (stem)-ous acid sulfurous acid
-Nitrate (stem)-ic acid nitric acid Writing Acid Formulas -Hydrochloric acid HCl
-Sulfuric acid H2SO4
-Nitric acid HNO3
-Acetic acid CH3COOH
-Phosphororid acid H3POH
-Carbonic acid H2CO3 Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide - KOH
Ammonium Hydroxide - NH4OH
Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2 Naming and Writing Bases Answer Key Bases Acids
1. NaOH 1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Ba(OH)2 2. Hydrofluoric acid
3. KOH 3. Hydrobromic acid
4. LiOH 4. Hydroiodic acid
5. Mg(OH)2 5. Hydrosulfuric acid | <urn:uuid:e4f8fe97-d978-4aac-9260-0141b1622e26> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://prezi.com/cn3kpyp0kd_2/naming-and-writing-formulas-for-acids-and-bases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828283.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00088-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.792803 | 801 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Health alert over salmonella strain rise
Health officials are investigating how to stop a rise in cases of a salmonella strain which can leave patients severely ill, the BBC has learned.
Cases of Salmonella Typhimurium DT193, rose 630% from 71 in 2004 to 518 in 2011 in England and Wales, said the Health Protection Agency.
A Devon man diagnosed with DT193 poisoning in 2011 spent five days in hospital and is still suffering.
DT193 cases rose in the South West from 14 in 2004 to 73 in 2011.
DT193, which is most common in beef and pork, is also found in unpasteurised milk, desserts and sandwiches according to the HPA.
It said in a statement: "The HPA study, which is ongoing, involves people who were ill being questioned about what they ate and activities they were involved in prior to becoming unwell.
"The aims of the study are to find any links between those who were unwell and give insights as to how to stop the increase in cases."
Devon builder Ian Mason, 54, was among eight people who contracted DT193 after attending a hog roast, identified by the HPA as a possible cause of the outbreak, in April 2011.
About 24 hours after the event he suffered severe diarrhoea and vomiting and spent five days in hospital.
The father of three has been off work for the last month with colitis which his doctor says is linked to the salmonella.
He is now taking steroids six times a day and he has lost two stone in the past two months.
He said: "I have collapsed on the floor with pain, it's unbelievable."
The total number of salmonella cases in England and Wales has fallen from 15,435 in 2000 to 9,133 in 2010, said the HPA on its website.
Health officials say most salmonella infections are not serious, causing only mild stomach upsets.
Occasionally, however, particularly in the elderly or in people with weakened immune systems, they can be life-threatening and may need treatment with antibiotics.
DT193 is a strain of Salmonella which has caused concern on the European continent because of its resistance to antibiotics.
A report by nine European health agencies including the HPA in 2010 warned of a big rise in DT193, like Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 during the 1990s.
It said: "Control measures are urgently needed to reduce spread of infection to humans via the food chain."
The HPA said: "The best way for people to protect themselves from this infection is by following good hand and kitchen hygiene practices and also by ensuring all food, particularly meat, is thoroughly cooked." | <urn:uuid:cfba7375-f16e-47af-8ade-a58399567af4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-16473441 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00258-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975815 | 560 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Committee has called for changes to be made to the Waste Framework Directive
Changes to the Waste Framework Directive have been recommended by the European Parliament’s Environment Committee, which wants to increase the municipal recycling rate to 70% by the year 2030.
This new figure has increased by 5% over last years proposed package figure of 65%.
The Environment Committee is calling for tougher requirements for separate recyclable collections, which concern items that are placed in our blue bins.
Rapporteur MEP Simona Bonafè is responsible for the new proposals. She has also suggested a ban on incinerating waste that is collected separately and has set a recycling target of 65% for organic waste by 2025.
Other final targets have also been suggested by the Environment Committee; 70% by 2025 for packaging recycling, increasing to 80% by 2030. A target of 25% by 2025 has also been proposed for the reduction of landfill.
It is now up to the MEPs to decide whether they will accept the new proposals.
The new changes to the Commission’s original proposals have been welcomed by the Resource Association, who say that they are a crucial and valuable contribution to the discussion.
If you would like more information about BigGreen.co.uk ‘s waste management services, please click here.
Recycling rates could be affected by the new circular economy package
Representatives from Germany, Austria, Sweden and other EU member states have converged at a conference in London to discuss the effects that the new Circular Economy package could have upon the nations’ recycling rates.
The EU Commission’s Circular Economy package must first be passed as a law by the Council of the European Union before member states have to act upon its proposals, but if it was to get approval by the council, EU nations would have to change the way they “measure their progress towards the municipal waste recycling target”.
The current recycling rate is set at 50% by 2020 and EU members can calculate how much they are recycling by using either one of four EU Commission approved methodologies. At present, Germany and Austria are two of the top performing member states, recycling 64% and 57% respectively.
The Energy from Waste Conference took place in London on Wednesday, 24 February, and was attended by representatives from member states, including from top performing nations, who are concerned that the new regulations proposed in the Circular Economy package could negatively effect the recycling rates across the EU.
The commission proposal outlines plans to judge the recycling rate by “the weight of the municipal waste recycled shall be understood as the weight of the input waste entering the final recycling process” rather than the collection of waste meant for recycling.
Jose-Jorge Diaz del Castillo, legal officer for DG Environment for the EU Commission, said: “The Circular Economy package proposes that we are counting only input into the final recycling facility whereas [before] we didn’t know how much comes out as recyclables.”
To find out more about our waste management services, please click here. | <urn:uuid:40690457-a92a-4262-9bde-d353fd18268b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://biggreen.co.uk/tag/european-union/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.963869 | 629 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Will the earth ever possess intelligent beings far greater than today's humans? If so, will they be our companions, our conquerors -- or ourselves?
It's generally beyond the scope of this blog to speculate about the future further ahead than 20 or 30 years from now. By then, we expect that exponential general-purpose molecular manufacturing will have made such profound impacts on earth and on human society that much of it may be unrecognizable.
One of those profound impacts could be superintelligence, perhaps resident in a global network of atomically precise advanced computers built by nanofactories.
But, you know, we may not have to wait even that long. It is conceivable (however improbable) that before the advent of productive nanosystem technology, the relentless march of Moore's Law may bring us computers powerful enough to wake up and become self-aware -- and then to begin a process of recursive self-improvement that quickly will leave human intelligence in the dust.
Too farfetched? Well, maybe, but...
The Indonesian volcano Talang on the island of Sumatra had been dormant for centuries when, in April 2005, it suddenly rumbled to life. A plume of smoke rose 1000 meters high and nearby villages were covered in ash. Fearing a major eruption, local authorities began evacuating 40,000 people. UN officials, meanwhile, issued a call for help: Volcanologists should begin monitoring Talang at once.
Little did they know, high above Earth, a small satellite was already watching the volcano. No one told it to. EO-1 (short for "Earth Observing 1") noticed the warning signs and started monitoring Talang on its own. . .
EO-1 is a new breed of satellite that can think for itself. "We programmed it to notice things that change (like the plume of a volcano) and take appropriate action," explains Steve Chien, leader of JPL's Artificial Intelligence Group. EO-1 can re-organize its own priorities to study volcanic eruptions, flash-floods, forest fires, disintegrating sea-ice—in short, anything unexpected.
Is this real intelligence? "Absolutely," he says. EO-1 passes the basic test: "If you put the system in a box and look at it from the outside, without knowing how the decisions are made, would you say the system is intelligent?" Chien thinks so.
And now the intelligence is growing. "We're teaching EO-1 to use sensors on other satellites."
Admittedly, it's a long way from the EO-1 to the HAL 9000. But I expect there will be some big surprises for us in the next few decades, and superintelligence could be one of them. | <urn:uuid:3bdec07c-1abc-431a-be07-29e2c093760e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2006/10/from_eo1_to_hal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648250.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00002-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949173 | 566 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Have you ever been fascinated by the yeti? Or perhaps, like me, you fell in love with the movie Lost Horizon and the story of Shangri La.
Shangri-la from James Hilton’s 1933 novel Lost Horizon evokes Tibetan legend, perhaps Nghe-Beyul Khembalung or Shambala.
But did you know that the word yeti has another Sanskrit root?
The word yeti is misused for “snowman.” It is a Sanskrit word which means a renunciate, an austere person, and is the name of a group of renunciate sadhus who belong to one of the orders of Shankaracharya.
– Swami Rama
From childhood. Swami Rama lived and studied in the Himalayas for decades explains that the Sherpa’s who know the mountains well take the willing and paying westerners to find their Lost Horizon, “but they have no knowledge of the spiritual tradition of any part of the Himalayas.”
From Darjeeling and Sikkim expeditions have chased the yeti with no result.
The Swami never aw a yeti either, but heard many elders tell of the snowman to eager grandchildren.
“ Shangrila does not exist in reality. The myth of Shangrila is based on the existence of two ancient cave monasteries hidden in the Himalayas. These caves are described in our traditional scriptures and have a long heritage of meditation and spiritual practices. One is situated on the Mount of Kinchinjunga at the height of 14,000 feet and the other, where I lived, is in the deep Himalayas on the borders of Tibet and Garhwal. This cave monastery accommodates many practitioners comfortably. It is situated at a height between 11,500 and 12,000 feet above sea level. Very few people have been to this place. This monastery still exists, and there are many Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Sandhya Bhasha manuscripts preserved there.”
So what is the yeti?
Maya and perhaps the rare white bears: Swami Rama had a pet bear and saw how the footprint could look ‘human.’
“The story of the snowmen is as ancient as the human mind’s ability to fantasize. In the deep snows, one’s vision becomes blurred and white bears, which are rarely seen in the mountains, are mistaken for snowmen from the distance. These bears live high in the mountains and steal the food of expeditioners.
They leave long footprints which are similar to those of human beings.”
The human mind remains under the influence of delusion until ignorance is completely dispelled. If there is no clarity of mind, the data that is gathered together from the external world is not perceived in a coordinated manner, and the clouded mind conceives a false vision. This is one of the modifications of the mind, like fancy, fantasy, symbol, and ideas. Maya is cosmic illusion, and avidya is individual ignorance which comes from a lack of knowledge about objects and their nature; it is also an illusion.
The story of Bigfoot is based on the belief of a fantasy and discoordinated perception. When a bear runs fast in the snow, climbs upwards or runs downwards, the size of the foot of the bear looks very large.
When I had a pet bear, I myself was surprised to see the big footprint it created. It is usually large and similar to a human foot.
– Swami Rama
Intriguingly, American television channel host Josh Gates displayed what is believed to be ‘Yeti’ footprints to the media in Kathmandu November 30, 2007. The U.S.-based television channel investigating the existence of the legendary Yeti in Nepal has found footprints similar to those said to be that of the abominable snowman. The team of nine producers from Destination Truth, armed with infrared cameras, spent a week in the icy Khumbu region where Mount Everest is located and found the footprints on the bank of Manju river at a height of 2,850 meters (9,350 feet).
Other British scientists tested the DNA of hairs from two unidentified animals claimed to be yeti. One shot 40 years o, from Ladakh, west of the Himalayas in north India and from a bamboo forest in Bhutan. The tests revealed that the unidentified animal, was in fact a subspecies of the brown bear.
OK – not Swami Rama’s pet white bear, but close.
Maybe I’m biased, but I prefer Swami Rama’s answer”
Alas! the world, under the influence of illusion, is still searching for the shadows and the large foot. I call it “Himalayan maya.” I was born and lived in these mountains and I have nothing to say to those who are delighted to believe in these myths and who are still searching for something which never existed. God help those misguided souls. These are not the footprints of snowmen or yetis, but of delusion.
– Swami Rama | <urn:uuid:9c9828cf-5991-463e-b183-1fb1a7d80070> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://reflectionsofindia.com/2014/12/17/yetiillusion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247493803.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219223509-20190220005509-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.955952 | 1,070 | 2.6875 | 3 |
New Nerve Drugs May Finally Prevent Migraine Headaches
Neurologists believe they have identified a hypersensitive nerve system that triggers the pain and are in the final stages of testing medicines that soothe its overly active cells. These are the first ever drugs specifically designed to prevent the crippling headaches before they start, and they could be approved next year.
If they deliver on the promise they have shown in studies conducted so far, which have involved around 1,300 patients, millions of headaches may never happen. “It completely changes the paradigm of how we treat migraine,” says David Dodick, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic's campus in Arizona and president of the International Headache Society. Whereas there are migraine-specific drugs that do a good job stopping attacks after they start, the holy grail for both patients and doctors has been prevention.
The first migraine-specific drugs, the triptans, were introduced in the 1990s. Richard Lipton, director of the Montefiore Headache Center in New York City, says triptans were developed in response to the older idea that the dilation of blood vessels is the primary cause of migraine; triptans were supposed to inhibit it.
Ironically, subsequent drug studies show that they actually disrupt the transmission of pain signals in the brain and that constricting blood vessels is not essential. “But they work anyway,” Lipton says. A survey of 133 detailed triptan studies found that they relieved headache within two hours in 42 to 76 percent of patients. People take them to stop attacks after they start, and they have become a reliable frontline treatment for millions.
What triptans cannot do, and what Peter Goadsby, director of the Headache Center at the University of California, San Francisco, has dreamed about doing for more than 30 years, is prevent migraine attacks from happening in the first place. In the 1980s, in pursuit of this goal, Goadsby focused on the trigeminal nerve system, long known to be the brain's primary pain pathway.
It was there, he suspected, that migraine did its dirty work. Studies in animals indicated that in branches of the nerve that exit from the back of the brain and wrap around various parts of the face and head, overactive cells would respond to typically benign lights, sounds and smells by releasing chemicals that transmit pain signals and cause migraine. The heightened sensitivity of these cells may be inherited; 80 percent of migraine sufferers have a family history of the disorder.
Goadsby co-authored his first paper on the subject in 1988, and other researchers, including Dodick, joined the effort. Their goal was to find a way to block the pain signals. One of the chemicals found in high levels in the blood of people experiencing migraine is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neurotransmitter that is released from one nerve cell and activates the next one in a nerve tract during an attack. Zeroing in on CGRP and interfering with it was hard. It was difficult to find a molecule that worked on that neurotransmitter and left other essential chemicals alone.
As biotech engineers' ability to control and design proteins improved, several pharmaceutical companies developed migraine-fighting monoclonal antibodies. These designer proteins bind tightly to CGRP molecules or their receptors on trigeminal nerve cells, preventing cell activation. The new drugs are “like precision-guided missiles,” Dodick says. “They go straight to their targets.”
It is that specificity, and the fact that scientists actually know how the drugs work, that has Dodick, Goadsby and others excited. In two placebo-controlled trials with a total of 380 people who had severe migraines up to 14 days per month, a single dose of a CGRP drug decreased headache days by more than 60 percent (63 percent in one study and 66 percent in the other).
In addition, in the first study, 16 percent of the patients remained totally migraine-free 12 weeks into the 24-week trial. Larger clinical trials to confirm those findings are currently under way. So far the CGRP drugs work better at prevention than any of the borrowed heart or epilepsy drugs and have far fewer side effects. They are given to patients in a single monthly injection.
Migraine specialists are also exploring other treatments, including forehead and eyelid surgery to decompress branches of the trigeminal nerve, as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive way of altering nerve cell activity.
Lipton says he has had some good results with TMS. He has also referred patients for surgical interventions but says the experience “has been disappointing,” and he is not recommending it. For his part, Goadsby views surgeries and high-tech efforts as a kind of desperation: “They strike me as a cry for help. If we better understood migraine, we'd know better what to do.” | <urn:uuid:6953d55a-ba32-4f0d-a743-704d7a9c3d21> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://planettechnews.com/science/new-nerve-drugs-may-finally-prevent-migraine-headaches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00149-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968418 | 1,027 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Tobacco use is not an equal opportunity killer smoking disproportionately affects those most in need such as the poor, the homeless, racial minorities, lgbt. Conclusions the most vulnerable homeless people face the greatest barriers to utilizing healthcare rough sleepers have particularly low rates. Although estimating the homeless population is difficult, about 14 million children who lack a stable home are vulnerable to a number of adverse outcomes. None of us want our most vulnerable neighbors to end up living on the figure 1 : homeless population as a percentage of total population. The population who experiences homelessness is a heterogeneous group, and other vulnerable groups at-risk of homelessness include individuals with.
Applying the gelberg- andersen behavioral model forvulnerable populations to health service utilization in homeless women journal of health psychology,. Non-profit workers have also been providing masks to farm workers homeless people and farm workers can be especially vulnerable because. Homeless population exceeds a year as they grapple with the same scarcity of indoor shelter for vulnerable homeless individuals and families • revised. California's homeless population now stands at 134,278, according to needs to care for our most vulnerable residents, and i'm proud to be.
To help end the confusion among landlords and homeless people, new york city will streamline its rental assistance voucher program beginning in the fall. New york city has one of the highest homeless populations in the among the most vulnerable homeless individuals are lgbtq youth, who. Tag archives: homeless vulnerability index the tool allows programs to give priority to people who are extremely vulnerable if left to fend for themselves. This, despite more than 14,000 people moving out of homelessness into permanent a final option focuses on the most vulnerable homeless populations,.
in on los angeles, volunteers and organizations have mobilized to help one of the most vulnerable populations in the city: the homeless. Women, unemployed and homeless people experience longer delays in seeking economically poor and vulnerable populations, cultural/ethnic minorities,. Salt lake county's most vulnerable populations program americorps members in a variety of agencies that help the homeless obtain housing, employment,.
All homeless children and youth are vulnerable there has been a lot of a large percentage of the homeless population in the united states. As compared with other cbos that serve vulnerable populations, homeless- service organizations providing emergency shelter or transitional housing have. About two-fifths (41 percent) of the homeless population is made up of more apt to face poverty are also more vulnerable to homelessness. Not surprisingly, smartphones have become a vital tool in helping the nation's most vulnerable population for the homeless, a mobile phone.
Addressing the medical issues of homeless people is the health equity this vulnerable population comprises a human kaleidoscope of. Many of san diego's most vulnerable homeless people either have concerns with shelters or have another reason keeping them from moving. They are the nation's invisible homeless population, undercounted for they're more vulnerable to sexual exploitation there, and they're more. While homelessness can affect any number of people, we do know that some groups of homeless youth are also more vulnerable to crimes and exploitation. | <urn:uuid:380d2a0d-2769-4255-87ac-86034c2d9398> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://hxcourseworkyoie.gvu-edu.us/vulnerable-homeless-population.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511216.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017195553-20181017221053-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.931615 | 622 | 2.65625 | 3 |
WORLD HERITAGE SITES
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 and ratified by the UK in 1984. As at July 2018, 193 states were party to the convention. The convention provides for the identification, protection and conservation of cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value.
Cultural sites may be:
•an extraordinary exponent of human creative genius
•sites representing architectural and technological innovation or cultural interchange
•sites of artistic, historic, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnologic or anthropologic value
•‘cultural landscapes’, ie sites whose characteristics are marked by significant interactions between human populations and their natural environment
•exceptional examples of a traditional settlement or land- or sea-use, especially those threatened by irreversible changes.
•unique or exceptional examples of a cultural tradition or a civilisation either still present or extinct
Natural sites may be:
•those displaying critical periods of earth's history
•superlative examples of on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution of ecosystems
•those exhibiting remarkable natural beauty and aesthetic significance or those where extraordinary natural phenomena are witnessed
•the habitat of threatened species and plants
Governments which are party to the convention nominate sites in their country for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Nominations are considered by the World Heritage Committee, an inter-governmental committee composed of 21 representatives of the parties to the convention. The committee is advised by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ICOMOS evaluates and reports on proposed cultural and mixed sites, ICCROM provides expert advice and training on how to conserve and restore cultural property and IUCN provides technical evaluations of natural heritage sites and reports on the state of conservation of listed sites.
A prerequisite for inclusion in the World Heritage List is the existence of an effective legal protection system in the country in which the site is situated and a detailed management plan to ensure the conservation of the site. Inclusion in the list does not confer any greater degree of protection on the site than that offered by the national protection framework.
If a site is considered to be in serious danger of decay or damage, the committee may add it to the World Heritage in Danger List. Sites on this list may benefit from particular attention or emergency measures to allay threats and allow them to retain their world heritage status, or in extreme cases of damage or neglect they may lose their world heritage status completely. At the 42nd session of the World Heritage Committee in July 2018 Lake Turkana National Parks in Kenya was added to the list and, following safeguarding measures taken by the country, Belize’s Barrier Reef Reserve System was removed. A total of 54 sites are currently inscribed on the World Heritage in Danger List.
Financial support for the conservation of sites on the World Heritage List is provided by the World Heritage Fund, administered by the World Heritage Committee. The fund’s income is derived from compulsory and voluntary contributions from the states party to the convention and from private donations.
WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris Cedex 07, France W | <urn:uuid:74115e62-04db-466e-8f19-3ef4d4d4908c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.whitakersalmanack.com/?id=-116106 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589536.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716232549-20180717012549-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.897453 | 689 | 3.796875 | 4 |
IntroductionColorado (kŏlərădˈə, –rădˈō, –räˈdō) [key], state, W central United States, one of the Rocky Mt. states. It is bordered by Wyoming (N), Nebraska (N, E), Kansas (E), Oklahoma and New Mexico (S), and Utah (W).
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography | <urn:uuid:6fb88fb5-3f56-4035-b3bb-aa19e633d24e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/us/colorado-state-united-states.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011231453/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092031-00041-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.757737 | 125 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Findmypast is working in partnership with IrishCentral to share fascinating insights into your Irish ancestors. Click here to get a special half price subscription, and discover your Irish roots today!
The story of the Easter Rising has been told many times and from many different angles: politics, leaders, participants, victims and more. Historical newspapers lend great immediacy to the events. Unfolding in real time without the benefit of hindsight their focus is not exclusively on famous historical figures, they also give us the story of the ‘man in the street’, how he acted and reacted. They add colour and detail often missing from the sweeping narrative of history books.
Naturally, there are hundreds of articles covering the main events, although the press did have a difficult time gaining access to the city. There are significantly more articles from after the Rising than there are during the week of the 24th April 1916. The events are variously described by the British newspapers as ‘rebellion’, ‘revolt’, ‘trouble’ and ‘grave disturbances’. This is something to keep in mind when searching historical sources, our modern name for an event is not necessarily the name our ancestors would have used. In this instance we also need to be aware of newspaper speak which can be used to heighten or downplay events depending on the agenda of the newspaper.
On the day of The Rising itself, there is no news of the Rising which had started at noon. The Nottingham Evening Post reports on Irishmen’s participation in WW1. This is a powerful reminder of the context in which the Rising happened.
Many of the newspapers report on German support for the rising and reveal the very real fear, at the time, that the events of Easter week would see the full horror of the war being waged on the continent being visited on Ireland. In that week Dublin resembled a war-zone: civilians including thirty children were killed, there were food shortages and a total disruption to daily life, large parts of Dublin were razed to the ground. Residents were asked to notify the authorities if they found bodies to help prevent the spread of disease.
Stories and Snippets
Among the hundreds of articles a few stories stand out as capturing how the ordinary ‘joe soap’ dealt with the uprising around them. A bride left at the altar, the role of women, the price of beef and the disorder in the city are all to be found in newspaper stories.
A Dundee newspaper reported on the forgotten role of women in the rising, something which is only recently being addressed by the history books:
Another story makes you wonder what happened to a soldier dispatched to Dublin on the day of his wedding:
This story paints a vivid picture of the opportunistic response of some of the Dublin citizenry to events.
Finally the price of beef became a concern for some.
If you’d like to find more Easter 1916 Rising stories or see if your ancestors were involved, why not delve into the British and Irish newspapers on Findmypast now?
For more stories on tracing your Irish heritage from Findmypast click here. | <urn:uuid:7174f726-ca00-4e51-a041-c0f0efecaf1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/easter-rising-1916-how-it-was-reported-at-the-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00280-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973205 | 645 | 3.25 | 3 |
STEM vs. STEAM vs. STREAM: Attack of the Acronyms!
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STEM, STEAM, or STREAM – which one should I be emphasizing with my child? What does each one even mean? Read on to learn more about each of these acronyms, as well as how their individual components can help foster unique skills in your child.
Related post: Introducing STEM Homeschool Curriculum
What does STEM stand for?
STEM is an acronym for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. These fields are lauded as the height of innovation and controlled creativity amongst many modern industries and are often studied together because of the interconnected relationships each discipline has with the other.
It is important to teach children about STEM from an early age for a number of reasons. On the logistical end of the spectrum are reasons like a projected seventeen percent growth in careers in the STEM field. On the other, somewhat less measurable end of the spectrum are reasons that speak to the way that STEM teaches children to think at a greater depth than many other subjects are capable of.
How can I use STEM in my classroom?
To this end, it is important to utilize STEM within any classroom. Because STEM activities rate high in their ability to foster a growth mindset, any time you spend on STEM in the classroom will yield high-impact results as your students become more self-efficacious.
Even humanities teachers can utilize STEM in the classroom by issuing challenges based on the books they are reading. We’ve seen teachers challenge students to design Trojan horses after reading The Odyssey, or map out full-scale replicas of Juliet balconies from Romeo and Juliet. The sky is truly the limit when brainstorming ways to integrate STEM across disciplines. For more ideas about bringing STEM into the classroom, check out this bank of blog articles.
How can I use STEM at home?
You will love using STEM in the home because of its ability to captivate your children with self-directed, time-efficient projects. Rather than the quick, easy activities that have your kids asking for a new activity within ten minutes, STEM activities always have a layer of challenge to keep your kids’ brains running!
While this list of STEM activities contains articles for parents and educators alike, feel free to browse for what works for you. We especially love engineering design projects–because these teach children to innovate within constraints in order to create a solution, they’ll keep your child going for hours! We especially love cardboard challenges. In such challenges, children are asked to leverage everyday material, cardboard, to create something new and uniquely functional.
If you are feeling particularly motivated, you can encourage your kid to join the Global Cardboard Challenge! Launched in response to Caine’s Arcade, the Global Cardboard Challenge was launched to foster innovation in children and has become so large that it is sponsored by the likes of Ozobot and Disney. In these such challenges, groups of children select a theme (arcade, inventions, etc.) and create the best prototype that they can. Ideally, their inventions are fully functional and children can show them off to their friends!
What does STEAM stand for?
Although you likely know what four of the letters in this acronym stand for already, we won’t keep you guessing. STEAM stands for science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics. This model incorporates all of the rigor and learning of STEM, but with the addition of artistic thinking.
Proponents of this more integrated model argue that brain development is positively impacted by art. They further assert that because arts education offers a different lens through which to view the world, it can only serve to broaden the mind of future scientists and offer them a variety of ways to evaluate complex situations.
How can I bring art into STEM in the classroom?
A wealth of ideas exists regarding how to bring art into a more technical education. Some teachers choose to integrate art by having students use clay to build replicas of the organisms they are learning about while still others utilize music to teach the way that sound waves travel.
Ultimately, when we find additional ways for students to synthesize their knowledge, we are offering ways for them to build additional connections in their brains. A student who is asked to look at a science concept through an artistic lens is being asked to shift their understanding to a different type of work product, which gives them an additional way to remember unfamiliar concepts.
Leonardo da Vinci was famously quoted as saying, “I have been impressed with the urgency of doing. Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Being willing is not enough; we must do.” In this call to action, da Vinci tells us (and our students) the importance of pushing ourselves to create final products. Da Vinci’s work is a great study in the apex of science and art, and a great springboard for how science can be used to enrich art, and vice versa.
How can I bring art into STEM at home?
There are basic ways to bring art into STEM at home. If you’re feeling a little hesitant at first, consider asking your children to start small. They can keep a nature journal or draw observations of the moon as it changes over time.
If you’d like to attempt larger projects but are looking for more of a curated outlet through which to do so, check out our article on monthly STEM subscriptions to find the best STEM subscription box for your kid. One of our favorite STEAM options is the Green Kids craft box, which includes science articles and premade craft projects for your children to engage in every month. No planning on your part with all of the fun on the part of your children!
Once you’re feeling ready to dive in, you can go so far as to create animal habitats for all of the creepy crawlies your little one is bringing home. You can create circuitry art. You can even study color theory using the scientific method–we’ll definitely want to see your end creation if you try this one!
What does STREAM stand for?
How is STREAM different from STEM and STEAM?
While STEM is simply science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, and STEAM is science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics, STEAM is science, technology, reading, engineering, art, and mathematics. This new emergence takes all of the technical skills of STEM, the artistic genius of STEAM, and integrates the newfound introduction of reading and written communication skills.
At the end of the day, if we are raising future scientists who know how to analyze at a deep level, but do not know how to communicate their findings to the world around them, we are doing very little. It is critical that we teach our future scientists, technology workers, engineers, and mathematicians how to interact with their broader world through the written word.
Furthermore, STEM fields are ever-evolving. This means that anyone entering such a field will need to be adept at researching as their field grows and develops. A strong reader is able to quickly skim a new article and get to the crux of the issue at hand–this saves them time and ensures that they are able to quickly get the information they need in order to move forward. At the end of the day, it’s simple: good readers make good scientists.
How can I bring reading and writing in STEM in the classroom?
There are a variety of ways to support literacy in the science classroom. The first, but often overlooked method is simply reading to learn. Allow your students to introduce themselves to new material by bringing a selection of articles with which they can evaluate a new concept.
Once students begin reading at a heavier volume, you can begin incorporating reading instruction in the science classroom. After all, many standardized science tests are well-disguised reading assessments! Model reading a science article to your students, including the vocabulary that you highlight and the notes that you take. Use science articles as an opportunity to review the main idea and supporting details. Integration tactics like this allow your students to grow in reading while having a secondary means to digest science concepts: a win-win!
How can I bring reading and writing in STEM at home?
Reading and writing in science at home can often look a lot like talking. By moving through a variety of science concepts using oral language, children are exposed to new vocabulary and given the opportunity to practice utilizing it.
Once your child is confident using this language, move into allowing them to dictate their writing to you, or into having them write their own work, depending on age. Consider taking them on nature walks and creating written reflections, or even writing letters to grandparents communicating all of the fabulous experiments that the two of you are doing together at home!
Additionally, consider asking your child to research what they are learning about. For littles, this can look like taking picture notes on read alouds or listening to audiobooks to learn new information. For bigger children, this can look like a more standard research model. The more we encourage our children to find information themselves, and subsequently derive their own meaning from the information they are finding, the more flexible their thought will be as they grow into adulthood.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is science education important?
Quality science education is imperative for children of all ages. The University of Texas states it best by telling us that, “teaching science to students is teaching them how to think, learn, solve problems, and make informed decisions.” In other words, a student with a quality science education is a student who knows how to think deeply and thoroughly, no matter the content at hand.
When did STEAM emerge?
The choice to add arts to science education has emerged only recently. Some experts point to 2015 while some feel that this transition was made a little earlier. Regardless, proponents of adding arts to science education are quick to state that the addition of arts often introduces layers of meaningful collaboration that would not otherwise be present. Additionally, the choice to add art to content has the power to engage female participants at a higher number – because we should all be committed to closing the gender gap in science, we should all be interested in adding layers that will help little girls remain invested in their science education.
When did STREAM emerge?
While STEM truly became a well-known term in 2006, STREAM did not emerge until closer to 2016 or 2018. Dr. Azi Jamalian has been quoted as saying that, “Incorporating design, art, and reading into STEM is a way for anyone, regardless of their technical ability, to be exposed to STEM in a highly impactful and engaging way. It should be accessible,” she says, “to everyone, no matter what their background, gender, or comfort level with technology is.” Ultimately, adding more venues through which people can interact with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, can only serve to increase participation in the field. This increased participation and diversity can lead only to good things, such as increased efficiency and innovation. | <urn:uuid:157b6e45-abc1-4c0c-a8c4-f52d48e5cb0e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://stemgeek.com/stem-vs-steam-vs-stream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.956155 | 2,308 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The musket shots at the Boston Massacre were, arguably, the first in America’s struggle for Independence. The British soldiers killed five men on March 5, 1770. First among them was Crispus Attucks, an African and Native American believed to be a runaway slave. Unfortunately, historians know little about his life. Much of what is known about Attucks stems from a missing slave advertisement printed in the Boston Gazette in 1750.
Attucks was born in Farmingham, Mass., in 1723 to an African slave father, and a Natick Indian mother. Historians believe Attucks ran away in 1750 and began using the alias Michael Johnson. Attucks then became a sailor aboard a whale ship, where he sailed in-and-out of Boston Harbor and served as a rope maker for the next 20 years.
His job brought him into contact with the Royal Navy, who often forced sailors into service for the Crown. The sailors also competed with off-duty British soldiers who made rope for lower pay.
Tensions between laborers and British soldiers boiled over on March 5, 17770, when a British soldier entered a pub where Attucks and other sailors were socializing. According to John Adams (the future President defended the British soldiers on trial for the Boston Massacre) a group of about 30 “motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and mulattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs,” began harassing the soldier and pegging him with sticks and snowballs. Details on what happened next have been debated since, but a large crowd angry at the treatment of a child by a British soldier, gathered outside the State House. The fracas from the pub then moved outside, where a larger group of British soldiers had arrived.
Attucks and his group of sailors approached the soldiers. At that point, the crowd starting throwing debris and a soldier was struck. The Royal Army opened fire, killing five, with the first bullets hitting Attucks. All the victims became martyrs in the eyes of pamphleteers who were setting the stage in the fight for liberty. In an effort to demonize the African-American sailor and exonerate the British soldiers, Adams said Attucks struck first with a “hardiness enough to fall in upon them, and with one hand took hold of a bayonet, and with the other knocked the man down.” All the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre were found innocent, but the seeds of revolution were sown.
Despite laws and customs regulating the burial of blacks, Attucks was buried in the Park Street cemetery along with the other honored dead. A “Crispus Attucks Day” was inaugurated by black abolitionists in 1858, and in 1888, the Crispus Attucks Monument was erected on the Boston Common. However, the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historical Genealogical Society both opposed the monument, saying Attucks was a “villain.”
John Boyle O’Reilly later wrote a poem about Attucks, calling him “The first to defy, and the first to die” | <urn:uuid:b1fc95de-3585-4ab5-9ac4-ceb3dffffb9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://ramericanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/10/31/the-boston-massacre-and-crispus-attucks-the-first-to-defy-the-first-to-die/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315811.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821065413-20190821091413-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.979958 | 642 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Play is essential to the program at All Souls School. There are many kinds of play the children engage in throughout their day at school. Play is necessary for the development of intellect, physical competence, and social skills. Due to the age of the children play is considered work in the classroom. As children explore their world through play, they are engaged in activities that increase their intellects and help them form theories about how the world works. Through the repeated
interaction with materials in the classroom such as sand, clay, water, and blocks, the children are learning about their specific properties and gaining skills by practicing the various ways of controlling their mediums. This leads to constructive play where children use objects to make something such as a sand castle, a colorful painting, or a ball of play dough. When children use the materials to symbolically represent ideas, they are thinking abstractly and forming the skills needed for higher-level abstract thinking.
For example, when children use a block to represent a phone, they are beginning to understand that symbols can represent ideas in a similar way that letters represent sounds when learning to read. They are taking steps toward the abstract from reality and engaging in non-literal thinking. When engaged in play the children are learning social skills that will assimilate as they grow and when interacting with people in the future. They learn to negotiate, to plan ahead, to problem solve, to establish and play by rules, to respect the contributions of others and to stand up for their own ideas. They learn to understand how others are feeling and to respond to the signals that their playmates send. During play children develop a sense of belonging and experience the joys of friendship.
Play is the best way for young children to develop their gross and fine motor skills. Opportunities abound in the classroom for the children to develop their muscles, engage their senses, and challenge their coordination. On the roof the children love to practice climbing, running, tricycle and balance bike riding, building, and inventing games with endless enthusiasm. In the classroom the children tackle physical challenges in a non-competitive, safe environment where learning a new skill while playing with various tools such as scissors or egg beaters reinforces fine motor coordination. The small muscles that work to make a tape picture or guide a paintbrush help children learn to make the precise and refined movements to perform more difficult tasks such as writing. Play allows children an outlet to express their worries, fears, desires and passions. While playing, children work out emotional issues and seek each other out to gain comfort as they communicate through their play.
HOMEMADE PLAYDOUGH Recipe
You know that wonderfully soft playdough the All Souls teachers make for the classrooms? You can make it at home with ingredients you probably already have in your kitchen, in just about 10 minutes. It feels nicer, is all natural, and doesn’t crumble as much as the store bought kind. Here’s the recipe:INGREDIENTS
2 cup Flour
2 cup Water
1/2 cup Salt
1 1/2 Tablespoons of Cream of Tartar
2 Tablespoons of Oil
Food Coloring (if desired)
1. Mix together all the ingredients in a saucepan.
2. Cook over medium heat, stirring constantly.
3. Playdough is finished when not sticky to the touch and of a dough-like consistency. | <urn:uuid:9bd93352-646e-4d45-abfb-dc7965909ac9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.allsoulsschoolnyc.org/program/play | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00838.warc.gz | en | 0.961603 | 690 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Why Should You Use Solar Panels?
It is a common query amongst many homeowners, especially those who are sceptical about whether it is a good investment. Going solar would be one of the best eco-friendly decisions as you can not only cut down your electricity bills but also preserve the non-renewable resources like fossil fuels, including oil and natural gas.
Moreover, solar energy is the most abundant of all other natural resources, and as per the scientific research, it is here for several billion years more. Interestingly, the sun provides nearly 500 EJ (exajoules) of energy every hour, which is a tremendous amount, more than the entire world can use in a year.
Did you know that a home solar panel typically produces around 300 watts per hour? It means that in a normal summer day that provides about 10 hours of sunlight, you can generate about 3000 watts (3 kWh) of power in a single day, which is more than enough for the average household. For more detailed information on power generation and usage per unit, contact a recognised solar company in Rajasthan.
So, if you ask, “Solar panels are not for me”, here are some reasons why you must make the switch right away!
Keep Your Environment Clean
After all, who doesn’t like to live in a healthy and environment-friendly home! Going solar would be one of the major steps to go green as you are contributing to carbon footprint reduction of the planet. Solar energy doesn’t emit harmful pollutants to the air and is absolutely safe to use.
The good news is, an average residential solar panel system is capable of eliminating 3-4 tons of carbon emissions every year, which is equivalent to planting 100+ trees in a year. Moreover, you don’t need to burn any fuel while producing electricity using solar power and can generate much larger amounts of energy than fuel combustion.
Use Solar Energy to Save Costs
We all understand the pain of paying high energy bills every month. But you can eliminate this headache-inducing monthly expense by installing solar panels and generating your own electricity.
Yes, the initial installation costs are not always insignificant, but you can find a reputable solar energy company in Jaipur that can offer reasonable packages, along with impressive warranties. Moreover, it is a one-time investment that will benefit you for 2-3 decades.
You may ask, “How will I use solar energy at night?” There is an efficient solution to this. You can opt for solar batteries and connect them to your solar system. These batteries are capable of storing high amounts of energy, which you can use at night or during a power cut. Batteries get recharged during the day after they receive solar energy again.
Improve Grid Security
Using solar power means lesser chances of experiencing blackouts. Moreover, every household having solar panels installed acts as a mini power plant. It further enhances the security of the electricity grid, reducing the chances of natural or man-made disasters. The best part is if you have any unused energy left, you can export it back to the grid and get paid!
Have a Higher Return on Investment
Solar panels are not just an expense, it is a long-term investment, and you will get high returns for the next 25-30 years, depending on the longevity of your solar system. Moreover, imagine the amount of electricity you will be saving all these years, increasing your ROI percent.
You Can Boost Economic Growth in India
Switching to solar power means you are largely helping the national economy to grow. Greater the number of homeowners going solar, more will be the need for solar companies to install solar panel systems. This means that more will be the skilled manpower required in every solar energy company in Rajasthan and entire India. It contributes to the overall economic growth of the country.
Solar Energy is Free!
There’s nothing like generating huge amounts of electricity using solar power, which is a free renewable energy source. You don’t have any power generation or conversion costs once you get your solar panels installed.
The moment you turn on your solar system, you start saving money. The longer it serves you, the more benefits you can get in terms of environmental support and solar technology. This is why the benefits of solar energy are long-term. Besides, producing electricity, you can use solar power for heating purposes as well by using solar thermal systems.
You can Increase Your Roof Lifespan!
Yes, you heard that right! Solar panels cover a significant portion of your roof (if you install them there), thus keeping it in good condition for many more years. If you install your panels after roof replacement, you may not need to reroof it again as long as the panels are there. Your rooftop solar company will guide you more regarding this, offering you the best solution.
Furthermore, you can use underutilised land to install your panels, thus converting it into a thing of value. If your roof is not suitable for installing solar panels, you can always use any wasteland that has been lying around without any such use.
There is no need to have high prized plots for solar panel installation. This is what happens in solar farms, which place large numbers of solar cells on underutilised plots or farmlands.
Increase Your Property Value
Studies have shown that homes that have solar energy systems installed have much higher property values than homes without them. This means at the time of property sale, you can demand higher values since appraisers take this into consideration while setting valuations for residential properties.
In fact, most modern homeowners who are educating themselves about the advantages of solar systems constantly look for homes having solar panels preinstalled.
So, it’s up to you to decide which would be a better option. Paying high electricity bills or making a one-time investment in solar panel installation and adhering to greener power usage options?
If you are worried about warranties and after-sale support like repair and maintenance, contact a well-known solar energy company in Jaipur. There are contractors who are offering impressive warranty periods and post-installation services, which ensures that your solar systems are functional for years! | <urn:uuid:58271cbe-a9ca-4836-b214-1b7401f6b8a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://sunalphaenergy.com/blog/Why_Should_You_Use_Solar_Panels.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194634.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127221446-20201128011446-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.934238 | 1,277 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The INSIDER Summary:
- Centuries ago, candles were used to mark the years a child had been alive, plus more in the hope of a long life to come.
