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By: Stefan Schneeweihs(Editor), Werner Huber(Editor), Anton Weissenhofer(Editor)
56 pages, colour photos, colour map
This booklet about the dragonflies of the Piedras Blancas National Park, Costa Rica, features the majority of the species of the region. Species descriptions and many colour photographs enable the reader to identify dragonflies. The booklet also includes an introduction to dragonflies and to the region's natural history.
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Previous art exhibitions
- Identity: Art inspired by the Great Lakes (June 2015–July 2016)
- Lest We Forget: Commemorating the 100th anniversary of the First World War through the power of contemporary art by Charles Pachter (June 2014–June 2015)
- About Face: Celebrated Ontarians then and now: A collection of portraits vividly illustrating our province’s dramatic cultural and demographic evolution over the past century (September 2013–June 2014)
- 60 in 60: Celebrating The Queen’s Diamond Jubilee (May 2012–September 2013)
May 2013 marked the 75th anniversary of the Lieutenant Governor’s Suite at Queen’s Park. The first public event was hosted there on May 4, 1938 by the Hon. Albert Matthews, 16th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. Since that time, Lieutenant Governors have used the suite to preside over events in the constitutional, political, social, and official life of the province. This is longer than the life spans of the two previous Government Houses.
When Queen’s Park was officially opened on April 4, 1893 by the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, the Hon. George Kirkpatrick, there was no office or suite for the Crown’s representative in the building. Ontario’s Lieutenant Governors lived, worked, and hosted public events in Government House, which was a Second Empire style edifice at King and Simcoe Streets in downtown Toronto. In 1915, the Lieutenant Governor moved to Chorley Park in Rosedale, a residence built by the provincial government in the French Renaissance style of the Loire. In 1937, after less than 22 years and seven Lieutenant Governors, Chorley Park ceased to be Government House and its contents were auctioned off.
Ontario’s third and last Government House was closed after an acrimonious dispute between Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Ontario Premier Mitchell Hepburn. Hepburn had also campaigned on closing the residence as part of a reduction in government expenditures in the election of 1934. While the appointment of Lieutenant Governors is made federally, their support is provided by the provinces. The end of Chorley Park and the dispute over the appointment of the next Lieutenant Governor soured the political relationship between the two political leaders, who were from the same party.
Almost all jurisdictions of the Commonwealth Realms maintain a Government House for the representative of the Sovereign. This provides an official and often historic venue for government business, ceremonies, receptions, and accommodations for official guests as well as the metaphorical home for the province or state. By contrast, the building in which the Legislative Assembly meets is presided over by its Speaker and is focused on the political activities and parliamentary events of the day. In Canada, four provinces provide offices for their Lieutenant Governors at their legislatures, of these only Québec and Ontario have facilities for official hospitality in their parliamentary precincts and do not have a Government House.
With the closing of Chorley Park, the Government of Ontario offered the Speaker’s apartment and Cabinet Dining Room for the use of the Lieutenant Governor, and the Speaker was accommodated in the third floor flat of the Sergeant-at-Arms. Some of the most impressive features of Chorley Park were moved to Queen’s Park, including six crystal chandeliers, a collection of paintings of Ontario’s Lieutenant Governors, as well as furniture that had been purpose-built for the residence and provided by the T. Eaton Company. These fixtures are all prominent in the suite and are important parts of our heritage.
In 1939, Lieutenant Governor Albert Matthews received King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in the suite on their historic visit and presented the Dionne Quintuplets in the Music Room. Since then, The Queen and most other members of the Royal Family have been frequent visitors when in Toronto. Over the years the suite has played a prominent constitutional role as Premiers were commissioned to form governments there by the Lieutenant Governor after their predecessors visited to offer their resignations. Traditionally, new governments were sworn to office privately either in the Lieutenant Governor’s private office or the Music Room. Since 1971, new Premiers and their Executive Councils have usually taken their oaths publicly in the chamber of the Legislative Assembly, on the grand staircase or on one occasion, outdoors. Individual ministers continue to take their oaths in the suite when part of smaller Cabinet shuffles or on an individual basis.
