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Vitruvian Sackboy Heralds New Renaissance
When Leonardo da Vinci drew the Vitruvian Man, he had no idea that someone would create a similar drawing for Sackboy. Sackboy’s legs have been similarly drawn apart, and comes with two superimposed positions. Just like the original Vitruvian Man, the Vitruvian Sackboy has both his arms and legs drawn apart and a circle and a square are simultaneously inscribed.
The original drawing was significant because it exposed the intricacies between science and art and the spirit of inquiry which was the hallmark of renaissance movement. There seems to be a modern form of renaissance where people have begun to question the ordinary and traditional forms of entertainment and even older video games, and thus started to see new light and hope in the form of Little Big Planet and such other cool geeky games.
Perhaps the modern renaissance is all about the blend of geek and non-geek in 21st century. This Vitruvian Sackboy was uploaded by Gamergates who claims that it was recently uncovered at the Academia in Venice. The tale is certainly tall, but many hundred years later, this Vitruvian Sackboy will stand as testimony to the culture of Video games and Little Big Planet.
If you would like a less permanent way to glorify him, you should get yourself the Sackboy Tattoo, which would be destroyed along with your body once you pass away. Sackboy art, costumes and other memorabilia have become so priceless that we had also reported the Sackboy Costume Theft sometime ago. Indeed, one should be blessed to be living during the reign of Sackboy, the catalyst of a new Renaissance. | <urn:uuid:0bc9e859-cfa2-46b5-b162-cd5ad57b01b0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ps3maven.com/vitruvian-sackboy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476592.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304232829-20240305022829-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.969339 | 346 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The federal government currently spends approximately $8.2 billion dollars per year on Title I remedial education programs. Title I is designed to meet the educational needs of economically disadvantaged children and improve student achievement. The program funds remedial reading and math instructional programs and is designed to help children who live in or near poverty.
The Department of Education’s own program evaluations demonstrate that in its 30-year history, and after more than $120 billion, the program has not raised student achievement for disadvantaged children.
Title I also has huge funding discrepancies from one school district to another. Title I allocations to the states vary because of the complex formulas that govern the program. For example, Oklahoma receives $576 for each student below the poverty line, while Vermont receives about $1,326. Among large metropolitan areas, the variation in the distribution of Title I dollars is also significant. For example, Phoenix, Arizona receives $570 per poor student, while Boston, Massachusetts receives $1,045.
In light of the failure of traditional Title I programs to raise student achievement, the U.S. Department of Education has shifted its focus away from individualized instruction to programs that reform an entire school. Schoolwide programs, especially externally developed “models,” are being overemphasized with little research evidence backing their superiority. Schoolwide programs also make measuring individual achievement difficult, which is required by the tougher accountability standards in the 1994 reauthorization and the pending reauthorization. Whole-school assessment cannot isolate which specific programs (like Title- I interventions) are responsible for increases or decreases in student achievement.
The focus on schoolwide reform also overlooks one of the few effective Title I programs: the privateremedial education partnership. Since the early 1990s some public schools have begun relying on private remedial education companies such as Sylvan Learning Systems and Kaplan Educational Services to serve disadvantaged students.
In 1998, Sylvan began a $13.8 million contract in Compton, California, where education quality was so poor that the state took control of the district. Preliminary results indicate that students in the new program have gained an equivalent of one grade level after 20 hours of instruction. “Sylvan at School” programs enroll nearly 80,000 students in 850 public and nonpublic schools, often serving the worst-performing students.
In a national database of Sylvan students for the 1997-1998 school year, 75 percent of the students began their program with California Achievement Test (a national standardized test) reading scores below the 25th percentile. The U.S. Department of Education considers a gain of two NCEs (which are not equivalent to percentage points but a common standard for measuring student progress) acceptable improvement and a gain of seven exemplary. The average gains for these students were eight Normal Curve Equivalents (NCEs) for reading.
The success of these programs is due to a number of factors:
- Professional development that provides extensive teacher training;
- Instructional guarantees;
- A collaborative relationship with school staff;
- Use of extensive student assessment and a student-achievement profile for each student;
- Initial diagnostic testing for new Sylvan students; and
- Parental involvement throughout the process.
The successful private remedial-education programs illustrate the desirability of making individual students the centerpiece of the Title I program. Private remedial-education programs are well-suited to help local Title I programs meet the 1994 reauthorization and the pending reauthorization’s tougher accountability requirements:
- Assessment is the cornerstone of private remedial-education programs. Private remedial-education companies have to test the students in their programs to demonstrate student achievement and retain their Title I contracts, as well as win new contracts. They have a comparative advantage when it comes to student testing and are also designed to be evaluated by independent evaluators. Additionally, many of the private remedial-education companies have extensive expertise in diagnostic testing as one of their core business functions aside from remedial education (Sylvan and Kaplan, for example, offer SAT, GRE, and other standardized testing programs). They could offer school districts insight into how to set up a permanent evaluation system.
- Teacher training and quality is a cornerstone of private remedial-education companies. As schools are required to replace paraprofessionals with certified Title I teachers, relying on a private company with an extensive teacher training and recruitment program could help ease the transition from a teacheraide based system for public schools. The private remedial-education companies are contractually required to provide high-quality certified teachers for their Title I programs.
While the currently configured reauthorization of Title I may not explicitly encourage private remedialeducation pilot projects, public schools have the flexibility to experiment with different types of Title I programs. Although the U.S. Department of Education’s current favorite is whole-school reform, no legal limitations restrict how schools can use their Title I funds. As long as schools meet the accountability standards required by Title I legislation, local school administrators are free to meet these standards using private remedial-education pilot programs. These private programs can be set up with performance standards that provide incentives for the private contractor to meet federal standards.
The most-striking difference between public Title I programs and public-school contracts for private remedial-education programs is the federal Title I program’s failure to focus on individual low-performing students. That the federal Title I program would expect an at-risk student to make any progress without ever assessing that student’s individual performance to determine what kind of remedial help the student might need is counterintuitive. In fact, evidence shows that programs that focus on individual students perform well. Yet, for over 30 years, Title I, a program whose mission is to serve at-risk students, has failed to make lowperforming students its centerpiece. The 1994 reauthorization and the current pending reauthorization shift the focus farther away from individual students by encouraging whole-school reform and continues a funding mechanism based on self-reported school poverty data rather than individual student qualifications. Until Title I becomes a program focused on student outcomes with a funding system that allows public and private programs to compete for Title I students, disadvantaged students will continue to lag behind their moreadvantaged peers. | <urn:uuid:f949141c-b0bd-48be-9d62-ccf52b5e1731> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://reason.org/policy-study/remedial-education-reform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.957565 | 1,303 | 3.09375 | 3 |
To promote my e-book, I will be providing tips related to on-page search engine
optimization from time to time.
Today’s topic is heading tags.
Here is an overview courtesy of HTML Code Tutorial.
Each heading tag indicates the relative importance of each section it is heading:
is for the major sections of your document, or as the one heading to the entire document.
is for the secondary sections of your document, etc.
Basically, you can think of the heading tag as being similar to a newspaper’s headline.
To help optimize your pages using heading tags, keep these three rules in mind:
- Each page should have unique heading tags related to the content on that page.
- Heading tags should contain important keywords, with the most important keyword(s) appearing the H1 tag and descending in importance from there on.
- Don’t use more than one H1 tag.
The graphic on the right, courtesy of Net Mechanic, visually displays how heading tags
The source code for this graphic would be:
Download my free ebook about on-page SEO. | <urn:uuid:2464be53-fc07-40fb-be62-6f7a82fcff79> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://craigrentmeester.com/on-page-seo-tip/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527089.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721164644-20190721190644-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.797449 | 234 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Another similar exercise to mind mapping, picture association as you might imagine focuses on images as your source of inspiration.
- Print out photos and illustrations that you feel are related to the project. These images can be found in search engines, cut out of magazines, picked from design resources, art books, stock images or taken by you.
- Arrange your images in groups or clusters that seem to speak to one another. Write words around the clusters that describe the essential message they convey.
- From these groups, choose the ideas you like most and start to sketch out possible design executions.
This technique works well when you’re really stuck. As humans, we have the tendency to find relationships between things that seem to be in direct conflict. The tension between those two words or ideas can often spark more novel concepts in your mind.
- Come up with a word or concept derived from the overall project (or an older one you previously had trouble expanding upon).
- Write down the first random thing that pops into your mind.
- With both words down. Next, write as many different associations between the two words you can think of.
- See what words or images start to emerge. Choose the ideas you like most and start to sketch out possible design executions.
If you’ve been busy brainstorming and none of the ideas have really led to fruition, try mixing up your approach with idea inversion.
- Take a concept that’s not quite working and imagine the exact opposite in every way.
- Write out the opposing attributes and draw that new idea.
- Compare the two ideas, and mix and match elements from both to stir new possibilities.
Relatively self-explanatory, draw out words and layout ideas in a free form way.
- Do not filter your ideas, just draw.
- Every five minutes, step back from your drawings for a second to re-assess and refocus your direction.
- If you are working with another designer, swap notebooks after a while and keep drawing to inspire new ideas.
Designer Mad Libs
This technique can be kind of fun. Remember that game Mad Libs you played as a kid? You will be making one for your project.
- Your Mad Lib can be basic an phrased like: My ________ is like ________ because ________ .
- Go through a few times writing different words in the blanks and see what you come up with.
- Also, try asking others to fill in the blanks and work from their ideas. You will be shocked what ideas will start to emerge from what others come up with.
Final Thought: Set A Time Limit
Being creative on demand is, well, demanding! However, if you set some sort of time limit to your brainstorming (20-30 min works best) it gives you enough time to really get the creative juices flowing while still not making everything seem like too daunting a task.
Working without time limits can be overwhelming for the mind, especially when you feel lost as to where you should start. By setting a workable limit to your brainstorming you will be sure to have enough time to generate plenty of ideas while still able to progress to the next stage of the design process in a timely manner.
Source: Creative Workshop by David Sherwin | <urn:uuid:3cbf237c-0a99-4a3a-a8e2-886b0c9ffb2b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.bloominari.com/blog/brainstorming-techniques-that-will-make-you-a-creative-genius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605510.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423134850-20190423160850-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.935069 | 680 | 3.25 | 3 |
6th Grade Science Worksheets and Study Guides
The big ideas in Sixth Grade Science include exploring the life, earth, and physical sciences within the framework of the following topics: “Structures, Processes, and Responses of Plants” (structure and function of plants); “Structures, Processes, and Responses of Animals” (structure and function of animals); “Earth’s Atmosphere and Weather” (atmospheric properties and processes); and “Conservation of Energy” (properties of energy, work, and machines).
A bird is an endothermic vertebrate that lays eggs, has feathers, and has a four- chambered heart. A mammal is an endothermic vertebrate that has skin covered with fur or hair, a four-chambered heart, a wide arrangement of teeth, and young that are born alive and feed by milk that was produced by the mother’s body. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 5Active and Passive Cell transport. There are three main types of passive transport - Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated Diffusion. There are two types of active transport - Primary (direct) and Secondary (indirect). Read more...iWorksheets: 2Vocabulary: 2The cell is the basic building blocks of all living organisms. There are many structures within the cell. The structures within the cell are known as organelles, which are all of the structures within the cell that carry out specific functions. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 5There are many characteristics that scientists use to determine if something is alive. The characteristics are very specific and are applicable to all of the different species that exist on our planet. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 4FreeThe Earth is unique in our solar system because it has an atmosphere that can support life. By comparison, Venus has an atmosphere that is high in ammonia and other caustic gases; it is so dense that it would crush a human. On the other hand, Mars has no atmosphere at all. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 7Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished in a reasonable amount of time. Nonrenewable resources are resources that, once consumed, cannot be replaced. Because oil, natural gas, and coal are the products of plants and organisms, they are known as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are ultimately a limited resource, it is important to develop and use renewable energy resources. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Fresh water moves over the surface by an interconnected system of streams and rivers. Small streams that feed water into larger rivers are called tributaries. Rivers are closely interconnected and flow from higher to lower elevations where the water collects in larger and larger rivers until it ultimately flows into the oceans. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Charged Particles. Electric charges are either positive (+) or negative (-). The protons in an atom have a positive charge and the electrons around the atom have a negative charge. If two particles have similar charges, they repel each other, but, if they have opposite charges, they attract each other. This explains why an atom holds together. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2The production of a magnetic field around an electrical current is called electromagnetism. The placement of an electric current in a preexisting magnetic field can cause motion. When this happens, electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy. The use of electrical energy to produce mechanical energy is the principle behind the workings of an electric motor. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Fish reproduce using external fertilization. External fertilization is when the female’s eggs are meeting with the male’s sperm outside of the female’s body. Three major groups are the jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish. An amphibian is a vertebrate that is ectothermic. Most amphibians live the beginning of their lives in the water. A reptile is a vertebrate that is ectothermic and has scaly skin and a pair of lungs. Lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, and crocodiles are all examples of reptiles. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 5Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 9Groundwater is fresh water stored in regolith and bedrock. Even though solid rock like granite or marble has no pores, it often has a series of cracks and possibly faults. Water accumulates in the cracks in solid bedrock and, at times, is a source of water. A layer of rock material that can store water and allow the movement of water through the ground is called an aquifer. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Scientists have discovered about 1.2 million different species of animals on our planet. Planet Earth is home to 8.7 million species, scientists estimate. Animals have adapted to feed on different types of food. There are animals that eat only animals (carnivores), animals that eat only plants (herbivores), and animals that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 4The field of Geology includes a number of specialized disciplines including: Mineralogy - the study of minerals, Paleontology - the study of fossils, Petrology - the study of rocks, Geophysics - the study of the physics of the Earth and its atmosphere, Meteorology - the study of weather and weather prediction, Seismology - the study of earthquakes, and Volcanology - the study of volcanoes. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Some of its properties are physical and would include such things as color, volume and weight. Other properties are chemical and deal with how matter chemically reacts with other materials. Matter can undergo both physical and chemical changes. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2A magnet is any substance that attracts the element iron or anything with iron in it. All magnets have opposite ends or poles. These are referred to as the north and south poles. In addition, because of polarity, all magnets will point toward the magnetic north pole of the earth. While the greatest magnetic force is at the poles, there is some degree of magnetism all around a magnet. This is called the
magnetic field. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Geologists use a variety of different types of maps to model or depict the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional surface. Each type of map serves a purpose because each type has its special strengths: Topographic Maps, Mercator Projections, Conic Projections, Azimuthal Projections. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 5FreeA molusk is an invertibrate that has an un-segmented, soft body that is almost always protected by outer shells. Snails, octopuses, clams, and oysters are all species of mollusks. Arthropods are invertebrates with external skeletons, segmented bodies, and appendages. Appendages are structures that are jointed and attached to the body. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 7Tissues are collections of cells of different types that interact to support the function of the tissues, organs and overall organ system. The brain and spinal cord communicate with all other parts of the body through the nerves that make up the peripheral nervous system. Sensory neurons carry impulses toward the brains and spinal cord. Motor neurons carry impulses away from the brain and interneurons carry impulses within the brain and spinal cord. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Vocabulary: 3Any waste substance that is added to a natural system in amounts greater than that natural system can break it down or eliminate it is called pollution. The waste substance itself is the pollutant. A natural resource that can be replenished is called a renewable resource. In most cases, water is a renewable resource. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1Photosynthesis is a process powered by sunlight that uses carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and food. The process requires six molecules of water and six molecules of carbon dioxide. These molecules undergo chemical changes and oxygen and sugars like glucose are produced. The oxygen is let go through the stomata and the sugars are used to power cell functions. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2An angiosperm is a plant that produces seeds within a fruit. Reproduction begins when the pollen from the anther is in contact with the stigma. Eventually the egg will be fertilized in the ovule that is in the ovary and turn from a zygote to an embryo inside the seed. The life cycle of angiosperms among the different species is very similar: Pollination, fertilization, and the development of fruit. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 1The Earth's layers: crust, mantle, core. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of plates of the Earth's crust over hot mantle rock. Plate tectonics are active on Earth since the very beginning. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Vocabulary: 4The human body protects itself with non-specific defense systems that react naturally and automatically to invading organisms. Your skin, with its layers of protective tissue, is a very strong, watertight barrier to environmental pathogens. What is an Antigen? A antigen is a molecule that immune system can recognize as either part of the body or as foreign to the body. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Vocabulary: 3Food is stored and processed in your stomach, so that your body can gain access to the nutrients in the food. Your body relies on what you eat and drink to maintain healthy tissues and to generate the energy. There are six categories of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Vocabulary: 3There are three major groupings of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Igneous rocks form when liquid rock cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks: Clastic, Chemical, Biochemical or organic. Metamorphic rocks: foliated and non-foliated (or massive). Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 3The six Kingdoms are: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants and Animals. Fungi include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Protists include some algae, paramecium, and amoeba. Eubacteria are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus. Animals are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates and include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Vocabulary: 3Matter exists in three different states or phases: solid, liquids and gases or vapors. A solid has a definite shape and volume, A liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape and A gas has neither a definite volume nor shape. Gases or vapors are influenced by three factors: temperature, volume and pressure. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 2Until recently, people thought that sponges were plants. The fact that they take in food puts them into the animal kingdom. When they are adults, they do not move. They attach themselves to a hard surface where they live out their lives. The structure of a sponge is very basic with some specialized tissue, but lacking organs and organ systems. Read more...iWorksheets: 4Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 4Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) was an American astronomer who, in 1923, showed that the universe is expanding. He used photographs to prove that there are galaxies beyond our own. Prior to this, scientists believed that our galaxy was the entire universe. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope (clearly named in honor of the great 20th century astronomer) was launched by NASA and has provided some of the most spectacular images of the universe ever seen. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 4Air masses are extensive bodies of air that have similar temperatures and water content throughout. The boundary or line delineating different air masses is the
weather front. A small weather system that has intense energy that creates heavy
rains, high winds, and lightning is called a thunderstorm. A hurricane is an extremely large, tropical, rotating weather system that has sustained winds of at least 119 km/hr. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Study Guides: 1Vocabulary: 4. Read more...iWorksheets: 3Vocabulary: 2
NewPath Learning resources are fully aligned to US Education Standards. Select a standard below to view aligned activities for your selected subject and grade: | <urn:uuid:5320baae-3e4f-4802-aff8-2fef1bb72cf3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://newpathworksheets.com/science/grade-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368608.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304051942-20210304081942-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.930711 | 2,888 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Gingival Recession (Severe Parodontitis)
Periodontal illnesses comprise gingivitis and periodontitis, with both conditions gradually progressing. They start off as gingivitis (inflammation of gums which become swollen, red and can be painful. The gums can bleed during brushing). These conditions are caused by bacteria from the hard and the soft sediments on the gums. If not treated in a timely manner, the illness progresses further into the supporting tissue, followed by the onset of periodontitis.
The illness is characterized by additional symptoms like the deepening of the periodontal pocket, tooth mobility and falling out of the tooth, in addition to bone resorption around the tooth. Some patients also experience unpleasant taste and breath. The symptoms can be uncomfortable both pain-wise and when it comes to physical appearance. Recently, the illness started to be linked to other conditions like atherosclerosis, diabetes relapse, premature labour etc. The crucial factors contributing to the development of periodontal disease are poor oral hygiene, plaque, tartar, overlapping teeth, genetic factors, old fillings, poorly made crowns and bridges etc. When it comes to treatment, it always begins by removing the plaque and the tartar, followed by the cleaning of gingival pockets. Sometimes we have to solve the problem surgically. Often medication is prescribed to prevent infections and eliminate the causes. If the treatment starts on time the results are predominantly satisfying. Thorough oral hygiene is considered the primary instrument of protection from periodontal diseases. In order to maintain teeth in a healthy condition, tartar cleaning and tooth polishing are necessary at least twice a year in order to prevent issues in the future. | <urn:uuid:2145e029-f2d9-4e21-99f0-1e7acb3fdb29> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.dubrovnik-dental.clinic/treatment/gingival-recession-severe-parodontitis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.936469 | 350 | 3.125 | 3 |
The southern half of the Jackson Purchase region in western Kentucky was acquired under the October 19, 1818, land treaty between the United States and the Chickasaw Indian Nation. On February 14, 1820, the Kentucky General Assembly passed legislation stated the entire Jackson Purchase region would be mapped in compliance with the system used by the federal government for surveying public lands. The land west of the Tennessee River would be "laid off" in townships, ranges and sections. More information about how the Jackson Purchase was mapped is available on this website.
While Virginia Revolutionary War veterans were completing their patents in the southern area of the region, William T. Henderson was mapping the Jackson Purchase as mandated by the 1820 legislation.
Non-military tracts located West of the Tennessee River were sold by quarter sections. Land sales were overseen by state-appointed receivers with offices in Waidesborough (Wadesboro) and Princeton. For each quarter section purchased, the buyer would be issued a receipt declaring purchase price and tract location using the range-township method. Receipts were assignable; buyers could transfer quarter sections by recording assignments on the back of the receipt. The receiver would then send receipts to Frankfort for the issuance of the governor's grant finalizing the patent.
There are 9,308 patents in the West of Tennessee River Non-Military Series. The online database includes scanned images of patent files.
For additional information about using the Jackson Purchase Land Locator, please consult the frequently asked questions page or contact the Land Office at (502) 564-3490 or via email. | <urn:uuid:fe851a1e-aaa7-4433-8196-1cdf2b5544ae> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://sos.ky.gov/admin/land/non-military/jacksonpurchase/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300444.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00048-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965589 | 322 | 3.75 | 4 |
Patricia Gualinga is a leader of the Sarayaku Indigenous people. They live in the Amazon region of Ecuador.
The Amazon has nearly 400 billion trees and the largest diversity of birds, fishes and animals in the world. It also has oil.
Oil is a resource that powerful companies want to remove from the ground, and sell.
The Sarayaku are very worried that drilling for oil could damage the environment on which they depend for their survival. Oil spills could contaminate their food and water.
They have other reasons to be worried.
A company from another country began taking oil from their lands without permission. The explosives the company used put the safety of the Sarayaku in danger.
Patricia Gualinga and other community members have had to be brave to stand up against oil companies that threaten their territory and water. | <urn:uuid:9e5da25b-952f-408f-8c93-14d0594d57ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.amnesty.ca/category/country/ecuador | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591683.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720135213-20180720155213-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.979694 | 174 | 2.546875 | 3 |
These classes would be a platform for our little scientists to keep the thinking cap on and be inquisitive as to why somethings happen and how !
Children would learn and explore scientific principles through various hands on experiments, games, discussing and analyzing recordings and understanding practical application of the scientific principle around us !
Age groups for weekly classes are :
- 24-36 months: Classes for this age group are designed to introduce science to little curious minds by various sensorial and hands on experiments. Its amazing to see the little minds intrigued by concepts of science. These classes are accompanied.
- 3- 5 years old: These classes are designed to encourage children to observe and explore basic science concepts in depth. Children perform hands on experiments to allow better understanding and keep their interest bubbling ! Children are encouraged to discuss their observation during the class.
- 5-8 years old: These classes focuses on expanding their learning on what they already have learnt with additional new topics. This group is encouraged to predict outcomes of experiments they perform and how they think those scientific principle come into play in the world around them.
Location for Weekly classes:
- Park View, Tai Tam ( Friday afternoon)
- Fairchild Kindergarten, Kennedy Town ( Tuesday afternoon)
- Mid Levels, Robinson Place ( Wednesday afternoon)
- Clear Water Bay
- Olympic City ( Thursday afternoon)
- Cyberport ( Thursday afternoon)
- PMQ, Central ( Saturday morning)
Private lessons can be arranged at your house. Its a regular once a week or twice a week session.
Fees for Private Lessons :
850 HKD for 1 Hour (for upto 4 children) & 1200 HKD for 1.5 Hour (for upto 4 chidren) | <urn:uuid:b04be2ae-400f-4b0d-90c8-92696942405c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://curiositykidshk.com/weekly-classes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.923556 | 357 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Hoyt & Roberts, comps. Hoyts New Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations. 1922.
Uncover when the flag goes by, boys, Tis freedoms starry banner that you greet, Flag famed in song and story Long may it wave, old glory The flag that has never known defeat. Charles L. Benjamin and George D. Sutton. The Flag That Has Never Known Defeat.
United States, your banner wears Two emblemsone of fame; Alas! the other that it bears Reminds us of your shame.
Your banners constellation types White freedom with its stars, But whats the meaning of the stripes? They mean your negroes scars. CampbellTo the Untied States of North America. (1838). (See also Lunt for answer to same.)
Fling out, fling out, with cheer and shout, To all the winds Our Countrys Banner! Be every bar, and every star, Displayed in full and glorious manner! Blow, zephyrs, blow, keep the dear ensign flying! Blow, zephyrs, sweetly mournful, sighing, sighing, sighing! Abraham ColesThe Microcosm and other Poems. P. 191.
Flag of the free hearts hope and home! By angel hands to valour given, Thy stars have lit the welkin dome; And all thy hues were born in heaven. Joseph Rodman DrakeThe Croakers. The American Flag. St. 5.
A moth-eaten rag on a worm-eaten pole, It does not look likely to stir a mans soul. Tis the deeds that were done neath the moth-eaten rag, When the pole was a staff, and the rag was a flag. Gen. Sir E. Hamley. Referring to the Colors of the 43rd Monmouth Light Infantry.
Oh! say can you see by the dawns early light What so proudly we haild at the twilights last gleaming, Whose stripes and bright stars, thro the perilous fight, Oer the ramparts we watchd, were so gallantly streaming; And the rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro the night that our flag was still there! CHORUS Oh! say, does that star spangled banner yet wave, Oer the land of the free and the home of the brave! F. S. KeyStar-Spangled Banner. To Anacreon in heaven, where he sat in full glee, / A few Sons of Harmony sent a petition, \ That he their inspirer and patron would be. Ralph TomlinsonTo Anacreon in Heaven. Music by John Stafford Smith. Tune of The Star-Spangled Banner (between 1770 and 1775) to which F. S. Key set his words.
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer we must when our cause it is just. And this be our motto, In God is our trust! And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave Oer the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. KeyStar-Spangled Banner.
England! Whence came each glowing hue That tints your flag of meteor light, The streaming red, the deeper blue, Crossed with the moonbeams pearly white? The blood, the bruisethe blue, the red Let Asias groaning millions speak; The white it tells of colour fled From starving Erins pallid cheek. George Lunt. Answer to Campbell. In Newburyport News (Mass.).
A song for our banner?The watchword recall Which gave the Republic her station; United we standdivided we fall! It made and preserves us a nation! George P. MorrisThe Flag of Our Union. Probably inspired by Dickinson.
Your flag and my flag, And how it flies today In your land and my land And half a world away! Rose-red and blood-red The stripes forever gleam; Snow-white and soul-white The good forefathers dream; Sky-blue and true-blue, with stars to gleam aright The gloried guidon of the day, a shelter through the night. Wilbur D. NesbitYour Flag and My Flag.
Yes, well rally round the flag, boys, well rally once again, Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom, We will rally from the hill-side, well gather from the plain, Shouting the battle-cry of Freedom. George F. RootBattle-Cry of Freedom.
Shes up thereOld Glorywhere lightnings are sped, She dazzles the nations with ripples of red, And shell wave for us living, or droop oer us dead The flag of our country forever. Frank L. StantonOur Flag Forever.
Banner of England, not for a season, O Banner of Britain, hast thou Floated in conquering battle or flapt to the battle-cry! Never with mightier glory, than when we had reard thee on high, Flying at top of the roofs in the ghastly siege of Lucknow Shot thro the staff or the halyard, but ever we raised thee anew, And ever upon the topmost roof our banner of England blew. TennysonThe Defence of Lucknow. | <urn:uuid:e0c63e51-fcd0-4380-835b-6832e413bdc4> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://bartleby.com/78/309.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119645573.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030045-00278-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880055 | 1,101 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This post originally appeared on the blog Teach Outside the Box.
Are you interested in starting a classroom or school Makerspace OR maybe you want to learn more about how Makerspaces work? You’ve come to the right place! I have to admit that this blog post is lonnnnnng overdue because my Makerspace has been ever changing and evolving over the past three years. The “Makers Movement” is gaining more and more traction in elementary schools each year, and the positive impacts on our students are truly immeasurable!
I’ll start with some Makerspace basics and then give you an up close look at all of my current Makerspace components and how they work!
Watch the full video tour below:
What is a Makerspace?
A Makerspace is an area of the classroom or common media space that is reserved for creative exploration, engineering, tinkering, and inventing. Makerspaces incorporate engineering materials, crafting materials, technology, robotics, and more. The area can be used during whole class STEM challenges, incorporated as a center or small group rotation, or accessed during unstructured creative time with STEM Bins or Maker Mats. You may choose to limit materials or assign specific tasks to students. You may also choose to allow time for more free range exploration and inventing. The possibilities are endless!
A Makerspace can be located in an entire section of classroom, a bookcase, or even a mobile rolling cart. Supplies should be clearly labeled on containers and baskets, and materials should be safe and developmentally appropriate for the age of students that you teach. Supplies can be rotated in and out as you see they are needed.
Although it might take time to achieve a well-stocked Makerspace, many of the supplies you will acquire can be used over and over again. Most teachers, myself included, are “hoarders” of creative supplies. The first place you should search for possible Makerspace supplies are your own cabinets, supply closets, and pantries. Retiring teachers are usually willing to give up years of collected supplies. Garage sales, thrift stores, Dollar stores, craft stores, and hardware stores have many inexpensive supplies. For pricier materials such as robotics, I would highly recommend seeking out grant opportunities through organizations such as DonorsChoose. Parents are usually great resources for the donation of inexpensive materials.
The purpose of a Makerspace is to tap into as many different interests, passions, and strengths in our students as possible. As educators, we are tasked with the most important job in the world: creating the next generation of problem solvers, innovators, and earth-shakers. In a Makerspace, children have opportunities to discover, assemble, construct, test, and explore using divergent, “outside the box” thinking. Through creative exploration and purposeful play, students become critical thinkers and inventors while collaborating with their peers.
Welcome to My Makerspace
My Makerspace is located in the corner of my classroom, with the majority of my materials stored in these three large shelves. I also have some materials stored above my cabinets and on a rolling cart as needed. I have a separate LEGO wall, which is pictured below. The rug below the table was purchased from At Home.
My favorite brand new addition to my Makerspace are these giant paper mache letters from Hobby Lobby. My daughter and I grabbed these at 50% off, painted them black with black acrylic paint, and hot glued everything we could find in the back of my cabinets at home and school. Items starting from the top going right: straws, PVC pipes, popsicle sticks, dried out markers, feathers. Second row: buttons, pom pom balls, toilet paper rolls, wooden spools, Target building bricks. They are extremely lightweight, so I used clear thumbtacks to hang them on the wall.
This shelf primarily contains paper goods and arts and crafts supplies, which you can see labeled on each tub. I purchased the boxes with lids and purple/orange baskets on top from Walmart a few years ago. The ones without lids are from Target Dollar Spot. Editable labels and supply checklists are available in my Makerspace Starter Kit.
Almost all of the items pictured above were purchased through grant awards or yearly allocations. Snap Circuits Junior are a big favorite among my kids, allowing students to experiment with basic electrical engineering. We also love creating with Keva Planks Brain Builders and our new Keva Maker Bot Mazes. The STEM kits on the bottom shelf were purchased at Lakeshore Learning Store.
My STEM Bins area is also included in my Makerspace, with everything students need for simple engineering. STEM Bins are ideal for early finishers, morning work, centers, and so much more! Check out my post below to read all about STEM Bins:
The rainbow organizer on the top of the shelf contains photo task cards to inspire students’ creations, with STEM Bins on the first shelf and Outdoor Discovery STEM Bins on the second shelf. Foldable recording booklets are also provided as well as Quick Writes in the pocket chart on the wall.
Here are three of my favorite engineering materials for any Makerspace or STEM Bins area: Goldiblox, KEVA Planks, and Magformers. These materials are favorites among my kiddos and extremely versatile, so we use them for STEM Challenges as well as STEM Bins or Makerspace time.
Our monthly Maker Mats provide students with just the right amount of guidance and inspiration as they create in the Makerspace. Tasks are simple and open-ended, appealing to a wide range of student interests and multiple intelligences. I hang my Maker Mats on a tabletop chart stand so that I can easily rotate monthly tasks. Maker Mats can also be sent home with students for a more meaningful and creative homework option.
Our iPads and technology are located in a separate area of my classroom so that they can be charged easily. After I introduce apps to my students, I encourage them to incorporate those apps into Makerspace tasks. Each month, we focus on a new creative app as the “App of the Month.” The app cards pictured above are found HERE.
I moved my LEGO wall to a separate area near my Makerspace so that it is more easily accessible to students. I leave this area fairly open ended, although the Basic Engineering posters pictured above are a wonderful way to encourage students to use more engineering vocabular
y as they create. Students love to use the LEGO wall to create birds-eye view creations, letters, and basic structures and scenes. The rainbow baseplates can be found on Amazon. I am so thankful for my handy husband who hot glued the base plates to plywood and framed it for easy hanging on the wall. If you’re wanting an easy and quick way to create a LEGO wall, peel-and-stick baseplates are the way to go, but they are quite a bit more expensive than the regular baseplates. 365 Things to do with LEGO Bricks is also an awesome source of inspiration for your kids in any LEGO area.
My Makerspace Quote Posters feature famous quotes by scientists, inventors and scholars that promote the engineering design process and a growth mindset. They’re ideal to display in a Makerspace or any classroom.
Finally, my STEM bulletin board is the perfect visual for students to remind them of our steps for the Engineering Design Process.
Thank you so much for letting my share my Makerspace with you!
Brooke Brown is a National Board Certified Gifted and Talented teacher who specializes in all things STEM and Makerspaces. She has been creating resources for Teachers Pay Teachers for the past five years and is the creator of STEM Bins®. Brooke is a national presenter and loves to bring hands-on engagement and memorable learning experiences to all subject areas. She is married to Andy with two children, Ellie and Beau, and blogs on her website, Teach Outside the Box. | <urn:uuid:12e54a2e-290e-4710-8cc4-71194c864fce> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://blog.teacherspayteachers.com/welcome-to-my-makerspace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.943681 | 1,669 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Philosophical Viewpoints Quotes
How we cite our quotes:
Did not the statement, "You do not exist", contain a logical absurdity? But what use was it to say so? His mind shriveled as he thought of the unanswerable, mad arguments with which O'Brien would demolish him.
"I think I exist," he said wearily. "I am conscious of my own identity. I was born and I shall die. I have arms and legs. I occupy a particular point in space. No other solid object can occupy the same point simultaneously. In that sense, does Big Brother exist?" (3.2.40-41, Winston)
Winston continues to hold on to the concept of an independent, external reality by referring to his being conscious of his own existence.
"We control matter because we control the mind. Reality is inside the skull…" (3.3.21, O’Brien)
Furthering Party doctrines, O’Brien attempts to push his view of a mind-dependent reality on Winston.
"Nonsense. The earth is as old as we are, no older. How could it be older? Nothing exists except through human consciousness."
"But the rocks are full of the bones of extinct animals – mammoths and mastodons and enormous reptiles which lived here long before man was ever heard of." (3.3.25-26, Winston, O’Brien)
Winston continues to resist the concept of a mind-dependent reality by referring to the existence of creatures pre-dating man. | <urn:uuid:abe2fff2-5bf1-432f-9464-dbeab123fdb0> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.shmoop.com/1984/philosophical-viewpoints-quotes-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010402.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00097-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950541 | 326 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Don't let the name frighten you; there's nothing scary about dragon fruit. Oh sure, they might look a little different. Their peel can be bright pink or yellow depending on the variety, and they're covered with what look like prickly scales, hence the name. But once you slice into a ripe dragon fruit, it's all good.
A cross section slice of dragon fruit is nature at its most visually interesting. Dragon fruit flesh is either white or magenta and is flecked with tiny black seeds. And its taste? Well it's like a cross between a kiwi and a pear.
Where Does Dragon Fruit Come From?
Though dragon fruit is grown in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world today, it wasn't always that way. The fruit is a member of the climbing cactus family (Cactaceae) and was probably indigenous to Central America, Mexico and northern South America where it was known as pitahaya or pitaya.
Dragon fruit grows as a climbing cactus and requires support to grow properly. The growing season takes place during the hot summer months and into early fall. Blooms typically occur between July and October, and plants are nocturnal bloomers, meaning they show off their blooms only at night. Once the plant flowers, fruit begins to form. Plants are productive for up to 30 years.
French explorers are believed to have taken dragon fruit from Central America to Southeast Asia, specifically Vietnam, in the 1800s. From there, dragon fruit production spread throughout Asia. Today it is commercially produced in Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, China, Israel and countries in Central America.
Vietnam is the world's leading producer of dragon fruit and it is the country's leading fruit export. Eighty percent of the dragon fruit produced in Vietnam is exported to China with demand increasing. Why? In addition to the health benefits of dragon fruit, many Chinese consumers believe the fruit is lucky or culturally significant, especially around Chinese New Year.
Shopping for Dragon Fruit
Dragon fruit used to be found only in Asian markets, but not anymore. Depending on where you live, you might find dragon fruit in your local Costco, neighborhood grocery store or farmers market. The fact that it's imported — and in high demand — has driven up the price of this exotic fruit. You can expect to pay between $5 or $10 apiece (or more!) depending on where you live.
We talked to Anupy Singla, a Chicago-based cookbook author, journalist and recipe developer about what to look for when shopping for dragon fruit.
"Look for brightness of color and firm to the touch so it can continue to ripen and get a little soft for you, and you'll have a little time to dig in and enjoy it," she says. "You don't want it to get to the point where it's mushy. They need to look fresh."
The peel shouldn't look withered and look for any obvious bruising or wilting of the leaves. Dragon fruit will keep at room temperature for a few days or you can store them in your fridge. But don't cut the fruit until you're ready to eat. Once it's cut, it will need to be stored in the refrigerator in an airtight container.
To prepare the dragon fruit, simply slice it down the center and pull away the peel. "Because it's thick and waxy it's super easy to peel away," Singla says. "Then I'll slice it and drizzle some honey over it to eat it fresh. You can always scoop it out and eat it that way, too. My kids eat it that way with a spoon."
Singla created a dragon fruit smoothie recipe that uses coconut milk, and recently made something she calls "chaat."
"It's a small plate — a tiny salad," she says. "I combine the dragon fruit with the Indian spice chaat masala, and put in red onion and Vietnamese red chilis, to add heat and some lime juice. It is so good. You can pair it with fish or any kind of protein, or even plain on salad. What I love about it, when you talk about the nutritionals, is the level of fiber in a dragon fruit, they are second only to raspberries (the highest in fiber)."
Health Benefits of Dragon Fruit
So, let's talk about the nutrition in these fruits. Six ounces of dragon fruit will typically net:
- 102 calories
- 0 grams fat
- 2 grams protein
- 22 grams carbohydrates
- 13 grams sugars
- 5 to 7 grams fiber
Dragon fruit makes a great snack because it's naturally low in sugar, fat free and, because it's high in fiber, will help you feel full for longer. It's also a good source of several essential vitamins and minerals including magnesium, iron and vitamins A and C.
Singla says dragon fruit is great for people who are looking to add something different and healthy to their diet.
"Once you get over the appearance, it is so easy to work with and easy to eat fresh without any real prep to it," she adds. "It's an easy source of fiber, vitamin C and all these other things and I love that you can get vitamin C from something other than a grapefruit or orange. The key is just to realize that there are different options that are just as tasty as the ones you're used to." | <urn:uuid:c8769007-c86a-46b7-8f1a-3a7bbc9ebc3b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/dragon-fruit.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369721.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305030131-20210305060131-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.962448 | 1,119 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Blood tests for digestive issues
Many digestive conditions cause symptoms that are similar, but the treatment for the conditions can be very different. As a result, your provider may need to perform testing — including blood tests — to confirm a diagnosis.
Blood tests can show levels of specific substances in the blood. Digestive issues for which blood tests support a diagnosis include Celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), stomach ulcers, stomach cancer and food allergies.
Preparing for a blood test
Some blood tests may require special preparations, such as fasting or discontinuing specific medications. Your care provider will let you know which preparations to take. If you’re not told to fast, you should drink plenty of water and follow your regular diet.
During the blood test
Blood tests are usually a quick and common procedure. The area the blood will be drawn from — usually the arm, either near the elbow or the wrist — is usually wrapped tightly with a band to make the vein easier to see, and then the access area is cleaned with an antiseptic wipe. The skin is pierced with a needle attached to a collection tube, and blood flows from the vein and into the collection tube.
Once the appropriate amount of blood is collected, the needle is removed and a bandage is placed over the site. Some discomfort and bruising at the injection site may be experienced.
Blood test results
Laboratory workers analyze the blood, looking at specific blood factors. Blood test results could be available within minutes or take a few weeks to be ready. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you.
- When Celiac disease is present, your blood test results will show higher than normal levels of certain antibodies. These antibodies will be present because when the body misidentifies gluten as a threat.
- When an inflammatory bowel disease is present, a blood test will show an increased white blood cell count, which may indicate inflammation.
- A blood test can reveal if a person has a Helicobacter Pylori infection, which is an indicator of stomach ulcers and could put a person at greater risk of stomach cancer. Stomach cancer can also be determined by looking for anemia — a low amount of white blood cells — which can be found by a complete blood count (CBC) test.
- A blood test to determine food allergies will look for the presence of IgE antibodies, which are made when a food is misidentified as a threat by the immune system. | <urn:uuid:c727a9c6-7ec7-4075-98a7-e7f43d94f4b4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/digestive-health-program/diagnosis/blood-tests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943484.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320144934-20230320174934-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.92675 | 511 | 2.890625 | 3 |
About the Book
Table of Contents
Part I: Time and Eternity:Creation
and the Theory of Relativity
Time and Relativity in Creation
BEFORE WE COME
to consider the spiritual aspects, it seems desirable to review
briefly the bearing which the Theory of Relativity has upon the
"time" taken for Creation. To begin with, the possibility
of a real acceleration or deceleration of Time in certain given
circumstances introduces the question of whether time was needed
for the Creation at all, or whether it might have been instantaneous.
It might be well to state clearly, first of all, that Scripture
does not demand the Universe to have been created instantly.
Its evidence of "age" is probably not a deception deliberately
introduced by the Creator for some unknown reason. The age is
real. (19) Whether
we argue for 4,000,000,000 years or twice or half this amount
-- it is not important at the moment -- it seems clear that the
Universe is very old.