- Over time, putting candles on birthday cakes spread beyond children’s birthday parties.
For most of human history, ordinary people’s birthdays weren’t cause for much celebration. In fact, in the ancient world if you weren’t among the elite, odds are your birthday would have mostly just been noted for things like astrological purposes, rather than throwing parties in your honor annually.
One of the commonly cited “first” known instances of something like a birthday being celebrated appeared in the book of Genesis (40:20-22),
20 And it came to pass the third day, which was Pharaoh’s birthday, that he made a feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head of the chief butler and of the chief baker among his servants.
21 And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand:
22 But he hanged the chief baker: as Joseph had interpreted to them.
However, according to Dr. James Hoffmeier of Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, this “birthday” party was probably not celebrating the unnamed pharaoh’s literal “birth” day, but rather his coronation, which marked his “birth” as a god. Whatever the case, candles and birthday cakes as we think of them were not a thing at this party as far as we know… perhaps in no small part because he had his baker hanged…
As for slightly better documented history, we know from the Greek historian Herodotus that in the 5th century BCE at least some Persians celebrated their birthdays, possibly even eating some form of sweetened cake due to their practice of eating an “abundance of dessert”-
Of all the days in the year, the one which they celebrate most is their birthday. It is customary to have the board furnished on that day with an ampler supply than common. The richer Persians cause an ox, a horse, a camel, and an ass to be baked whole and so served up to them: the poorer classes use instead the smaller kinds of cattle. They eat little solid food but abundance of dessert, which is set on table a few dishes at a time; this it is which makes them say that “the Greeks, when they eat, leave off hungry, having nothing worth mention served up to them after the meats; whereas, if they had more put before them, they would not stop eating.”
As for the Ancient Greeks themselves, while not connected to a birthday, we do know they served some form of cake with candles to honor Artemis, the goddess who, among other things, had dominion over the Moon. As such, people offered cakes that were not only shaped like said celestial object, but decorated with lit candles, presumably to make it glow. It has also been reported that the smoke of the candles perhaps was thought to help the goddess hear an individual’s prayers as it ascends to the heavens.
Like the Persians, the Romans (circa 2nd century BCE – 5th century CE) are known to have celebrated the birthdays of at least some “commoners,” although it doesn’t appear that the custom was as ubiquitous as it is today. Rather, when a wealthy person reached a major milestone like 50, his family and friends might throw the individual in question a party and serve a special sweetened cake. Despite that the Romans had dipped candles made from tallow going all the way back to around the 5th century BCE, it does not appear that they put candles on the birthday cakes, however.
The Chinese likewise have long had birthday celebrations, though eating cake on said day has only been an exceptionally recent phenomenon, adopted from the Western world. Instead, in China it is traditional to eat longevity noodles on one’s birthday.
During the Middle Ages in the Western world, beyond record keeping not exactly being a priority of the time in this region, it appears birthdays and birthday cakes were not too prevalent, in no small part because of early Catholic dogma that considered birthday celebrations to be pagan heresy.
Things began to change on this front beginning around the 12th century, when records of common births were again being meticulously noted. As babies were also honored with the name of a saint to protect them, people began celebrating their saint’s day (as opposed to their own birthday).
As for re-introducing the birthday cake, this is seemingly thanks to German bakers starting around the 15th century. At this point, they began marketing single-layer cakes for birthdays, especially for one’s first birthday.
By the end of the 18th century, besides the Western world again starting to somewhat commonly celebrate birthdays, the Germans had evolved their birthday cake a bit, including the very wealthy sometimes ordering elaborate, frosted birthday cakes not that different from what we have today. Pertinent to the topic at hand, the Germans were also now putting candles on the birthday cakes, as seen in their Kinderfeste (children’s festival) birthday parties.
As to who came up with the idea of including these candles and why they put them there, this isn’t clear, though it is known that at this point they were adding candles numbering at least the years the child had been alive plus often more in the hope of a long life to come. Thus, it has been speculated that the impetus for the candles was to represent the “light of life.” Other speculative claims state more pagan-like origins, such as that the candles were there to protect the child from evil spirits and that the parties themselves were for grouping together in hopes of fending off evil spirits, with the anniversary of one’s birth supposedly making a person more vulnerable to said spirits.
Whatever the case, the idea of putting candles on birthday cakes seems to have quickly spread beyond children’s birthday parties. For instance, in 1746 Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf had “a Cake as large as any Oven could be found to bake it, and Holes made in the Cake according to the Years of the Person’s Age, every one having a Candle stuck into it, and one in the Middle.”
A half century later in 1801, Prince August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was reported by Johan Wolfgang von Goethe of having on his 52 birthday “a generous-size torte with colorful flaming candles – amounting to some fifty candles – that began to melt and threatened to burn down, instead of there being enough room for candles indicating upcoming years, as is the case with children’s festivities of this kind.”
From here this practice of ornate, candled cakes for one’s birthday spread throughout Europe, presumably initially with the elite of the continent copying one another and it filtering down to those who could afford it from there.
As for the United States, primarily for religious reasons, celebrating birthdays at all didn’t become widely popular until the early 19th century. Notably while Protestants were coming to embrace the idea of a birthday at this point, Catholics in the country still largely had religious issues with celebrating the anniversary of one’s birth.
It should also be reiterated that at this stage having sweetened cake on one’s birthday, particularly multi-layered, frosted ones as we often see today, was still something of an expensive luxury only the affluent could afford. It wasn’t until the end of the 19th century that ordinary people had sufficient funds, and ingredients were cheap enough thanks to the industrial revolution, that the masses began incorporating enriched, frosted birthday cakes as part of a birthday celebration.
When this happened, the idea of a candled cake and party on one’s birthday became nearly ubiquitous in the Western world, as it is today, save for some who still abstain from the practice for religious reasons.
So in the end, while the tradition of putting candles on cake and serving it on one’s birthday may seem like a timeless practice, this is actually a relatively modern phenomenon in human history.
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy subscribing to our new Daily Knowledge YouTube channel, as well as:
- How Did the Practice of Women Jumping Out of Giant Cakes Start?
- The Truth About Marie Antoinette and Her Cake
- Why We Say “Have Your Cake and Eat It Too”
- How Trick Candles Work
- Why Do We Cross Our Fingers for Luck and When Lying?
- The music to Happy Birthday to You was written down in 1893 by Patty and Mildred J. Hill. Originally with different lyrics and titled Good Morning to All, it was sung at the start of the school day. Despite that they likely copied the tune from somewhere else and in turn someone else came up with the modern lyrics a couple decades later, up until 2015 the song was copyrighted, earning a couple million dollars annually for Warner/Chappell Musicwho claimed they held the copyright. However, finally in 2015 a class action lawsuit against said company was settled for $14 million when Warner/Chappell could not show that they actually held the copyright for the song, despite that they’d been charging businesses to use the song to the tune of about $2 million per year, as mentioned. It appears from this that the song may now be in the public domain, though this isn’t quite clear yet, as it’s technically possible another company may come forward to claim copyright on it, though this is probably unlikely. Happy Birthday’s previous copyright status is why at certain restaurants they have their own unique version of the song they sing to customers on their birthdays.
- Although there are reports of even older people, the oldest verified person ever was a French woman, Jeanne Calment, who died on August 4, 1997 at the age of 122 years, 164 days. This is possibly around the oldest any human could live due to telomeres shortening. In a nutshell, telomeres prevent the strands of DNA from coming undone and also prevent them from accidentally fusing with neighboring chromosomes. The issue is that these end caps get shorter each time the cell divides owing to the fact that the enzymes that duplicate the DNA, with a little help from short pieces of RNA, cannot do so all the way to the end of a chromosome. So something gets cut off every time a replication occurs. Telomeres ensure that what is cutoff isn’t critical information. But the result of this shortening each time is that telomeres eventually become too short to provide an adequate buffer. For reference, human cells can only be replicated around forty to seventy times before the telomeres become too short. This leads to the cell no longer being able to correctly replicate and to cell death. So if you took every cell in your body at the time you were born and accounted for all the cells they would produce and so on, multiplied that number by the average time it takes for those cells to die, you get what is known as the ultimate Hayflick limit- the maximum number of years humans can theoretically live. That would be about 120 years, give or take! (You can learn more about this in our article here: Can Lobsters Really Not Die of Old Age?)
- Of the 100 oldest verified people, the youngest was American Delma Kollar, who died on January 24, 2012 at the age of 114 years, 85 days. Interestingly, among those 100 people, only 6 were men.
Want to gain some daily interesting knowledge? Today I Found Out offers a free daily newsletter to help you feed your brain. | <urn:uuid:3944e4f0-cfc7-446b-86e4-856d50823189> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.businessinsider.com/why-we-put-candles-on-birthday-cakes-2016-11?utm_source=intl&utm_medium=ingest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.979393 | 2,464 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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For Kids with Asthma, Rising Temperatures Require Extra Caution
For children with asthma, the warm summer months are anything but carefree. Pennsylvania resident Claudia Ramos constantly worries about her 12-year-old son Jesse's health when temperatures rise toward the end of the school year and throughout the summer months.
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Sharad Goyal, MD is the first-ever recipient of The LUNG FORCE Research Innovation Project: Lung Cancer in Women Award, funded by the American Lung Association's LUNG FORCE initiative, which raises awareness of the impact of lung cancer in women and critical funds for lung cancer research.
Mishka, the Little Sea Otter with an Inhaler
You might assume that asthma is a human condition, but animals can have asthma, too. In fact, it's fairly common in cats and horses. Marine animals with asthma, on the other hand, are a lot less common. Mishka is the first known sea otter to be diagnosed with asthma.
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Nutritional Supplements for Asthma? Not So Fast.
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The mission of the Lung Association is to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease. Research is vital to that mission. Through the Awards and Grants program, our pledge to the future of lung health research is demonstrated, as investing in young investigators is key to gaining a long-term commitment to lung disease research. | <urn:uuid:272cf1cc-0c22-4abe-9b07-caa0a3d1bd5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2016/index.jsp?page=6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.933284 | 726 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Occasionally you may encounter green spots on mandarin oranges.
Since oranges are initially green before turning orange, this is almost inevitable. But not every green spot is the same.
While it’s easy to assume that the mandarin oranges aren’t fully ripe, mold is another possibility.
This can leave you wondering whether you need to let the oranges sit in the sun a little longer- or toss them in the garbage.
Since orange peels are rarely eaten, you may very well be tempted to simply peel the orange, remove the green spots, and enjoy the fruit. But is this a safe practice- especially if the culprit is mold?
Green Spots on Mandarin Oranges
Mandarin oranges will often have green spots, even if they are fully ripened. The culprit is chlorophyll, which protects the oranges from sunburn- especially when they’re grown in warmer climates- and results in green spots. However, moldy mandarin oranges also have green spots. In this case, the oranges are spoiled and should be discarded.
Mandarin Oranges Green Spots
1. Unripened mandarin oranges will have green spots
Most likely, you are already well aware of the fact that mandarin oranges were originally green.
So, it’s only natural for you to assume that the green spots mean that the fruit hasn’t completely ripened – and you may be correct.
Farmers don’t always wait until the mandarin oranges are fully orange-colored before picking them, as the fruit still needs to withstand being transported and sold before it is consumed.
If you think about it, you’ve probably noticed the same scenario with bananas.
It’s actually very common for green bananas to be sold at the grocery store. They aren’t ripe yet, but they will be soon.
The same can happen with mandarin oranges, especially since they soften quicker than many other varieties of oranges. In this case, you may want to wait a day or so for them to fully ripen.
2 Chlorophyll causes green spots on mandarin oranges
Occasionally, mandarin oranges will still have green spots even after they are fully ripened due to a natural compound known as chlorophyll.
Most plants contain chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis to occur.
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to create energy and food that’s necessary for the plants to thrive.
While you may view orange trees differently than your rose bushes, the process is basically the same.
Orange peels produce chlorophyll to protect the fruit from being damaged by the sun’s rays and fuel the continued growth of the fruit.
Sometimes the mandarin oranges that are tucked deep within the leaves of the tree will produce more chlorophyll to maximize any benefits received by sunlight.
On the other hand, mandarin oranges that are grown in warmer climates may also produce more chlorophyll to protect themselves from sunburn.
3. Moldy mandarin oranges often have green spots
But green spots on mandarin oranges aren’t always normal or healthy. When mandarin oranges begin to spoil, they’ll often develop mold.
While the mold usually starts out white, it will turn green, black, or blue as the fruit continues to spoil.
Fortunately, it’s usually easy to tell the difference between green spots and mold. But if you aren’t sure, you can examine the oranges for other signs of spoilage.
Rotten mandarin oranges will be soft and squishy. The fruit may also smell funny or be dried out.
Moldy mandarin oranges should always be immediately discarded. Even if the mold itself isn’t harmful, it may contain bacteria, such as Salmonella, Listeria, or E.coli, which can make you very sick.
4. When it’s safe to eat mandarin oranges with green spots
If you suspect that your mandarin oranges aren’t fully ripened, you can always just wait to eat them.
But if you don’t want to wait, you should be careful about the higher citric acid level contained in unripe oranges. As far as the flavor, the jury seems to still be out.
Re-greened mandarin oranges are another story altogether. They actually taste sweeter than your average mandarin orange.
These oranges are fully ripened and contain more chlorophyll due to high temperatures or their position on the tree.
But sometimes, they turn completely orange and then become green again after a heatwave. This is called regreening, and this natural process can lead to some of the sweetest mandarin oranges that you’ve ever tasted.
Frequently Asked Questions Green Spots on Mandarin Oranges
How can you tell if a mandarin orange has gone bad?
Spoiled mandarin oranges will feel soft and squishy to the touch. They may also start to lose their signature citrus scent and smell off to you. You should go ahead and discard spoiled mandarin oranges- especially if they’ve begun to develop mold.
Why do my mandarin oranges taste sour?
Usually, dried soil is the culprit. When the soil is too dry, the mandarin oranges will be unable to receive the needed amount of nutrients, which will result in a sour taste. If your mandarin oranges are dried out, that’s also a sign of spoilage, so you may want to consider throwing them out.
How long can mandarin oranges be stored?
When stored at room temperature on your kitchen table or counter, mandarin oranges will only stay fresh for about a week. But if you store them in your refrigerator in an airtight plastic bag or container, they’ll last anywhere between two weeks to a month.
Conclusion About Green Spots on Mandarin Oranges
As long as the green spots on your mandarin oranges aren’t caused by mold, it’s still safe to eat the fruit. Sure, the oranges may not be fully ripe, but the flavor shouldn’t be affected much if they’re mostly orange.
But sometimes, the green spots may actually give the mandarin oranges a slightly sweeter taste- and there’s a possibility that they could be fully ripened. Mandarin oranges that are grown in hot, humid climates are known to have green spots due to increased chlorophyll production.
So, it’s really your call as to whether you want to go ahead and eat mandarin oranges with green spots. Mandarin oranges are still a sweet, juicy snack that offers many nutritional benefits– even if they have green spots. | <urn:uuid:01919659-1761-4982-b4fa-a28539d1b609> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://foodandfizz.com/green-spots-on-mandarin-oranges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.932666 | 1,397 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Story Overview: The city of Athens was a centre of idol worship (idol- anything that is worshipped above God -often a statue or carving). Paul was able to address a crowd at a huge meeting which took place at the “Areopagus” (Romans referred to this place as Mars Hill in honour of the Greek god of thunder and war). Even though many in the crowd sneered at him, Paul preached that it is wrong to worship idols. There is only one God and He created the universe and all that is in it. Nothing can be worshipped except God.
Idols are anything that we love more than God (sports, entertainment, clothes, etc.)
|Background Study||Way to Introduce the Story||The Story|
|Review Questions||Craft and Activity Ideas||Online Resources|
Way to Introduce the Story:
Before class cut five small pieces of paper for each student. In class ask the students to use the cards to write down their five most favourite things in the whole world. After everyone has done this then ask them to put the cards in order with the most important thing first. Lead the discussion so that the children will see how that the most important things seem to take the most time, money, etc. Hopefully some of the children will have put “God” on one of their cards. I f they haven’t then give them an extra card so that they can (without embarrassing them). “In today’s story we are going to learn about a city that thought that their idols were the most important things in the world. (Idol- anything that is worshipped above God -often a statue or carving)”
- What city in Greece had many idols (even one to an “Unknown god”)? Athens
- What is an idol? Anything that is worshipped above God -often a statue or carving.
- Why is it wrong to worship an idol? There is only one God and He wants us to worship Him only.
- What things can people love more than God? Sports, TV, money, toys, etc.
- Ask the class to list things that people consider more important than God.
- Continue to add words to the “Paul” poster.
- Continue to trace Paul’s second missionary journey on the map.
- Look up songs in the church song book that talk about exalting God. (Above All Else, We Exalt Thee, etc.)
- Sing: I Can Be a Missionary or This Little Light of Mine
- Craft: Make a relief map of Paul’s Journies featuring the place in today’s story. If you are studying about Paul’s journies over a few lessons then you could add more details to the map each time you learn about another stop on the journey. Instructions on how to make a relief map at http://www.squidoo.com/salt-dough-maps
- Check the Teaching Ideas page on this website for ideas that are adaptable to any lesson.
- Find other ideas on the Pinterest Board “Book of Acts:Paul
Other Online Resources:
- Colouring page and puzzle worksheets at http://www.calvarycurriculum.com/pdf/childrenscurriculum/NEW/CURR263.PDF
- Craft: Doorknob hanger from http://www.sundayschoolcrafts.net/paul-doorknob-hanger.php
- A good selection of puzzles and games to print at http://www.gardenofpraise.com/bibl67s.htm
- Review: Create a “passport” that covers the life of Paul. Good visual ideas and activities. Could be split up to go with several lessons or taught all together as a review of previous lessons concerning Paul found at http://kidsbibledebjackson.blogspot.co.nz/2013/03/review-of-pauls-life.html | <urn:uuid:9dd2be5e-336d-43c6-83f6-f50396969875> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://missionbibleclass.org/1b0-new-testament/new-testament-part-2/acts-epistle-selections/paul-preaches-in-athens-mars-hill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119654194.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030054-00076-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931367 | 840 | 3.890625 | 4 |
With the permission of the author, Professor Allan Mazur , I’m honored to bring to you excerpts from his 2007 article: A Statistical Portrait of American Jews into the 21st Century .
A portrait of American Jews can be drawn from the cumulative General Social Surveys (GSS), which since 1972 has annually or biennially interviewed random samples of about 1,500 adults, producing an aggregate Jewish sample of over 1,000 respondents. Most of the following analysis compares Jews with non-Jews of similar background. Called “Controls,” they are white, college educated, and living in one of the nation’s large urban areas of the “blue states” in the nation’s East and West. Requiring Controls to have a college degree is conservative because only half of Jews have that level of education. Therefore, where appropriate, comparisons are restricted to college educated Jews. Jews comprise 2% of the population, Controls another 6%. A third comparison group, called “Others,” includes the remaining 92% of Americans
By the 12th century, Jews were split into two distinct cultural groups. The Sephardim lived in Islamic countries, particularly Moorish Spain, and spoke Ladino, which sounds like Spanish but is written with Hebrew letters. The Ashkenazim lived in Christian Europe, speaking German-sounding Yiddish, which also is written in Hebrew letters. They shared as core religious writings the Torah and Talmud but differed on peripheral rituals.
The first Jews to arrive in North America were a shipload of Sephardim, fleeing persecution in Portuguese Brazil. They landed in New Amsterdam in 1654. New York City has been a center of Jewish life every since. Perhaps half of the Jews who arrived over the next two centuries were Sephardim; at least all the congregations established before 1800 — in New York, Newport, Philadelphia, Savannah, Charleston, and Richmond — followed Sephardic ritual. Historians often refer to these Sephardim as the “first wave” of Jewish immigration to North America.
The second wave comprised German Jews coming in the mid-1800s. The 1840s were a time of poor economic and political conditions in the German states, encouraging both Christians and Jews to seek more freedom and the better economic opportunities offered by America’s growing cities, its westward expansion, and the California gold rush. By 1880 there were 250,000 Jews in America — most having come as part of this broader German immigration — spread fairly evenly across the country’s towns and cities, often working as merchants. The prevalent Jewish denomination of America had changed from Sephardic orthodoxy to permissive Reform, which originated in eighteenth century Germany by assimilating to Christian forms. Most German Jews, like the Sephardim before them, found acceptance and prosperity in America, some attaining extreme wealth and social prominence. Thirteen percent of GSS respondents say their ancestors came from Germany or Austria.
My grandparents came in the third wave — the two million Jews from Russia and other Eastern European nations who arrived between 1880 and 1924, mostly settling on the urbanized East Coast and in more distant cities like Chicago and Los Angeles. This third wave was by far the largest, first because there were more Jews in Russia than the earlier regions of departure, and second because their passage was facilitated by the recent introduction of large-capacity steamships on trans-Atlantic routes. Between 1880 and 1924, the total Jewish population of the United States increased by 800 percent. Forty-two percent of GSS respondents say their ancestors came from Russia, 15% from Poland, and another 10% from elsewhere in eastern Europe – 67% altogether.
The newly arrived immigrants, looking for work, were unwelcome competition to laborers already here. Prosperous Americans also found the East Europeans an unappealing group, often living in crowded slums, without English language or Anglo-style manners. Like contemporary immigrants from Italy or Asia, they seemed ridden with vice and disease. Even the German Jews initially held the East European Jews at arm’s length, sometimes alienated by the religious orthodoxy that enveloped the Russians’ lives and discouraged assimilation, and sometimes threatened by Yiddish-accented radicals who rejected Judaism and espoused socialism or communism. But by the 1890s, at least the leaders of the German Jewish community had largely overcome their prejudices, establishing charities and schools to integrate and uplift these Jews into American life. Most Americans were not so charitable. In 1924, responding to the growing nativism of home-born whites against immigrants and blacks — at a time when the Ku Klux Klan could march in Washington, DC — the United States passed restrictive immigrations laws, effectively stopping new arrivals from Eastern and Southern Europe.
With immigration essentially ended, the broadest trends for American Jews during the rest of the century were speedy assimilation and remarkable success. Increasingly Jews became integrated into the educational system, the work force, and disproportionately into the professions. Blatant anti-Semitism was largely gone by mid-century though never fully disappearing. With economic improvement, Jews moved to better housing, usually toward the suburbs, still favoring Jewish neighborhoods. Religious practices adjusted to the permissive American environment with Reform Judaism becoming far more popular than the Orthodoxy of Eastern Europe, and Conservatism emerging as a compromise position. Judaism’s adaptations to America included keeping a kosher home but eating in restaurants, observing the High Holidays but working on Saturday, driving to the synagogue for services but parking a respectable distance away, giving bat mitzvahs for girls as well as bar mitzvahs for boys, elevating the importance of Hanukkah as an occasion for December gift giving, and increasing acceptance of intermarriage.
The mid-century’s pivotal events were World War II and in its aftermath the creation of Israel, both having more symbolic than physical impact since relatively few American Jews suffered immediate family loses or immigrated to the new nation. Nonetheless, Nazism and the establishment of a Zionist “homeland” were deeply emotional events, more important than religion as components of American Jewish identity. During my dissertation research on Jewish social scientists, undertaken in 1967, I found few Jewish professors who were religious but many who felt a strong Jewish identification, often emoting over the Holocaust or their pride in Jewish intellectual achievements, or in the accomplishments of the new Jewish nation. Some of my subjects, at that late date, still refused to buy a Volkswagen. The Six Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors broke out in June 1967, toward the end of my research. My subjects became extremely involved in that crisis; several were surprised at the depth of their feelings. This surprise was equally prevalent among those who had previously been apathetic or sympathetic toward Israel (Mazur 1971, 1972, 1973).
The 1960s and 70s were decades of resurgent ethnic pride among Americans of all shades, first among blacks during the Civil Rights Movement, then American Indians, Hispanics, even white “unmeltable ethnics” (Novick 1972). Jews were affected too, especially by the Six Day War, a stunning display of military machismo, banishing the shameful image of sheep led to slaughter. A 1967 poster brilliantly caught the spirit, showing a bespectacled Woody Allen-type figure in black Hasidic garb with beard and side curls, crammed in a phone booth, tearing open his shirt to reveal a Superman emblem beneath. In the moment’s euphoria, there was no hint of the troubles that would follow that lightning victory and occupation of Palestinian territories.
Parenthetically, American Hasidism, which some regard as historically long lived, is in fact another resurgent movement of the 1960s. There were few if any Hasidim in the United States before that time. Today they are concentrated in the New York metropolitan area, visually salient but numerically few. Hasidim notwithstanding, the modal trend among American Jews is away from traditional Judaism.
In 1998, the United States was one of 29 nations participating in a survey of religious attitudes and behavior, coordinated by the International Social Survey Programme. The survey covered religious beliefs about God, miracles, heaven and hell; frequency of worship; and participation in church activities (http://www.gesis.org/en/data_service/issp/data/1998_Religion_II.htm). By every measure, the United States was more religious than most other nations. One statement, “The Bible is the actual word of God and it is to be taken literally, word for word,” is a good indicator of core fundamentalist belief. Respondents in the Philippines and Chile lead all other nations in choosing this literalist response; the United States ranks seventh. Americans are three times more likely than Britons or most Europeans to believe the Bible is literally God’s word.
There have been several suggestions why Americans are more devout than Europeans (Stark and Finke 1993; Noll 2001), and far more accepting of religious beliefs that are highly implausible on scientific and logical grounds (Mazur 2007). The answer is not wholly settled, but we can say that this is nothing new. The French traveler Alexis de Tocqueville, famous for his observations of American society during a visit in 1831, wrote in a letter to a friend, “It’s obvious there still remains here [in the United States] a greater foundation of Christianity than in any other country of the world to my knowledge” (Pierson 1938).
We must appreciate the inordinate religiosity, especially fundamentalist religiosity, of Christian America without overstating it. Today we have evangelical megachurches, “born again” televangelists, Christian radio, best-selling novels about the 18 coming rapture, and elected officials promoting fundamentalist Christian precepts. But the appearance may be deceiving. There was in the U.S. during the early to middle 20th century a disproportionate increase in fundamentalist congregants relative to moderate mainline denominations, probably due to higher birth rates among the fundamentalists (Stark and Finke 1993; Noll 2001). Since 1972, according to GSS data, there has been little change in weekly attendance at religious services. Since 1983, when a prayer question was first asked in the survey, there has been little change in the frequency of personal prayer. Since 1984, when the GSS refined its classification of Protestant denominations (Smith 1987), there has been little change in the distribution of respondents among fundamentalist, moderate, and liberal denominations, except for brief fluctuations in the late 1980s (Figure 2-2).
The media’s exaggerated picture of fundamentalist growth is partly explained by the political ascendancy of the South due to population and economic shifts away from the Northeast. This enabled the election of Jimmy Carter, the first southern president of modern times. Carter was a moderate Democrat but more importantly a born again Christian and a distinct break from the conventional Christianity of his predecessors. Bill Clinton of Arkansas, a Southern Baptist, and especially George W. Bush of Texas made the White House a venue for the kind of religiosity that had earlier seemed a backward feature of the remnant Confederacy. Media impressions notwithstanding, American Protestants have not departed much from the religious traditions of their parents, but that still leaves us a very religious nation. A benign aspect of American religiosity is that, unlike many other devout nations, the United States is usually tolerant of minority creeds. I am not forgetting episodes of bigotry against Catholics, Mormons, and of course Jews, but religion is one of our lesser bases for nastiness against compatriots, surely far less than race. Besides being constitutionally guaranteed, most Americans personally tolerate all forms of religious belief, possibly excepting atheism. The Jews who came to live here, once they learned English and adopted the cultural veneer of America, found an environment that was not palpably hostile. Indeed, by the final third of the 20th century many Jewish community leaders complained implicitly that America was too accepting, inviting assimilation and literally seducing Jews to their collective demise through intermarriage. Anti-Semitism had functioned for centuries to keep Jews intact through endogamy. Without intolerance, or with very little of it, what happens to the survival of Judaism?
Since 1984 the General Social Surveys has asked how they regard the Bible, respondents select one of three choices:
a. The Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word;
b. The Bible is the inspired word of God but not everything in it should be taken literally;
c. The Bible is an ancient book of fables, legends, history, and moral precepts recorded by men.
The percentages in Table 3-1 show that Jews and Controls are both skeptical – compared to other Americans — that the Bible is the literal word of God, but Jews are more incredulous even than Controls that there is any holy inspiration at all. Half of Jews regard The Bible as a book of fables. (In each row, numbers that are very close are boldfaced.)
Table 3-2 summarizes additional GSS questions about religious belief or practice. (Sample sizes in parentheses vary because different questions were asked in different years.) All show the same pattern: Jews are considerably less religious than Controls, while the Controls barely differ from Others. By these measures, Jews are far less religious than American Christians, as previously reported by Mayer et al. (2001).
We should not press this point too far. Roughly half of Jews still hold fairly conventional beliefs and practices: accepting that the Bible as inspired by God, occasionally attending religious services, believing in life after death, praying weekly. Specific Jewish religious practices were reported for 2000-01 by the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) from interviews of a representative sample of over 4,000 U.S. Jews (United Jewish Communities 2004):
Light Chanukah candles 72%
Hold/attend Passover seder 67%
Fast on Yom Kippur 59%
Belong to a synagogue 46%
Light Shabbat candles 28%
Attend Jewish services monthly+ 27%
Keep kosher at home 21%
Lighting Chanukah candles tops the list. Since my childhood, rabbis have bemoaned the rising popularity of religiously insignificant Chanukah, seeing it cards and gifts (and occasional “Chanukah bush”) as accommodations to the Christmas season. The Passover seder, certainly important religiously, is coincident with Easter and may be reinforced for that reason. (I suppose since The Da Vinci Code everyone knows that The Last Supper was a Passover seder.) Only about a quarter of Jews observe the Sabbath – one of the Ten Commandments – even to the extent of lighting Shabbat candles. Less than half of NJPS respondents belonged to a synagogue in 2001. Among these synagogue members, 38% reported their denomination as Reform, 33% as 22 Conservative, 22% as Orthodox, and 7% as other types. Mayer et al. (2001), using different assumptions, provide congruent estimates of synagogue membership and relative size of denominations.
End of Part 1
To continue reading, click on these links:
- The Jewish Vote
- Jewish Income, Education, and Occupation – A Statistical Portrait of American Jews into the 21st Century
- The American Jewish Family – A Statistical Portrait of American Jews into the 21st Century | <urn:uuid:f7ccf144-09bd-4c02-86fa-0a4e2cacc8eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.onjewishmatters.com/archives/8304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256764.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522063112-20190522085112-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.959102 | 3,162 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Focus Area #1: Engagement
Oreos Eh?: Canadian versus American Oreo offerings are explored pictorially here. If you’re seriously considering an Oreo theme in one of your classes, this collection of pictures can spark many questions that tie in nicely to statistics, algebra, geometry, fractions, decimals, percents, and more.
Oreo Double Stuf: Julie Reulbach has posted a blog entry showing a wonderfully engaging Oreo exploration with her grade 6 class (grade 7-12 keep reading, this can be done in any grade!). She showed her students four packages of different types of Oreos, then asked “any questions?” Her students settled on “is Double Stuf really double the filling” and then explored how to answer it. Brilliant open-ended exploration with answers showing knowledge of measurement, volume, algebra, and more.
Focus Area #2: Critical Thinking
Mega Stuf Oreos: One Precalculus teacher’s blog response to the “how much Stuf is in Mega Stuf Oreos – Double, Triple, or…?” is a lovely pictorial rendition of the process, without revealing the answer in the post (spoiler alert – at the end of the post he has a link to the math he used to obtain the answer). Why not have your students find answers to the question, then compare methods and answers?
Sprinkler Mathematics: Robert Kaplinsky has written a great blog post showing a student activity on sprinklers and geometry. Using Google Earth images, students determine the optimum placement of sprinklers to ensure optimum grass watering for a field. (Additionally, how many Oreos would it take to cover the area the sprinklers cover? …not in the blog post but could spark another exploration of circles and area!)
Focus Area #3: Connections
Oreo Caloric Intake: A blog post written by Nathan Kraft explores the question of whether eating just the filling of Oreos contains more calories than eating just the cookies. From algebra to visual representation, there are pictures of various ways to solve this – but why not show your students the two pictures of Oreo packages and nutrition information at the beginning of the post and pose the question “Who’s getting more calories? What can we do to figure this out?”
Scratch: Check out “Scratch”, the new website for MIT’s coding tool. They also have math-specific goodies already available and shared by Scratch users! Students from grades 4-12 are already experimenting with this coding tool – get your students to dabble in coding!
Focus Area #4: Professional Learning
Oreology Resource: Submitted for your perusal somewhat tongue-in-cheek in this “professional learning” section, Christopher Danielson claims to have the “most comprehensive Oreology resource” available on the Internet. For all things Oreo (tied to mathematics, of course!) check out his collection here. Particularly useful is his “comprehensive Oreo database”, a listing of all possible varieties of Oreo ever produced as well as calories, mass per serving, and lots of potential mathematical explorations trapped within.
Sir Ken Robinson: On a more serious PD note, if you missed last Monday’s live session with Sir Ken Robinson through Discovery Education, you can view the recording of the one-hour conversation. He has also posted an article which advocates making education personal for each student.
Focus Area #5: Current Research
“So what should we say when children complete a task – say, math problems – quickly and perfectly? Should we deny them the praise they have earned? Yes. When this happens, say ‘Whoops, I guess that was too easy. I apologize for wasting your time. Let’s do something you can really learn from!’ ” (mindset – the new psychology of success: How We Can Learn to Fulfill our Potential, Carol S. Dweck, Ballantyne Books 2006)
Dweck’s research is tested and proven in various classrooms across North America. Her writing focuses on moving people from “fixed mindsets” to “growth mindsets”. The book offers some wonderful theory on how we think, and how we can move away from intelligence and ability to effort and perseverance – and ties this into key methods for working with students who struggle.
Focus Area #6: Ressources en Francais
30% Moins de Gras que les Oreo Ordinaires: Well this blog post is brief, but it starts with a statement that you could pose to your MY students and have them prove (or disprove) mathematically. The blogger asserts “Je ne suis pas expert en mathématiques, mais 30% moins de gras par deux biscuits, c’est juste 30% de moins… point.” | <urn:uuid:38ee3275-49b9-4075-8e5e-6b12231f0063> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://joyofeducation.wordpress.com/2013/05/13/marvelous-oreo-math-monday-05-13-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822747.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018051631-20171018071631-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.905382 | 1,031 | 3.25 | 3 |
CHINASE | ENGLISH
When FY-4 encounters the “King of Typhoon”: You have been seen through by me. Come on!
When you are preparing rain gear and food and ready to lie flat on the weekend, you must have known the route of the “King of Typhoon" – “Lekima”. “Lekima”, the ninth typhoon this year, has presented a fierce and high-profile figure since its appearance on the sea in the east of Philippines at 2 p.m. on August 4, 2019, grabbing the headlines and drawing a lot of attention.
At 3:00 p.m. on August 5, “Lekima” arrived in the sea surface 1300 kilometers away from Fuzhou, Fujian Province. It continued to advance westwards and was highly likely to land China. In response to the challenge of the “King of Typhoon”, FY-4A was fully prepared for continuous and intensive observation of “Lekima” to watch its movements.
At 6 p.m. on August 7, “Lekima” continued to approach the sea surface about 1000 km southeast of Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, and the typhoon intensity increased from Level 10 severe tropical storm to Level 16 super typhoon. At the same, the route shifted towards north, and the most likely landing place changed from Taiwan and Fujian to the land or offshore waters of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.
On August 8, “Lekima” developed into the severest typhoon, with the intensity increasing to Level 17. At 5:00 p.m., it was about 650 kilometers from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. At 06:00 on August 9, the center of “Lekima” was located on the sea surface about 335 kilometers southeast of Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, and was expected to land on the central and northern coast of Zhejiang Province in the night of August 9 or in the early morning of August 10. It may become the severest typhoon to land in China this year.
Each of the hottest headlines is inseparable from a skillful “behind-the-scenes” pusher. The rising exposure of “Lekima” this time was exactly attributed to the continuous monitoring by FY-4A satellite 36,000 kilometers above the earth.
In order to monitor “Lekima”, FY-4A satellite started the intensive observation mode and conducted dynamic monitoring throughout the process, so as to forecast the typhoon route and intensity on a 24-hour basis and provide high-frequency and high-quality observation data for the meteorological department. The advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) equipped for the satellite carried out 15-min intensive observation on “Lekima” and provided the cloud map data and temperature and humidity data in and around China; the geosynchronous interferometric infrared sounder (GIIRS) was used to carry out 30-min intensive observation on the typhoon sensitive area obtained by the GRAPES numerical prediction system and provide the vertical profile data of atmospheric temperature and humidity of the typhoon sensitive area; the ground application system can greatly improve the accuracy of typhoon route forecast by conducting data fusion of different observation elements provided by the two high-precision instruments.
Since the launch of the satellite at the end of 2016, FY-4A satellite has become the “mainstay” of China Meteorological Administration when every major meteorological disaster occurred. Since China entered the flood season in March 2019, FY-4A satellite has been on duty 24 hours. With the capability of observing the earth in 15 minutes, observing China in 5 minutes, and observing the area of typhoon or strong convection weather in one minute, FY-4A satellite provides uninterrupted meteorological observation data for China and its surrounding areas, and has made great contribution to preventing and mitigating disasters and ensuring the safety of people’s lives and property in China.
In the face of the annual “King of Typhoon”, FY-4A satellite has mapped out a strategy and got fully prepared. It therefore can encounter “Lekima” with great confidence: You have been seen through by me. Come on!
Sources of partial materials: National Satellite Meteorological Center, Numerical Weather Prediction Center of CMA
Author: Zhang Liguo | <urn:uuid:2d6f0e46-9e03-4f31-aa0c-201ce7f08750> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.sast.net/news/92.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.951079 | 936 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Why Student Led
Why are student leader-led initiatives a critical part of a comprehensive mental health strategy
Student leader led initiatives offer multiple advantages.
- Peers influence students.Both students and counselors advised that students are more comfortable talking about difficult situations with fellow students who they trust.
- Student leaders have a better grasp on the realities of the current student experience than others, even those who are on campus. This is not to say that others have no grasp of the student experience, but the student perspective is a valuable piece of the puzzle.
- Part of the student experience is that it involves more than just the time on campus. Students’ experience is a whole person experience in a whole life and a whole community – work, family, personal relationships are all part of a person’s experience and events in one ripple through all the others – there’s a domino effect. It’s hard for others to see all those other parts of a student’s experience and remember they’re part of the puzzle.
- Students are not necessarily limited by traditional views of mental health strategies. If innovation is desired, then student-led initiatives offer an opportunity to explore approaches that are driven by different worldviews. Successful initiatives can then be leveraged in a comprehensive strategy.
- Students are creative and can often find less expensive ways of achieving a desired outcome.
- Student leaders themselves are impacted. Students involved in conceiving, designing and implementing mental health initiatives develop a deeper understanding of mental wellness and mental health issues than most students. So developing and implementing the strategy helps them develop skills such as strategy development, project management and evaluation. They also learn more about the leadership challenges involved in changing culture, decisions that involve ethics of resource allocation, and other leadership dilemmas. | <urn:uuid:f8c08d1e-4ffa-42d3-85fd-d014f7ce2d92> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.healthycampusalberta.ca/toolkit/overview/framing/why-student-led/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.943661 | 366 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Headaches are more common than you think. All of us have dealt with, or are dealing with, this painful spasmodic condition that hampers our concentrating power. Long lasting or not, they cause a lot of trouble. However, if you suffer from frequent headaches, their cause can be more deeper and might need medical assistance. Indeed there are ways and medicines to deal with them and keep a bay from them, but for that it is primarily necessary to understand what’s giving you a headache. To help you have a better understanding of this problem, we have listed 7 a major headache causing culprits. Scroll down and have a better look at our list to find out if any of these are giving you troubles.
1. Brain Tumor:
Brain tumors are one of the major headache causing culprits. They follow a specific pattern, depending upon which part of the brain is affected, and also their severity. They usually hit the patient at peak night hours and prolong for about 2 hours and recur again after sometime. They might also begin soon after the patient wakes up, and also upon change in positions like sharply sitting post standing and vice versa. They are usually localized at one specific position, like the middle of the brain if that’s where the tumor is.
Now, if you’re having long and lonely sleepless hours, you are most likely to be hit with severe headache that starts happening each night at almost the same time. However, the worst way to get over with insomnia triggered headache is getting your body tamed to calm down by swallowing sleeping tablets. It will have long time dependency that will further result in stress and lethargy. People who have erratic working hours are hard hit with this kind of headache. And the most beneficial habit to get over with this headache type is getting your tired nerves to calm down.
This is a no brainer that tension leads to headache. And other than major factors like workload, anxiety, depression and nervous breakdown, arthritis can also fuel tension headache. In other words, any and everything that over excites the brain nerves and expose them to sudden contractions can lead to tension born headaches.
Genetic or not, migraine is an outcome of severe, but temporary, swelling of blood vessels. It hits one part of the brain and not the entire brain. Sudden sharp drop or increase in the level of serotonin, pain hormone, formation and secretion causes the nerves to over work the blood vessels that swells them up.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome abbreviated SARS is a common headache inducer and booster. Being virus induced, it is contagious. It causes the tracheal muscles to contract at unnatural rates. As a result, the blood vessels to the brain dilate. Lesser blood supply in brain makes the brain nerves stiff and tense that fuels sharp headache.