But what does such a concept mean,
and was it necessary for God to work so "slowly"? Could
He have created it all, as was once supposed, in a moment of
time? Was there any fundamental advantage in establishing the
time-consuming process which seems to characterize geological
change, if such changes could actually have been in some way
vastly accelerated "to save time"?
First, we may ask whether the actual
age of the Universe has any meaning at all. Suppose all
the "clocks" by which we now "tell" geological
time are actually running fast ‹ would we be aware of it?
Is it not possible that all geological (and chemical) processes
at one time occurred much more rapidly? Could we discover the
fact if it were indeed the case? It seems doubtful. All the counting
devices in the world that give us an age of so many millions
of years are perhaps right -- in that they are being read correctly
and register consistently and in concordance with one another.
But we still do not know
19. This is considered in some detail in another Doorway
Paper, "The Preparation of the Earth for Man," Part
I in Evolution or Creation, vol.4 of The Doorway Papers
1 of 11
whether the rates involved
are absolute and have always been what they now are. Just
as Nature conspires to conceal Absolute Time, so it may have
closed the door against any inquiry into the absolute rate of
the passage of time in the past. We are speaking, of course,
of geological time, and not the time since man appeared.
In any case, the appearance of
age could have a purpose, even if it were an appearance only.
Appearance or reality, we unconsciously derive considerable comfort
from it. This comfort is both of an intellectual and a psychological
‹ perhaps one might even say a spiritual ‹ nature.
Intellectually, there is
real satisfaction in being able to unravel the stages by which
something complex has come to be what it is. It is rather like
a mystery story or a detective novel. Sometimes it almost looks
as though God took delight in this process of unravelling, either
by leaving in the rocks some special link in the chain of evidence
‹ like a single specimen of Archaeopteryx, for example ‹
or by confounding the experts by preserving some remote form,
out of context as it were, like the Coelacanth. For some men,
the adventure takes on the form of a spiritual exercise, as when
Kepler in studying the starry heavens is said to have exclaimed
involuntarily, "O God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after
Thee." The thrill of being able to visualize what underlies
the countryside at one's feet, with its hills and valleys, cliffs
and plains, and occasionally to stoop down and pick up some small
but exquisite fossil of a shell or a leaf, is something experienced
universally by those who have sufficient training to recognize
what they see. And because imagination knows no bounds, it seems
to revel in the expanse of time in the past, as it does in the
mystery of space above.
Moreover, from a knowledge of the
order in which forms were introduced, we may draw a peculiar
satisfaction. We could, of course, be reading too much into the
"text"; but it does look as though some special forms
of life of particular delight to man ‹ perfumed flowering
plants, for example ‹ were introduced just in time to gain
profusion before his arrival. It is as though God put flowers
on the table shortly before His special guests were due. Had
they always been there, the effect would not have been the same.
Or again, as one studies paleontology,
one gains the strong impression that many, if not most, living
forms of more remote times would not have appeared particularly
beautiful in man's eyes, if he had been there. Possibly this
is the "fault" of those who attempt to reconstruct
them, but that does not seem too likely. They were on the whole
a rather terrifying or ungainly or frighteningly large
congregation of animals.
But as we approach the time of man's appearing, animals which
are more and more beautiful seem to crowd in upon the scene,
as though God knew what man's sense of beauty would require and
was pleased to prepare for it.
Of course, some may say, "But
there are many ugly animals still! Why didn't God finish the
job and convert them all?" The answer to this could possibly
be that He wanted to show that beauty was not necessarily an
aid to survival ‹ ugly animals have survived quite well.
Then it seems difficult to account for the appearance of beauty
other than by the supposition that God shares man's delight in
it. Again it may be said that much beauty in Creation is a sheer
waste, because man never sees it. I think Hugh Miller has the
answer to this. Speaking of the fossil shells and fishes that
characterize that segment of the rocks which is known as the
Old Red Sandstone, he says, (20)
Nor does it lessen the
wonder that their nicer ornaments should yield their beauty only
to the microscope. There is unity of character in every scale,
plate and fin . . . and yet the unassisted eye fails to discover
the finer evidences of this unity; it would seem as if the adorable
Architect had wrought it out in secret with reference to the
Divine idea alone. . .
There is a feeling which at times
grows upon the painter and the carver, as if the perception and
love of the beautiful has been sublimed into a kind of a moral
sense. Art comes to be pursued for its own sake; the exquisite
conception in the mind, or the elegant and elaborate model, becomes
all in all to the worker, and the dread of criticism or the appetite
for praise almost nothing. And thus, through the influence of
a power somewhat akin to conscience, but whose province is not
the just and the good, but the fair and the beautiful, works
prosecuted in solitude and never intended for the world have
been fraught with loveliness.
Sir Thomas Lawrence, who finished
with the most consummate care a picture intended for a semi-barbarous
foreign court, was asked why he took so much pains with a piece
destined, perhaps, never to come under the eye of a connoisseur.
"I cannot help it," he replied, "I do the best
I can, unable through a tyrant feeling that will not brook offense,
to do anything less." It would be perhaps over bold to attribute
any such over-mastering feeling to the Creator Himself. Yet it
is certain, that among His creatures well nigh all approximations
towards perfection owe their origin to this feeling, though God
in all His works is His own Master.
If in the course
of time their beauty is buried in the earth, God sees fit to
uncover these rocks so as to disclose them again for those who
search. And if He masks their beauty by their very minuteness,
He gives to man the power to build a microscope so that one day
he may discover it. The millions of flowers that bloom unseen,
and which thus appear to be entirely wasted until we find them,
give us the
20. Miller, Hugh, The Old Red Sandstone,
Nimmo, Hay and Mitchell. Edinburgh, 1889. p.113.
assurance that we shall
not find in God's universe ugliness where beauty can replace
All Nature interacts as an organic
whole, and its harmony seems always to have been there, awaiting
discovery, even in geological times. In each passing phase of
the earth's history certain forms of plant life and animal life,
each exactly suited to fulfill its purpose, were introduced in
the appropriate order, modifying their environment and being
modified in turn until little by little the stage was reached
where the setting was ready for the climax ‹ the coming of
man. Prior to this, one might suppose that beauty was not important,
only the suitability of the form for the function. But by now,
the necessary plant life, animal life, and mineral accumulations
(coal, oil, gas, etc.) which contribute to man's position as
dominant in the earth (Genesis 1:26) were all made ready.
The evidence of forethought in
Creation is intellectually reassuring. It depends upon a certain
deliberate and measured plan of operation on God's part which,
whether apparent or real, contributes greatly to our well-being
and would not be evident if all were done instantaneously. Part
of this satisfaction is derived from a recognition that God timed
the Creation for man's benefit by introducing those forms of
life which would delight him most or serve him best only a short
time before introducing man himself. If Creation had been instantaneous,
this kind of deliberate forethought could hardly have been apparent,
unless of course God had at the same time created the appearance
There is something rather frightening
in the thought that at one moment nothing whatever existed, and
then five minutes later everything existed and that this happened
only a few hours before man appeared on the scene. Such a situation
has all the features of the "sudden and unexpected"
‹ which we usually find disturbing. This is completely contrary
to our experience. What we do for others is to a large extent
evaluated by them in terms of the time taken, because for us
time and energy are equated. In this context time means forethought,
and forethought means a plan, and plans take time. If we discover
that no time at all was taken in preparing for us -- which could
mean either that there was no planned preparation, or that it
was effortless and immediate -- the impression we gain is that
our coming meant very little to the One who prepared for it.
Perhaps God was pleased to take the long course (or at least
to appear to have done so) in order that we might discover how
carefully He planned and made preparations for us.
Furthermore, age does something
to things, mellowing and
in a special way. The very age of the hills adds to their beauty,
because experience teaches us that few things in life achieve
real beauty without time. God's method of perfecting the saints
follows this rule. By slowing up the work which He might have
done far more rapidly, He has made it possible for us to perceive
something of His method in Creation, something of the meaning
of His title, the "Ancient of Days," and something
of His right to be called the "God of all patience."
These are some of the sources of our spiritual comfort. God will,
in time, perfect that which He has begun in us ‹ however
long it may take.
In summary then, perhaps the process
was slowed up so that we could separate out the events into a
meaningful pattern which would permit us to discover how God
was preparing for us. He could just as readily have made the
same complete preparation instantaneously ‹ but we would
then have been unable to sort it out and make the discovery.
And by this method God revealed
Himself to us in a way not unfamiliar to our experience. In Scripture,
angels are sometimes given wings (as in Isaiah 6). Why? Possibly
because it would be contrary to our experience for someone to
be suspended in the air without rational means of overcoming
gravity. To some people, this would be distracting and they might
not have heard the message. The wings are surely quite unnecessary,
but are an accommodation to our sense of normality. So also perhaps
was the time taken to prepare the earth for man.
We often expect God to do at once
for us what we feel we urgently require ‹ and are disappointed
when He delays. But we ought not to lose confidence in His power
to act in His own good time. God works slowly when He sees that
this is the better way for our sakes, and not because there are
limitations to His power to work instantly.
Undoubtedly God could have accelerated
the original process immensely, so greatly in fact as to perform
what would be called instantaneous Creation. In Scripture there
are numerous instances of this, and they appear to us as miracles.
Some tiny organism for whom a few minutes is a lifetime may have
seen some of these as long, slow, developmental processes.
For example, when Peter drew his
sword and cut off Malchus' ear (Luke 22:50,51), the Lord instantaneously
re-created it. Surely He did not stoop down to pick it up and
press it firmly back into place to make it stay! Even if He did,
there must still have been an instantaneous re-creation of the
joining tissue which made it a true
and living ear once more.
Rapid as the process was, some tiny microbe may have watched
that ear grow as we might watch a human ear grow from the embryonic
to the mature adult stage. But the process was more rapid ‹
immensely so ‹ from our point of view.
Then, in effect, our objection
to instantaneous Creation may actually be based on our size.
Philosophically, this is not surprising if time is the fourth
dimension. One might logically suppose that an object with large
physical dimensions might in some way have large time dimensions.
An object is relatively larger and larger as the observer becomes
smaller and smaller. Consequently the smaller the observer, the
longer might the time be, or appear to be, associated with the
larger object. As we are puny observers of a physically immense
Universe, the time element is correspondingly immense. But objects
which appear small to us, and are therefore associated in some
psychological fashion with short intervals of time, must ‹
to creatures small enough to look upon the same objects as very
large ‹ appear to be associated with large periods of time:
that is, if they have any time sense at all. If we were microbes,
perhaps the restoration of Malchus' severed ear would not strike
us as remarkable in any way.
However, being as large as we are,
we may reasonably ask, "How old actually was this new ear?"
The question is not a facetious one. The implications are far
reaching. This new ear was a man's ear, not a child's, yet in
point of time, it was but a few minutes old. Should it then have
been created as an embryonic ear first, and then allowed to grow
slowly in order not to deceive us? Was this, in other words,
a deliberate deception?
And here we touch upon a problem
of considerable importance. Does God ever create an object instantaneously
which, in all other cases, is known to have taken a long time
to reach a similar stage, and does He give to it a form that
makes it look as though it really has reached its present
character by a long process of development which in fact has
never taken place?
If God created a tree instantly,
would it have tree rings, for example, to show that it was, say,
fifty years old, when in fact it was only a few minutes old?
Well, the case again is not purely hypothetical. Moses carried
a staff cut from a tree (Exodus 4:2 f., and 7:10). Undoubtedly
it bore witness of its age in the number of annular growth rings
it showed in its cross section. In due time, it became a serpent
-- a real, live serpent that was as completely different from
a piece of wood as any such serpent always is. Within a matter
minutes, with considerable
trepidation Moses took it up by the tail and it was restored
to its original self, a piece of wood with annular rings. These
rings would have told its age, but their witness would have been
false, for a few minutes earlier that particular piece of wood
had not existed in the universe.
And what of the serpent? Like other
reptiles, snakes are normally as long as they are old. They grow
until they die. This particular snake had a certain length, but
did that length actually bear witness to its true age? Undoubtedly
it was a species of snake familiar to the locality and recognized
by Moses as dangerous, for he fled from it. Was this a deception,
as we understand the term? The issue can become very involved,
and it suggests that when God chooses to act in a special way,
the ordinary processes of logical reasoning may not necessarily
apply. As Augustine put it, such situations are not contrary
to Nature, but contrary to what we know of Nature.
The reader may be well aware of
the ancient controversy regarding Michelangelo's painting in
the Sistine Chapel of the creation of Adam. Adam is shown with
a navel. The question is, Would God create Adam with this physiological
feature if it would only be accounted for by assuming that he
was born by natural generation which in this instance we know
was not the case? But here, by our standards of logical reasoning,
we find ourselves on the horns of a dilemma: if Adam did not
have a navel, then this physiological structure must have been
different at a deeper level also, and one might question whether
Adam was really a true man. Of course we shall never know the
answer till we meet the Lord, for now we see only darkly. But
there is no doubt that in the first two cases from Scripture
which have been cited, the rules of logic break down. God can,
and does, create instantaneously upon occasion; when He does,
the event inevitably has a quality of deception about it: but
it is a deception because of the way our minds work and not because
of the way God works.
There are many occasions in Scripture
when such a situation has occurred. Consider those instances
in which food was miraculously multiplied. This occurred not
only in the New Testament in the case of the loaves and fishes,
but also in the Old Testament. In 2 Kings 4:43 loaves were multiplied,
and in 1 Kings 17:14 the cruse of oil and the barrel of meal
were strangely replenished. In the New Testament we are told
that the fragments which remained were gathered up and found
to compose an even greater quantity of food than was originally
employed by the Lord (John 6:9,13). Consider
these fragments for a
moment and suppose oneself in a laboratory on some experimental
farm. It would not be difficult, probably, to identify the wheat
which had been used; chemical analysis might even give
some indication of where it was grown. Yet what would this tell
us in this particular case? Absolutely nothing. It is inconceivable
to suppose that these fragments of bread actually had any history
whatever other than that they were the tangible demonstration
of God's creative power. The scientist in the experimental laboratory
might complain that he was being deceived. Yet the basis of his
deception would not be the Lord's creative activity, but his
own insistence that God must work according to certain principles
which he has been able to derive from studies carried out in
some other areas of God's world.
The raising of Lazarus is another
illustration of this principle. The condition of the dead man's
body was such that decay had already begun (John 11:39); to set
that body vibrant with life required the direct creation of millions
of new cells of all kinds. There is a sense, in fact, in which
this was the instantaneous creation of a living man; why then
should we suppose that God could not create a body at the very
beginning of human history and call it forth to life as the first
Adam exactly as Lazarus was called to life? It would surely be
quibbling to argue that the task in Lazarus' case was easier
because some, at least, of Lazarus remained!
The reader will remember that after
the resurrection, the Lord entertained the disciples by the Sea
of Galilee (John 21:4-13) and invited them to partake of the
fish He had already prepared. Is it conceivable that the Lord
obtained the fish from the nearest marketplace? Or had He caught
them (with His own hands) from the sea? Surely such a supposition
is absurd. Yet one cannot doubt that they were real fishes of
a size and age and species which would in no sense be distasteful
to the disciples for whom they were prepared. These men were
fishermen. How old were these fish?
But this is by no means all that
may be said. In all these instances we have, it seems, undoubted
examples of what must be termed ‹ to use a current phrase
‹ "creation with a history," i.e., things brought
into being in such a way that they appear to have a history behind
them which in actual fact they do not have. However, there are
instances in which the reverse of creation took place, namely,
instantaneous annihilation. There is a sense in which these two
are fundamentally the same, both of them being completely outside
our ordinary experience, although atomic power appears to
depend on something analogous
to the very rapid annihilation of matter.
The Resurrection Body
In the New Testament we have an
example of instantaneous annihilation in one of the resurrection
scenes. The details are given in Luke 24:36-45. The Lord Jesus
invited the disciples to prove for themselves, tangibly, that
it was really He Himself who stood before them. And the record
says, "While they yet believed not for joy, and wondered,
He said unto them, Have ye here any meat? And they gave Him a
piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. And He took it,
and did eat before them." Shortly thereafter He was taken
out of their sight for the last time.
If one may speak reverently of
such an event, what happened to the food which He had eaten with
the disciples the moment it entered His glorified body? In some
way, it was immediately transformed to something other than material
as we understand it. To all intents and purposes, it was annihilated.
Such cases must either be taken
as pure myth ‹ or, if they are fact, which we most certainly
believe they are, then creation with a history is also a fact,
indeed one might almost say a common one in certain circumstances.
me to one final point in this chapter. It is clear that the Lord's
resurrected constitution far transcended our present constitution
insofar as He manifestly possessed a real body which was yet
utterly different from ours. It was a clearly recognizable body
‹ since the disciples knew who He was, once they had overcome
their surprise ‹ and one that could accept food originally
prepared for bodies like ours (Luke 24:43), yet without being
in any need of it for sustenance. It was a body, too, that could
move through closed doors, the material world being no barrier
to it, and yet which could resist the pressure of an inquiring
finger in a wound still identifiable for what it was (John 20:27).
What a body this was!
Now, the important thing is that
we are to have bodies like that (Philippians 3:21)! How wonderful!.
. . . From childhood, we dream of bodies that are free of the
chains of gravity, that can pass through doors and walls, that
can vanish and re-appear at will. We do not
21. There is a further and perhaps even more
dramatic instance of this in Luke 24:28-31, the incident of the
journey to Emmaus. The only assumption we have to make is that
Christ did actually partake of their hospitality. This he surely
did, for it says, "He sat at meat with them." A few
moments later He vanished out of their sight. Once again we have
to suppose that the food eaten vanished also.
really look forward
to the prospect of being like angels; we would like some kind
of bodily existence: but it should ideally be free of the bonds
and limitations of the body we now have. And indeed it will be!
So we shall retain our contact
with the physical world somehow at will, while being recognizably
our own selves yet without the slightest burden of what we are:
subject to a "gravity" of some unique kind that will
allow us to walk with others as Jesus walked to Emmaus, yet entirely
free of the downward pull that prevents us now from soaring like
a bird, that binds us to the road.
But what kind of existence is this
in terms of time? Certainly it took time for the Lord to walk
to Emmaus. Does it not suggest the probability of a real ordering
of events and therefore of some kind of time sequence, but time
as sequence rather than as delay?
While we are in this body, we experience
the kind of time which constitutes the fourth dimension of our
physical world. When we are in our spirit body, we shall presumably
experience the kind of time which constitutes the fourth dimension
of that non-physical world. I suppose that between death and
the resurrection of the body we are without consciousness of
time of any kind, because we are not part of either our world
or that other world: but this does not make any difference, of
course, to the continuance of the reality of either world. It
is quite possible for a particular individual to have no experience
whatever of the passage of time while others are very much aware
of it. This is true when we are asleep or in a coma or unconscious
for any reason. The only thing we can say is that in some way
the eclipse of time under such conditions is not frightening,
and we almost at once pick up the threads again, so that the
possibility of an interval of time not experienced should not
be an occasion for any fear.
The Lord after His resurrection
evidently moved in a world which was constituted differently.
It was a real world, but a world with a different kind
of reality: a spatial world, but a world with a different kind
of space. Being a world with a different kind of space, it was
presumably a world with a different kind of time. It was a world
in which He could be seen, heard, and felt, walked beside, and
entertained at the table: and also a world from which He
could reach across some invisible threshold that makes it at
present inaccessible to us and act upon and handle the things
of this world and yet by-pass them at will (as, for instance,
when He entered rooms with doors barred from within or suddenly
vanished, taking the food He had just eaten along with Him out
of this world into that one). We speak of that world as the "next
world," but it is next only in the
sense of being next-door;
it is not next in the sense of waiting until the present order
disappears. It exists now.
Copyright © 1988 Evelyn White. All rights
Previous Chapter Next Chapter
The world in which the resurrected
Lord was (and is) living evidently so corresponded in its arrangements
to our world that interaction was natural between the two. Yet
it was a world which transcended ours in that our world's limitations
were not its limitations. It involved a sequence of events,
and therefore some kind of time order also that corresponds to
what we experience and yet transcends the time frame of our world
because it transcends the spatial order of our world.
There is no doubt that we are to
have bodies. Does this, then, automatically involve us in the
occupation of space? It may be argued that a resurrected body
such as the Lord's need not have occupied any space. I think
this possibility has to be admitted: but I think it must also
be conceded that He did occupy position. If this is so,
then perhaps we must also agree that any dimensionless position
implies the possibility of shifts in position; and this at once
introduces the idea of sequence, of previous and subsequent
position, of present and future position. So if there is any
kind of time, it looks as though it would be the fourth dimension
of a frame marked off by the three dimensions of past, present,
and future rather than being the fourth dimension of a three-dimensional
space. Perhaps it is somewhere in this direction that
there will be a time-frame in heaven. Most assuredly conversation
will be possible, for though it occupies time, it need not occupy
space. Maybe space requires time, but time does not require space? | <urn:uuid:0f8df9f5-849b-4c49-9283-14e5f306ed8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.custance.org/Library/Volume6/Part_I/chapter3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824109.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00147-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969134 | 6,428 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In past years the Pacific branch of the USFWS has taken deliberate steps to restore native fish species to Oregon waters. The agency proposed delisting the Oregon chub from its threatened status earlier this year, making it the first fish to escape the Endangered Species List without going extinct. Now the latest fish on its priority list to receive attention is the bull trout, which wildlife officials began reintroducing to Oregon’s Clackamas River in 2011.
USFWS shared a stunning video detailing the history and progress of the trout’s restoration on its Facebook page Tuesday. The clip includes beautiful underwater shots of bull trout and their habitat, along with interviews from the wildlife officials who’ve been restoring the trout to their historic waters.
“We have to do it because [bull trout] are endangered, and because their habitats are shrinking. And that system was still largely out of balance,” said former bull trout project coordinator Patrick Barry. “But in the grand scheme of things, bull trout aren’t going to reestablish in these habitats unless we help them out, unless we put them there.”
The Clackamus River contained bull trout until about 1963, when the last known sighting occurred. It wasn’t until June 2011 that officials began pulling bull trout from the Metolius River and releasing them in the upper Clackamas. The trout started spawning that fall, and by 2013 the fish had expanded from their initial tributary into other branches of the Clackamus. Although the 20-year project is only in its fourth year, the early results are promising.
“The preliminary read on the project is that the fish are thriving, they’re staying in the system, and they’re reproducing,” said USFWS fisheries biologist Chris Allen. ” All signs for the project are pointing in a positive direction.”
According to Allen, biologists anticipate devoting another two or three years to relocating trout before stepping back to let nature take its course.
“Bull trout are one of the purest, cleanest, wild-living organisms that we have in the aquatic system,” Barry said. “It’s an apex predator, so you don’t find them in great abundance, but when you do find them it just indicates that so many other things are balanced. It’s the completion of the ecosystem.”
For more details on the Clackamas bull trout reintroduction, check out the project here. | <urn:uuid:791b964c-2fa4-4846-8c35-0ecef37184a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.outdoorlife.com/blogs/newshound/2014/07/video-usfws-oregon-bull-trout-reintroduction-makes-progress-0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077336.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414064832-20210414094832-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.950324 | 520 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Reality of a Bridge
There was something profoundly moving about the sight of the old man and the woman by his side, standing together in silence at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street in Manhattan. The setting carries memories that shake to the core anyone who is familiar with the details of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire that, on March 25th 1911, killed 146 workers, mostly Italian and Jewish immigrant women and girls.
The fire, which was the result of unsafe working conditions, started at 4:40 on a Saturday afternoon of a beautiful spring day on the eighth floor, and spread within minutes to the other two floors of the factory, the ninth and tenth. Many were able to escape thanks to the valorous elevator operators, Joseph Zito and Gaspar Mortillalo, who went up and down, trying to rescue as many workers as they could. Others escaped through the roof, including the factory owners, who happened to be there that day.
The ninth-floor workers were never warned. By the time they became aware of the fire, it was too late. One exit was blocked by the flames. Another by doors kept locked by the owners who made sure the workers’ bags were checked at the end of the work day, lest they stole a shirt or some fabric. There was no way out. Some fifty workers jumped out the windows, their bodies smashing against the pavement below. The powerless crowd watched in horror. In half an hour it was all over.
They were young, these women and girls. The oldest was 43. They were as young as 14, like Rosaria Maltese, the aunt of the man I see standing today at the southeast corner of what was once called the Asch Building (now Brown Building), where the factory was housed. This man keeps alive the memory of Rosaria, the aunt he never met, her sister Lucia (20), and their mother--his grandmother--Catherine (39), who also died in the fire. He participates in the yearly commemorations. He brings flowers. “Once,” he says, “we brought 146 flowers”—a flower for every person who died in the worst industrial accident in the history of New York, The Triangle Fire is recognized by historians as a key event that changed public opinion concerning government intervention in labor regulations and triggered important legislation in its aftermath.
The man stands right in front of two of the commemorative plaques on Washington Place (a third is on Greene Street). But today is not March 25. Today is May 22, 2014. It’s not an anniversary. There is another reason for this commemorative moment that has brought some thirty people to the Triangle site. The reason is the woman who, visibly moved, is standing by Mr. Maltese. She is Laura Boldrini, since 2013 President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, on an official visit to Washington and New York. She has insisted on finding the time during her packed schedule to pay tribute to the memory of the victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. When she arrives at the site, she shakes hands with everyone who is so eager to meet her.
Then she turns her attention to Mr. Maltese, holds his hands in hers and talks warmly to him.
The Consul General of New York, Natalia Quintavalle, and the Deputy Consul, Roberto Frangione, as well as members of the President’s staff and Italian reporters, accompany the President during this afternoon’s visit to the Triangle. Italy has come to remember the Triangle fire. Bob Lazar, former director of the Archive of the International Ladies Garments’ Workers’ Union, is also at the site, as are representatives of NYU. After leaving flowers by the commemorative plaques, President Boldrini and everyone else walk to the Labor Archive, a couple of blocks away, led by Timothy Naftali, the Director of New York University’s Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive and the President’s host on this part of her visit.
After a brief stop at the Verdi exhibit in the lobby, we take the elevator up to the tenth-floor labor history archives, where Erika Gottfried, Curator of Nonprint Collections, dons thin white gloves before handling the archival documents she is about to show the President: photographs, newspapers, a striking collection of caricatures of leftist activists from the early twentieth century. Here, in this room, Mr. Maltese gingerly takes out of a soft leather briefcase mementos of the three women in his family and of the fire. He shows them to President Boldrini, who receives them attentively and gratefully accepts those he has brought for her.
Here, I have an opportunity to talk with the President of the Fire, its personal significance for someone who, like me, came of age in the late seventies and marched on the streets of Catania, where I was then studying at the university, clamoring for women’s rights and tacitly acknowledging the sisterhood that tied us to the women who had died in a fire that had occurred in New York some sixty-five years earlier. I did not know much about the fire then—not the name of the factory, not the date (we thought it had occurred on March 8 and that International Woman’s Day had been established to commemorate it), not the kind of factory, and certainly not that many of these women were Italian, many Sicilian, like me. In a few years, I would move to the United States and become a literary scholar, and my feminism would become dormant for a while. When it would awaken through my work about, and with, Italian American women authors, the memory of the Triangle Fire that we carried in our hearts as we marched on the streets of Catania would return. I would learn about its details. I would learn about its protagonists.
In 2001, with the support of Stefano Albertini, Director of Casa Italiana Zerilli-Marimò, who generously opened the doors of his Casa to cultural events that dignified and represented the Italian American experience as a complex and nuanced cultural and historical phenomenon, the Collective of Italian American Women organized a ninetieth anniversary of the Triangle Fire. That event, and the conversations surrounding it, spurred a growing and pervasive awareness of the Fire as a key event in Italian American history. I remember talking about the Fire in Italy that year, with college students and Italian colleagues, with Maria Rosa Cutrufelli, and with Bruna Miorelli at Radio Popolare. I felt the tremendous power that the Fire possessed as a historical event that connected Italians across the ocean. I wanted to bring its memory back to Italy as part of a shared history. This year, in 2014, the first Italian book (Camicette bianche di Ester Rizzo) on the Fire has finally been published in Italy and there is even a movement there to name streets after the victims. Something that has been stirring for a long time is coming to fruition.
During this official visit to Washington and New York, President Boldrini has met with Italians who have come here to pursue career aspirations that could not be realized in Italy. This is an experience that touches my family doubly. Both my sister Claudia and I have moved to the United States. We studied here and found the careers that we wanted. We got married, had children. We made lives in this country, which is now our country, but we are also Italian. And while history and economics separate us from the women and the girls of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory—so many newly-arrived immigrants—there is a profound bond that pulls us together. Italian and Italian American. Back and forth. In between. One foot here and the other there. It’s our story, our history.
After the visit to the Triangle site and the archives, President Boldrini addresses an audience at the Consulate and speaks of the pride that she feels meeting all these Italians who have found professional success in the United States. I cervelli in fuga. She feels pride, she says, but also anger, because a country that forces its children to leave is poorer for it. She wants to change that trajectory. She wants to be a bridge. Her words strike a chord. There is nothing tired or rehearsed about her speech, which is political in the best sense of the word. I feel, for the first time in years, truly represented by an Italian politician.
And I return to that stirring image: a major Italian political leader standing together with a descendant of Italian immigrants from over a century ago, sharing the work of mourning and remembering, as Italian and Italian American.
Yes, I feel the possibility—the reality of a bridge.
Edvige Giunta is Professor of English at New Jersey City University | <urn:uuid:acff656a-cdb5-4cf2-b42e-4a43680b8e85> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.iitaly.org/node/38204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300722.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118032342-20220118062342-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.979636 | 1,827 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Unique Late 19th C. Tibetan Antique Rug Sitting rug. Pheonix center, Bats at the corners with swastika woven inner border. Auspicious Learning Symbols and streming Khatas (ceremonial scarfs) along the border. Framed this becomes a masterpiece of Tibetan culture, a very worthy piece. mid level
The phoenix bird symbolizes immortality, resurrection and life after death.
Bats are the emblem of good fortune. When something is depicted upside-down it means it has arrived, so the common depiction of an upside-down bat symbolizes good fortune has arrived.
The Swastika is a good-luck symbol and is conducive to well-being. In the Buddhist tradition, the swastika symbolizes the feet or footprints of the Buddha. With the spread of Buddhism, it has passed into the iconography of China and Japan where it has been used to denote abundance, prosperity and long life. In India, Hindus use the swastika at thresholds, doors, and offerings. In ancient Mesopotamia it was a favourite symbol on coinage, In Scandinavia it was the symbol for the god Thor's hammer. In early Christian art it was called the gammadion cross because it was made of four gammas. | <urn:uuid:15fbadab-176b-4747-bbc2-8f38477b59ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.antiquetibet.com/PHOTOALBUMS/rugsphotoalbum/pages/Tr97_W57cm_L77cm_png.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.927861 | 260 | 2.859375 | 3 |
William H. Willimon Worship As Pastoral Care (Abingdon Press, 1979)
Communion services can be powerful opportunities to emphasize themes that will be both intelligible and helpful to survivors of abuse. For example:
- Memory. We all have difficult, sometimes terrifying memories. Our memories often compete inside us for our attention. They compete to see which memories will be the ones that will shape our present and our future. Sometimes the most terrifying memories seem to have an advantage. When Jesus said “remember me” he was offering us a new and powerful memory. A memory of God’s love and grace. A memory that can compete with the memories of terror.
- Companionship in Suffering. We feel so alone when we suffer. But we are not alone. We are followers of one who suffered. We do not gather together as a community of the perfected, as people with no needs. We are the sick who need a physician. In communion we remember Jesus’ suffering. Jesus knows abandonment from experience. He knows betrayal. And fear. At his table there is no shame in such experiences. He understands. He has been there.
- Nourishment. God feeds his people with spiritual food. Communion is God feeding his people. God is not an angry, abusive parent that needs us to do things to make him happy. We do not have to ‘feed’ his ego or ‘feed’ his grandiosity. We can bring our true hunger to God’s table. And God will nourish us.
- Solidarity in Resistance to Evil. We live on a fallen planet. It is not an option to merely observe this troubling reality. God invites us to resist the evil that is both in us and about us. We have gathered to remember God’s resistance to evil. What does resistance to evil look like? There as many examples as there are people here. An abused women who refuses to be abused again. A survivor of abuse who keeps doing the hard work of recovery in spite of criticism that she’s doing family laundry in public. We gather at God’s table to remember our solidarity with Jesus in resisting evil.
- A Celebration of the End of Scapegoat Violence. When Jesus said “It is finished” what did he mean? There are many possible answers. One is that Jesus meant that the endless cycle of using violence to prevent violence is ended–which is what the Romans intended i.e. to kill Jesus to keep the people of Palestine pacified. The inner dynamics of this kind of scapegoat violence are exposed in Jesus’ death in such a way that things are changed forever. From now on when we see an innocent person who is suffering, Jesus’ followers will see the face of Jesus. We will no longer blame the victim because we have seen the Innocent One blamed and are committed to living in solidaraity with Jesus’ pronouncement: never again.
- Julie Prey-Harbaugh, A Lord’s Supper Liturgy for Survivors of Trauma. Journal of Religion & Abuse. Volume: 5 Issue: 4 Pages 29 – 49 (2004) | <urn:uuid:e2a3b044-8646-4390-87c3-195e15ae6a76> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.nacr.org/abuse/worship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170823.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00078-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957962 | 654 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Ai-zome washi tread, 1000 m (32.8 feet), made from Osawa washi, kozo
Japan Blue is the label that British chemist Robert Atkinson gave to the deep indigo shade of blue, which he perfected, used to dye cloth goods everywhere during his 1874-1881 stay in Japan. “Indigo is so widely used in Japan that one would be hard pressed to find a place in this country where people's clothes are not dyed blue."
Ai (zome): Indigo (dyed). The basic raw material is the leaf of the Polygonum Tinctorium. The Japanese process differs from that in other parts of the world in that the leaves are fermented to extract the indigo compound. The plant grows well in the western part of Japan (mainly Tokushima = old name, Awa.) Using sukumo (fermented Polygonum leaves = composted leaves) doesn't provide any shortcut to the rest of the dyeing process. Compared with other Indigo dyeing methods, the Japanese way requires more sensitive care throughout the process because they have to keep the bacteria alive through the entire dyeing session. The Japanese words some and zome mean dyed. | <urn:uuid:07ffa578-115a-4e50-a73b-c408e5b1114b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://japanartsandcrafts.com/aizomekozo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126237.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00267-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952236 | 248 | 3.046875 | 3 |
How to get the most out of your computer engineer job with this salary guide
You know how the tech industry is full of software developers, but do you know how many people in the field are actually engineers?
According to a new report, there are about 20% of the workforce who are computer engineers.
That’s up from less than 6% in 2007, and it’s a significant jump from where it was just three years ago.
“The number of people in computer engineering has gone up by almost 100% in the last five years, so the demand for this profession has definitely gone up,” says Jessica D. Hausler, a senior vice president at CareerBuilder, which has been tracking the field for years.
“We expect this to continue.
If you’re going to do your software development, you need to have a degree in computer science, and the more you have, the more likely you are to land a job with a software company.”
The survey also found that engineers are getting more paid for their work than they were in 2007.
In 2007, engineers earned an average salary of $82,300, according to the survey.
That figure rose to $94,100 in 2017, an increase of nearly 25%.
But Hauslers says it’s not enough to make up for the increased cost of living and the high cost of child care.
“In the last year, we’ve seen the average wage rise for all employees in the software engineering field by almost 10%,” she says.
“In the past, there were just a few workers who earned that much and that was enough to support a family of three.”
Hausler also says that in order to stay in the industry, you’ll need to be a leader.
“You need to show leadership in your team, in your role, and in the organization,” she said.
“The more you’re in the room with the other people, the less likely you will be to have the type of problems that we see in the tech sector today.”
Here’s how to get a top computer engineer salary:Get a computer science degreeIf you’re thinking about going into software engineering, Hausier says it can help to have some college or master’s degree in the area.
She also suggests that you get some professional development and a certification.
“It’s a very valuable skill to have,” she explains.
“If you have that, you’re not going to have to take that exam every single time you want to go into the field.”
Hiring a software engineer doesn’t necessarily mean you have to have experience with the software industry.
There are plenty of open positions available, including those in software testing and security.
You can also apply to the job market in your field and see if you might fit.
Hartsfield, Georgia-based startup CloudSeed has a hiring program that lets you search for jobs and is looking for candidates with the following skills: “Ability to work independently” and “an interest in the enterprise software environment.”
The company is also looking for someone who has experience working with cloud-based applications.
There are also job boards, including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), which has a list of more than 50,000 job openings in the engineering field.
The ASME is a nonprofit organization that’s been around for nearly 100 years.
Hays says that ASME also has a good list of job postings.
But you can also look at other companies that have similar listings, including Software Alliance and Software Professionals for America.
You can also go to your state and ask your county clerk for more information on the positions available in that state.
And if you’re applying in the Bay Area, you can look up a list by clicking the button labeled “Employment in the Silicon Valley.”
There are many different types of jobs available in the sector.
Hensfield says you can get more information by searching online, by visiting job boards or talking to other employees in your industry.
But the one thing you should be aware of is that there are more than 100 companies that offer jobs in the computer engineering field, and they can be competitive.
You need to find out which ones you like the most.
“You can do a lot of research, and if you don’t know what the job is, you don,t have to do it,” she warns.
“But the one piece of advice I would give is that you need the skills.” | <urn:uuid:68919743-1963-4801-8e7a-5c5f610aec3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://growseorank.com/2021/08/01/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-your-computer-engineer-job-with-this-salary-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103989282.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702071223-20220702101223-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.973478 | 995 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If you're like a lot of people, you'd like to contribute
something positive to society. Perhaps you'd like to revive a
neighborhood park, help homeless cats and dogs, or fight drug abuse in
your community. And even though you know you should be more active in
helping to solve these problems, you never get around to doing anything;
it seems like too much work. But contrary to popular belief, making a
difference in the world around you can be very easy if you do one simple
thing: Start with small, realistic, tangible goals.
To begin: Tune into the television nightly news
("Entertainment Tonight" does not count) and watch the entire program
from start to finish. Ask yourself: Which stories make me cry? Which
stories make me angry? Which stories make me pay attention? Write your
answers on a piece of paper and ask yourself the same questions when
reading a newspaper or a newsmagazine like Newsweek or U.S. News & World
Report. Be sure to take careful notes.
Do you see a pattern to your answers? For example, if
the stories that caught your attention were all related to environmental
issues, like an oil spill in the Atlantic Ocean and an ancient forest
clear-cut in Washington state, then you have a pattern. On the other
hand, if your answers are diverse -- a story about gunfire in Los
Angeles and an article about federal welfare cuts -- then you need to
narrow your focus. Choose the topic that meant the most to you and make
that your project.
Once you've completed that step, ask yourself: What
specific issue in this topic do I want to work on? For example, if your
topic is gun control, perhaps your goal can be reducing the number of
handguns brought into your city's schools. That's specific. But if your
goal is to ban all guns in the United States, your scope is too broad.
The more particular you can be about your goals, the better. Take your
time and be thorough. Most important, be definitive.
Now that you've narrowed your focus to a specific goal, you're ready to
be an activist. But before you take your demands to City Hall, you need
to learn how most activists and organizations get the job done. Welcome
to Activist University. Ninety-nine percent of all social change is
achieved by an organized group of individuals working together toward a
common goal. A small minority of these groups are large, national
organizations boasting millions of members with big bank accounts. But
most of the important work being done on behalf of "the cold, the tired,
and the hungry" is handled by grassroots organizations and their
volunteers. They make a big difference with their small, individual
efforts to solve the bigger, pressing problems.
WHAT'S A GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATION?
A grassroots organization, as the name suggests, is a group of dedicated
individuals working to solve social ills by attacking them at their
"roots." For example, grassroots animal advocates may physically capture
stray cats and dogs for a spay/neuter program. Grassroots antipoverty
activists may walk the streets late at night providing free counseling
and food for the homeless. Unlike the paid staff members of national
organizations, these activists volunteer their time; they are not paid
for their services. In my opinion, these people fit the definition of a
hero: people who donate their time and energy to make the world a better
place to live.
There are thousands of grassroots organizations
throughout the world, ranging from two individuals working as a team to
fix up a neighborhood park to huge, regional organizations boasting a
board of directors and hundreds of volunteers dedicated to feeding the
city's homeless. But even with clear differences in numbers and size,
all of these groups share a common bond: They all saw the need to solve
a pressing problem.
EARTH 2000 IS BORN
My own grassroots organization was born the night before my twelfth
birthday. The night before, at midnight, trying not to disturb my
sleeping parents, I snuck down the stairs to eat the last chicken salad
sandwich. While eating, I turned on the television. After passing
through a few station test patterns and the Home Shopping Network, I
landed at the beginning of a talk show, "The Morton Downey Jr. Show."
I, like most kids in America, was never allowed to watch
television late at night. Being thus denied late-night television forced
me to formulate my own theories about the racy shows airing at that
hour. You can imagine my disappointment when all I found was a
loud-mouthed cigarette-smoking host (standing in an equally scary
audience) arguing with a British woman over something having to do with
rabbits and a cure for cancer. Intrigued, I took a bite of my sandwich
and tried to make sense out of what was going on.
The topic was animal rights and the woman's name was
Ingrid Newkirk. She supported animal rights so much that she founded
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -- also known as PETA -- a
national animal rights advocacy organization. I liked her immediately.
The host and the majority of the audience, on the other hand, did not
like her and showed it by screaming vulgar comments at her.
Surprisingly, despite the continued barrage of immature and rude
comments, she stayed calm and cool. I, on the other hand, was so upset
over the infantile behavior of the host and audience that I declared, "I
support animal rights!" -- and ate a piece of chicken that fell off my
day-old sandwich. Obviously, I wasn't sure what animal rights meant.
I soon learned. Ingrid looked into the audience and said
that when it comes to pain, a pig and a boy feel the same level of
anguish. I thought about her comment, looked at the crumbs on the floor
from my sandwich, envisioned a chicken being slaughtered for my meal ...
and a few seconds later, vomited right into the downstairs toilet. My
mind, body, and soul had decided that it was wrong to eat that chicken
salad sandwich because an animal had been tortured and abused.