6. Eye Muscle Imbalance:
Characterize it with myopia or hypermetropia, unnatural muscular contraction of the retinal walls lead to sharp headache that initially hits the forehead. But if not taken care of with proper vision correction, it can spread to the entire brain.
Sinus fuelled headache does not cover the entire brain. Sinuses are categorized on the basis of their location. And only the area around the sinus position gets affected. It occurs right between the space in eyes when it is affects the brain’s temporal lobe, and may stretch all the way to the hindbrain, originating from the eyes, if the occipital brain area is affected.
The 7 listed common headache causes can be taken care of with herbal remedies, alongside getting proper medical attention. | <urn:uuid:5e0ec715-1fd6-49a9-860e-23e352b8e05f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.remediesandherbs.com/7-major-causes-that-lead-to-severe-headache/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.935192 | 748 | 2.515625 | 3 |
V Olympic Winter Games
After World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Olympic Winter Games, scheduled for Sapporo and Cortina d’Ampezzo respectively, the first Olympic Winter Games in 12 years took place in St. Moritz. The Swiss resort town was selected because all of the sites that had been used 20 years earlier were still available and the Games could be organized relatively quickly. Having been the aggressor nations in World War II, Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the resumption of the Olympic Games.
For the first time in its Winter Olympic history, Canada won more than one gold medal. The RCAF Flyers represented Canada in ice hockey and won six of their first seven games, a scoreless tie against Czechoslovakia the only blemish to the perfect record. When the Czechs finished their tournament with seven wins and the tie, the Canadians knew they needed to defeat Switzerland in their final game by at least two goals to win gold on goal differential. Canada scored once in each period to win the game 3-0 and the Olympic title.
In St. Moritz, ice hockey and figure skating shared the ice at the Olympic Ice Stadium. That challenged the figure skaters to work around the badly rutted surface. Succeeding in that effort was a 19-year-old from Ottawa, Barbara Ann Scott. The reigning World and European Champion had a clear lead after the compulsory figures and extended that lead in the free skate to win Canada’s first Winter Olympic gold in a sport other than ice hockey. Canada also won a bronze medal in the pairs event, courtesy of Suzanne Morrow and Wallace Diestelmeyer.
|Men||Hubert Brooks, Murray Dowey, Frank Dunster, Roy Forbes, Andrew Gilpin, Orval Gravelle, Patrick Guzzo, Wally Halder, Thomas Hibberd, Ross King, Andre Laperriere, Louis Lecompte, Julius (Pete) Leichnitz, George Mara, Albert Renaud, Reginald Schroeter, Irving Taylor||Gold||Ice Hockey|
|Singles - Women||Barbara Ann Scott||Gold||Figure Skating|
|Pairs - Mixed||Suzanne Morrow, Wallace Diestelmeyer||Bronze||Figure Skating| | <urn:uuid:3c6720c0-e4ff-4505-a4ca-969dbe6ccf47> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://olympic.ca/games/1948-st-moritz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819012514-20170819032514-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.888759 | 472 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Play Fosters Physical Development
Play fulfills a wide variety of purposes in the life of the child. On a very simple level it promotes the development of sensorimotor skills, or skills that require the coordination of movement with senses, such as using eye-hand coordination to stack blocks (Frost et al., 2005; Morrison, 2004). Children spend hours perfecting such abilities and increasing the level of difficulty to make the task ever more challenging. Anyone who has lived with a 1-year-old will recall the tireless persistence with which he pursues the acquisition of basic physical skills.
Strenuous, physical play is especially important today when obesity among children and adults has reached an all-time high. An estimated 64% of all adults in this country are seriously overweight or obese. Ten percent of all children age 2 to 5 and 15% of older children are overweight (Association for Childhood Education International [ACEI], 2004). It is crucial that early childhood programs offer children the opportunity for active, gross-motor play every day, as habits and attitudes toward physical activity are formed early in life and continue into adulthood.
Outdoor Play Connects Children to Nature and Their Environment
Playing outdoors allows children to experience their natural environment with all their senses “open.” They can breathe fresh air and feel the invigoration of their hearts pounding as they charge up a hill. Children learn about the variety of creatures that may live in their area, explore the life cycle when they discover a cocoon or squashed ant, and experience fully with their senses how everything seems different after the rain. Where does the sun go when it is cloudy? Where does the wind come from? Questions about nature arise spontaneously through outdoor play and provoke children into thought and, if properly supported by the teacher, into deep investigations of the world. It is vital that we allow children, all children—urban, suburban and rural—to discover the world outside and learn to appreciate the environment around them. Children with disabilities or special equipment—they, too, can discover the world and appreciate the environment through outdoor play. We must accommodate our programs to meet the needs of children with disabilities by encouraging their outdoor activity. After all, discovering the beauty of nature is one of the lasting delights of childhood.
Play Fosters Intellectual Development
Both Piaget and Vygotsky assert that play is a major influence in cognitive growth (Hirsh-Pacek & Golinkoff, 2003; Saracho, 1998). Piaget (1962) maintains that imaginative, pretend play is one of the purest forms of symbolic thought available to the young child. Vygotsky (1978) also extols the value of such fantasy play, arguing that during episodes of fantasy and pretend play, when children are free to experiment, attempt, and try out possibilities, they are most able to reach a little above or beyond their usual level of abilities, referred to as their zone of proximal development.
Play also offers opportunities for the child to acquire information that lays the foundation for additional learning (Hirsh-Pacek & Golinkoff, 2003; Isenberg & Quisenberry, 2002; Jalongo, 2003). For example, through manipulating blocks he learns the concept of equivalence (two small blocks equal one larger one) (Jarrell, 1998). Through playing with water he acquires knowledge of volume, which leads ultimately to developing the concept of reversibility (if you reverse an action that has changed something, it will resume its original state).
Language has been found to be stimulated when children engage in dramatic pretend play (Bergen, 2004; Isenberg & Quisenberry, 2002; C. Shore, 1998). Pellegrini (1986) found this to be particularly true in the housekeeping corner, where children tended to use more explicit, descriptive language in their play than they did when using blocks. For example, they used such phrases as “a very sick doll” or “a big, bad needle,” in contrast with using “this,” “that,” and “those” when pointing to various blocks. Riojas-Cortez (2001) found that children’s play in a bilingual classroom helped to extend the children’s use of language experimentation in both languages.
Play Enhances Social Development
One of the strongest benefits and satisfactions stemming from play is the way it enhances social development. Playful social interchange begins practically from the moment of birth (Bergen, 2004; Bredekamp & Copple, 1997).
As children grow into toddlerhood and beyond, an even stronger social component becomes evident as more imaginative pretend play develops. The methodological analysis provided by Smilansky and Shefatya (1990) is helpful. They speak of dramatic and sociodramatic play, differentiating between the two partially on the basis of the number of children involved in the activity. Dramatic play involves imitation and may be carried out alone, but the more advanced sociodramatic play entails verbal communication and interaction with two or more people, as well as imitative role playing, make-believe in regard to objects and actions and situations, and persistence in the play over a period of time.
Social play in particular has been found to be such a valuable avenue for learning that Rubin, who is conducting a longitudinal study of the relationship of social play to later behavior, has concluded that “children who experience a consistent impoverished quality of social play and social interactions are at risk for later social maladjustment” (Coplan & Rubin, 1998, p. 374).
Sociodramatic play in particular also helps the child learn to put himself in another’s place, thereby fostering the growth of empathy and consideration of others. It helps him define social roles: He learns by experiment what it is like to be the baby or the mother or the doctor. And it provides countless opportunities for acquiring social skills: how to enter a group and be accepted by them, how to balance power and bargain with other children, and how to work out the social give-and-take that is the key to successful group interaction (Hirsh-Pacek & Golinkoff, 2003; Koralek, 2004; G. Reynolds & Jones, 1997).
Play Contains Rich Emotional Values
The emotional value of play has been better accepted and understood than the intellectual or social value because therapists have long employed play as a medium for the expression and relief of feelings (Axline, 1969; Koralek, 2004; Landreth & Homeyer, 1998; O’Connor, 2000). Children may be observed almost anyplace in the nursery center expressing their feelings about doctors by administering shots with relish or their jealousy of a new baby by walloping a doll, but play is not necessarily limited to the expression of negative feelings. The same doll that only a moment previously was being punished may next be seen being crooned to sleep in the rocking chair.
Omwake cites an additional emotional value of play (Moffitt & Omwake, n.d.). She points out that play offers “relief from the pressure to behave in unchildlike ways.” In our society so much is expected of children and the emphasis on arranged learning can be so intense that play becomes indispensable as a balance to pressures to conform to adult standards.
Finally, play offers the child an opportunity to achieve mastery of his environment. In this way, play supports the child in Erikson’s first two stages of psychosocial development, promoting the development of autonomy and initiative. When a child plays, he is in command. He establishes the conditions of the experience by using his imagination, and he exercises his powers of choice and decision as the play progresses.
Play Develops the Creative Aspect of the Child’s Personality
Play, which arises from within, expresses the child’s personal, unique response to the environment. It is inherently a self-expressive activity that draws richly on the child’s powers of imagination (Isenberg & Quisenberry, 2002; Jalongo, 2003). As Nourot (1998) says, “The joyful engagement of children in social pretend play creates a kind of ecstasy that characterizes the creative process throughout life” (p. 383).
Play increases the child’s repertoire of responses. Divergent thinking is characterized by the ability to produce more than one answer, and it is evident that play provides opportunities to develop alternative ways of reacting to similar situations. For example, when the children pretend that space creatures have landed in the yard, some may respond by screaming and running, others by trying to “capture” them, and still others by engaging them in conversation and offering them a refreshing snack after their long journey.
Play Is Deeply Satisfying to Children
Probably the single most important purpose of play is that it makes children—and adults, too—happy. In a recent study of 122 preschoolers in 8 various child care settings, 98% of the children cited play as their favorite activity. In addition, researchers found that the highest-quality centers offered the most opportunities for free play and allowed extended time for children to play. It is interesting to note that even in the centers that were rated “low quality” (where teachers were observed yelling at children and punishing them frequently), the children made play the central focus of their day, liked play best, and expressed happiness because they were able to play (Wiltz & Klein, 2001). Regardless of their situation, almost all children find happiness in play.
© ______ 2006, Merrill, an imprint of Pearson Education Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The reproduction, duplication, or distribution of this material by any means including but not limited to email and blogs is strictly prohibited without the explicit permission of the publisher. | <urn:uuid:ca824878-d546-42bc-89b3-63174823dfee> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.education.com/reference/article/purposes-play/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00484-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951158 | 2,032 | 3.75 | 4 |
Table of Contents
Distribution of Key Natural Resources across India and World. Bauxite | Lead & Zinc – Galena | Tungsten – Wolfram | Pyrites Distribution in India & World.
- 80 % of bauxite [ore of aluminium] ore is used for making aluminium.
- Found mainly as hydrated aluminium oxides.
- Total resources == 3,480 million tonnes == 84 per cent resource are of metallurgical grade
Bauxite Distribution in India
- Odisha alone accounts for 52 per cent
- Andhra Pradesh 18 per cent
- Gujarat 7 per cent
- Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra 5 per cent each
- Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand 4 per cent.
- Major bauxite resources are in the east coast in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
- India manages to export small quantities of bauxite.
- Major importers are Italy (60%), U.K. (25%), Germany (9%) and Japan (4%).
- Largest bauxite producing state.
- One-third of the total production of India.
- Kalahandi and Koraput districts.
- Extends further into Andhra Pradesh
- The main deposits occur in Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir and Sambalpur districts.
- Second largest producer.
- Maikala range in Bilaspur, Durg districts and the Amarkantak plateau regions of Surguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur are some of the areas having rich deposits of bauxite.
- Third largest producer.
- Largest deposits occur in Kolhapur district.
- Kolhapur district contain rich deposits with alumina content 52 to 89 per cent.
- Other districts: Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara and Pune.
- Ranchi, Lohardaga, Palamu and Gumla districts.
- High grade ore occurs in Lohardaga.
- Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kheda, Kachchh, Sabarkantha, Amreli and Bhavnagar.
- The most important deposits occur in a belt lying between the Gulf of Kachchh and the Arabian sea through Bhavnagar, Junagadh and Amreli districts.
- Amarkantak plateau area, the Maikala range in Shandol, Mandla and Balaghat districts and the Kotni area of Jabalpur district are the main producers.
Bauxite Distribution – World
- Australia (31.34%),
- China (18.41%),
- Brazil (13.93%),
- Guinea (8.36%), etc.
- Malleable [can be hammered into thin sheets], soft, heavy and bad conductor.
- Lead is a constituent in bronze alloy and is used as an anti-friction metal.
- Lead oxide is used in cable covers, ammunition, paints, glass making and rubber industry.
- It is also made into sheets, tubes and pipes which are used as sanitary fittings.
- It is now increasingly used in automobiles, aeroplanes, and calculating machines.
- Lead nitrate is used in dyeing and printing.
- Lead does not occur free in nature. It occurs as a cubic sulphide known as GALENA.
- Galena is found in veins in limestones, calcareous slates and sandstones.
- Zinc is a mixed ore containing lead & zinc.
- Zinc is found in veins in association with galena, chalcopyrites, iron pyrites and other sulphide ores.
- It is mainly used for alloying and for manufacturing galvanized sheets.
- It is also used for dry batteries, electrodes, textiles, die-casting, rubber industry and for making collapsible tubes containing drugs, pastes and the like.
Distribution of Lead and Zinc ores – India and World
- Rajasthan is endowed with the largest resources of lead-zinc ore (88.61 per cent),
- Andhra Pradesh (3.31 per cent),
- Madhya Pradesh (2.16 per cent),
- Bihar (1.67 per cent)
- Maharashtra 9 (1.35 per cent).
- Almost the entire production comes from Rajasthan.
- Ore of Tungsten is called
- Most important property is that of self-hardening which it imparts to steel.
- Over 95 per cent of the worlfram is used by the steel industry.
- Steel containing the requisite proportion of tungsten is mainly used in manufacturing amunitions, armour plates, heavy guns, hard cutting tools, etc.
- Tungsten is easily alloyed with chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, etc. to yield a number of hard facing, heat and corrosion resistant alloys.
- It is also used for various other purposes such as electric bulb filaments, paints, ceramics, textiles, etc.
Distribution of Wolfram
- Karnataka (42 per cent)
- Rajasthan (27 per cent)
- Andhra Pradesh (17 per cent)
- Maharashtra (9 per cent)
- Remaining 5 per cent resources are in Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal
- Domestic requirements are met by imports.
- Pyrite is a sulphide of iron.
- Chief source of sulphur.
- High proportion of sulphur is injurious to iron. Hence is it removed and used to produce sulphur.
- Sulphur is very useful for making sulphuric acid which in turn is used in several industries such as fertilizer, chemicals, rayon, petroleum, steel, etc.
- Elemental sulphur is useful for manufacturing explosives, matches, insecticides, fungicides and for vulcanizing rubber
- Pyrites occur in Son Valley in Bihar, in Chitradurga and Uttar Kannada districts of Karnataka and the pyritous coal and shale of Assam coalfields.
- It is widely distributed and scattered across the country. | <urn:uuid:9a472d08-e444-4480-aa19-785cc6d43a54> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.pmfias.com/bauxite-lead-zinc-tungsten-pyrites-distribution-india-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.857088 | 1,300 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Math Barrier: An Unfortunate Reality
When you’re a math major in college like I was, you can be guaranteed at least two things. First, many people will assume you’re a human calculator because they’ll ask you to make outrageous computations on the spot. Second, fellow students will ask you for help with their own math homework. Not coincidentally, I found that in both of these cases, people were not only struggling with math, but also failing to understand what math even is. And in most cases, they didn’t view math the way I view math: as something that enables us all to be better thinkers who reason more logically and solve problems more strategically. Instead, they viewed math as an obstacle—a confusing barrier they needed to just get past so they could leave it behind forever.
Math is a very real barrier for many students, as described in the recent New York Times article, Community College Students Face a Very Long Road to Graduation by Ginia Bellafante. According to the article, “over 60 percent of all students entering community colleges must take what are called developmental math courses … [that] are algebra-based and focus on linear and quadratic equations.” Bellafante writes that these developmental courses are required for graduation and four-year degree programs, “but more than 70 percent of those students never complete the classes, leaving them unable to obtain their degrees.”
While all students have unique personal circumstances that impact their ability to access and complete courses, I’d like to examine the aspects of these math courses that are within the control of schools and educators. After all, linear and quadratic equations are topics that high school students learned in the classes I myself taught, and they’re even topics that elementary and middle school students are successfully learning about through our DreamBox lessons—often before they even enter high school. So why are adults at community college having such a difficult time passing the courses? Three explanations were highlighted in the article:
- “Many [students] have been taught so poorly before they arrive.”
- “They have developed a debilitating reliance on calculators.”
- “The pedagogy* tends to focus on computation rather than the underlying concepts, leaving the practice of math to seem far removed from the students’ experiences.”
It wasn’t entirely clear from the article whether the pedagogy noted in point three referred to students’ math classes prior to entering community college or after entering community college, but I was relieved to see pedagogy highlighted as a key factor because it is crucial to understanding why students struggle with math. Whether we’re talking about K–12 math classes or college courses, it’s important to know what “better” teaching and learning in mathematics looks like. For good descriptions, I suggest this profile of Cornell mathematician Steven Strogatz in The Atlantic. Or this great piece on the AMS teaching blog by Morgan Mattingly, a current undergraduate student at the University of Kentucky. Morgan is a double major in Mathematics and STEM Education, and here is part of how she describes her classroom and learning experience:
I have seen firsthand that it occasionally takes experimentation to figure out which method or tool to use in problem solving. Through discussion and group work with my classmates, I noticed that it is not always blatantly obvious that we should draw a picture or use induction or reformulate a hypothesis to find the crux move in a solution.
Despite the fact that these two articles describe how students can engage in learning and doing mathematics in a way that is enjoyable, empowering, and inspiring, the unfortunate reality is that most developmental math courses are not structured this way, either in K–12 or at the college level. As evidence, consider the community college student in Bellafante’s article who complains, “This developmental algebra is a stainless-steel wall and there’s no way up it, around it or under it.” The Atlantic article profiling Strogatz describes similar problems at other colleges and universities, noting that math classes for liberal arts majors are “typically presented in lecture format … and only serve to further disenfranchise students” (Lahey, 2014).
These developmental math classes likely adhere to a flawed model of cognition that Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe refer to as the “climb the ladder” approach. This approach requires learners to “master all relevant discrete skills before they can be expected to apply them in more integrated, complex, and authentic ways” (Wiggins & McTighe, p. 45). In Schooling by Design, they describe the critical flaws with this approach and why it would logically lead many students to drop out of a math class:
Because [low-achieving students] are less likely to have acquired the basics on the same schedule as more advanced learners, struggling learners are often confined to an educational regimen of low-level activities, rote memorization of discrete facts, and mind-numbing skill-drill worksheets. The unfortunate reality is that many of these students will never get beyond the first rung of the ladder and, therefore, have minimal opportunities to actually use what they are learning in a meaningful fashion. Who wouldn’t be inclined to drop out under such conditions? (p. 45)
I would add a fourth reason to the list of causes for these high dropout and failure rates in community college courses: assessment and grading practices. Bellafante’s article describes the following aspects of one community college assessment system for developmental math:
- The final exam accounted for 35 percent of the total grade
- Students received demerits for poor attendance (presumably impacting the grade)
- Homework impacted the final grade substantially enough that students knew uncompleted assignments would prevent the final exam from making a significant difference
Each of these three components of the assessment system is familiar and typical, but each has flaws that negatively impact students because these grading practices don’t accurately communicate student learning. For example, Bellafante describes a student who believed he could score well on the final—certainly the most current data of student understanding and presumably the most summative as well—but still fail the course because he didn’t complete enough homework. Many other assessment systems enable the opposite—allowing a student who completed all her homework to pass the course even if she miserably failed the final. Connecting behaviors and responsibility to a content-based grade is dangerous; it’s misleading at best and unfair and illegitimate at worst. For more insights into why these and other familiar grading practices are detrimental to student learning and achievement, I highly recommend Ken O’Connor’s book, A Repair Kit for Grading: Fifteen Fixes for Broken Grades.
Given these unintentionally harmful instructional and grading practices in developmental math courses, it’s not surprising that developmental math is an insurmountable barrier for many college students. And as Bellafante’s article noted, “more than 40 percent of the students in the class failed, at least one for the third time.” These high failure rates at colleges all across the country are prompting many schools, organizations, and companies to find or create solutions for students and educators. Educational technology and blended learning are being embraced as potential supports, not only for college students, but also as intervention alternatives for high school students. In theory, these are promising options because students can learn at their own pace and access coursework and lessons from virtually anywhere at any time (provided they have the necessary technology access).
Unfortunately, many blended learning courses and programs merely digitize the same flawed instructional and assessment practices used in the developmental math courses. As Michael Fullan and Katelyn Donnelly wrote in Alive in the Swamp: Assessing Digital Innovations in Education,
Technology–enabled innovations have a different problem, mainly pedagogy and outcomes. Many of the innovations, particularly those that provide online content and learning materials, use basic pedagogy—most often in the form of introducing concepts by video instruction and following up with a series of progression exercises and tests (p. 25).
Patrick White, a student at Harvard’s Graduate School of Education participating in Justin Reich’s course on MOOCs, recently described the impact of some of these “innovations” on students. In his blog post, “Thoughtless vs. Thoughtful Blended Learning,” Patrick writes about high school students taking night school courses for credit recovery, a popular use of blended learning:
… night school instruction was questionable … I heard over and over again about students who never watched or read through any of the instruction material. They simply clicked through screens until they got to assessments and Googled to find answers. Even in rooms where teachers did not allow that practice, instruction from the computer relied on basic “read this” followed by “now answer these questions” approach no different than many textbook-style education methods. Students never had the chance to engage in any activities, projects, or even class discussions to augment their learning. It was all basic regurgitation aided by a teacher who frequently did not even share a background with the content that a student was “learning.”
Students need to do more than simply regurgitate basic facts to earn or recover math credits—they need to be powerful and confident mathematical thinkers. These problems in developmental math classroom practices, online math instruction, and blended learning models are topics I’ll be discussing in my presentation at the 2014 iNACOL Blended and Online Learning Symposium. Because students deserve the very best learning opportunities and experiences available—with and without technology—I’ll be sharing thoughts about the evolution of blended and competency-based schooling. It’s important for all educators to look beyond the current schooling and lesson models and envision better educational experiences for both students and educators.
After working in public education for over ten years as a classroom teacher and curriculum leader, I saw the very real challenges students and teachers experience in mathematics. Because I have seen how technology can help students become powerful mathematical thinkers, I joined DreamBox Learning as the Curriculum Director to help imagine and create new learning experiences for students and educators. Every day, our team supports student learning of mathematics starting as early as preschool, and we design our lessons and assessments so that students are confident thinkers and doers of mathematics no matter what their grade level or where they start. One of Strogatz’s quotes from the Atlantic article nicely sums up our approach at DreamBox:
As with any game, or playing music, or making a piece of art, it’s doing the real thing that’s inspiring. My students are actually making mathematics—in many cases, for the first time in their lives. And they’re loving it. And why wouldn't they? It’s a joyous, glorious experience. At every level. Little kids can make math. It may be the mathematical equivalent of finger painting, but it’s still math.
The work of math educators won’t be complete until all students are loving to do mathematics, comfortable in making mathematics, and confident enough that they will see mathematics as empowering rather than exasperating. Mathematics should never be a barrier for anyone.
* This reference was the only time the term pedagogy appeared in the entire 3,000-word New York Times article. Understandably, this article was neither intended to be an educational research study nor an analysis of educational institutions and practices. The words used to describe problems and solutions to important educational problems influence our ability to focus on the root causes of these problems. Therefore educators should take note that the terms assessment, learning, and instruction never appeared in the article. And the words curriculum and test only appeared twice. As educators create solutions to the important problems highlighted in this article, the role of these elements is critical because they constitute the overwhelming portion of the students’ schooling experience.
Wiggins, G. & McTighe, J. (2007). Schooling by Design: Mission, Action, and Achievement. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
Latest posts by Tim Hudson (see all)
- When is not helping my son the right thing to do? Part 3 - August 16, 2018
- When is not helping my son the right thing to do? Part 2 - August 9, 2018
- When is not helping my son the right thing to do? Part 1 - August 2, 2018 | <urn:uuid:6635a182-bd2f-4b91-8d93-9b196cf74d0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.dreambox.com/blog/the-math-barrier-an-unfortunate-reality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218391.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821171406-20180821191406-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.951901 | 2,600 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Governance is different from Management
The word "manager" normally refers to a person who provides technical and administrative direction and control to those performing tasks or activities within the manager’s area of responsibility.
The traditional functions of a manager include planning, organising, directing, and controlling work within an area of responsibility. If a manager does this, he/she is likely to be providing “good management”.
In many instances there isn’t sufficient time and resources for the manager to focus on anything other than the operational activities he/she is responsible for. Frequently the manager is “fighting fires” – managing an endless number of operational problems.
GOOD GOVERNANCE IS ABOUT FOCUSING ON THOSE ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE AN IMPACT ON ACHIEVING THE ORGANISATION’S STRATEGIC GOALS. IT IS ABOUT HOLDING PEOPLE ACCOUNTABLE FOR ACHIEVING THE STRATEGIC GOALS - this is about directing and controlling key activities to ensure the performance expected by the Business is delivered.
People accountable for good governance are responsible for making the changes necessary to deliver the performance expected by the Business. | <urn:uuid:c8a4264a-640e-45f0-8521-dd8e1232cf1c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://iso20000.co.za/3/index.php/it-governance/articles/159-is-good-governance-the-same-as-good-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727627.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203094119-20201203124119-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.930588 | 247 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Tourette's Syndrome (cont.)
IN THIS ARTICLE
Exams and Tests
The diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome is based on clinical information and a physical examination.
At the present time there is no test that will confirm the diagnosis. However, the physician might recommend some tests in certain cases just to rule out other possible diseases.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), a common source of reference for diagnostic purposes, established as a criteria for the diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome:
When the patient meets these criteria it is usually not necessary to perform other tests.
There are some scales, such as the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), that may be helpful to determine the level of impairment and to evaluate treatment options.
Neuropsychological testing may be indicated only for children with school problems, otherwise this is not useful.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 8/21/2014
Norberto Alvarez, MD
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Tourette's Syndrome - Signs and Symptoms
What signs and symptoms did you experience from your Tourette's syndrome?
Tourette's Syndrome - Treatment
What treatment did you receive for Tourette's syndrome? Was it effective? | <urn:uuid:d7a97d5f-1506-494e-b5d8-13ff09d0b7e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tourettes_syndrome/page6_em.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771384.149/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00020-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909777 | 287 | 3.625 | 4 |
Even 100% electric cars cause greenhouse gases, City of Regina report says
Delegate to City Council urges city to do more to promote electric
Electric cars might be a lot cleaner than gasoline-power vehicles, but they still create carbon emissions, a City of Regina report says.
Regina city council is meeting tonight and one of the items on the agenda is charging stations for electric cars.
A report says the city could install public charging stations, but it could cost $26,000 to install three of them.
That might be too much, considering there are only five completely electric vehicles in Regina, it says.
The report, prepared by city staff, also notes that greenhouse gases are still created with electric vehicles.
Generating one kilowatt-hour of electricity in Saskatchewan produces the equivalent of 0.63 kilograms of carbon dioxide.
That's higher than the national average of 0.16 kilograms per kilowatt-hour.
In both cases, gasoline vehicles generate far more of the greenhouse gases linked to climate change: 2.72 kilograms of CO2 per gallon burned, the report says.
Council is expected to hear from a member of the public, John Klein, who says in a letter that the city should be doing more to make itself electric-car friendly.
"If coal electricity is a concern, realize that solar power can be added soon after and the electricity
provided will be as green as possible, something gasoline vehicles can't easily be converted to
make use of," Klein said.
That meeting starts at 5:30 p.m. CST. | <urn:uuid:a92534b8-216a-4394-b6af-ffa6c056d717> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/even-100-electric-cars-cause-greenhouse-gases-city-of-regina-report-says-1.3123409 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388012.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525063708-20200525093708-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.938872 | 323 | 2.75 | 3 |
Imagine: a student with a disability logs onto the Internet, browses through a catalog of school textbooks, and downloads an anthology of literature assigned for her English class. Then, following a few simple instructions, the text for chapter one appears on the screen and is highlighted, as a human voice begins to read. With a new system pioneered by Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic (RFBD), this scenario will soon become reality for thousands of students who cannot access information in standard print-based textbooks.
RFBD, a nonprofit, volunteer-based organization and the only national provider of educational books in recorded and computerized format, is developing a system of producing textbooks in a digital format. AudioPlus links a computerized text file with a digitally recorded sound file. According to RFBD's Senior Vice President, John Kelly, this combines the advantages of cassette-based books ("books on tape"), which enable users to hear text being read in a natural, human voice, with the advanced searching and navigation capabilities of computerized "E-Text" books.
RFBD produces books in both of these formats, but Kelly says that each has drawbacks: books on cassette are difficult to search through, especially for younger children. And "E-Text" books rely on synthetic speech, which some users, especially students with dyslexia, find difficult to understand. "E-text" books are also incapable of reading graphics. In a sense, AudioPlus represents the best of both worlds.
Having successfully produced several textbook titles in the new format, RFBD will spend the next two years getting ready for the future: they will work with students, parents, and teachers to refine many AudioPlus features, like the built-in ability to adjust the rate at which text is read aloud. In addition, RFBD will convert its analog library of over 77,000 textbook titles to the AudioPlus format. And they will retool their 34 recording studios around the country from analog recording studios to digital. Kelly predicts that, by the year 2000, blind, visually impaired, and dyslexic students will be reading digital textbooks. They will be distributed in a variety of ways, including over the Internet and on CD-ROM. | <urn:uuid:3861e28e-cedd-4c02-a3f0-da5be1f63560> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.edutopia.org/digital-textbooks-new-hope-for-visually-impaired?quicktabs_edutopia_blogs_sidebar_popular_list=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174154.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00183-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944081 | 446 | 3.34375 | 3 |
- General Orders No. 11 (August 25, 1863)
- General Orders No. 20 (November 20, 1863)
- District of the Border Placed Under Command of General Egbert Brown (January 1864)
The Pacific House Hotel opened near the present-day City Market in Kansas City in 1860, just prior to the beginning of the Civil War. In 1863, it became the District of the Border headquarters, which was then under command of Brigadier General Thomas Ewing Jr. From these offices, General Ewing issued the infamous Order No. 11, which depopulated Jackson, Cass, Bates, and northern Vernon Counties, with the exception of specified military posts and cities. Under pressure from those who considered the measure to be too harsh, General Ewing issued General Orders No. 20, allowing limited resettlement, and his successor, General Egbert Brown, began allowing more residents to return home in January 1864, after swearing loyalty to the Union. The measure largely ended the guerrilla activities that had plagued the region, but critics referred to the remains of the area as the "Burnt District." To this day, the debate over Order No. 11 remains contentious, and the Pacific House Hotel still stands with historical markers nearby. | <urn:uuid:ce01bf60-9e89-48d5-b55c-df0b510132fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/map/district-border-headquarters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.96963 | 251 | 2.875 | 3 |
The correct answer is D. All of these options are correct
Correct Answer Explanation
Findings of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum are found in all three listed conditions. They cannot be distinguished by skin exam.
Angiokeratomas are one of the earliest signs of Fabry disease, typically beginning to appear during childhood or adolescence. They develop in most male patients and ~30% of female heterozygotes. Angiokeratomas present as punctate, dark-red to blue–black macules or papules. The lesions do not blanch with pressure and may become slightly keratotic as they enlarge. The angiokeratomas of Fabry disease, referred to as angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, tend to be concentrated between the umbilicus and the knees but can develop at any cutaneous site; oral and conjunctival lesions are also seen. Less frequent vascular findings include linear telangiectasias favoring the face, lips, and oral mucosa; episodic acral vasospasm resembling Raynaud phenomenon, typically accompanied by pain and paresthesias; and peripheral edema and lymphedema. Hypohidrosis is an early and almost constant feature of Fabry disease that can result in heat intolerance. Decreased body hair has also been described.
Incorrect Answer Explanation
Sialidosis type 2 (ST-2) is a rare lysosomal storage disease, and the severe, early onset form of sialidosis (see this term) characterized by a progressively severe mucopolysaccharidosis-like phenotype (coarse facies, dysostosis multiplex, hepatosplenomegaly), macular cherry-red spots as well as psychomotor and developmental delay. ST-2 displays a broad spectrum of clinical severity with antenatal/congenital, infantile and juvenile presentations.
Fucosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomial storage disease resulting from α-L-fucosidase deficiency. Multiple angiokeratoma is the main dermatological feature of Fucosidosis.
Fabry disease is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disorder. It is also known as Anderson-Fabry disease and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum.Fabry disease causes clusters of small, dark red spots on the skin (angiokeratomas) and many systemic symptoms due to the deposition of globotriaosylceramide in multiple organs.
- A Zampetti, CH Orteu, D Antuzzi, et al.: Angiokeratoma: decision-making aid for the diagnosis of Fabry disease. Br J Dermatol. 166:712-720 2012 22452439
- CH Orteu, T Jansen, O Lidove, et al.: Fabry disease and the skin: data from FOS, the Fabry outcome survey. Br J Dermatol. 157:331-337 2007 17573884
- P Giuseppe, R Daniele, BM Rita: Cutaneous complications of Anderson-Fabry disease. Curr Pharm Des. 19:6031-6036 2013 23448454. | <urn:uuid:ae71e1a7-2f12-456b-948b-ca21c6c9f428> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://nextstepsinderm.com/answer-angiokeratomas-test-question/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588113.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027084718-20211027114718-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.86036 | 671 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Gwendoline (1882-1951) and Margaret Davies (1884-1963), two sisters from mid-Wales, were among the first people in Britain to collect French Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. They bequeathed their magnificent art collection to Amgueddfa Cymru, completely transforming the range and quality of Wales's national art collection.
The Davies sisters were the greatest benefactors of the Museum's first hundred years. Their idealism and generosity had a remarkable impact generally on cultural and intellectual life in Wales and is still with us today.
The industrial legacy of David Davies
Gwendoline and Margaret were the granddaughters of David Davies of Llandinam, one of the greatest entrepreneurs of the 19th century. He built much of the railway system in mid-Wales and was a pioneer of the coal industry in south Wales.
David Davies created a massive fortune. After his death in 1890, his son Edward succeeded him. In turn, Gwendoline, Margaret and their brother David, later 1st Lord Davies, inherited the estate.
Their upbringing and childhood
The sisters had a childhood dominated by the strict religious beliefs of Calvinistic Methodism. They were taught that it was their Christian duty to use well the great wealth they would inherit.
After a good and progressive education, they developed a passion for the arts and music. Art history was in its infancy in Britain, so the sisters travelled widely in Europe, studying art in Germany and Italy before beginning their art collecting.
Their sophisticated knowledge of art history was unusual for women of this period and their background.
Beginning the collection
In 1908, the sisters began collecting art in earnest. Their early purchases included landscapes by Corot, peasant scenes by Millet and also Turner's The Storm and Morning after the Storm.
In the first six years of collecting, they amassed nearly a hundred paintings and sculptures. Their early taste was quite traditional, but in 1912 they turned to buying Impressionism.
Their Impressionist purchases were generally less expensive than the works they had been acquiring by artists such as Turner and Corot
In 1913, Gwendoline acquired her most important painting, La Parisienne, for £5,000.
The impact of the First World War
The War transformed the lives of Gwendoline and Margaret. They worked as volunteers with the Red Cross in France. However, they still managed to add to their collection during these years. They bought works by Daumier, Carrière, Renoir, Manet and Monet. In 1916 Gwendoline Davies also spent £2,350 on ten oil paintings and a drawing by Augustus John
In 1918, Gwendoline bought her two celebrated landscapes by Cézanne, Midday, L'Estaque and Provençal Landscape, which are among her most important and visionary purchases.
Collecting after the First Word War
In 1920, Gwendoline acquired perhaps her finest works, Cézanne's Still-Life with Teapot for £2,000 and Van Gogh's Rain — Auvers for £2,020.
They also spent large sums on Old Masters, including Botticelli's Virgin and Child with a Pomegranate.
Then their collecting suddenly reduced. Gwendoline wrote in 1921 that they could not continue to purchase so much 'in the face of the appalling need everywhere'.
They still spent over £2,000 on Turner's Beacon Light in 1922 and £6,000 on a Workshop of El Greco Disrobing of Christ in 1923. In 1926, Gwendoline stopped collecting altogether.
Gregynog: a centre for the arts, music and crafts.
The Davies sisters championed many social, economic, educational and cultural initiatives in Wales during the 1920s and 1930s.
In 1920, they bought Gregynog Hall, which they established as a centre for music and the arts in Wales. They also set up the Gregynog Press in 1922, which produced some of the finest books ever illustrated in Britain between the two world wars. Gregynog Hall complemented the Arts and Crafts Museum the sisters had already helped create at Aberystwyth.
Gregynog hosted the popular Festivals of Music and Poetry up until the outbreak of war in 1939, when the sisters again turned their attention to the war effort.
The end of an era
When Gwendoline died in 1951 Margaret kept up such activities as she was able to during her final years. However, without Gwendoline, its 'chief creator and inspirer', Gregynog's heyday was never to be revived. In the year before she died, Margaret gave the house and its grounds to the University of Wales for use as a residential conference centre.
From personal to public collection
In October 1951, Amgueddfa Cymru announced the arrival of 'the late Miss Gwendoline Davies' bequest. This was one of the most valuable donations in recent years to any public collection in Britain.
Margaret continued to collect art until just before her death in 1963, focusing on work by modern British artists, many of whom were Welsh. Her works were also destined for the Museum and many of her later acquisitions were made with the Museum in mind.
In 1963 Margaret's bequest of 152 objects joined that of Gwendoline's. Together, the sisters' collections completely transformed the Welsh national art collection.
A guide to the paintings
Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796-1875), Castel Gandolfo, dancing Tyrolean shepherds by Lake Albano, oil on canvas, 1855-60.
Described at the time as one of Corot's masterpieces, Gwendoline paid £6,350 for this painting in 1909. Earlier that year, Margaret recorded seeing 'several charming pictures by Corot' at the Louvre. Amgueddfa Cymru, Bequest of Gwendoline Davies, 1951) NMW A 2443
Jean-François Millet (1814-1875), The Goose Girl at Gruchy, oil on canvas, 1854-6.
Gwendoline and Margaret Davies bought a number of works by Barbizon School artists in the early years of their collecting. Millet was one of the sisters' favourites. Amgueddfa Cymru (Bequest of Gwendoline Davies, 1951) NMW A 2479
JMW Turner, The Morning after the Storm, oil on canvas, c. 1840-45.
Gwendoline purchased this work in November 1908 for £8,085, while Margaret acquired its companion The Storm. Both paintings were apparently inspired by the great storm of 21 November 1840. Amgueddfa Cymru (Bequest of Gwendoline Davies, 1952) NMW A 434.
Claude Monet (1840–1926), San Giorgio Maggiore by Twilight, oil on Canvas 1908.
The sisters visited Venice in 1908 and 1909. The subject is the Palladian church of San Giorgio Maggiore shown as a purple silhouette at twilight. Gwendoline acquired this work for £1,000 in October 1912. Amgueddfa Cymru (Bequest of Gwendoline Davies, 1951) NMW A 2485. | <urn:uuid:51524778-7cb5-4ad1-a690-87dec898c3c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://museum.wales/articles/2009-01-01/From-Industry-to-Impressionism---what-two-sisters-did-for-Wales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718311.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00415-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967797 | 1,521 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sept. 3, 2004 -- Chest pain can be a sign of serious illness. How much do you know about chest pain?
What is chest pain?
Known in medical terms as angina, chest pain is the most common symptom of heart disease. It occurs when blood flow in the arteries on the heart muscle is temporarily blocked and the heart is deprived of the oxygen and nutrients it needs to do its job properly.
What does it feel like?
Angina can be described as a discomfort, heaviness, pressure, aching, burning, fullness, squeezing, or painful feeling. Chest pain related to angina is often mistaken for indigestion or heartburn, but doctors can perform tests to rule this out quickly.
Angina is usually felt in the chest, but it may also be felt in the left shoulder, arms, neck, throat, jaw, or back.
What should I do if I feel chest pain?
If your chest pain worsens and lasts more than five minutes, especially if you're short of breath, feel weak, nauseated, or lightheaded, call 9-1-1 and seek immediate medical assistance; this may be a sign of a heart attack.
Does chest pain differ among men and women?
Is chest pain the only warning sign of a heart attack or other serious heart problems?
No. Chest pain is a common symptom of heart attack, but some people may experience a heart attack without feeling any pain in the chest.
Other signs of a heart attack may include:
- Shortness of breath
- Palpitations (irregular heartbeats, skipped beats, or a "flip-flop" feeling in the chest)
- A faster heartbeat
- Weakness or dizziness
Are there different types of angina?
Yes, there are two types of angina, stable and unstable.
With stable angina, you may notice the problem only when your heart is working harder and needs more oxygen, such as during exercise. The pain or discomfort goes away when you rest because your heart no longer needs as much oxygen.