Growing up in Pennsylvania Dutch country, where
vegetarianism is scarce (a local Amish diner called their one vegetarian
dish "The New Age") and where slaughterhouses and factory farming are
common, I never thought about exploring my dietary choices. It never
occurred to me that my steak dinners, veal piccata, and chicken salad
sandwiches had come from "farm" animals. I grew up eating meat; it was a
staple in my diet. And I bet it never crossed my parents' minds to
explain meat eating to me; it was just a part of life, like drinking
water and breathing clean air. Yet I was constantly reminded by my
father why eating meat was a luxury: When he was a child in South Korea,
meat was expensive; he grew up "suffering" on a mostly vegetarian diet.
We ate meat in part because of guilt.
After lifting my head out of the toilet, I knew it was
my mission to help animals and their environment by stopping my own
cruel and destructive ways of living. I decided to adopt a plant-based
vegetarian diet. That night, I also decided to start a group, to call it
Earth 2000, and to use it to tell other kids my age that animals are
part of our community, and not a commodity to be exploited. The "2000"
part of the name signified that I intended to save the planet by the end
of the century. No problem, I thought to myself. After all, I had plenty
of friends and a whopping $10 (which was a lot of money to an
eleven-year-old in those days) to spend on this new project. Feeling
better, I went up to my room and back to sleep.
The next day, I told all my friends not to give me gifts
for my birthday. I didn't want a Swatch watch or a Teenage Mutant Ninja
Turtle action figure. Instead, I wanted them to join Earth 2000 as
pioneer members. Many were enthusiastic about my plans and were ready to
free animals from nearby factory farms, while some were joyous simply
because they got to keep my birthday presents for themselves.
On that day, an organization consisting of a handful of
neighborhood kids, who collectively had $23.57 to spend, started working
to save the planet by the year 2000. Sure, we couldn't drive -- heck, we
couldn't even cross the street -- but we had the three things every
greeat activist group needs: dedication, enthusiasm, and tenacity. And
on top of that, we were young and didn't have jobs, bills, or any of the
other annoying things adults always fret about. On April 21, 1989, the
Earth 2000 Crusades began.
These "crusades" accomplished a lot despite their modest
beginnings. From waging controversial campaigns against a development
corporation to launching award-winning antifur consumer boycott
campaigns, the seed I planted in 1989 has grown into a large, impressive
national movement. We have proved that young people have the tenacity,
intelligence, and enthusiasm to make a real, lasting difference in the
world. You'll learn more about specific campaigns later in the book.
I WANT TO START A GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATION, TOO!
Whoa ... slow down, Speed Racer! Before you jump right in and start a
brand-new organization, consider exploring these easier alternatives:
* JOIN AN EXISTING ORGANIZATION. If you see a problem
you want to solve, chances are others have seen it, too. Look around
your community: Is there already a group working on your issue? If there
is, join and offer your time and ideas. This way, you'll be able to
devote more energy to the root cause of the problem and less to
constructing a new organization. It is counterproductive to have two
organizations working on the same problem. There is power in numbers.
*MAKE ALLIANCES WITH OTHER GROUPS. If there isn't a
group working directly on your issue, consider joining an organization
you think might be interested in broadening its mission. For example, if
your goal is to provide meals for the homeless, you could join a local
vegetarian society. You could convince them to start a program (which
you enthusiastically volunteer to coordinate) to cook vegetarian meals
for the less fortunate. Always be on the lookout for ways to contribute
to and broaden the mission of other community organizations.
*INFILTRATE INACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS. I know. It sounds
like a sneaky, evil way to abuse a nonprofit organization. But community
groups often lose their freshness and spunk when they've been around for
a few years. When an existing organization is spending its funds on new
stationery instead of on their original mission, it is time to
infiltrate them. In a way, you are doing them a favor.
[Editor's note: For a great list of existing animal
oriented groups and their locations, see the following website:
Go on to Tetrazzini
Return to 5 September 2001 Issue
Return to Newsletters
** Fair Use Notice**
This document may contain copyrighted material, use of which has not been
specifically authorized by the copyright owners. I believe that this
not-for-profit, educational use on the Web constitutes a fair use of the
copyrighted material (as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright
Law). If you wish to use this copyrighted material for purposes of your
own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright | <urn:uuid:d99a2269-77c5-41a1-bd01-1d9ded8bfb3b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.all-creatures.org/aro/nl-20010905-exc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00106-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957589 | 2,552 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sleep disturbance could lead to greater risk for heart attack and high blood pressure, researchers say.
Nighttime noise pollution — in particular the din of traffic — in urban areas puts city residents at risk for disrupted sleep and annoyance, researchers report.
Such chronic sleep disturbance could lead to serious health consequences, including increased risk for heart attack and high blood pressure, according to the new study. In addition, nighttime noise can also lead to poor sleep quality, which can cause morning tiredness and insomnia.
In conducting the study, the researchers examined noise pollution in Atlanta, and the surrounding communities in Fulton County, Ga. This area has a high-density road network, which includes Interstate Highway 285.
The study utilized the U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model to produce road traffic noise maps for both day and night. The investigators also collected data on the speed and volume of traffic in the area to estimate traffic noise exposure and the percentages of the local population that would be highly annoyed or have high levels of sleep disturbance.
“Our research estimated that the percentage of the overall populations at risk of high annoyance is 9.5 percent, and highly disturbed sleep at 2.3 percent,” study co-investigator James Holt, of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said in a CDC news release.
The study revealed the most densely populated cities in Fulton County were most affected by noise. Atlanta, Sandy Springs and Alpharetta contributed to 79 percent of people annoyed by the noise in Fulton County. Meanwhile, Atlanta, Sandy Springs, and Roswell contributed to 78 percent of sleep disturbance.
The researchers also estimated that just over 11 percent of the daytime population and nearly 4 percent of the nighttime population of the smaller city of College Park were at risk for experiencing annoyance or sleep disturbance. Of those at risk, 68 percent of those at risk for annoyance and 64 percent of those at risk for sleep disturbance lived by I-285.
The researchers noted that noise could affect a greater number of people living in more densely populated cities.
“We believe it is time to begin extensive traffic-related noise research and establish up-to-date policies to control and abate noise problems for our communities,” said Holt. “Adequate restful sleep and mental well-being are as essential to good health as adequate nutrition and physical activity. Assessing and alleviating environmental noise is an essential element for improving or creating healthy communities where adults and children can play, work and live.”
The study was published in the October issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
While the study suggested an association between nighttime noise exposure and health risks, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship.
By Mary Elizabeth Dallas | <urn:uuid:86a3ab2e-bd17-4da5-96b1-7e7fe316390b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://woodrivermattress.com/traffic-may-keep-city-dwellers-awake-harming-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570827.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808122331-20220808152331-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.951175 | 579 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Westminster Shorter Catechism (also known simply as the Shorter Catechism, hereinafter referred to as the WSC) was written in the 1640s by English and Scottish divines. The assembly also produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Westminster Larger Catechism. The three documents are considered by many Protestants to be the grandest doctrinal statements to come out of the English Reformation. Completed in 1647, it was presented to the Long Parliament on 14 April 1648.
The purpose of the Shorter Catechism is to educate lay persons in matters of doctrine and belief. The WSC is in a simple question and answer format to facilitate memorization. Typically, parents and the church would use the shorter catechism to train their children in the ways of the Lord. New converts are also given the WSC as well as the Confession of Faith and Holy Scripture to study. Various denominations have used the Westminster Confession and Catechism to instruct their members. (courtesy of wikipedia.com) | <urn:uuid:e9bc05b1-ae2c-411d-ac1e-c6271fe26fa9> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.orellfuessli.ch/shop/home/artikeldetails/the_westminster_shorter_catechism/various_authors/EAN9783849620318/ID33000616.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866511.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524151157-20180524171157-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.971575 | 215 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Sceletium tortuosum – Kanna (plant)
Sceletium tortuosum is a member of the Aizoaceae family, native to southern Africa. The genus contains 8 species which can be differentiated by features such as the number of parallel leaf veins, flower colour and size, seed colour, leaf size and the the presence or absence of valve wings on the capsules.
Sceletium tortuosum was one of the Sceletium species used to prepare ‘Kanna/Kougoed’, which was valued by the Khoi and San tribes of Southern Africa as a stimulant/hypnotic/sedative. Kanna was highly valued by the tribes and enabled them to travel long distances without food or water (another word used interchangably with Kanna is Kougoed which means ‘something to chew’). The tribesmen collected the whole succulent and crushed it before putting it inside sealed animal skin to ferment for approximately 8 days. It was then removed and dried for use, typically chewing, although a more recent method is to insufflate or smoke. A tea, tincture or decoction can also be made from the material.
Contains mesembrine type alkaloids including mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol, tortuosamine and others. Concentrations range from 0.05 – 2.3% in the dry product, with mesembrine the major alkaloid in the leaves (Van Wyk & Wink, 2004).
Care and Cultivation of Sceletium tortuosum
Sceletium tortuosum likes a well drained mix in full sun to part shade. Sceletium tortuosum grows actively in colder and wetter winter times, becoming dormant with increasing heat, at which time watering should be slowed down and stopped in the hottest part of the year. Fertilise well when actively growing.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review. | <urn:uuid:5eb66caa-41df-4b5d-8de1-ef67f9800dcd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://herbalistics.com.au/product/sceletium-tortuosum-kanna-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510866.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016180631-20181016202131-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.932198 | 425 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What you need:
- 12-month calendar
- 12" x 18" oak tag paper
- clear contact paper
What to do:
- Talk about time, such as days of the week and months of the year, with your child.
- Photocopy the pages of a calendar or use a computer program to print out a complete 12-month calendar.
- Staple each month to the bottom portion of a piece of oak tag, leaving the top half blank for your child's drawings.
- Invite your child to decorate the calendar. She can add special stickers to mark important dates, such as birthdays. When she is finished, she can give it to a grandparent, relative, friend, or neighbor.
- Cover the drawings with clear contact paper. Use a hole puncher to make a hole in the top center of each page, so that they can be hung up and admired all month long. | <urn:uuid:1d6359cc-839f-4084-a36d-1a9a3b32457e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.scholastic.com/parents/kids-activities-and-printables/activities-for-kids/arts-and-craft-ideas/custom-calendar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.872283 | 193 | 2.703125 | 3 |
“The Lord will make himself known to the Egyptians, and the Egyptians will know the Lord in that day and worship with sacrifice and offering (v. 21).- Isaiah 19:16–25
Egypt was one of Israel’s most significant enemies during the lifetime of Moses, but there are clues in the five books of Moses (Genesis–Deuteronomy) that this enemy status would not last forever. As the Israelites were about to enter the Promised Land, God revealed to Moses that the third-generation children of the Egyptians who lived at the time of the exodus would be permitted to join the congregation of His people (Deut. 23:7–8). That generation, presumably, would be far enough removed from the hatred Egypt revealed during the exodus and willing to become servants of the true God — Yahweh, the Lord of Hosts.
Later on, during Isaiah’s lifetime, the Almighty revealed more clearly that Egypt would no longer be Israel’s enemy. Today’s passage anticipates a day when the Egyptians will join God’s people as worshipers of Yahweh, the covenant Lord of Israel. We see this taught in Isaiah 19:18, which says five cities in Egypt will speak the language of Canaan — Hebrew, the tongue of the Israelites who took possession of that land. This is a metaphor explaining how Egypt will become an ally of Israel and adopt Israel’s faith, which was rooted in the fear of the Lord.
Isaiah goes on in verses 19–22 to teach that Egypt will know God not as judge but as redeemer in the last day. Gone will be the pagan altars and false gods, for the Egyptians will be idolaters no longer. During the exodus, the Lord’s glory was manifested when he crushed the Egyptian army in the sea (Ex. 14:17–18). In the eschatological (final or last days) age, His glory will be made known through crushing the hard hearts of Egypt and replacing them with pliable hearts intent on serving Him.
Remarkably, the notoriously cruel empire of Assyria will find peace with Egypt and worship Yahweh as well in that final day (Isa. 19:23–25). Traditionally, Egypt and Assyria were mortal enemies, but the construction of a highway between the two countries signifies a day when they will be friends (v. 23), a day when communication between them will be free and unhindered. Moreover, Assyria will also join with Egypt and the Israelites as a part of the Lord’s holy people (vv. 24–25). This prophecy is being fulfilled as the gospel goes forth and a church of “neither Jew nor Greek” is built into a temple of the living God (Gal. 3:28; 1 Peter 2:4–6).
Christ inaugurated the kingdom in His ministry, death, and resurrection, and now He rules to bring people from all nations into His kingdom as these earthly realms belong to Him. Augustine of Hippo comments, “The nations are Christ’s inheritance, and the ends of the earth are His possession.” We are to make this reality manifest as we share the gospel, fund missionary work, and strive to make the invisible kingdom of God visible in its fullness.
Passages for Further Study
Psalms 68; 82
For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy. | <urn:uuid:25dcecdb-b914-455e-98d7-b38b1eb7ff25> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/egypt-redeemed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662507.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00226-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955049 | 708 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Folks over age 65 make up only an eighth of the U.S. population but as many as a third of all scam victims. There are three common explanations for this disproportionate vulnerability: memory loss, loneliness and a supposedly more trusting nature.
So what explains all those older folks who don't fit these descriptions but still get scammed?
Research suggests answers that go beyond the three main explanations: The natural aging process can cause subtle shifts in mind and mind-set that open the way for scammers in unexpected ways.
Starting in our 30s, our brains begin to shrink, says Virginia Templeton, director of MemoryCare, an Asheville, N.C., facility that treats people with memory disorders. With normal aging, the pace of processing information slows, becoming more noticeable in our 60s. "In people with early memory loss, even before it's clear that there may be a problem, judgment, reasoning ability and decision-making skills may change," she says. "And in many scams — telemarketing, fake lotteries — you have to 'act now!' "
These demands for speed, of course, are there for a reason. "Unless you're patient enough to give yourself more time to process everything, you can be more vulnerable," says Templeton. | <urn:uuid:a601ccce-e786-479b-af3a-cc96106bcad8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.aarp.org/money/scams-fraud/info-02-2011/scams-trap-older-adults.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828018.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216234902-20181217020902-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.956055 | 262 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A Biography of Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was born in Copenhagen on May 5, 1813. Both of his parents were of Jutlandish descent. His father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, was raised a shepherd boy. He experienced what is now considered to have been an event seminal for both father and son, considering the influence of the former on the latter. Michael experienced great suffering and loneliness while alone on the heath. One day, while still a child, he cursed God for his hardships. Notwithstanding this, his situation much improved when he turned twelve years of age, at which time he was sent to live with his uncle in Copenhagen. Michael succeeded as a businessman, a hosier. He did so well that he was able to retire when he was only forty years old. He lived quite comfortably until the age of eighty-two, and died in 1838.
Kierkegaard's mother, Anne, was Michael Kierkegaard's second wife and gave birth to all of his seven children. Her entrance into the household had been as a servant girl. While Kierkegaard wrote much in his journals about his father, he rarely wrote of his mother. She died in 1834 when Kierkegaard was twenty-one.
The Great Earthquake
An important fragment that Kierkegaard wrote when he was twenty-five is on the so-called "Great Earthquake", when he came to an understanding about his father and the entire family. His father had cursed God due to his hardship and poverty as a shepherd child. Even though shortly later he was rescued from this life and became very prosperous, he felt that the blessings upon his family were an irony, and in fact God's revenge. This despair was inherited by his children, five of whom died prematurely, including his wife. Significantly, this entry is preceded by a quote from King Lear, Act 5 Scene 3.
It was then the great earthquake occurred, the terrible upheaval which suddenly pressed on me a new infallible law for the interpretation of all phenomena. It was then I suspected my father's great age was not a divine blessing but rather a curse; that our family's excellent mental abilities existed only for tearing us apart from one another; I felt the stillness of death spreading over me when I saw in my father an unhappy person who would survive us all, a monumental cross on the grave of all his expectations. A guilt must weigh on the entire family, God's punishment must be upon it; it was meant to disappear, expunged by God's mighty hand, deleted like an unsuccessful attempt, and I only occasionally found some little solace in the thought that upon my father had fallen the heavy duty of reassuring us with the consolation of religion, administering the last sacrament, so that a better world might still stand open for us even if we lost everything in this one, even if that punishment the Jews always called down upon their foes were to fall on us; that all memory of us would be wiped out and no trace found (II A 805).
William McDonald comments on the effects of Kierkegaard's parents on his later thought.
The influence of Kierkegaard's father on his work has been frequently noted. Not only did Kierkegaard inherit his father's melancholy, his sense of guilt and anxiety, and his pietistic emphasis on the dour aspects of Christian faith, but he also inherited his talents for philosophical argument and creative imagination. In addition Kierkegaard inherited enough of his father's wealth to allow him to pursue his life as a freelance writer. The themes of sacrificial father/son relationships, of inherited sin, of the burden of history, and of the centrality of the "individual, human existence relationship, the old text, well known, handed down from the fathers" (Postscript) are repeated many times in Kierkegaard's oeuvre. The father's sense of guilt was so great (for having cursed God? for having impregnated Kierkegaard's mother out of wedlock?) that he thought God would punish him by taking the lives of all seven of his children before they reached the age of 34 (the age of Jesus Christ at his crucifixion). This was born out for all but two of the children, Søren and his older brother Peter, both of whom were astonished to survive beyond that age. This may explain the sense of urgency that drove Kierkegaard to write so prolifically in the years leading up to his 34th birthday (see The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Frithiof Brandt also comments on the influence of the father on the son.
Søren Kierkegaard was the youngest of the family of seven. When he was born his father was 56 and his mother 45, and he often called himself a child of old age. The patriarchal, self-willed father dominated the home. He was a highly gifted man, self-taught, but well-read, and much occupied with spiritual matters. His religious denomination was the pietistic Herrnhuter 'fraternity'. He had a sombre view of life and brought up his children to a strict form of Christianity, which particularly emphasized the sufferings of Christ. He suffered from periodic attacks of depression, awareness of sin and scrupulosity. He especially doubted the salvation of his soul. There is no doubt that it was from his father that Søren Kierkegaard inherited the deepest layers of his personality, the periodic depressions that weighed him down, as well as the outstanding powers of thought, both the penetrating dialectic intelligence and the passionate imagination.... It was particularly the suffering Christ that the father presented to the child. His son says that from boyhood upwards he was brought up to the view that the truth must suffer and be derided and scorned. He mentions as well the indignation he had felt from childhood because, long before he had experienced it himself, he had learned that the world was ruled by lies, meanness and injustice. "Even as a small child I was told, as solemnly as possible: that everyone spat at Christ (who, indeed, was the truth), that the multitude (those who passed by) spat at him and said: 'Shame on you.' I have kept this deep in my heart. This thought is my life" (Søren Kierkegaard, p. 7f.).
The strain of melancholia over the belief that the family was cursed, and the pietistic influence on his life was in part responsible from the break in the relationship between father and son. The two, however, came to joyful a reconciliation shortly before the father's death in 1838.
In 1840 Kierkegaard became engaged to Regine Olsen (1822-1904), who was then eighteen years old. He had met her years earlier, but she was too young to pursue. She was from a well-to-do family in Copenhagen. It did not take long, however, for him to feel that he had made a grave error. He broke off the engagement the following year after returning her engagement ring. There were at least two reasons for this break. First, he felt that he was unsuitable for Regine due to his severe bouts with melancholia—and he was probably right. Secondly, he believed that he would not live much longer, since his health had always been poor—he had been rejected by the military as unfit—and he felt that a curse lay on his family due to his father having cursed God. This was reinforced by the deaths of his mother and siblings (except for his eldest brother) in rapid succession. Since a broken engagement might tarnish the reputation of a young woman, Kierkegaard tried to make Regine believe that he was a scoundrel, so that all blame would rest upon him alone. This plan failed due to her ability to see through his charade.
After the dissolution of their relationship, Kierkegaard began his writing career. Moreover, late in that year he traveled to Berlin for the first of four trips. These journeys, and a pilgrimage made to his father's birthplace, were his sole venturings outside of his beloved Copenhagen. On April 16, 1843, when Kierkegaard was leaving Vor Frue Church, he saw Regine, who was also leaving. She nodded to him. This was a momentous event for Kierkegaard. He understood this to mean that she had forgiven him, and perhaps had understood why he had left her. Kierkegaard made a journal entry of this event.
At Vespers on Easter Sunday in Frue Kirke (during Mynster's sermon), she nodded to me. I do not know if it was pleadingly or forgivingly, but in any case very affectionately. I had sat down in a place apart, but she discovered it. Would to God that she had not done so. Now a year and a half of suffering and all the enormous pains I took are wasted; she does not believe that I was a deceiver, she has faith in me. What ordeals now lie ahead of her. The next will be that I am a hypocrite. The higher we go, the more dreadful it is. That a man of my inwardness, of my religiousness, could act in such a way. And yet I can no longer live solely for her, cannot expose myself to the contempt of men in order to lose my honor—that I have done. Shall I in sheer madness go ahead and become a villain just to get her to believe it—ah, what help is that. She will still believe that I was not that before (Journals, IV A 97).
But not long after, Kierkegaard learned that she had become engaged to Johan Frederik Schlegel (1817-1896), who had been her instructor. In 1854, a year before Kierkegaard died, they moved to the Danish West Indies where Schlegel became governor.
Kierkegaard considered his authorship to have begun in 1843, though he had already published several articles and his dissertation. From 1843 through 1846 he published works under pseudonyms. These works were grounded in a philosophical schema that formed a unity, even though they were diverse in nature. Even while Kierkegaard published these works, he published overtly religious works under his own name. The two strains of publications formed a well-conceived whole. For information on the individual works of Kierkegaard, see the Commentary. For more on his writing see Kierkegaard's Authorial Method, containing a longer essay comparing his writing method to that of Plato.
The Corsair Affair
On December 22, 1845 P. L. Møller published a harsh critique of Stages On Life's Way. Kierkegaard retaliated by publishing an article in The Fatherland which mentioned that Møller secretly published in The Corsair. This was a weekly satirical paper, which lampooned people of repute, and was itself considered disreputable, though it was read surreptitiously by many. Its editor was Meïr Aaron Goldschmidt (1819-1887), who was Kierkegaard's junior by several years and an admirer of his keen dialectical wit. Kierkegaard attempted to discredit Møller and to distance Goldschmidt from The Corsair, because he felt that Goldschmidt was capable of greater things. Kierkegaard's foray into lively critique launched a sally of abuse against him, with The Corsair lampooning his appearance and voice. This became perhaps the greatest literary debacle in nineteenth-century Denmark. For more on this see "The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician".
The Attack Upon Christendom
The church in Denmark was (and is) Lutheran. It was a State Church in which all Danes were born Lutheran and thus de facto "Christians". Citizenship and enrollment in the Church were the same thing. Kierkegaard alleged that this reduced to nothing radical conversion to Christ. The Church sought to transform the sacred economy of God into a profane state religion. Kierkegaard felt that "Official Christianity", or Christendom, had departed so far from the Christianity of the New Testament, that it needed to be torn down and rebuilt—not reformed. Kierkegaard did not, however, attack the Christianity of the New Testament, but "Official Christianity" or "Christendom". The attack consisted of a series of articles published during the final year of his life. His attack was unusual, since he attacked the Church from within, as a believer. He died in the midst of this heated battle. For more on the origin of this controversy, as well as samples of Kierkegaard's broadsides, see Articles from the Fatherland.
Death and Burial
On October 2, 1855 Kierkegaard fell unconscious in the street, suffering paralysis of the legs. He was taken to Frederick's Hospital. It is not entirely clear what illness he had, but it may have been some ailment of the spine. During the forty days that he lingered in the hospital room, he had banned his brother Peter from entering. His friend Pastor Boesen visited him daily. Boesen tried to offer Holy Communion to Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard refused it. When asked if he wanted it, he said, "Yes, but not from a parson". He was willing to die without Communion rather than contradict himself, for he had said that the Lutheran Church had to be abandoned as long as God was being mocked in the churches. "The parsons are royal functionaries, and royal functionaries are not related to Christianity". This information comes from Pastor Boesen's own notes which he kept of Kierkegaard's final days (see W. Lowrie's A Short Life of Kierkegaard, p. 253ff.).
For the description of Kierkegaard's funeral, I resort to Lowrie again.
The question of his burial was a ticklish one, and it was very ineptly resolved by the decision to hold the funeral service in the Frue Kirke, the most important church in Copenhagen...and on November 18, which was a Sunday, when the greatest crowd would be free to come. Peter was to preach the sermon. The church was crowded long before the hour, and a multitude of shabby-looking people had pressed forward near the coffin. There were no priests in the church except Peter Kierkegaard and Dean Tryde, who was to conduct the service at the grave. It looked as though there might be a popular protest against the high-handed way in which the Established Church had taken possession of the body of the man who had so publicly defied it. But at the last moment a large body of students resolutely forced their way to the front and stood guard around the coffin. Peter's sermon was very tactfully calculated to allay the animosity of the crowd, and all went quietly.
At the cemetery things did not go so smoothly. Henrik Lund claimed the right to speak, not merely as a nephew, but as one who was closely related to the deceased by sympathy with his thought. He hotly contested the right of the church to appropriate his uncle.... The Dean reminded him that the law allowed only ordained ministers to speak at a funeral. Whereupon Professor Rasmus Nielsen, who had intended to speak, shrugged his shoulders and went away. It was cold and the crowd gradually dispersed.
S. K. was buried in the family lot, but nobody knows precisely where. Peter did nothing to mark the spot... (p. 255f.).
- May 5: Birth in Copenhagen at Nytorv 2, son of Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard and Anne Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard
- June 3: Baptized in Helliggeist Church in Copenhagen
- Enrolled in Borgerdydskolen in Copenhagen (School of Civic Virtue)
- January 23: Regine Olsen Born
- April 20: Confirmed in Vor Frue Kirke by Pastor J. P. Mynster
- October 30: Entered the University of Copenhagen as a theology student
- November 1: Drafted into Royal Guard, Company 7
- November 4: Discharged as unfit for service
- April 25: Finishes first part of second examination (Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and history, magna cum laude; mathematics, summa cum laude)
- October 27: Completes second part of second examination (philosophy, physics, and mathematics, summa cum laude)
- April 15: First entry into journals (entry I A 1)
- July 31: Death of Kierkegaard's mother Anne Sørensdatter Lund
- The so-called "Great Earthquake". Kierkegaard believes that a curse lay over the family when he discovers that his father had cursed God as a young man.
- May 8 to May 12: On a visit to the Rørdams in Frederiksberg he meets Regine Olsen for the first time
- May 19: Kierkegaard records that he has experienced "an indescribable joy" (see the Journals, II A 228).
- August 9: Death of Kierkegaard's father Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard
- August 14: Father buried in family plot in Assistens Cemetery
- September 7: From the Papers of One Still Living
- June 2: Presents his request for examination to theological faculty
- July 3: Completes examination for degree (magna cum laude)
- July 19 to August 6: Journey to ancestral home in Jutland
- September 8: Proposes to Regine Olsen
- September 10: Engagement to Regine Olsen
- October 18: First number of The Corsair published by M. A. Goldschmidt
- November 17: Enters the Pastoral Seminary
- January 12: Preaches sermon in Holmens Kirke
- July 16: Thesis: The Concept of Irony
- August 11: Returns Regine Olsen's engagement ring
- September 16: Dissertation printed
- September 29: Defends his dissertation
- October 11: Engagement with Regine Olsen broken
- October 25: Kierkegaard leaves to study in Berlin
- March 6: Returns to Copenhagen
- November 11: S. K.'s brother Peter Christian Kierkegaard ordained
- February 20: Either/Or
- A Second Trip to Berlin, returns in end of June
- May 16: Two Upbuilding Discourses
- July: Learns of Regine's engagement to Fritz Schlegel
- October 16: Fear and Trembling, Repetition and Three Upbuilding Discourses
- December 6: Four Upbuilding Discourses
- Feb. 24: Preaches sermon in Trinitatis Church.
- March 5: Two Upbuilding Discourses
- June 8: Three Upbuilding Discourses
- June 13: Philosophical Fragments
- June 17: The Concept of Anxiety and Prefaces
- August 31: Four Upbuilding Discourses
- October 16: Moves from Nørregade 230 (now 38) to house at Nytorv 2, Copenhagen
- April 29: Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions
- April 30: Stages on Life's Way
- May 13 to 24: Third trip to Berlin
- May 29: Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses
- December 27: Beginning of The Corsair Affair (through the summer of the following year). Kierkegaard publishes an article in The Corsair entitled "The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician and How He Still Happened to Pay for the Dinner"
- January 2: First attack on S. K. in The Corsair
- January 10: S. K.'s reply by Frater Taciturnus in The Fatherland
- February 7: Considers qualifying himself for ordination
- February 27: Concluding Unscientific Postscript
- March 30: Two Ages
- May 2 to 16: Fourth trip to Berlin
- June 12: Acquires Adler's books, Studier og Exempler, Forsøg til en kort systematisk Fremstilling af Christendommen i dens Logik, and Theologiske Studier.
- October 2: Goldschmidt resigns as editor of The Corsair
- October 7: Goldschmidt travels to Germany and Italy.
- January 24: The Book On Adler, left unfinished
- March 13: Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits
- September 29: Works of Love
- November 9: Regine Olsen marries Fritz Schlegel
- December 29: Kierkegaard sells house on Nytorv
- Phister as Captain Scipio
- Apr. 19: Kierkegaard writes in his Journals, "My whole nature is changed. My concealment and reserve are broken—I am free to speak" (VIII A 640).
- April 26: Christian Discourses
- July 24 to 27: The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress
- September 1: Preaches in Vor Frue Church
- November 1: The Point of View for my Work as an Author, left unpublished
- Late in year: Armed Neutrality
- May 14: Second edition of Either/Or, The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air
- May 19: Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays
- June 25 or 26: Regine Olsen's father dies.
- July 30: The Sickness Unto Death
- November 19: Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays
- April 18: Kierkegaard moves to Nørregade 43, Copenhagen
- September 25: Practice in Christianity
- December 12: An Upbuilding Discourse
- January 31: An Open Letter to Dr. Rudelbach
- August 7: On My Work as an Author, Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays (both written in 1849)
- September 10: For Self-Examination
- Judge For Yourself!
- The so-called "Gathering Storm": Kierkegaard published nothing until December of 1854, when he began the attack on Official Christianity
- January 30: Death of Bishop Mynster
- April 15: Appointment of Martensen to Bishopric
- December 18: S. K. begins polemic against Bishop Martensen in The Fatherland with an article entitled "Was Bishop Mynster a 'Witness to the Truth'.."..
- December 30: An article in The Fatherland # 2: "There the matter rests!"
- January 12: An article in The Fatherland # 3: "A challenge to me by Pastor Paludan-Müller"
- January 29: An article in The Fatherland # 4: "The point at issue with Bishop Martensen..". and # 5: "Two new witnesses to the truth"
- March 20: An article in The Fatherland # 6: "With regard to Bishop Mynster's death"
- March 21: An article in The Fatherland # 7: "Is this Christian worship, or is it treating God as a fool?"
- March 22: An article in The Fatherland # 8: "What must be done—whether by me or another"
- March 26: An article in The Fatherland # 9: "The religious situation"
- March 28: An article in The Fatherland # 10: "A Thesis—only a single one"
- March 30: An article in The Fatherland # 11: "Salt; for Christendom is...the betrayal of Christianity; "a Christian World" is...apostasy from Christianity"
- March 31: An article in The Fatherland # 12: "What do I want?"
- April 7: An article in The Fatherland # 13: "With reference to an anonymous proposal made to me in No. 47 of this newspaper"
- April 11: An article in The Fatherland # 14: "Would it be best now to 'stop ringing the fire alarm'" and # 15: "Christianity with a government commission or Christianity without a government commission"
- April 27: An article in The Fatherland # 16: "What a cruel punishment!"
- May 10: An article in The Fatherland # 17: "A Result" and # 18: "A Monologue"
- May 15: An article in The Fatherland # 19: "About a silly assumption of importance over against me and the view of Christianity I stand for"
- May 16: An article in The Fatherland # 20: "With regard to the new edition of Practice in Christianity" and This Must Be Said; So Let It Now Be Said, published separately
- May 26: The final article in The Fatherland # 21: "That Bishop Martensen's silence is, Christianly, (1) unjustifiable, (2) comical, (3) dumb-clever, (4) in more than one respect contemptible" and the first installment of The Moment (dated May 24, but held until the article in The Fatherland was published)
- June 4: The Moment # 2
- June 16: What Christ Judges of Official Christianity
- June 27: The Moment # 3
- July 7: The Moment # 4
- July 27: The Moment # 5
- August 23: The Moment # 6
- August 30: The Moment # 7
- August ?: The Changelessness of God
- September 11 The Moment # 8
- September 24: Ninth and last number of The Moment published; number 10 was ready on October 2, but published posthumously. Kierkegaard writes his last entry
- October 2: Enters Frederiks Hospital
- November 11: Death in Copenhagen
- November 18: Funeral at The Church of Our Lady. Burial at Assistens Cemetery | <urn:uuid:2d8e7636-c0bc-43da-b1e3-8aa5a9be1b80> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sorenkierkegaard.org/kierkegaard-biography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.980839 | 5,348 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Here is how it will work:
Instead of turning the clocks back this fall, the United Queendom will maintain British Summer Time which will then become standard time for Britain. In the spring of next year clocks will move forward another hour and then drop back an hour the following fall.
In the Mean Time ... in Greenwich
What will happen to Greenwich Mean Time? GMT has been defined as the time on the Greenwich Meridian which runs through ... well Greenwich actually. It is a reference point for time around the world. Standard time in the United Queendom is GMT except in the summer time when British clocks leap forward an hour. If Britain adopts Double Summer Time the whole country will always be at least an hour ahead of GMT - which is the time in Greenwich ... in Britain. Is this a case of Britain getting ahead of itself?
Fifteen Degrees of Separation
There are 24 timezones around the globe which means that time changes by one hour for every 15 degrees of longitude (roughly speaking). If the United Queendom moves an hour east (which would put Britain temporally into central Europe) repercussions will be felt around the world. Every other country will have to move it's time east to maintain global symmetry.
The Canadian Solution
Here is the problem in a nutshell - the whole of Britain fits into one timezone. Solving Britain's problem is easy. All the British have to do is emigrate to Canada! We have more timezones than you can shake a canoe paddle at. Want more daylight? Follow the Sun west. Or (in the summer) go north - way north. In Canada's Nunavut you get 24 hours of daylight for weeks and weeks and weeks every summer.
So here is the deal Britain. Come and live in Nunavut - there are millions of acres of sun-basked territory in which you can settle. For at least three long months every year we can guarantee that the Sun won't set on the British Empire. | <urn:uuid:e3b128d2-023e-445b-825a-c0f759fe1a52> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://blog.blightys.com/2010/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.921261 | 409 | 3.046875 | 3 |
June 22, 2008
June 22, 2008
June 25, 2008
13.345.1 - 13.345.13
Cultural Competency Assessment
Cultural competency is defined as the ability to effectively interact with people from diverse cultures and recognize the importance of cultural differences. These skills will be increasingly important for environmental engineers who work on teams with professionals from diverse backgrounds and design solutions to global problems. For example, these skills are particularly important when engaging in projects for Engineers Without Borders (EWB) and similar organizations. In order to evaluate if curriculum help develop these skills in students, an assessment instrument is needed. A wide variety of such surveys have been developed and validated, although generally for settings outside engineering academia. In this research, the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale short form (MGUDS-S) was used. It is a written 15 question survey with responses on a 6-point Likert scale. It evaluates universal-diverse orientation (UDO) and has been most widely used in medical school settings. The overall UDO score is composed of three subscales: diversity of contact, relativistic appreciation, and discomfort with differences. The author also added four of the Pittsburgh Freshman Engineering Attitudes Survey (PFEAS) questions and eight self-created questions to the survey, in addition to five demographic questions. The self-created questions were specific to engineering. This survey was administered in three freshmen courses (environmental, civil, and undeclared engineering) and two senior design courses (environmental and civil engineering) in fall 2006. Four of the eight self-created questions were modified and two additional demographic questions were added prior to administering the survey in two freshmen courses (environmental and civil engineering) and an Engineering for the Developing World course for seniors and graduate students in fall 2007. The results from the survey and evaluation of its usefulness are presented.
Cultural competency (CC) has many potential definitions.14,15,17,20,22 In this work CC is defined as the ability to effectively interact with people from diverse cultures and recognize the importance of cultural differences. This is closely related to concepts such as intercultural competence13, intercultural sensitivity 1,2,13, (cross)-cultural sensitivity 2,14,23, and cultural humility 14,22. In general, CC requires self-awareness, awareness of differences in cultures, and reflection on the implications of these differences.
Cultural competency is important for engineers so that they can be effective in working on teams with engineers, scientists, and others from diverse races and cultural backgrounds. CC is also critical to enable engineers to understand the needs of global clients who will use the engineered product, process, or project. Without an understanding of cultural issues, it is impossible for engineers to create appropriate technology solutions to the problems they are asked to solve. Cultural competency is also important in a number of other disciplines including medicine15 and business23. This skill has become increasing important as the world “flattens”. In a survey of higher education institutions, Deardorff8 found that 54% of the 24 participating institutions (33% survey response rate; 54% private, 67% teaching) said they were encouraging cross-cultural development, but did not assess the cross-cultural competence of students in their programs.
Bielefeldt, A. (2008, June), Cultural Competency Assessment Paper presented at 2008 Annual Conference & Exposition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 10.18260/1-2--4275
ASEE holds the copyright on this document. It may be read by the public free of charge. Authors may archive their work on personal websites or in institutional repositories with the following citation: © 2008 American Society for Engineering Education. Other scholars may excerpt or quote from these materials with the same citation. When excerpting or quoting from Conference Proceedings, authors should, in addition to noting the ASEE copyright, list all the original authors and their institutions and name the host city of the conference. - Last updated April 1, 2015 | <urn:uuid:e534ce5d-55db-412e-8dd1-fdd3e49a8e73> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://peer.asee.org/cultural-competency-assessment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585737.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023162040-20211023192040-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.94357 | 830 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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If you want a printed copy of the summary, click Print, then select your printer. (The printed copy may also include the correct answers to missed questions and a signature line for parents; teachers set this in the TOPS Report and Online Review preference.)
When you are done reviewing the summary, select Done. You will go back to the Assignments page.
If you are done working in the software, select Log Out in the top-right corner of the page. | <urn:uuid:e24ae215-8c7c-42ea-bcd0-ca87dd1b5536> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://help.renaissance.com/AM/CompletingOnline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.930956 | 693 | 2.75 | 3 |
North American FJ-1 Fury
|初飛行||11 September 1946|
の 北アメリカFJ-1フューリー is the first operational jet aircraft in United States Navy service, and was developed by North American Aviation as the NA-135. The FJ-1 was an early transitional jet of limited success which carried over similar tail surfaces, wing and canopy derived from the piston-engined P-51D Mustang. The evolution of the design to incorporate swept wings would become the basis for the land-based XP-86 prototype – itself originally designed with a very similar straight-wing planform to the FJ-1 airframe – of the United States Air Force’s enormously influential F-86 Sabre, which itself formed the basis for the Navy’s carrier-based North American FJ-2/-3 Fury.
|North American FJ-1 Fury Walk Around| | <urn:uuid:8bfa2fed-c04b-4506-8dee-2c8bd207f89a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.net-maquettes.com/ja/pictures/north-american-fj-1-fury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211403.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817010303-20180817030303-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.899721 | 196 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Diet is among the most important factors when it comes to maintaining a healthy lifestyle, positive and keeping weight in check. But no matter how strictly some people adhere to the rules, those extra pounds won’t come off.
Does the word “diet” make you think immediately of an unpleasant regimen of weight loss? If it did, you might not be alone. Consider, for example, the use of the term “diet” in food products marketing — it usually describes low – calorie foods like diet soda.But this word has another meaning.
Diet can also refer to a person’s daily food and drink, as well as the mental and physical circumstances associated with eating. Nutrition is more than just eating a “good” diet— it’s about nutrition at all levels. It includes family relationships, friendships, nature (the environment), our bodies, our community, and the world.
WHAT IS THE BLOOD TYPE DIET?
A naturopathic physician Dr.Peter J D’adamo published the theory that the body can process food differently according to its blood type in his book: “Eat Right 4 Your Type”. Lot of proponents claimed that it had changed their lives for ever. One of the reason why people with specific blood types process food differently is because they have certain digestive enzymes. E.g, intestinal alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in people with B – blood groups and O blood groups, soliticing a diet that includes lean animal protein and healthy fats.
BLOOD TYPE O DIET AND LIFESTYLE
- 1. Flourish on animal protein and intense physical exercise
- 2. Fare less well on grains and dairy products
- 3. People with this blood type usually gain weight from gluten found in wheat products.
Ideal exercise for this type:
- 1. Martial arts
- 2. Contact sports
- 3. Aerobics
- 4. Running
BLOOD TYPE A DIET AND LIFESTYLE
- 1. Flourish from foods that are pure, fresh, and organic – a vegetarian diet.
- 2. Predisposed to diabetes and heart disease.
Get huge benefit from calming by exercising:
- Tai Chi
- Qi Gong
BLOOD TYPE B DIET AND LIFESTYLE
A balance between vegetables and specific proteins is advisable. The ideal diet for this type includes:
- Lamb, rabbit, goat, and venison
- Legumes, eggs, fruit
- Usually have a tolerant digestive system and also a robust immune system
This blood type does best with moderate physical exercise with mental balance:
- and Swimming
BLOOD TYPE AB DIET AND LIFESTYLE
This diet needs to be a combination of types A and B:
- Dairy products
- Green vegetables
When it come to exercise the best is to opt for a mixture of exercises from type A and B.
The BLOOD TYPE A
Most of the people with blood type A are efficient processors of carbohydrates. People with this blood type switches from eating meat to becoming herbivore, they gonna find the transition quite a difficult task. However, the results will be increase in energy levels and regarding weight loss.
People with Blood Type A have naturally higher levels of cortisol (the stress hormone). This can lead to disrupted sleep patterns,brain fog, OCD, and also lot of fat gain. It is important for Blood Type A is not to skip meals and maintain a regular eating schedule. Eating many light meals throughout daily may be the best option for Blood Type A’s.
BLOOD TYPE O
This blood type O is the only one that contains two opposing antibodies, which makes it the universal donor. However people with blood type O are susceptible to stomach ulcers and thyroid issues. The good news is Blood Type O’s efficiently process both protein and fat . Absorption of calcium and processing simple carbohydrates easier. It is best to limit alcohol and also caffeine intake as Type O’s are linked to hyperactivity, tantrums, and bots of anger. Also they should opt for intense exercises that will tire them.