With unstable angina, chest pain can occur even without exertion. Here a clot partly or completely blocks your heart arteries for a short period of time. However, the clot either breaks up by itself or breaks up after treatment with medications, so permanent damage to the heart does not occur. If the clot persists, a heart attack will result. With a heart attack the blockage lasts long enough to permanently damage part of your heart muscle. The longer your heart muscle goes without oxygen, the larger the heart attack. Your doctor will consider three important factors in deciding whether you are having a heart attack:
- Your description of your symptoms
- Your EKG results
- Your blood tests (cardiac enzymes show heart muscle damage)
What other conditions may cause chest pain?
Although chest pain is the most common symptom of a heart attack and heart disease, discomfort in the chest may also be caused my many other conditions, such as:
Digestive system problems:
- Stomach acid moving upward into the esophagus (esophageal reflux or heartburn)
- Muscle spasm of the esophagus
- Gallbladder disease
- A sore in the lining of the stomach or small intestine (peptic ulcer)
- Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs (pleurisy)
- Inflammation of the membrane covering the heart (pericarditis)
Heart, lung, and heart valve problems:
- A tear in the wall of the aorta (aortic dissection)
- Narrowing of the aortic valve (aortic stenosis)
- A blood clot in one of the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
- Panic, anxiety, stress, or depression
- Shingles (herpes zoster), a reactivation of the chickenpox virus that causes pain and rash
- Pain in the bones and/or muscles of the chest wall | <urn:uuid:7f721a14-8f85-403c-83bd-3e25c64f2b58> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20040903/quick-facts-on-chest-pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737019.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806180859-20200806210859-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.902587 | 836 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An orphan at the age of two...
A schoolboy who had mastered even the most complex Latin works by the time he was a teenager...
An athletic student who defended his friends from the biggest bullies...
A man deeply connected with Baltimore...
One of America's finest writers...
These are all phrases that describe Edgar Allan Poe. And there are many more. Poe was a very complex person, and his life story was a complicated journey of forty years.
Explore some of its events and their implications through these activities.
What did Baltimore look like when Poe lived here? Find out in this activity.
203 N. Amity Street
A tour of the one of the Poe family's Baltimore homes
Trace the intersection of events in American history and literature during the Poe years
It'll Be the Death of Me . . .
Why did Poe die? No one knows for sure. Can you unlock this mystery?
What was it like to go to school when Poe did? | <urn:uuid:baa3ea64-dffa-465a-baa9-7ab9f1c47ed3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://knowingpoe.thinkport.org/person/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00622-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980257 | 202 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The Chūbu region, Central region, or Central Japan is a region in the middle of Honshū, Japan's main island. Chūbu has a population of 21,715,822 as of 2010, it encompasses nine prefectures: Aichi, Gifu, Nagano, Shizuoka and Yamanashi. It is located directly between the Kantō region and the Kansai region and includes the major city of Nagoya as well as Pacific Ocean and Sea of Japan coastlines, extensive mountain resorts, Mount Fuji; the region is the widest part of Honshū and the central part is characterized by high, rugged mountains. The Japanese Alps divide the country into the Pacific side, sunny in winter, the Sea of Japan side, snowy in winter; the Chūbu region covers a large and geographically diverse area of Honshū which leads to it being divided into three distinct subregions: Tōkai, Kōshin'etsu, Hokuriku. There is another subregion referred to in business circles called Chūkyō; the Tōkai region bordering the Pacific Ocean, is a narrow corridor interrupted in places by mountains that descend into the sea.
Since the Tokugawa period, this corridor has been critical in linking Tokyo and Osaka. One of old Japan's most important ancient roadways, the Tōkaidō, ran through it connecting Tokyo and Kyoto, the old imperial capital. In the twentieth century, it became the route for new super-express highways and high-speed railroad lines; the area consists of Aichi, Shizuoka,and southern Gifu prefectures. A number of small alluvial plains are found in the corridor section. A mild climate, favorable location close to the great metropolitan complexes, availability of fast transportation have made this area a center for truck-gardening and out-of-season vegetables. Upland areas of rolling hills are extensively given over to the growing of mandarin oranges and tea. Nagoya, which faces Ise Bay, is a center for heavy industry, including iron and steel and machinery manufacturing; the corridor has a number of small but important industrial centers. The western part of Tōkai includes the Nōbi Plain, where rice was being grown by the seventh century.
The three Tōkai prefectures centered on Nagoya have strong economic ties, the parts of these prefectures that are closest to the city comprise the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area. This area boasts the third strongest economy in Japan and this influence can sometimes extend into the more remote parts of these prefectures that are farther away from Nagoya. Thus, these three prefectures are sometimes called the "Chūkyō region" in a business sense; this name does not see widespread usage throughout Japan. Kōshin'etsu is an area of complex and high rugged mountains—often called the "roof of Japan"—that include the Japanese Alps; the population is chiefly concentrated in six elevated basins connected by narrow valleys. It was long a main silk-producing area, although output declined after World War II. Much of the labor required in silk production was absorbed by the district's diversified manufacturing industry, which included precision instruments, textiles, food processing, other light manufacturing. Kōshin'etsu means Yamanashi and Niigata prefectures.
Yamanashi and northern Gifu Prefecture are sometimes referred to as Chūō-kōchi or Tōsan region. The Hokuriku region lies on the Sea of Japan coastline, northwest of the massive mountains that comprise Kōshin'etsu. Hokuriku includes the four prefectures of Ishikawa, Fukui and Toyama,The district has heavy snowfall and strong winds in winter, its turbulent rivers are the source of abundant hydroelectric power. Niigata Prefecture is the site of domestic oil production as well. Industrial development is extensive in the cities in Niigata and Toyama. Hokuriku's development is owed to markets in the Kansai region, however the urban areas at the heart of the Kantō region and Tōkai region are having a heavy an influence as well. Hokuriku has port facilities which are to facilitate trade with Russia and China. Transportation between Niigata and Toyama used to be geographically limited and so Niigata has seen strong influence from the Kantō region, because of this Niigata Prefecture is classified as being part of the Kōshin'etsu region with Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures.
Designated cityNagoya City: a designated city, the capital of Aichi Prefecture Niigata City: a designated city, the capital of Niigata Prefecture Hamamatsu City: a designated city Shizuoka City:a designated city, the capital of Shizuoka PrefectureCore cityKanazawa City: a core city, the capital of Ishikawa Prefecture Toyama City: a core city, the capital of Toyama Prefecture Gifu City: a core city, the capital of Gifu Prefecture Nagano City: a core city, the capital of Nagano PrefectureSpecial cityFukui City: a special city, the capital of Fukui Prefecture Kofu City: a special city, the capital of Yamanashi Prefecture Geography of Japan List of regions of Japan Tōkai–Tōsan dialect and Hokuriku dialect Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. Japan Encyclopedia. Trans. by Käthe Roth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01753-6, ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. OCLC 58053128; this article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies document "Japan". Chubu travel guide from Wikivoyage
Government of Japan
The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated to ceremonial duties. As in many other states, the Government is divided into three branches: the Legislative branch, the Executive branch, the Judicial branch; the Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, containing forty-seven administrative divisions, with the Emperor as its head of state, his role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government. Instead, it is the Cabinet, comprising the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister, that directs and controls the Government; the Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch, is formed by the Prime Minister, the head of government. He or she is appointed to office by the Emperor; the National Diet is the organ of the Legislative branch. It is bicameral, consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house, the House of Representatives being the lower house.
Its members are directly elected from the people. The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch, they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches. Prior to the Meiji Restoration, Japan was ruled by successive military shōguns. During this period, effective power of the government resided in the Shōgun, who ruled the country in the name of the Emperor; the Shoguns were the hereditary military governors, with their modern rank equivalent to a generalissimo. Although the Emperor was the sovereign who appointed the Shōgun, his roles were ceremonial and he took no part in governing the country; this is compared to the present role of the Emperor, whose official role is to appoint the Prime Minister. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 led to the resignation of Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" the Emperor's orders; this event restored the country to the proclamation of the Empire of Japan. In 1889, the Meiji Constitution was adopted in a move to strengthen Japan to the level of western nations, resulting in the first parliamentary system in Asia.
It provided a form of mixed constitutional-absolute monarchy, with an independent judiciary, based on the Prussian model of the time. A new aristocracy known as the kazoku was established, it merged the ancient court nobility of the Heian period, the kuge, the former daimyōs, feudal lords subordinate to the shōgun. It established the Imperial Diet, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers. Members of the House of Peers were made up of the Imperial Family, the Kazoku, those nominated by the Emperor, while members of the House of Representatives were elected by direct male suffrage. Despite clear distinctions between powers of the executive branch and the Emperor in the Meiji Constitution and contradictions in the Constitution led to a political crisis, it devalued the notion of civilian control over the military, which meant that the military could develop and exercise a great influence on politics. Following the end of World War II, the Constitution of Japan was adopted as an intention to replace the previous Imperial rule with a form of Western-style liberal democracy.
The Emperor of Japan is the ceremonial head of state. He is defined by the Constitution to be "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people". However, he is not the nominal Chief Executive and he possesses only certain ceremonially important powers, he has no real powers related to the Government as stated in article 4 of the Constitution. Article 6 of the Constitution of Japan delegates the Emperor the following ceremonial roles: Appointment of the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet. Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet. While the Cabinet is the source of executive power and most of its power is exercised directly by the Prime Minister, several of its powers are exercised by the Emperor; the powers exercised via the Emperor, as stipulated by Article 7 of the Constitution, are: Promulgation of amendments of the constitution, cabinet orders and treaties. Convocation of the Diet. Dissolution of the House of Representatives. Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet.
Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law, of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers. Attestation of general and special amnesty, commutation of punishment and restoration of rights. Awarding of honors. Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law. Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers. Performance of ceremonial functions; the Emperor is known to hold the nominal ceremonial authority. For example, the Emperor is the only person that has the authority to appoint the Prime Minister though the Diet has the power to designate the person fitted for the position. One such example can be prominently seen in the 2009 Dissolution of the House of Representatives; the House was expected to be dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister, but was temporarily unable to do so for the next general election, as both the Emperor and Empress were visiting Canada. In this manner, the Emperor's modern role is compared to those of the Shogunate period and much of Japan's history, whereby the Emperor held great symbolic authority but had little political power.
Today, a legacy has somewhat continued for a retired Prime Minister who still wields considerabl
Kōraku-en is a Japanese garden located in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture. It is one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan, along with Kairaku-en. Korakuen was built in 1700 by Ikeda Tsunamasa, lord of Okayama; the garden reached its modern form in 1863. In 1687, the daimyō Ikeda Tsunamasa ordered Tsuda Nagatada to begin construction of the garden, it was completed in 1700 and has retained its original appearance to the present day, except for a few changes by various daimyōs. The garden was called Kōen because it was built after Okayama Castle. However, since the garden was built in the spirit of "sen-yu-koraku", the name was changed to Kōrakuen in 1871; the Korakuen is one of the few daimyō gardens in the provinces where historical change can be observed, thanks to the many Edo period paintings and Ikeda family records and documents left behind. The garden was used as a place for entertaining important guests and as a spa of sorts for daimyōs, although regular folk could visit on certain days. In 1884, ownership was transferred to Okayama Prefecture and the garden was opened to the public.
The garden suffered severe damage during the floods of 1934 and by bombing damage in 1945 during World War II. It has been restored based on Edo-period diagrams. In 1952, the Kōrakuen was designated as a "Special Scenic Location" under the Cultural Properties Protection Law and is managed as a historical cultural asset to be passed to future generations; the garden is located on the north bank of the Asahi River on an island between the river and a developed part of the city. The garden was designed in the Kaiyu style which presents the visitor with a new view at every turn of the path which connects the lawns, hills, tea houses, streams; the garden covers a total area of 133,000 square meters, with the grassed area covering 18,500 square meters. The length of the stream which runs through the garden is 640 meters, it features a central pond called Sawa-no-ike, which contains three islands purported to replicate the scenery around Lake Biwa near Kyoto. List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments Tourism in Japan Mansfield, Stephen.
Japan's Master Gardens - Lessons in Space and Environment. Tokyo, Singapore: Tuttle. ISBN 978-4-8053-1128-8. Media related to Kōraku-en at Wikimedia Commons Okayama Korakuen Garden official site Otaue Matsuri Festival in KorakuenNHK QUT Digital Collections - Historical image
Japanese castles were fortresses constructed of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries, came into their best-known form in the 16th century. Castles in Japan were built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, always incorporated the landscape into their defenses. Though they were built to last and used more stone in their construction than most Japanese buildings, castles were still constructed of wood, many were destroyed over the years; this was true during the Sengoku period, when many of these castles were first built. However, many were rebuilt, either in the Sengoku period, in the Edo period that followed, or more as national heritage sites or museums. Today there are more than one hundred castles extant, or extant, in Japan; some castles, such as the ones at Matsue and Kōchi, both built in 1611, remain extant in their original forms, not having suffered any damage from sieges or other threats. Hiroshima Castle, on the opposite end of the spectrum, was destroyed in the atomic bombing, was rebuilt in 1958 as a museum.
The character for castle,'城', by itself read as shiro, is read as jō when attached to a word, such as in the name of a particular castle. Thus, for example, Osaka Castle is called Ōsaka-jō in Japanese. Conceived as fortresses for military defense, Japanese castles were placed in strategic locations, along trade routes and rivers. Though castles continued to be built with these considerations, for centuries, fortresses were built as centres of governance. By the Sengoku period, they had come to serve as the homes of daimyōs, to impress and to intimidate rivals not only with their defences but with their sizes and elegant interiors. In 1576, Oda Nobunaga was among the first to build one of these palace-like castles: Azuchi Castle was Japan's first castle to have a tower keep, it inspired both Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Osaka Castle and Tokugawa Ieyasu's Edo Castle. Azuchi served as the governing center of Oda's territories, as his lavish home, but it was very keenly and strategically placed. A short distance away from the capital of Kyoto, which had long been a target of violence, Azuchi's chosen location allowed it a great degree of control over the transportation and communication routes of Oda's enemies.
Before the Sengoku period, most castles were called yamajirō. Though most castles were built atop mountains or hills, these were built from the mountains. Trees and other foliage were cleared, the stone and dirt of the mountain itself was carved into rough fortifications. Ditches were dug, to present obstacles to attackers, as well as to allow boulders to be rolled down at attackers. Moats were created by diverting mountain streams. Buildings were made of wattle and daub, using thatched roofs, or wooden shingles. Small ports in the walls or planks could be used to deploy bows or fire guns from; the main weakness of this style was its general instability. Thatch caught fire more than wood, weather and soil erosion prevented structures from being large or heavy. Stone bases began to be used, encasing the hilltop in a layer of fine pebbles, a layer of larger rocks over that, with no mortar; this support allowed larger and more permanent buildings. The first fortifications in Japan were hardly what one associates with the term "castles".
Made of earthworks, or rammed earth, wood, the earliest fortifications made far greater use of natural defences and topography than anything man-made. These kōgoishi and chashi were never intended to be long-term defensive positions, let alone residences; the Yamato people began to build cities in earnest in the 7th century, complete with expansive palace complexes, surrounded on four sides with walls and impressive gates. Earthworks and wooden fortresses were built throughout the countryside to defend the territory from the native Emishi and other groups; these were built as extensions of natural features, consisted of little more than earthworks and wooden barricades. The Nara period fortress at Dazaifu, from which all of Kyūshū would be governed and defended for centuries afterwards, was constructed in this manner, remnants can still be seen today. A bulwark was constructed around the fortress to serve as a moat to aid in the defense of the structure; this was called a mizuki, or "water fort".
The character for castle or fortress, up until sometime in the 9th century or was read ki, as in this example, mizuki. Though basic in construction and appearance, these wooden and earthwork structures were designed to impress just as much as to function against attack. Chinese and Korean architecture influenced the design of Japanese buildings, including fortifications, in this period; the remains or ruins of some of these fortresses, decidedly different from what would come can still be seen in certain parts of Kyūshū and Tōhoku today. The Heian period saw a shift from the need to defend the entire state from
Kyushu is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternative ancient names include Kyūkoku and Tsukushi-no-shima; the historical regional name Saikaidō referred to its surrounding islands. In the 8th century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region; as of 2016, Kyushu covers 36,782 square kilometres. The island is mountainous, Japan's most active volcano, Mt Aso at 1,591 metres, is on Kyushu. There are many other signs including numerous areas of hot springs; the most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, around Mt. Aso, in central Kyushu; the island is separated from Honshu by the Kanmon Straits. The name Kyūshū comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated on the island: Chikuzen, Hizen, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Satsuma. Today's Kyushu Region is a politically defined region that consists of the seven prefectures on the island of Kyushu, plus Okinawa Prefecture to the south: Northern Kyushu Fukuoka Prefecture Kumamoto Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Ōita Prefecture Saga Prefecture Southern Kyushu Kagoshima Prefecture Miyazaki Prefecture Okinawa Prefecture Kyushu comprises 10.3 percent of the entire population of Japan.
Most of Kyushu's population is concentrated along the northwest, in the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, with population corridors stretching southwest into Sasebo and Nagasaki and south into Kumamoto and Kagoshima. Excepting Oita and Miyazaki cities, the eastern seaboard shows a general decline in population. Kyushu is described as a stronghold of the LDP political party. Designated citiesFukuoka Kitakyushu Kumamoto Core citiesKagoshima Ōita Nagasaki Miyazaki Naha Kurume Sasebo Saga Parts of Kyushu have a subtropical climate Miyazaki prefecture and Kagoshima prefecture. Major agricultural products are rice, tobacco, sweet potatoes, soy; the island is noted for various types of porcelain, including Arita, Imari and Karatsu. Heavy industry is concentrated in the north around Fukuoka, Kitakyushu and Oita and includes chemicals, automobiles and metal processing. In 2010, the graduate employment rate in the region was the lowest nationwide, at 88.9%. Besides the volcanic area of the south, there are significant mud hot springs in the northern part of the island, around Beppu.
These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in hot environments. Major universities and colleges in Kyushu: National universities Kyushu University – One of seven former "Imperial Universities" Kyushu Institute of Technology Saga University Nagasaki University Kumamoto University Fukuoka University of Education Oita University Miyazaki University Kagoshima University National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya University of the Ryukyus Universities run by local governments University of Kitakyushu Kyushu Dental College Fukuoka Women's University Fukuoka Prefectural University Nagasaki Prefectural University Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences Prefectural University of Kumamoto Miyazaki Municipal University Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts Major private universities Fukuoka University – University with the largest number of students in Kyushu Kumamoto Gakuen University Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Seinan Gakuin University Kyushu Sangyo University – Baseball team won the Japanese National Championship in 2005 University of Occupational and Environmental Health Kurume University The island is linked to the larger island of Honshu by the Kanmon Tunnels, which carry both the San'yō Shinkansen and non-Shinkansen trains of the Kyushu Railway Company, as well as vehicular and bicycle traffic.
The Kanmon Bridge connects the island with Honshu. Railways on the island are operated by the Kyushu Railway Company, Nishitetsu Railway. Northern Kyushu Southern Kyushu Azumi people, an ancient group of people who inhabited parts of northern Kyūshū Geography of Japan Group Kyushu Western Army United States Fleet Activities Sasebo Hoenn, a fictional region in the Pokémon franchise, based on Kyushu Kanmonkyo Bridge, that connects Kyūshū with Honshū Kyushu National Museum List of regions in Japan Kyushu dialects Hichiku dialect, Hōnichi dialect and Kagoshima dialect Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth.. Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
Cultural Property (Japan)
A Cultural Property is administered by the Japanese government's Agency for Cultural Affairs, includes tangible properties. Buried properties and conservation techniques are protected. Together these cultural properties are to be preserved and utilized as the heritage of the Japanese people. To protect Japan's cultural heritage, the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties contains a "designation system" under which selected important items are designated as Cultural Properties, which imposes restrictions on the alteration and export of such designated objects. Designation can occur at a prefectural or municipal level; as of 1 February 2012, there were 16,000 nationally designated, 21,000 prefecturally designated, 86,000 municipally designated properties. Besides the designation system there exists a "registration system", which guarantees a lower level of protection and support; the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties 1950 classifies items designated as Cultural Properties in the following categories: Tangible Cultural Properties are cultural products of high historical or artistic value whether structures, works of art, craft works, calligraphic works, ancient documents, archaeological materials, historic materials and other such items.
All objects which are not structures are termed "works of fine arts and crafts". Items designated Tangible Cultural Properties can if they satisfy certain criteria, be designated Important Cultural Properties of Japan or National Treasures for valuable items. Any alteration to Important Cultural Properties and National Treasures requires governmental permission and exportation is forbidden, except when authorized; the National Treasury supports the conservation and restoration of these items, the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs provides technical assistance for their administration, public display and other activities. Conservation work is performed by an item's owner, with financial support available for large expenses; because many items are made of wood and other flammable materials, they are extremely susceptible to fires. Owners are therefore given subsidies to install other disaster prevention systems; as of 1 February 2012, there were 12,816 Important Cultural Properties, of which one fifth were structures.
By class, there were 1,974 paintings. There were 49,793 at municipal level. Intangible Cultural Properties are cultural products of high historical or artistic value such as drama and craft techniques. Items of particular importance can be designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties. Recognition is given to the'holders' of the necessary techniques, to encourage their transmission. There are three types of recognition: individual recognition, collective recognition, group recognition. Special grants of two million yen a year are given to individual holders to help protect these properties; the government contributes part of the expenses incurred either by the holder of the Intangible Cultural Property during training of his successor, or by a recognized group for public performances. To promote understanding, therefore the transmission across generations, of these Cultural Properties, exhibitions concerning them are organized; the government through the Japan Arts Council holds training workshops and other activities to educate future generations of noh and kabuki personnel.
As of 1 February 2012, there were 115 Important Intangible Cultural Properties and a further 167 designations at prefectural and 522 at municipal level. Folk Cultural Properties are items indispensable to understand the role and influence of tradition in the daily life of the Japanese, such as manners and customs related to food, work, religion. Folk Cultural Properties can be classified as Tangible. Intangible Folk Cultural Properties are items such as manners and customs related to food and housing, occupation and annual events. Clothes and implements, houses and other objects used together with Intangible Folk Cultural Properties are classified as Tangible Folk Cultural Properties. Folk Cultural Properties can if they satisfy certain criteria, be designated Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties or Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties; the government subsidizes projects for the restoration, preservation, disaster prevention, etc. of Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties.
In the case of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties, public subsidies help local | <urn:uuid:e305d33f-b47d-4840-afcc-3df63e126047> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540542644.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212074623-20191212102623-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.95842 | 5,762 | 3 | 3 |
I wonder why the dinosaurs died out : and other questions about extinct and endangered animals—Charman, Andy, author.
Answers questions about extinct animals and animals in danger of becoming extinct, with a focus on reasons for endangerment.
Series:I wonder why (New York, N.Y.)
I wonder why.
Subjects:Endangered species -- Juvenile literature.
Extinction (Biology) -- Juvenile literature.
Nature -- Effect of human beings on -- Juvenile literature.
Nature -- Effect of human beings on.
32 pages : color illustrations ; 29 cm.
Questions about extinct and endangered animals.
Includes index (p.32).Link to PAC | <urn:uuid:305c3b19-387d-41d0-8311-b83f8c687924> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://my.saskatoonlibrary.ca/sm/search/item/904230 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.711698 | 142 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There are a lot of ways to design a home. Designing one for high performance, though, or even better-than-average performance, has many recommended best practices that are based on a lot of research of homes that have failed because they're unhealthy, inefficient, and/or falling apart. This is why we have building scientists (see SOAP BOX below); to provides us with the Do's and Don'ts of designing high performance homes.
Here are just fourteen Don'ts that are too often Do's that lead to homes with high energy use, bad indoor air quality, sick people, crumbling buildings, or ugliness.
- ...fill up all the walls with windows or leave exposed windows un-shaded. No matter how "super efficient" they are, windows are poor insulators and they can let a lot of the sun's heat in to a home.
- ...put a vapor barrier in the walls, floors or roofs, or anywhere else other than underneath the slab or crawlspace floor. This will lead to trapped moisture in failed building assemblies. It's only in climate zones 7 and 8 that you might consider using one, but you'd better be sure.
- ...let the water in. This is possibly the most critical don't on this list. Controlling moisture to keep it out of the building prevents damage to many parts of the building, as well as keeping the homeowners healthy. Wet buildings grow mold.
- ...design a leaky house. Simple and proper air sealing details can make a home go from a sieve to an airtight chamber, and can reduce the heating or cooling load in a home by as much as 20-30%
- ...design a thermal bridge. Many techniques, like advanced framing, and continuous insulation on the exterior of a building, can prevent a lot heat loss through building components.
- ...leave out a ventilated rain screen behind the cladding. This gap promotes thermal performance of the wall assembly, and avoids trapping moisture.
- ...choose products before process. Select the products to achieve the specified building performance and construction techniques, not the other way around. Selecting products first could drive up costs and compromise the homes overall performance.
- ...forget to design for slab edge insulation. Depending on the size of the home, and where it is located, as little as ½" of slab edge insulation can reduce its heating load by 20% or more.
- ...let the HVAC contractor over-size the heating and air conditioning systems. A correct Manual J load calculation can show that a home needs half or less than a typical "rule-of-thumb" method of sizing.
- ...forget the Ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) that provides fresh air to the home. People need to breathe.
- ...put mechanical equipment in unconditioned space. This makes the equipment work harder and less efficiently, increases the heating and cooling load, and wastes energy.
- ...ignore ductwork. Designing the architecture, structure and mechanicals to integrate with one another is simple when you do it all at the same time.
- ...design one component of the house at a time. The house is a system. Well, actually it's a home for people to live in, but it's also a system much like an eco system. The building and all of the components inside and out make up a network of many smaller systems that must work together as a whole; as an integrated system. Everything affects everything.
- ...and finally, don't, under any circumstance, design an ugly home. "It's not sustainable"*. Plus, it's ugly.
*Quoted from Joe Lstiburek, PhD, P. Eng, ASRAE Fellow – Building Science Corporation. Some call him the "Father of Building Science" in North America.
This is just the beginning.
I will be re-visiting this soon to add more Don'ts to a long (forever) list. In the meantime, I'd love to hear from you, the reader and observer of other failures or mistakes, about the kinds of things you see that we shouldn't see in our homes. It may just show up on the next list, and it may just save a home or building!
I'd like to see the roll of building scientist shift to architects. We have the greatest amount of control and responsibility on how a building is to look and perform, and mostly the profession shirks this responsibility and leave it to a builder, or as Dr. Lstuiburek puts it, to "by others". Our home and building owners' health, safety and welfare are in our hands, let's not let them down. As architects and designers, we took an oath!
Thanks for visiting the blog. Enjoy the rest of your day!
image of Stop Sign, from PublicDomainPictures.Net
written by Chris Laumer-Giddens | <urn:uuid:ccab5629-c656-4299-a157-88c7ae3a1b6b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://homeenergypros.org/profiles/blog/show?id=6069565%3ABlogPost%3A105155&commentId=6069565%3AComment%3A105605&xg_source=activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807089.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124051000-20171124071000-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.946409 | 1,022 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Once upon a time an amoeba was born. (Are amoebas born?) No one noticed because there were no people at the time. The universe waited.
Eventually, people were born. Generally individually. Their mothers usually noticed, but since the main family activity was Don’t Get Eaten, no one had time to celebrate the occasion on an annual basis. The universe sighed, and waited.
Finally, people figured out how to avoid getting eaten (at least most of the time) and they had time to invent birthdays and birthday cake. The universe smiled and waited for a slice. Preferably with extra icing. The universe is like that.
See why history is so important?
The Romans invented the birthday cake. Not to be outdone, the Greeks invented putting candles on the birthday cake, because everyone knows that melted wax is an excellent flavor enhancer. It’s also really fun to watch little kids try to blow out candles. The universe isn’t interested in waiting for people to think of wishes (they had all year to think about it) and just wants another small slice of cake please.
Call or text Grandma Lala–today is her birthday. The universe is pretty happy about that. | <urn:uuid:9e8e717b-89dc-4ea3-9154-245b1b813f73> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://dearkidlovemom.com/september-23rd-birthday-cake-and-the-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701174607.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193934-00133-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974911 | 258 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Burial Of The Minnisink - Poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
On sunny slope and beechen swell,
The shadowed light of evening fell;
And, where the maple's leaf was brown,
With soft and silent lapse came down,
The glory, that the wood receives,
At sunset, in its golden leaves.
Far upward in the mellow light
Rose the blue hills. One cloud of white,
Around a far uplifted cone,
In the warm blush of evening shone;
An image of the silver lakes,
By which the Indian's soul awakes.
But soon a funeral hymn was heard
Where the soft breath of evening stirred
The tall, gray forest; and a band
Of stern in heart, and strong in hand,
Came winding down beside the wave,
To lay the red chief in his grave.
They sang, that by his native bowers
He stood, in the last moon of flowers,
And thirty snows had not yet shed
Their glory on the warrior's head;
But, as the summer fruit decays,
So died he in those naked days.
A dark cloak of the roebuck's skin
Covered the warrior, and within
Its heavy folds the weapons, made
For the hard toils of war, were laid;
The cuirass, woven of plaited reeds,
And the broad belt of shells and beads.
Before, a dark-haired virgin train
Chanted the death dirge of the slain;
Behind, the long procession came
Of hoary men and chiefs of fame,
With heavy hearts, and eyes of grief,
Leading the war-horse of their chief.
Stripped of his proud and martial dress,
Uncurbed, unreined, and riderless,
With darting eye, and nostril spread,
And heavy and impatient tread,
He came; and oft that eye so proud
Asked for his rider in the crowd.
They buried the dark chief; they freed
Beside the grave his battle steed;
And swift an arrow cleaved its way
To his stern heart! One piercing neigh
Arose, and, on the dead man's plain,
The rider grasps his steed again.
Comments about Burial Of The Minnisink by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet. | <urn:uuid:8e70e159-99fb-4e63-9753-4d9ab3d64d52> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/burial-of-the-minnisink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00350-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934311 | 530 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The waters off British Columbia, Canada, are littered with dead starfish, and researchers have no idea what’s causing the deaths.
At the end of August, marine biologist and scuba enthusiast Jonathan Martin was out on his usual Saturday dive with some friends when he noticed something unusual.
“We just started noticing dead starfish that looked like they had their arms chopped off,” Martin said.
They were sunflower starfish (Pycnopodia helianthoides), a major marine predator in the area that feeds mostly on sea urchins and snails. Like most starfish, the sunflower starfish can regenerate lost limbs—it can have up to 20—and can grow to be up to three feet (a meter) across. (Related pictures: “5 Animals That Regrow Body Parts.”)
Since Martin was diving in an area frequented by crabbers, at first he thought the sunflower starfish had gotten caught in some of the crab traps and had lost limbs escaping. But Martin kept seeing large numbers of dead starfish as he and his friends swam to a marine park where such crab fishing is illegal. Martin knew then it wasn’t the traps that were causing the starfish deaths.
After returning from the dive, he visited friends at a local dive shop who were active in marine conservation. Without any definitive answer, he shared photos on Flickr and videos on YouTube—taken at Lion’s Bay and Whytecliff Park in Vancouver—to try to get ideas from others about what was going on.
“It really struck a chord in other divers who were seeing it on Facebook and social media, both locally and as far away as California, who had been seeing similar things,” Martin said.
Searching for a Cause
“[The starfish] seem to waste away, ‘deflate’ a little, and then just … disintegrate. The arms just detach, and the central disc falls apart. It seems to happen rapidly, and not just dead animals undergoing decomposition, as I observed single arms clinging to the rock faces, tube feet still moving, with the skin split, gills flapping in the current. I’ve seen single animals in the past looking like this, and the first dive this morning I thought it might be crabbers chopping them up and tossing them off the rocks. Then we did our second dive in an area closed to fishing, and in absolutely amazing numbers. The bottom from about 20 to 50 feet [6 to 15 meters] was absolutely littered with arms, oral discs, tube feet, gonads and gills … it was kind of creepy.”
On his blog, Mah speculated as to some causes, including a type of parasite that lives on starfish—the leading hypothesis at the moment, Martin said. (See more starfish pictures.)
Both Mah and Martin also wonder if a population explosion of the species, which began about three years ago, has something to do with the deaths.
“It was an unprecedented increase, so maybe what we’re seeing is just sort of a bursting of the bubble. The animals just reached a density that was unsustainable,” Martin suggested.
Starfish Not Alone
Yet what’s especially alarming to Martin, Mah, and other marine biologists is the fact that this die-off might not be restricted to P. helianthoides or the northern Pacific. Martin has spotted other dead invertebrates besides the sunflower starfish, including its predator, the morning sun star (Solaster dawsoni).
Earlier this summer, researchers also noticed a massive die-off of another starfish species on the U.S. East Coast. Scientists at the University of Rhode Island first noticed the large numbers of deaths of Asterias species—part of the same family as the sunflower starfish in British Columbia—in 2011, and since then, dead starfish have been documented along the eastern seaboard from Maine to New Jersey.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada is worried enough that they’ve asked Martin to go back out and collect samples for them to test in the lab. Although the agency has expressed interest in the die-off, Martin says that starfish aren’t a major research priority, and the main burden of investigation and discovery has fallen on him and other divers with an interest in marine ecology.
Meanwhile, Martin cautions people to not jump to conclusions.
“When I posted this on Facebook, some people immediately thought that this was due to global warming or other human-related activities. While that’s certainly a possibility, it’s all speculation.”
What do you think caused the die-off? | <urn:uuid:618a35dc-dada-4b01-b64d-5cd853e426e3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/09/massive-starfish-die-off-baffles-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052034/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00068-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964003 | 983 | 3.4375 | 3 |
What: Exploring Minnesota’s Natural History
When: June 8 through September 23, 2015
Where: Elmer L. Andersen Library and Atrium Galleries
Monday, Tuesday, Friday: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Wednesday and Thursday: 8:30 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Beginning in 1872 the Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey, the departments of Botany and Zoology, and the Bell Museum of Natural History sought to document the natural state of Minnesota. This exhibit introduces many individuals who documented and studied Minnesota’s natural environment between the 1870s and 1940s and showcases the natural wonders of the state.
The exhibit will also highlight the online availability of the University of Minnesota Archives natural history collections. | <urn:uuid:82b6a560-15d5-4b3a-b299-a26a7e976bcc> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.continuum.umn.edu/2015/05/exploring-minnesotas-natural-history-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320205242-20180320225242-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.877378 | 164 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A cold-blooded genocide shook up India 100 years ago, and still send tremors through those who know what exactly happened at the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, on April 13, 1919.
A cold-blooded genocide that led to the bloodiest Baisakhi ever. This is probably the most simple and honest way of describing what happened at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab on April 13, 1919. The ground stands witness to the inhuman atrocities of the British Empire.
Here’s what happened at Jallianwala Bagh that day
On Sunday, April 13, 1919, the day of Baisakhi — one of the largest festivals of the Sikh community — a peaceful crowd gathered at the ceremonial ground from the nearby Golden Temple to celebrate
As many as 90 British Indian Army soldiers, commanded by Colonel Reginald Dyer, opened fire at over 20,000 unarmed men, women and children without any warning or order to disperse the mob
Dyer marched his men to a raised bank and ordered them to kneel and fire at the entire Jallianwala Bagh
He ordered his soldiers to reload their rifles several times and they were ordered to shoot and killHe continued shooting, approximately 1650 rounds in all, until all ammunition was exhausted.
The garden was closed on all sides by houses and buildings and had a few narrow entrances, most of which were kept permanently lockedThere was just one main entrance which was relatively wider, but it was guarded by troops backed by armoured vehicles — loaded with machine guns — since the vehicles were unable to enter through the narrow entrance
Apart from the many deaths due to direct shooting, a number of people died from stampedes or by suffocation from jumping into a solitary well on the Jallianwala ground to escape bullets
The dead couldn’t be moved from there since a curfew had been declared and many more were killed during the night
Facts about the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre every Indian must knowThe number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed. However, a plaque set up after independence in the monument at the sight states that 120 bodies were pulled out of the well
Back in his headquarters, General Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been “confronted by a revolutionary army”
In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O’ Dwyer wrote:
“Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves.”
Upon the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre enquiry, Dyer declared that it was a necessary measure as Punjab, along with Bengal, was the hub of anti-British rebels and anti-empire movements and that the firing was “not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience”
The heinous incident of Jallianwala Bagh triggered a nationwide uproar
Rabindranath Tagore rejected his knighthoodGandhi called for nationwide protests and generations awakened to the tune of independence
Even the British nationals were furious about the MassacreColonel Dyer was dropped from the House of Commons
Photo :Reginald Dyer, The Butcher of Amritsar
However, Dyer was lauded for his ‘feat’ and honoured at the House of Lords in England
“A 100 years ago today, our beloved freedom fighters were martyred at Jallianwala Bagh. A horrific massacre, a stain on civilisation, that day of sacrifice can never be forgotten by India. At this solemn moment, we pay our tribute to the immortals of Jallianwala #PresidentKovind,” President Kovind tweeted.
As many as 1650 rounds were fired, 500 people were killed and more than 1200 wounded with ten minutes. Bhagat Singh visited Jallianwala Bagh on the next day of this massacre and collected a packet full of blood soaked soil which be kept at his home.
“Today, when we observe 100 years of the horrific Jallianwala Bagh massacre, India pays tributes to all those martyred on that fateful day. Their valour and sacrifice will never be forgotten. Their memory inspires us to work even harder to build an India they would be proud of,” the Prime Minister wrote on Twitter.
Hundred years on, the United Kingdom is yet to give a full apology for the gruesome attack on unarmed protesters in Amritsar in 1919.
However, British Prime Minister Theresa May had recently said that the United Kingdom “deeply regrets” the 1919 massacre and called it a “shameful scar” on the British-Indian history.
“The tragedy of Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919 is a shameful scar on the British-Indian history. As her Majesty, the Queen said before visiting Jallianwala Bagh 1997, it is a distressing example of our past history with India. We deeply regret what happened and the suffering caused,” May had said at the British Parliament earlier this week.
United we grieve: On the 50th anniversary of the massacre, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi led a march of thousands of people who laid wreaths at the Jallianwala Bagh memorial in Amritsar | Photo Credit: PIB
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ignited the first spark of the Indian freedom movement, which led to the fall of the British empire. | <urn:uuid:12c429cd-60e8-4cd9-8cef-f68ee78d414f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.theoctobersky.com/the-forgotten-history/100-years-of-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-deadly-and-the-most-horrific-genocide-during-the-british-rule-in-india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107875980.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021035155-20201021065155-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.976408 | 1,144 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Welcome to Together, Today for Tomorrow’s blog by Amritha and Nimmi Sohal! This week we will be diving further into Djeneba’s country and culture!
Mali has dozens of ethnic groups each with its own unique languages and history. Each of these ethnic groups also has its own traditions which have been passed down through many generations. Some of the ethnic groups in Mali include the Fula people, the Dogon people, and the Bambara people. Today we will look at the Bambara people.
Currently, the Bambara people make up the largest ethnic group in Mali. 80% of the population speaks the Bambara language. Bambara is the ethnic group that lives mostly in central and southern Mali. This ethnic group has no central organization but instead is made up of districts, which are then made up of small villages. Within these villages, there is a dominant family that provides a fama. A fama is like a chief, someone who is in charge. But like many governments in the world, this administration has checks and balances, which they called the elders, to ensure that the power of the fama is being used correctly.
The Bambara people are the founders of the Mali Empire (1230 AD), which was very powerful in its time. The Mali Empire traded, expanded their culture and territories, as well as having an abundance of gold, salt, and cotton deposits. Although the Mali Empire fell in the 1600s, the Bambara people stayed within the region.
Malians frequently participate in traditional dances, festivals, and ceremonies, but every ethnic group has its own traditions that they have had for many generations. Bambara people believe in ancestral spirits. These spirits can be taken in forms like animals or vegetables. They worship these spirits in extraordinary ceremonies and gift foods like flour and water to the spirits.
They also like to represent their spirits through objects. The picture below represents a Chiwara headdress. This headdress, which is also in the form of an antelope, represents the spirit of Chiwara, the spirit of agriculture. These headdresses are worn by farmers during the time of planting and harvest. They dance in imitation of leaping antelopes and celebrate a year of a successful harvest.
In the next blog post, we’ll look at some of the other ethnic groups in Mali. Please donate below and share with your friends and family. | <urn:uuid:f74f99a7-d06e-4347-8588-148517757a48> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.togethertodayfortomorrow.com/post/the-culture-of-mali-bambara-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.974596 | 505 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Response of diatom assemblages to 130 years of environmental change in Florida Bay (USA)
Coastal ecosystems around the world are constantly changing in response to interacting shifts in climate and land and water use by expanding human populations. The development of agricultural and urban areas in South Florida significantly modified its hydrologic regime and influenced rates of environmental change in wetlands and adjacent estuaries. This study describes changes in diatom species composition through time from four sediment cores collected across Florida Bay, for the purposes of detecting periods of major shifts in assemblage structure and identifying major drivers of those changes. We examined the magnitude of diatom assemblage change in consecutive 2-cm samples of the 210Pb-dated cores, producing a record of the past ~130 years. Average assemblage dissimilarity among successive core samples was ~30%, while larger inter-sample and persistent differences suggest perturbations or directional shifts. The earliest significant compositional changes occurred in the late 1800s at Russell Bank, Bob Allen Bank and Ninemile Bank in the central and southwestern Bay, and in the early 1900s at Trout Cove in the northeast. These changes coincided with the initial westward redirection of water from Lake Okeechobee between 1881 and 1894, construction of several canals between 1910 and 1915, and building the Florida Overseas Railroad between 1906 and 1916. Later significant assemblage restructurings occurred in the northeastern and central Bay in the late 1950s, early 1960s and early 1970s, and in the southwestern Bay in the 1980s. These changes coincide with climate cycles driving increased hurricane frequency in the 1960s, followed by a prolonged dry period in the 1970s to late 1980s that exacerbated the effects of drainage operations in the Everglades interior. Changes in the diatom assemblage structure at Trout Cove and Ninemile Bank in the 1980s correspond to documented eutrophication and a large seagrass die-off. A gradual decrease in the abundance of freshwater to brackish water taxa in the cores over ~130 years implies that freshwater deliveries to Florida Bay were much greater prior to major developments on the mainland. Salinity, which was quantitatively reconstructed at these sites, had the greatest effect on diatom communities in Florida Bay, but other factors—often short-lived, natural and anthropogenic in nature—also played important roles in that process. Studying the changes in subfossil diatom communities over time revealed important environmental information that would have been undetected if reconstructing only one water quality variable.