BLOOD TYPE B
Blood Type O and Type A are at the opposites ends of the spectrum and Blood Type B is right in the middle of it. It requires a balance between meat food and vegetarian . This blood type, according to Dr.Peter J D’adamo tens to adapt to altitude better than the others.
Also, these people with Blood Type B produce higher levels of cortisol in stressful situation and are susceptible to auto-immune disorders. People with Blood Type B should avoid foods like corn, tomatoes, wheat, and lentils peanuts as they result in fatigue and low blood sugar.
BLOOD TYPE AB
This is the rarest blood type, Blood Type AB draws both pros and cons from each type -Blood Type A and Blood Type B. These people have low-stomach acid levels, which means they must avoid caffeine and alcohol, and smoked meats. When in need of protein, opt for seafood and Blood Type AB is definitely benefit from eating several smaller meals for the duration of the day | <urn:uuid:b77c48a7-f6cd-4ef6-ad7c-f4abc4c9dfae> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://mrhealthyliving.com/the-blood-type-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922073800-20190922095800-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.936784 | 1,072 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Friction and indicated power measurement for diesel engine by ( aerial dynamometer
Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ),
2012, Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 106-115
The conventional methods - used for - measuring brake, friction, and indicated power are based on brake - off dynamometers which use hydraulic or electrical dynamometers .
The mentioned above methods use the measured torque to calculate the related power.
The present method and instrument are characterized by measuring the amount of pressure opposed by a compressor joined to the engine and a reservoir for a compressed air, thus; the engine speed decelerates with the increasing pressure . For a specified pressure and engine speed, power could be calculated.
In addition, friction power in the engine could be estimated by measuring the consumed current and effective voltage on an electrical driving motor when the diesel engine at run – off situation; no fuel supply. The whole present dynamometer had been designed and performed by the researcher as explained.
- Article View: 135
- PDF Download: 1,514 | <urn:uuid:c536623c-a720-49c5-84b8-0fa874a547fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://rengj.mosuljournals.com/article_47288.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.922709 | 212 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Artus Court, the most splendid parlour of old Gdansk and boasting one of the most beautiful interiors in Europe indicates its association with the Arthurian legend in its name. Its patron, King Arthur is a mythical figure, not only a prominent character in Anglo-Saxon culture, but of the entire tradition of medieval European chivalry.
Among the personages portrayed as sculptures on the façade there are two Romans: Scipio the African, the commander - conqueror of Carthaginians and Camillus – the saviour of Rome during the Gallic wars. The other two sculptures are Themistocles the Greek, the commander of the Athenian army in the Persian war and Judas Maccabaeus, the Jewish king who liberated Judea from the Seleucid rule. The two medallions on each side of the court’s portal portray the Swedish (and Polish) king Sigismund Vasa III and his son Vladyslav, the subsequent king of Poland and titular king of Sweden. However, for a long time it was generally believed that the medallions portrayed the emperor Charles V Habsburg and his son Juan d'Austria.
One of the mercantile associations situated in Artus Court at the peak of its prosperity was called The Dutch Bench.
The interior design of the court is full of cultural references to ancient and medieval legends and myths.
Next to the main entrance there are medallions portraying the protestant reformer Martin Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora.
One of the model ships hanging at the canopy of the court represents a felucca, a sailing boat typical of the Mediterranean Sea, here shown as a Turkish galley.
Among the characters depicted on the tiles of the great tiled stove (the king of stoves – located in the north-eastern corner of the court’s hall) are probably members of the mid-16th century political elite, Charles V Habsburg being one of them.
In the middle of the hall there once stood a statue of the king August III, Prince-elector of Saxony, which was funded by the townspeople grateful to him for the (somewhat forceful, though) introduction of long needed political and financial reforms in Gdansk. The statue was lost in the 1940s. | <urn:uuid:3e178efe-1719-4d60-bdff-ef0db36109bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.gdansk.pl/en/for-tourists/Gdansk-many-cultures-one-City,a,12134 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865595.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523102355-20180523122355-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.956486 | 484 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Tropical Fish||Marine Fish||Pet Birds||Dogs||Cats|
|Reptiles||Amphibians||Small Pets||Insects & Spiders||Wildlife|
Dogs & Dog Breeds
Here in the dog section of AC Tropical fish you can find a wide range of information about alls sorts of dog breeds and even some mixed breeds. We also feature a lot of information that is not breed specific, such as general articles about dog training, dog grooming and dog health. As a dog owner, it can also be a good idea to take a look at our sections about dog law and dog insurance.
A dog breed is a group of dogs that has been selectively bred in order to promote certain characteristic. The national kennel clubs determine the rules for each of their registered dog breeds and also decide if a new type of dog should be recognized as a true dog breed by them. Dog breeds recognized by national kennel clubs are commonly referred to as purebreds. If you contact a kennel club, you can get breed standards for all their recognized breeds. The breed standards will normally include standards for both appearance and behaviour. The breed standard will usually state desired traits as well as accepted but not necessarily desired traits for each dog breed. Generally speaking, kennel clubs will not accept a new dog breed until the breeders can show that mating a pair of the new type always produces dogs with the same characteristics as the parents. This is referred to as breeding true.
Before you get a dog, it is important to research that particular breed in order to find out if the breed characteristics fit your requirements and lifestyle. If you get a mixed breed, you should ideally research all the involved breeds since each ancestor can contribute a bit to the result. It is for instance important to find out how big your dog can become, since a lot of large dog breeds end up in shelters each year when the owner finds the dog to large to handle. If you want have a small dog, pick one of the many small dog breeds or purchase a mixed dog breed where all the genetic material comes from small dog breeds.
One important thing that you have to determine before you pick a dog breed is how much time you wish to spend on coat maintenance. Some dog breeds need daily combing, others need regular trimmings and clippings, and a third group of dog breeds are very low maintenance. Simply looking at an adult dog will not tell you much, because there are short haired dog breeds that require quite a lot of grooming and long haired dog breeds that only need some basic maintenance work once in a while. In the dog breed profiles here at Dog Breed HQ you can learn more about the specific requirements of each breed before you make a decision. It should also be noted that the amount of necessary grooming can varies within a breed, since several different coat types can be allowed.
Even if your dog has a virtually carefree coat, you should still groom your puppy regularly since this serves to make your new dog comfortable with you handling it. Teaching a Rottweiler puppy to accept having its nails trimmed is much easier than trying to convince an adult Rottweiler that clipping is actually a good idea. You should also groom and check your adult dog on a regular basis to detect health problems while they are still in their early stages. During the tick season it is a good idea to check you dog at least once a day, since the risk of tick borne illness increases for each hour the tick is allowed to stay attached to the dog. As you can see, there is no such thing as a completely carefree dog breed.
When discussing dog grooming, the question about so called allergy free dog breeds almost always comes up. The increased number of people suffering from allergies has made many dog breeders interested in creating dog breeds that can be tolerated by people allergic to dogs; so called hypoallergenic dog breeds. It is however very important to keep in mind that no dog breed is 100% hypoallergenic. A hypoallergenic dog breed tolerated by one of your allergic friends might not be tolerated by you and vice versa. Before you decide to get a hypoallergenic dog breed you should ideally spend quite a lot of time with the dog breed that you are interested in, to make sure that you have no reaction. Sometimes prolonged indoor exposure is necessary to provoke the initial reaction. Examples of dog breeds commonly referred to as hypoallergenic dog breeds are Bichon Frisé, Spanish Water Dog, Xoloitzcuintle and all the Poodle varieties. The length of the hair or how much a dog breed sheds will not tell you much about the suitability of a certain dog breed for people with allergies since a majority of the people suffering from dog allergies and asthma are allergic to skin dander, not to dog hair.
The learning capacity and interest in following commands varies a lot between the various dog breeds and it is therefore a good idea to decide which type of dog breed you want in this regard before you make a purchase. Since the dog is a social pack animal, it has a natural desire to cooperate with its pack. When dogs and humans started to live together thousands of years ago, the human family became the pack for the dog and all dog breeds are therefore more or less inclined to work together with a human pack. Through thousands of generations of selective dog breeding, this natural inclination was refined to suit the needs of humans and the dog became an excellent companion for hunters, herders and fishermen. Today, some dog breeds are extremely good at interpreting signals given by humans and can be trained to carry out very complicated tasks. Other dog breeds have had a different history and are therefore less inclined to understand humans. Some toy breeds have for instance been bred as cute companions only and are, generally speaking, not as easy to train as Labrador retrievers, Dobermans, Springer spaniels and similar working dog breeds. Regardless of which type of dog breed you choose you should however provide it with basic dog training, which includes house training and basic obedience training.
It might be tempting to simply pick one of the “clever” dog breeds that always end up in the top-ten when the trainability of dog breeds are ranked, but this is not the best way to go about. If you get a highly trainable dog breed (colloquially referred to as a smart or intelligent dog breed) such as the Border collie, you must be prepared to actually teach it a lot and keep it busy all day. A Border collie that is not constantly getting mental stimulation, e.g. by herding sheep or training agility, will grow bored and can develop destructive habits. If you only plan on house training your dog and teaching it a few basic commands it is better to chose one of the many dog breeds that will receive sufficient amounts of mental stimulation from a few walks around the neighbourhood and some playtime in the park.
Since the genetic material is more limited in purebreds compared to mixed breeds, the risk of genetic problems is often higher. Before you get a dog it is a good idea to find out if the dog breed in question is inclined to any particular health problems. This can help you spot early signs of ill health in your dog and seek veterinary attention before the problem gets a chance to progress. You can also greatly reduce the risk of genetic problems by purchasing your dog from a reputable dog breeder that only uses vet-checked dogs screened for common genetic diseases. If you purchase a mixed breed dog, ideally research potential health problems present in all the involved dog breeds.
West Highland White Terrier | <urn:uuid:c5fecda9-2bf6-438a-8a69-55e5c60d8181> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/dog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462232.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00194-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948726 | 1,568 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Qainuqa‘ Jews breach the Covenant
seeing that allâh sided with the believers and granted them a manifest victory and perceiving the muslims’ awesome presence in madinah, the jews could no longer contain themselves or conceal indignation. they started a series of provocative and harmful deeds publicly. the most wicked amongst them were the tribe of banu qainuqa‘, who lived in quarters within madinah named after them. as for jobs, they took up goldsmithery, blacksmithing and crafts of making household instruments, that is why war weaponry was available in large quantities in their houses. they counted 700 warriors, and were the most daring amongst the jewish community in arabia, and now the first to breach the covenant of cooperation and non-aggression which they had already countersigned with the prophet [pbuh]. their behaviour grew too impolite and unbearable. they started a process of trouble-making, jeering at the muslims, hurting those who frequented their bazaars, and even intimidating their women. such things began to aggravate the general situation, so the prophet [pbuh] gathered them in assemblage, admonished and called them to be rational, sensible and guided and cautioned against further transgression. nevertheless they remained obdurate and paid no heed to his warning, and said: "don’t be deluded on account of defeating some quraishites inexperienced in the art of war. if you were to engage us in fight, you will realize that we are genuine war experts."
in this regard, the words of allâh were revealed saying:
"say (o muhammad [pbuh] ) to those who disbelieve: ‘you will be defeated and gathered together to hell, and worst indeed is that place to rest.’ there has already been a sign for you (o jews) in the two armies that met (in combat — i.e. the battle of badr): one was fighting in the cause of allâh, and as for the other (they) were disbelievers. they (the believers) saw them (the disbelievers) with their own eyes twice their number (although they were thrice their number). and allâh supports with his victory whom he pleases. verily, in this is a lesson for those who understand." [al-qur'an 3:12,13] [sunan abu da'ud with aunul-ma'bood 3/115; ibn hisham 1/552]
the answer of banu qainuqa‘ amounted, as seen, to war declaration. the prophet [pbuh] suppressed his anger and advised the muslims to be patient and forbearing and wait for what time might reveal.
the jews, went too far in their transgression, presumptuous behaviour and licentious practices. one day a jewish goldsmith provoked a muslim woman whose genitals become uncovered when he had tied the edge of the garment to her back. a muslim man happened to be there and killed the man; the jews retaliated by killing that muslim. the man’s family called the muslims for help and war started.[ibn hisham 2/47,48] | <urn:uuid:57ee6b65-5df0-4a00-8647-28477e9f6887> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://rasoulallah.net/en/articles/article/1901 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.977316 | 687 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Participatory video is a process in which a group of people create a film to help make sense of the world around them. They may be exploring a specific subject, addressing a problem or telling a story. Participants collaboratively plan, film and edit the video. An important part of the process is reflecting on the video produced. With participatory video, there are many learning opportunities regardless of one’s film experience or level of literacy.
In 1967-68, the National Film Board of Canada created the first participatory video with the Fogo Film Experiment. Isolated fishing villages off the coast of Newfoundland were able to see and hear one another for the first time. Community members participated in the planning and, when the films were shown in neighbouring villages, audience members had an opportunity to reflect and respond to the films and the community challenges identified in the films. The 27 short films were used as a tool to stimulate conversations, record opinions and share information with others.
Flash forward 50 years! Today, hands-on participatory video workshops with user-friendly equipment can make anyone a filmmaker. Participatory video workshops can help participants to articulate their ideas, gain new literacy skills and, most importantly, reflect on the process of creating the video. Participatory video workshops produce amazing results because participants have an opportunity to work with new people in a fun and encouraging environment while exploring something meaningful to them. It is a creative and collaborative process.
The participatory video process has great potential as a learning tool. It enables all people to communicate their ideas. This technology allows us to slow down the world around us and live in the moment - literally one frame at a time.
For more information about the participatory video process, contact CBAL Community Literacy Coordinator, Bridget Uhl. She has been a participatory video facilitator for five years and recently completed her Masters in Comparative Media Arts at Simon Fraser University where her field of study was Participatory Process in Film.
Community Literacy Coordinator
Columbia Basin Alliance for Literacy - Valemount | <urn:uuid:936d37dd-dd28-43cb-a922-5ec0a34cfdc2> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.cbal.org/cbal-blog/the-participatory-video-process-as-a-literacy-tool | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999817.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625092324-20190625114324-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.938082 | 414 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Healthy roadside vegetation is necessary for preventing weed infestations, controlling erosion, protecting water quality and keeping roadways safe. Fire is an important aspect of vegetation management because many types of plants actually need fire for ideal growth. It's used in combination with mowing, herbicide application, biological control and planting in MnDOT’s Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management program.
How it works
Detailed planning ensures that a fire can accomplish its goal while still being kept under control. Prescribed fires are intended to accomplish specific vegetation management goals:
- Weather conditions are chosen carefully
- Necessary equipment and crews are coordinated
- Fire breaks are mowed where needed to improve control
- Authorities and nearby landowners are notified and DNR burn permits are obtained
MnDOT fire crew members have all been through a nationally recognized training for basic wildland firefighters. They are experienced in working with prescribed fires on roadsides and have all the necessary equipment to safely control the fire. See MnDOT's prescribed fire policy.
- Better weed control: Simply spraying weeds does little to prevent repeat infestations. After weeds are controlled, there needs to be desirable vegetation that can fill in to prevent future weed problems. Fire promotes dense stands of native plants that can out-compete weeds and make it harder for them to get established.
- Better water quality: Fire encourages dense native vegetation with deep root systems that prevent erosion and filter storm water runoff.
- Better safety: Prescribed fire is used to control brush and small trees near the roadway, which would otherwise become safety hazards. Fire promotes tall native grasses and forbs that trap blowing snow and prevent it from drifting across the road.
Where we use fire
In the fall, MnDOT prescribed fire crews may be seen burning in the following areas:
- Hwy 59 SE Kittson County (from the Marshall County Line to Lake Bronson)
- Hwy 75 Marshall County (from Warren to Stephen)
- Lake Wobegon Trail
- Hwy 55 from Brooten to Belgrade
- Hwy 65 in the Cambridge Area
- St Cloud Travel Information Center on Hwy 10
- I-90 by Eyota
- Hwy 218 between Austin and Owatonna
- Hwy 56 from Rose Creek to Le Roy
- Hwy 52 in the Harmony and Canton area
- Hwy 14 west of Claremont
- Wetland mitigation near Hokah
- Wetland mitigation near Ellendale | <urn:uuid:d1f92079-78a0-4d99-a9f8-ff5e27bcd984> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadsides/vegetation/fire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931845 | 510 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Finding or creating a beef cattle numbering system is an essential part of herd management and organization. Here are a few tips to an effective numbering system:
- Cattle identification numbering sequences should not be duplicated for at least 10 years.
- You should keep your digits limited to no more than 5 characters for easy identification, 4 digits are the standard.
- Numbering systems can be used along with color-coding, as long as your herd management records can reflect the data.
Examples of beef cattle numbering systems:
- Using the Dams number as the calf number (with year designation)
- Dam: 100M Calf: 100E (E would designate the year 2017)
- Dam 100M Calf 17100 (17 would designate 2017)
- Dam 100M Calf 7100 (7 would designate 2017)
- These codes can be done in reverse as well E100, 10017 or 1007
- If a heifer is kept as a replacement heifer, she would receive the next new number available (say 205) and thus be retagged to 205E. This ensures we don't end up with two calves with the same tag number.
- Using a consecutive numbering system (with the year designation)
- First calf born= 1
- 1E or E1
- Some producers like to use one of the systems above, along with color-coding. ie: pink heifers and blue bulls.
- Some registered producers may also use the animal's tattoo number.
- Another option is to, with a tag marking pen, above the number, place the dam's tag information.
If you have an existing herd that will not be retagged, you can begin adopting any system going forward with future purchases and replacement heifers. If you have cows that you are uncertain of age, you can either leave the letter part off or use the oldest possible letter.
International Letter Codes *
International letters are designated for each year of birth. This option is easy to use in conjunction with numbers. For example, Z001 and Z002 might be used to indicate the first and second calf born in the year 2012
2013 = A 2027 = R
2014 = B 2028 = S
2015 = C 2029 = T
2016 = D 2030 = U
2017 = E 2031 = W
2018 = F 2032 = X
2019 = G 2033 = Y
2020 = H 2034 = Z
2021 = J 2035 = A
2022 = K 2036 = B
2023 = L 2037 = C
2024 = M 2038 = D
2025 = N 2039 = E
2026 = P 2040 = F
The Letters I, O, Q and V are not used.
* Source: Beef Improvement Federation | <urn:uuid:ef0bfc69-3032-4c86-b7dd-580ef51906d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.cattletags.com/blogs/learning-center/year-letter-designations-for-beef-cattle-numbering | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038057142.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410134715-20210410164715-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.903882 | 581 | 3.21875 | 3 |
I approach a group of students discussing a problem in my class. I listen. I watch. I interpret their thinking. I sense a misconception. I ask a question to clarify what and how they are thinking. Hopefully, in the end, they reach a higher level of understanding of the problem and I reach a higher level of understanding of their comprehension.
Just like other teachers, I often do this sort of complex analysis of my students in under 10 seconds. I’ve been trained to.
That said, what if I could improve this skill I have learned over the course of my career? What if I could somehow train myself to be more attuned to student thinking?
That brings me to my next project. I’m partnering with MfA this year to bring some exciting, new PD to my school. It involves using video to record student discussion and interaction around a specific task (with no focus on the teacher). Afterwards, a group of teachers gather to watch the video, brainstorm about critical moments that occurred, interpret student thinking, and formulating questions that could be asked to clarify the thought process of the students.
The idea is to slow down student thinking to the point where deep analysis can happen. My hope is that teachers at my school, along with myself, are able to use this process to improve our abilities to interpret student thinking and how we address it during our lessons.
Here are some of the challenges I foresee.
- Introducing it to teachers. You can only introduce something once and first impressions have impacts that can last until June. I must make it good.
- Teachers accepting the idea that interprepting student thinking often contains loads of uncertainty, and that this is okay. Not everything needs a final answer.
- Developing engaging prompts for the group when the conversation is lagging. This may depend on the quality of my preparation beforehand.
- I don’t see overall engagement being an issue, but you never know.
- Being able to record and edit video clips in a timely manner. Luckily, at least in the beginning, MfA will be helping with this. But how sustainable is this type of PD in the long term?
Here are a few other unrelated thoughts.
- How will teacher analysis differ if the focus is on student understanding versus misunderstanding, if at all? Does this impact “next steps” after the session?
- Speaking of next steps, how will those look?
- Can I channel teachers to certain moments in the clip based on my preparation beforehand? Would this be useful?
- I may facilitate the initial sessions, but I want to learn perspective from my colleagues about how a student may be thinking. My MfA experiences have been scintillating in this regard. There were things mentioned that I would have never thought of.
- This PD involves using video in the classroom. When most teachers think of video, they think of the teacher being recorded as s/he teaches with best practices as the center of attention. This is not that. It should be interesting to see this dynamic play out.
- Each session I’ve attended with MfA has focused on one group of students discussing a task. How would the session change if we examined multiple groups of students from different classes – all discussing the same task? How would this affect the analysis?
- This type of PD hinges on teachers understanding the content, in my case math. That notwithstanding, is there a way to run something similar that focuses on student discussion, but has a more interdisciplinary approach? Perhaps CRE/advisory? | <urn:uuid:4c016b1a-410e-4693-8eb4-a45a40cacffe> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://lazyocho.com/2015/08/12/slowing-down-student-thinking-learning-to-notice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401582033.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927215009-20200928005009-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.956144 | 735 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In the winter of 2016-17, there were an estimated 34,300 excess deaths as a result of the cold winter. Surviving Winter is a campaign to help vulnerable people stay warm over the winter period.
Since November 2011, UK Community Foundations has raised £5.5 million to reach over 80,000 people who may not be able to heat their homes. Community Foundations are raising their own funds to help people in their local communities, as well as receiving grants from the UK-wide campaign.
Dorset Community Foundation’s Surviving Winter Appeal
Millions of households in the UK live in fuel poverty, which is linked to health issues such as cardiovascular problems and depression; and increases the likelihood of social isolation. In Dorset, a shocking 920 people died from cold weather deaths in 2014-15. These are unnecessary deaths – yet staying warm is a struggle for many households.
Nobody should have to choose between heating or eating. Since launching their Surviving Winter appeal in 2010, Dorset Community Foundation have raised £120,000 to help keep vulnerable people warm over winter.
Last year, the appeal raised almost £20,000 to help over 200 households in Dorset, providing hot meals; blankets; boiler repairs; and hot water bottles. Keeping warm means vulnerable people no longer have “wear my coat indoors to keep warm”, as one Dorset resident said. With the help of Surviving Winter, those in fuel poverty no longer have to face winter alone.
Choosing between heating your house, or eating a meal is a choice we shouldn’t have to make. But it’s a reality faced by the millions of people in the UK living in fuel poverty. Donate to the Surviving Winter appeal to help keep vulnerable people warm over winter. | <urn:uuid:d6baccab-be13-41a0-98a5-60fd73ea0f10> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.ukcommunityfoundations.org/our-programmes/surviving-winter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526904.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418221425-20190419003425-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.965929 | 366 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Web presents an overwhelming variety of content and applications. Many popular Web sites support social software that allows users to interact and share data. There are several types of social software, such as Facebook, Google+, Pinterest, LinkedIn, and Twitter.
Perform the following tasks:
Submit your answers in a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation of 10–12 slides. The presentation should be well organized and grammatically correct, with complete sentences that are free of spelling errors. The presentation should also conform to the APA style.
People use computers to solve different types of problems, such as calculating taxes and analyzing human speech patterns. Some problems, such as finding efficient travel routes, are difficult to solve even with the fastest computers. Many organizations use a collection, or grid, of computers to handle computationally intensive problems, such as protein folding, economic forecasting, and seismic analysis.
Cloud computing is a technique of providing hardware or software to users over the Internet. As the computational power of the Web increases, many people believe that the next generation of Web applications, commonly called Web 3.0, will understand context and meaning and will respond to a query like "Find me a good place to eat" by considering your preferences and location.
Create a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation containing 10–12 slides answering the following questions:
The presentation should be well organized and grammatically correct, with complete sentences that are free of spelling errors. The presentation should also conform to the APA style.
Search with: grid computing, cloud computing, and Web 3.0
ok thank you | <urn:uuid:49a93fec-b4ba-4a11-962c-4d2a1db4067a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.justanswer.com/homework/7yj3t-powerpoint-assignments-due-10pm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988310.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00320-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9217 | 313 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Think about it. What happens if I sing “A, B, C, D, E, F… ?’ What do you do in your head if I play seven notes of a scale ” Do, Re, Mi, Fa, So, La, Ti… ,” and I leave out the last note? Do you not fill it in in your head? What happens when you hear a significant song from your teen years? Do you go back in time in your memory to either a particular event, time, or emotion?
Everyone who works with children with speech and language difficulties knows to use visuals, visuals, visuals, Yes, they certainly help. Using another sense helps not only to integrate but also distracts from the pressure we put on ourselves to get it right. When you couple a visual with a repeatable, predictable tune, its effects can demonstrate a quicker response with much less effort. Did you know it has been proven that when you put a motor task, such as exercise or appropriate music, reduces the effort the individual needs to perform the task be 15%? Talking is a motor skill. Why not utilize music, then? We are all musical beings. From birth, we hum first, vocalize next, babble, then talk. Toddlers with absolutely no training spontaneously compose their own songs often. Shut off the critical part of your mind and just try it. Use a tune to help your child or client get the words out. This lessens their effort by 15%. Allow the child to automatically have the last word.
I often play with young children who have speech difficulties, singing the same tune over and over in their play, and then begin to leave out a single word. The child uses the subject, the play, and I insert the tune. As far as the child ins concerned, we are just playing together. A simple tune adds to the playfulness. Pretty soon the child is using words, putting phrases together, and as time goes on, we drop some of the music so that now they can use this language without even realizing that they have learned it. I often call methods like these “coming in the back door.”
Come in the back door sometime. It is less formal, and has nor worries. Let me know how it turns out. | <urn:uuid:d844ba8a-45fb-49d4-8471-ffbf19eaef0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://backmountainmusictherapy.com/2013/01/music-and-visuals-a-key-to-success-with-speech-difficulties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.959477 | 470 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Genome sequencing has revealed that protein-coding DNA accounts for only 1.5% of the human genome and a similarly small percentage of the genomes of many other multi-cellular eukaryotes. A very small fraction of the non-protein-coding DNA consists of genes for RNAs such as ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Until recently, scientists assumed that most of the remaining DNA was not transcribed, thinking that since it didn’t specify proteins or the few known types of RNA, such DNA didn’t contain meaningful genetic information—in fact, it was called “junk DNA.” However, a flood of recent data has contradicted this idea. For example, a massive study of the entire human genome showed that roughly 75% of the genome is transcribed at some point in any given cell. Introns account for only a fraction of this transcribed, nontranslated RNA. These and other results suggest that a significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into non-protein-coding RNAs—also called noncoding RNAs, or ncRNAs—including a variety of small RNAs. Researchers are uncovering more evidence of the biological roles of these ncRNAs every day.
Biologists are excited about these discoveries, which have revealed a large and diverse population of RNA molecules in the cell that play crucial roles in regulating gene expression— but have gone largely unnoticed until fairly recently. Our long-standing view that because mRNAs code for proteins, they are the most important RNAs functioning in the cell demands revision. This represents a major shift in the thinking of biologists, one that you are witnessing as students entering this field of study.
Urry, Lisa A.. Campbell Biology (p. 377). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. | <urn:uuid:aa06360c-b6fb-4b46-831b-cca2e686830f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://monimize.com/2019/12/01/non-coding-rnas-play-multiple-roles-in-controlling-gene-expression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540543252.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212102302-20191212130302-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.9499 | 369 | 3.75 | 4 |
Zika virus and pregnancy
If you get infected with Zika during pregnancy, you can pass it to your baby. It causes a birth defect called microcephaly and other brain problems.
What is Zika virus?
Zika is a virus that can cause serious problems during pregnancy. If you’re pregnant and infected with Zika virus, you can pass it to your baby. Zika infection during pregnancy causes a birth defect called microcephaly and other brain problems. It also may be linked to other serious problems for a baby.
Our Zika resources
How does Zika virus spread?
Zika virus spreads in several ways:
- Through mosquito bites. This is the most common way Zika spreads. You can get infected from a mosquito that carries the Zika virus, and a mosquito can get the virus by biting an infected person. The mosquito can then pass the virus by biting someone else. Zika infection usually stays in a person’s blood for a few days to a week after getting infected. The mosquito can’t pass the virus until 8 to 12 days after biting an infected person. The mosquitoes that carry Zika virus can live both inside and outside. They’re called day biters because they bite most often during the day, but they also bite at night.
- By passing it to your baby during pregnancy. More research is needed, but experts think Zika virus can pass through the placenta to your baby. The placenta grows in your uterus (womb) and supplies your baby with food and oxygen through the umbilical cord.
- Through sex with an infected person. During sex, an infected male can pass Zika through semen. Zika stays in a man’s semen for at least 2 weeks and possibly more than 3 months after his signs and symptoms start. Semen contains sperm, which is what fertilizes an egg to get a woman pregnant. An infected woman can pass Zika to her partner during sex through vaginal fluids or blood from her menstrual period. Zika has been found in a woman’s cervical mucus up to 11 days after her signs and symptoms start. Cervical mucus is a body fluid that collects in the vagina.
- Through a blood transfusion with infected blood. A blood transfusion is when you have new blood put into your body.
- Through laboratory exposure in a health care setting
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (also called CDC) has maps that show where Zika is spreading (also called Zika outbreaks or Zika-affected areas) in the United States and around the world. You can see the maps at cdc.gov/zika.
Zika-affected areas include:
- The United States and its territories, including Puerto Rico. Zika is spreading by mosquitoes in the Wynwood and Miami Beach areas of Miami, Florida. The CDC says pregnant women and their partners who are worried about being exposed to Zika may want to postpone travel to all parts of Miami-Dade County unless it’s absolutely necessary.
- North, Central and South America
- Pacific Islands
How can you protect yourself and others from Zika virus?
There’s no vaccine to help prevent the Zika virus. Researchers are working to develop a Zika vaccine, but it may not be available to the public for 1 to 2 years. If you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant, here’s what you and your partner can do to protect yourselves from Zika:
- Don’t travel to a Zika-affected area unless you absolutely have to. If you do visit these areas, talk to your health care provider before you travel and take steps to prevent mosquito bites during your trip. Check CDC travel alerts for updates.
- Prevent mosquito bites. See the information below about how to protect yourself and your family.
- Don’t have sex with a male or female partner who may be infected with Zika virus or who has recently travelled to a Zika-affected area. If you do have sex, use a barrier method of birth control every time. Barrier methods keep a man’s sperm from reaching a woman’s egg, and some help protect against sexually transmitted diseases (also called STDS). Barrier methods include condoms (male or female) and dental dams. A dental dam is a square piece of rubber that can help protect you from STDs during oral sex.
- If you work in a hospital, doctor’s office, lab or other health care setting, follow your workplace safety rules. Wear gloves, a gown, a mask and goggles. Don’t have direct contact with body fluids and lab samples that may be infected with Zika virus. After direct contact with infected patients, fluids or lab samples, wash your hands well with soap and water or use a hand sanitizer with 60 percent alcohol in it. Follow safety rules for throwing out needles and other items that may have body fluids on them.
- If you have or may have Zika, wait at least 4 weeks before donating blood and don’t donate umbilical cord blood (also called cord blood). Cord blood is the blood in the umbilical cord and placenta after your baby is born and the cord is cut. It’s possible that Zika may spread through cord blood.
Here’s how you can prevent mosquito bites:
- Use an insect repellant (a product that keeps insects from biting you), like bug spray or lotion, that’s registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (also called EPA).All EPA-registered bug sprays and lotions are checked to make sure they’re safe and work well. Make sure the product contains one or more of these substances that are safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol and IR3535. If the product contains DEET, make sure it has at least 20 percent DEET. Always follow the instructions on the product label. Most bug sprays and lotions are safe to use on babies 2 months and older, but don’t use products that contain oil of lemon eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol on children younger than 3 years. Don’t put bug spray or lotion on your skin under clothes. If you use sunscreen, put it on first before the spray or lotion.
- If you’ve been in a Zika-affected area, use bug spray or lotion for 3 weeks after you get back to help prevent Zika from spreading to others.
- Wear a hat, a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes and socks. Treat clothes, shoes and other gear with a bug spray called permethrin, or wear permethrin-treated clothes if you’re spending time hiking, camping or doing other outdoor activities. Don’t spray permethrin directly on your skin. If you work outside, talk to your boss about getting bug spray or lotion to use at work, or ask if you can work inside. If you do have to work outside, make sure your clothes cover and protect your skin. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has guidelines to help prevent you from being exposed to Zika at work.
- Stay in places that have air conditioning or screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out. Make sure screens on doors and windows don’t have holes in them.
- Remove still water from inside and outside your home or workplace. Check things like flowerpots, buckets, animal water bowls and children’s pools. Scrub them clean and turn them over or cover them so that they don’t collect water. Mosquitoes can lay eggs inside or outside in very small amounts of water, like the size of a bottle cap. Use water treatment tabs that kill young mosquitoes in standing water. The tabs won’t harm you or your pets, but don’t use them in drinking water.
- If you’re in a Zika-affected area and sleeping outside or in a room that doesn’t have screens on doors and windows, sleep under a mosquito bed net. You can buy one at an outdoor store. Get one that’s approved by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (also called WHOPES) and that’s treated with permethrin. If you use a net with permethrin, don’t wash it or put it in the sun.
- Put mosquito netting across the top of your baby’s stroller or crib to help keep your baby safe from mosquitoes. Make sure it doesn’t touch your baby’s face or body.
How can Zika virus affect a baby during pregnancy?
Zika infection during pregnancy causes microcephaly and other serious brain problems. Microcephaly is when a baby’s head is smaller than expected, compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that don’t develop properly. Not every baby whose mother has Zika is born with microcephaly. Researchers are working to find out how often Zika causes microcephaly when a baby is exposed in the womb.
Zika also may be linked to:
- Birth defects, including hearing loss and problems with the eyes. Birth defects are health conditions that are present at birth. Birth defects change the shape or function of one or more parts of the body. They can cause problems in overall health, in how the body develops or in how the body works.
- Growth problems in the womb
- Miscarriage. This is when a baby dies in the womb before 20 weeks of pregnancy.
- Stillbirth. This is when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
What are the signs and symptoms of Zika?
You can find out if you have Zika with a blood test or a urine test. Your health care provider may use both tests. Most people with Zika (about 80 percent or 4 in 5 people) don’t get sick and have no signs or symptoms. If you do get sick with Zika, it’s usually a mild illness, and you may not even know you’re infected.
If you do have signs or symptoms of Zika, they usually begin 2 to 7 days after you’ve been exposed to the virus. You can be sick with Zika for several days to a week. Signs and symptoms include:
- Fever (You may or may not have a fever if you have Zika.)
- Joint or muscle pain
- Pink eye (also called conjunctivitis) or pain behind the eyes
- Throwing up
There are no medicines to treat Zika. If you have signs or symptoms, you can:
- Get plenty of rest.
- Drink plenty of fluids.
- Take acetaminophen (Tylenol®) to relieve fever and pain.
If you or anyone in your family has or may have Zika, protect yourselves from mosquito bites. This can help prevent Zika virus from spreading to others.
If you or your partner have or may have Zika, when is it OK to get pregnant?
The CDC says:
- If you’ve been tested for and have Zika, wait at least 8 weeks from your first sign or symptom before trying to get pregnant.
- If your partner has been tested for and has Zika, wait at least 6 months after his first sign or symptom before trying to get pregnant.
- If you or your partner may have Zika but neither of you have signs or symptoms and neither of you has been tested, wait at least 8 weeks from when you think you may have been exposed to Zika before trying to get pregnant.
The CDC recommends that you wait this long to be sure you and your partner aren’t infected with Zika virus when you try to get pregnant. Zika infection usually stays in your blood for a few days to a week, but it has been found in an infected man’s semen more than 3 months after symptoms started.
Remember, most people who have Zika don’t have signs or symptoms. If you think you or your partner may have Zika but haven’t had signs or symptoms, talk to your provider.
If you’re pregnant, should you get tested for Zika?
The CDC doesn’t recommend Zika testing for all pregnant women. If you’re pregnant and may have been exposed to Zika virus, see your health care provider. Your provider may test your blood or urine. If you do have Zika, you may get more than one ultrasound throughout pregnancy to check your baby for signs of microcephaly or other health problems. Ultrasound is a prenatal test that uses sound waves and a computer screen to show a picture of your baby inside the womb. You also may get amniocentesis (also called amnio) to check for Zika virus in the amniotic fluid that surrounds your baby in the womb.
If you’re pregnant and live in a Zika-affected area or often travel to a Zika-affected area:
- If you have signs or symptoms of Zika, see your health care provider right away and get tested. If your test shows you have Zika or the test results are unclear, your provider may use ultrasound to check your baby for signs of microcephaly.
- If you don’t have signs or symptoms of Zika, your health care provider tests you for Zika in the first and second trimester as part of your regular prenatal care. Prenatal care is medical care you get during pregnancy. If you have Zika or the test results are unclear, your provider may use ultrasound to check your baby.
- If you have an ultrasound that shows that your baby has microcephaly or calcium deposits in the brain, you or your baby may be retested for Zika. Your provider also may want to test the placenta and umbilical cord for Zika after your baby’s birth.
If you’re pregnant and don’t live in a Zika-affected area but may have been exposed to Zika (through travel, unprotected sex with an infected man, a blood transfusion or exposure to infected body fluid or lab samples):
- If you have signs or symptoms of Zika within 2 weeks of your exposure to Zika, see your health care provider right away and get tested. If the test shows you have Zika or the test results are unclear, your provider may use ultrasound to check for signs of microcephaly.
- If you don’t have signs or symptoms, see your health care provider and get tested. If you get tested within 2 weeks of exposure and the tests are negative, see your provider for follow-up testing 2 to 12 weeks after your exposure to Zika. Even if you see your provider for the first time 2 to 12 weeks after exposure, get tested. If the test shows you have Zika or the test results are unclear, your provider may use ultrasound to check your baby.
- If you have an ultrasound that shows that your baby has microcephaly or calcium deposits in the brain, get retested for Zika. Your provider may want to test the placenta and umbilical cord for Zika virus after your baby’s birth.
If you think you’ve been exposed to Zika virus and don’t see your provider until 12 weeks or more after the exposure, it’s still important to tell your provider about it. She may test you for Zika or use repeat ultrasounds to check your baby for signs of microcephaly or other problems.
If you have Zika during pregnancy, your provider may want you to see a maternal-fetal medicine specialist or an infectious disease specialist. Maternal-fetal medicine specialists (also known as MFMs) are doctors with special education and training to take care of women who have high-risk pregnancies. An infectious disease specialist is a doctor with special training in the diagnosis and treatment of infections.
Your health care provider may talk to you about sharing information about your Zika infection with the CDC. The CDC has a registry to collect information about pregnant women and their children who have been infected with Zika. They use this information to learn more about the infection and its effect on pregnancy and babies.
What is Guillain-Barré syndrome? How is it related to Zika virus and how does it affect pregnancy?
In Brazil, there’s been an increase in the number of people with Zika who develop a rare disorder called Guillain-Barré syndrome (also called GBS). Researchers don’t fully understand what causes GBS, but some people get it after having the flu or other infections.
In a healthy person, the immune system protects the body from infection. If you have GBS, your immune system attacks your nerve cells. This can cause weak muscles and paralysis. Paralysis is when you can’t feel or move one or more parts of your body.
If you have GBS during pregnancy, you need treatment at a hospital so your provider can closely monitor your health and your baby’s health. GBS may increase your risk of pregnancy complications, including premature birth. This is birth that happens too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Babies born this early can have serious health problems at birth and later in life.
If you think you have GBS, tell your provider. Signs and symptoms of GBS include:
- Breathing problems
- Fast heart rate
- Low or high blood pressure
- Muscle pain, aches or cramps, or muscle weakness in your arms and legs. You may have trouble walking or going up stairs.
- Tingling in your fingers, toes, ankles or wrists
- Problems with eye or facial movements. You may have trouble speaking, chewing or swallowing.
- Problems with your bladder or bowel. Your bladder is where your body holds urine. Your bowel is the tube that helps you digest food and carries solid waste out of the body.
Signs and symptoms of GBS usually last a few weeks. Most people with GBS get better, but some have lasting nerve damage.
If you’ve been exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy, does your baby need special medical care after birth?
If you’ve been exposed to Zika during pregnancy and your baby seems healthy at birth, you get tested for Zika. If you do have Zika or your Zika test results aren’t clear, your baby gets a physical exam and a blood or urine test to check for Zika virus and other health problems. She may get other tests, too, like testing of her spinal fluid. If your baby doesn’t have Zika, she just needs regular medical checkups unless she has signs and symptoms of other health problems. | <urn:uuid:b75789e8-824d-4e37-83c4-f6918a05d1bb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bedbugblogreport.com/2017/04/19/wadley-wants-you-to-know-zika-virus-and-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.93835 | 3,887 | 3.484375 | 3 |
RAiDs give institutions the means to identify where their research activities are located, who is collaborating and what resources are being used.
A RAiD can be used to assist in reporting on institutional engagement with infrastructure providers and data output impact measures. Institutions can also use RAiD to locate data resources used by research projects and leverage that data into future projects through search and linking tools.
A university uses a DMP Tool for all its research projects and as part of DMP submission a RAiD is automatically generated. If the activity record is marked as public this information is searchable by registered researchers and institutions.
A university would like to be able to see what research activities its researchers are working on that are led by other institutions. The university is able to search for all RAiDs for their institution that have associated researchers, allowing them to report on projects associated with their researchers and ensure that any research output IP is correctly attributed. | <urn:uuid:2025f1af-1d45-4f52-80f5-c25d4fa04795> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.raid.org.au/for-institutions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499697.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129012420-20230129042420-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.965055 | 199 | 2.65625 | 3 |
IHO Encourages Crowdsourced Bathymetry
At the 5th Extraordinary International Hydrographic Conference, held in Monaco in October 2014, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) agreed on the need to explore sources of bathymetric data outside traditional observations – particularly in support of defining a baseline global bathymetric dataset for the many non-navigational uses for depth data that are now emerging. This resulted in the establishment of a Crowdsourced Bathymetry Working Group that was tasked to provide guidance on how the IHO could encourage and promote crowdsourcing by vessels and craft using standard, fitted equipment.
The IHO has a long history of encouraging the collection of crowdsourced bathymetry. The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) project was initiated in 1903 by Prince Albert I of Monaco to provide the most authoritative, publicly-available bathymetry of the world's oceans. Over the years, the GEBCO project, now jointly overseen by the IHO and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, has obtained depth measurements collected by vessels as they journeyed across the oceans. These ‘passage soundings’ have enabled the creation of progressively more-detailed seafloor maps and digital data grids. More recently, systematic surveys have also been used to improve these maps and grids.
Unfortunately, notwithstanding the efforts in collecting data since 1903, less than fifteen percent of the world’s ocean depths have been directly measured; the rest of the data used to compile the maps of the seafloor are estimated. These estimates are largely derived from satellite gravity measurements, which can miss significant features and provide only coarse-resolution depictions of the largest seamounts, ridges and submarine canyons. Progress in mapping the world’s coastal waters is only marginally better. IHO figures indicate that about fifty percent of the world’s coastal waters less than 200m deep remain unsurveyed.
While the hydrographic and scientific community lament this lack of real data, the world’s interest in seas, oceans and waterways continues to increase. The concept of a ‘blue economy’ is firmly established, along with an ever-growing public awareness of mankind’s dependence upon, and vulnerability to the sea. Several high-level global initiatives are now in place that seek to address ocean issues, including the goals associated with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
International shipping regulations oblige all commercial vessels to be equipped with certified echo sounders and satellite-based navigation systems. As a result, the world’s commercial fleet represents a significant, and as yet largely untapped, source of potential depth measurements. While crowdsourced data may not meet the accuracy requirements for charting areas of critical under-keel clearance, it still holds significant potential for other uses. If vessels collect and contribute depth information while on passage, their data can be used to help identify uncharted features, to assist in verifying charted information, and help to confirm that existing charts are appropriate for the latest traffic patterns. Crowdsourced bathymetry can also provide vital information to support national and regional development activities, and scientific studies in areas where little or no other data exists. Crowdsourcing can be a valuable and efficient way to determine where rigorous hydrographic surveys need to take place.
The IHO Crowdsourced Bathymetry Working Group, comprising representatives from national Hydrographic Offices, academia, and industry has developed the first draft of a guidance document that sets out the key issues regarding crowdsourcing - both from a collector’s and a user’s perspective. The guidance document is intended to provide general advice and information for those considering collecting or using crowdsourced bathymetry. It is not intended to be either prescriptive or authoritative, but rather to alert those with an interest in crowdsourcing of the relevant considerations to take into account. The draft guidance document on crowdsourced bathymetry is now available on the IHO website at: https://www.iho.int/srv1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=635&Itemid=988&lang=en. The IHO Crowdsourced Bathymetry Working Group would welcome comments and feedback on this first draft, which can be forwarded to the chair of the working group at: [email protected].
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This is a collaborative post.
In this fast-paced world, we all need to remember the importance of caring for ourselves. It’s easy to get caught up in our day-to-day lives and neglect regular checkups or visits to the doctor.
However, taking some time for yourself and going for a regular checkup is one of the best things you can do for your health.
Regular checkups ensure that any potential health issues are detected early on and treated accordingly, lowering your risk factors for more serious medical conditions down the line.
Read on to learn about five reasons why regular medical checkups are essential!
Identify Problems Early
Sometimes, medical conditions show symptoms once they are pretty advanced. With regular checkups, doctors can identify potential problems early and begin treatment earlier, preventing more serious issues from developing later.
Early detection also gives you a better chance of recovering faster and with fewer complications.
Hearing loss often takes time to develop, and you can easily miss the early signs. Regular appointments with a specialist can help you determine if any hearing problems are present and start treatment immediately.
HearCanada offers regular hearing tests as part of their services and can help you determine if any problems are present. With their help, you can start treatment quickly if needed.
Monitor Chronic Diseases
Suppose you suffer from any chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or even asthma.
In that case, regular checkups are essential in monitoring your health and ensuring the condition is managed correctly.
Regular appointments can help detect changes in your physical or emotional well-being, allowing for early intervention.
With regular checkups, doctors will also be able to monitor any changes in medication or treatments that could help reduce the impact of your condition.
Vaccines are essential to improving your immune system and preventing serious diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, and more.
With regular checkups, your doctor can ensure that your vaccinations are up to date and provide them if needed.
Even as an adult, it’s essential to get vaccinated against certain conditions that can develop later in life, such as shingles.
Regular checkups can also provide the necessary information to ensure you are fully protected against any potential illnesses.
Screen for Potential Health Risks
As we age, our bodies start to show signs of wear and tear and can become more vulnerable to certain illnesses.
With regular checkups, your doctor can identify potential health risks and advise on how to reduce them.
Screenings for risk factors such as high cholesterol levels or signs of diabetes can help you take the necessary steps to keep your health in check.
Additionally, regular checkups can help identify any early signs of cancer, allowing for more effective treatment if needed.
Maintain Mental Health
Physical health is one of many things that need to be monitored with regular checkups. Mental health is just as important, and a trained doctor can provide valuable insight into your emotional well-being.
Regular checkups are an excellent opportunity to discuss any worries or concerns and receive advice on managing them better.
Mental health is also closely linked to physical health, so keeping both in check for a happier and healthier lifestyle is essential.
Ultimately, regular checkups are essential for maintaining your overall health and well-being.
From identifying potential issues early on to monitoring chronic conditions, checkups can provide the necessary information and treatment to keep your body in optimal health.
Don’t wait any longer, and make sure to schedule an appointment with your doctor today. | <urn:uuid:dd07a841-8b14-4752-82ce-87c551829740> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.justaveragejen.com/5-reasons-why-you-need-to-go-for-a-regular-checkup.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.946669 | 729 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Lotteries are legal gambling, and proceeds from ticket sales are donated to a variety of good causes. Each state contributes a percentage of the revenue that it earns, which is usually used in the public sector. Lotteries have been around for hundreds of years, dating back to the Old Testament, when Moses used them to distribute land to the Israelites. Lotteries were also used by Roman emperors togel singapore to give away property and slaves. Lotteries were brought to the United States by British colonists. However, between 1844 and 1859, ten states banned lotteries.
Infrequent players were more likely to be “frequent players”
One study found that “frequent” players were more likely to be addicted to video games. The researchers recruited individuals from a general population who participated in an online survey, and then randomly assigned the subjects to be “frequent” or “infrequent” players. Infrequent players were also more likely to buy equipment and pay for private facilities. In addition, infrequent players reported fewer incidents of physical harm than frequent players.
Researchers examined whether playing video games affects academic performance. A study of community college students found that frequent game players were not more likely to be absent from class or to have a higher GPA togel singapore than infrequent players. However, frequent players had significantly higher scores on psychological knowledge tests. This finding raised questions about how video games may impact academic performance and well-being.
Lotteries were used to give away property and slaves
Lotteries have a long history and can be traced back to ancient times. According to the Old Testament, Moses was instructed to divide the land of Israel by lot. The Roman emperors also used lotteries to distribute property and slaves. In the ancient Greek language, the word for lotteries is apophoreta, meaning “that which is carried home.”
Early Americans were fond of lotteries as a way to raise money, especially in the South. In 1776, the Continental Congress enacted a law authorizing lotteries to help fund the war effort. Cash was in short supply and most of the tax money was spent on war debt, so the lotteries were a great source of revenue for the government.
They are a form of gambling
Lotteries are a popular way to spend money, but they are also a form of gambling. Lottery participants purchase tickets and hope that their numbers will be drawn, which may result in a big prize. Even though the prize fund togel singapore for a lottery is usually fixed, the risk of losing money is still a concern.
Lotteries are very popular in the United States and other countries. It is estimated that about one-third of the population participates in some form of gambling, but lottery betting is the most common form of gambling. Most people who participate in a lottery enjoy the experience.
They are tax-free
The first question that comes to many people’s mind when they think about the tax benefits of lotteries is “Are lotteries really tax-free?” Lottery winnings are commonly viewed as taxable income, but the truth is that the government withholds close to half of the total sales for tax purposes. This makes it a wise idea to check the tax-free status of your chosen lottery before you play.
While winning money from lottery games is tax-free in Australia, winning a prize in the US requires you to pay a 24 percent federal withholding tax. In Australia, you can claim your winnings tax-free as long as you sell your winnings and don’t transfer them to other people. | <urn:uuid:68a50137-53fa-4b92-8968-2326c07f30e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://stmarksfindlay.com/tag/judi-togel-singapore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.979639 | 760 | 3.25 | 3 |
The complex cave and rock shelters of Laas Geel, Dhagah Kureh, and Dhagah Nabi Galay lie just 30-45 minutes outside of Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, a self-declared republic and autonomous region of Somalia. Exhibiting outstanding Neolithic rock art, the sites’ cave paintings are considered to be some of the best preserved rock paintings in all of Africa, and are essential to the Horn of Africa’s historical and heritage legacy. These rock art sites are endangered from a number of factors, both natural and human caused.
The sites of Laas Geel and Dhagah Kureh depict paintings that are of the same style of that of the rock art sites Dhambalin, Haadh, and Jilib Rihin, discoved and studied by Sada Mire of the Horn Heritage Organization and the University of East Anglia. The site of Karin Hagane, studied by Steven Brandt, also conforms to this tradition and style. These sites inform us about the earliest pastoralists in the Horn of Africa and the food producing societies 5000 years ago. Furthermore, the first and only site in Somali territory that depicts paintings of sheep is the Dhambalin rock art site. It also shows painting of humans in hunting and herding scenes with dogs, antelopes, giraffes, and turtles. The rock art sites of Somaliland show that between the third and second millennia BCE, the herding of humpless cows and sheep and goats, as well as the hunting of antelopes, giraffes, and other wild animals, was the basis for economic subsistence, suggesting a much greener environment than what the region offers today. | <urn:uuid:ba744f0e-44bf-4160-ae07-35a64e0d94fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://cyark.org/projects/rock-art-sites-of-somaliland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806421.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121170156-20171121190156-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.940876 | 354 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Once upon a time in North Korea – long before it was a bizarre, secretive, militarized state – there was a game-changing volcanic eruption. The paroxysm of Mount Paektu was one of the largest in human history, unleashing 100 cubic kilometers (24 cubic miles) of volcanic debris across the region and releasing as much energy as 100 million “Little Boy” atomic bombs.
Curiously, though, the date of this eruption has been difficult to pin down, despite the fact that there’s plenty of geological evidence that it clearly happened. Now, thanks to a fossilized tree ring, we know that this particular catastrophic explosion took place within the winter of the year 946.
The event, which covered much of the region in thick, impenetrable ash, has often been referred to as the Millennium Eruption, as that’s when researchers have estimated it took place. However, despite plenty of international research being conducted on the volcano on the Korean/Chinese border, a precise date has long eluded experts.
When Mount Paektu blew its top, however, it also happened to knock over millions of nearby trees. Many were either carbonized or obliterated. However, as reported in the remarkable study in Quaternary Science Reviews, one particular tree happened to fall in exactly the right place so that researchers from the University of Cambridge could analyze it a thousand years in the future.
This larch tree, buried within the volcanic layer of the mountain and fossilized, was radiocarbon dated to being around from at least the year 775, definitely before the eruption took place.
Thankfully, its tree rings were found to be intact, and researchers literally just counted them to work out the date of its sudden death – the year 946. The result was confirmed using volcanic debris trapped within a Greenland ice core.
The crater lake within Mount Paektu. Bdpmax/Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0
On November 3 of the year 946, monks present at the temple noted strange “white ash falling like snow.” Another holy site nearby noted that “the sky rumbled and cried out,” scaring people so much that prisoners were freed in an attempt to appease the gods’ apparent anger.
Although a good deal has come to light about the Millennium Eruption in the last decade or so, there’s a lot still left unknown about the volcano itself. In fact, the reason North Korea is even allowing researchers from the UK and elsewhere to investigate Mount Paektu is because any future eruption would devastate much of the country.
Worryingly, a recent study suggested that the detonation of a hydrogen bomb – enough to generate a M7.0 quake – might provoke the volcano to erupt once more. | <urn:uuid:09aa96bc-4a44-4b9c-a025-f47e6fe0668b> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.iflscience.com/environment/finally-know-explosive-eruptions-ever-took-place/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.968016 | 579 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
Good control of experiment variability is critical to experiment success, and many methods are available for quantifying variation in data. Popular methods for measuring variability in data typically uses a statistical distribution such as a standard normal distribution, but these distributions are designed for large sample size with n > 30. However, experiments typically generate less than 5 replicates (n < 5). Thus, the key requirement for the use of standard normal distribution is not satisfied, which bring forth the need for the development of alternative ways of quantifying the variation in collected data for small sample size. This abstract describes a new statistic, average deviation, that aims to quantify the variation of repeated measurements of a variable. By taking an average of the sum of the differences between the mean and all measurements, average deviation provides a better representation of the variation in data around a mean, while capturing the impact of significant deviation from the mean by individual measurement. However, division of the sum of deviation of all measurements from the mean by the sample size meant that the presence of outlier measurement may not be fully represented by the calculated average deviation. Thus, the new statistic is better used with a small sample size of less than 5, which helps reduce the extent in which an outlier’s influence on the average deviation would be diluted. In summary, for small sample size, average deviation better represents the deviation between each measurement and the mean compared to statistical distribution-based approaches such as standard error. However, desire to not dilute the impact of outlier measurement on the calculated average deviation meant that the new statistic is only suitable for sample size less than 5. | <urn:uuid:19ebf8d7-0b45-43b6-8252-cf5b20d236cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://peerj.com/preprints/3460/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057479.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923225758-20210924015758-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.933284 | 396 | 2.828125 | 3 |
BIOL 2360 – Biochemistry IIA
What is metabolomics?
Metabolomics combines strategies to identify and quantify cellular metabolites using analytical methods such as gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These analytical approaches are done to analyze different cell products such as those from gene expression (transcripts), proteins, and metabolites. All of these so-called ’omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are considered important tools to be applied and utilized to understand the biology of an organism and its response to environmental stimuli or genetic perturbation.
There are four approaches in metabolomics: target analysis, metabolite profiling, metabolomics, and metabolic fingerprinting. Target analysis includes the determination and quantification of a small set of known metabolites (targets) using one particular analytical technique for the compounds of interest. Metabolite profiling aims at the analysis of a larger set of compounds, both identified and unknown with respect to their chemical nature. Metabolomics employs complementary analytical methodologies for example, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, and/or NMR, in order to determine and quantify as many metabolites as possible, either identified or unknown compounds. Metabolic fingerprinting is where mass profile of the sample of interest is generated and then compared in a large sample population to screen for differences between the samples. When signals that can significantly discriminate between samples are detected, the metabolites are identified and the biological relevance of that compound can be revealed thus reducing the analysis time.
Metabolomics can be used for a large range of applications, including phenotyping of genetically modified plants and substantial equivalence testing, determination of gene function and monitoring responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Metabolomics decreases the gap between genotype and phenotype by providing a more comprehensive view of how cells function, as well as identifying novel or striking changes in specific metabolites. It can provide new hypotheses and new targets for biotechnology.
Metabolic profiling or metabolomicics is referred to as being either targeted or non-targeted:
TARGETED: In the targeted approach, specific metabolites of known identity are profiled. In the case of targeted MS, this involves the addition of multiple stable isotope-labelled standards to the biological sample before the extraction and derivatization steps to control for differences in analyte loss during sample processing and to compensate for ionization-suppression effects. Targeted methods provide an excellent survey of metabolic fuel selection and a profile of energy-yielding metabolic pathways, including elements of mitochondrial metabolism.
NON-TARGETED: In non-targeted profiling it involves the use of NMR or MS for simultaneous measurement of as many metabolites as possible in a biological specimen. These approaches are generally used to compare two biological or clinical states and to report on differences between the two states based on peak areas of raw spectral data.
How has metabolomics contributed to the understanding of disease mechanisms and how has it contributed to the improvement or creating strategies for treatment of these diseases?
- Human diabetes and insulin resistance
Targeted mass spectrometry (MS) based metabolic profiling has been increasingly applied to studies of human conditions. The profiling of an obese person was done in a research conducted that revealed that branch chain fatty acid catabolism correlates with insulin resistance. The results from this research showed that metabolomics can provide a more detailed picture of metabolic status of normal and pre-diabetic subjects, which can be used for further development and could contribute to more exact sub-classification of different forms of diabetes, leading to the development of more effective drugs.
- Human cardiovascular disease (CVD)
In a study conducted using MS-based metabolic profiling the application of metabolomics was done to determine metabolic lesions in heart failure and myocardial infarction (MI). The growing number of metabolomics studies in the area of heart failure may ultimately facilitate optimal design of perioperative treatment regimens based on the particular form of cardiovascular disease and the metabolic status of the heart. Comprehensive metabolic profiling, or “metabolomics” is increasingly being applied to CVD, leading to recent discoveries with both form and function implications.
Metabolomics profiling of coronary artery disease (CAD): Targeted MS/MS-based methods were used to profile 45 plasma acylcarnitines and 15 amino acids in a larger study of CAD. With the use of principal components analysis for data reduction, two principal components analysis–derived metabolite factors were found to be associated with CAD: one is composed of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their associated metabolites and one is composed of urea cycle metabolites, including arginine and citrulline. These metabolite clusters discriminated individuals with CAD from those without CAD in both discovery and validation data sets.
Myocardial infraction: identified certain proteins such as troponin I, troponin T, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide as diagnostic markers for CVD events and heart failure.
Another recent study has identified a fascinating link between the diet, gut microflora, host metabolism, and metabolomic biomarkers of risk for incident CVD events. The study used a non-targeted LC-MS–based metabolomics approach to profile stable patients who subsequently experienced MI, stroke, or death over the ensuing 3-year period compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects who did not experience events.
Integration of Genetics and Metabolomics for the Identification of Novel Disease Pathways:
A potential avenue for translating metabolomics-derived biomarkers to disease mechanisms is the integration of metabolomics with other “omics” methods. Human genome-wide association studies have mapped loci associated with polygenic disorders like CVD and diabetes mellitus, but they account for only a small fraction of these diseases and have made limited contributions to knowledge-based therapeutic interventions. This results in part because both conditions are actually a family of diseases in which genetic variability, environmental factors and resultant perturbations in metabolic control within multiple tissues and organs combine to disrupt homeostasis and tissue functions. | <urn:uuid:5d4ecfaa-7609-42ab-bcda-4113617fea0b> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://biochemist01.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00419-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931311 | 1,254 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Adobe stock photo
“Religious wars,” the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte is reputed to have said, “are basically people killing each other over who has the better imaginary friend.”
That’s a statement that’s been attributed to Napoleon by a number of religious skeptics, mostly on the Internet.
The quotation is almost certainly fraudulent. It hasn’t been located, so far as I can tell, in any genuine historical source. Moreover, it doesn’t even sound authentic. Although he was a well-known religious skeptic and a fairly outspoken critic of Christianity, Napoleon never seems to have referred to God (or to anybody else, for that matter) as an “imaginary friend.” Such coolly ironic language savors much more of the 21st century than of the early 19th.
Abraham Lincoln correctly identified the problem nearly a century and a half ago: “The trouble with quotes on the Internet,” he’s reported to have said, “is that you never know if they’re genuine.”
What really puzzles me, though, is why any critic of religious belief would want to claim Napoleon as an ally and support in the first place.
It was Napoleon, after all, who, for reasons of personal ambition rather than idealism — no “imaginary friends” for him! — kept Europe churning with violence from 1803 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. Estimates of total military and civilian deaths in the Napoleonic Wars range from a low of about 3.25 million to a high of 6.5 or even 7 million, at a time when the entire population of Europe was probably around 150 million. In other words, at least 2 percent of Europe’s population died as a result of Napoleon’s military adventures, and perhaps almost as many as 5 percent.
The impact on France itself was catastrophic. By the end of the wars, only 8.5 French males remained for every 10 French females, and the country’s population hadn’t recovered even a century later. The Holy Roman Empire collapsed, the global empire of Spain began to fall apart, and France’s victorious archenemy, the British Empire, emerged as the world’s foremost power, remaining so for at least the next hundred years.
Atheists who wrap themselves in Napoleon Bonaparte’s battle flag aren’t choosing wisely.
But the overall argument that religion is the principal source of wars, conflict and oppression simply doesn’t hold up. Many other factors contribute. For instance, it’s recently been argued that a bizarre misapplication not of religion but of science helped to fuel the horrors of the First World War (see youtube.com/watch?v=9n900e80R30).
Between 1933 and 1945, Adolf Hitler’s “National Socialism” caused at least 30 million deaths. Hitler was a social Darwinist who dismissed humanity as “a ridiculous cosmic bacterium.” “I am freeing man from the dirty and degrading self-mortification of a false vision called ‘conscience and morality,’” he explained. “The Ten Commandments have lost their validity. ‘Conscience’ is a Jewish invention, a blemish like circumcision.”
From 1929 to 1953, the atheistic Soviet dictatorship of Joseph Stalin murdered approximately 40 million people. But he’s eclipsed by China’s communist regime under Mao Zedong, under which, between 1949 and 1976, at least 60 million people, and perhaps as many as 80 million people, died. In terms of percentages, though, the communist Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, inspired by Stalinism and Maoism, probably win the prize: From 1975 to 1979, they murdered between 1.5 and 3 million of their own people (out of a total Cambodian population of 8 million).
Obviously, atheism as such doesn’t impel people to launch wars and commit mass murders. But, also very plainly, religion hasn’t been the major, let alone the sole, impetus behind the genocides of the past century.
It takes religion, some say, to persuade people to strap on bomb vests and kill innocent bystanders. But the meticulous research of the University of Chicago’s Robert Pape demonstrates beyond reasonable dispute that religion is, at most, only one of the factors behind suicide bombings, and that it’s sometimes not a factor at all. And Graham Fuller persuasively argues that the politics of the Middle East would probably look much the same today even if Islam didn’t exist (see this previous column "Is Islam a primary cause of international violence?").
Bad people will always do bad things, others claim, but it takes religion to persuade good people to do evil things. Once again, though, this is demonstrably untrue. Idealistic Marxists and even patriotic Nazis have done horrific acts on behalf of their godless causes; hundreds of suicide bombers have been complete secularists.
Religion doesn’t kill people. People kill people.
Daniel Peterson teaches Arabic studies, founded BYU’s Middle Eastern Texts Initiative, directs MormonScholarsTestify.org, chairs mormoninterpreter.com, blogs daily at patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson, and speaks only for himself.
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- Does Hollywood demean — or... 9 | <urn:uuid:98827cfe-7a68-47e4-abab-823d371156a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865648546/Of-Napoleon-and-religious-wars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826773.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00190-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939271 | 1,306 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Garnet- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic gneiss and granofels form a septum at McClures Beach between the tonalite (Kgd) of Tomales Point and the granodiorite and granite of Inverness Ridge (Kgr) (Ross, 1977, 1978 referenced in Clark and Blake). There are text-book examples of cross-cutting relationships on bedrock exposures exposed in the beach south of the path down to the beach and abundant examples of large boulders with a wide variety of examples running from granitics to gneisses and almost everything in between. These tend to be best exposed during the winter period.
The Granitics (from Clark and Blake)
(Kgd) Tonalite of Tomales Point -- Hornblende-biotite tonalite that contains dark diorite inclusions forms the basement of Tomales Point. This rock is lithologically similar to the tonalite that crops out at Bodega Head about 10 km to the north, and both are probably part of the same granitic mass (Ross, 1978). K-Ar dating of hornblende in the tonalite of Bodega Head yields an age of 94.3 Ma (Late Cretaceous) (Evernden and Kistler, 1970; recalculated using new constants in Dalrymple, 1979).Other McClures Beach items of interest
(Kgr) Granodiorite and granite of Inverness Ridge -- Granodiorite and granite are exposed along Inverness Ridge, where dikes and masses of aplite and alaskite are locally abundant. The granodiorite has 2 to 12 percent biotite and hornblende, about 30 percent quartz, 25 to 35 percent K-feldspar, and the remainder plagioclase. Chemically, it is about 70 percent Si02, 15 percent Al203, 2.6 percent Fe0, 2.8 percent Ca0, 3.3 percent Na20, and 3.4 percent K20 (from Ross in Clark and others, 1984; and Ross, 1984). K-Ar dating of biotite in this granodiorite gives an age of 82.0 Ma (Late Cretaceous) (Curtis and others, 1958; recalculated using new constants in Dalrymple, 1979), and fisson-track dating of sphene from this rock yields ages of 82.7 ± 6.9 and 86.8 ± 7.4 Ma (Late Cretaceous) (Naeser and Ross, 1976).
The Quaternary dune deposits are visible from the path to the beach. Slope modifications by gopher activity is very evident as is the impact on erosion being generated by the expanding Tule Elk population in this area. Winter wave concentration of black sands can be common on the beach. The sands here apppear to be almost entirely locally derived and can contrast dramatically to the Franciscan chert-rich beaches to the south.Back to Pt Reyes Metamorphics Page
Back to Pt Reyes Granitics Page
Back to the Pt Reyes Geology Homepage | <urn:uuid:8029274f-bf22-42ea-bc77-9d7d290ee7f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.marin.edu/~jim/ring/ptreyes/mcclures.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811391.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00432-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887071 | 656 | 2.734375 | 3 |
NEUROGENOMICS · Mouse data could help researchers understand mysteries inside the human head
BY KEVIN DAVIESJanuary 15, 2005 | The Allen Institute for Brain Science (AIBS) has released its first set of gene-expression data in the brain for nearly 2,000 mouse genes — the first public release of the Allen Brain Atlas initiative. The institute's leadership says the data will have important relevance for the study of brain function, disease, and the role of genes in governing human behavior.
"Google for gene activity patterns in the brain" was how Genentech's Mark Tessier-Lavigne, chairman of the Allen Institute's scientific advisory board, described the initiative. "It will enable the user to identify all the nerve cells in which a gene is active, and vice versa, for each nerve cell, identify what the complement of active genes is. It will enable users to do more readily what they're already doing on a gene-by-gene basis."
Tessier-Lavigne, a world authority on neuronal migration, also noted that "having all the information in one place for 20,000 or so genes makes it possible to mine the data, to identify correlations, and make discoveries of novel markers or therapeutic targets in brain regions of interest."
BRAIN TEASER: The Atlas image viewer shows brain anatomy and gene location.
"We wanted to embark on a project that would marry genetic information with neuroanatomic information," said Allan Jones, senior director of Atlas Operations at AIBS. "We also need to make the data fully publicly accessible."
Using in situ hybridization, the AIBS researchers and collaborators have produced expression data for 2,000 mouse genes so far, in a series of ultrathin 25-micron brain tissue sections. In aggregate, these produce a 3-D representation of the expression data for thousands of genes. The data, and tools required to analyze them, can be found at www.brainatlas.org.
With the Atlas data being made publicly available, the project will help scientists further research into the development and function of the human brain, which should greatly benefit studies of neurodegenerative disease, addiction disorders, depression, memory, mood, and behavior.
Some genes are already providing extraordinary markers of the "essential building blocks of the brain," said Ed Lein, AIBS director of neuroscience.
Parkinson's disease, for example, is a disease of the striatum. "The identification of new genes and markers in dopamine-releasing neurons could have therapeutic consequences down the road," Lein said.
Caltech professor and Howard Hughes Medical Investigator David Anderson said it would take one person one to two weeks by hand to prepare and analyze the expression of one gene in 50 tissue sections. "For 2,000 genes, that would take a single person 77 years, and for all genes, about 770 years!" | <urn:uuid:01b72aa0-2313-4dc6-99c8-7b1d077a53ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.bio-itworld.com/BioIT_Content.aspx?id=48094 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098924.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00171-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917332 | 593 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A Look Into The Nature Of Children's Friendships!
No one can be alone in life. We need others to support us mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually. Relationships, and in particular friendships, can sustain us throughout our lives. Even when romantic relationships end, we get laid off, or become ill, true friendships endure.
When times get tough, we know we always have someone to turn to who can help us in a practical way or a supportive way, as we cry on their shoulder and then move on to deal with the issue that has arisen.
But good friendships are not a matter of accident or chance. They come from skills cultivated when we are younger, which can help us form life-time friendships even in our earliest years.
Like every other aspect of growing up, children need to learn friendship skills. They learn them from parents and from their peers.
In this guide, you will be looking at the nature of children’s friendships, how they form, and how we as parents can help ensure they are able to form lasting friendships and avoid negative relationships such as bullying. | <urn:uuid:41bb4b7d-a441-4d99-aa05-337affb8ec9f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://authorize.feedbooks.com/item/3365567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538431.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123191721-20210123221721-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.965881 | 225 | 3.53125 | 4 |
NHTSA introduces new crash test dummy for child safety seat evaluation
Feb. 22, 2012—The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on Tuesday unveiled a new crash test dummy that will be used to evaluate child safety seats and boosters made for children weighing more than 65 pounds.
The NHTSA said its new dummy, which represents a 10-year-old child, was developed as a result of new safety seat requirements that have been updated to keep pace with the latest scientific research and child restraint system technologies. The dummy is the best tool currently available for measuring the risk of injury to a child using a higher-weight child restraint system during a vehicle crash, according to the agency.
The 10-year-old child test dummy will provide information on the risk of injuries using head excursions, knee excursions and chest acceleration. The dummy will also help evaluate how well higher-weight restraint systems, rated from 65 to 80 pounds, manage crash energy and whether the seat's structure stays intact.
"It's good news that manufacturers are making more car seats and boosters than ever before designed to keep older and heavier children safer on our roadways," said U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood. "As the marketplace evolves to accommodate changing consumer needs, it's important that safety regulators also have the best tools possible for evaluating how well these products work. The new test dummy breaks new ground for the Department's crash test program and is a significant step forward for evaluating child seat performance."
In 2011, the NHTSA issued child safety seat recommendations that encourage parents and caregivers to keep children in car seats with a harness for as long as possible. The agency recommends that children ride in a booster seat until they are big enough to fit in a seat belt properly, which is typically when the child is 8 to 12 years old, and roughly 4 feet 9 inches tall.
"Our new dummy is an excellent addition to NHTSA's extensive child seat compliance testing program and will enable the agency to gather the best data yet on the performance of higher-weight child seats," said David Strickland, administrator of the NHTSA. "Even as we begin to reap the benefits of this new tool, NHTSA is already looking down the road and has research under way to further improve the dummy."
FenderBender encourages readers to comment and engage in meaningful, respectful dialogue with their peers on the issues that are important to them. Comments that include profanity, vulgarity, or personal attacks will be removed. Repeat violators may be banned from commenting. All comments are eligible for inclusion in FenderBender magazine. | <urn:uuid:816846f2-9cc2-49f2-b41d-631f33d4129f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.fenderbender.com/FenderBender/February-2012/NHTSA-introduces-new-crash-test-dummy-for-child-safety-seat-evaluation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270528.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00349-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954238 | 536 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Science Behind Antarctica's Blood Falls
In 1911, a geologist on the ultimately doomed Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole discovered a five-story-tall, blood-red waterfall in the middle of the frozen Antarctic desert lands. The area, known as the McMurdo Dry Valleys, is the largest ice-free region on the continent, and one of the coldest, driest, most Mars-like places on Earth.
The so-called Blood Falls ooze from a crack in Taylor Glacier onto the ice-covered Lake Bonney. Twice as salty as seawater, the red brine never freezes. But why is it so red? It's because of the extremely rich presence of iron in the water, which oxidizes and turns crimson when exposed to air, as a research team led by microbiologist Jill Mikucki discovered in 2009. The team also identified 17 microorganisms in the surface brine. Before then, scientists thought a type of algae might be responsible for the red hue.
More recent research by Mikucki, published in Nature Communications, discovered that the source of Blood Falls is a subglacial lake. They conducted the first-ever landscape-scale survey of subsurface resistivity in Antarctica. They mapped the region using a large airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system called SkyTEM, which was flown via helicopter. As Smithsonian notes, when water freezes, it has higher electrical resistivity. Salt-rich brine, on the other hand, has low resistivity.
You can see a short video of the AEM system here:
According to New Scientist, the sensor detected a 185-meter-long lake beneath the surface near Blood Falls. Nearly devoid of oxygen and trapped a quarter-mile down for 2 million years, the lake nevertheless harbors life, which appears to use sulfate instead of oxygen for respiration. Because the researchers detected large regions of low electrical resistivity beneath the surface, they believe the lake is one of two extensive subsurface brine systems.
As Mikucki told the Washington Post, "We found, as expected, that there was something sourcing Blood Falls…and we found that these brines were more widespread than previously thought. They appear to connect these surface lakes that appear separated on the ground. That means there's the potential for a much more extensive subsurface ecosystem, which I'm pretty jazzed about."
This is one conceptualization of how the subglacial lakes may connect beneath the surface of the forbidding region: | <urn:uuid:659ae5af-ef6a-40ae-947c-866c8f20e3b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67837/science-behind-antarcticas-blood-falls | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.938044 | 514 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Cedarburg Bog was an attractive location for prehistoric Indian occupancy sites. The combination of upland deciduous forest and lowland marsh environments provided a rich food resource base for native inhabitants. During a surface survey conducted in 1991-1992, 11 habitation sites were located on the Bog's adjacent upland area. Projectile points which were found on the various sites and were diagnostic of certain periods, revealed a range of habitation from Early Archaic (6000 B.C.) to Late Woodland (1700 A.D.). Based on the characteristics of the sites discovered, it is apparent that other sites remain to be uncovered. This preliminary survey was meant to draw attention to sites which may be threatened by urbanization.
Bezella, D.A. 1992. A preliminary survey of archaeological sites surrounding Cedarburg Bog. Field Station Bulletin 25(2): 1-9. | <urn:uuid:d4ce5fd7-fa04-4bc9-b9d9-5ee5584c3878> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://dc.uwm.edu/fieldstation_bulletins/145/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358798.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227084805-20210227114805-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.936808 | 178 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
|Born||February 12, 1809
Hardin County, Kentucky
|Died||April 15, 1865
|Years of service||April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832|
|Commands held||Rifle company of the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division|
|Battles/wars||no combat experience, aftermath of Battle of Kellogg's Grove and Battle of Stillman's Run (Black Hawk War)|
|Other work||Illinois State Representative
United States Congressman
President of the United States
Abraham Lincoln served as a volunteer in the Illinois Militia April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832, during the Black Hawk War. Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company. He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war's battles, where he helped to bury the militia dead. He was mustered in and out of service during the war, going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early.
Lincoln's service had a lasting impression on him and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor. Through his service he was able to forge lasting political connections. In addition, he received a land grant from the U.S. government for his military service during the war. Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company, he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader.
Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties, and against the best interests of other tribes affected, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his "British Band" into Illinois.
On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition, some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.
Black Hawk's reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands, and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement. Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band, and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada.
|Map of Black Hawk War sites
Battle (with name) Fort / settlement Native village
Symbols are wikilinked to article
Despite this, Black Hawk found no allies, and he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
At the time of Black Hawk's incursion into Illinois, Lincoln was living in New Salem, where he had lived for two years. Prior to the Black Hawk War, in March 1832, Lincoln announced his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but the election was several months away. One month later, he responded to the governor's call for volunteer militia.
On April 21, 1832, Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott. Lincoln rode a horse from New Salem to Richland Creek, where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer militia near Beardstown, Illinois. The men were officially sworn in and they began the process of choosing a company commander. The men voted for a captain, and between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick, Lincoln received three-fourths of the votes and was elected captain. Many years later, Lincoln said this election as militia captain was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."
Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division and put in charge of a rifle company of the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers within Samuel Whiteside's brigade by April 30.
The men spent time in Beardstown, where they drew provisions and weapons (as many of the men, including Lincoln, owned no weapons). Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter-company rivalry. An incident occurred on April 22, when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot. Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers. After the wrestling match, Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23–26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies. On April 28, Lincoln's company was enrolled into state service by Colonel John J. Hardin, and Lincoln drew further supplies (including whiskey, food staples, and tin pans). The volunteers marched to Rushville, a distance of 10 miles (16 km), on April 30, 1832.
Following their arrival in Rushville, the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the Rock River. Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying. General Samuel Whiteside, the brigade commander, moved the volunteers to the Prophet's Village, which they burned on May 11, and then continued the men toward Dixon's Ferry, another 40 miles (64 km) upstream. The men reached Dixon's Ferry on May 12, and the next day, Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey led their troops toward Old Man's Creek, where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped.
Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War, as Lincoln's own recollections of this time attest. He did, however, see scalped corpses and witness the results of the war's atrocities. Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War, and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president.
Various sources, many compiled at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, document the movements of Lincoln's company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman's Run. On May 15, 1832 Lincoln's company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman's Run by sunset. According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander Henry Atkinson, the soldiers, including Lincoln, arrived to find militia men dead, scalped, and mangled.
In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry. Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run was still under investigation as of 2003[update].
The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument, erected in 1901, commemorating the battle, includes the reference to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."
Still, other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln.
Two days after Stillman's Run, Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at Dixon's Ferry, Illinois. After a 20-mile (32 km) march on May 25, Lincoln's company camped near Paw Paw Grove. The next day, Lincoln and his company marched another 20 miles (32 km) and camped two miles (3 km) above the mouth of the Fox River. On May 27, Lincoln's company was mustered out of service. Lincoln was discharged from his command, and he re-enlisted as a private in the company of Captain Elijah Iles in Ottawa, Illinois.
Henry Atkinson, a militia commander, arrived in Ottawa on May 28, and on May 29 Lieutenant Robert Anderson formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles. Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds; Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue Black Hawk until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15. On June 6, 1832, Captain Iles' company, including Lincoln, began the march to Dixon's Ferry; they arrived during the afternoon of June 7.
From June 8 to June 10, the company moved on orders toward Galena; on June 8, the group camped 20 miles (32 km) from Dixon's Ferry, and on June 9 near the Apple River Fort. The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon's Ferry on June 11. On the march back, the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena. The men arrived back in Dixon's Ferry on June 13, and on June 16, Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn.
From June 16 until July 10, Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early's independent company. Early's company was known as an "independent spy company", which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades.
Later, Lincoln told William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again." Early's company was officially mustered into service on June 20, and two days later it was ordered to report to General Hugh Brady at Dixon's Ferry. The company remained at Dixon's Ferry through June 25, 1832. Early's company was then dispatched to Kellogg's Grove at 4 p.m. on June 25.
A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, members of Early's company arrived at Kellogg's Grove to help bury the dead. Lincoln assisted with the burial, and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg's Grove and Stillman's Run.
I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was. The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground. And every man had a round red spot on top of his head, about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp. It was frightful, but it was grotesque, and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over. I remember one man had on buckskin breeches.
The Lincoln quote appeared both in William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Wiek's Life of Lincoln and in Carl Sandburg's Lincoln biography, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years. Documentation for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places listing for Kellogg's Grove cites Lincoln's presence as part of its historic significance.
The same day, on June 16, Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson, describing the situation in his own words.
I arrived here by day brake this morning [26th] & found Gen. Posey's men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj. Dement's Bat[talion].are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj. ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled & fled precipitately & all the efforts of Maj. Dement to rally them were unavailing (for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj. Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj. stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house & commenced killing the Horses, they kept up a constant fire on the House & Horses for 2 or 3 hours. Major Dement Lost 5 killed & several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes
When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired. When they had proceeded about ½ mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria . . . they [regiment] retired to their camps without engaging the enemy. The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined. Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it. As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you.
Early's company, including Lincoln, remained at Kellogg's Grove until June 28, when they began their march back to Dixon's Ferry. They arrived sometime around 6 a.m. on June 29.
On July 10, 1832, Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early's company, including Lincoln, out of service. Lincoln's military career ended less than three months after it began. In his last duty as a soldier, Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant Robert Anderson, the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles.
Lincoln's horse, along with a comrade's, was stolen the night before he was discharged from service; thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade's horse. Once in Peoria, Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the Illinois River to Havana. At Havana, they disembarked and made the final 23-mile (37 km) jaunt on foot.
Lincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company, but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader. Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat, though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln. John Todd Stuart noted that during Lincoln's Black Hawk War service, he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability, as well as his kind manner and as a story teller.
One popularly repeated story from Lincoln's Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln's qualities of honesty, and courageous, competent leadership. It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln's camp. Lincoln's men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him. The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men's muskets, knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami. The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds.
Another popularly repeated story about Lincoln's leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander. The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate, through which his formation needed to pass. Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate, Lincoln called "Halt!" and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate.
Other negative accounts of Lincoln's ability as a military leader came in the 1870s, when J. F. Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln's men from the Black Hawk War days. Snyder claimed the men, "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule" and that they characterized Lincoln as "indolent and vulgar", "a joke, an absurdity", and the men "had serious doubts about his courage".
On April 16, 1852, by act of Congress from 1850, Lincoln received a 40-acre (160,000 m2) land-grant in Iowa for his service during the Black Hawk War. Soldiers in the Indian Wars often received land grants in exchange for their service. Lincoln received 160 acres (0.65 km2) in total, with the other 120 acres (0.49 km2) given to him in 1856. Besides the tangible rewards, Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois. David Herbert Donald stated in his 1996 work Lincoln:
Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning, a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart, a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.
Later, in 1859, Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly, noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life. His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a "shaping circumstance in his life", as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self-depreciation. Lincoln made one tongue-in-cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service, mentioning the Battle of Stillman's Run by name.
By the way Mr. Speaker, did you know that I am a military hero? Yes sir, in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought, bled and came away . . . I was not at Stillman's defeat, but I was about as near it as Cass was Hull's surrender, and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards . . . If he saw any live, fighting Indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.
Some have regarded Lincoln's brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on, during the American Civil War. The 2002 essay collection, Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, described Lincoln's familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as "alien", noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery.
While he was campaigning for president, the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography. Reporting by The New York Times during the campaign of 1860 noted Lincoln's war time service as a captain. The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post-war appointment as postmaster in New Salem. Following Lincoln's assassination, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a speech in Concord, Massachusetts, which highlighted Lincoln's Black Hawk War service.
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Endometriosis Treatment in Hyderabad
Endometriosis is one of the common gynaecological problems affecting thousands of Indian women in their reproductive years. The term “endometriosis” refers to the “endometrium,” a tissue lining the uterus. Women with Endometriosis are indicated by the presence of tissue that resembles the endometrium outside of the uterus.
The risk of infertility among women with Endometriosis is higher.
What Is Endometriosis?
The endometrium is a tissue layer that lines the inner side of a woman’s uterus. But this Endometriosis, also called endometrial implants (cells that look like endometrial cells), grows on the uterus’s outer layer and can be painful. In many cases, the condition may also involve affecting the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and cervical tissue. In rare cases, it can also spread outside the pelvic region.