Wachnicka, A., L. Collins, E.E. Gaiser. 2013. Response of diatom assemblages to 130 years of environmental change in Florida Bay (USA) . Journal of Paleolimnology 49(1): 83-101. | <urn:uuid:b8102c42-0a6c-4557-8017-c18133f812db> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/fce_lter_journal_articles/265/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866965.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624141349-20180624161349-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.941287 | 577 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Does anybody know when the mistranslation "Red Square" made its first recorded appearance? Have there been any noteworthy attempts at establishing the correct translation "Beautiful Square" at some point in history? Obviously, it's too late to change the name now, but I am interested in learning how fast its use gained momentum in English-speaking countries and when the point of no return was reached.
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Using Google Books, I was able to antedate usage of “Red Square” to refer to the square in Moscow to 1844.
It is from an 1844 translation of The Heretic by Ivan Ivanovich Lazhechnikov, the first use being on page 30:
There is also a second 1845 translation of the same book which also uses the translation Red Square.
Given the origin of the name, as discussed in the Wikipedia article, I'm willing to bet that “Red Square” is even how Russians think of the name. I don’t get the impression that Красная (krasnaya) means anything other than red in contemporary Russian. Further perusing the translation links on Wikipedia, it does appear that the translated name is universally “Red Square” (where Red refers to the color).
Google Ngram Viewer suggests the point of no-return was reached by the early 1900s:
Both before and after Callithumpian's 1816 citation, there are examples of "Beautiful Square" such as this non-capitalised 1805 Characteristic anecdotes from the history of Russia, translated from the French of the consellor of state, Clausen, by B. Lambert:
From 1826's Travels in European Russia
And a footnote in 1847's Secret history of the court and government of Russia under the emperors ... by Jean-Henri Schnitzler gives both translations:
However, 1834's Excursions in the north of Europe, ... in 1830 and 1833 by John Barrow gives the French name, Place Rouge:
And 1838's Recollections of a tour in the north of Europe in 1836 - 1837, Volume 1 by Charles William Vane of Londonderry gives both possible names in French, the Place Rouge or La Belle Place: | <urn:uuid:7411439d-c5fa-4d18-b208-eeaaa40a70c4> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/1488/what-is-the-first-recorded-appearance-of-the-mistranslation-red-square | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345768537/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054928-00059-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941677 | 475 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Pediatric occupational therapists evaluate and treat children who are having difficulty participating in meaningful activities, “occupations”, relevant to their daily lives.
This includes playing, learning, paying attention, participating in sports, self-care (getting dressed, feeding), and being a friend. Occupational therapists are dedicated to helping children develop all of the abilities they need for the many “occupations” of childhood, including playing with friends, being a student, helping at home, eating, getting dressed, and participating in hobbies and sports, to name a few.
Our occupational therapists provide comprehensive assessments and interventions in the following areas:
- Fine Motor Skills
- Handwriting Skills
- Visual Motor and Visual Perceptual Skills
- Self-Care Skills Such as Feeding, Getting Dressed
- Sensory Processing
- Motor Planning
- Bilateral Motor Coordination
- Strength and Coordination
- Organization and Behavior
- Socialization and Play
- Environmental Adaptations for School and Home
- Teacher Consultation
- Parent Education | <urn:uuid:e325f5c1-0055-495b-b4ca-742a225b72f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://liveoakchildrens.com/occupational-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806660.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122194844-20171122214844-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.938599 | 214 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Romanticism and the Materiality of Nature
Type of Work
University of Toronto Press
Given current environmental concerns, it is not surprising to find literary critics and theorists surveying the Romantic poets with ecological hindsight. In this timely study, Onno Oerlemans extends these current ecocritical views by synthesizing a range of viewpoints from the Romantic period. He explores not only the ideas of poets and artists, but also those of philosophers, scientists, and explorers.
Oerlemans grounds his discussion in the works of specific Romantic authors, especially Wordsworth and Shelley, but also draws liberally on such fields as literary criticism, the philosophy of science, travel literature, environmentalist policy, art history, biology, geology, and genetics. He creates a fertile mix of historical analysis, cultural commentary, and close reading. Through this, we discover that the Romantics understood how they perceived the physical world, and how they distorted and abused it. Oerlemans's wide-ranging study adds much to our understanding of Romantic-period thinkers and their relationship to the natural world.
Hamilton Areas of Study
Literature and Creative Writing | <urn:uuid:e61fdab4-cd01-4aff-b88d-6b8885fce5c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://digitalcommons.hamilton.edu/books/33/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647576.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321043531-20180321063531-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.901139 | 231 | 2.875 | 3 |
Confucius (Why do people live the way they do?)
The goal of this unit is for students to understand
who Confucius was and the philosophy he tried to teach the
world. It also examines the influence his teachings has had on
China, Korea and Japan. Most importantly, students will learn
how to analyze and apply the philosophy of Confucius to their
own world at school, redesigning their school behavior policy
and mission statement so that it models the tenets of
This unit does use the movie "Confucius" by Mei Hu. You would need to purchase or rent a copy of the movie to implement this part of the unit.
What is in this project?
There are five core components of this unit:
His Life - The geography, timeline of historical events, and a background of Confucius and the life he lived
His Philosophy - The teachings, beliefs, and tenets that were taught by Confucius. Analyzing and Applying the Analects of Confucius activity.
The Movie - Using the feature film, Confucius, as a means to better understand and analyze Confucius and his techings.
His Legacy - How Confucius influenced Chinese, Korean, and Japanese culture in history and today.
Applying Confucius - Taking what you've learned about Confucianism and creating a mission statement and school values for your school. Then write a reflection weighing your philosophy of living life compared to the teachings of Confucius. | <urn:uuid:be44c402-882f-456c-9b2d-a31d298dc3bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.mitchellteachers.org/confucius/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00321-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946346 | 311 | 4.5 | 4 |
BY DECEMBER 7, 2018·
“There is an urgent need in northern Ghana for metro, municipal and district assemblies, NGOs and civil society organizations to act immediately to address issues such as land tenure, bush fires, indiscriminate tree cutting, and a lack of financial resources, so that we increase tree cover and improve land health and livelihoods. This is our call to action.”
So reads the powerful declaration from a workshop in Bolgatanga, capital of Ghana’s Upper East Region. The unanimity of the participants in issuing their urgent call for action to expand the scale of land restoration for the regreening of northern Ghana and beyond was surprising, and very encouraging, given the diversity of their occupations and backgrounds.
The nearly 40 people who gathered to explore practices and policies that could encourage more trees in landscapes so as to reverse land degradation and improve livelihoods and food security, included leading farmers and extension officers from three districts — Kassena-Nankana West, Bawku West and Garu-Tempane — as well as representatives of Catholic Relief Services, Tree Aid and World Vision, and researchers from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).
The participants identified the many benefits of increasing trees and forests in landscapes, such as the conservation of soil and water and the important economic, medicinal and nutritional value of indigenous species.
They also examined the complex constraints — cultural, climatic, legal, gender — that confront everyone working to improve the management of agricultural, pastoral and forest land in the region, including tree-planting activities that do not take into account the importance of species, context, management and timing.
Along with the call to action, the workshop produced a series of recommendations for policies and actions to improve tree cover, forests and land health in the three districts, including new laws to prevent indiscriminate tree-cutting, analyses and mapping of soils in the communities, and more emphasis on agroforestry systems with indigenous trees and crops.
The workshop was convened by two projects: West Africa Forest–Farm Interface (WAFFI), funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, led by CIFOR and implemented by ICRAF in Ghana and Burkina Faso; and the five-year-long, Regreening Africa, funded by the European Union, in which ICRAF is a leading partner.
Diverse sectors, common concerns, concerted action
With such a diverse group of people, discussions naturally ranged widely, covering many of the issues that afflicted the region. For example, Thomas Addaoh, CIFOR field coordinator of WAFFI Ghana, noted that the demand for charcoal in urban centres in northern Ghana is resulting in the widespread harvesting of shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) for their wood as a source of the fuel. Research undertaken for WAFFI found that more than a quarter of the charcoal in the region was derived from shea, making it the most common source of wood for the widely-used fuel.
Shea is also a vital source of income for women, who sell the shea nuts, which produce a quality oil with a growing global market because of its use in cosmetics and as a cocoa butter substitute in food, or process them into shea butter for local use. The cutting of shea trees for charcoal production, Addaoh said, meant female harvesters and sellers of the shea nuts were competing with male harvesters and vendors of the wood, something that requires urgent attention to ensure sustainable management of the fuel-and-oil resource and equitably meet the income needs of households.
More generally, Edward Akunyagra of World Vision, the project manager of Regreening Africa in Ghana, said that the project is working to reverse the loss of trees, aiming to influence policy and mindsets through an advocacy campaign.
According to the Upper East regional director of Ghana’s Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Francis Ennor, who attended the workshop along with three district directors from the ministry, land degradation and loss of tree cover in the region are ‘extremely serious’. Rampant bush fires destroy groundcover and trees, and expose the soil to the weather, such as heavy rain and wind, which leads to erosion and loss of fertility.
However, Ennor said the workshop was addressing his concerns and he hoped that from now on local authorities would take tree management and planting very seriously and that every community would have a land-use plan to increase tree cover.
Such land-use plans, Ennor said, could designate degraded areas for restoration through farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR). This could create community forests, such as the one supported by World Vision Australia that the workshop participants had visited the previous day in Saaka Aneogo.
Ennor argued that there is a need for policies to protect such community forests and make their management sustainable and less vulnerable because of insecure land tenure. This is a prerequisite for increasing the scale of FMNR and encouraging planting to increase tree cover in croplands and across whole landscapes.
Indeed, the purpose of the workshop, according to ICRAF’s Emilie Smith Dumont, was to bring together a range of people working for transformation of the Upper East Region to examine ways to ‘create synergies for resilient livelihoods’. Smith Dumont coordinates the WAFFI project in northern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso and also acts as a focal point for Regreening Africa in Ghana.
“We have many projects in the northern belt,” Smith Dumont said. “Some are working in silos, so today we are trying to bring all those people together to share lessons and promote action.”
For more information, please contact Emilie Smith Dumont: +226 64 07 26 77; firstname.lastname@example.org.
West Africa Forest-Farm Interface (WAFFI) is led by the Center for International Forestry Research in collaboration with ICRAF and Tree Aid with support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development. WAFFI aims to identify practices and policy actions that improve the income and food security of smallholders in Burkina Faso and Ghana through integrated forest and tree management systems that are environmentally sound and socially equitable.
Regreening Africa is a five-year project that seeks to reverse land degradation among 500,000 households across 1 million hectares in eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Incorporating trees into crop land, communal land and pastoral areas can reclaim Africa’s degraded landscapes. In Ghana, the work is led by World Vision in collaboration with ICRAF and Catholic Relief Services.
WAFFI is supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. ICRAF is one of the 15 members of the CGIAR, a global research partnership for a food-secure future. We thank all donors who support research in development through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund.
This story was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Regreening Africa project and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. | <urn:uuid:7da6b3ce-a0de-4e92-91c6-0d482a6b133c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://regreeningafrica.org/project-updates/call-to-action-more-trees-to-restore-landscapes-and-improve-livelihoods-in-northern-ghana/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300533.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117091246-20220117121246-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.947835 | 1,479 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Parks & Greenbelt Turned Flowing River
While seasonal monsoon storms commonly bring heavy downpours, unusually prolonged rainfall can cause dramatic flooding through Indian Bend Wash. In this case, a Pacific hurricane to the south combined with the remnants of an Atlantic tropical storm from the east brought moisture and storm activity to much of the Southwest. After heavy overnight rainfall across most of the metro-Phoenix area, the normally dry greenbelt was transformed into a flowing river.
Part of an extensive 11-mile corridor of parks, multi-use paths, lakes, golf courses, athletic facilities and greenspace, Indian Bend Wash collects and drains surface runoff from central Scottsdale south to Tempe Town Lake on the Salt River. The many small bridges that commonly act as underpasses for the greenbelt bike path also allow water to flow under crossing roadways during flash floods. The storm runoff turns low park areas into shallow lakes and existing lakes into bigger lakes, but the bridges and other more confined channels create powerful flows, dramatically illustrating just how much water moves through the wash.
Although planning first began in the 1960s, development of Indian Bend Wash became more immediate after a major storm in 1970 caused significant damage to the wash area and intersecting roads. The infrastructure of the wash and greenbelt was completed in the mid-1980s and while heavy rains can exercise its limits, Indian Bend Wash has been carrying storm runoff safely through the heart of Scottsdale ever since.
Even after big rains the wash flows for just a day or so and particularly in the hotter, drier weather, remaining pools and puddles soak in and dry up in a few days. Summer monsoon storms are always a welcome break from the generally predictable weather of the Southwest and this kind of unusually heavy rain is a remarkable reminder of how dynamic the desert climate can be.More Adventures | <urn:uuid:6631bdb2-1e1f-4198-9f61-409238c639a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://wildernessbrandon.com/adventures/greenbelt-flooding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599156.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217230057-20171218012057-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.951318 | 374 | 2.6875 | 3 |
23 Aug Higher Teen Pregnancy Rates Among LGBT Youth
By Diane Robertson
Teenwise Minnesota, a statewide organization that promotes the sexual health of young people, recently published a survey of teens 9th to 11th grade on teen pregnancy and sexual activity. For the first time, Teenwise asked the teens about their sexual orientation. The survey revealed some counterintuitive information: gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens are much more likely to become pregnant or get someone pregnant than their heterosexual peers.
Bisexual girls were five times more likely and lesbian girls were three times more likely to have been pregnant compared to their straight classmates. The trend continues with teen boys. Boys who identify as questioning, gay, or bisexual were all about four times more likely to have gotten someone pregnant.
The same survey reported that in addition to higher rates of teen pregnancy, LGBT teens are much more likely than their heterosexual peers to be sexually active during high school. About 50% of gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens reported having had sex, while only between 20 and 25 percent of heterosexual and questioning teens reported ever having had sex.
In response to this survey, the federal government issued an $18 million grant to Planned Parenthood in nine states — including Minnesota — to support programs aimed at reducing teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases in the LGBTQ population.
John Azbill-Salisbury, director of programs at Minneapolis-based Rainbow Health Initiative, attributes the teen pregnancy rates among LGBT youth to lack of acceptance by society for homosexuality.
“You know,” he said, “if you’re being told all day long that how you think about yourself is wrong, or that it doesn’t fit into the environment that you’re in, that has a negative effect on all of those things, including risk behaviors that would lead to pregnancy.”
However, the majority of people, even among the religious, believe that gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are born that way. Their lifestyles and marriages have been accepted both in the law and in society at large throughout most western nations. The truth is, if the behavior is considered risky, then the rates of that behavior are higher among the LGBT population regardless of the behavior. That includes, drug and alcohol abuse, violence, physical abuse, unprotected sex, unmarried sex, and extra-marital affairs. Depression, anxiety, other mental health issues, and even homelessness and poverty are also much more common among the LGBT population.
A commonly known indicator of teen pregnancy is fatherlessness. It would be interesting to know if these LGBT teens who have gotten someone pregnant or been pregnant have grown up with both their mother and their father. Is then fatherlessness also an indicator that a teen or child would identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual?
Sexual abuse was reported regularly by the LGBT youth surveyed. 5 out of 18 disclosed they had experienced sexual abuse as young children. One teen, identifying as a lesbian said, “I was with this, like, drug dealer guy when I shot up meth, so me, like, sleeping with men actually ties in with my drug addiction… Because, like, whenever I get high or need drugs, because my addiction was really bad, I would sleep with guys. Which is really bad. It was just gross and disgusting.”
Regardless, of the cause, one would like to know where are the parents in the lives of these teens? Why are the mothers and fathers of these youth not taking better care of their children and helping them stay away from young sexual encounters, drugs, and alcohol? All the money the federal government can give and all the help local non-profits and school counselors provide will never make up for what a loving, careful, present mother and father can do.
Graphs attributed to the Minnesota Star Tribune | <urn:uuid:40642edb-3802-4297-a700-e0bbf94b949b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.unitedfamilies.org/uncategorized/higher-teen-pregnancy-rates-among-lgbt-youth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.97804 | 769 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Information about Ireland, Gaelic.
Gaelic Ireland consisted of as few as five and as many as nine Primary kingdoms (Cuaighe) which were often subdivided into many minor smaller kingdoms (Tutha). The primary kingdoms were Connacht, Ailech, Airgíalla, Ulster, Mide, Leinster, Osraige, Munster and Thomond. Until the end of Gaelic Ireland they continued to fluctuate, expand and contract in size, as well as dissolving entirely or being amalgamated into new entities. The role of High King of Ireland was primarily titular and rarely (if ever) absolute. Gaelic Ireland was not ruled as a unitary state.
The names of Connacht, Ulster, Leinster and Munster are still in use, now applied to the four modern provinces of Ireland. | <urn:uuid:672aee05-20b3-4020-b744-0a9950d872de> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://onlinecoin.club/Info/Countries/Gaelic_Ireland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00393-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968291 | 176 | 3.625 | 4 |
Based on the Guinness Book of Records, the smallest city in the world is Hum in Croatia. It has a population of 23. However not everyone agrees with this.
The difficulty in determining lies to do with definition. Experts do not agree when a city becomes small enough it is classified as a town. For example, many consider Vatican City as a city. It has a population of 6770 and measures 0.2 sq miles. But officially, it is a country in spite of the name.
Small Towns in America
The following are some of the smallest towns in America. Both Lost Springs, Wyoming and Monowi, Nebraska claim a population of less than 3. Tortilla Flat in Arizona has a population of 6. Weeki Wachee in Florida has the same population as does Freeport, Kansas.
Tenney in Minnesota has a population of 7 while Hillsview in South Dakota has a population of 3. Again, one should bear in mind that there are problems defining the smallest city in the world. But it is useful to compare cities and towns. There are many towns in the US with a population of less than 1,000.
The Smallest Town in the World?
There are many towns in America that claim a population of 1. However, many consider Buford, Wyoming to be the smallest. It has a population of 1: 60 year-old Don Sammons. The town can be found at Interstate 80. The whole town consists of his house and a gas station.
In terms of population and area size, this may well be the smallest. However, the town is unincorporated, so some do not consider it an “official” town. Buford was established in 1866. It used to have a population of 2,000. Over time, the residents moved out. Wyoming also has the smallest population among all the US states with 509,293.
Smallest Chartered Cities in the UK
The smallest is St David’s and the Cathedral Close in Wales with a population of 1,797. The second smallest is the City of London with 7,185 in England. The third smallest is the city of Wells also in England. Its population is 10,406.
The fourth smallest is Bangor, Wales. There are 13,725 living there. At number five is Armagh in Northern Ireland with a population of 14,580.
As the facts show, the title of smallest city in the world is difficult to bestow. Any of the cities and towns stated above will fit in. | <urn:uuid:f1af8288-15d1-432b-9a95-156bfc63eeb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dimensionsguide.com/what-is-the-smallest-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.963652 | 523 | 2.875 | 3 |
I chose a reoccurring event in the novel as opposed to a term, but the symbolism and deeper reading that can be done with them is just as complex. Throughout the text, the Pequod meets six different boats with six different crews and context within the story. Melville is quite obviously saying something about those aboard the ships by how the encounters are crafted. It would be of benefit to see what he is saying about each, and why he brings in these elements when he does.
From the get-go, Melville establishes an admiration for “savages” – most readily seen in his accounts of Queequeg. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the encounters are used to define the role of other civilized whaling vessels in the story.
The first encounter, with the Virgin, makes a statement early on that the German and Dutch whaling industry used to flourish and have more vessels than any other nation. Now, though, they are the fewest in number (318). Though this is a glimpse into the history of the whaling scene, it can be developed into a view of the changing powers of the world and hints at whom Melville favors. When the two boats have had their initial meeting, there is a chase for a great old whale. Following the laws of Loose-Fish, the race is intense. Melville does not leave the event as a matter of sport or competition; he creates a cowardly and dastardly image of the German captain whom throws the lamp oil Stubbs gave him overboard (321). Perhaps Melville wanted there to be some drama, but it cannot be that simple. Stubbs also has a repertoire of labels for the rival captain – German, Dutch dogger, and Yarman. Not only does he call him two different lineages, readily insulting I’m sure to any German or Dutch persons, but the use of Yarman is purely derogatory – like calling a Northerner a Yank or a working man Grabowski. It would seem just another instance of color among whalers if Melville did not make fun of the other two European whaling ships that happen the Pequod.
The Rose-Bud is next – Melville has fun with this one. I think it becomes obvious in this chapter that he holds some animosity for the French – “…Crappoes of Frenchmen are but poor devils in the fishery…” (363). Stubbs revels in mocking the captain and his ship, but does not stop there. In the following chapter, we see the motive, Ambergris, behind swindling the dried whale from the aggravated crew. As with the Germans, Melville comments on the lack of skill and knowledge of the very profession the men partake in. He makes a point to make the captain of the Rose-Bud a novice, “his first voyage” (365). Not only that, but the members of the crew allowed their captain to be swindled (as I’m sure more than one person spoke/understand English) – aroma or not. It’s a bit of stretch, but around the time Melville wrote Moby-Dick, Europe was all abuzz with revolution due to social unrest and adjustment. I am focusing on the encounters of fellow whaling vessels, so attention to the detail of descent throughout the novel would no doubt reveal other satirical elements.
The last three boats encountered all hailed from Nantucket. We need not have read more than a few chapters to see how much Melville appreciate this harbor. A common theme among the ships, though very different in nature, is reason – rational thought. The Bachelor, not coincidentally the first Nantucket boat met and the most successful of any boat mentioned, offers Ahab reprieve from his black brow. Of course he refuses, but we are shown a side of whaling that is new to this point: real success. For the first time, the crew stares on in envy of another ship. Being a Nantucket-manned ship as well, the Pequod thirsts for oil as well as its reward – objects of a hollow goal to their captain (money). This may have been a turning point in the novel; a real chance for Starbuck to re-establish his capitalist goals and spark those New England needs, but the show goes on.
The Rachel and Delight have both suffered, though are reasonable in the aftermath. Both encounters end with picture-perfect foreshadowing and both offer Ahab reasons to deviate from his unholy crusade. The subtly of symbolism in this instance of the Rachel is out-weighed by the significance I found when I researched the biblical Rachel. She was a bargaining tool of her father, who married her to Jacob – but not until Jacob was tricked into marrying her older sister as well. Jacob and his wives leave their father. A long story short, Rachel stole idols from her father, and was cursed to death by them. She would die shortly after child birth. The parallel, though faint, is in the Rachel’s decimation and death at the hands of Ahab’s idol – the White Whale. Furthermore, Ahab does not heed such an event and will suffer the same fate by the jaws of a false god. All this pays tribute to Melville’s use of the Nantucketers to portray a sense of reason that Ahab can only be slapped with so many times before his unlearned lesson kills him. Each encounter serves as a lesson, observed or not, and a look at the world as Melville knew it. | <urn:uuid:f611faa2-6af9-456e-a6d3-892f81668c00> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://pitt-crit-reading.blogspot.com/2011/03/encounters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323842.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629015021-20170629035021-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974276 | 1,151 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Seattle Children's Research Institute, together with an international team of scientists and clinicians from 22 other institutions, have identified two genetic risk factors for the most common form of non-syndromic craniosynostosis, a birth defect in which the bony plates of an infant's skull prematurely fuse. The condition is known as sagittal craniosynostosis and often results in an abnormal head shape and facial features.
The study identified two genes (BMP2 and BBS9) associated with sagittal craniosynostosis that are known to be involved in broader skeletal development.
Results of the research project, "A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis near BMP2 and within BBS9," are published online today in the journal Nature Genetics.
"Seattle Children's treats hundreds of children with different types of craniosynostosis each year, many whose families are looking for answers to what causes the condition and many of whom participated in this study. This discovery brings us one step closer to unraveling the mysteries of craniosynostosis, which will lead to improved counseling of our patients and their families," said Michael Cunningham, MD, PhD, a principal investigator at Seattle Children's Research Institute who studies the genetics and developmental biology of craniosynostosis.
Dr. Cunningham is the medical director of the Craniofacial Center at Seattle Children's Hospital, Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Washington and a founding member of the International Craniosynostosis Consortium (ICC), the organization that enrolled and evaluated all study participants.
In this study - believed to be the first genome-wide association study of non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis - investigators scanned the whole genome of a group of children and adults with the condition and compared them to a control group without it. Researchers identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with the condition. SNPs are changes in DNA in which a nucleotide differs from the one normally in that position and can be used to identify genes linked to the disease.
The research team evaluated DNA, taken from blood or oral samples, of 214 cases and both of their parents, who did not have the condition. The final analysis came from a group of 130 children and their families.
During normal development, the bony plates of the skull are separate during fetal development and early infancy, which allows for growth of the skull. The borders where these bony plates intersect are known as sutures. The sagittal suture usually does not fuse until adulthood. If the midline suture at the top of the head closes too early, a child will develop sagittal craniosynostosis. Without surgical treatment, this can cause increased pressure within the skull, visual problems and learning disabilities.
Sagittal craniosynostosis affects about one in 5,000 newborns and boys are three to four times more likely than girls to have the condition. Prior research has suggested that the condition can recur in families, but the exact genetic causes have not been well understood.
"Our participation in this collaborative effort and our ongoing research into the biology of craniosynostosis will result in tangible changes in how we diagnose and treat craniosynostosis," Dr. Cunningham said. | <urn:uuid:d0aa3efd-b3c2-458e-b175-459effbaf619> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121120/Scientists-identify-two-genetic-risk-factors-for-sagittal-craniosynostosis.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00230-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94336 | 696 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Children Do Better When They Get Out In The Woods
Seeing kids have fun in nature, falling in the grass, playing with the mud, and hiding between the trees... It's a joy for children and adults alike. And, it benefits their health.
Both mentally and physically, children benefit from being in contact with nature. We're going to go over some of those benefits and how to get your kids more involved with the outdoors.
It can seem like a big task nowadays, with people being so addicted to their cell phones and technology, but taking your kids out to play in the dirt may be one of the kindest of things you do for their health.
Kids Love Nature
Inherently, kids love to explore. They want to poke around and see what they can discover. The outdoors allows a rich array of things to explore and learn about.
Mentally, this is very important play. As children learn to explore, they build the mental pathways that help them focus on developing critical-thinking skills and risk assessment later in life. Of course, none of these develop overnight, but it can be a good foundation.
Letting your children run around in the yard, climb over rocks, climb trees, and explore stream banks help develop independence and coordination.
As children figure out how to move across unstable territory, it reinforces the critical thinking skills and helps develop fine motor coordination necessary later on for tasks including driving and being able to treat people with a gentle hand.
And it provides great exercise. With over half of all children categorized as overweight or obese, getting out nature allows them to expend their energy, build muscle, and get rid of unwanted fat.
Nature Loves Kids
But it's not just the developmental skills children benefit from.
Nature is filled with probiotics. Researchers have discovered more than 200 strains of probiotic bacteria found in dirt and soil. All kids get dirty and consume this dirt, and when they do, they take in these probiotics, which can help digest food better and increase immunity. In this case, saying clean is not beneficial.
Probiotics are not the only thing found in dirt. Yeast, viruses, bacteria, and fungus all coexist in the dirt. When children start getting dirty, their immune system begins building up resistance to these potential Invaders. Over time, the body starts recognizing how to fight off more and more illnesses more effectively.
As children learn they love nature and nature provides entertainment and comfort, conservation efforts increase. The next generation can gain the same benefits by being close to nature.
How To Get Your Kids More Interested In Nature
The best way to start kids to love nature is to start early. Take them out as babies and let them see nature, crawl around in the grass, and touch plants. This can develop a lifelong love of being outside.
It has to be consistent, being outside should happen often and in various weather conditions to develop the good habit.
If your children are a little bit older, take them outside. It may take a little while to develop the habit of going outside and enjoying themselves if they aren't used to it, but the results are worth it.
Activities such as walks in the woods, strolls around the neighborhood, and games in the yard help reinforce the idea that being outside is good. And, it helps develop the idea that being without technology is acceptable.
Children learn by what they see, and if they see you in the house all the time, they will want to be in the house with you. But, if you teach them going outside is enjoyable and constructive, kids can develop a lifelong love of being outside. It benefits our health, connecting with nature helps mentally and physically all life-long. | <urn:uuid:6195038e-6385-49e0-b74e-04d2e762334a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.shophope.com/blogs/news/children-do-better-when-they-get-out-in-the-woods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.960823 | 762 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Is there any theorem that forbids the bound system of two massive particles to have negative mass?
A negative binding energy would make the vaccum unstable.
For example suppose a virtual electron and positron pop out of the vacuum. This costs energy to create the particles, but if their binding energy could be greater in magnitude than their rest masses then they could bind to form an energy state lower than the vacuum from which they were created. The result is that the vaccum would spontaneously decay into a lower energy state, which would then be the new vacuum state.
So the vacuum is by definition the lowest energy state that can exist, and no bound state can have a total energy lower than this.
Within special relativity definitions mass is the positive root of the square root of the dot product in four vector space.
With this definition there is no way a mass can be negative by construction. Two particles at rest will have zero momenta and their masses will add linearly for the minimum invariant mass of their system. Once they get momentum the invariant mass goes up. Bound particles have a momentum . | <urn:uuid:5dd16db7-c7c7-4d0f-b6bb-0ef970ad1069> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/133839/is-negative-mass-for-a-bound-system-of-two-particles-forbidden?noredirect=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920050858-20190920072858-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.953099 | 222 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Milky Way galaxy is on a collision course with its largest neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy. Never fear. Although the galaxies are speeding towards each other at a rate of 300,000 miles per hour, the collision won’t occur for another three billion years. At this point the galaxies are still 2.2 million light years apart.
So named for its appearance as a blur of light in the constellation Andromeda, this large spiral galaxy contains roughly twice the number of stars as the Milky Way. Many astronomers hold that the cloudy image representing the Andromeda Galaxy in the night sky is the most distant object visible to the naked eye.
Scientists explain the inevitable collision by speculating that the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are a bound pair, meaning that they are in orbit around each other. Formed in relative proximity soon after the Big Bang, the two galaxies initially separated with the general expansion of the universe. However, mutual gravitational attraction between the galaxies halted this separation after several billion years and has been drawing them together.
When Worlds Collide
The meeting of the Milky Way and Andromeda will not necessarily result in earthly destruction. According to one scenario, our solar system may be propelled towards the center of the merged galaxies, where frequent supernovas, or exploding stars, will light up the night sky. Conversely, the merger might disrupt the normal trajectory of our solar system and cause the sun, earth and other planets to fly off into intergalactic space, far away from the newly formed galaxy.
“Andromeda and the Milky Way: A Merger of Galactic Proportions” (NYT) | <urn:uuid:13dc2626-90eb-4fae-a754-07b51cd98951> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/colliding-galaxies-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907539 | 324 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Sometime in the fall of 2015, a United Airlines jet will take off from Los Angeles International Airport bound for San Francisco. The trip, one of a dozen the airline makes daily between LAX and the City by the Bay, will probably seem like any other for the travelers and businesspeople on board, but there will be something quite remarkable about it. It won’t be powered by conventional, petroleum-based jet fuel; instead, the jet’s gas tank will be full of “biofuel” derived from farm waste.
If all goes as planned, it will be one of the first of many passenger flights in the U.S. to run on biofuel—a milestone for a technology that has been touted as a promising solution to both our nation’s dependence on foreign oil and the looming threat of climate change. Depending on the technology, renewable biofuels derived from waste, plants, and algae may reduce the net carbon output to the atmosphere, increase environmental sustainability, address climate change, and lead to other products that can address eye disease and cancer.
The fact that it has taken so long to get to this point, and that we have heard so little about biofuels in the past few years, hints at a larger story, however—one in which economic forces, regulatory loopholes, and years of false starts have hampered the spread of a promising technology. The question now: Could biofuels really begin to take off, or have we turned irrevocably toward other alternatives, like the batteries that power a growing number of vehicles on our streets?
To answer these questions, it helps to jump back to the early aughts, when biofuels were all the rage. Do-it-yourselfers were retrofitting their cars to run on biodiesel. College students and environmental activists crisscrossed the country in buses powered by veggie oil, extolling the virtues of fuel salvaged from deep fryers rather than fracked from the earth or extracted from the seafloor.
Spurred by agribusiness and biotech entrepreneurs, Congress passed a law in 2005 mandating that 7.5 billion gallons of “renewable fuels” be blended into the U.S. fuel supply by 2012, including biofuels made from corn, soy, and other food crops, as well as algae, agricultural waste, and even garbage. In 2007, citing national security concerns, lawmakers increased the mandate to 36 billion gallons by 2022.
Although we haven’t heard much about it since then, this legislation did result in some significant changes.
“Biofuels are still around and we’re using a lot of them,” says Adam Christensen, a postdoctoral researcher with the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering who specializes in biofuels.
Today, ethanol derived from corn, which is used as an additive in gasoline, makes up roughly 10 percent of the fuel used for transportation in this country.
We burned roughly 13 billion gallons of the stuff in 2014. Biodiesel, derived from soybeans, recycled vegetable oil, and animal fat, has also gone mainstream. Last year, we used 1.75 billion gallons—thus the distinctive smell of French fries you occasionally catch from a passing truck.
Still, we’re nowhere near where Congress intended us to be. “Thirty-six billion gallons by 2022? You’re never going to see it,” says Christensen.
Blame that, in part, on the Great Recession. Interest in alternative fuels tends to be highest when oil prices go up, explains Deborah Bleviss, administrative director of the Energy, Resource and Environment Program at Johns Hopkins’ Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. A lot of companies pursued biofuels early on, only to have their investors turn tail and flee when oil prices dropped in 2009 amid the global financial slump.
While the price of oil has rebounded since then, electric cars have surged into the market, with entrepreneurs like Elon Musk at Tesla claiming some of the space that biofuels might have taken. Electric cars have zero tailpipe emissions, though depending on the source of the electricity, they may still contribute to climate change. Almost 40 percent of U.S. electricity is generated by burning coal; more than a quarter comes from natural gas.
Biofuels, meanwhile, have issues of their own. Proponents of biofuels point out that, unlike fossil fuel—which contain carbon that was captured millennia ago and has been safely sequestered in the ground—biofuels come from plants, which gobble up carbon dioxide as they grow, effectively canceling out the emissions when the fuel is burned. Farming and transporting corn and soy require burning fuel, however, and increasing fuel crop production often requires clearing forests and draining wetlands. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that when you factor these things in, biofuels can actually produce more carbon than fossil fuels.
Congress never intended biofuels to be made solely from food crops. Corn ethanol was an easy starting point because U.S. farmers know how to grow corn, and there was off-the-shelf technology to turn it into fuel.
And then there’s the question of whether all that land would be better used to produce food rather than fuel. In 2013, 40 percent of the U.S. corn crop went to ethanol production instead of food for people or livestock.
But Congress never intended bio fuels to be made solely from food crops, says Christensen. Corn ethanol was an easy starting point because U.S. farmers know how to grow corn, and there was off-the-shelf technology to turn it into fuel. But researchers promised a second generation of “advanced” fuels made from such things as beef tallow, garbage, and algae.
To date, however, no one has been able to make these second-gen fuels pencil out on a commercial scale. A company called KiOR, whose plant in Mississippi generated fuel from wood chips, won the backing of billionaire venture capitalists Vinod Khosla and Bill Gates. But it cost between $5 and $10 a gallon to produce the fuel, according to The Washington Post—a number that did not include the cost of building the plant. The company filed for bankruptcy in November 2014.
The oil giant BP was part of a high-profile effort to create biofuels from corn stalks and other dry, woody plant matter (“lignocellulosic biomass,” in industry parlance) in California, Louisiana, and Florida. The company poured $750 million into the effort before announcing in 2014 that it was pulling out completely and selling its assets.
The 2007 renewable fuel standard, passed by Congress, required a significant portion of new fuels to come from these nonfood sources, but a loophole in the law allows the Environmental Protection Agency to waive that requirement if those fuels fail to materialize. “That has had a cooling effect on second-gen fuels,” Christensen says. “The policy is not sending as strong of a signal to marketplace that investments need to be made.”
There is one place, however, where biofuels are still getting ample attention: aviation.
Petroleum, for all its faults, became popular for a reason, Bleviss points out: “Oil is a fantastic fuel from an energy density perspective.” In other words, you can squeeze a tremendous amount of energy into a small space. You’d be hard-pressed to power a jet with a battery; in order to pack enough punch, it would simply be too big to get off the ground.
No one understands this better than the U.S. military. Back in 2006, as Congress was fiddling with the renewable fuel standards, the military’s research arm—the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency—contracted with a subsidiary of Honeywell called UOP to produce jet fuel from oil-seed crops such as camelina, a relative of canola. The company, which specializes in oil refinery technology, had developed a process called “fast pyrolysis” capable of producing “drop-in” jet fuel that could be mixed with standard fuel with no retrofitting of the planes themselves.
In July 2012, the Navy conducted a demonstration in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii of what it dubbed the Great Green Fleet. Made up of planes, including fighter jets, the Great Green Fleet was powered by a 50-50 blend of conventional jet fuel and biofuel. In a press release, the Navy said that “investments in an alternative to foreign sources of fuel will help the Navy and the nation become less dependent on foreign oil and less subject to volatility in oil prices that can directly affect our readiness.”
It’s that price volatility, along with concerns about the outsized climate impacts of air travel, that has inspired the airline industry as a whole to invest in creating a new generation of petroleum substitutes. The fuel that United Airlines plans to use to power that pioneering flight from San Francisco to L.A. this fall is created from inedible animal fat left over from rendering plants and agricultural waste. United is also working with a company called Fulcrum that is building a refinery outside Reno, Nevada, to turn household trash into jet fuel. Fulcrum claims it can cut an airline’s carbon emissions by 80 percent compared with petroleum-based fuel.
Ventures similar to Fulcrum have shifted focus away from biofuels in recent years. Coskata, a Warrenville, Illinois–based company that also had backing from Vinod Khosla, along with a $250 million loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, tried generating fuel from corn husks and municipal trash but switched focus to conventional natural gas in 2012.
Even the United Flight—intended to be the first of many biofuel-powered flights between L.A. and San Francisco—has been beset with delays. The airline originally announced that the program would start this summer, but the launch has been postponed. Company spokespeople declined to say why.
Still, together, the airlines and the military just might create a market big and dependable enough to attract funding for new biofuel ventures. There’s pressure from individual states that have adopted renewable fuel standards of their own. Cities could also act as labs for biofuels, according to Bleviss, if they committed to building the infrastructure. Austin, Texas, did something similar with plugin hybrids, installing charging stations around the city and offering rebates for drivers who bought electric cars and installed home charging stations.
Price volatility, along with concerns about the outsized climate impacts of air travel, has inspired the airline industry as a whole to invest in creating a new generation of petroleum substitutes.
Building a sustainable future for biofuels will require a level of commitment from governments and research institutions that we have not yet seen, says Julian Rosenberg, a former research fellow at the Johns Hopkins University Environment, Energy, Sustainability and Health Institute, whose PhD in chemical and biomolecular engineering focused on the potential use of algae in biofuels.
Rosenberg points to a pioneering effort called the Aquatic Species Program, created by the Department of Energy in 1978 to study how to make biofuel from algae. Researchers looked at thousands of species of algae, identifying the best ones for producing oils and carbohydrates for biofuels. “But as fossil fuel prices came down in the ’90s, the program was dismantled,” says Rosenberg, who now works for a chemical engineering company in Albany, New York.
Today, advances in genetic engineering and genome sciences have made further progress possible—at least two companies have engineered photosynthetic microbes that secrete ethanol directly into the water, Rosenberg says. But in order to make algae-based biofuels economically feasible, more work needs to be done on the basic biology, the technical details of algae farming, and the process of extracting fuel from the microscopic plants.
“It’s technically feasible to produce biofuel from algae,” he says. “The problem is that it’s still very expensive.”
Michael Betenbaugh, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the Whiting School of Engineering who specializes in microalgae engineering, says that to make biofuels profitable, researchers have turned their attention to “co-products”—that is, processes that produce both biofuels and more lucrative products such as pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. Researchers use algae as a platform for growing omega-3 fatty acids; betacarotene used to fight certain cancers; lutein, which aids in ocular health; and astaxanthin, an antioxidant that also happens to be the pigment that makes salmon pink.
Rosenberg imagines a day when algae produce oil for biofuel as well as omega-3 for nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, pigments, and protein for fish food. “What’s the saying? Use every part of the pig except the oink?” he says. “That would bring together the health of the environment, actual medical therapies, sustainable food, and human nutritional supplements as well.”
It would be the perfect melding of human and environmental well-being.