During this condition, the tissue that grows outside the uterus becomes inflamed and painful. Eventually, the tissue becomes thick, breaks down and starts to bleed during each menstruation. The broken tissue is stuck inside your pelvis because there is no way to leave.
This can result in:
- Endometriomas (Cysts)
- Inflammation of tissues
- Formation of scar tissue
- Adhesions can bind pelvic tissue and other organs
- Menstrual pain that is severe
Periods are a normal part of women’s lives. Excessive pelvic pain during menstruation can be attributed to many factors, and one of them is Endometriosis. Minimal pain is common during periods, but women with this condition experience more pain than usual.
Other symptoms include:
- Painful sexual intercourse
- Bleeding before periods
- Menometrorrhagia – Heavy bleeding
- Menorrhagia – Heavy periods
- Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation
- Blood in the stool
- Irregular and painful bowel movements
- Urge to urination during periods
- Blood in the urine
- Pain in the lower back and abdominal
You may also experience symptoms like tiredness and bloating, particularly during menstruation.
Tests To Diagnose Endometriosis:
Laparoscopy is a highly effective procedure to diagnose Endometriosis. In addition, a complete pelvic examination, an ultrasound and MRI are other procedures that can find the traces of this condition.
Dr. Mounika Reddy at IRA Fertility says that Endometriosis is a treatable condition if diagnosed early. So, consulting a doctor when a woman notices irrelevant changes related to reproductive organs is very important.
Causes Of Endometriosis:
This condition does not have a specific cause. However, below are some factors that may cause Endometriosis.
- Disorders of your immune system
- Retrograde Menstruation
- The transformations Peritoneal Cells
- The transformation of embryonic cells that lines the abdomen and pelvis
- Scar Endometriosis
- Cells in your endometrium travel to other body parts
Risk Factors Involved:
Several factors can also contribute to Endometriosis, including:
- Never having children.
- When puberty begins at a young age
- When the menstrual cycle is short or abnormal menstrual cycles
- An increase in estrogen levels.
- Alcohol Consumption
- Hereditary also called inheritance
- Menopause in older age
- Reproductive organs with structural abnormalities
Treatment For Endometriosis
Medication or surgery is generally used to treat Endometriosis. However, the type of treatment depends mostly on how severe the symptoms are. Doctors usually suggest conservative treatment solutions at first. Surgery may be the next step if conservative treatments fail. Pain medications, hormonal therapies, lifestyle changes etc., are the general treatment options for Endometriosis.
But if the patient is planning to undergo IVF, it is suggested to avoid surgical procedures. There are a variety of fertility treatment options for endometriosis patients. For patients with mild to moderate Endometriosis and a healthy ovary, an IUI may be a viable option. If Endometriosis is moderate to severe, or if the ovarian reserves are poor, IVF is advisable. Choosing the right treatment is dependent on the patient’s individual situation.
This painful condition becomes worse as time passes. Women’s lifestyle habits today are crucial for triggering this condition. Manage your health strategically. Dr. Mounika Reddy at IRA Fertility Centre is one of the best gynaecologists in Hyderabad who can manage endometriosis conditions and help you to have children successfully. | <urn:uuid:f22e59c1-c79a-4dbe-9732-d6a8e38a9c0c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://irafertility.com/endometriosis-treatment-in-hyderabad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.911455 | 999 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, with a death toll of 610,000 people per year. However, new research is showing that those numbers could be lower if people drank more cranberry juice.
Cranberries are rich in an antioxidant compound called ‘polyphenols,’ which are shown to improve circulation, kidney function, hormone delivery, and waste filtration. As such, they provide a natural way to prevent poor heart health.
Dr. Ana Rodriguez-Mateos, a cardiology professor at the University of Duesseldorf in Germany, and her team had ten healthy men between the ages of 18 and 40 drink two cups of cranberry juice. The juice in each cup was concentrated differently, and the researches studied the blood and urine of the men at the start of the day, and again at hour one, two, four, six, and eight.
The results showed that all of the men had improved health over the course of just 24 hours, even the ones who drank the cocktail drinks sold at the local grocery stores. If just two glasses of cranberry juice can have such a significant role in health improvement, imagine what two drinks a day would do? | <urn:uuid:a38615c6-9a5c-4a71-a8f2-e8f83e88ca05> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://twc-ms.com/cranberry-juice-for-lowering-heart-disease-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.965471 | 250 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In response to the shifting business climate, the need for economic and political stability has increased the calls for greater transparency and strengthening of accountability and good governance for both governments and businesses across all industries, including the extractive sector. This emphasis on transparency reflects in part a lack of public trust in corporate behaviour, worries over companies not paying their fair share of taxes, and a belief that current disclosure measures are too difficult for non-tax experts to understand.
Companies need to be actively involved in the conversation about the goals of tax transparency and what constitutes good tax reporting. There are a number of transparency initiatives currently in force or being proposed to help address these public concerns. Specifically related to the extractive industry, The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), originally established in 2003, is a globally developed standard that promotes revenue transparency at the local level.
The EITI is made up of a coalition of governments, companies and civil society groups, investors and international organizations. The framework aims to enhance governance through the verification and full publication of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas and mining companies.
The EITI established a disclosure framework for companies to publish what they pay and for governments to disclose what they receive. The structure aims to be a robust and flexible methodology that encourages a global standard is maintained through the different implementing countries.
The execution phase lies with the responsibility of individual countries. Reporting requirements are determined by each country through a multi-stakeholder consultation process. According to the EITI rules, each participating country is required to determine their own reporting template and define which revenue streams are included in company and government disclosures. Each country’s template must be agreed by a multistakeholder group in the country, which again includes the government, companies and civil society organizations.
The EITI framework states that all material payments upstream oil and gas, and mining companies pay to governments and all material revenues received by governments from oil, gas and mining companies should be published. The framework provides guidance on the types of payments that might be included, but it is up to the country to identify the material tax payments and the time period to be covered. Some examples of what revenue streams are included in the EITI framework include:
Companies don’t have to highlight publicly taxes levied on consumption, such as sales taxes and other personal income taxes. Payments directed towards infrastructure development are also excluded. Corporate social investments are not included in the framework, but are included in some local country EITI programs.
Currently, more than 60 of the world’s largest oil, gas and mining companies support and actively participate in the EITI process. With regards to countries implementing the EITI, there are now 14 fully compliant countries while 22 countries are ‘candidates’, which means their governments are committed to a process of moving towards full compliance. The EITI isn’t the only framework in place to help oil, gas and mining firms become more proactive about improving their accountability. In July 2010, President Obama introduced the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act, which includes provision for country-by-country reporting for companies in the extractive industries. Also, following announcements made by President Barrosos (President of the European Commission), the European Parliament requested the Commission to initiate proposals for mandatory disclosure requirements for the extractive industries.
There are also ongoing proposals made under the ‘Publish What you Pay’ banner and a number of non-government organizations also calling for more comprehensive country-by-country reporting for all multinational corporations.
While these initiatives will be costly to comply with, the mining companies could benefit from providing the additional disclosure. Those who argue in favour of higher taxes on mining companies likely base their position on the assumption that mining companies pay tax equal to the current tax expense disclosed in their financial statements. If mining companies were to disclose their total tax contribution, including those taxes that are included in operating costs, they could be in a better position to respond to those who lobby for higher taxes.
For more information on the EITI and other transparent initiatives within the extractive sector, please visit PwC’s mining site at:www.pwc.com/ca/mining | <urn:uuid:6baae143-1dee-467d-9c1b-6688d919209d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/features/moving-towards-a-transparent-framework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038476606.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418103545-20210418133545-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.957545 | 861 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You have likely heard that stick insects prefer dark, humid places. The chances are you have also heard that stick insects are nocturnal creatures.
They mainly come out to feed at night as this is the time when predators are least likely to see them. But keeping a pet stick insect and observing one in the wild are two different things.
So do your stick insects require light, and if so how much of it do they need? The short answer is…
Yes, stick insects do need light. Although nocturnal by nature, they require a day/night cycle to thrive.
For more advice and information on keeping and looking after stick insects, check out my ebook on Amazon click here (opens in a new tab).
Why You Must Understand the Day-Night Cycle
Well do stick insects need light? The answer is yes because of the day-night cycle they follow. The University of Alberta says that stick insects operate on a day-night cycle just like any other animal in the world.
They are by nature nocturnal creatures, so they will be active at night. Know though that you cannot train your stick insect to be more active in the day.
Traditional domesticated pets, such as cats and dogs, generally adjust to your cycle when kept indoors. This is a basic survival mechanism kicking in because if your dog or cat knows that it is only going to receive food during daylight hours, it will sleep during the night.
Stick insects, on the other hand, do not have the capacity to do this.
They will always be most active at night, regardless of what you do. It is impossible to train them like other pets.
Why Stick Insects Are Active at Night
We briefly touched upon this point earlier, but it is worth going into a bit more detail so that you can understand this issue more.
One of the most common misconceptions is that stick insects are active during the day because of their impressive camouflage abilities. This has nothing to do with that. The reason they camouflage themselves is so that they can rest during the day when they are most vulnerable.
Remember that insects like stick insects do not have eyelids, so the traditional idea of sleep doesn’t apply here. Sleeping to a stick insect essentially means remaining in one place and resting.
Now that we have established that camouflage is designed to aid resting, we can understand why they are nocturnal creatures.
The main evolutionary reason for the stick insect species being nocturnal is entirely down to avoiding predators. Even a camouflaged stick insect will become visible if it is moving.
The camouflage is a safety net for resting, but it is rendered ineffective when the insect is moving about. Any eagle-eyed predator will spot it.
But What if I See My Stick Insect Active During the Day?
This is a valid question because it makes no sense that a nocturnal creature would be active during the day, especially if it cannot be ‘trained’ to adjust to a human sleep schedule.
Even in the wild stick insects might feel the need to change positions or to feed. They may also have the need to moult, which requires them to get into a position to moult and to find the right conditions. So the chances are you’re seeing your stick insects active during the day for these reasons.
How Should I Handle My Stick Insects During the Day?
It is important to not interfere with their natural behaviour. That’s why you should try to limit handling time during hours of light. If you do not mind staying up late, handling them at night is always better as it maintains that critical day-night cycle.
But other than that, you do not have to change the way you manage your stick insects. Continue to handle them correctly by lifting them up by the thorax or, preferably, coaxing them onto your hand with a leaf.
Do I Need to Regulate My Pet’s Hours of Light and Dark?
A big mistake that is constantly made by beginners is that they assume they can leave the lights off because their stick insects are nocturnal. This is not good for them because it will impact how and when they rest.
As with any creature, you need to find a balance. Even creatures that hibernate during the winter wouldn’t fare any better if the winters grew warmer.
Offer a balance. This is why it’s good to keep their enclosure in an area that receives natural light and the lights are turned off when the sun goes down.
This doesn’t require any real effort to. Stick insects are some of the easiest creatures to take care of for this reason. Just regulate their light and dark hours as you would regulate your own.
Should I Disturb My Stick Insects During the Day?
Unfortunately, this is largely unavoidable. You will find it nearly impossible not to disturb them because of when you clean the tank and replace their food supplies.
Since it is recommended that you replenish their food supplies once per day, you are always going to have to disturb them at some point.
You might feel bad about this, but it is all in keeping with the conditions they would face in the wild. Whether it is a strong wind or the approach of a predator, stick insects are used to being active during the day as well.
But you can support your stick insects by providing them with areas of the tank where they can hide in the darkness. Some old foliage is a good idea, but there’s nothing wrong with providing a permanent covered area for them either.
Try to keep it away from the feeding area though, just so you don’t have to disturb them too much.
Last Word – A Complex Issue Made Simple
The debate over the day-night cycle is often over complicated by novice stick insect owners. They want to provide their pets with the best possible conditions.
But any veteran stick insect keeper will tell you that stick insects are hardy creatures and are able to adapt to all but the most extreme conditions. Do not fret if they only get a few light hours a day or you have to clean parts of the tank. It is not going to impact their overall well-being. | <urn:uuid:020469e7-37c1-447f-81ac-844bea955193> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.justexoticpets.com/do-stick-insects-need-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704828358.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127152334-20210127182334-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.965087 | 1,276 | 2.984375 | 3 |
It’s almost time for the clocks to go forward. It’s what we like to call ‘Daylight Saving Time’. It isn’t really. It’s not like it actually saves any daylight to redistribute it later when it might be useful – like when the pubs roll out – now that would be cool. Come to think of it though that is kind of what renewable energy achieves though…
No, Daylight saving Time (DST), or British Summer Time (BST) as it is also known – is merely a shift of the clock by plus one hour in spring. It makes the daylight hours a little more convenient for those travelling to school and work along with another theory that it saves energy on lighting. It does also mean that you’ll be be able to come and potter in your storage unit straight after work and – probably – be home in time for tea in daylight.
This year the hours’ advance is happening this Sunday (tomorrow) – the weekend of 27th/28th March. At 2am in the morning you’ll need to remember to put your clocks forward by one hour. Actually you can do it when you go to bed, you don’t really have to set an alarm to do it in the middle of the night. And you’ve probably guessed. Putting the clock an hour forward means you will lose an hours’ sleep. But it’ll also get dark at 7pm, not 6.
So how, and why, did all this moving clocks backwards and forwards nonsense begin…?
Daylight saving is not a new phenomenon. It was first suggested in 1895, by an antipodean called George Hudson. The UK only adopted the practice in the First World War – to save Coal as energy for the war effort. We dabbled with different systems – including adding two hours in summer and keeping on one hour year round. The current system was settled on in 1972.
As with everything, there are good side and bad sides – and they depend on how your society is organised – industrialised nations use the hours on the clock, whilst others tend to work to the available daylight. With the exception of Agriculture and associated sectors, in the UK we mostly go to work and return home within ‘office hours’. So what are the advantages and disadvantages and why are some people suggesting we should stay on British Summer Time all year long?
Fitter, Healthier, Active People – When it is light, we’re more active, which means that we’re generally fitter and healthier. So sticking with daylight saving hours in winter should mean there’s a few more minutes of light for us to get out, about and active.
Fewer Accidents – accident rates statistically increase during darkness hours. So by keeping the clocks at BST in winter, you’re reducing the risk of accidents happening. That said, there’s only so much daylight, so there is some chance you might just be moving the risk to the other end of the day.
Business Efficiency – If we stayed on British Summer Time during winter, we’d be in line with the rest of Europe’s business clock. So when we started work, so would they, which means that you wouldn’t be losing two hours (1 at each end of the day) where you could be doing business with your European counterparts.
Crime Rates – It’s another obvious benefit really, but darkness is the criminal’s friend. It’s easier to slink around in doorways and hide in dark alleys. Crime rates generally fall during the lighter months of the year.
Tourism & Recreation – If lighter evenings provide the mechanism for activity and recreation, then the tourism industry benefits financially from the greater demand.
Energy Use – the reason Daylight Saving started in the first place was to save coal. If we’re doing more in darkness, then we’ll use more energy to light the way. It’s debatable whether keeping British Summer Time will save more energy – as it may just push usage to a different part of the day.
Body clock adjustment- We have to recondition our body clocks every spring/autumn by an hour. That takes some getting used to for lots of people – often up to two weeks. There are no statistics on how long it takes people to adjust, but it stands to reason there will be lost hours and an impact on their productivity – in work and business.
Energy saving – Lighter evenings means darker mornings, so as we’ve mentioned, any energy saved or a lower risk of accidents at one end of the day might meanie’s just pushed to the other.
Sunlight hours – Keeping BST will means that the mornings will stay dark longer. That’s not great for key workers such as dustmen, postmen, delivery drivers, construction and the agricultural sector. Likewise, children walking to school in the dark in the mornings might be put at greater risk.
Seasonal Affective Disorder – or S.A.D. is linked to lack of exposure to sunlight, which in turn increases production of Vitamin D, which helps with well-being. If fewer of us are out in what little sunlight there is during winter, then we might all feel a little less jolly.
So what’s your preference? Maybe we should ask you after the clocks have moved on Sunday – and you’ve lost that hours’ sleep. Whichever, we hope the change doesn’t affect your body clock too much. | <urn:uuid:ac460289-b86f-483d-a185-4c1448293daf> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.abcselfstore.co.uk/storage-blog/2016/03/oh-the-clocks-they-are-a-changin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209755.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815004637-20180815024637-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.948413 | 1,163 | 3 | 3 |
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is an easy-care herb that can be grown indoors or out in the garden. As it is native to hot, arid regions, the oregano plant is perfect for growing in areas prone to drought. This herb also makes an exceptional companion plant for garden vegetables, repelling insect pests that commonly affect beans and broccoli. Let’s look at how to grow oregano in your garden.
How to Grow Oregano Plant
Growing oregano is easy. Oregano can be grown from seeds, cuttings, or purchased container plants.
Seeds should be started indoors prior to your region’s last expected frost. There’s no need to cover oregano herb seeds with soil. Simply mist them with water and cover the seed tray or container with plastic. Place this in a sunny location such as a window to germinate. Oregano seeds usually germinate within about a week or so. Once the seedlings have reached approximately 6 inches tall, the plants can be thinned down to about a foot apart.
Oregano plants can be set out or transplanted in the garden once the risk of frost has passed. Locate oregano in areas receiving full sun and in well-drained soil.
Established plants do not require much attention. In fact, these drought-tolerant herbs need watering only during excessively dry periods. Oregano doesn’t need to be fertilized either, as these hardy plants can typically take care of themselves. For optimal flavor (if growing oregano for kitchen use) or more compact plant growth, flower buds can be pinched out as they begin to bloom.
Harvesting Oregano Herb
Oregano herb plants are commonly used for cooking. Plants can be harvested anytime once they have reached 4 to 6 inches tall. Harvesting oregano leaves as flower buds form will often yield the best flavor. Harvest oregano leaves in the morning hours once dew has dried.
Oregano leaves can be stored whole, placed in freezer bags and frozen. They can also be dried in a dark, well-ventilated area and stored in airtight containers until ready to use.
Now that you know how to grow oregano, you can add this tasty herb to your herb garden and enjoy it! | <urn:uuid:b512b101-5e73-405e-8bcd-5457fb272a7b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/oregano/learn-how-to-grow-oregano.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258849.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526045109-20190526071109-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.94519 | 492 | 3.25 | 3 |
go back to main page:backThere are about 5,000 different species of ladybugs in the world. These much loved critters are also known as lady beetles or ladybird beetles. They come in many different colors and patterns, but the most familiar in North America is the seven-spotted ladybug, with its shiny, red-and-black body. In many cultures, ladybugs are considered good luck. Most people like them because they are pretty, graceful, and harmless to humans. But farmers love them because they eat aphids and other plant-eating pests. One ladybug can eat up to 5,000 insects in its lifetime! Most ladybugs have oval, dome-shaped bodies with six short legs. Depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings at all. Seven-spotted ladybugs are red or orange with three spots on each side and one in the middle. They have a black head with white patches on either side. Ladybugs are colorful for a reason. Their markings tell predators: "Eat something else! I taste terrible." When threatened, the bugs will secrete an oily, foul-tasting fluid from joints in their legs. They may also play dead. Birds are ladybugs' main predators, but they also fall victim to frogs, wasps, spiders, and dragonflies. Ladybugs lay their eggs in clusters or rows on the underside of a leaf, usually where aphids have gathered. Larvae, which vary in shape and color based on species, emerge in a few days. Seven-spotted ladybug larvae are long, black, and spiky-looking with orange or yellow spots. Some say they look like tiny alligators. Larvae grow quickly and shed their skin several times. When they reach full size, they attach to a leaf by their tail, and a pupa is formed. Within a week or two, the pupa becomes an adult ladybug. Ladybugs are happy in many different habitats, including grasslands, forests, cities, suburbs, and along rivers. Seven-spotted ladybugs are native to Europe but were brought to North America in the mid-1900s to control aphid populations. Ladybugs are most active from spring until fall. When the weather turns cold, they look for a warm, secluded place to hibernate, such as in rotting logs, under rocks, or even inside houses. These hibernating colonies can contain thousands of ladybugs. The name "ladybug" was coined by European farmers who prayed to the Virgin Mary when pests began eating their crops. After ladybugs came and wiped out the invading insects, the farmers named them "beetle of Our Lady." This eventually was shortened to "lady beetle" and "ladybug." NASA even sent a few ladybugs into space with aphids to see how aphids would escape in zero gravity. | <urn:uuid:4c453626-61a7-4e01-9e01-b80adb945e9b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://pramiti.neocities.org/Ladybug.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.97135 | 590 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Mobile devices have revolutionized the way we interact and communicate in our personal lives, but have you considered how they have changed academic environments?
The use of smart phones, tablet computers, and other small, hand-held, portable devices has increased dramatically in recent years, and a recent survey found that an increasing number of students attribute smart phones and e-book readers to their academic success. In fact, the survey found that 67 percent of students’ reported using their mobile devices for academic purposes. This is a good thing, as studies have found that students’ use of mobile devices has been shown to increase motivation, engagement, and learning (Beckmann, 2010; Bolliger, Supanakorn, & Boggs, 2010; Ifenthaler & Schweinbenz, 2013).
Why specifically are students flocking to using these new technologies? And how can instructors make the most of them? Let’s explore the uses and benefits of mobile devices in academic settings.
They make it convenient for students to check in on courses.
When I was a graduate student, not very long ago, I appreciated receiving push notifications on my phone from the learning management system (LMS) where my online courses were housed. I was notified when grades were posted, when modules opened, when deadlines changed, and when someone responded to my discussion posts. Push notifications ensured I had class information when I needed it, no matter where I was located. Having the ability to set my notification preferences within the system was ideal as well; I could choose what was important to me, and what I could live without.
Additionally, my mobile devices were my connection to online classes when I was not at a computer. I could post a quick response to a discussion thread or glance at the requirements for an upcoming assignment, all while travelling. Mobile devices help students feel more connected to their classes because they go with them wherever they go.
They allow instructors to engage with students more frequently.
Instructors can use online group texting applications, such as GroupMe, to push questions or ideas to students throughout the week, to pique their interest in the content and to encourage more critical thought about the subject matter. No matter where students are, or what they are doing, the text message is likely to be read, and it makes them stop to ponder course content briefly during their everyday lives.
The propensity for push notifications to result in application of content to students’ lives is huge. For a public speaking course I taught recently, I sent a group text message to my students mid-week to ask them to critique a public speaker, such as a teacher or organization leader, they encountered in their lives outside class. I didn’t require a written critique, just a mental one, and the assignment wasn’t graded; it was merely to provoke critical thought and was something they could share later with the class. This made for lively and engaging class discussions.
Mobile devices can also be a venue for polling students. PollEverywhere is a useful web application for eliciting brief responses to open-ended or multiple choice questions. Academic uses of social media, such as course Facebook pages and back channel Twitter feeds, can also be easily accessed via mobile devices. Additionally, instructors can choose to communicate personally with students via their mobile devices; I have used Google Voice to connect with students on the phone, and to send and receive personal messages to and from students regarding class. Students tell me they feel more connected to me as an instructor when they can text message me with a question about an assignment while they are completing it. The nearly instant feedback they receive from me enhances the pace of their learning and reduces confusion or substandard work that may be submitted later. By setting initial boundaries and expectations for contacting me via my cell phone (e.g., establishing “do not contact” times), I rarely have students abuse their instructor contact privileges.
According to students who responded to a survey I conducted about college students’ mobile device use, time spent on academics increases with increased mobile device use. The mobile device is like an extra limb on a student’s body; why not meet students where they are already living? Reach them in their world, and draw them into yours.
They provide quick access to supplementary materials and tools.
The students I polled said they believe their mobile devices enhance learning; whether this is actually true or not, it definitely makes information, resources, and people more accessible. In face-to-face classes, I have asked students to “fact check” the accuracy of a claim I have made about the course content. Often they find interesting information that leads to a more in-depth look at the content than I had planned for class. Also, I have found when the instructor facilitates mobile-ready activities, class distractions minimize themselves automatically.
There are numerous academic applications that can be downloaded on mobile devices. The Explain Everything app allows for use of an interactive online whiteboard and a screencasting tool to explain concepts and ideas. Evernote and Zotero are additional applications useful for saving references, notes, resources, and for citing sources. Google Drive has an application that allows users to access their collaborative documents, spreadsheets, and presentations through their mobile devices — making group projects much easier to manage.
The bottom line is, when mobile devices are embraced as learning tools, they have endless potential. Are you using mobile devices for your courses? Let us know your experiences in the comments below.
Beckmann, E. A. (2010). Learners on the move: Mobile modalities in development studies. Distance Education, 31(2), 159-173.
Bolliger, D. U., Supanakorn, S., & Boggs, C. (2010). Impact of podcasting on student motivation in the online learning environment. Computers & Education, 55, 714-722.
Ifenthaler, D., & Schweinbenz, B. (2013). The acceptance of Tablet-PCs in classroom instruction: The teachers’ perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 525-534. | <urn:uuid:9145da3d-bfa4-4c89-bbd5-aa24b5ad1409> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://blog.online.colostate.edu/blog/online-teaching/texting-and-teaching-embracing-mobile-devices-as-learning-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662564830.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524045003-20220524075003-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.950374 | 1,254 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The scroll command is used to scroll the current element (see Execution flow) into view. This is useful when the site uses scrolling to trigger elements to appear. An example would be a site that uses infinite scrolling.
The scroll command cannot have any child commands.
This lets you choose whether to scroll the element to get the top into view or the bottom into view.
This lets you specify the number of times you scroll an element.
This lets you specify the length of time to pause for after each scrolls, in seconds.
The click command fires a single DOM events on the current element: | <urn:uuid:054623c2-629e-4d7f-8a40-f058306986a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://help.parsehub.com/hc/en-us/articles/218226207-Scroll | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315321.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820092326-20190820114326-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.787313 | 122 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Automotor Journal, 1903:
"The chief novelty on the Ader was the 4-cylinder motor, which in general respects resembles their previous double-cylinder engine. Each pair is cast in one piece and is set at an angle of 45 degrees from the vertical ; the crank shaft has only two crank pins, on to each of which the connecting rods from the opposite cylinders operate. The motor has atmospheric inlet valves placed above the exhaust valves, and the ignition plugs are fitted into the heads of the cylinders. Its general appearance is seen in our illustration.
We also reproduce drawings of the latest pattern main clutch adopted by the company, and of their change-speed transmission gear. The clutch is so designed that the thrust is taken by ball bearings, and is not imposed upon the shaft or on the first-motion shaft. The change-speed gear is similar to the Mors design, the drive being direct through the shaft, A, and the clutch jaws, L and L', to the bevel wheel, M, and thus to the differential gear, when on the top speed.
For the lower speeds the power is transmitted through the second-motion shaft, C, and its bevel wheel, G, to the differential. The sliding wheels, D, E, and F, are mounted upon a square formed on the shaft, A, and the back face of the wheel, F, forms the one part of the jaw clutch for the top speed. The company showed one of their 2-cylinder and one of their 4-cylinder motors separately, and they also exhibited a couple of complete chassis on their stall. The main frame employed is tubular, and the underframe is dispensed with. The gear-box is supported at the back by the countershaft, and is secured at its front end by a swinging link to the frame. A separate lever is used for bringing the reverse pinion into play, and the forward speeds are operated by a side lever, the shaft of which passes direct into the gearbox. The countershaft is connected with the rear wheels by side chains in the usual way.
Another interesting feature of these cars is the 1902 type 15-h.p. chassis and also a nearly completed 20-h.p. 1903 chassis. In the earlier model the motor is of the 4-cylinder type with atmospheric inlet valves, and each pair of cylinders is cast together. The main frame is of square tubing lined with ash, and the underframe is built up of angle section steel. The frame is supported on semielliptical side springs front and rear, the forwardly projecting horns of the former being tied together by a cross bar, and the employment of a carburetor of the surface type. It is used in connection with a throttle valve, placed between it and the induction valves ; the throttle valve is regulated by the governor." | <urn:uuid:caea7b30-2c7a-401c-826b-25e3d6397be0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://brasscarera.com/france/ader/1903-engine-and-transmission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.964867 | 589 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Aristocrat. Catholic. Patriot. Founder.
Before his death in 1832, Charles Carroll of Carrollton—the last living signer of the Declaration of Independence—was widely regarded as one of the most important Founders. Today, Carroll’s signal contributions to the American Founding are overlooked, but the fascinating new biography American Cicero rescues Carroll from unjust neglect.
Drawing on his considerable study of Carroll’s published and unpublished writings, historian Bradley J. Birzer masterfully captures a man of supreme intellect, imagination, integrity, and accomplishment. Born a bastard, Carroll nonetheless became the best educated (and wealthiest) Founder. The Marylander’s insight, Birzer shows, allowed him to recognize the necessity of independence from Great Britain well before most other Founders. Indeed, Carroll’s analysis of the situation in the colonies in the run-up to the Revolution was original and brilliant—yet almost all historians have ignored it. Reflecting his classical and liberal education, the man who would be called "The Last of the Romans" advocated a proper understanding of the American Revolution as deeply rooted in the Western tradition. Carroll even left his mark on the U.S. Constitution despite not assuming his elected position to the Constitutional Convention: by inspiring the creation of the U.S. Senate.
American Cicero ably demonstrates how Carroll’s Catholicism was integral to his thought. Oppressed because of his faith—Maryland was the most anti-Catholic of the original thirteen colonies—Carroll became the only Roman Catholic to sign the Declaration of Independence and helped legitimize Catholicism in the young American republic.
What’s more, Birzer brilliantly reassesses the most controversial aspects of Charles Carroll: his aristocratic position and his critiques of democracy. As Birzer shows, Carroll’s fears of extreme democracy had ancient and noble roots, and his arguments about the dangers of democracy influenced Alexis de Tocqueville’s magisterial work Democracy in America.
American Cicero reveals why Founders such as John Adams assumed that Charles Carroll would one day be considered among the greats—and also why history has largely forgotten him.
|What They're Saying...||No|
|Eligible for Readers Club Discount||Yes| | <urn:uuid:776176be-3134-4638-aea4-3924b4cbb358> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://isibooks.org/american-cicero.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500808153.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021328-00140-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936443 | 462 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Bears across the globe are waking up from hibernation early due to warm temperatures.
- Greta Thunberg listens to the coronavirus science — and moves climate-crisis strikes online.
- Phones, tablets, and laptops will be included in Europe’s “Right to Repair” law to cut waste.
- And more…
Europe just had its warmest winter ever, the US has just had its hottest December and January on record — and as a result, the bears are waking up from hibernation early because they think it’s spring.
According to the Guardian, there have been bear sightings in February and early March in Russia, Finland, Canada, and the US. In Banff in Canada, a grizzly bear was spotted on March 3, and in Yellowstone Park in the US, another grizzly was seen on March 7.
According to Yellowstone’s website, male grizzlies normally come out of hibernation in mid- to late March, and females with cubs emerge later, in April to early May.
So why is this early emergence of the bears a problem? Because if they wake up too early, there isn’t enough of their omnivorous diet for them to eat. And if they don’t have enough to eat, they go in search of food, where a run-in with humans is a possibility as they rifle through garbage and gardens.
Chris Servheen, a former grizzly bear recovery coordinator at the US Fish and Wildlife Service, said:
If we see this as a continuing thing with climate change we will probably see more conflicts because there’s not much food for the bears. If bears come out early they will potentially seek food around people, such as in garbage, bird feeders and crops. The potential for conflict is certainly higher as they come out earlier.
Young Swedish activist Greta Thunberg is known, among many other things, for her #fridaysforfuture climate-crisis marches that attract thousands of people, week in, week out, all over the world. On Wednesday, Thunberg posted on Twitter that climate activists should stage digital strikes instead of in-person demonstrations to try to contain the spread of the coronavirus.
Thunberg suggested that activists post photos of themselves striking on Fridays with a sign featuring the hashtags #DigitalStrike and #ClimateStrikeOnline.
We young people are the least affected by this virus but it’s essential that we act in solidarity with the most vulnerable and that we act in the best interest of our common society.
We can’t solve a crisis without treating it as a crisis and we must unite behind experts and science.
This of course goes for all crises.
— Greta Thunberg (@GretaThunberg) March 11, 2020
So the kids got to work yesterday protesting on Twitter. Here’s a tweet from Kenya:
#ClimateStrikeOnline in Kenya🇰🇪.
No one is immune from the devastating impacts of the #ClimateCrisis!
It is a race we can and must win!
— Elizabeth Wathuti 🇰🇪 (@lizwathuti) March 13, 2020
And another one from London:
Day 1 of my #climatestrikeonline ,Week 7 of my 2020 weekly climate strike. You may be by yourself striking today but you are never alone in the battle for climate justice! #climatejustice @GretaThunberg @saoi4climate @AnnaKernahan @isabelle_ax @rikkednielsen @vanessa_vash pic.twitter.com/kySAt0o57r
— elijah mckenzie-jackson 🌎 (@elijahmckenzee) March 13, 2020
And a third and final tweet from Denmark:
— Rikke Damgaard Nielsen (@rikkednielsen) March 13, 2020
The European commission will extend the “Right to Repair” law to cover phones, tablets, and laptops so that these tech goods consist of changeable and repairable parts. The current law sets energy-efficiency standards for computers, TVs, dishwashers, and washing machines.
“The commission is also considering an EU-wide scheme that would enable consumers to sell or return old phones, tablets, and chargers. It also wants to introduce a common charger,” reports the Guardian.
Virginijus Sinkevičius, European commissioner for the environment, said:
The linear growth model of ‘take, make, use, discard’ has reached its limits. With the growth of the world population and consumption, this linear model pushes us closer and closer to a resource crisis. The only way ahead is decoupling economic growth from extraction of primary resources and their environmental impacts.
Electrek’s Take: I don’t want to change out my smartphone every two years. I want to replace the battery and keep using it. Not only is it expensive, it also creates landfill waste. (And yes, I know smartphone companies want to sell new stuff.) This should be standard practice globally. And I’m all for the common charger — who doesn’t have various chargers all over the house?
Electrek reported on February 15 that penguins are suffering at the hand of climate change:
Scientists on an 11-day Greenpeace expedition to Antarctica’s Elephant Island to count chinstrap penguin nests found that thousands of penguins are missing. One chinstrap penguin colony has decreased by 77% in nearly 50 years.
This video pretty much sums up what’s going on with the penguins, and “Valeska,” you’re right — I experienced about 12 emotions in 27 seconds watching this.
i smiled i screamed i cried i cheered all in 27 seconds pic.twitter.com/9JMOcx8qqI
— valeska (@iatemuggles) March 12, 2020
Last Sunday, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio introduced guidelines for containing the coronavirus. They included working from home, avoiding the subway during rush hour, and walking or biking to work if possible.
On Wednesday, New York’s Department of Transportation said that it’s seen a 50% increase in cycling traffic on the bridges that connect Manhattan to Brooklyn and Queens compared to March 2019. Also, New York City’s bike-share program, Citi Bike, announced yesterday that rides are up 67% compared to this time last year.
Transportation Alternatives is pushing for the mayor to encourage more people to walk and cycle by putting conditions in place that make it even safer for cyclists, such as pop-up bike lanes and a subsidized Citi Bike program.
It’s warm — global warming, ahem — so people are outdoors. But it’s good to see people heeding De Blasio’s guidelines and pedaling around the city the green way to keep themselves safe and out of big crowds.
Photo: Johny vino/Unsplash
Grist’s “Ask Umbra” column on Thursday saw a reader ask about using single-use wipes, gloves, etc to try to stave off the coronavirus:
Should I feel guilty about buying so much plastic-wrapped and single-use stuff for this quarantine nightmare? — Stuck Here Using Throwaways Instead of… Not
You can read Umbra’s full answer by clicking the link above, but the spoiler is is no, the guilt isn’t necessary. Umbra had a chat about it with Rolf Halden, professor of health engineering at Arizona State University:
While he’s enthused that people are critically thinking about how much plastic they consume, whatever’s being bought in the name of COVID-19 prevention ‘is a drop in the bucket compared to all that we needlessly consume,’ he said. ‘I think the answer is very clear: Don’t compromise health to save a little bit of plastic.’
So give yourself a break, and stay healthy. (She said, who just felt guilty about wiping down my computer and phone with a disposable wipe for electronics.)
Let’s be honest: We’re mostly all more than a little stressed out about COVID-19, and the unknown fallout to come from this pandemic. It’s a lot to take in. So I’ll leave you with some good news from the World Wildlife Fund in an article titled, “The Good News About Climate Change.” Click here to read the details, but here are the highlights on why we have reason to hope:
- We’re learning to adapt to changes that have already happened.
- The solutions we need for a carbon-zero future already exist.
- The world is committed to fighting the climate crisis.
- Businesses are on board to save our warming world.
- People like you are in the streets, demanding action.
Stay safe, people, and to paraphrase Greta Thunberg, act in the best interest of society.
Check out our past editions of Climate Crisis Weekly.
Photo: Thomas Lipke/Unsplash
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.
Subscribe to Electrek on YouTube for exclusive videos and subscribe to the podcast. | <urn:uuid:f006fbb0-2d6c-455e-83b9-2c0150120591> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://electrek.co/2020/03/14/climate-crisis-weekly-bears-hibernation-warm-greta-thunberg-new-york-city-cycling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.930537 | 1,987 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This tutorial is a set of 15 hour videos by acclaimed experts in the area of machine learning and statistics from Stanford. It is suitable for Beginners as well as experts Continue reading “Tutorial : Beginner to advanced machine learning in 15 hour Videos”
In this tutorial we will learn how to interpret another very important measure called F-Statistic which is thrown out to us in the summary of regression model by R.
This tutorial talks about interpretation of the most fundamental measure reported for models which is R Squared and Adjusted R Squared. We will try to give a clear guidelines for interpreting R Squared and Adjusted R Squared
In this tutorial we will discuss about effectively using diagnostic plots for regression models using R and how can we correct the model by looking at the diagnostic plots.
In this tutorial we will learn a very important aspect of analyzing regression i.e. Residual Analysis. Residual Analysis is a very important tool used by Data Science experts , knowing which will turn you into an amateur to a pro.
Continue reading “R Tutorial : Residual Analysis for Regression”
This tutorial goes one step ahead from 2 variable regression to another type of regression which is Multiple Linear Regression. We will go through multiple linear regression using an example in R
In this tutorial we will try our hands on a very basic 2 variable linear regression using R. We will also learn how to interpret output given by R and tryout various visualizations required for interpreting simple Linear regression. | <urn:uuid:0d07d316-eeb8-42ff-970a-75fdb0b9da71> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://analyticspro.org/category/regression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158958.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923020407-20180923040807-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.910753 | 306 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|Primary inflows||Steinbach or Ostersee-Ach|
|Catchment area||314 km2 (121 sq mi)|
|Max. length||20.2 km (12.6 mi)|
|Surface area||58.36 km2 (22.53 sq mi)|
|Max. depth||127.8 m (419 ft)|
|Water volume||2,998×106 m3 (105.9×109 cu ft)|
|Residence time||21 years|
|Surface elevation||596 m (1,955 ft)|
|Settlements||Starnberg, Ammerland, Seeshaupt, Tutzing, Feldafing, Possenhofen|
Lake Starnberg (German: Starnberger See) — called Lake Würm (German Würmsee) until 1962, and also known as Fürstensee — is Germany's fifth largest freshwater lake in terms of area and, due to its great average depth, the second largest in terms of water volume. The lake and its surroundings are an unincorporated area within the rural district of Starnberg; the lake itself is the property of the state of Bavaria and is administered by the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes.
Located in southern Bavaria 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Munich, Lake Starnberg is a popular recreation area for the city and, since 1976, one of the wetlands of international importance protected by the Ramsar Convention. The small town of Berg is famous as the site where King Ludwig II of Bavaria was found dead in the lake in 1886. Because of its associations with the Wittelsbach royal family, the lake is also known as Fürstensee (Prince's Lake). It is also mentioned in T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land.
The lake, lying in a zungenbecken or glacial hollow, was created by ice age glaciers from the Alps, and extends 21 km (13 mi) from north to south and has a width of 3–5 km (2-3.5 miles) from east to west. It has a single small island, the Roseninsel, and a single outlet, the Würm river (because of this river the lake was called the Würmsee until 1962). Its major inflow comes from a small river called the Steinbach or Ostersee-Ach, which flows through a chain of small lakes to the south, the Osterseen. The lake's water is of excellent quality due to the introduction in the 1960s of a circular sewerage system which collects wastewater from the settlements around the lake and transports it to a treatment plant below the lake's outlet at Starnberg. Bronze fish-hooks and a dugout dating to the 9th or 8th century BCE have been discovered at the lake, and there are still some professional fishers, most of them continuing a family tradition.
Hikers and cyclists can circumnavigate the lake using a path approximately 49 kilometres (30 mi) long. Access to the lakeshore is not everywhere possible, since it is mostly private property. Passenger ferries and excursion ships have operated on the lake since 1851. Today they are operated by the Bayerische Seenschifffahrt company, using modern engine-driven ships.
The earliest surviving mention of the lake, as Uuirmseo, is in an 818 document referring to Holzhausen, now part of Münsing. This name became Wirmsee, already recorded during the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Bavarian (1314–1347). This name is derived from the Wirm, now spelt Würm, the only river which flows out of the lake, at Starnberg; in the 19th century, the spellings were changed to Würm and Würmsee.
In the late 19th century, a railway connection between Munich and Starnberg made the lake an accessible destination for trips from the city. Trains departed from a wing of the Munich Central Station which was known as the 'Starnberg branch station' (Starnberger Flügelbahnhof) and the lake came increasingly to be known as Lake Starnberg; its name was finally officially changed in 1962.
Clockwise from the north, the following settlements abut the lake:
- Starnberg (North, Starnberg district)
- Berg (North East, Starnberg district): including Kempfenhausen, Berg and Leoni
- Münsing (South East, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district): including Ammerland, Ambach, Pischetsrieder and St. Heinrich
- Seeshaupt (South, Weilheim-Schongau district): including Seeseiten
- Bernried (South West, Weilheim-Schongau district)
- Tutzing (West, Starnberg district): including Unterzeismering
- Feldafing (North West, Starnberg district): including Garatshausen
- Pöcking (North West, Starnberg district): including Possenhofen and Niederpöcking
- Bayregio. "The lake Starnberger See". BAYregio-Starnberger-See.de. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- "Bayerische Seenschifffahrt". Bayerische Seenschifffahrt. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- "Geschichtliche Hintergründe" [Historical Background] (in German). Bayerische Seenschifffahrt. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- Würmsee, in: Arbeitskreis für Ortsgeschichteforschung der Würmregion, Materialien zur Ortsgeschichtsforschung in der Würmregion, Gauting 2001, p. 245.
- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, S. 289, Regesten Kaiser Ludwigs des Bayern - Die Urkunden aus Klöstern und Stiftsarchiven im Bayerischen Hauptstaatsarchiv und in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, ed. Menzel, 1996 (German) [http://www.webcitation.org/1312942211056220 Archived 10 August 2011 at WebCite
- Martinus Fesq-Martin, Amei Lang and Michael Peters (Eds.). Der Starnberger See—Natur und Vorgeschichte einer bayerischen Landschaft. Munich, 2008. ISBN 978-3-89937-090-4 (German)
- A. Link. Der Starnberger See und seine Umgebung vom Würmtal bis zum Alpenrand. Gauting-Buchendorf, 1982. ISBN 3-923657-06-4 (German)
- Susanne Westendorf. Das Starnberger-SeeBuch—eine Tour um den See, kleiner Führer. Munich, 1995. ISBN 3-00-000232-4 (German)
- Lorenz von Westenrieder. Beschreibung des Wurm- oder Starenbergersees und der umherliegenden Schlösser, samt einer Landkarte. 1783, repr. Dachau: Bayerland, 2006. ISBN 3-89251-367-8 (German)
- Oskar Weber and Josef Wahl. Am Starnberger See und die Würm entlang. Dachau, 1995. ISBN 3-89251-202-7 (German)
- Media related to Lake Starnberg at Wikimedia Commons
- Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Starnberger See" (PDF), Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 75
- Pictures of Lake Starnberg | <urn:uuid:561faf03-ee3f-41e0-89a2-425ec1c9bf94> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Starnberg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00449-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.740412 | 1,743 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Children constantly explore and never seem to tire from trying to investigate things around them. This inborn curiosity may be good but it also has potential dangers when it comes to electricity.
Electrical accidents are responsible for a number of injuries and deaths in the United States and young kids below 6 years old are particularly at risk of electrical injury. All it takes is a wrong move by a young child for a tragedy to happen.
Like any other safety hazards, adult supervision and teaching safety precautions to kids can go a long way in thwarting electrical injuries. See to it that your children know these electrical safety rules:
- Do not play under or near the power lines
- Avoid areas that are labelled “high voltage”
- Do not touch or go near transformers
- Do not climb transmission towers, utility poles, or fences around electrical plants or substations
- Do not climb trees near power lines
- Do not touch a wire or electrical pole that is on the ground
- Do not swim during thunderstorms
It is also important that adults are aware of the precautions they need to take to protect children from the dangers posed by electricity at home.
Make sure that all electrical wires are out of reach and avoid placing appliances near areas where they can be exposed to water from showers, tubs and pools. Adults should also supervise young children whenever they use electrical appliances and cords.
Toddlers and preschoolers need to be kept away from electrical outlets. You should install child-protective caps on sockets that are within reach. For those with older children, teach them how to safely plug in and unplug appliances. Urge them to check cords for exposed wiring before they plug them in. Remind them about the hazards of mixing water and electricity and advise them never to touch an appliance if they have wet hands.
It is also crucial that children are taught about what to do when an electrical emergency happens. Children should get out of the building and call emergency numbers if there is an electrical fire. Teach them not to use water to put out an electrical fire.
Your home should be safe for your children. You should consider having your home checked by a professional to minimize electrical hazards that can pose risks to your family. Contact us at JM Mullen to have your home and electrical wirings checked by an experienced electrician. | <urn:uuid:9a717b91-15d7-4ef3-a034-cbbb6ceb8e06> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://jmmullenelectric.com/keeping-kids-safe-from-electrical-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316785.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822064205-20190822090205-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.961066 | 474 | 3.5 | 4 |
Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
often postpositive Made or availing against or affecting a thing, and therefore other people generally; imposing a general liability.‘it confers a right in rem’Compare with in personam
- ‘Many a writ in rem has been issued in the hope or expectation that the ship against which the plaintiff has brought his action will come within the jurisdiction.’
- ‘A lien may be claimed as an in rem right against an article on which the lien claimant has effected repairs or expended money for repairs or for which it has provided storage.’
- ‘The second and third defendants were the owners of the vessels, neither of which has been served with the proceedings although there are proceedings in rem against the second defendant which are proceeding in this jurisdiction.’
- ‘It would admittedly not be the usual case of subrogation to security rights in rem and in personam.’
- ‘It is sufficient if one of them has the authorisation because the authorisation seems to act in rem, not in personam.’
Latin, ‘against a thing’.
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:6753cfae-e95f-48bf-b4ba-ad48d729cfe5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/in_rem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00587-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969877 | 329 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Scientists are creating a 'virtual mouse brain' model that has potential to eliminate the need for testing on rodents in labs.
Animal testing is a very touchy subject to dispute. On one hand, the process has contributed to many medical advancements which have significantly improved all of our lives, but on another, innocent creatures are subject to a wide range of experiments that can be both cruel and painful.
The main reasons scientists have yet to retire this method of experimentation is because they lack an adequate alternative. But thanks to a team of brilliant researchers working on the Human Brain Project, a suitable alternative might soon exist.
Researchers at the Human Brain Project are building a virtual mouse that will be an exact computer model of the real thing so that future medical research can be modeled as accurately as if it were done on a real mouse. Such advancement would help save hundreds of thousands of rodent lives, specifically by replacing live mice in medical testing arenas.
As shared on TreeHugger, ‘The scientists are collecting their data points from biological data collected by the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle and the Biomedical Informatics Research Network in San Diego.’ Integrating various type of data into this one model to make it richly layered, they expect inevitable advances in technology will continue to make the model more and more realistic.
At present, the team has been able to map 200,000 neurons in the mouse brain to the corresponding points in the body that would stimulate them. For example, touching the virtual mouse’s whiskers activates the corresponding parts of the mouse sensory cortex.
With 75 million neurons in the tiny mouse brain, there is still a lot of work to be done, but the researchers are optimistic by their progress and will continue gathering data quickly in order to propel this project. The first version of software is expected to be released to collaborators in April.
Once the virtual mouse computer model is ready, they will share it with the scientific community around the world. The development of the virtual mouse brain, along with other technological advancements like 3D-printed human cells, could lead to the end of animal testing forever.
What are your thoughts on this news? Share in the comments section below. | <urn:uuid:87847d3d-db60-4ba0-a127-976397b83744> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.trueactivist.com/this-virtual-mouse-brain-has-potential-to-end-animal-testing-forever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.947632 | 444 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Appropriate score on the Florida entry-level placement exam.
There are no corequisites for this course.
Designed for students whose basic language skills need improvement,
this course includes a review of basic grammar rules, sentence
structure, punctuation, and capitalization. The writing component of
the course focuses on effective paragraph construction.
- Students enrolled in lecture sections must purchase the following:
Biays and Wershoven. Along These Lines: Writing Sentences and Paragraphs (with MyWriting Lab)., 5th ed., Prentice Hall, 2012. ISBN: 9780205110209
Additional materials may be assigned by the instructor to supplement the required materials. -->
|Program Learning Outcomes:
Students will demonstrate knowledge of basic grammar and punctuation
and will write coherent sentences of varying structures. Students
will organize and develop effective paragraphs.
|Course Learning Outcomes:
Students will demonstrate, on quizzes/tests and in written work,
knowledge of standard grammar and mechanics.
1. Students will be able to
• use prewriting, drafting, revision, and editing techniques.
• select and narrow a topic that addresses the specific task.
• demonstrate a basic awareness of purpose and audience.
• sustain focus on a specific main idea for a single
• maintain coherence through the use of transitional devices
within a paragraph.
• provide supporting details for main idea with relevant
explanations and examples, in a single paragraph.
• create a logical progression of ideas or events.
• choose appropriate words and phrases.
• express ideas effectively.
• use varied sentence structures.
• use syntax appropriate to standard written English.
• demonstrate a basic command of the conventions of standard
written English, including grammar, usage, and mechanics.
• use complete sentences when writing.
• use coordination effectively.
• use subordination effectively.
• recognize fragments.
• recognize comma splices.
• recognize fused sentences.
• use standard verb forms.
• maintain agreement between subjects and verbs.
• use standard capitalization.
• use correct pronouns.
• recognize commonly confused words.
• use end punctuation correctly.
• use standard spelling.
• use adjective and adverbs correctly.
• use appropriate degree forms.
2. Students will write a minimum of 5 - 7 paragraphs with 250-350
|Methods of Evaluation:
Evaluation of student progress towards achieving the stated learning
outcomes and performance objectives is the responsibility of the
instructor, within the policies of the college and the department.
Detailed explanations are included in the expanded Syllabus
developed by the instructor for each section being taught.
It is the intention of the instructor to accomplish the objectives specified in the course syllabus. However, circumstances may arise which prohibit the fulfilling of this endeavor. Therefore, this syllabus is subject to change. When possible, students will be notified of any change in advance of its occurrence.
|Student Email Accounts:
||Pensacola State College provides an institutional email account to all credit students. Pirate Mail is the official method of communication, and students must use Pirate Mail when communicating with the College. In cases where companion software is used for a particular class, emails may be exchanged between instructor and student using the companion software.
For students with a disability that falls under the Americans with Disability Act or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, it is the responsibility of the student to notify Student Resource Center for ADA Services to discuss any special needs or equipment necessary to accomplish the requirements for this course. Upon completion of registration with the Student Resource Center for ADA Services office, specific arrangements can be discussed with the instructor.
||Pensacola State College does not discriminate against any person on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, color, gender/sex, age, religion, marital status, pregnancy, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or genetic information in its educational programs, activities or employment. For inquiries regarding Title IX and the college’s nondiscrimination policies, contact the Associate Vice President for Institutional Diversity/Title IX Officer at (850) 484-1759, Pensacola State College, 1000 College Blvd., Pensacola, Florida 32504. | <urn:uuid:5b77b19d-ab37-4891-a5bb-a9272bbd0b57> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://pensacolastate.edu/code/includes/coursesyllabi.asp?cnum=ENC0015&term=20141 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292975.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00272-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844949 | 883 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Breathing is the fuel that drives our engine [heart]. The heart, just like engines in vehicles can’t work if there is no fuel [breath]. Similar to vehicles, bad fuel [improper breathing] can greatly impact the performance of our engine: the heart. That’s why medical experts emphasize that we master the art of proper breathing. However, lack of awareness on what proper breathing involves remains a big problem for most of the world’s population. We all unknowingly do certain things that trigger bad breathing. The majority of things that impact proper breathing include bad posture, extreme negative emotions that strain abdomen and chest muscles and poor breathing habits.
In Hinduism and Buddhism, breath symbolizes life, purity, energy, divinity, and power. It is not just the beginning of life, but the totality of life. It is the source of life in the body. They say that breath can make the body alive even if a few organs are missing or malfunctioning, but if the breath departs from the body, the organs have no choice but to die.
Hindu and Buddhist breathing practices are centered around the art of meditation. They believe that breath and body are connected, as seen from the fact that the body is calm when the breath is calm, and agitated when the breath is agitated. By practicing meditation, they let the body become absorbed into observing the movements of breathing thus allowing them to enter into a state of self-awareness. This yields peace and self-satisfaction.
Hindus and Buddhists see proper breathing as an essential tool to improve the quality of life. They believe that breathing correctly gives them more control over their lives since they get to realize who they really are. And if you think you don’t need proper breathing to live a better quality life, why not have a look at these amazing benefits of breathing properly as per Hindu and Buddhist teachings.
When you are completely aware of your breathing patterns, your mind gets to relax and calm down. This state of mindfulness gives you optimum control over your actions and thoughts. Studies show that when your mind is alert, and you are more aware of what you are doing, you are likely to feel relaxed and enlightened.
It is normal for us humans to have bad thoughts, memories, and feelings. Often, we don’t have power over these thoughts and feelings. However, through meditative breathing, we can easily get rid of these bad memories and feelings. Meditative breathing calms our minds and lets us get rid of negative thoughts quickly and safely.
According to experts in meditation, breathing meditatively gets our minds to learn and understand the feelings and ways of the body. This way of breathing lets our mind quickly send signals of self-satisfaction to the body. This is why through meditation, we are able to enjoy periods of tension relief and body calmness.
Pranayama can’t be achieved without proper breathing. This healthy spiritual state is all about understanding how to breathe properly. It is essentially for those who can control their breath and mind. Our lungs are the core body systems that control breathing. Therefore, we must know how to manipulate the way the lungs work as well as be able to control our breathing patterns so that we can do Prana.
The human mind has a direct link to Prana. The lungs, on the other hand, control our breathing meaning they coordinate with the mind to ensure maximum performance of the body. That said, if we can manipulate the lungs, it is possible to control the mind and therefore achieve the Prana state.
The key to healthy and happy living lies in right breathing. When we attend to our breath, it can heal us from all worries and anxieties”
Breathing deeply and healthily is as important as living a healthy lifestyle. You can’t avoid it if at all you want to have a healthy lifestyle. Poor breathing habits have been linked to a whole lot of health problems among which can result in death. That is why, at all times, people are advised to practice healthy breathing practices so that they reap the many benefits that come with it.
Breathing in a controlled way reduces the stress levels directed to the nervous system. When you breathe deeply, the number of breathing out exercises are reduced which in turn reduces the movements of the diaphragm. You will start to realize that when you breathe deeply, you feel more relaxed and less stressed. And when the levels of stress are low, the sympathetic nervous system will be left with less work to do. Thus, it will be more equipped to fight in the event of new threats. In fact, it will fight off potential diseases more effectively.
When you breathe correctly, the parasympathetic nervous system effectively plays its intended roles of reducing blood pressure and heart rates. Additionally, it helps improve digestion and better intake of essential nutrients. Studies show that the parasympathetic nervous system gets automatically activated when you breathe properly which means breathing properly is ideal if you want to live a healthier life free of most health problems.
Breathing deeply is believed to promote the performance of our immune systems. It helps our immune systems to develop new cells that ward off infections. It also aids in stopping the issue with flight or fight from happening. Breathing more deeply assists our immune system to work more efficiently to eradicate viruses and bacteria from our bodies.
Deep breathing is also known to aid in the digestion process which helps in making our immune system stronger.In short, if you want to grow a healthier and stronger immune system, you should learn to meditate on a regular basis. Through meditation, your mind relaxes, and the levels of stress toxins reduce. The end result is an unyielding immune system.
It may seem hard to believe, but it’s actually the truth. Deep breathing plays a really crucial role in the process of fat burning and weight loss. According to several studies, proper breathing speeds up and boosts the process of fat burning.
As we all know, our body fat is a combination of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. When we breathe in, oxygen comes into contact with the fat stored in our bodies and breaks it to simple water and carbon dioxide. Blood moves the carbon dioxide to the lungs for it to be exhaled.
What all this means is that when we breathe in more oxygen, we end up burning more fat and getting rid of more toxins. And deep breathing is one way to increase oxygen levels in our bodies and burn fat faster. For this reason, practicing deep breathing exercises is one of the best ways to lose weight without having to engage in long workouts.
The breath is actual body within the body
Breathsensing is a stage in meditation that helps you understand and control your patterns of breathing. The core purpose of this meditation step is to let you know how to mindfully observe and follow your breaths. This allows you to create a relationship with your breathing patterns and achieves the best feeling of relaxation and liveliness. Through breath sensing, your brain’s default network is automatically detached thus allowing you to think widely. When you enter into this state of meditation, you discharge all stressing thoughts and give your body the opportunity to relax.
There are basically three steps in Breathsensing. The first one involves familiarizing with your breathing patterns. This includes the number of times you inhale and exhale per single minute. In this stage of Breathsensing, you are required to listen to your breathing sensations carefully and mindfully. The next stage of Breathsensing requires you to discern your breathing sensations and energy. This stage is intended to let you know how forceful and repeated your breathing is. The last stage in Breathsensing requires you to count the number of times you breathe. Here, you get to know how quick or slow your breathing patterns are. This stage is important since it enables you to be more focused and have better levels of concentration.
Breathsensing is an essential step in meditation whose value and importance cannot be underestimated. Breathsensing is not just about observing and understanding your breathing patterns, counting your breaths and knowing how deep you are breathing. It involves a lot more than that. In fact, it has a plethora of benefits. They include:
Social system effects act through interaction with other environmental processes. Best-self activation gives early advantages in terms of negotiation, perpetuation, and broadening of the employee’s scope. This raises creativity and engagement since they are better placed to tackle challenges and well placed to embrace new opportunities as they arise. Subjective construal and interpretation of the environment are interventions which are as a consequence of best-self activation. This has lasting effects in changing people’s narratives concerning their social environment in the work place and their associated attitudes and behaviors.
When breathsensing, your nervous system achieves a healthy equilibrium state. As a result, the parasympathetic response is slowed down. This helps you feel sane and stress-free all through the day and week. Furthermore, you will become more responsive and creative. Your mind will be attuned correctly and it will readily recognize and eliminate feelings of fatigue and irritation.
With this meditative practice, you will enter into a state where your body is strictly motivated to understand the sensations and emotions within it. This means you will be able to recognize the real emotions your body is generating. Thus, you can manipulate your body to realize its perfect state of well-being and easiness.
It is common for people to overload their heads with obsessive thinking especially when they are exposed to trying moments. The great thing with breath sensing is that it enables you to get rid of such thoughts. Breathsensing works in such a way that it gets your mind fully concentrated on meditation which ends up turning off your brain’s default network. When the brain network is off, it becomes very easy for your mind to get rid of all obsessive thoughts.
Breathsensing helps your mind enter into a state of relaxation and easiness. It helps you feel as if you have never experienced stress or tension in your life. This kind of feeling will make you come out a relaxed person and make you live a stress-free life.
Proper breathing entails more than just deep breathing. Of course, deep breathing is the easiest and most promising way to breathe properly. However, it’s not a perfect technique to consider if you want to achieve real value from meditation. There are virtually many techniques of breathing that work differently and guarantee different kinds of results. To anyone who decides to meditate, here are the four most recommended breathing techniques you can opt for.
Fire breathing is a yoga pranayama exercise that entails creating a rivulet of fire from your mouth. It’s done when your eyes are closed and the body comfortably positioned. This yoga pranayama technique is known to have many health benefits. The first is that it helps oxygenate your blood which in return works to get rid of body wastes efficiently. The second benefit is that it coordinates your entire body system and helps bring the body into a more synchronized and healthy state. The last benefit of this fire-breathing method is that it aids in boosting lung performance.
This yoga pranayama breathing technique demands that you fill up your lungs, contract the throat and exhale through your nose only. It is a popular pranayama technique which assists in warming your body and calming the mind. Practicing this technique of pranayama breathing helps you improve your overall well-being. It helps connect your mind directly to the body and spirit. The end result is usually improved oxygen flow and reduced issues with insomnia, stress, and tension.
Energizing HA Breath is a pranayama yoga breathing technique which entails maximizing the use of your lungs to aid in the efficient removal of toxins and stale air. When practicing this breathing technique, the lungs and chest must be positioned comfortably. The purpose of this breathing technique is to help enhance digestion, boost body energy and renew your entire body system.
Power breathing is the last yoga pranayama breathing technique which is believed to be very efficient, simple and reliable. This technique of pranayama breathing entails practicing several breathing techniques that aim at helping you standardize health imbalances, fill up your energy tank and reduce or even completely get rid of stressors. It is an essential meditation practice that you must know if you really want to benefit from meditation.
Breathing is an art, and if you haven’t mastered it yet, you might be doing yourself more harm than good. Of course, our lungs are initiated automatically once we are born, but in most cases, we do certain things that impact the natural and undisrupted functioning of the lungs. For example, when we are stressed, annoyed or extra happy, we put our chest muscles in a state that makes them unable to play their roles as required.
Health specialists, as well as masters of Buddhism and Hinduism, recommend we learn the art of breathing so that we can lead quality lives and have longer lifespans. The teachings of Buddha on proper breathing are clear and lucid. They teach you how to meditate and breathe in a healthier way. Based on studies, meditating is the core to healthy breathing.
You can’t breathe perfectly if you don’t meditate. In this piece, we have outlined all the benefits of proper breathing. We have also outlined the most powerful and essential breathing techniques to help you lead a healthier life. Make sure to understand and practice them, and your life will never be the same.
When you own your breath, nobody can steal your peace | <urn:uuid:fe00f5ae-3158-4fe7-a701-6232fb5c9d3c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://smartminds.io/art-breathing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161638.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925123211-20180925143611-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.948286 | 2,796 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Medieval era can be said to have begun with the recall of the Roman Legions from Britain (409). With the withdrawl of the legions, the Picts intensified y their raids south. It is at this time that waves of migrating German tribes, the Saxons, sweep over Britain. Many Celtic Britons retreating from the Saxon invasions settle in Caledonia between the Firth of Clyde and the Solway Firth which eventually collaseses in to the Kingdom of Strathclyde. To the north at the beginning of the 6th century, Celtic invaders from Ireland establish the Kingdom of Dalriada. The pagan Angles, another invading Germanic tribe settled in what is now northern England founding the kingdom of Northumbria. The Angles in the mid-6th century moved north seizing much of the land south of the Firth of Fourth and east of Strathclyde. Strathclyde and some Picts were converted to Christianity and Columba came to Dalriada froim Ireland (563). He largely converted the remaing Picts. Conflicts develop between the Celts and Picts who fuse into the Scotts on one suide and the Angles in Northumbria. Keneth MacAlpine in the mid-9th century rules over all of Scotland, but faces incessent warfare with the Norse. The conflict between the Scotts and English continues when the the Normon William the Conqueror defeats the Saxons at hastings (1066). Malcomb's son, Edgar, with Norman assistance is crowned (1097). The Anglization of Scotland accelerated during Edgar's reign (1097-1107) and that of his two brothers, Alexander I (1107-24) and David I (1124-53). Edward I also succeeds in annexing Scotland to England, but is thwarted first by William Wallace anf finally by Robert the Bruce. The feuding Scottish nobility, however, prevents the establishment of a strong royal Government. After Robert there is a decline of royal authority and further English encroachments. The Stuart dynasty was founded by Robert II. The Stuarts were unable to overcome the Scottish nobility and impose strng royal authority in Scotland. As a result, Scotland under the Stuarts were unable to resist English encroachments. While the Reformnation was initaited by the English monarchy, in Scotland in occurred in spite of the opposition of the monarchy, although supported by the English. Ironically, although Queen Elizabeth executed her Catholic rival Mary Queen of Scotts, her Protestant son James V of Scotland succeeded her as King James I of England, launching the English Stuart dynasty.
David I (1124-53), influenced by his exile in England and his English mother, introduced Norman-style Feudalism to Scotland. Davis abolished the
traditional Scottish system of land tenure which was essential tribal. Rather David claiming the Crown owned all land, a basic principle of European Feudalism, granted large tracts in central and southern Scotland tohis key supporters, both Anglo Normon and Scottish nobels. David proceeded with a range of judicial, legislative, and administrative reforms essentially based on Normon models. He promoted trade with England and granted privildes to many Scottish burghs (towns).
Scottish burghs (towns) were established by royal charter in the mid-medieval period. The burghs were a legal entity designed to oversee trade in the interest of the Crown. Some burghs were newly founded towns situated at sites offering geographic advantages. Others were based on pre-existing settlements. Perth was an especially important burgh because it was situated on the River Tay allowing goods produced in the interior to be floated down the river. In addition the tidal flow of the river made it an ideal port providing connectiins with other Northsea ports in Scotland and abroad, especially the Low Countries where there was a strong demand for Scottish wool. Perth was one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland. King David I in the mid 12th century issued the city's first royal charter. [Smith]
Scotland had a largely pastoral economy. Important products produced in Scotland included wool, woolfells (sheepskins bearing wool), skins and hides from both domestic (cattle) and wild animals (deerskins and fur pelts), and barrels of salmon. [Smith]
While the Reformation in England was initaited by the monarchy, in Scotland in occurred in spite of the opposition of the monarchy, although supported by the English.The Reformation was preceeded by a rising sence of popular disatisfaction with the Catholic clergy. Both Lollardy and Wycliffe in England had influenced some. Merchants and the minor nobility were the first to embrace the Reformation, not only for religius reasons, but as a vehicle for independe from both England and France. Protestant teaching reached Scotland only a few years after Martin Lurther launched tghe Reformation. As early as 1522 the Royal Government was attempting to stop the circulation of Luthern books. Early Reformation leaders like Patrick Hamilton were adherents of Luther, but John Knox led the Scottish Reformation to a Calvinist confession.
John Knox lived for a time in Geneva and was influenced by John Calvin. He became the driving force of the Reformation in Scotland. Know was the first spokesman for Presbyterianism. Knox persuaded the Scottish Parliament to adopt a confession and book of discipline modeled on those develooped by Calvin in Geneva (1560). Parliament created the Scottish Presbyterian Church governed by local kirks. Mary Queen of Scotts attempted to attempted to reinstate the Catholic Church, but was friven to exile in England. Her infant son James, the future James I of England, was kept in Scotland and eventually tutored by Presbyterian scholars. The Catholic Church was reduced to minor importance, except for a few districts in the north.
A great deal has been written about historical Scottish clothing and much of it concerns men. A great deal of this literature adrresses the development of the kilt and the associated clan tartans. Much of this, however, occurred in the late Medieval eras or after the Medieval era. We have realtively limited information on Scottish clothing in the early Medieval era, although more information becomes available for the late Medieval era. The Medieval era lasted for 1,000 years thus the information on late Medieval costume is not representaive of eralier eras.
One interesting historically anomally is that today Scotland and Celtic Europe is strongly associated with the kilt which is seen as a kind of Scottish national costume. Yet the ancient Celts themselves wore breaches, a kind of trouser and the Roman soldiers who wore kilt-like skirts looked on the Celtic breaches as barbaric. Thus the story of how the Scottish (largely a fusion of Irish Celts, Britsih Celts pushed north by Romans and Saxons, and Celt-influenced Picts) came to wear kilts rather than trousers needs to be expalined. We do not yet fully understand this transition.
Celtic (Gaelic) dress was dominant in the eraly middle ages. We have less information about the Picts, but as they were stringly influened by Celtic culture it is likely that this included clothing. The differences between the Highlands and Lowlands was not yet apparent in the early Medidval era. Scotland was invaded by the Irish Celts in the 6th century and the resulting Kingdom of Dalrida played a major role in the unification of Scotland. Thus Irish and Scottish clothing would have been quite similar. Some historians believe that the Scotts dressed similarly to the Irish in the early Medieval era. [Krossa] Eventually differences developed, but these developments are not well reported and understood.
Much of the information available on Scottish Medieval attire relates to the later Medieval era. English influence began to increase in the 11th century and was especially apparent under David II in the 12th century. Anglization was most pronounced in the Lowlands (southern Scotland). Towns (burghs) began to expand in the Lowlands at this time. Men in these towns were often more assocaited with the expanding Anglization of the Lowlands andcthese less likely to be part of the still dominant Gaelic (Celtic) culture in the Highlands. Often thdey looked oin highlanders and uncultured and barbaric. As a result, men in the burghs were likely to dress kike their conterparts in England. Here there are many complicating factors. English influenced declined the English-Scottish wars of the 14th and 15th centuries. Scotland was a poor, underdeveloped area of Europe which affected their dress. Also Scotland was located on the fringe of Europe and thus fashions reached there sometime after they appeared in the fashion centers. [Krossa] Scottish nobles in the later middle ages, even Gaelic nobels would have dressed similarly to other European nobels. Here there was probably even greater similarity with their counteroarts than among the burgh men because the nobels had more money . They could travel more and could afford the latest fashions. [Krossa] Gaelic Highlanders by the late 16th century were wearing 'belted plaids' or 'folded plaids'. This is commonly referred to today as the 'great kilt'. It was basically just a long blanket pleated and worn belted around the waist. Some nobel men even in the Highlands during the 16th century appear to have begun dressing like Lowlanders. [Krossa]
Krossa, Sharon L. " Scottish Men's Clothing.
Smith, Catherine. "Flesche and Fische aneuch’: the Role of Animals in the Scottish Medieval Economy".
Navigate the Boys' Historical Clothing Web Site:
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[Irish kilts] [Irish boys clothing] [Irish step dancing] | <urn:uuid:b91f48bf-3c26-4967-bb32-d8fc8aab738f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.histclo.com/country/scot/chron/med-scot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.967712 | 2,190 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Great story out of Georgia Tech, where students have developed a solution that could allow assistance dogs to better communicate with their handlers. Check it out here:
In a project now known as FIDO (for Facilitating Interactions for Dogs with Occupations), the group is constructing dog vests studded with an array of sensors that the service dogs can be trained to activate. The researchers are using the dogs’ natural behaviors, such as tugging, biting, and touching things with their noses, to create pull, bite, and motion sensors that should be fairly easy for the dogs to activate. The sensors are fitted onto off-the-shelf dog vests, the kind worn by assistance dogs in public to signal their role as a working animal.
So far, the team has built and tested four sensors: two differently shaped bite sensors; a tug sensor made of a rubber ball sewn to a stretch resistor; and a proximity sensor, similar to the hand-wave sensor on an automatic paper towel dispenser, which a dog can activate with a swipe of its nose. In their initial study, presented in September at the International Symposium on Wearable Computers in Zurich, Switzerland, the team tested three assistance-trained dogs: two border collies (including Jackson’s own dog, Sky) and a black lab–golden retriever mix. The researchers reported that the proximity sensor could be activated by the dogs with 100 percent accuracy, but was also the most sensitive to false positives, as the dogs would sometimes trigger it by accident. | <urn:uuid:d368fdae-5175-4be5-a77c-315db134579f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://innovationedge.com/2013/11/09/innovative-training-helps-dogs-communicate-with-owners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00882.warc.gz | en | 0.96335 | 314 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Posted 08 October 08
A New Slant on Chalk Brood Disease?
(By kind permission of BKQ Sept 08. Vol.93 p.29)
Chalk Brood, (Ascosphaerosis), the fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis (Massen ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir, is not normally a condition which affects the viability of a honey bee colony. However there are situations where it can be so severe that the survivability of the colony is threatened.
Professor Len Heath investigated the disease thoroughly in an excellent article in Bee World, Vol 66, No1, 1985. Many theories for the incidence and spread of the disease are mooted in his excellent article and the condition has been exhaustively documented on a world wide scale over the years. The disease seems to disappear for a period and then suddenly arise again. In America the disease was widely prevalent in Georgia, Iowa and Florida in the 1920s. At that time beekeepers reported that they re-queened colonies on a continuous basis and the condition then disappeared. However outbreaks of chalk brood reappeared in widely separate locations in North America within a few years in the late 1960s. It has been suggested that the Italian breeding stock of the 1920s had a greater resistance to the disease and that this could explain the apparent disappearance of the disease in the 1920s. Another theory postulates that the genes for increased susceptibility to chalk brood were introduced into breeding stocks and transmitted with queens and package bees all over America.
It has also been suggested that its reappearance in the late 1960s was due to mutation in the fungal stock. However parallel studies of the British and American strains of A. apis have shown no major and consistent morphological or physiological differences to confirm this theory.
Another possibility which was proposed was that changes in weather patterns could be responsible. This idea was deemed improbable because such changes appear to fall within the range of weather conditions in those parts of the world where chalk brood is found.
Chalk brood was found in New Zealand in 1957 by D.W.A. Seal, who was of the opinion that it had been present for some time. However the Principle Research Officer at Wallaceville described Seal’s samples as ‘diseased larvae with the appearance of chalk brood’. The fungal mycelium which permeated the larvae was only tentatively identified by him as A.apis. He went on to state that chalk brood was seldom found in NZ, even in areas having high rainfalls, implying that it was occasionally found in such regions. Reports on most of the 200,000 honey bee colonies in NZ examined annually dating from 1957 showed no incidence of chalk brood until 1984, when it was found in Kerikeri in North Island. A suggestion regarding the NZ situation is that A.apis is a latent endemic condition which only manifests itself when an environmental event occurs which activates the disease to clinically observable levels.
Observations made by myself in late spring /early summer 2007 and again in mid summer 2008 caused me to re-visit Prof Heath’s Bee World article to find out if he had mentioned anything about a phenomenon that came to my attention relating to chalk brood on both of these occasions.
The Clyde Area Beekeepers’ Association decided in November 2006 to try to establish a project to foster the honey bee gene pool in the West of Scotland using the apiary of the Glasgow and District Beekeepers’ Association. I was appointed Project Leader! The project was ambitious to say the least because at the time, early winter, there were only two surviving colonies in the apiary, however there was a sufficient amount of equipment of mixed design with which to begin.
The original two colonies were given VIP treatment and although having queens of indeterminate age came out of the winter relatively strong. As Project Leader, I decided that I would sacrifice 10 of my own colonies to get the project going. The original two colonies were fed to encourage build up – these would supply the drones for the new queens. All went according to plan –April 2007 was a beekeeper’s dream and by early May I was able to make up 10, 4 frame queenless nuclei and transport them to the CABA apiary for mating of the virgins produced. Despite May turning out to be as bad as April had been good the virgins were mated and laying by early June. All seemed to be on course for a good start to the project – then disaster struck - 6 of the 10 nucs were affected by the heaviest infestation of chalk brood I have ever seen and seemed to be ‘write offs’. Desperate situations require desperate measures and inspirational thinking. The infested combs were shaken free of the adhering bees, empty drawn deep frames previously fumigated with acetic acid were used to replace the discarded (and destroyed by fire!) frames. The bees were then fed with 2.5 litres of 1:1 sugar syrup and a sponge soaked with 20 mls, 60% formic acid inserted right on the frame tops for good measure (inspirational!!). The bees were left for a couple of weeks before being examined again. That examination was a revelation and will remain with me for the rest of my life – each and every one of the previously, seemingly doomed nuclei had a full comb of healthy sealed brood and to cap it all the chalk brood condition never appeared again in the apiary. We had an Open Day on the 21st July 2007 and sold 7 – 5 frame nucs bursting with bees to beginners attending that day. Every colony was opened for examination, Ian Craig the SBA President, who had been informed of the chalk brood problem at the time it occurred and who was also at that Open Day and can confirm not only that no chalk brood disease was present but also that the bees handled perfectly with no-one being stung or even threatened. A minor miracle!!
The CABA apiary bees exhibited negligible chalk brood this year 2008 and again the Open Day on 20th July saw another six beginners receive their 5 frame nucs again bursting with bees. Ian Craig was again present at the Open Day!
The weather in Scotland over the summer of 2008 must be a near record for continuous unfavourable weather and all colonies in the CABA apiary and my own outfit were fed more or less continuously. There was never a time when either syrup, fondant or sugar bags was not available to the bees – and it paid off by keeping the colonies in good heart. However one colony in one of my out-apiaries slipped through the net - I came back from holiday in late June, just at the end of the June Gap and on examining the colonies found to my horror that chalk brood was back with a vengeance in one strong nuc, which had been missed and not fed before I went on holiday. The condition was nowhere near the severity of the previous year in the CABA apiary but uncomfortably high. I did not remove any frames but I fed 3 litres of 1:1 sugar syrup to the colony – unfortunately I did not have my formic acid with me – so the bees only got the syrup. I went back the following week – with more feed and the requisite formic acid. I opened the colony expecting to find the disease condition, at best the same as the previous week, or at worst, epidemic in the colony.
To my astonishment there was no trace of chalk brood and the cells that had contained the mummies had either very young larvae or were full of uncapped honey - the feeder was empty!
To cut a long story short I am convinced, despite all the science and scrutiny that has gone before that the explanation for out breaks of chalk brood has nothing to do with queen quality, genetic resistance or good house keeping on the part of the colony. In my opinion the disease is a condition of inadequate food and more specifically the dearth of income of nectar or the lack of liquid feeding. The application of the formic acid in the 2007 case I am certain was not of any great significance. But that is not to say that used hive furniture should not be adequately sterilised before use.
At present I am unable to continue with my Chalk Brood postulation – none of my colonies now has any evidence of the disease. Perhaps interested parties having an A.apis presence might be moved to confirm or deny this submission.
I strongly feel that the larval stage hunger or competition for food is a critical factor in the development of the A.apis in the honey bee colony.
As an aside looking at another brood disease, European Foul Brood, which, it is accepted, has associations with larval hunger and competition for food – it has been observed that the incidence of EFB is extremely low or not clinically observable in colonies which are husbanded in areas with excellent forage conditions, in fact Bailey in his book “Infectious Diseases of the Honey Bee” states on page 139, paragraph (c). The effect of beekeeping on EFB - “In localities with uninterrupted nectar flows, where colonies can grow unhindered each year, (EFB) infection may remain slight and the disease unapparent”. I put forward the postulation that the same conditions hold for Chalk Brood and that by feeding colonies heavily in times of dearth will go a long way to maintaining healthy bees.
In fact the use of antibiotics to treat EFB might just be a waste of time, effort and money. | <urn:uuid:e7a8f1ab-2c7f-45e4-b75a-53c30470ee9d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://moraybeedinosaurs.co.uk/archives/chalk.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.97739 | 1,962 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Did you know that as your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels rise, so does your risk of heart disease? Even if you’ve made changes to your lifestyle and tried the highest tolerated dose of a statin, if your bad cholesterol is still high—you’re at risk.
Bad (LDL) cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. It can build-up in the walls of your arteries and form plaque, which can narrow the blood vessels. The higher your bad cholesterol, the greater your risk for developing heart disease or having a heart attack or stroke.
The effect of PRALUENT® (alirocumab) on heart problems such as heart attacks, stroke, or death is not known.
Sometimes, a high level of bad cholesterol may be caused by heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), an inherited condition that can put you at risk of heart problems due to build-up of plaque in the arteries. If someone in your family has been diagnosed with HeFH, or has had a heart attack or stroke at an early age, you should talk to your doctor.
Use the chart below to see where you stand, then talk to your doctor to find out what your treatment options may be.
Having high levels of bad cholesterol can put you at higher risk of heart problems. It’s important to maintain low levels of bad cholesterol in order to potentially reduce your risk. Talk to your doctor about what your goal should be, and discuss how to best reach that goal. | <urn:uuid:68621ab2-65b4-4e4d-943e-08ddcbbf41eb> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.praluent.com/high-ldl-cholesterol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511365.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018001031-20181018022531-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.950032 | 316 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Here is a new video Polyhedral Waltz. I made the animation, and Maurice Page composed the music. The video shows how Platonic Solids (regular polyhedra) inscribed in the same sphere fit together. If you click on the “cc” button … Read More
The video below is my entry into the MTT2 contest, where people are making commentary videos on videos from the Khan Academy (KA). This contest began when John Golden and David Coffey posted their “Mystery Teacher Theater 2000” video, where … Read More
This is a classic problem solving activity that I first saw many years ago in Mathematics: A Human Endeavor. The NCTM has a nice applet to test cases one at a time. Since I like playing with Excel and … Read More
I made this video when I was thinking about ways to teach the basics of linear transformations and matrices by illustrating their connections to computer graphics. I wanted to show the actual matrix calculations that lead to the graphics, as … Read More
Puzzle books I had as a kid often asked what the intersection of three cylinders looked like. Even looking at the answer in the back, I still had trouble seeing it. Making this video helped a lot. The Sketch Up … Read More
This is my first Sketch Up video. It is surprising how many shapes the cross-section of a cube can take on, and how hard they are to visualize (for most of us). The Sketch Up file I used is in … Read More
Explores some patterns in Pascal’s Triangle using Excel, including using conditional formatting to make a Sierpinski triangle. Excel Level: Beginning Plus (introduces conditional formatting). Math Level: Elementary – College.
Making a multiplication table is an excellent beginning Excel Activity. This video shows an efficient way to do it using absolute references, but there are many other approaches. I use an open-ended handout for this activity in class. This video … Read More | <urn:uuid:7a26597b-64af-4a79-88a4-f085eb432c64> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://debraborkovitz.com/tag/video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703527850.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121194330-20210121224330-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.936371 | 406 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Nobody who has a mouth should smoke cigarettes, nor should they use any other type of tobacco products, such as cigars and smokeless tobacco. Smoking is the number one preventable cause of heart disease and cancer. It’s also linked to cardio-pulmonary conditions such as asthma. Moreover, smoking harms your teeth throat, tongue, and gums.
Smoking Damages Your Teeth and Gums
Smoking damages organs throughout the body, and it’s particularly detrimental to your teeth and gums. In fact, smoking has been proven to cause all of the following conditions.
- oral cancer
- bad breath
- periodontal disease
- increased plaque and tartar buildup on teeth
- stained teeth
- a diminished sense of taste and smell
- decreased bone matter in jaw
- delayed healing and additional complications after oral surgery
- dulled sense of taste and smell
- tooth loss
- dry mouth
Smoking Causes Gum Disease
Gum disease is caused by bacteria that grows in the plaque and tartar that affixes to your teeth. Plaque is the sticky film that forms on your teeth after you eat a meal. If plaque is allowed to harden, it becomes tartar, the rough substance that adheres to the back and sides of your teeth.
Gum disease effects almost half of Americans over 30. This is particularly unfortunate, especially because gum disease is largely preventable. You can significantly reduce your chances of getting gum disease by avoiding tobacco products, visiting your dentist regularly, and practicing a daily regimen of good oral hygiene at home by brushing and flossing regularly.
The oxygen in your bloodstream helps your body fight plaque and tartar. However, nicotine in cigarettes causes a reduction in the oxygen delivered to your mouth. That’s why smokers are 64.2 percent more likely to contract gum disease than non-smokers. In fact, over 40 percent of all gum disease in the United States has been attributed to smoking.
Signs You Have Gum Disease
When you don’t work to actively combat it, gum disease can wreak havoc on your smile. If you are currently experiencing any of these symptoms, you might already be suffering from gum disease:
- Loose teeth
- Chewing causes pain
- Brushing is painful
- Teeth no longer fit together when you bite down
- Brushing causes bleeding
- Bad breath
- Gaps between teeth
- Gums are red and swollen
Tobacco and Oral Health
Like cigarettes, cigars and smokeless tobacco can be devastating for your health. Even if you don’t inhale them, cigars increase your risk for oral cancer, stained teeth, bad breath and gum disease.
The Hazards of Smokeless Tobacco
Smokeless tobacco, also known as dip or chewing tobacco, contains a variety of toxins associated with cancer. This can lead to disastrous consequences for your mouth. Smokeless tobacco has been proven to cause cancer of the mouth, tongue, lips, and pancreas. Recent research also suggests a connection between smokeless tobacco and cancers of the larynx, esophagus, bladder, and colon.