But, for now, it’s still a dream. “We have some significant technical and scientific hurdles we need to overcome,” Betenbaugh says. In the meantime, bio-fuels are likely to remain at the whim of oil markets and public policymakers.
On the ground, that means that ethanol and biodiesel will still be part of the mix at the gas pump, but more and more, it will be batteries and not biofuels that power our vehicles. Musk, who pioneered the Tesla, is hard at work on a battery capable of powering not just your car but also your home.
In the air, it could be a different story. The EPA announced this summer that it will begin regulating carbon emissions from the airline industry, just as it has from coal-fired power plants. “Airlines are seeing the writing on the wall,” Christensen says, “and they know that it takes a long time to get alternative fuels of the ground.”
Renewable biofuels derived from waste, plants, and algae may reduce the net carbon output to the atmosphere, increase environmental sustainability, address climate change, and lead to other products that can address eye disease and cancer. | <urn:uuid:4d3ed06f-1d60-4c21-ac9b-19f6202ec9db> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.johnshopkinshealthreview.com/issues/fall-winter-2015/articles/remember-biofuels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00384-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959658 | 3,018 | 3.125 | 3 |
EWING YOUNG TRAIL
Munford & Charlotte L. Wirfs
(Originally published in the Horner Museum Tour Guide Series, 1981)
EWING YOUNG, a six-foot two-inch Tennessean, left tracks in various parts of
the west. As a trapper and trader, he traveled the Santa Fe Trail,
roamed southern California and the Sacramento Valley, and finally
came to Oregon. For an account of his adventurous life and the
lasting effect of his death, one should read Ewing Young: Master
Trapper by Kenneth L. Holmes, published by Binfords & Mort in Portland in 1967. In chapters 7 and 8, Holmes tells how Young and his
drovers herded 154 horses and mules north from California in
1834 and 630 cattle in 1837. The route they followed on these
drives is what we are calling the Ewing Young Trail for the purposes
of this tour.
Once the herds reached the Willamette Valley, Holmes says, "they
traveled on the western side ... skirting the coastal mountains,"
but does not go into further detail (p. 105). We know Young did
have to blaze a new trail. The way he came had served as a pack
for trappers and traders for many years. It has had several names:
the Hudson's Bay Company pack trail, the Old California Trail,
and the Applegate Trail west of the Cascades.
As early as 1818 and 1820 trappers had explored southern Oregon. In 1827 Peter
Skene Ogden, in charge of a fur brigade in the Rogue River Valley,
gave Joseph Gervais, one of his French-Canadian employees, the
task of opening a trail north to the Willamette Valley and Fort
Vancouver. Gervais thereby became the first known white man to
travel what we here call the Ewing Young Trail. Subsequently,
Alexander McLeod, Michel LaFramboise, John Work, and other HBC
brigade leaders used the trail on expeditions in search of pelts
of the beaver and other fur-bearing animals.
From the Sacramento Valley, northern California,
and southern Oregon, the pack trails followed - with many variations - the
route used later by wagon roads, the Oregon & California Railroad, and highways U. S. 99 and I-5. Young's route we assume
to have been through the Rogue River Valley passing future sites
of Ashland, Medford, and Grants Pass and through the Umpqua Valley
passing present Roseburg, Sutherlin, and Oakland.
From the Yoncalla-Drain-Anlauf
area of northern Douglas County, Young's drovers in 1834 might
have taken either of two routes
into the Willamette Valley. That is, they could have followed
the HBC pack trail that went north from Anlauf through present
Lorane, Crow, Veneta, and Elmira. Or they could have taken
the route northeast over the divide between the Umpqua and the
Fork of the Willamette that is now used by railroad and highways
through Cottage Grove and Creswell to Eugene. Each of these
routes had been used earlier that year by HBC brigades, the one
Anlauf to Eugene apparently for the first time.
Brigade leader John Work came south into the
Umpqua in May 1834. He kept a diary (reprinted in the Oregon
Historical Quarterly, Sept. 1923) which gives a good description
of the pack trail used at that time. Work traveled by water from
Fort Vancouver to Sauvie Island. Even though he had a small brigade,
he required about fifty horses or mules. He obtained the pack
animals he needed near present Scappoose. His caravan crossed
the Tualatin Mountains and the Tualatin Plains and came south
through the Willamette Valley along the western side and left
the valley by way of Coyote Creek, Crow, and Lorane on his way
to the Umpqua Valley.
On his return trip, Work took a new route,
which apparently had not been used before but which immigrants
on the Applegate Trail used twelve years later and which since
that time has become the principal artery of transportation.
Work learned from Indian Charles that prospects were good for
trapping beaver on what we now call the Middle Fork of the Willamette
River. He hired Charles to guide him on June 21, 1834, through
Creswell, Saginaw, and Goshen area to the forks of the Willamette
near present Springfield. Work wrote in his diary: "Road across the mountains rugged & lies through thick woods."
Another HBC brigade was in the area in the
late summer of 1834, this one led by Michel LaFramboise, sometimes
called "Captain of the California Trail." LaFramboise came upon Young's party in the Roseburg area. Finding one of Young's
companions, Hall J. Kelley, very ill, LaFramboise nursed him
a bit and took him back to Fort Vancouver. This brigade would
have probably followed the established trail from Anlauf through
Lorane and Crow into the Willamette Valley.
Young's drovers therefore had a choice of
two routes. They may have followed Work's fainter trail made
in June or LaFramboise's trail made a few days before. In any
event, they would have stayed on the west side of the Willamette
and reached the present site of Monroe in southern Benton County.
The trail then took them northwest to Bellfountain, skirting
the flat, poorly drained area, and reaching the Marys River as
the next barrier to be crossed.
AN ALTERNATE ROUTE
John E. Smith, an Oregonian who had graduated
from Oregon Agricultural College early in the century and who
had been a professor of geology in other parts of the country,
returned in retirement to Corvallis. He spent a good deal of
time in the 1940s investigating the route of the old pack trail.
At that time he referred to it as the "Applegate Trail" because he was a member of a committee getting ready for the centenia1 of the
opening of the southern road into the Willamette Valley. To commemorate
the arrival of the first immigrants on that route, monuments
and arrow-shaped markers were set up with appropriate ceremonies
in 1946 and 1947 at a number of "strategic
points" by the Oregon Council, American Pioneer Trail Association. Some of the "Applegate Trail 1846" markers were erected along
the old pack trail, others at places where immigrants coming
into the valley from the south were known to have passed. Samples
of these markers can still be seen at Monroe, Philomath, and
Albany. Others have disappeared. At Lewisburg vandals took the
marker but left the concrete post.
In one of the several publications Mr. Smith
wrote, he says that where the pack trail crossed the Marys River
depended on the season of the year. In periods of low water the
crossing could be made between Corvallis and Philomath. The trail
then passed "below the present Catholic cemetery" in Corvallis and went north to Lewisburg
and Adair Village. Smith says, "The diagonal road of today from Airlie to Adair Village is little more than the
old trail straightened up a bit."
Smith goes on to say, "An
alternate route used during river flood time [was] by way of
Philomath and beyond two miles or more where two or three smaller
streams could be crossed easier than the larger one." This alternate route led north through Wren, Kings Valley, and Pedee to join
the main trail along the Luckiamute.
After fording La Creole (Rickreall) Creek
at present Dallas, the pack trail easily crossed rolling plains
and flat prairies to the Yamhill River. The rocky ledge that
made falls on the Yamhill also provided firm footing for horses
and cattle crossing the river.
Skirting or crossing western spurs of the
Red Hills of Dundee, the pack trail wound its way northward into
the upper Chehalem Valley and along the eastern bank of a vast
beaver-dammed swamp called Wapato Lake. It went on northeastward
across the Tualatin Plains to go over the Tualatin Mountains
on the Logie Trail or one of the other passes. The packers left
their horses on the western (Multnomah) channel on the lower
Willamette and took to canoes and batteaux for the return to
A HEAVEN FOR HORSES
After entering the Willamette Valley, Ewing
Young's herd of horses and mules would in general have followed
the old pack trail or the alternate route north from the Marys
River and gone on across the Luckiamute, La Creole, and Yamhill
streams. Eight miles north of the falls of the Yamhill, in the
upper Chehalem Valley, they found what Holmes calls a "veritable horse heaven." Here on a lush prairie dotted with shady oaks he turned the trail weary horses
and mules out to pasture. Here he decided to make his home.
Fifteen men had accompanied Young and the
154 horses and mules from California. Best known among them was
Hall Jackson Kelley, a romantic, erratic would-be colonizer who
spent much of his life in an evangelical attempt to interest
the people of the United States in obtaining the Oregon Country
settling it as an American territory. Although Kelley
claimed he had an "iron
constitution," he became ill along the way and, as mentioned before, received succor from Michel
LaFramboise, who took him through the Willamette Valley ahead
of the horse herd. At Fort Vancouver, Dr. McLoughlin gave Kelley
a cool reception but did provide some medical care and winter
quarters - outside the fort. In the spring after Kelley had recovered
from his malarial attack, the HBC chief factor arranged transportation
for him to Hawaii. Kelley arrived back in Boston in the spring
of 1836 and resumed his customary agitation for the settlement
of Oregon by Americans.
Also among Young's drovers were
- Lawrence Carmichael, who later became
a partner in Young's thwarted attempt to erect a whiskey-making
- Elisha Ezekiel, who signed the petition against the still.
- Webley Hauxhurst, who
also protested against the still. He built a grist mill and
became one of the first trustees
- Joseph Gale, who settled on Gales Creek near
- John Howard and William McCarty, who served
as officers in early attempts to form a local government.
Winslow (Anderson), a black, who also joined the protest
against the still.
When Young arrived in Oregon he found himself
and his party under a cloud of suspicion. Governor Figueroa of
California had written Dr. McLoughlin at Fort Vancouver that
the horses driven north by Young had been stolen. By the time
Young arrived in the Chehalem Valley, McLoughlin had banned all
trade with him both by HBC posts and by the French Prairie settlers.
Branded as a horse thief and denied the customary hospitality
of Fort Vancouver, Young became angry. He confronted the famous
chief factor (Holmes, p. 108). Each of these self-willed giants
was adamant. Young insisted that the horses he had purchased
in California had not been stolen. McLoughlin denied Young the
privilege of obtaining supplies. Young went back to the Chehalem
and prepared with American ingenuity and long experience on the
frontier to develop his own, self-sustaining ranch.
Having lived in the Mexican territory that
is now southwest United States, Young was familiar with the Mexican
system of huge land grants to army veterans and other favored
individuals, including foreigners. The grants in California frequently
amounted to 40,000 acres or more. In absence of any government
to make him a similar land grant, Young took it upon himself
to announce that he had taken responsibility for a 50-square-mile,
32,000 acre rancho in the Chehalem Valley. He built his cabin
and ranch headquarters in the upper valley and began to develop
the water power on lower Chehalem
Creek - south of present Newberg - for a grist mill and sawmill - and
for a proposed whiskey distillery.
Incidentally, a foreigner who later obtained
one of the best known Mexican land grants paid Ewing Young a
visit. According to Holmes (p. 141), "In the fall of 1838, John
Augustus Sutter, 'a Swiss gentleman,' visited the Willamette
community. He planned to go to California, return with a herd
of cattle, and settle near Young. His long-range plan was to
encourage settlers to come to Oregon from Switzerland." Sutter
went on to California but did not return. He obtained a Mexican
land grant of 48,839 acres on the American River and started
Sacramento. One of his employees, John Marshall, found gold at
one of Sutter's sawmills in 1848 and forever changed the course
of western history.
Twice, in 1832 and 1834, a New England merchant,
Nathaniel Wyeth, had attempted unsuccessfully to establish an
American trading post on the Columbia in competition with HBC.
When he returned to Massachusetts, he left Courtney Walker to
dispose of the goods and equipment left at his ill-fated trading
post on Sauvie Island. Among the equipment abandoned was a large
iron caldron. Young obtained this kettle from Walker and packed
it over the Tualatin Mountains to the lower Chehalem Valley.
As a youth growing up in the mountains of eastern Tennessee,
Young had become acquainted with methods of distilling alcohol
from sour mash. With the help of Lawrence Carmichael, he started
building a distillery to make whiskey to sell to the local residents
This action threatening the sobriety of the
Oregon community raised a furor. The five missionaries who had
come west with Wyeth had organized a temperance
society. Some of Young's men and a number of settlers, including
Joseph Gervais, Solomon Smith, and Etienne Lucier, had joined.
They wrote a protest to Young and Carmichael. HBC also protested.
Fur traders in the west had at times used alcohol as a medium
of exchange but by this time HBC has found whiskey in Indians
counter-productive and had banned its use in trade. One of Young's
purposes, however, in setting up a still was to disrupt the serenity
of the HBC monopoly. He paid no attention to protests from Fort
This was in a period when the U. S. government
showed very little interest in Oregon. Senator Benton of Missouri,
always a staunch supporter of westward expansion, described the
attitude of the country toward Oregon as "tranquil." President Jackson, however, became mildly interested in the far west. He knew
that a young Navy lieutenant, William A. Slacum, would be on
the west coast of Mexico on other business and had Secretary
of State John Forsyth send Slacum to the Columbia to have a look
at the area. Slacum arrived in the midst of the excitement over
Ewing Young's still. He noted "laudable efforts in arresting this destructive element, the white man's poison,
the Indian's certain death."
The laudable effort which Slacum supported
was an alternative for Young's energy and enterprise: a cattle
drive from California that would bring much-needed draft animals,
milk, and beef to the settlements. This was a project in which
all factions could participate. The missionaries, the French-Canadian
settlers, HBC officers, and Slacum himself all contributed to
a fund to be used for buying cattle. Slacum took the drovers
- Young, Carmichael, P. L. Edwards, Hauxhurst, Calvin Tibbits,
George Gay, William
J. Bailey, and others, eleven in all - to San Francisco bay on
his chartered vessel. They arrived back in the Willamette Valley
in October 1837 with 630 lean Spanish cattle, mostly heifers.
They presumably followed much the same route used by the horse
drive three years before.
This act on Young's part brought him into
the good graces of all concerned. He settled down to develop
his rancho, said to be the farthest west farmstead owned by an
American at that time. Instead of a still he built a sawmill
and grist mill on the lower Chehalem. In a few years he became
the most prosperous settler in the area with his herds, farm
lands and mills.
AN END AND A BEGINNING
In his final illness in the winter of 1840-41,
Young was attended by Sidney Smith, a 31-year-old New Yorker
who had come west with the Peoria Party. Smith had some training
in medicine and carried with him a small chest of medicines.
William "Doc" Bailey, who had been on the cattle drive, had some
medical knowledge. Prescriptions of neither could save the ailing
Young. He died in early February 1841, aged about 47. To forestall
rumors that foul play might have been involved, Smith and Bailey
performed an autopsy
and reported that they had found a "sack of water ... in his brain"
and "that his stomach was destroyed by
acid he had been accustomed to take for his indigestion."
Young left no known heirs and no last will
and testament. At his funeral, members of the community agreed
that they needed a system of justice to administer his estate.
Instead of rushing in and plundering his property, the settlers
believed in law and order. In absence of any established legal
system governing the region they began to develop their own government.
At subsequent meetings a probate judge, a clerk, and three constables
were chosen. From this first step in self-government they moved
onward and two years later formed the Provisional Government
to administer all of the Oregon Country not within the jurisdiction
of the Hudson's Bay Company. Ewing Young's death, therefore,
had a greater impact on the future than did
his many activities during his lifetime.
Sidney Smith was allowed to buy much of Young's
property and stock. Other parts were sold at what were deemed
reasonable prices. The funds from the probate were used to build
the first jail at Oregon City - but it burned down a few days after
its construction! A young man from Taos calling himself Joaquin
Young showed up later and in 1854 convinced the Supreme Court
of the Oregon Territory that he was a son and heir of Ewing Young.
The Court awarded him $4,994.64 as a judgment. In the meantime,
Sidney Smith had gone off to the gold fields and returned with
$3,000. He operated a store at Lafayette from 1852 to 1862 and
died in 1880 at age 71.
ARTIFACTS ON THE EWING YOUNG TRAIL TODAY
THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY'S Old California
Trail coming north from the Umpqua passed through three drainage
systems: The Umpqua that has its outlet to the ocean at Reedsport,
the Siuslaw that runs into the ocean at Florence, and the Willamette
Valley. After the trail was designated as a Territorial Road,
mail was carried over it between Corvallis and Oakland, Oregon.
A stage coach service was established to southern Oregon. When
the first telegraph line with transcontinental connection came
north from the Sacramento Valley, it used this route. On March
8, 1864, the mayors of Portland, Maine, and Portland, Oregon,
exchanged greetings to publicize coast-to-coast service. Thirteen
months later the singing wires brought news of President Lincoln's
Lorane on the upper Siuslaw dates from the
1880s and preserves a church built in that era. Much earlier,
in 1853, Darius B. Cartwright, a native of New York state, built
a hotel three miles south of Lorane as a stopping place for the
stage line. It had a telegraph station and post office. Cartwright's
daughter Katie and her husband William Russell operated what
they called the Mountain House for years. The fine old two-story
building with walls of hand-split cedar was considered one of
Lane County's most historic houses. It remained standing until
destroyed in recent years. The Eugene chapter of the Daughters
of the American Revolution placed a marker at the site.
Andy Crow, a relative of the William L. Crow
who started Lorane, has a community on upper Coyote Creek named
for him. To reflect its location on the historic trail the school
there is called the Crow-Applegate.
Coyote Creek now empties into Fern Ridge Reservoir.
If the pack trail followed Coyote Creek it would have crossed
the area now flooded by the Fern Ridge Dam. Nearby Veneta, founded
in 1913 by E. E. Hunter and named for his daughter, now has a
population of about 2,500. Elmira, originally called Duckworth,
is a bit older. It started as a smith operated by Byron Ellmaker.
At Franklin-Smithfield the DAR have also installed
a marker for this 1853 settlement on the Territorial Highway.
One of the roads between Franklin and Cheshire is still called
the Applegate Trail. From Cheshire to Monroe - much straighter
than in pack-trail days - the old route is still called Territorial
An early wagon road from Skinner's Eugene
City, paralleling present 99W, crossed the Long Tom River and
joined the pack trail at Monroe. The settlement here started
with a sawmill about 1850 and a store and post office at nearby
Starrs Point in 1852. The name was changed to Monroe in 1874.
Reminders of the railroad that once connected Corvallis with
Eugene are still visible in the Monroe vicinity. In pioneer times,
the Long Tom was a meandering swamp. Half a century ago a deep,
straight channel was dug. The Fern Ridge Dam built forty years
ago now regulates the flow of water, thereby bringing under control
this once flood-prone river. Solidly emplaced in masonry, one
of the arrow-shaped "Applegate Trail 1846" markers stands in the Monroe school yard.
Through Bellfountain (originally called Dusty),
John Smith says the trail ran between the present church and
store and from there somewhat followed the Bellfountain Road
to the Marys River. The house now used as headquarters for the
Finley Wildlife Reservation was on this route.
Marysville (Corvallis) got its start when
Joseph C. Avery staked a Provisional land claim at the mouth
of the Marys River in October 1845. With William Dixon on an
adjacent claim, Avery laid out the town. Avery became the first
merchant and postmaster and helped start Corvallis College in
1858. With state assistance, this college has developed into
Oregon State University. A river port in steamboat days, Corvallis
was also a minor railroad center at the crossing of one rail
line between Portland and Eugene and another from Yaquina Bay
to the Cascade Mountains.
The old pack trail ran close to the site of
Philomath, but travel on it had long ceased before the town was
founded. Avery's ferry and later a bridge over the Marys River
eliminated fords in the Philomath vicinity. Philomath is a classic
example of one way towns got started in the Willamette
Valley. In 1865, members of the United Brethren Church living
west of Corvallis decided that they should have a college. They
named it Philomath from the Greek roots meaning a love of learning.
They bought a half section of land. Eight acres of it were reserved
for the campus; the rest was divided into city lots and acreages
to be sold to raise money to build the college.
Proceeds from selling lots and mortgaging
the property made possible the erection of the center section
of the Philomath College building, which opened its doors to
students in October 1867. It served for a time as the local public
school as well as a college. East and west wings were added early
in this century. The college continued as a private liberal arts
college until closed in 1929. The town, which took the name of
the college, has developed as a center for the wood-products
industry. The college building, now on the National Register
of Historic Places, has become the Benton County Historical Museum.
ALONG THE ALTERNATE ROUTE
Wren developed on the Donation Land Claim
of George P. Wrenn at the junction of two roads and the Oregon
Kings Valley was settled by the King family
twelve years after Young's 1834 horse drive. Nahum King from
Massachusetts and his wife Serepta from New York state had had
sixteen children. They had lived in Ohio and Missouri before
coming to Oregon by covered wagon in 1845. Three of their children
died in childhood. Two elder daughters had married and did not
join their parents on the westward trek. The other eleven offspring,
some with families of their own, came west with Nahum and Serepta.
Daughter Sarah died in eastern Oregon leaving a widower and two
small children. Eldest son John and all of his family except
5-year-old Luther drowned coming through the Columbia Gorge.
The rest moved into uninhabited Kings Valley in the spring of
1846 and staked out land claims.
Sarah's widower, Rowland Chambers, soon married
Lovisa, 18, the eldest of the unmarried King daughters. They
eventually had 14 children of their own. Chambers was given a
choice of land claims along the Luckiamute River because he was
building a grist mill. He put it into operation in 1853 and opened
a post office two years later.
One of the King sons, Amos Nahum moved to
Portland, where he operated a tannery along the creek now covered
by the Civic Stadium, developed Kings Heights, and sold 40 acres
of his property for the beginning of Washington Park. The youngest
King son, Solomon, operated a livery stable in Corvallis and
five times was elected sheriff of Benton County.
In 1856, the U. S. Army brought new life to
Kings Valley by establishing Fort Hoskins on its western edge.
The fort closed in 1865. For a time early in this century, Kings
Valley was fairly prosperous with a large sawmill and with the
maintenance shops for the Valley and Siletz Railroad, but now
Publishers Paper Company (owned by the Los Angeles Times) owns
the abandoned mill site and forest lands. The road is being torn
up. A few of the hundreds of King descendents still live in the
valley. The one store is operated by descendents of early pioneer
North of Kings Valley a tributary of the Luckiamute
was named Pedee Creek by Cornelius Gilliam, in memory of the
Pedee River in his native North Carolina. Gilliam played a short
but dramatic part in Oregon history. A "robust, impulsive, sympathetic,
willful, courageous leader," he fought Indians in the Black Hawk War and in Florida. As a county sheriff,
he had helped chase the Mormons out of Independence, Missouri.
He and his family and other relatives came west in 1844 under
his leadership. They became the first settlers south of La Creole
Creek. As an ordained minister, he organized and preached to
a Free Will Baptist congregation. He sternly believed that Great
Britain had no right to the Oregon Country. Because of his religious
and patriotic zeal he was sometimes called the Oliver Cromwell
of the frontier. Twice in 1846 he joined explorers trying unsuccessfully
to find a pass over the Cascade Range. After the Whitman Massacre,
he volunteered to
lead Oregon volunteers in the Cayuse War. In eastern Oregon during
the campaign, he accidentally shot himself to death. Gilliam
County is named for him. His widow and several relatives obtained
Donation Land Claims in southwest Polk County, but he died before
the law was passed. A place near Fern Corner is still called
The main HBC pack trail and the alternate
we have been following joined somewhere near the Little Luckiamute.
The main trail, after fording the Marys River, crossed what is
northwest Corvallis and went north through Lewisburg. The winding
strip of old highway that passes the entrance to Peavy Arboretum
in on the old pack trail. It became the Portland and Umpqua Valley
Wagon Road and eventually U. S. 99W.
Opposite the main entrance to Adair Village,
the old pack trail and wagon road veered off to the northwest.
That bit of road is blocked now, but a half mile north the Sulphur
Springs Road leads back to the pack trail route. Continuing northwestward
it goes through the ghost town of Tampico and in about five miles
Airlie was named for Scottish Earl of Airlie,
head of the company that financed building the narrow-gauge Oregonian
Railway that for nearly fifty years ran from this terminus in
southern Polk County to Dundee (named for Airlie's home town)
in Yamhill County. Stations along the Oregonian included Monmouth,
Dallas, Smithfield, Perrydale, Whiteson, Lafayette, and West
Dayton. Early in this century, Airlie had two trains each day
from Monmouth and connection with two round trip trains daily
from Portland and Corvallis. The town had a post office, two
stores, a blacksmith, barber, grain warehouse, sawmill, and lumber
yard. Southern Pacific acquired the line, tore up the three-foot-wide
tracks, abandoned some sections, rebuilt others to standard gauge,
and continues to use some parts today.
The present county road north from Airlie
crosses the Valley & Siletz Railroad at Tartar, the Luckiamute River at Maple Grove, and the Little
Luckiamute near Fern Corner. A mile north of Fern Corner is Guthrie
School, established in 1886-87. It played an important part in
the social and educational life of this community. Dallas owes
its development in part to the stream called both La Creole and
Rickreall that runs through the town. According to legend the
French-Canadian packers recalled that a native of the country,
a Creole, had drowned at their customary fording place of this
stream and dubbed it La Creole Creek. Early pioneers claimed
that the Indian name for it was Rickreall and that the stream's
name was not merely a corruption of La Creole. The argument goes
on, even today.
The power of this stream was put to use as
early as 1845, when James O'Neal built a grist mill four miles
up stream at a place called Ellendale. James Nesmith (later a
U. S. Senator) operated the mill for a time.
A young bachelor from Tennessee named John
E. Lyle came west in 1845 driving a wagon for Amos Harvey, who
later donated land for Bethel College. Along the way west, according
to legend, Lyle met and fell in love with Ellen, daughter of
Felix and Ellen Scott, but alas, the Scotts decided to go to
California rather than to continue on the Oregon Trail. The lovers
vowed to meet again some day, and their hopes were answered the
following spring when the Scotts, Eugene Skinner, and Elijah
Bristow came north on the pack trail to become the first settlers
in Lane County. While the men were searching for home sites,
the Scott family stayed with settlers on the La Creole and John
and Ellen were reunited. They were married in November 1846 and
eventually had seven children.
Lyle at first taught school at the newly created
Jefferson Institute a mile west of Nathaniel Ford's claim at
present Rickreall. He also became the first Clerk of
Polk County and the Lyles moved upstream to Cynthia Ann, the
county seat. Their home was sometimes used for court before a
court house was built. Cynthia Ann on the north side of La Creole
Creek proved a poor location. Lyle and two others donated land
south of the creek to build La Creole Academy and to sell to
raise money to build the school. Around this nucleus developed
the county seat, which changed its name to Dallas for Polk's
Vice-President George M. Dallas. Lyle was the first postmaster
in Dallas in 1852.
A mill race from the creek powered the first
grist mill in the town, the Machine & Locomotive Works that became nationally known as Towmotor, and the first electric
power generator. A woolen mill operated at Ellendale by Nesmith
burned in 1871. One later came to Dallas. The tannery now on
the National Register of Historic Places got its start in 1863.
The building burned in 1903 but was replaced on the same site
and continues to operate as the unique Muir & McDonald Tannery, making fine leathers by the 19th century methods. Dallas has
had at least one newspaper since 1868, the present one being
the well-known Itemizer-Observer. "Terror Engine No. 1" in 1885
replaced the hand-operated fire engine used previously.
John Lyle died in 1862. Ellen, his widow,
later sold the city their "Old Campground" for $350 to start the present city park. A town hall and opera house built 1887
was torn down in 1912 to make room for the Carnegie Public Library
still in use. The present courthouse of native sandstone dates
The city of Independence with direct rail
connection with Portland and Corvallis after 1880 made a strong
bid to wrest the county seat from isolated Dallas. Frightened
by this threatened take-over, Dallas raised $17,000 to persuade
the Oregonian Railway to run its narrow-gauge line from Airlie
and Monmouth through Dallas and held onto the county seat. Lumberman
Louis Gerlinger built a road from West Salem in 1903 to support
his logging sawmill operations. His Dallas operation eventually
grew to become Willamette Industries, one of the nation's major
In 1900 La Creole Academy united with Lafayette
Seminary to become Dallas College. Rev. C. C. Poling moved to
Lafayette to become the first president. His son, Daniel A. Poling,
class of 1905, became the College's most famous graduate as international
head of Christian Endeavor and editor of the Christian Herald,
and author of many books. The college closed in 1915.
By 1901 the city had developed to such an
extent that an ordinance was passed banning livestock from running
at large. In 1906 the speed limit within the city was established
at 6 mph. Hard surface paving was laid on parts of three streets
The home of John and Ellen Lyle built in 1858
on the corner of Ellendale and Levens streets remained standing
until 1949, when it made way for construction of the John E.
Lyle Elementary School.
Along Salt Creek, the next little valley north
of the La Creole, the Applegate brothers, Charles, Lindsay, and
Jesse and their families first made their homes after coming
to Oregon by covered wagon in 1843. After Lindsay and Jesse had
scouted out what became known as the Applegate Trail in 1846
all three brothers decided to move to Yoncalla.
At Perrydale the old railway depot is still
standing. Near where the drovers crossed Ash Swale, a settlement
called Amity got its start in 1847-48. Two rival factions vying
for the location of a school came to an amicable agreement and
called the log structure Amity School. The Watt brothers had
a part in this. Joseph went back to Missouri and persuaded brother
Ahio to help him herd 330 sheep to Oregon in 1848. Ahio planned
to join the gold rush to California but instead decided to stay
and become the first teacher of Amity School. Joseph brought
not only sheep in 1848 but also machinery for spinning wool.
He helped organize the first woolen mill on the west coast on
Mill Creek in Salem and shipped the first wool from Oregon to
a foreign port in 1868.
Members of the Disciples of Christ (Christian)
church formed a congregation in Amity in 1853. Today it is said
to be the oldest congregation of that denomination in the far
west. At Bethel, now a ghost town a few miles to the southeast,
this denomination also started Bethel College, which in a few
years consolidated with Monmouth University to form
Christian College, the forerunner of Western Oregon College at
Around the ford of the Yamhill River on the
pack trail arose a community that Joel Perkins laid out as the
town of Lafayette in 1847. It became the principal outfitting
center for would-be miners leaving for California and the main
commercial town for western Oregon. The Provisional Legislature
named it the seat of government for the Yam Hill District, one
of the four original administrative units of the Oregon Country.
Its jurisdiction ran west to the Pacific Ocean and south to Mexican
California and early trials and debates were held in this "Athens of Oregon."
Ben Holladay's railroad in 1872 bypassed Lafayette.
Nearby McMinnville was linked with the railroad a few years later
and prospered. McMinnville took the county seat away from Lafayette
in 1889. Lafayette Academy was opened in the old county buildings
the next year, but after a decade it was moved to Dallas to be
consolidated with La Creole Academy to form Dallas College. Lafayette
languished and has failed to live up to its promising start.
The pleasant valley along Chehalem Creek eight
miles north of Lafayette has mementoes of Ewing Young:
Quakers settled Newberg in the 1880s. One of them, Dr.
John Minthorn had been a teacher at the Forest Grove Indian
the buildings burned twice the Indian Service moved the school
to Chemawa north of Salem. Minthorn moved to Newberg and helped
start the academy that has become George Fox College. His sister
Huldah and her husband, Jesse Hoover, the blacksmith in West
Branch, Iowa, both died leaving a nine-year-old son. Relatives
shipped young Herbert off to his uncle John in Oregon. Being
an orphan passed around among relatives seems to have had a
lasting effect on Herbert Hoover. In his later years he took
as head of the American Relief Administration after World War
I, as Secretary of Commerce, and as President
of the United States to relieve anxiety and suffering among
children. "Bertie" Hoover's
swimming pool was near where Ewing Young built his mills.
- The Ewing Young School
- A round-topped
oak tree that is said to have grown from an acorn planted on
- A marker on Highway 240 indicates location of farm
- A park is being developed on lower Chehalem Creek,
south of Newberg, where Young started his still and built his
THE LEGACY OF EWING YOUNG
TWENTY-FIVE years before the famous cattle
drives in Texas and on the Great Plains, Ewing Young showed the
feasibility of driving large herds of cattle over hundreds of
miles of plains, swamps, mountains, and forests. Others followed
his example. Four years after Young's cattle drive, Solomon H.
Smith, who had worked for Young, and Rev. J. H. Frost successfully
herded fifty head of cattle from Salem over the Coast Range and
along the untracked coast to the Clatsop Plains. In 1842, Calvin
Tibbetts, who had been on Young's cattle drive, took a herd over
the Smith/Frost trail to Clatsop Plains. In 1843, as recounted
in Jesse Applegate's A Day with the Cow Column, covered wagon
immigrants began bringing large herds on their way west.
By bringing first the horse herd and then
the cattle herd, Young added immeasurably to the prosperity of
the settlers. He knew enough of practical animal husbandry to
demonstrate that well tended herds increase rapidly. In less
than a decade he became the most prosperous rancher in the Willamette
He imported not only livestock but also men
who helped develop the territory. Hauxhurst took up a land claim
on Mill Creek in Salem; in the freight business he brought the
first circus to Salem; he later pioneered at Bay Ocean on the
Oregon Coast. Gale became a shipbuilder, cattle driver, and member
of the first Executive Committee for the Provisional Government.
Hauxhurst, Gale, Howard, McCarty, and John Edmunds voted in favor
of forming a Provisional Government at the famous Champoeg meeting
The clamor that arose over Young and Carmichael's
threat to build a whiskey distillery and their eventual acquiescence
to the will of the public was the beginning of Oregon's long
history of public support of liquor control.
Young's death and the settlement of his estate
brought about a unique chain of events leading to the establishment
of a self-imposed government to handle civil and criminal problems
in the tradition of Anglo-American law and order. This citizen
involvement in self-government led to what has been called the
Oregon System: the Initiative, Referendum, Recall, humane labor
laws, secret ballot, woman suffrage, and environmental concerns.
Young demonstrated for those who came later
that courage, resourcefulness, energy, and enterprise were elements
in building a prosperous commonwealth in a far western wilderness.
He also illustrated that one cannot take acid for indigestion
and expect to live to a ripe old age.
Kenneth L. Holmes, Ewing Young: Master Trapper. Portland: Binfords & Mort,
"John Work's Journey from Fort
Vancouver to Umpqua River, and Return, in 1834." Introduction and comments by Leslie M. Scott. Oregon
Quarterly XXIV, Sept. 1923, pp. 238-268.
Devere Helfrich and Helen Helfrich, Applegate
Trail West of the Cascades. Klamath
Falls: Klamath County Historical Society (n. d.)
William A. Slacum, Memorial to the Congress
of the United States, December 18,
1837. Reprinted Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1972.
John E. Smith, The Applegate Trail in Benton
County and Early State Colleges of
Oregon. Published by the author, 1941.
Kenneth Munford, The Old Oregon-California
Pack Trail. Tour Guide Series.
Corvallis: Horner Museum, Oregon State University, 1979.
Caroline C. Dobbs, Men of Champoeg. Portland:
Metropolitan Press, 1932.
pp. 9, 17, 23, 24, 25, 185.
Charlotte L. Wirfs, "Dayton,
Sheridan and Grand Ronde Railroad Company." In
Historically Speaking IV, Polk County Historical Society, 1980.
Ruth Stoller, ed., Old Yamhill. Lafayette:
Yamhill County Historical Society, 1976.
Oregon Historical Landmarks: Willamette Valley.
Oregon Society, Daughters of
the American Revolution, 1963, pp. 12, 26, 28, 32, 44. | <urn:uuid:b068279c-c371-482c-8071-1a04a9aa6860> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.bentoncountymuseum.org/research/EwingYoungTrail.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164987957/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134947-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958839 | 9,502 | 2.796875 | 3 |
E. C. Stone.
The two neighborhoods, TA (in areal extent only 20 m x 40 m) and TB (apparently about the same size), only 30-40 m distant, offer significant contrast in organization. TA consists basically of unplanned domestic architecture which accumulated over six generations (which are more fully documented in Stone's important article in Iraq 43 19-33). Stone first correlates the information in the texts found in these houses, which provide the details of inheritance procedures and house sales, with architectural modifications. She speculates, based on an explicit analogy with British mandate records, that a rural lineage was co-opted by royal powers (p. 72) and settled in Nippur. Through time, lineage members became attached to temple organizations in Nippur, receiving real estate and benefices; finally, immigrants not connected to the neighborhood developed ties with the TA lineage. The TB neighborhood, on the other hand, consisted of well-planned residential quarters of landless temple administrators. These houses were not owned by their occupants, since the texts found in them do not concern inheritances and sales but only various rentals and loans. Some of the structures "hint at enterprises of a commercial nature" (p. 89) - for example, a bakery. The administrators living in TB became wealthy through the buying and selling of temple offices. The chapters following Stone's reconstructions, house by house, of these two neighborhoods include descriptions of the artifacts and general conclusions. Then follow lengthy appendices of object catalogs, text copies and lists of personal names found in the texts, and plates of architectural plans. [From a review by Norman Yoffee in the American Anthropologist 91 (1989) 786-87].
- Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 44
- Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1987
- ISBN 0-918986-50-8
- Pp. xviii + 294, 7 figures, 94 plates, 24 tables
- Paperbound 9 x 11.75 in / 23 x 30 cm
- Out of Print | <urn:uuid:2f772343-28ac-443e-805e-4a2a44bf70b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-44-nippur-neighborhoods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.939435 | 418 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In February 1975, a group of geneticists gathered in a tiny town on the central coast of California to decide if their work would bring about the end of the world. These researchers were just beginning to explore the science of genetic engineering, manipulating DNA to create organisms that didn't exist in nature, and they were unsure how these techniques would affect the health of the planet and its people. So, they descended on a coastal retreat called Asilomar, a name that became synonymous with the guidelines they laid down at this meeting—a strict ethical framework meant to ensure that biotechnology didn't unleash the apocalypse.
Forty-two years on, another group of scientists gathered at Asilomar to consider a similar problem. But this time, the threat wasn't biological. It was digital. In January, the world's top artificial intelligence researchers walked down the same beachside paths as they discussed their rapidly accelerating field and the role it will play in the fate of humanity. It was a private conference—the enormity of the subject deserves some privacy—but in recent days, organizers released several videos from the conference talks, and some participants have been willing to discuss their experience, shedding some light on the way AI researchers view the threat of their own field.
The rise of driverless cars and trucks is just a start. It's not just blue-collar jobs that AI endangers.
Yes, they discussed the possibility of a superintelligence that could somehow escape human control, and at the end of the month, the conference organizers unveiled a set of guidelines, signed by attendees and other AI luminaries, that aim to prevent this possible dystopia. But the researchers at Asilomar were also concerned with more immediate matters: the effect of AI on the economy.
"One of the reasons I don't like the discussions about superintelligence is that they're a distraction from what's real," says Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, who attended the conference. "As the poet said, have fewer imaginary problems and more real ones."
At a time when the Trump administration is promising to make America great again by restoring old-school manufacturing jobs, AI researchers aren't taking him too seriously. They know that these jobs are never coming back, thanks in no small part to their own research, which will eliminate so many other kinds of jobs in the years to come, as well. At Asilomar, they looked at the real US economy, the real reasons for the "hollowing out" of the middle class. The problem isn't immigration—far from it. The problem isn't offshoring or taxes or regulation. It's technology.
Rage Against the Machines
In the US, the number of manufacturing jobs peaked in 1979 and has steadily decreased ever since. At the same time, manufacturing has steadily increased, with the US now producing more goods than any other country but China. Machines aren't just taking the place of humans on the assembly line. They're doing a better job. And all this before the coming wave of AI upends so many other sectors of the economy. "I am less concerned with Terminator scenarios," MIT economist Andrew McAfee said on the first day at Asilomar. "If current trends continue, people are going to rise up well before the machines do."
McAfee pointed to newly collected data that shows a sharp decline in middle class job creation since the 1980s. Now, most new jobs are either at the very low end of the pay scale or the very high end. He also argued that these trends are reversible, that improved education and a greater emphasis on entrepreneurship and research can help feed new engines of growth, that economies have overcome the rise of new technologies before. But after his talk, in the hallways at Asilomar, so many of the researchers warned him that the coming revolution in AI would eliminate far more jobs far more quickly than he expected.
Indeed, the rise of driverless cars and trucks is just a start. New AI techniques are poised to reinvent everything from manufacturing to healthcare to Wall Street. In other words, it's not just blue-collar jobs that AI endangers. "Several of the rock stars in this field came up to me and said: 'I think you're low-balling this one. I think you are underestimating the rate of change,'" McAfee says.
That threat has many thinkers entertaining the idea of a universal basic income, a guaranteed living wage paid by the government to anyone left out of the workforce. But McAfee believes this would only make the problem worse, because it would eliminate the incentive for entrepreneurship and other activity that could create new jobs as the old ones fade away. Others question the psychological effects of the idea. "A universal basic income doesn't give people dignity or protect them from boredom and vice," Etzioni says.
Also on researchers' minds was regulation—of AI itself. Some fear that after squeezing immigration—which would put a brake on the kind of entrepreneurship McAfee calls for—the White House will move to bottle up automation and artificial intelligence. That would be bad news for AI researchers, but also for the economy. If the AI transformation slows in the US, many suspect, it will only accelerate in other parts of the world, putting American jobs at even greater risk due to global competition.
In the end, no one left Asilomar with a sure way of preventing economic upheaval. "Anyone making confident predictions about anything having to do with the future of artificial intelligence is either kidding you or kidding themselves," McAfee says.