Help for People Who Want to Quit Smoking
It’s not easy to quit smoking. In fact, most smokers say they have tried to quit but can’t. Fortunately, there’s a lot of people out there who are ready to help you. If you’re trying to quit smoking, we recommend that you contact the American Lung Association. They can help connect you to the resources you need to finally kick the habit. Good luck!
Contact Dr. Huff for a Checkup Today
Avoiding tobacco products is a great way to protect your smile. Practicing healthy dental hygiene at home and getting regular dental checkups are two more things you can do to ensure that your teeth last a lifetime. Why not contact us at Precision Dentistry and Implants in Kerrville to make the appointment today? | <urn:uuid:0d4431fb-fde4-4d87-90ba-6568fa5d5a5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kerrvilledentistry.com/blog/tobacco-products-damage-teeth-gums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.939684 | 818 | 3.390625 | 3 |
There are times when one needs a sign made for one reason or another. Various people prefer signs created with particular designs and made from different materials. Despite all the choices available for signs, bronze plaques provide one with more than just a platform on which to etch information. Two of the main reasons one should use bronze plaques is that they create an image of prestige and most importantly permanence. As signs, bronze plaques are commonly utilized, but not limited, in the following areas:
Memorial plaques – One of the most common places you are likely to see a bronze plaque sign is on memorial monuments. Cities around the world are adorned with buildings, events, parks or other entity that are marked in commemoration of an outstanding individual. To memorize such people, bronze plaques are used because of the permanency they offer.
Dedication plaques – In the event that one wants to provide gratitude to an entity that has played a significant role in construction of a building, or has contributed significantly towards its expansion, using a bronze plaque does help to pass the message. Just like memorial plaques, bronze dedication plaques are preferred since once they are erected, they are permanent. Again, longevity in the selling point.
Address plaques – Businesses, buildings, homes, etc. need signs that direct people to their locations. Ordinary signs do perform this function, but when you use bronze plaques for the same purpose, they offer more than just letting people know your location. Aside from just showing your house or building number to the public, the aesthetics that are characteristic of bronze plaques welcome guests even before they enter your premises.
Hall of Fame plaques – Athletes who have outperformed expectations are usually rewarded with trophies, medals, money, and other prices. However, the best way to honour such people is by including their names in the Hall of Fame. Bronze plaques offer an opportunity for sports organisations to display the names of their athletes on material that stands the test of time. Most Halls of Fame signs are etched on bronze plaques.
Military plaques – The respect with which veteran military officials are held is hard to ignore. As such, governments prefer to honour veterans and identify bases and monuments by etching their names and other information on bronze plaques. It is therefore not uncommon to see military bronze plaques on army, navy, air force, and marine bases as well as ships. | <urn:uuid:1a80c02b-02fd-4539-90b3-86e415006f3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://write2web.com/2016/03/23/common-uses-for-bronze-plaques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.964183 | 492 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The place name Kundapura is quite interesting. The ‘Kunda’ is a Pali and Prakrit word signifying the gold. The word 'Kunda' also means 'lake' or 'pond'.There are also other meanings attached to the word such as melt,pillar,flower etc in different contexts.
The historical significance is that it is the name of the village (known as Kundagrama or Kundapura) near Vaisali in Videha (part of present Bihar) where Mahavira was born. Thus evidently the place name Kundapura signifies the role of Jainism in the Karavali.
Jainism & Buddhism
Since Mahavira (ca.599-527 BC) and Buddha (ca.563- 483 BC) are contemporaries it can be considered that the Jainism and Buddhism flourished simultaneously. Jains, however, believe that Jainism was founded by Vrishabha the first of the twenty-four Tirthankars. Yet critics opine that during early period upto 5th century CE was not emphatically present. The usage of the word Jainism, like the word Hinduism, itself is said to be rather recent.
The antiquity of the place name Kundapura is historically significant as it may throw light on the ascent/spread of Jainism in the Karavali/Tulunadu.
Because of the presence of the word ‘Kunda’ in Pali (Buddhist) and Prakrit (Jain) literature it is difficult to distinguish the exact religious connotation in the said word. The word ‘Kunda’ also exists in Tulu: it means either (a) pillar or (b) melt.
The Alupa King Kundavarma, who installed the idol of Avalokitesvara at Kadire, Mangalore, has been interpreted to be a Shaivaite by Dr. Gururaja Bhat. But his very name suggests that he was either a Buddhist or a Jain. It may also mean that religious affiliations were not emphatic in those days among the ruling class.
An interesting surname among Mogaveeras is Kundaran. In view of the significance of the word Kunda, the surname Kundaran possibly carries implications of the Jain/Buddhist heritage of a sect of Tulu Mogaveera people.
Books for Reference
- A Comparative Study of Tulu Dialects By Dr. Padmanabha Kekunnaya. Govinda Pai Reserach Centre, UDupi. 1994
- Koti Chennaya: Janapadiya Adhyayana. By Dr. Vamana Nandavar. Hemanshu Prakashana ,Mangalore.2001.
- Male kudiyaru. Dr B. A.Viveka Rai and D.Yadupathi Gowda, Mangalore University,1996.
- Mogaveera Samskriti By Venkataraja Punimchattaya. Karnataka Sahitya Academy.1993.
- Mugeraru:Jananga Janapada Adhyayana. By Dr Abhaya Kumar Kaukradi.Kannada & Culture Directorate,Bangalore & Karnataka Tulu Academy, Mangalore,1997.
- Puttubalakeya Pad-danagalu. Ed: Dr B.A.Viveka Rai,Yadupati Gowda and Rajashri, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Tulu Peeta. Mangalore University.2004
- Se'erige. Ed:Dr K.Chinnapa Gowda.Madipu Prakashana,Mangalagangotri,2000.
- Studies in Tuluva History and Culture.by Dr P Gururaja Bhat (1975).Milagres College,Kallinapur,Udupi.
- Taulava Sanskriti by Dr.B.A.Viveka Rai, Sahyadri Prakashana,Mysore 1977
- TuLu naaDu-nuDi By Dr.PalthaDi Ramakrishna Achar, Puttur.
- TuLu NighanTu. (Editor in Chief: Dr U.P.Upadhyaya, Govinda Pai Research Centre,Udupi. Six volumes. 1988 to 1997
- Tulu Patero-A Philology & Grammar of Tulu Language by Budhananda Shivalli.2004.Mandira Prakashana Mangalore. p.317. (The book is in Tulu Language using Kannada script)
- TuLunadina ShasanagaLa Sanskritika Adhyayana. By Shaila T. Verma (2002) Jnanodaya Prakashana,Bangalore, p.304.(Kannada)
- Tuluvala Baliyendre. Compiled by N.A.Sheenappa Hegde,Polali,Sri Devi Prakashana,Parkala,1929/1999
Copy? Right - but kindly remember to acknowledge!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. | <urn:uuid:31a1718f-27d3-44ae-bce7-1f861d89f939> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2008/03/99-kundapura.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589455.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716193516-20180716213516-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.874171 | 1,092 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A big worry about the curriculum in our schools currently is that it isn’t promoting real, deep learning. That it only supports shallow learning, a recall of facts, memorisation. We seem to be stalling at the lower end of Bloom’s taxonomy. The ability to remember a range of unconnected chunks of information beyond the tests they were originally presented for might be useful in a pub quiz but it won’t be particularly helpful in the workplace of the future. We live in an age where access to knowledge is more immediate than ever. Children can find out what they need to know at the touch of a button or screen, from an early age they know how to search for information. We need to develop their ability to think critically about the answers they are presented with, to help them understand that everything they read isn’t from a trusted and reliable source. We ned to encourage them to challenge and question, put simply we need to teach them to think.
In school we need to go beyond the skin deep learning experience, as this doesn’t help develop children as thinkers. The skin deep curriculum, where presentation and recall of facts and passive acceptance of truths hold sway offers only a shallow learning experience unlikely to appeal to the masses. We want our learners to be inspired, excited by possibilities, actively engaged in challenges that prepare them for the uncertain future. Guy Claxton surveyed a number of teachers for his book ‘What’s the Point of School?’ They thought a curriculum to prepare learners for the future should include a range of qualities, traits, values and habits of mind – things that have previously been pretty much left to chance, something to be picked up by osmosis perhaps, or learned from families and friends outside of school. Our approach to the curriculum has to encompass such ‘learning experiences‘ if it is to be relevant and meet the needs of tomorrow’s society. We have to make this ‘stealth learning’ conspicuous, visible to all and a necessary part of education.
It seems obvious that today’s learners need more than a shallow pedagogical experience and we would be failing them if we let them leave school armed with no more than this, for as Eric Hoffer said:
‘In times of change learners inherit the earth; while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists.’
As part of our ongoing drive to engage with the wider school community we recently introduced a morning exercise session for parents and children in the school hall for 20 minutes before the school day starts. We’re blessed with a large, well equipped hall with a good AV system which means we can make use of a data projector and a huge screen. Julie, one of our PE team sets up a programme called ‘cybercoach’ to run a series of exercises on the screen and parents and children join in. We use the programme around school as it’s great for getting everyone exercising. The morning sessions are great fun and families are beginning to attend in increasing numbers. Like lots of ideas, it started small with just a few coming along but they told their friends, and hopefully they’ll tell theirs and then maybe we’ll see the hall resembling one of those great photos you can see of schools in China where everyone is taking part in a tai chi session!
Engaging learners – one tweet at a time
I’ve been thinking recently about the opportunities twitter provides for engagement in the classroom and beyond. Our teaching and learning group are currently looking at questioning as a powerful tool to support learning and the following ideas are something I am looking to try out with them over the next term.
Who am I?
Using twitter to recount historical facts, tweeting as a figure from history for the children to follow, to work out who you are and learn more about your historical alter ego and the times you lived in. Fictional and factual characters could also be ‘twitterised’ to develop and unfold tweet after tweet with children following each one to gain an understanding of ‘who you are’. A fantastic example of this can be seen in @simonhaughton’s Scrooge from last Christmas http://is.gd/ge54s This year Simon is tweeting a Gunpowder Tweeting & Plot with @chrisleach78. Other great examples can be found by following @ukwarcabinet and @BBCCov1940 both bringing WWII to life through tweets.
Where am I?
Tweeting descriptions from places from around the globe as if you’re there. Children follow your clues to work out from the facts you give them, whereabouts you are.
What I am?
A cat, a dog, and inanimate object? Using twitter to develop children’s thinking skills and powers of deduction. This could develop into a game (as could the others!) My original thought was a hashtag entitled ‘petsthattweet’ but this limited the idea and would be exhausted quite quickly!
When I started thinking about these questions a world of opportunities presented itself. Our infants have postcards sent to school from Barnaby Bear (for the topic ‘Where in the World is Barnaby Bear?) why not have Barnaby tweet the children? I know some of these ideas are probably already being used, and I’m sure people have their own ideas and approaches similar to mine. It would be great to hear from you about what you’re doing and what has been successful with the children as you engage learners one tweet at a time!
We recently held an event in school to stimulate the children’s writing. It consisted of some green slime, a heavy dose of role play and a carefully conceived and cunning plan.
The idea came about when one of our teachers met with our local library service to put together a project about a mysterious alien landing on earth. The actors involved were all given loosely scripted parts and a green slimy jelly was strategically smeared around school. In classes, on the playground, down the corridors. When the children arrived in school they were immediately puzzled and excited. An emergency assembly was called to talk about what this might be. I was given my role by staff and I would like to think, I convinced the assembled mass of some extraordinary happening on our school field. I would like to think many of those watching staff believed my method approach-but maybe they just stayed to laugh. The children though were suitably filled with wonder and when our ‘new crossing patrol lady’ ran in full of panic and vivid description of a swooping bird like creature covered in green feathers and slime, many were already thinking they might have seen something similar on the way to school!
Next, the school secretary ran in with some police photographs to confirm our suspicions. They showed cordoned off areas and locations of sightings. All of this served to build the children to a level of near frenzy about what could possibly be happening. Was it an alien? What did it want? What was ‘IT’?
The staff took the children back to class and seized the moment, encouraging the children to get their thoughts and ideas down. At break and lunchtime the children, still engrossed, stalked the playground with clipboards and binoculars looking for clues.
Other schools in the area were also involved which only served to further the mystery. The use of a few simple props, some willing actors and a great gem of an idea gave us a level of engagement we strive for everyday. The children have a memory that will last a long time and that stimulated some of their best writing. It didn’t cost the earth and required only a small amount of people’s time but it’s impact will be lasting. | <urn:uuid:c711da0d-4303-4b2a-8cfa-48bc46e3ccb2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://smichael920.wordpress.com/2010/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811794.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218062032-20180218082032-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.970137 | 1,608 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Casting steel ball (casting grinding ball) is made of the scrap steel, scrap metal and other waste scrap which is melted by the heating of intermediate frequency electric furnace. In the melting process, the amount of precious metal alloy (such as iron, manganese, vanadium etc.) is added into the furnace for chemical composition. Then pour the qualified molten iron into the production line mold of steel ball when temperature of molten iron reaches more than 1550℃and the molten iron meets other technology requirements.
High chromium alloy casting ball, medium chromium alloy casting ball, low chromium alloy casting ball
Casting steel ball is mainly used in cement plant, chemical plant, power plant, quartz sand factory, silica sand factory and other dry grinding field.
High performance and low cost, wide application range, especially in cement industry as the representative of the dry grinding field
Inspection of raw materials—-Materials ratio—Heating and melting of Intermediate frequency furnace—Pouring into mold— Quenching—-Tempering—-Testing—Package
The standard chemical components of casting steel ball.(We can also produce the steel ball according to the requirement of customers
|Code||Chemical Composition（Mass Fraction），℅|
2.Nominal diameter, allowable deviation, the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter
|Allowable deviation of diameter||+2.0 -1.0||+2.0 -1.0||+3.5 -1.0|
|Difference of the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter||≤1.8||≤2.4||≤3.0||≤3.6||≤4.2||≤4.6|
3.Mechanical Property of casting steel ball
|Code||Surface Hardness||Impact Test||Impact Fatigue Life|
Notes:1. The ball with diameter 100mm is used in impact fatigue test; the test height is 3.5m; the impact times of the ball with other diameter are calculated by this formula, Nx=N*100/D, N is time.2. The impact toughness and impact fatigue life index is not treated as delivery basis.
1. It is not allowed that crack, obvious porosity, slag inclusion, shrinkage, cold insulation, wrinkled skin and other casting defects exist on the surface.
2.Allowed defects on ball surface
|Nominal Diameter||Allowed Surface Defects mm|
|Spare Part on Gate||Sand Dipping Area||Residual Side||Depth||Single Hole Area||Total Area|
It is not allowed that crack, obvious porosity, slag inclusion, shrinkage, cold insulation, wrinkled skin and other casting defects exist on the section which goes through center of gate and sphere.
1.Impact test: cutting 10mm×10mm×55mm part through gate in ball as sample
2.Rockwell hardness specimen preparation: The surface of the ball takes the test after grinding to platform, and the grinded thickness is 1.5 – 5mm.
3. Chemical composition test: when the volume smelting furnace more than 0.5 tons, we should check the chemical composition furnace by furnace; when the volume smelting furnace not more than 0.5 tons, we should check the chemical composition once per shift. Once there is one furnace unqualified, we need to sample double furnace for test. If there is still one not qualified, this branch of balls is unqualified.
4. Surface hardness test: sampling from different location of each batch of heating furnace, the number of the ball≥ 5.Once there is one unqualified, we need to sample double balls for test. If there is still a ball not qualified, this branch of balls is unqualified.
5. Internal quality detection: we sample 1 largest size casting iron grinding ball in 100 tons the same type cast iron grinding ball of each continuous production. Once there is one unqualified, we need to sample double balls for test. If there is still a ball not qualified, this branch of balls is unqualified. | <urn:uuid:a87cdeec-6113-4833-ae2d-55a3cd0b3062> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://shelleypointhotel.co.za/consumables/casting-steel-ball.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.824508 | 864 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When most travelers hear the words “Riviera Maya,” it’s fairly safe to assume that images of crystal clear Caribbean water and pristine,white sand beaches are what first come to mind… But as National Geographic is helping to show the world,there is much,much more to this tropical fantasyland than first meets the eye.
“The Mayapán Taboo Cenote Project has been hard at work documenting the sacred Cenote Sac Uayum at the site of Mayapán,Yucatan,” writes National Geographic online. “Our team has been mapping the form of Cenote Sac Uayum and the vestiges of human activity found there.”
Cenotes – pronounced “say-no-tay” – are essentially naturally occurring freshwater sinkholes located throughout the Riviera Maya and Yucatan Peninsula,with many found around Cancun,Tulum and Playa del Carmen. In addition,the ancient Maya often used Cenotes for sacrificial offerings.
To see more about Riviera Maya real estate,click here.
So far,the researchers have found six human skulls,other bones and ceramic shards,which are helping the team determine when and how indigenous ancient Mayan people used the cenote. Interestingly,many of the skulls show a similar deformation that seems to have been inflicted intentionally at birth. Researchers believe this was done as either a form of beauty enhancement or status symbol. Their work is often tedious but also spontaneously rewarding,with the potential for big surprises lurking around every turn.
“Yesterday provided the biggest surprise yet,” shared Bradley Russell via National Geographic explorer’s journal. “Working our way through a narrow side passage that we assumed would be a dead end,the team suddenly emerged into an enormous and beautiful second cavern,filled to the ceiling with water. We believe this is the first such connected cavern system found this far away from the coast.”
Already,the latest discovery has yielded a variety of human remains and some of the best-preserved skulls that have been found to date. The researchers have reason to believe that this system of interconnected cenotes may continue way beyond what they have discovered at this time and plan to continue exploring,one inch at a time. | <urn:uuid:e4973ae3-e250-40df-bffc-19dcdb3bcef8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://blog.investmentpropertiesmexico.com/lifestyle/2013/09/21/national-geographic-helps-map-riviera-mayas-underworld | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529898.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420160858-20190420182858-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.940745 | 474 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Residents of Scotland will head to the polls on September 18 to vote on whether to preserve or dissolve their 300-year old union with the United Kingdom. It is a stunning example of the persistence of nationalism despite decades of assurances by liberals and socialists alike that globalization dissolves national identities and/or makes national sovereignty increasingly irrelevant.
In a global context, the Scottish independence movement is unusual because Great Britain has been unified for so long, and the union (in 1707) was voluntary and not a result of conquest. Also, there has been no repression of Scots by the English for centuries, nor any threat to their ethnic identity; and the UK is a well-functioning democracy with robust human rights and a high standard of living.
Elsewhere in the world, Matt Qvortup reports, there have been 49 independence referenda since Texas voted to secede in 1861, and most of them have been ended in secession, with an average Yes vote of 83%. In Britain there have been ten referendums since the vote on whether to stay in the European Economic Community in 1974, and in seven of those cases voters opted for change over the status quo. So to the extent that this broader pool of cases is relevant, the chances of a nationalist victory cannot be ruled out.
As election day approaches, Scottish voters realize that they are facing a momentous decision and the country is in a grip of intense and for some exhilarating debate. For a flavor of the issues, check out the pro-independence website Yes Scotland and its pro-union rival Better Together. For a neutral academic discussion site, see Future of UK and Scotland. For the pro-independence case, see the speech by Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland on March 4, 2014, or read this article by Neal Ascherson. A trenchant argument for preserving the union is made by Gideon Rachman in The National Interest. Various celebrities have weighed in, with pro-independence Sean Connery facing off against Edinburgh resident J.K. Rowling, who donated £1 million to the No campaign.
South of the border, the independence movement is often seem as something whimsical and irrational, the product of a nostalgia for a land of wild, free, poetic Highland past. In a concise summary of the debate, John Lloyd suggests that Scotland is torn between “heart and head,” between a headstrong assertion of “who we are” and a rational calculation of collective self-interest.
Alternatively, the nationalist movement is portrayed as the creation of self-interested politicians – notably, Alex Salmond, the leader of the Scottish Nationalist Party – seeking power and a place in the history books. In this reading, independence is almost the accidental result of a sequence of short-sighted decisions by Labour politicians in Westminster – a failed devolution referendum in 1979, the creation of a Scottish parliament in 1998 – who had no inkling that their actions could lead to the break-up of the UK. (Just as Mikhail Gorbachev did not realize that glasnost and perestroika would lead to the collapse of the USSR.)
In her study of the break-up of Yugoslavia, Secessionist Movements and Ethnic Conflict, Beata Huszka argues that secessionist movements deploy one or more of three frames: ethnic security, democracy, and prosperity. Scots do not invoke any threat to their ethnic identity, so the case for independence depends on the latter two appeals – democracy and prosperity.
The democracy case hinges on the fact that Scots are more left-leaning than the English. Scots complain that they are repeatedly ruled by Conservative governments which would not have won power in an independent Scotland. The Conservative Party currently holds only 15 out of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament. In the 2010 British general election, they won 17 percent of the votes in Scotland, and they hold just one of the 59 Scottish seats in the Westminster parliament (which is elected on the first-past-the-post electoral system, unlike the Scottish and European parliaments, which use proportional representation). After the 1997 Labour landslide the Conservatives did not have a single MP in Scotland.
More broadly, in a climate of increasing disillusion with the institutions of democracy (from banker bailouts, to phone backing, to MP expenses fraud) independence is seen as vote for social change and the reinvigoration of participatory democracy. For example, Hilary Wainwright argues that the referendum is “not even about nationalism” but rather is “an invitation to say no to a super power whose wars, most recently against Iraq, the Scottish people found abhorrent, and yet have been forced to join; a chance to say no to decades of social injustice and sacrifice at the altar of the global market by Conservative and Labour Governments at Westminster.”
Scotland already enjoys a high degree of devolution of powers. It has its own legal, police and education systems, complete control over its National Health Service, and so on. It lacks autonomy in foreign and military policy – an important point given that Britain’s controversial Trident nuclear deterrence submarines are based in Faslane, Scotland. It also lacks control over fiscal and monetary policy – a sensitive issue given the UK coalition government’s commitment to austerity to forestall inflation and preserve the value of the pound.
The counter arguments to the democracy thesis are:
(a) any democracy is about winning some and losing some – and Labour governments have ruled Britain for half the post-war period.
(b) If you believe in social democracy and social justice, then these goals are more likely to be realized in the 60 million strong British community if Scotland stays part of the union. Thus the utilitarian principle of “the greatest good for the greatest number” argues for the preservation of the union. The Scots should make common cause against the London elite with their cousins in the struggling north of England.
Sometimes it is argued that Scottish secession would mean permanent right-wing governments in the rump UK. This is an exaggeration. Because Scotland has only 4.2 million voters out of a UK electorate of 46 million, it is quite rare for Scottish votes to swing an election (to Labour, from the Tories). It only happened twice since 1945 (in 1964 and 1974, and only for a total of 26 months). Additionally, in 2010 Scottish votes did deny the Conservatives a majority at Westminster, and forced them to form a coalition with the Lib-Dems.
(c) One issue is who gets to vote. The decision was made to restrict the franchise to people residing in Scotland. That gives the right to vote to 400,000 people living in Scotland who were not born there, but disenfranchises 800,000 Scots living elsewhere in the UK. (In contrast, in recent referenda in Montenegro and South Sudan emigres were given the right to vote.) The SNP promoted this approach presumably out of fear that diaspora Scots would be more likely to vote No.
Another contentious decision was to lower the voting age to 16 – Austria is the only other European country with such a low voting age. The SNP was gambling that younger, more impressionable voters would be easier to rally to their cause.
(d) There is also the classic liberal argument against secession (as laid out for example by Michael Ignatieff): that it divides people who were peacefully living together, forcing them to pick one identity at the expense of other identities and creating a downward spiral of action and response.
On the prosperity front, oil is central to the psychology of the nationalists. It was the discovery of oil in the North Sea that enabled the hitherto marginal Scottish Nationalist Party to capture 30% of the vote in 1974 with the slogan “It’s Scotland’s oil.” Oil and gas revenue remains key to the economic viability of an independent Scotland, and hence to the political confidence of the nationalist movement. The problem is that oil only accounts for 15% of Scotland’s trade, and other sectors of the economy would be hard hit by the uncertainty following independence. Leading banks have signaled that they would probably have to re-register in London, where most of their business originates, to conform to EU rules.
The main counter-arguments of the No campaign have focused on the pound sterling, Scotland’s status within the European Union, and the question of budget subsidies.
Alex Salmond has tried to argue that “it is Scotland’s pound too” and that an independent Scotland has the right to continue using the pound as its national currency. This is a somewhat unusual stance for a nationalist – historically, having your own currency was up there along with the flag and anthem as symbols of national autonomy. English politicians responded by insisting that London would not allow Scotland to print money to cover government deficits – citing the crisis in the Eurozone as a sobering example of what happens when monetary union runs ahead of fiscal union.
In the televised debate on August 5 between Salmond and former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling, head of the Better Together campaign, the latter hammered home the currency theme, arguing that “even an eight year old can name a country’s capital, flag and currency” but Salmond is unable to commit an independent Scotland to using the pound sterling, the Euro, or a new Scottish pound.
Salmond’s clinging to the pound sterling is an example of his broader political dilemma. To secure more than 50% of the votes on September 18 he needs to win over wavering voters who are worried about the possible disruptive impact of independence and who do not share the fervor of the nationalist true believers. Hence his insistence that Scotland will retain the Queen as head of state and the pound as its currency, and will stay part of the EU and NATO. Speaking on the BBC on August 7, Scottish Conservative Ruth Davidson characterized his position as one where “everything will change but nothing will change.”
On the European Union, the question is whether Scotland would automatically stay a member, or would have to apply for entry as a new applicant. The EU charter is ambiguous on the issue, but given the opposition of some EU members (notably Spain) to secession it is unlikely that Scotland would get a smooth passage to membership.
The budget subsidy issue arises because Westminster spends £1400 per head (15%) more on Scots than on residents of England (in part, this is seen as informal compensation for North Sea oil revenues). Thus for example Scottish students go to university for free, but English students have to pay £9,000 annual tuition (through state-provided loans). NHS patients in Scotland have free prescriptions while in England they pay £8 per item.
No survey over the past year has showed a majority favoring independence. The latest polls put the Yes vote at 46% and No at 51%, with forecasters confidently predicting a No victory. However, given the vagaries of turnout, and the uniqueness of the occasion, it is impossible to rule out a victory for the Yes campaign. And even if the referendum fails, a narrow margin of victory for union would mean that the issue would not go away. More devolution of policy responsibility is bound to follow – with likely pushback from English counties, triggering more calls for independence from north of the border. | <urn:uuid:f283d4f7-26cc-4355-970f-be0f338b9f0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://nationalismwatch.com/2014/08/23/scottish-independence-the-case-for-and-against/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400245109.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926200523-20200926230523-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.956454 | 2,308 | 2.625 | 3 |
Shortly after the Second World War, former residents of individual towns in Eastern and Central Europe wrote and published yizkor (memorial) books as a record of and tribute to the Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust. In most cases these books are in Yiddish or Hebrew. As a result, the vast amount of historical information in these books was not accessible to most English-speaking readers.
In 1994 volunteers with the New York-based, non-profit organization JewishGen began a program to reliably translate into English the text of yizkor books and post the translations on-line. Thus began JewishGen’s Yizkor Book Project (“YBP”). Today, the YBP has also posted on-line yizkor book material that has been reliably translated into Spanish, Lithuanian, and other languages
As a general rule, individual chapters of a yizkor book are translated as and when resources become available. The translations of an entire book can take more than a decade. When a book has been completely translated, JewishGen publishes an “in-print” version of the English translation, see, https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ybip.html
Very few Jews survived the Holocaust in Lithuania and Belarus, and most of the survivors did not return to their native communities. Even though Jews often constituted a majority of the population of many towns and villages in these countries, no effort was made during the Soviet era to collect and preserve in the centuries of history of local Jewish communities. Indeed, official Soviet policy mandated that the victims of the Nazis and their collaborators be characterized only as indistinguishable “Soviet citizens.”
For several years Remembering Litvaks has been purchasing copies of “in print” English translations of yizkor books for towns in modern-day Lithuania and Belarus that once were in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – the Litvak heartland – and distributing these books to relevant state and local libraries and museums. It has been encouraging to see that the translations, which were done primarily for Jewish historians and genealogists, have attracted the interest of non-Jewish historians in Lithuania and Belarus who seek to fill in the informational gaps in local history that were left in the wake of the Holocaust and the Soviet regime.
In the summer of 2018, the editors of the YBP notified Remembering Litvaks that JewishGen would support this initiative by donating copies of “in-print” yizkor books to institutions in Lithuania, Belarus, and Latvia designated by the Remembering Litvaks. In 2019, 29 books will be donated, including 12 that will be presented to the Belarus National Library in Minsk.
Cover of the Yizkor Book for Dusiat, Lithuania, which was published in 2018 and donated later that year by Remembering Litvaks to the Dusetos public library. | <urn:uuid:00262573-e228-4186-b1ba-85410a218055> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.litvaks.org/distribution-of-in-print-translations-of-yizkor-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057973.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926205414-20210926235414-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.961338 | 608 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In the 1930's dredge spoils from the establishment of the navigation channel in Sinepuxent Bay created 29 islands from Coffin's Point to Tingle's Island. Thirteen of these original islands remained in 1964, when the Maryland Legislature designated the collection of islands for wildlife protection, effectively creating the Sinepuxent Bay WMA. Later, expanding north of the U.S. Route 50 bridge, Heron and Skimmer Islands were added to the WMA in 1993. Most recently (c. 2015), Reedy Island was acquired, and Mark 12, Mark 14, and Tern Island’s were created with the spoils from a channel maintenance dredging project. Currently, the WMA consists of 10 islands, totaling approximately 20 acres. The islands are a mixture of sand, marsh, and tidal mud flats located in eastern Worcester County.
Sinepuxent Bay WMA provides important breeding habitats for birds which nest together on predator-free islands in large colonies. Royal terns, Least terns, and black skimmers are among the "Colonial nesting" waterbirds on the islands. Ducks and herons may nest on those islands with grasses or small trees. Beginning in 1987, one of these islands even supported a colony of nesting Brown pelicans for a period of years.
Bird-watching is the primary attraction. The islands can be reached only by boat. Weather conditions in the Coastal Bays can change rapidly and visitors are reminded to use proper boating safety to access the WMA. In the fall, hunters will find ducks, snow geese, Atlantic brant and Canada geese. Fishing is excellent for flounder, sea trout, croaker, spot and bluefish.
Numerous public ramps in and around Ocean City provide easy access to the group of islands north of U.S. Route 50. To reach the three islands south of U.S. Route 50 take MD 611 south to South Point Road and the boat ramp. For additional information, contact the Wellington WMA Office at (410) 543-8223.
Click Here for Maps
This area is a part of Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources public land system and is managed by the Wildlife and Heritage Service. The primary mission of the WMA system is to conserve and enhance wildlife populations and their respective habitats as well as to provide public recreational use of the State’s wildlife resources.
Eighty-five percent of the funding for Maryland's state wildlife programs comes from hunting license fees and a federal excise tax on sport hunting devices and ammunition. The federal aid funds are derived from the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration (or Pittman-Robertson) Fund, which sportsmen and women have been contributing to since 1937. Each state receives a share of the funds, which is administered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; these funds are used for wildlife conservation and hunter education programs, including the management of the WMA system.
Other sources of funds for land acquisition include Program Open Space Funding for Maryland's State and local parks and conservation areas, provided through The Department of Natural Resources' Program Open Space. Established in 1969, Program Open Space symbolizes Maryland's long-term commitment to conserving natural resources while providing exceptional outdoor recreation opportunities.
580 Taylor Ave, Annapolis MD 21401 | <urn:uuid:702da30e-8eba-4482-b31c-9dbc7d102073> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Pages/publiclands/eastern/sinepuxentbay.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513844.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021094247-20181021115747-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.921098 | 680 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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We have a large selection of development education resources for teachers, students or anyone who just wants to learn a bit more about the world around them!
These resources contain activities, information, stories, and statistics which can be incorporated across a range of subjects to bring global issues into your classroom. Resources are adaptable and suitable for both primary and secondary schools.
Would you like to receive a physical copy of our educational resources?
Do you have a question about our educational resources?
Speak Act Do
Are you doing an action project and looking for a bit of support? Look no further. Our new set of resources are designed to help you run projects, ideas for taking action and top tips on how to research. Designed to be used on their own or in conjunction with our new programme for schools, Speak Act Do.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals are 17 goals set by the United Nations to work towards a more equal world for everyone. This resource collection contains a booklet for each goal along with easily adaptable activities and information to bring the issues alive for your students.
Country Fact Files
Our Country Fact Files offer in-depth insights along with timelines and key issues for some of the countries that we operate in. This resource pairs perfectly with the Sustainable Development Goals resource listed previously.
Our Everyday Activism handbook is a perfect way to help stimulate discussion and debate on the challenges of being active for economic, social, and political change in the world. Be inspired to begin your own activism journey.
Action Project Planner
Our Action Project Planner booklet is filled with resources, tips, advice, and examples to help your students to plan their action project. This resource is designed to be used by students as they work through the stages of bringing their own ideas to life.
Someone Like Me
‘Someone Like Me’ is an illustrated children's book that tells the stories of children affected by war, natural disaster and extreme poverty. It’s a great educational resource that allows children to understand global development issues and what life is like for other children around the world.
Are you interested in ordering a copy of ‘Someone Like Me’? | <urn:uuid:8e99eb31-13b7-4075-95e9-6c63fb545aaa> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.concern.net/schools-and-youth/educational-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145839.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223185153-20200223215153-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.936772 | 501 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Adventures In Learning Preschool – Tustin
(714)730-5458 | 1111 El Camino Real | Tustin 92780
Yellow Sunshines October News
Look what we learned last month!
September was filled with lots of fun activities! We explored our classroom and new surroundings. We made so many new friends. We also learned to recognize and name our body parts through song. Our class thoroughly enjoyed Apple Day by tasting all different types of apples.
What we will learn in this month…
We are excited about exploring or Feelings, Emotions and our Five Senses in the month of October. Our class will be welcoming Fall by decorating the classroom with pumpkins, spiders, cats, bats and autumn leaves.
· Feelings, Emotions & My Five Senses
· Pumpkins, Spiders, Cats & Bats
Language & Letters:
· Letters A, B, C & D
Practice saying / knowing first and last name
· Recognize 1st letter in first name
· Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater
· Recognize Colors
· Recognize Shapes
Science & Sensory:
· Dumping & Pouring
· Textures & Touch
Social & Emotional Skills:
· Self awareness
Great job on your potty training Jakob!!!!
A BIG HIGH FIVE to Jack for recognizing his shapes.
A special THANK YOU to all the parents that help us celebrate Apple Day.
Please ready your child's highlights daily.
Remember to sign in and out
We are looking for parent volunteers to bring in items and help out, in the classroom on Friday October 31, for our Holiday Party. A party list will be posted soon.
Please make sure your child’s name is written on all their belongings.
Please remember to bring a crib size sheet & blanket inside a pillow case for naptime.
Dates to Remember
Picture day – October 8th.
The Great Shake Out – October 17th
Read for the record – October 20th
Halloween party – October 31st | <urn:uuid:7d00c747-04a9-41ec-b9a1-c461326b385d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.adventuresinlearning.com/yellow-sunshines-october-news-tustin-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.894473 | 431 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Following the coronavirus’s spread through the population—and anticipating its next move—is an important part of the public health response to the new disease, especially since containment is our only defense so far.
Just looking at an infected person doesn’t tell you where their version of the coronavirus came from, and SARS-CoV-2 doesn’t have a bar code you can scan to allow you to track its travel history. However, its genetic sequence is almost as good for providing some insight into where the virus has been.
An organism’s genome is its complete genetic instructions. You can think of a genome as a book, containing words made up of letters. Each “letter” in the genome is a molecule called a nucleotide—in shorthand, an A, G, C, T or U.
Mutations can occur every time the virus replicates its genome, so that over time mutations accumulate in the viral genome. For example, in place of the “word” CAT, the new virus has GAT. The virus carries these minor modifications as it moves from one person to the next host.
These mutations behave like a passport stamp. No matter where you go next, previous stamps in your passport still show where you’ve been.
Molecular geneticists like us can use this information to construct family trees for the coronavirus. That allows us to trace the routes the virus has traveled through space and time and start to answer questions like how quickly and easily does it spread from one person to another?
Individual patient data help paint a big picture
Online databases have been collecting SARS-CoV-2 genomic nucleotide sequences since mid-December. Whenever a patient tests positive for SARS-CoV-2, a lab can determine the genome sequence of the infecting virus and upload it. As of late April, more than 1,500 genome sequence samples have been deposited in GenBank, a publicly available database run by the National Institutes of Health, and more than 3,000 are in GISAID, the open-access Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data.
Since each sequence is from a patient who is in a specific place in the world, these viral genome sequences allow scientists to compare them and track where the virus has been. The more similar the sequences from two particular viruses are, the more closely related they are and the more recently they’ve shared a common ancestor. The first SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence uploaded to the GISAID’s website was collected from a patient in early December 2019.
Of course, the viral mutations themselves do not tell researchers which country they happened in. But since the databases record where particular patterns of mutations have been observed, scientists can determine the route that each viral strain has taken. The global map tracks the movement of the virus around the world.
The data recorded from thousands of patients show that SARS-Cov-2 originated in Wuhan China and spread from there to the rest of the world.
Building maps out of sequences
The genetic data can play a big role in cracking public health mysteries, like how the coronavirus has spread through the United States.
For example, a traveler from Wuhan arrived in Seattle on Jan. 15 and tested positive for the virus on Jan. 20.
On Feb. 28, scientists sequenced a virus sample from an American patient in Seattle and found its mutation signature matched that of the virus from the Wuhan traveler, plus three new mutations. GISAID has estimated the mutation rate at about 0.45 mutations per genome per week—so three mutations between the Jan. 20 case and the Feb. 28 case fits that rate.
Based on the three new mutations, this version of the virus had been multiplying undetected for about five weeks in the Seattle area. Since each infected person can infect several other people without experiencing any symptoms themselves, the virus could have spread to more than 100 people in five weeks.
Using the genome sequences to link the virus from the Jan. 15 traveler from Wuhan with the Washington-based patient from the end of February alerted Washington state officials that the virus was silently spreading through the population. This undetected spreading of the virus in Seattle and elsewhere is one of the primary reasons public health officials are calling for the public to stay home as much as possible.
Another study detailed the path the virus took as it moved from Wuhan to Shanghai to Germany to Italy to Mexico, stowing away in infected travelers. This study tracked infected individuals and compared their viral genomic sequences. Since researchers could compare the viral mutations to those in known locations at specific times, they were able to map out the phylogenetic tree—the family tree that shows how the various virus genome sequences are related.
Using the GISAID estimated mutation rate and the phylogenetic tree, scientists think the first time the coronavirus infected a person likely occurred in Wuhan in November or early December 2019.
If the virus had been around much longer, the viruses of the first known patients would have had a larger variety of mutations than they did.
Still tracking and learning from the sequences
The analysis of viral genomic sequences will continue to be a valuable tool for tracking and containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
For instance, sequencing the genome of a virus from a newly infected patient could tell you if it is a virus that has been circulating in the area for a while, or if it is a new introduction from elsewhere.
Someone who’d been in northern Italy before travel restrictions were in place brought the virus to Iceland. That initial outbreak was contained fairly quickly, but then new forms of the virus were introduced from elsewhere in Europe.
A new study pending peer-review indicates that California also had multiple introduction events with distinct viral lineages. For California, knowledge of the frequency of new introductions would be an important factor to consider as officials devise ways to contain the virus.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:5680df51-cd4e-4375-9013-829f14455e1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://hoffie.net/health-news/the-coronavirus-genome-is-like-a-shipping-label-that-lets-epidemiologists-track-where-its-been/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.957289 | 1,237 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The model consists of individuals who are either Susceptible (S), Infected (I), or Recovered (R).
The epidemic proceeds via a growth and decline process. This is the core model of infectious disease spread and has been in use in epidemiology for many years.
The dynamics are given by the following 3 equations.
To project the expected impact to Penn Medicine, we estimate the terms of the model.
To do this, we use a combination of estimates from other locations, informed estimates based on logical reasoning, and best guesses from the American Hospital Association.
The model's parameters, and , determine the severity of the epidemic.
β can be interpreted as the effective contact rate: β=τ×c
which is the transmissibility τ multiplied by the average number of people exposed c. The transmissibility is the basic virulence of the pathogen. The number of people exposed c is the parameter that can be changed through social distancing.
γ is the inverse of the mean recovery time, in days. i.e.: if γ=1/14 then the average infection will clear in 14 days.
An important descriptive parameter is the basic reproduction number, or . This represents the average number of people who will be infected by any given infected person. When is greater than 1, it means that a disease will grow. A higher implies more rapid transmission and a more rapid growth of the epidemic. It is defined as
is larger when
the pathogen is more infectious
people are infectious for longer periods of time
the number susceptible people is higher
A doubling time of 6 days and a recovery time of 14.0 days imply an of 2.71.
Effect of social distancing
After the beginning of the outbreak, actions to reduce social contact will lower the parameter . If this happens at time , then the effective reproduction rate is , which will be lower than .
For example, in the model, a 50% reduction in social contact would increase the time it takes for the outbreak to double, to 27.5 days from 6.00 days, with a of 1.36.
Using the model
We need to express the two parameters β and γ in terms of quantities we can estimate.
: the CDC recommends 14 days of self-quarantine, we'll use .
To estimate directly, we'd need to know transmissibility and social contact rates. Since we don't know these things, we can extract it from known doubling times. The AHA says to expect a doubling time of 7-10 days. That means an early-phase rate of growth can be computed by using the doubling time formula:
Since the rate of new infections in the SIR model is and we've already computed , becomes a function of the initial population size of susceptible individuals .
The default value for the total size of the susceptible population defaults to the entire catchment area for Penn Medicine entities (HUP, PAH, PMC, CCH)
Delaware = 564696
Chester = 519293
Montgomery = 826075
Bucks = 628341
Philly = 1581000
For other default values, please consult the Data Inputs section.
Discrete-time SIR modeling: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIRModel.html | <urn:uuid:15b1a7b0-a191-4174-9f39-ab59d0009182> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://code-for-philly.gitbook.io/chime/what-is-chime/sir-modeling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882634.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703153451-20200703183451-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.888526 | 684 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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