That said, these researchers say they are intent on finding the answer. "People work through the concerns in different ways. But I haven't met an AI researcher who doesn't care," Etzioni says. "People are mindful." But they feel certain that preventing the rise of AI is not the answer. It's also not really possible—a bit like bringing those old manufacturing jobs back. | <urn:uuid:1bca1f2e-194e-4b7f-9c58-a366fca71cca> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.wired.com/2017/02/ai-threat-isnt-skynet-end-middle-class/?mbid=nl_21117_p7&CNDID=31849290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574084.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920221241-20190921003241-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.969098 | 1,222 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Residential clothes dryers are available in models that operate by electricity or natural gas. Depending on your location, your options may be limited. Regardless of the operating source of your clothes dryer, ensure that your dryer is properly installed to avoid risk of fires, moisture accumulation inside the home and violation of local building codes. All clothes dryers require exhaust systems, metal vent material and should vent outdoors.
Dryers Require Exhaust Systems
Dryers must be attached to an installed exhaust system. The Building Energy Codes Resources website says that a conventional dryer drying a full load of clothes vents many pounds of water vapor throughout a normal dryer cycle. Without an exhaust system of hoses and/or shafts and vents, water vapor will accumulate on the walls and surfaces of the interior of a house, causing mold, mildew and waterborne health issues. All modern residential spaces in the U.S. are required to accommodate a clothes dryer exhaust system.
Dryers Require Metal Vents
In the past, clothes dryers had aluminum or plastic coiled hoses attached to the appliance leading to the household vent system. Lint accumulation plagues these types of vent hoses, often causing clothes dryers to run poorly, and, in extreme cases, causing house fires. Rigid metal or corrugated partially rigid metal vents are now recommended by the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. These rigid, smooth metal vents eliminate the accumulation of lint and fabric debris that gathers in the creases and folds of traditional plastic or aluminum vent hoses. Metal vents reduce the likelihood of clothes dryer clogs and fire hazards.
Dryers Must Vent Outdoors
Many frugal living and thrifty organizations suggest a homeowner vent a clothes dryer indoors to repurpose the vented heat produced by the dryer. Many appliance owners come up with creative ways to rig the hoses and exhaust system for this purpose, but this practice is not recommended. Condensation accumulates on interior surfaces without proper clothes dryer ventilation, which leads to mildew, mold growth, health problems, and, according to Natural Resources Canada website, the potential for structural damage caused by water damage. Venting a gas dryer indoors exposes people within the home to byproducts of dryer combustion. Ask the Builder website says that the best method of clothes dryer venting is an exhaust system installed through the building’s roof, not into a home, garage or attic space. Today’s modern appliance market does have the rare exceptions: a few appliance brands are producing electric dryers that no longer require vents.
- Photo Credit Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
How to Do Duct Work on a Wood Stove
Wood stoves are common as a main heating system for a home and as supplemental heating for individual rooms. No matter the...
Building Codes for Gas Dryers in Los Angeles
The city and county of Los Angeles have certain building code requirements regarding installation of household gas-fueled clothes dryers. Most provisions of...
Building Codes for Dryer Vents
A normal load of laundry weighs approximately 20 pounds and contains about a gallon of water. Hot air forced through the rotating... | <urn:uuid:788f1232-bcfa-4f0c-b715-b60d4dc7030f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.ehow.com/list_7678907_requirements-venting-clothes-dryers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.916521 | 659 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Don’t Let GERD Restrict You
GERD Clinical Trials May Be Able To Provide You With Options!
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, commonly known as GERD, happens when gastric content moves back up into the esophagus. This phenomenon is also known as regurgitation.
This condition is uncomfortable, and causes nausea, chest pain, difficulty in swallowing chronic cough and bad breath. If left untreated, GERD can lead to bleeding, ulceration and chronic scarring.
Revive Research Institute is conducting Clinical Trials to help you relieve these symptoms and GERD complications with novel, potential treatment options.
To be an able to join this study you need to:
- Be 18 years or older
- Have a confirmed diagnosis of GERD
- Comply with the study procedures
Be a part of our clinical trial and let our physicians relieve your symptoms and ease out your life. The goal of the study is to observe the safety, efficacy and tolerability of the study medication that may be able to help with your symptoms of GERD.
*If you qualify and decide to participate in the GERD Clinical Trials, you will receive study-related care and treatment free of cost to both you and your insurance. Our team of Gastrologists, nurses and research staff will provide study-related care and will take care of your health throughout your participation in the study.
*All participants will be monetarily compensated for their time and travel through their participation in the research study. | <urn:uuid:c334c9b2-8105-43a4-868a-499c01681712> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.reviveresearch.org/studies/gerd-clinical-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604193207-20230604223207-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.946426 | 310 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Nehemiah 8:2-18 or Ezra 1:1-13:30. Ezra a famous priest and scribe, a descendant from Hilkiah the high priest.
Ezra returned from captivity to Jerusalem in 458BC.
Ezra in Hebrew means: Help.
He wrote the books, Ezra and Nehemiah. The emphasis in the book of Ezra is the rebuilding of the Temple. Ezra also helped rebuild Israel’s faith after the exile.
Esra reads the Law of Moses
8:1 All the people gathered as a united body into the plaza in front of the Water Gate. They asked Ezra the scribe to bring out the Book of the Law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded for Israel. 2 So on the first day of the seventh month, Ezra the priest brought out the Law before the assembled people. Both men and women were in attendance, as well as all who could understand what they were hearing.
3 Ezra read from it, facing the plaza in front of the Water Gate, from early in the morning until mid-day in the presence of the men and women, as well as all who could understand. All the people were attentive to the Book of the Law. 4 Ezra the scribe stood on a wooden rostrum erected for that purpose. Beside him to his right stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maasseiah. Beside him to his left stood Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam.
5 Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people. Because he was visible above all the people there, as he opened it, all the people stood up. 6 Ezra blessed the LORD, the great God, and with uplifted hands, all the people responded, “Amen! Amen!” They bowed down and worshipped the LORD prostrate on the ground.
7 Furthermore, Jeshua, Bani, Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the descendants of Levi taught the Law to the people while the people remained standing. 8 They read from the Book of the Law of God, distinctly communicating its meaning, so they could understand the reading.
A Declaration to Rejoice
9 Because all the people were weeping as they listened to the words of the Law, Nehemiah the governor, Ezra the priest and scribe, and the descendants of Levi who taught the people told everyone, “This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not mourn or weep.” 10 He also told them, “Go eat the best food, drink the best wine, and give something to those who have nothing, since this day is holy to our Lord. Don’t be sorrowful, because the joy of the LORD is your strength.”
11 The descendants of Levi also calmed all the people by saying, “Be still, for the day is holy. Don’t be sorrowful!”
12 So all the people went to eat, to drink, to send something to those who had nothing, and to celebrate with great joy, because they understood the words that were being declared to them.
The Festival of Tents is Reinstituted
13 The next day, the heads of the families of all the people were gathered together, along with the priests and the descendants of Levi, to meet with Ezra the scribe in order to understand the words of the Law. 14 They found written in the Law that the LORD had commanded through Moses that the Israelis were to live in tents during the festival scheduled for the seventh month. 15 So they circulated a proclamation throughout their towns and in Jerusalem. It said, “Go out to the hill country and bring back olive branches, wild olive branches, myrtle branches, palm branches, and branches of mature trees, in order to set up tents, as has been written.”
16 Then the people went out and found branches to make tents for themselves on the roofs of their houses, in their courtyards, and in the courts of God’s Temple, in the plaza near the Water Gate, and in the plaza near the Gate of Ephraim. 17 The entire assembly of those who had returned from exile erected tents and lived in them. Indeed, from the days of Nun’s son Joshua until that day the Israelis had not done so. Joy was everywhere, 18 and Ezra continued to read from the Book of the Law of God day by day, from the first day through the last. They celebrated for seven days, and on the eighth day they held a solemn assembly according to regulation.
Also read the Complete book of Ezra 1:1-13:30 for the rest of the story.
Also read: Leviticus 23:33-43.
Other modules in this unit:
- 750BC – King Jotham the 11th and a good King of Judah
- Isaiah the Prophet (739BC-680BC) wrote the book Isaiah
- 735BC – King Ahaz the 12th King of Judah
- 735BC-700BC – Micah the Prophet
- 732BC- 723BC – King Hoshea the last King of Israel was taken to Assyria
- 722BC – Israel Exiled as Slaves because of sin
- 716BC-686BC – King Hezekiah was the 13th King of Judah
- 716-686BC – King Hezekiah – the sun goes backward
- 695BC – King Manasseh the 14th King of Judah
- 660BC – The Prophet Nahum
- 642BC – King Amon the 15th King of Judah
- 640BC – King Josiah the 16th and a good King of Judah
- 630BC – The Prophet Zephaniah
- 627BC-580BC – Jeremiah the prophet of God
- 627BC – Jeremiah visited the potter’s house
- 609BC – King Jehoahaz the 17th King of Judah
- 609BC-598BC – King Jehoiakim the 18th King of Judah
- 609BC – Uriah the Prophet
- 607BC – The Prophet Habakkuk
- 605BC-536BC – The book of Daniel
- 604BC – Jeremiah used a scribe called Baruch
- 603BC – King Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream
- 597BC – King Jehoiachin the 19th King of Judah
- 595BC – Judah goes into Slavery to Babylon
- 592BC-570BC – The Scroll – one of Ezekiel’s messages
- 587BC – Jeremiah the Prophet of God is put down a well
- 597BC-586BC – Zedekiah the 20th King of Judah
- 586BC – Jerusalem goes into captivity
- Golden Image made by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
- 605BC-562BC – Fiery test in the Fiery Furnace
- 572BC – The Valley of Dry Bones
- 539BC-538BC – Daniel in the Lions Den
- 520BC – The Prophet Haggai
- 536BC-516BC – Temple rebuilt by Zerubbabel
- 528BC-488BC – The Prophet Zechariah
- 468BC – Esther becomes the Queen of Persia
- 464BC – Nehemiah rebuilds the walls
- 458BC – Ezra
- 435BC-412B – Malachi a prophet of God
- 400 Years – the gap between Malachi and Jesus
- 170BC-37BC – Hasmonean Dynasty, This family stayed faithful to God
- 63BC – A Roman Soldier representing the Roman Empire in the restored Israel
- 20BC-AD25 – King Herod the Great built a Temple for the Jews
- Angel Gabriel God’s Messenger
- 4BC -AD32 – Jesus – The author and giver of all faith
- AD32 – The cross, a Roman method of killing people
- Questions and Answers 1-24
- Questions and Answers 25-46
- Next Module – 400 years | <urn:uuid:3303573d-2e6a-48d5-ad19-1fde916853ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://bibleview.org/en/bible/prophetsparttwo/ezra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.95219 | 1,764 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Bluegill are a common and tasty panfish enjoyed by anglers and cooks throughout North America and beyond. They’re also a popular choice with aquarium enthusiasts and pond owners.
Today, we’ll be taking a look at what bluegill are, how they live and feed, and how you can prepare and cook them yourself!
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What are bluegill?
Bluegill are one of the most widely known freshwater fish, found in lakes, rivers, and ponds throughout the Central and Southern United States. They originated East of the Rockies, with native habitat all the way from the Virginian coast down to the swamps and mangroves of Florida.
Due to their popularity, ease of fishing, and versatility in the kitchen, the species have by now been introduced further afield. Today you’ll find them in ponds, lakes and rivers across the globe, in Europe, South Africa, South America, Oceania and Asia.
Bluegill’s popularity is also due to their relatively small size and fryability! Their broad, flat shape makes them ideal for skillets and flat-based pans.
They usually only reach between 6 and 9 inches in length but can also be feisty at the end of a line. This makes them perfect for both casual and keen anglers looking for a manageable but fun challenge to reel in!
You might also hear bluegill referred to as sunfish, copper nose, brim, bream, or perch (if you’re in the Southern States). The latter two names are particularly common in the kitchen.
What do bluegill eat in the wild?
A bluegill’s diet changes as it gets older. After developing from spawn (fish eggs), young bluegill will often start out eating zooplankton. These are a type of microscopic organism plentiful in healthy, freshwater ecosystems.
As the fish get bigger, they will gradually start to eat larger and larger organisms. Young fish will eat copepods (tiny crustaceans), small insects, and water fleas. Larger, adult bluegill will go for insect larvae, shrimp, small crayfish, worms, snails, minnows, and other little fish. In desperate times, adult bluegill may even prey on their own species!
Bluegill often feed more heavily in the early morning and in the evening. During colder seasons, when animal-based food isn’t as readily available, bluegill can sustain themselves on algae and other aquatic vegetation.
What do bluegill eat in captivity?
Since bluegill have such a broad appetite, it’s often not difficult to find either traditional bluegill prey or commercially available fish food in order to keep your captive bluegill going!
You can feed bluegill minnows, freshwater shrimp, crickets, mealworms or grubs. Many of these can be found in good pet stores. There is also plenty of commercially available, specially prepared bluegill fish food out there. Popular brands include AquaMax, Purina, and AquaNourish.
If you are trying to grow bluegill for the purpose of producing large, trophy fish, you’re likely going to want to invest in an automatic feeder. One which dispenses high levels of nutrients regularly is going to be key in ensuring your bluegill grow as big as they possibly can. Commercial fishing ponds will often want their fish to grow large for their angling clients.
What animals eat bluegill?
In the wild, bluegill are prey to a number of predators. Due to their relatively small size, some larger fish such as largemouth bass, trout, and northern pike can target bluegill for food. Turtles are also known to eat bluegill.
Bluegill also have predators that live outside of the water. Birds such as herons and kingfishers will regularly target the fish.
Mammals can also eat bluegill. Otters have been observed to be bluegill predators and raccoons are also believed to be capable of catching them for food.
What is the best bait for bluegill?
Bluegill are loved by anglers because they will often go for a range of baits and can be surprisingly relaxed near humans. Many will eat food dropped directly into their water. There’s even one population of bluegill in Lake Scugog, Canada, that have become so relaxed around humans they even allow themselves to be ‘petted’ by tourists!
Live bait such as worms, crickets, grasshoppers, flies, maggots, small frogs, or minnows can all be used to coax bluegill to the line. They can also go for table scraps such as bread or corn.
Artificial bait and lures can also work well, including fake worms, spinners, crankbaits and poppers. Like some other freshwater fish, bluegill are sight feeders often drawn by vibrant colours. Orange, yellow, green or bright red are all worth trying.
Remember that bluegill are warm water fish. They feed most actively when the weather is temperate. During the cooler months, many bluegill will not bite or go for live–bait at all. If you are fishing during the colder months, you can try reducing your bait-size. Mini grubs such as wax worms are sometimes used by ice fishermen as their small size can coax even winter bluegill into biting.
How do you clean and cook bluegill?
So you’ve landed a healthy catch and fired up the pan. Not sure how to prep your fish before you cook it? Don’t worry, we have you covered. Here’s a simple method for cleaning, prepping, and then cooking bluegill using no specialist equipment. We’ve also included a little tasty recipe for you to get the most out of this delicious panfish!
There are many different ways of preparing and cooking bluegill when you’re out in nature. Check out this cute video of father and son fishing and cooking bluegill out on the local lake!
Equipment you will need
- A fish scaler, or dull knife that can be used to scale fish
- A very sharp knife
- A skillet or heavy frying pan
Ingredients you will need
- Your bluegill fish!
- 3 tbsp of butter OR 1 well beaten egg
- 2 cups of graham crackers, crushed
- Salt and lemon pepper
- 2 tbsp of cooking oil for frying – light olive oil works a treat, you can also use butter to fry in
Clean your bluegill. They’re going to be scaly when they come out of the water. Scrape the scales off of both sides using either a dedicated fish scaler or a dull knife.
You do this by running your descaling tool down the sides of the fish from tail to head. This means you’re running it against the direction of the scales. Going the other way isn’t going to remove anything, you’re just going to be smoothing the scales down!
You want to keep scraping until all scales are removed on both sides. This should make the fish feel smooth.
Remove the head. You’ll need a very sharp knife for this and for the remaining steps.
You can cut the head off entirely, just behind the gills. Discard or, alternatively, remove the brains and use to make a fish stock!
Gut and debone the bluegill. Gutting is the term given to removing the innards of the fish prior to cooking. You want to be eat the flesh of your catch, not the internal organs!
Using that sharp knife once again, make an incision along the belly of the bluegill. Start from the tail and cut all the way up to where the head was.
You can then ‘butterfly’ the bluegill, which is a term meaning you remove the spine and attached bones from the flesh. In other, larger fish such as salmon or bass, you may fillet your catch by cutting the flesh away from the bone.
Check out this instructional video for more fish filleting advice!
Remove all the internal organs and discard.
Still got that sharp knife? Good, we told you you’d need it! Now you’re going to use it to cut off the tail and fins of the bluegill. By this point you’re almost ready to start frying!
Prepare your bluegill for the pan. This is where the mouth-watering part begins – there are many ways of cooking bluegill, including just seasoning and pan frying in some olive oil or butter. Some people also deep fry bluegill whole for a real decadent treat.
We recommend the following though, for a little added crunch. It also uses less oil than deep frying and is therefore a touch healthier.
Dip your bluegill in well-beaten egg or melted butter, then coat in a crushed up mixture of graham crackers, salt and lemon pepper.
Now for the sizzling – heat a good, heavy skillet pan with your cooking oil on medium-high heat. Make sure you let it get hot so that when the fish hits the pan, you hear it sizzle. This will help with the texture of the fish.
Fry your bluegill for roughly 5 minutes on either side and remove.
It’s now ready to be drizzled with lemon, scattered with dill or parsley, and served straight away! We also recommend having a little pot of mayonnaise on hand for dipping.
Mouth buds tingling yet? There’s a reason bluegill are such a popular fish, from habitat to plate. Whether targeted for trophies or for taste, few panfish have grown to be as widely loved and sought after as this species.
From their humble origins on the Eastern plains and grasslands of America, to the fishing lakes and rivers of the world, we hope that with proper conservation and preservation of ecosystems bluegill can continue to be enjoyed for generations to come! | <urn:uuid:9e4bd3e6-fc5e-4d49-9a38-66d75fe1f84f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://kayaknv.com/what-do-bluegill-eat-diet-facts-wesgrwwl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.949736 | 2,168 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Fluoridation Facts - Who Supports Fluoridation? - Fluoridation Web Links
"Water Fluoridation is the single most important commitment
a community can make to the oral health of its children
and to future generations." (US Public Health Service Surgeon General)
EPA Fluoridation Questions and Answers
Fluoridation Fact Sheets from the CDC
Who Supports Water Fluoridation in Santa Cruz County?
"The Monterey Bay Dental Society recognizes the benefits of water fluoridation in safely preventing dental decay. It's a powerful strategy in our community's efforts to safely and effectively eliminate the many health disparities in Santa Cruz County."
Rick McBride, DDS
President of Monterey Bay Dental Society
"Community Water Fluoridation is recognized as the single most effective public health measure to reduce tooth decay in children as well as adults. It is clearly one of the safe and proven means of defense that our community deserves to have at its disposal."
David R. McNutt, M.D., M.P.H.
"The Santa Cruz Medical Society has long advocated water fluoridation as a safe and effective means of preventing dental caries. The dental benefits of fluoridation improve oral health over a lifetime, for both children and adults."
Dr. Martina Nicholson M.D.
"Dental Decay is a neglected epidemic. In order to effectively prevent dental decay, our community needs to place community water fluoridation at the very heart of quality oral health."
Health and Nutrition Coordinator
Santa Cruz County Head Start
Water Fluoridation Web Resources: | <urn:uuid:7b01b80d-9bd7-4fb9-bd81-a06c87c80e96> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://santacruzhealth.com/HSAHome/HSADivisions/PublicHealth/CommunityHealthEducation/CommunityWaterFluoridation.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828411.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024105736-20171024125736-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.922169 | 326 | 2.875 | 3 |
|Scientific Name:||Raja binoculata|
|Species Authority:||Girard, 1855|
Dipturus binoculata Girard, 1855
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Near Threatened ver 3.1|
|Assessor/s:||Ellis, J. & Dulvy, N.|
|Reviewer/s:||Musick, J.A. & Fowler, S.L. (Shark Red List Authority)|
This assessment is based on the information published in the 2005 shark status survey (Fowler et al. 2005).
This large-bodied demersal skate occurs in the north-eastern Pacific, from California to Alaska. The Big Skate (Raja binoculata) has not been subject to meaningful study and there are insufficient data on the population to determine its status. It is, however, one of the larger species of skate and, as with the Common Skate (Dipturus batis) and Barndoor Skate (D. laevis), may be susceptible to overfishing.
|Range Description:||The Big Skate is a large rajid found along the western coasts of North America, from the Gulf of California to the Bering Sea and Alaska (Walford 1935, Roedel and Ripley 1950). Although it may be found to depths of 800 m (Martin and Zorzi 1993), it is most common at moderate depths of less than 200 m (Day and Pearcy 1968) and the visual pigments are suited to these comparatively shallow waters (Beatty 1969).|
Native:Canada; United States (California, Oregon, Washington)
|FAO Marine Fishing Areas:||
Pacific – eastern central; Pacific – northeast
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Habitat and Ecology:||
The Big Skate attains a maximum total length (TL) of 240 cm, although specimens over 180 cm TL (90 kg) are unusual (Martin and Zorzi 1993). Zeiner and Wolf (1993) examined 171 specimens and reported on the weight¬length relationship, maturity and growth parameters. Males were found to mature at 100?110 cm TL (10?11 years) and females at more than 130 cm TL (10?12 years). The fecundity has not been determined.
The reproductive biology of Big Skate is unusual in that it produces large egg cases that contain multiple (1?7) embryos (DeLacy and Chapman 1935, Hitz 1964). There is some evidence that spawning beds are used, and Hitz (1964) reported that large numbers of eggs may be caught by scallop dredge. He observed that egg cases were most abundant at a depth of 60?65 m, and in one instance 152 cases were taken in one 30 minute drag. Hitz (1964) recorded two spawning beds, each at 35 fathoms (64 m), one off Tillamook Head and the other between the Siuslaw and Siltcoos Rivers. Several embryological studies have been undertaken on D. binoculata (e.g., Manwell 1958, McConnachie and Ford 1966, Read 1968, Ford 1971, Evans and Ford 1976). These have utilised egg cases taken off Comox, at 16 fathoms (29 m) off Tsawassen in the Straits of Georgia, British Columbia and from the waters of the San Juan Islands.
Although little is known about the absolute abundance of Big Skate, there have been several published accounts of its comparative abundance. Ebert (1986) captured nine specimens by rod and line in San Francisco Bay and this species accounted for 2% (by number) of the elasmobranch assemblage in this area. The demersal fish assemblages of Oregon have been well studied (Day and Pearcy 1968, Pearcy et al. 1989, Stein et al. 1992). Day and Pearcy (1968) captured 7,689 fish from 67 species and of these, only four specimens of D. binoculata were recorded (0.05% of the catch) and these were taken in water of less than 200 m depth. Pearcy (1989) studied the ichthyofauna of the Heceta Bank, Oregon, using a submersible and, over 16 dives, observed four specimens of D. binoculata. By numbers, Big Skate accounted for approximately 0.1?0.8% of the fish assemblage (Pearcy et al. 1989). More recently, Stein et al. (1992) undertook a similar survey and recorded 10 specimens, most of which were found on mud or mud/boulder substrates.
The ichthyofauna of British Columbia has been well documented and in these waters D. binoculata is relatively abundant. Fargo and Tyler (1991) reported on the species compositions of four distinct fish assemblages (Reef Island, Butterworth, Bonilla and Moresby Gully) and D. binoculata was found to be an important member of the Reef Island assemblage (Perry et al. 1994), constituting 0.10?0.17% of the biomass (Fargo and Tyler 1991). In British Columbian waters, D. binoculata favours shallow (26?33 m) and warmer (7.6?9.4°C) waters (Perry et al. 1994).
|Major Threat(s):||In Californian waters the species is, with the California skate Dipturus inornata and longnose skate Raja rhina, one of the three most important rajids in commercial and recreational fisheries (Roedel and Ripley 1950, Martin and Zorzi 1993) and is a bycatch from trawlers, longline and trammel nets (Zeiner and Wolf 1993). Martin and Zorzi (1993) analysed trends in the commercial landings of skates from 1916?1990 and reported that annual landings of Rajidae spp. Ranged from 22.9?286.3 t. Since 1916, rajids have constituted 11.8% of the total weight of elasmobranchs landed (ranging from 1.9?89.5% annually). The skates that are landed in the Californian fishery have tended to be juvenile fish (Roedel and Ripley 1950, Martin and Zorzi 1993), with larger individuals being discarded.|
|Citation:||Ellis, J. & Dulvy, N. 2005. Raja binoculata. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 10 March 2014.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided| | <urn:uuid:27f3682b-6c7b-4c70-b750-e2bdf86222ad> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/44183/0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011038777/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091718-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86371 | 1,465 | 3.03125 | 3 |
New York is home to a lot of surprising things, including a relic of the war of 1812.
An upstate New York village that prides itself as the birthplace of the US Navy still houses one of the service’s oldest warship relics; the hull of a schooner that was the first of a series of American vessels to bear the name Ticonderoga.
The wooden remains of the ship are displayed in a long, open-sided shed near the Skenesborough Museum in Whitehall. The relics have been stored there since being recovered from Lake Champlain more than 50 years ago. Now, with the approach of the battle’s 200th anniversary at which the first Ticonderoga earned its fame, a maritime historian is wanting something done to preserve what’s left of the artifact’s integrity, according to Boston.com.
Senior adviser and special projects developer at the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Arthur Cohn, states:
“It was recovered for all the right reasons but before we knew all the implications of a shipwreck and bringing it up into an air environment.”
Cohn suggests that the hull needs be stored in an enclosed, climate-controlled building with the vessel’s story taking center stage. However, the museum’s director said such a project would be cost-prohibitive for her organization and for Whitehall, a small village on the Vermont border, says FOX News. It is said that it “would take more money than anyone in the village of Whitehall could put together.”
The Ticonderoga was originally a merchant steamer before the US Navy bought it during construction. The Navy completed it as a schooner, mounted it with several heavy cannons and launched the vessel in May 1814.
On September 11 of that year, the Ticonderoga took part in the American fleet, defeating the British at the Battle of Plattsburgh on the lake’s northern end. The US victory stopped British from advancing farther into New York and ended their northern invasion efforts.
Other Navy warships have been named Ticonderoga, including a World War II aircraft carrier in the Pacific. New York has no plans to preserve the Ticonderoga, but local entities could request funds for such a project, according to Mark Peckham of the department of state parks.
Of the remains of that war, Peckham said, “This has survived better than most.” | <urn:uuid:a603e553-807e-4cca-8dad-8896ba974d0b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.inquisitr.com/461126/new-york-shed-discovered-to-contain-naval-war-relic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305143.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00219-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975374 | 511 | 3 | 3 |
A family consists of a husband, his wife, 2 sons, and 2 daughters. All the female family members were asked out to dinner. 2 sons had to leave to take part in a game. The husband did not come back from his office. Name the family members who were at home. | <urn:uuid:53f13688-25d0-43dc-b315-67611a27bba1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://questandrest.com/quiz/root/question/184 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.99941 | 59 | 2.765625 | 3 |
We had fun with our sense of sight this morning! Students created a rainbow in a bag. It was a perfect way to demonstrate our sense of sight with a sensory twist. The project started with this homemade fingerpaint-style goop.
Each student received a Ziploc baggie with a white piece of tag board inside.
Next we scooped a spoonful of each color into the baggie. I quickly zipped it shut and added a layer of packing tape to make extra sure that this “no mess” activity really was no mess!
Then the fun began. The squishing and moving of the paint was delightful!
The students noticed that the end result was the colors mixing, making a brownish/blackish color….something they had discovered in science class just yesterday!
Another activity for Friday Fun- Sense of Sight Edition was making a kaleidoscope. Students enjoyed looking through several different kaleidoscopes before making one of their own.
After Friday Fun, we moved into the Five Senses Notebook. Today’s activity was a sight game. I showed the students a tray that had an assortment of items. Their instructions were to use their sense of sight and look at the tray for a minute and then write or draw as many items in their notebook as they could remember.
Focusing on the tray….
An up close look for you…
A student remembers an item from the tray.
I called the students back to the carpet to show them the items on the tray. They gave me a thumbs up if they had remembered that item and recorded it in the notebook. Guess which item most students remembered…..guess which item no one saw…..
Here’s another look at the tray….
So, all of the students remembered to draw the bag of Goldfish and not one of them recorded the paper clip! I asked the students why this might have happened. One student said that the bag of Goldfish was more interesting to look at. Another noted that he was hungry….(as it was almost time for snack.) I asked why no one saw the paper clip. They all agreed it was because of the small size of the clip. What amazing little thinkers! | <urn:uuid:b1b7e09c-dd60-4852-97c5-000cc96cef84> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://mdelwiche.edublogs.org/2016/09/23/friday-fun-sense-of-sight-edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646652.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610233020-20230611023020-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.980861 | 454 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Less is more — at least sometimes. Lower caliber do can sometimes be more effective caliber — even if at first glance such a statement seems paradoxical.
On the threshold of 1942, German designers of armored vehicles were under tremendous pressure. Over the past few months they have significantly improved the modification of existing German tanks T-4, bringing the thickness of the lower frontal plate up to 50mm, and also equip the machine additional end plates with a thickness of 30mm.
In connection with the increased for 10% by mass of the tank, now amounting to 22.3 tons, needed to increase the track width of from 380 to 400mm. It was necessary to make changes in the design of rails and wheels. In the automotive industry such improvements like to call a change in the model — in the case of T-4, revision designation changed from "E" to "F".
However, these improvements were not sufficient for conversion of T-4 into a full-fledged opponent of the Soviet T-34. First of all, the weak point of these machines was their weapons. Along with 88-mm anti-aircraft gun and cannons captured from the reserves of the red army — 76-mm guns, which the Germans called "Rach boom" in the summer and autumn seasons has shown its effectiveness only 50-mm antitank gun Pak 38, as carried out shots blanks with tungsten core.
The problems the leadership of the Wehrmacht was well known. At the end of may 1941, before the attack on the Soviet Union, discussed the urgent equipping of the T-4 gun Pak 38, which was to replace the short 75-mm tank gun KwK 37, which bore the name "Stummel" (Rus. a cigarette butt). Pak 38 caliber, only two thirds was more than the KwK 37.
Because of the length of the gun is 1.8 m shells it was impossible to give sufficient acceleration, because their initial velocity was only 400-450 m/s Initial velocity of the shells the Pak 38, despite the fact that the caliber of the gun was only 50 mm, reached more than 800 m/s, and after almost 1200 m/s.
In mid-November 1941 was supposed to be ready the first prototype of the T-4 with a gun Pak 38. However, shortly before it was found that the envisaged modification of the T-4, which was considered a temporary solution on the way to creating a tank, able to withstand the T-34, can't be realized: Germany had an insufficient amount of tungsten to mass produce discs.
November 14, 1941 at the headquarters of the Fuehrer held a meeting, which cost the German engineers peaceful Christmas. Because Hitler has decreed that as soon as possible to completely reorganize the production of armoured vehicles. From now on, provided only the production of four types of vehicles: light reconnaissance tanks, medium battle tanks on the basis of previous T-4, new heavy tanks, is ordered for production in late June 1941, the T-6 "Tiger" as well as additional "hardest" tanks.
Four days later the order was given on the development of the new 75-mm cannon, the barrel of which was lengthened from 1.8 m to 3.2 m and which was to serve as a substitute for "Stummel". Initial velocity of the projectile increased from 450 to 900 m/s, and that was enough to destroy any T-34 from a distance of 1000-1500 m, even using explosive shells.
However, had the spot and tactical changes. Still tanks T-3 was the basis of military equipment German Panzer divisions. They had to fight with enemy tanks, while heavier tanks T-4 was originally designed as an auxiliary machine for destroying targets which could not handle guns of small caliber. However, even in the battles against French tanks revealed that a serious opponent could be the only T-4.
Every German tank regiment nominally had 60 tanks T-3 and 48 tanks T-4 and other crawler machines easier design, part of which was made in the Czech Republic. In fact, however, on the Eastern front on 1 July 1941 at the disposal of the 19 who fought the Panzer divisions were only 551 T-4. Despite the fact that a continuous supply of troops with armored vehicles in the amount of about 40 cars per month were carried out with plants in Germany for three groups of armies involved in the fighting in the Soviet Union, because of war-related supply disruptions by the spring of 1942 the number of tanks grew only to 552.
However, by the decision of the Hitler T-4, formerly the auxiliary machines, was supposed to be the main combat vehicles of armored divisions. It touched and subsequent modification of German military machines, who was at that time under development, namely, T-5, known as "Panther".
This model, to develop which started in 1937, 25 November 1941 were given to the trade and managed to acquire experience of the confrontation of the T-34. It was the first German tank, whose front and side armor plates were installed at an angle. However, it was clear that the supply tanks of this model in a more or less sufficient quantity could be implemented no earlier than 1943.
Meanwhile, tanks T-4 had to cope with a role of main combat vehicles. The engineers of the companies involved in the development of armored vehicles, first of all, Krupp in Essen, and Steyr-Puch in Sankt Valentin (lower Austria) for the new year managed to increase production and at the same time, refocus it on the launch of the F2 equipped with an extra long cannon Kwk 40 shipped for the front in March 1942. Earlier, in January, 1942, issue 59 T-4 for the month exceeded the established norm in 57 tanks.
Now T-4 tanks to artillery for approximately on par with T-34 tanks, but still inferior to the powerful Soviet machines in mobility. But more important was the lack of other available — number of vehicles produced. For the whole 1942 year produced 964 T-4, and a long gun was equipped with only half of them, while T-34 produced more than 12 thousand cars. And here, even the new guns nothing could change that.
- 29-05-2012Drugs in the service of the Third Reich
- 12-09-2010Many experts believe the best tank Merkava main battle tank in the world
- 12-09-2010The Minister of defence of Germany introduced draft large-scale reform of the armed forces
- 21-04-2001To the question about the war of the fourth sphere | <urn:uuid:1c1dd62b-9555-4b1a-8663-10392604da18> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://csef.ru/en/oborona-i-bezopasnost/505/kak-usovershenstvovanie-nemeczkogo-tanka-t-4-dolzhno-bylo-sdelat-ego-dostojnym-protivnikom-sovetskogo-t-34-7514 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104628307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705205356-20220705235356-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.976091 | 1,387 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- Module code: PX443
- Module name: Planets, Exoplanets and Life
- Department: Physics
- Credit: 15
Module content and teaching
To explore the impact of recent advances in the field on our understanding of planet formation, structure and evolution. To illustrate how established theories can be challenged using careful experimentation.
Principal learning outcomes
At the end of this module you should: Be able to describe the interior, atmospheric composition and structure of the Solar System planets Be aware of the experimental methods used to search for extra-solar system planets; Understand the models being developed to describe planet formation and structure; Be aware of the wide range of planets observed and of the open questions; Be familiar with current thinking on the conditions needed for life to evolve and be able evaluate critically the prospects for the discovery of extra-terrestrial life.
Timetabled teaching activities
Other essential notes
The detection of planets orbiting stars other than the sun is technically challenging and it was not achieved until 1995. This module looks at how exoplanets are now being discovered in large numbers and how these discoveries are challenging existing theories of planet formation and evolution. Various methods of detection are considered, as well as methods used to determine physical properties such as temperature, density and composition. We explore likely physical explanations for the observed properties and identify questions that remain open in this active research field. Finally, we consider the prospects for detecting life on distant planets.
|Assessment group||Assessment name||Percentage|
|15 CATS (Module code: PX443-15)|
|B (Examination only)||2 hour examination (Summer)||100%|
This module is available on the following courses:
- Undergraduate Physics (BSc MPhys) (F304) - Year 4
- Undergraduate Mathematics and Physics (BSc MMathPhys) (FG33) - Year 4 | <urn:uuid:d5cc5e15-c8ed-45e7-9acf-570895487d5b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://warwick.ac.uk/services/aro/dar/quality/modules/undergraduate/px/px443 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524503.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716055158-20190716081158-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.860558 | 389 | 2.75 | 3 |
Definition: A broad spectrum antibiotic of the aminoglycoside class, obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and M. echinospora, which inhibits the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; the sulfate salt is used medicinally.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
© Copyright 2018 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. Review date: Sep 19, 2016.
Search Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Examples: glitazone, GI cocktail, etc. | <urn:uuid:9fafba50-a9bb-42c5-9c1a-79ebe4c70eb9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.drugs.com/dict/gentamicin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864354.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622045658-20180622065658-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.772622 | 119 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Health Alert: Air Pollution Carries Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Study Reveals
A new study reveals that air pollution has found to have traces of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which cannot be treated by common antibiotics. Scientists warned that these bacteria are causing some viruses untreatable.
The study was printed in the journal Microbiome. It was led by researchers from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. The researchers have taken samples from polluted air in the city of Beijing. They said that the samples contained "DNA from genes that make bacteria resistant to the most powerful antibiotics."
Joakim Larsson, the lead author of the research, said that they studied only a small number of air samples. He further said that they need to examine the air from more places. On the other hand, he said that the air samples they analyzed showed a wide mix of different resistance genes.
In the study, the researchers analyzed 864 samples of DNA taken from humans, animals and environments worldwide, as they looked for genes associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results indicate that the samples from Beijing had a high-level of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is known that Beijing, the capital of China, has severe air pollution, according to Science Alert.
The team could not identify whether the bacteria were alive in the air. On the other hand, Dr. Larsson said that it is reasonable to believe that there is a mixture of live and dead bacteria, based on other studies of air. The study has prompted the scientists to research on how to fight the spread of these bacteria into the air.
The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution database stated that over 80 percent of people living in urban areas are exposed to air quality levels that exceed WHO limits. It is also reported that people living in the low-income cities are affected the most. This is troubling as these people living in these areas do not have access to healthcare.
WHO also states that 98 percent of cities in low-income and middle-income countries with over 100,000 inhabitants do not meet WHO air quality guidelines, according to Contagion Live. | <urn:uuid:981ef6f1-d517-4279-9e1b-3418fd258e01> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/53062/20161128/health-alert-air-pollution-carries-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-study-reveals.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528687.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723022935-20190723044935-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.96309 | 441 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Examine whether contaminants in your water supply met two standards: the legal limits established by the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the typically stricter health guidelines. The data was collected by an advocacy organization, the Environmental Working Group, who shared it with The Times.
Wayne, Village Of
- 1 or more tests taken in the month
- 1 or more positive detections
- 1 or more tests above health limit
- 1 or more tests above legal limit
Wayne, Ohio. Serves 840 people.
12 contaminants found within health guidelines and legal limits
In some states a small percentage of tests were performed before water was treated, and some contaminants were subsequently removed or diluted. As a result, some reported levels of contamination may be higher than were present at the tap.
|Number of Tests|
|Contaminant||Average result||Maximum result||Health limit||Legal limit||Total
|Positive result||Above health||Above legal||Monthly Testing History Chart key at top of page||E.P.A. regulated|
|Dibromoacetic acid||3.80 ppb||4.40||-||60||2||2||0||0||Yes|
|Dichloroacetic acid||2.30 ppb||3.40||70||60||2||2||0||0||Yes|
|Monobromoacetic acid||0.65 ppb||1.30||-||60||2||1||0||0||Yes|
|Nitrate & nitrite||0.16 ppm||0.16||10||10||2||2||0||0||Yes|
|Total haloacetic acids (HAAs)||13.38 ppb||46.40||70||60||5||4||0||0||Yes|
|Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs)||24.36 ppb||35.60||-||80||5||4||0||0||Yes|
|Trichloroacetic acid||1.10 ppb||2.20||20||60||2||1||0||0||Yes|
Units: ppb: parts per billion, pCi/L: picocuries per liter, ppm: parts per million, mrem/yr: millirems per year, MFL: million fibers per litre
37 contaminants tested for but not found
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,1-Dichloroethylene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,2-Dichloropropane, Alachlor (Lasso), Antimony (total), Arsenic (total), Asbestos, Atrazine, Barium (total), Benzene, Beryllium (total), Cadmium (total), Carbon tetrachloride, Chromium (total), cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene, Cyanide, Dichloromethane (methylene chloride), Ethylbenzene, Mercury (total inorganic), Monochloroacetic acid, Monochlorobenzene (Chlorobenzene), Nitrite, o-Dichlorobenzene, p-Dichlorobenzene, Selenium (total), Simazine, Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene, Thallium (total), Toluene, trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Vinyl chloride, Xylenes (total) | <urn:uuid:92321258-4f9c-4f61-9a4c-bd2841923527> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://projects.nytimes.com/toxic-waters/contaminants/oh/wood/oh8703112-wayne-village-of | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926769.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00021-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.659419 | 782 | 2.671875 | 3 |
1. Scientists from A*STAR's Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) in Singapore have discovered that a fetus's immune system is established as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, and may be able to initiate immune responses independently of the mother's immune system.
2. These findings debunk commonly-held assumptions about fetal immunity, including the idea that the fetus's immune system develops much later in the pregnancy cycle, and is unable to mount an independent immune response, being dependent on the mother's immune system to defend itself against external pathogens.
3. The scientists also found that an unborn baby's immune system contains a unique mechanism to prevent rejection of the mother's cells, even as it develops independently. This mechanism is mediated by dendritic cells expressing the protein Arginase-2.
4. These findings represent a landmark shift in our understanding of human immune development, and also provide insights into the immune mechanisms involved in some pregnancy-related illnesses and developmental diseases. 5. The findings of this study have been published in the scientific journal Nature on 14 June 2017.
6. Dendritic cells are immune cells that act as the sentinels of the body's immune system. They detect and assess the threats posed by foreign pathogens to the body and decide whether to initiate an immune response.
7. A major finding of the study is that as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, the human fetus has developed a network of dendritic cells that is similar to that of mature adults. These fetal dendritic cells are able to perform key functions associated with adult dendritic cells.
8. However, the scientists also uncovered a key difference between fetal and adult dendritic cells - the former expresses high levels of a protein called Arginase-2, which dampens the immune system response. This mechanism of immunosuppression promoted by fetal dendritic cells helps to ensure that the fetus does not reject the mother's cells even as it begins to develop its own immune defences.
9. Furthermore, Arginase-2 regulates the ability of immune cells to secrete a key inflammatory signaling protein called TNFα. This prevents the fetus's immune system from overreacting, and initiating unwanted inflammatory immune responses that could impact the baby's ongoing development in the womb.
10. The dysregulation of TNFα production in the fetal immune system has been implicated in various pregnancy-related conditions and developmental diseases, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, recurrent spontenous miscarriage, and necrotising enterocolitis. Hence, in expressing Arginase-2, fetal dendritic cells play a critical role in fetal immune tolerance, and ensuring the overall healthy development of the fetus in the mother's womb.
About the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) is Singapore's lead public sector agency that spearheads economic oriented research to advance scientific discovery and develop innovative technology. Through open innovation, we collaborate with our partners in both the public and private sectors to benefit society.
As a Science and Technology Organisation, A*STAR bridges the gap between academia and industry. Our research creates economic growth and jobs for Singapore, and enhances lives by contributing to societal benefits such as improving outcomes in healthcare, urban living, and sustainability. We play a key role in nurturing and developing a diversity of talent and leaders in our Agency and Research Institutes, the wider research community and industry. A*STAR oversees 18 biomedical sciences and physical sciences and engineering research entities primarily located in Biopolis and Fusionopolis.
For more information on A*STAR, please visit http://www.
About A*STAR's Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)
The Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), officially inaugurated on 10 February 2006, is a research consortium under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)'s Biomedical Research Council. The mandate of SIgN is to advance human immunology research and participate in international efforts to combat major health problems. Since its launch, SIgN has grown rapidly and currently includes 200 scientists from 25 different countries around the world working under 18 renowned Principal Investigators. At SIgN, researchers investigate immunity during infection and various inflammatory conditions including cancer and are supported by cutting edge technological research platforms and core services. Through this, SIgN aims to build a strong platform in basic human immunology research for better translation of research findings into clinical applications. SIgN also sets out to establish productive links with local and international institutions, and encourage the exchange of ideas and expertise between academic, industrial and clinical partners and thus contribute to a vibrant research environment in Singapore.
For more information about SIgN, please visit http://www.
About KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH)
KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) is a recognised leader and Singapore's largest tertiary referral centre for Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Neonatology. Founded in 1858, the 830-bed academic medical institution leads in patient-centred management of high risk conditions in women and children. More than 500 specialists adopt a compassionate, multi-disciplinary and holistic approach to treatment, and harness medical innovations and technology to deliver the best medical care possible. Accredited as an Academic Medical Centre, KKH is a major teaching hospital for all three medical schools in Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine. The Hospital also runs the largest specialist training programme for Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Paediatrics in the country. Both programmes are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education International (ACGME-I), and are highly rated for the high quality of clinical teaching and the commitment to translational research. For more information, please visit http://www.
ANNEX A: Quotes from Spokespersons:
Quote from Dr Florent Ginhoux, Senior Principal Investigator at SIgN, A*STAR, and joint-senior author of the study: "We are excited by the prospects this discovery holds for the growing field of research into fetal immunity, and the insights it provides into the very beginnings of the human immune system. Moving forward, we plan to expand our characterisation of the human fetal immune system beyond dendritic cells, to incorporate other key immune cells like B-cells or T-cells. Our eventual goal is to build an atlas of the fetal immune system. Hopefully, this will allow us to discover additional mechanisms of fetal tolerance, and identify gene signatures so that we can better evaluate fetal fitness and immunity."
Quote from Associate Professor Jerry Chan, Senior Consultant, Department of Reproductive Medicine, at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, and joint-senior author of the study: "We have known for a long time that maternal cells cross into the baby's blood stream, but are not rejected by the fetal immune system. It had been long thought that the fetal immune system does not reject these semi-foreign cells due to its immaturity. The discovery of a fully functional dendritic cell network by the second trimester of pregnancy challenges this belief, and the high expression of Arginase-2 by fetal dendritic cells may contribute to the ability of the fetus to tolerate the mother's cells. This new insight lays the foundation for future immune-directed therapies, and contributes to our knowledge of the fetal origins of certain pregnancy-associated conditions, such as pre-eclampsia."
Notes for Editor:
The research findings described in this media fact sheet can be found in the 14th June 2017 online issue of the scientific journal Nature, under the title, "Human fetal dendritic cells promote pre-natal T cell immune-suppression through arginase-2" by Naomi McGovern1, Amanda Shin1,2, Gillian Low1, Donovan Low1, Kaibo Duan1, Leong Jing
Yao3, Rasha Msallam1, Ivy Low1, Nurhidaya Binte Shadan1, Hermi R Sumatoh1, Erin Soon1, Josephine Lum1, Esther Mok1, Sandra Hubert1, Peter See1, Edwin Huang Kunxiang4, Yie Hou Lee5,6, Baptiste Janela1, Mahesh Choolani7,8, Citra Nurfarah Zaini Mattar7,8, Yiping Fan4,8, Tony Kiat Hon Lim9, Dedrick Kok Hong9, Ker-Kan Tan10,11, John Kit Chung Tam11, Christopher Schuster12, Adelheid Elbe-Bürger12, Xiao-nong Wang13, Venetia Bigley13, Matthew Collin13, Muzlifah Haniffa13, Andreas Schlitzer1,14,15, Michael Poidinger1, Salvatore Albani3, Anis Larbi1, Evan W Newell1, Jerry Kok Yen Chan1,4,8,16 and Florent Ginhoux1.
1 Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 3 and 4, Singapore
2 Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
3 SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), 20 College Road, the Academia, Level 8 Discovery Tower, Singapore
4 Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
5 KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore
6 OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
7 epartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
8 Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
9 Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore
10 Division of Colorectal Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Health System,Singapore
11 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
12 Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
13 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
14 Myeloid Cell Biology, Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn Germany
15 Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn,
Germany 16 Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore | <urn:uuid:e4b03559-d65f-4598-a8d0-9ed04884976d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/s-bf061417.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347428990.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603015534-20200603045534-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.903798 | 2,306 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Arnolt Schlick (July 18?, c. 1455–1460 – after 1521) was a German organist, lutenist and composer of the Renaissance. He is grouped among the composers known as the Colorists. He was most probably born in Heidelberg and by 1482 established himself as court organist for the Electorate of the Palatinate. Highly regarded by his superiors and colleagues alike, Schlick played at important historical events, such as the election of Maximilian I as King of the Romans, and was widely sought after as organ consultant throughout his career. The last known references to him are from 1521; the circumstances of his death are unknown.
Schlick was blind for much of his life, possibly from birth. However, that did not stop him from publishing his work. He is best known for Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten (1511), the first German treatise on building and playing organs. This work, highly influential during the 16th century, was republished in 1869 and is regarded today as one of the most important books of its kind. Schlick's surviving compositions include Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang (1512), a collection of organ and lute music, and a few pieces in manuscript. The lute pieces—mostly settings of popular songs—are among the earliest published; but Schlick's organ music is even more historically important. It features sophisticated cantus firmus techniques, multiple truly independent lines (up to five—and, in one case, ten—voices), and extensive use of imitation. Thus, it predates the advances of Baroque music by about a hundred years, making Schlick one of the most important composers in the history of keyboard music.
Records of Schlick's early life are sparse: he lived and worked at Heidelberg, which was almost completely destroyed during the War of the Grand Alliance, so almost no records survive from the time Schlick was born. Nevertheless, linguistic analysis of his writings has shown that Schlick was most likely from the area around Heidelberg, and recent research showed that Schlick was most probably born into a family of a Heidelberg butcher, whose family name may have been Slicksupp. If Schlick's parents followed the contemporary German custom to name children after the saint on whose day they were born, Schlick must have been born on July 18, St. Arnold's day. As for the year of birth, since Schlick married in 1482 and described himself as "an old man" by 1520, he was probably born in 1455–60. Schlick was blind for much of his life, and may have been born blind.
No documents survive concerning Schlick's apprenticeship. Johannes von Soest and an otherwise unknown "Petrus Organista de Oppenheim" could be his teachers, as could Conrad Paumann, if only for a brief time when he (possibly) visited Heidelberg in 1472. The earliest mention of Schlick's place of employment is in his marriage contract: in 1482 he married Barbara Struplerin, a servant of Elector Philip's sons, and the contract lists him as a court organist. Schlick and his family lived in a house on the Burgweg, a path that led to the Heidelberg Castle (although by 1482 Schlick had already inherited his father's house in Heidelberg).
Schlick was apparently held in very high regard by his superiors. By 1509 he was the highest-paid musician at the court with a salary almost twice higher than that of the next-highest musician, and comparable to the salary of the court treasurer. Evidently, this position was already established by 1486, when Schlick performed at the election of Archduke Maximilian as King of the Romans at Frankfurt, on February 16 (Schlick may also have performed at Maximilian's coronation six weeks later). It was at this election that Schlick must have first met Paul Hofhaimer. In 1489 or 1490 Schlick travelled to the Netherlands: he alludes to the journey in his preface to Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang, but his reasons remain obscure. Recent scholarship unearthed evidence of payments to other Electorate of the Palatinate musicians, made by Utrecht authorities, and although no mention of the court travelling to Utrecht in 1489–1490 has been found, it is entirely possible that it did happen. An older version of Schlick's motives was that he went to the Low Countries to escape from the plague which was then ravaging the Heidelberg area.
In October 1503 Philip I of Castile visited Heidelberg, bringing with him a large enoutrage that included the composers Pierre de la Rue and Alexander Agricola, and organist Henry Bredemers. Schlick almost certainly met them, and probably played the organ at the performance of the Mass that took place during Philip's visit. The next known contemporary report that mentions Schlick is from February 23, 1511, when he played at the wedding of Louis V, Elector Palatine and Sibylle of Bavaria. Nothing certain is known about Schlick's other performances. We know that he was present at one the diets at Worms, either in 1509 or at the famous diet of 1495. The presence of an unnamed Heidelberg court lutenist in Basel in 1509 is documented, and as Schlick was an accomplished lutenist, it may have been him. In 1516, Schlick visited Torgau for unknown reasons; he may have played the organ there, and must have met Hofaimer again, since the latter was court organist at Torgau at the time.
The year 1511 saw publication of Schlick's organ treatise, Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten ("Mirror of Organ Builders and Organists"). The book was published in Speyer; it is the first known German treatise on organ building and performance, and was apparently very influential in Germany. Also in 1511, Schlick's son Arnolt the Younger pleaded to his father to publish at least some of his music; the father complied and published Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang und lidlein uff die orgeln un lauten ("Tablatures of [Several] Canticles and Songs for Organ and Lute") the next year, a collection of organ and lute music. A few of the biographical details are found in the preface to the latter work (which consists of Arnolt the Younger's letter to his father) and Schlick's reply. Schlick writes, for instance, about his journey to the Low Countries, and about the row he had with Sebastian Virdung in either 1495 or 1509. Schlick apparently met Virdung in Worms in 1495 or 1509 and helped him in some way. Some years later, in his treatise Musica getutscht (1511) Virdung ridiculed Schlick's adherence to the view that the black keys should be considered musica ficta, and made rude remarks about the composer's blindness. In the preface to Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang Schlick retorts with mentions of Virdung's numerous mistakes in the musical examples from Musica getutscht, and condemns Virdung's ingratitude. Schlick also mentions his plans to publish another book of music, but no trace of such publication is known.
Throughout his life, Schlick was in high demand as an organ consultant. The earliest record of his activity in this field is from 1491, when he inspected the instrument of the Strasbourg Cathedral. Twelve more reports survive about such trips: among others, Schlick passed judgements on organs at St. George's Church, Haguenau, Speyer Cathedral, and Stiftskirche, Neustadt an der Weinstraße. The last reference to Schlick is from 1521, when he examined an organ at St. George, Haguenau. This job was apparently carried out during December 1520–January 1521, and a letter survives from about the same time, from Schlick to Bernardo Clesio, Bishop of Trent; Schlick sent Clesio two sets of chorale settings. After this, Schlick disappears from history. In 1524 another organist was employed in his place.
Schlick's treatise on organ building and organ playing, Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten ("Mirror of Organ Builders and Organists"), was published in 1511 in Speyer by Peter Drach. Only two copies survive to this day, but the book has long been recognized as one of the most important of its kind. The Spiegel is the earliest German organ treatise, and also the first book on musical matters to enjoy an imperial privilege (issued by Emperor Maximilian to protect Schlick's rights). It was widely influential in Maximilian's empire, but became obsolete towards the 17th century because of the advances in organ building. After years of oblivion, the Spiegel was republished in 1869, and interest in it has been growing ever since: a summary of its contents in modern language was available in 1870, a complete translation into modern German appeared in 1931, a partial English translation first became available in Organ Institute Quarterly, published between 1957–1960, and a complete English translation followed in 1980. Facsimile editions of the treatise appeared as early as 1959.
Schlick's book begins with a preface in three parts: the composer first thanks his patrons, then briefly discusses the nature of music, and finally describes the purpose of the Spiegel: it was not intended for organists and/or organ builders, as it may seem from the title, but for those church and monastery authorities who wanted to buy an organ, or had one entrusted to their care. Schlick's remarks about the nature of music are similar to those in other musical treatises of the time: he quotes, like numerous other authors of the period, the Bible, Aristotle, Boethius, Asclepiades of Bithynia and Guido of Arezzo. Quotations from these sources support Schlick's own views: that music has a profound effect on the listeners, and can heal both the body and the spirit. Schlick also praises the organ as the best musical instrument, his argument being that extensive polyphony with as many as six or seven parts can be executed by a single person on the organ.
The preface is followed by ten chapters which cover practically every aspect of organ-building: tuning, keyboard construction, making of chests, bellows, stops, etc.; even the instrument's position in the church and its decorations are discussed (Schlick's point of view being that excessive decorations are undesirable). Among other things, Schlick describes his "ideal" organ, which is a two-manual instrument with eight to ten stops for the Hauptwerk, four for the Rückpositiv, and four in the pedal:
|2- or more rank Principal||Principal (wood pipes)|
|"long Octave"||small Gemshorn|
|"wide Gemshorn", an octave above the Principals||small Mixture|
|Zimbel||Zimbel without Tierce|
|large chorus mixture|
|reed stop "imitating a shawm"||Pedal|
|hůltze gletcher||Principal (from the Hauptwerk)|
|Zink or Cornett||Octaff|
|Flageolet, ? of 2'||Octave and Mixture (from the Hauptwerk)|
|Regal stop||Trompete or Posaune|
He emphasizes that each stop should have a distinct sound, easily distinguishable from all others, and that performers should make good use of contrasting registrations. Some of the stops Schlick mentions are difficult to identify precisely, due to the age of the treatise and the changes that took place in organ-building since the 16th century. Perhaps the most mysterious is the hůltze gletcher, a stop with a percussive sound which Schlick admired and compared to "a bowl that idle journeymen hit with spoons."
The most discussed part of the Spiegel is its second chapter, which concerns organ pitch. To illustrate how an organ should be tuned, Schlick indicates the length of a pipe speaking F, the bottom note of his compass. To this end, a line is printed in the margin, and the length of the pipe is given as being 16 times the length of that line. Numerous estimates have been suggested in the past, and some scholars (most notably Arthur Mendel) actually doubted whether the length of the line in question was rendered correctly during printing. Today, most scholars agree that the pipe would produce a sound slightly more than a whole tone below the present-day F. The temperament Schlick advocates is an irregular one, close to meantone; the major thirds are slightly wider than pure. Interestingly, Schlick rejected keyboards with split accidentals.
Schlick's organ music survives in two sources: the printed collection Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang (1512) and the letter Schlick sent to Bernardo Clesio around 1520–21. Tabulaturen contains ten compositions for organ: a setting of Salve Regina (five verses), Pete quid vis, Hoe losteleck, Benedictus, Primi toni, Maria zart, Christe, and three settings of Da pacem. Of these, only Salve Regina and the Da pacem settings are fully authentic. Much of the other music is stylistically indistinguishable from contemporary vocal works by other composers; consequently, some of the pieces may be intabulations of other composers' works. However, as of 2009, no models are known for any of the pieces, and so Schlick's authorship remains undisputed.
The Salve Regina setting is among the most important of Schlick's works. Unlike most preceding and contemporary organ composers, Schlick tends to use four voices rather than three, and in the first verse there are instances of two voices in the pedal, a technique unheard of at the time. Schlick's setting also sets itself apart by relying heavily on imitation, sequence and fragmentation of motives, techniques seldom employed so consistently in organ music of the day. The first movement begins with an imitative exposition of an original theme with an unusually wide (for a theme used imitatively) range of a twelfth and proceeds to free counterpoint with instances of fragments of the original theme. Movements 2 and 3 (Ad te clamamus and Eya ergo) begin by treating the cantus firmus imitatively, and the opening of Eya ergo constitutes one of the earliest examples of fore-imitation:
This technique, in which a motif treated imitatively "foreshadows" the entrance of the cantus firmus, later played a major part in the development of the organ chorale. Schlick's methods of creating complementary motives also look towards a much later stage of evolution, namely the techniques employed by Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck. Early music scholar Willi Apel, who authored the earliest comprehensive analysis of Schlick's keyboard music, writes:
Schlick's Salve is one of the truly great masterpieces of organ art, perhaps the first one to deserve to be so ranked. It still breathes the strict spirit of the Middle Ages, which brought forth so many wonderful works, but new forces are already at work that lend this composition a novel fulness of expression and sound.
Schlick's three Da pacem settings also look to the future, because, although Schlick does not refer to them as a cycle anywhere in Tabulaturen, the placement of cantus firmus suggests that the three settings are part of a large plan. The antiphon is in the discantus in the first setting, in the tenor in the second, and in the bass in the third. Similar plans are observed in Sweelinck's and later composers' chorale variations. Technically, Schlick's settings exhibit a contrapuntal technique similar to that of Salve Regina.
Schlick's Benedictus and Christe are three-voice settings of mass movements. The former has been called "the first organ ricercar" because of its use of imitation in a truly fugal manner, but it remains unclear whether the composition is an original piece by Schlick or an intabulation of a vocal work by another composer. The piece is in three sections, the first of which begins with a fugal exposition, and the second is a canon between the outer voices. Schlick's Christe is more loosely constructed: although imitation is used throughout, there are no fugal expositions or canonic techniques employed. The piece begins with a long two-voice section. Other organ pieces in Tabulaturen employ a variety of methods, most relying on imitation (with the notable exception of Primi toni, which is also unusual for its title, which merely indicates the tone, but not the cantus firmus). For example, Schlick's setting of Maria zart (a German song famously used by Jacob Obrecht for Missa Maria zart, one of the longest polyphonic settings of the mass Ordinary ever written) splits the melody into thirteen fragments, treated imitatively one by one. A similar procedure, only with longer fragments of the melody used, is employed in Hoe losteleck, a piece based on a song which may have had secular character. Pete quid vis, a piece of unknown origins and function, consists of a large variety of different treatments of a single theme, either treated imitatively itself, or accompanied by independently conceived imitative passages.
Schlick's letter to Bernardo Clesio contains his only known late works: a set of eight settings of the sequence verse Gaude Dei genitrix (from the Christmas sequence Natus ante saecula) and a set of two settings of the Ascension antiphon Ascendo ad Patrem meum. Both sets have didactic purposes. Gaude Dei genitrix settings establish various ways of reinforcing a two-voice setting, in which the chant is accompanied by moderately ornamented counterpoint, by duplicating both lines in parallel thirds, fourths, or sixths. The pieces, which may have been intended for voices rather than the organ, range from three- to five-voice settings. Schlick himself noted the didactic aspect, writing that he "found and made a separate rule for each setting, which are so clear that it will be easy to set all chants in the same manner." His Ascendo ad Patrem meum settings serve a different purpose, but also are a miniature encyclopaedia: the first setting is in two voices (and so the most basic of all possible settings), whereas the second is in ten voices (and so the most advanced of all possible settings). The ten-voice work is unique in organ repertoire, both for the polyphonic scope and the pedal technique.
Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang is the earliest extensive source of German lute music and also one of the earliest published collections of lute music known. There are fifteen lute pieces, twelve of which are duets for voice and lute. The pieces are organized by difficulty, which reflects the didactic aspect of Tabulaturen. Curiously, Schlick does not include performing instructions, which are commonplace in most later German publications, and furthermore, no texts are included, although most can be found in contemporary sources—there are just three songs unique to Tabulaturen (Mein lieb ist weg, Philips zwolffpot and All Ding mit radt). Almost all songs are settings of German polyphonic Lieder on secular texts. There are two exceptions. The first, Metzkin Isaack, may be of Netherlandish origin, and there is a possibility that Schlick learned the piece from Petrucci's Harmonice Musices Odhecaton. This would imply that Schlick borrowed the idea to apply for an imperial privilege for Spiegel and Tabulaturen from Petrucci. The second exception is All Ding mit radt, which is different from every other piece in Tabulaturen: it relies not on the phrase structure of the song, like other settings, but rather on motivic and harmonic principles. Also, unlike other lute settings, it does not use bar form.
In most settings Schlick uses mixed notation: the upper part is notated mensurally, while the lower parts are given in tablature. The practice was rarely used in Germany at the time, but it appears in many contemporary French and Italian sources, such as collections of frottolas by Franciscus Bossinensis (1509–11) or Marchetto Cara (c.1520), and Pierre Attaingnant's publications (late 1520s). Another important deviation from the German norm is Schlick's tendency to put the cantus firmus in the highest part, the discantus, whereas the norm for German Lieder was cantus firmus in the tenor.
As is usual for lute intabulations, none of Schlick's settings are completely faithful to their models. The changes range from addition of modest ornaments, as in Nach lust or Vil hinderlist, to insertions of new material, as in Mein M. ich hab and Weg wart dein art. One particularly important change occurs in Schlick's intabulation of Hertzliebstels pild, in which Schlick attempts a type of word painting: the words "mit reichem Schall" ("with rich sound/splendor") are illustrated by an increase in rhythmic activity. The three solo lute settings are all in three voices, and present three distinct ways of three-voice intabulation. All Ding mit radt contains numerous passages in two voices, and so serves as an introduction to playing three-voice music. Wer gnad durch klaff is one of Schlick's most straightforward intabulations, using most of the original material unchanged. Finally, Weg wart dein art is a free intabulation, with numerous ornaments, figuration and other embellishments. The vast majority of Schlick's lute pieces are not exceptionally virtuosic, and are somewhat easier to perform than near-contemporary lute music by Hans Neusidler and Hans Judenkönig; however, the works in Tabulaturen cannot be used as a basis to judge Schlick's technique, since the book had a didactic aspect, and Schlick planned a second volume with more complex and difficult music.
Schlick was of the utmost importance in the early history of organ music in Germany. He was a much sought-after organ consultant, and while his blindness prevented him from doing much of the construction he was closely associated with organ-builders as an advisor; he tested new organs, performed widely, and was a strong influence among other composers at the time. His method of weaving contrapuntal lines around a cantus firmus, derived from a chorale tune, can be seen as foreshadowing the development of the chorale prelude in a later age. Schlick can be seen as the first figure in a long line of development which culminated in the music of J.S. Bach more than two hundred years later.
List of works
- Tabulaturen etlicher lobgesang und lidlein uff die orgeln un lauten ("Tablatures of Several Canticles and Songs for the Organ and Lute", Mainz, 1512):
- Organ works: Salve Regina, Ad te clamamus, Eya ergo advocata, O pia, O dulcis Maria, Pete quid vis, Hoe losteleck, Benedictus, Primi toni, Maria zart, Christe, Da pacem (1), Da pacem (2), Da pacem (3).
- Works for lute: Mein M. ich hab, Cupido hat, Hertzliebstes pild, Nach lust hab ich, Vil hinderlist, Möcht es gesein, Mein lieb ist weg, Ich schrei und rüeff, Metzkin Isaack, Philips zwölffpot, Nun hab ich all mein tag gehört, Maria zart, All Ding mit radt, Wer gnad durch klaff, Weg wart dein art.
- Letter to Bernardo Clesio (late 1520–early 1521):
- Ascendo ad Patrem meum a 2, for organ
- Ascendo ad Patrem meum a 10, for organ
- Gaude Dei genitrix, 8 settings a 3–5, for organ
- 2 songs, 4vv
- Mi-mi, fragment, possibly from a lost mass setting (only soprano and bass parts survive from a 3- (or more) voice setting)
- Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten ("Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players", Speyer, 1511)
- Keyl 1989, 110–11.
- Owen 1999, 24: calls the treatise "invaluable". The New Grove dictionary (Owen, Williams, Grove) dedicates a whole chapter to it.
- Apel 1972, 91: "He emerges [...] as one of the greatest masters who have left their imprint on the history of organ music [...] a creativity that is inferior to Frescobaldi or Bach in quantity only."
- Pietzsch 1963, 686–87, 694–95.
- Keyl 1989, 112.
- Keyl 1989, 111–12.
- Keyl 1989, 135–36.
- Keyl 1989, 113–17.
- Keyl 1989, 118–19.
- Keyl 1989, 120.
- Keyl 1989, 122–23.
- Keyl 1989, 126.
- Owen, Williams, Grove.
- Marx, Grove.
- For more information on the controversy between Virdung and Schlick, see Lenneberg 1957.
- Keyl 1989, 237.
- Keyl 1989, 128–29
- Keyl 1989, 141.
- Keyl 1989, 161.
- Keyl 1989, 162–63.
- Keyl 1989, 155–56.
- Keyl 1989, 173.
- Keyl 1989, 169–71.
- The following table is adapted from Owen, Williams, Grove.
- Keyl 1989, 189–98.
- Keyl 1989, 193.
- Keyl 1989, 184–87.
- Keyl 1989, 201: summarizes Lindley 1974.
- Keyl 1989, 201.
- Keyl 1989, 293.
- Apel 1972, 85.
- Apel 1972, 87.
- Keyl 1989, 326.
- This description was given by Gotthold Frotscher in his Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition (Berlin: Max Hesse, 1935), Vol. 1, p. 100
- Apel 1972, 88.
- Keyl 1989, 329–330. Apel 1972, 88: the piece is "in all probability [...] a transcription"; no reason for the claim is given.
- Apel 1972, 89.
- Keyl 1989, 337–38.
- Keyl 1989, 378–79.
- Keyl 1989, 381–82.
- Apel 1972, 89–91.
- Keyl 1989, 231.
- Keyl 1989, 238.
- Keyl 1989, 246.
- Keyl 1989, 248.
- Keyl 1989, 123; the fact is mentioned by Schlick's son.
- Keyl 1989, 232.
- Keyl 1989, 276.
- Keyl 1989, 252.
- Keyl 1989, 261–62.
- Keyl 1989, 262–64.
- Keyl 1989, 270.
- Pietzsch 1963, 694.
- Apel, Willi. 1972. The History of Keyboard Music to 1700. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21141-7. Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.
- Keyl, Stephen Mark. 1989. Arnolt Schlick and Instrumental Music circa 1500. Diss. Duke University.
- Lenneberg, Hans. 1957. The Critic Criticized: Sebastian Virdung and his Controversy with Arnold Schlick, JAMS, x, pp. 1–6.
- Lindley, Mark. 1974. Early 16th-Century Keyboard Temperaments, MD 28, pp. 129–39.
- Marx, Hans Joachim. 1980. Arnolt Schlick, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
- Owen, Barbara. 1999. The Registration of Baroque Organ Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21085-2
- Owen, Barbara & Williams, Peter. "Organ. V. 3: Arnolt Schlick's "Spiegel der Orgelmacher"". In L. Root, Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
- Pietzsch, Gerhard. 1963. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte der Musik am kurpfälzischen Hof zu Heidelberg bis 1622. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Abhandlungen der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Jahrgang 1963, Nr. 6. Mainz: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz. (in German)
- Reese, Gustave. 1954. Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arnolt Schlick.| | <urn:uuid:63b7f60f-76d7-4cdf-a1aa-303880e1c13f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolt_Schlick | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688926.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922074554-20170922094554-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.926871 | 6,420 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Ten foods rich in protein
Ten foods rich in protein
A well-balanced diet is a basis for the proper functioning of the body. It should be nutritionally dense, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. It is important not only the caloric value adjusted to daily energy demand but also the appropriate macro-and microelements. Carbohydrates are essential in the diet, as well as proteins and fats. The former is the primary source of energy for all cells. Proteins, in turn, are primarily building blocks for the body, but their role is much more significant. They perform several other functions to not be missing from the diet and in the correct quantity. The supply of protein should be adjusted to a given person’s individual needs because everyone has different requirements. In the case of physically active people who want to build muscle mass, amino acids are crucial. It’s time to consider which foods are high in protein and what you should reach for.
Why is protein a key component of everyone’s diet?
The body cannot function properly without an adequate supply of protein, specifically amino acids, which form cells’ structure. It is impossible to store large quantities of proteins, so they must be supplied from the outside. The body needs both endogenous and exogenous amino acids but can only produce the former. The exogenous ones must be obtained from food. Protein deficiency is a simple way to malnutrition and stunted the growth of the body. In the absence of amino acids, the intestines and muscles are unable to work. Susceptibility to infections and allergies also increases. In the case of people who train, an insufficient supply of protein impairs the building of muscle mass, muscle regeneration, and the entire energy supply. Protein acts as a building material for tissues and cells and is also a source of energy. It participates in numerous reactions in the body, regulates the acid-base balance, has an immune function, detoxifies and protects the body. It also has an immune, detoxifying, and transporting process. Both animal and plant foods may be sources of protein, but the former is considered the most complete source.
Where to get protein in your diet? Here are the best sources
Eggs are a great source of easily digestible protein and are considered one of the most nutritious foods. They contain a range of vitamins, minerals, fats, and antioxidants. Protein is found in both the yolk and the white.
2. Fish and seafood
Fish is healthy, rich in fatty acids and protein, which is easily digested and does not overload the digestive system. There are so many species of fish to choose from, you can choose from seafood, so there is no question of a monotonous menu. Particular attention should be paid to salmon, herring, mackerel, trout, carp, cod, tuna, shrimps, and mussels.
Everyone knows very well that the primary source of protein is meat. Whether you choose chicken, turkey, beef, duck, or venison, the protein and fat content will differ. There are many types of meat, so there’s something to suit everyone’s needs and taste preferences. Poultry is the most popular – chicken fillet, wings, turkey fillet, turkey knuckle, and minced turkey meat. Even higher amounts of protein can be found in beef, rich in minerals, especially iron and B vitamins. Athletes greatly appreciate beef shoulder and sirloin.
Vegans do not consume animal products, so plant sources of protein are essential. Legumes, which come in a variety of forms, provide ample amounts of protein. These are vegetables with a low glycaemic index, rich in dietary fiber, and many valuable micro-and macro-nutrients. It is worth reaching for them even in a traditional diet, as they are delicious and healthy. Vast quantities of protein are contained in soya, which has been popular with athletes for years. It is the main ingredient in most protein supplements. Large amounts of protein are also found in green peas, red and green lentils, black and white beans, and chickpeas.
Not everyone likes to eat offal, but it’s worth changing that, as it’s more valuable than meat. They are a great source of protein and, at the same time, plenty of minerals and vitamins. It is high time to become convinced and include beef, poultry, or even pork liver in your diet. You can also choose hearts, stomachs, and kidneys.
6. Protein supplements
Eating a lot of meat, pulses, or eggs can be hard on the body. The problem arises in the case of people who train intensively and want to build muscle tissue. They need a lot of protein, so a protein supplement is ideal for them. A protein shake is perfect after strength training, as it allows you to replenish amino acids quickly and easily. They are needed both for muscle development and during weight reduction. The composition of protein supplements can vary, and there are also options for vegans, i.e., an utterly plant-based version.
7. Cottage cheese
Physically active people often reach for cottage cheese, which is low in calories and fat and, at the same time, a great source of protein. Cottage cheese is delicious and tastes great, both salty and sweet.
Greek and Skyr yogurts are other popular dairy products with high protein content. It’s crucial to choose yogurts that are as little processed as possible and free from unnecessary sugar.
Milk contains good quality protein, but it doesn’t stop there. It also contains minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and even some vitamins. Milk is available in different fat contents; it doesn’t have to be cow’s milk, but goat’s milk or even vegetable milk.
10.Nuts and seeds
Nuts and seeds have many proteins and a lot of healthy fats, and more or fewer carbohydrates. They are a great source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. The most popular are peanuts, which contain more protein than even a hundred portions of beef or poultry. The same can be said for sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, and poppy seeds. | <urn:uuid:43064254-e312-4447-b4b2-5826bfb1b338> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://crossthelimits.co.uk/ten-foods-rich-in-protein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100550.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205073336-20231205103336-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.958551 | 1,290 | 3.265625 | 3 |
SAN JUAN COUNTY, Utah — State are officials are warning Utahns after elevated levels of mercury were found in fish taken from Ken’s Lake in San Juan County.
Wildlife, health and environmental agencies issued a joint press release Tuesday, saying Ken’s Lake has been added to Utah’s Mercury Fish Consumption Advisory list.
“There is no health risk associated with mercury in the water for other uses of the waterways, such as swimming, boating, and waterskiing,” the press release states.
The advisory warns residents about consuming large mouth bass taken from the lake and says pregnant women and children under six should not eat any such specimens.
Women who may become pregnant and children ages 6-16 can eat up to two 8 oz. portions each month while all other adults can consume six 8 oz meals in a month, according to the advisory. The release states 8 oz. of fish is roughly the size of two decks of playing cards.
The release notes that mercury is a naturally occurring element found in some bodies of water, and that it can transform into methyl mercury—which is toxic.
“Chronic exposure to low concentrations of methyl mercury may result in neurological effects in the developing fetus and children,” the release states.
Health risks associated with mercury are based on long-term consumption rather than occasionally eating fish.
The release indicates that fewer than 10% of the bodies of water tested in Utah show elevated levels of mercury within their fish, but notes that not all waters have been tested. | <urn:uuid:e9ee25a5-76d3-4bb8-9c44-a17e339a6bf2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.fox13now.com/2018/12/18/lake-in-san-juan-county-added-to-advisory-list-after-elevated-mercury-levels-found-in-fish | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056348.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918062845-20210918092845-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.96878 | 317 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Jump to navigation Jump to search
- Two hostile nations both claim a piece of territory. They may go to war over it. Or, they may negotiate some agreement. The agreement would be written down, and both governments would agree to keep the agreement.
- A football club wishes to buy a player from another club. A series of negotiations would take place between the clubs, the player and the player's agent. If the negotiations succeed, the player gets moved. In this case, and in many others, success is followed by a legal contract, or a court decision, which makes the agreement legal.
- In less formal circumstances, a negotiation is just bargaining or haggling over, for example, money.
Essential skills for Negotiation[change | change source]
- Effective verbal communication
- Good Rapport building
- Critical Thinking
- Problem solving
- Objection handling | <urn:uuid:e3545bf9-4d11-4c06-9058-3b5610705704> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.956327 | 194 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Tackling difficult topics in education has always been a tough line for teachers to ride. The concept of taboos in education is nothing new, it’s just that the things people were afraid to talk about fifty years ago were different than they are now (although, admittedly, not much different). Nowadays, there are certainly still things that make educators hesitant to address, for fear of repercussions from students or parents, or even for the fear of losing their job.
Is it not the place of education to discuss some of these challenging ideas and put them in context for children, though? Whether we like it or not, kids learn about the things we’d rather keep from them, the only choice that we have is whether they are going to learn it from us, or from sources beyond our control. Here are several taboo topics that we should tackle more in education, today…
Drugs and addiction are both hot topics, largely because addressing requires looking into the face of the misery that both these things have left in their wake in our own communities. However, it is important that children understand what substance abuse is and how addiction is able to take hold of a person. Most states do have drug resistance education, but it has proven horribly ineffective. One major problem with these programs, such as D.A.R.E., is that they fail to explain why people get addicted in the first place. The harsh reality is that most of these dangerous substances make people feel amazing, but that is precisely what makes them so dangerous. Just trying to hammer it into kids heads to say no does little to mitigate their later actions.
Our understanding of what addiction is and how it works has changed over the past decade, largely due to the need to better understand an epidemic that continues to grow in the United States and around the world. New programs that better teach children why drugs are dangerous and why they should avoid them are sorely needed, today. Some states have already addressed this problem by starting more effective drug education at an earlier age.
Sex has always been the taboo education topic for the ages, with fierce debates being fought both for and against sex education’s place in general curriculums. It’s understandable that sex is such a difficult topic to broach. Some people feel there is a loss of innocence, or even an encouragement to participate in sex, when sex is tackled in an educational setting. However, it’s important to not be naive enough to think that these kids are as clueless about these subjects as we think they are. Whether we want to believe it or not, kids are going to find out about sexual topics, and their minds are going to fill in the gaps.
Comprehensive sex education isn’t about promoting having sex to kids, it’s about making sure that they aren’t having unsafe sex that increases the number of teenage STIs and pregnancies. Studies have found that abstinence-only education, which have cost the federal government billions of dollars in the past 20 years, have proven to be entirely ineffective at producing abstinence as a result. For this reason, we shouldn’t allow our squeamishness about talking about sex to get in the way of building a better and safer world for our children, and we should do more to ensure that comprehensive sexual education is available to every student throughout the United States.
Did you guess Rock n’ Roll? Sadly, you were mistaken. However, that would certainly be a topic that leads to much less tension, in today’s society. Racial relations are at a complicated place, today. Many people believe that racial tensions are higher than they used to be, but the reality is that there is probably just more awareness of the racial problems that have already existed for most people that race relations actually affect.
To be fair, most public schools will address the issue of race, but it will be viewed from a very distant lens, usually towards slavery and Jim Crow laws. While these are definitely important topics to learn about, in order to understand the context of racial problems today, schools should do more to put the world around students in context, so that the things they learn can actually help them navigate the problems of today. | <urn:uuid:dbbe20f6-f8b2-4f97-9023-b7cf079b7f97> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.fine-directory.com/taboo-topics-we-should-tackle-more-in-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514162.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021161035-20181021182535-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.980096 | 858 | 2.953125 | 3 |
I set out with the intent of selecting 10 books — and only 10 books — about colors to recommend to you. I knew at the outset that many more than 10 great books about colors have been written and that I would have to be ruthless. I have been ruthless before. (See e.g. 7 Awesome Alphabet Books.) I thought that I could be ruthless again. However, this time I just cannot do it. I cannot not recommend all 14 of these books. They are all great. You choose!
I have still left several wonderful books off this list. Please, share your favorites in the comments below!
Growing Colors by Bruce McMillan. This simple introduction to colors consists solely of a color name, a close-up image of a colorful fruit or vegetable, and an image of the full plant (vine, shrub, tree etc.) that the fruit or vegetable grows on. I like this book because it has led to all sorts of interesting discussions about how fruits and vegetables grow. Ages 0+
Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? By Bill Martin Jr and Eric Carle. A beautifully illustrated rhyming book. Each page describes what readers will see on the following page, which is, I think, a fantastic and fun way for kids to learn. Ages 0+
Red is a Dragon: A Book of Colors by Roseanne Thong and Grace Lin. In Red is a Dragon, a young Asian girl notices colors in the world around her. This rhyming book features beautiful illustrations by Grace Lin. The book concludes by encouraging kids to look for colors in the world around them. Ages 1+
Freight Train by Donald Crews. Sure to be a hit with train-lovers, this book introduces kids to the names of various train cars (hopper car, gondola car etc.) as well as to the colors of the rainbow. Ages 1+
Blue Hat, Green Hat by Sandra Boynton. A humorous introduction to colors for toddlers and preschoolers. Young kids will laugh out loud at the turkey’s mistakes as he tries to dress himself. The turkey puts his shirt on his legs, pants on his head, and socks on his hands…Oops! Ages 2+
Pete the Cat: I Love My White Shoes by Eric Litwin and James Dean. An entertaining story about a cat named Pete who does not loose his cool even when he steps in mud, strawberries and more with his brand new white shoes. This is a very fun book to read aloud to a group of kids ages three to five. Ages 3+
Vincent’s Colors by Vincent VanGogh and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vincent’s Colors encourages kids to notice the colors in Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings. Each page includes one of Van Gogh’s paintings and a brief phrase with which Van Gogh described the painting in a letter to his brother. Museum Colors also by The Metropolitan Museum of Art is another beautiful book that encourages kids to notice colors in famous paintings. Ages 2+
Blue Chameleon by Emily Gravett. In this unconventional story about friendship, a lonely chameleon tries to make friends by imitating various friend candidates. This story can be used to help reinforce color names for older kids. Ages 4+
Color Dance by Ann Jonas. An introduction to mixing colors, including tertiary colors, pale colors and dark colors. Color Dance will especially appeal to kids who like dance and to kids interested in learning obscure color names like “vermillion.” Ages 4+
Green by Laura Vaccaro Seeger. In this ode to green, Laura Vaccaro Seeger introduces kids to the variety of shades of green that exist. Green features clever rhymes and cutouts and lush oil paintings. Ages 4+ | <urn:uuid:d773d77a-5d0b-49b0-a01e-f2337068ecc9> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://delightfulchildrensbooks.com/2012/09/22/colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834663.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00141-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947523 | 777 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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