Lieutenant Governors also host MPPs and their guests to mark the opening of new parliamentary sessions and, since 1973, most royal assent ceremonies. Foreign royalty, Presidents, Prime Ministers as well as their diplomatic representatives are received by the Lieutenant Governor during their visits or consuls-general when they take up their post. Many charitable and community groups are offered support and profile when the Lieutenant Governor receives their members and supporters for receptions or meetings in the suite. The Lieutenant Governor also presents honours and awards in the suite to deserving citizens. Many Ontarians have visited the suite for these events or for the New Year’s Levee or during tours of Queen’s Park. To improve accessibility for persons with impaired mobility, an elevator was added in 2009. The northwest corner of the building is now synonymous with the Crown in Ontario.
Over these past 75 years, the Lieutenant Governor’s Suite at Queen’s Park has proven to be a dignified setting for the province’s major ceremonies and government functions. By providing space for the Lieutenant Governor in the building housing the Legislative Assembly, we are reminded of the Crown’s role in Parliament and government, as well as providing a neutral space in which all citizens are able to visit to celebrate other events in the life of the province.
The foyer features a grand staircase lined with portraits of former Lieutenant Governors. A large portrait of Upper Canada’s first Lieutenant Governor, John Graves Simcoe, painted posthumously by Sir Edmund Wyly Grier, is on loan from the Toronto Public Library. The oak hall table, console tables, and crystal chandelier—one of five that grace the suite—come from Ontario’s former viceregal residence, Chorley Park. Doorways lead to the lounge, drawing room, and dining room.
The lounge features comfortable seating arranged around a fireplace. The Lieutenant Governor hosts official and informal meetings in this warm and inviting room. Members of the Royal Family, heads of state, and government leaders sign the guest book at the corner desk. High commissioners, ambassadors, and consuls-general are received here, as well as citizens from all walks of life. Most furnishings in this wood-panelled room come from Chorley Park.
(Photos courtesy Angela Durante)
The drawing room is an elegant venue for receptions hosted by the Lieutenant Governor in honour of guests from Ontario and around the world. The settees, armchairs, side chairs, and window seat, designed in the Louis XVI style, were purchased in 1915 from the T. Eaton Company for the former viceregal residence at Chorley Park. During the end-of-year holiday season, a decorated evergreen tree is displayed in this room.
The upper hall serves as an informal sitting area for guests. On display is a painting depicting Alexander Mackenzie’s expedition towards the Pacific. Doorways lead to the music room and staff offices.
The large red banner with the cypher and arms of George IV dates from the 1820s. The banner was originally created for George III, and was already en route to North America at the time of his death. Rather than replacing the expensive gilded wire, an additional roman numeral I was added, rendering the cypher as G IIII R.
The dining room is a gracious setting for formal luncheons and dinners hosted by the Lieutenant Governor to honour royalty, visiting dignitaries, and leading citizens. Sliding doors can be opened so that large dinners and receptions can extend into the adjacent drawing room. The oak table, chairs, and sideboard, all designed in the 17th-century Jacobean style, were made in 1915 for Chorley Park.
The music room, the largest room in the Lieutenant Governor’s Suite, is the setting for the New Year’s Levee, a traditional open house hosted by the Lieutenant Governor and held at Queen’s Park in even-numbered years. Receptions, investitures, awards presentations, and swearing-in ceremonies are held here throughout the year.
Portraits of the last 11 Lieutenant Governors hang on the walls along with the those of the first Lieutenant Governor, John Graves Simcoe. The newest portrait of Her Majesty The Queen occupies the most prominent position in the room, placed above the grand fireplace.
Furnishings in the music room include a piano, which gives the room its name. Most furnishings, including the round table and chandelier, came from Chorley Park. The colourful wool carpet was installed by hoisting it in through the alcove window. The fireplace has an oak mantelpiece with a Latin inscription meaning “These things one day it will be pleasant to remember”.
On special occasions of a less formal nature, this room is adorned with couches and coffee tables, sometimes with a DJ or live musician providing entertainment.
Lieutenant Governor’s private office
The office is the venue for official business and informal gatherings. In this room, the Lieutenant Governor may grant royal assent to bills passed by the legislature, approve orders-in-council, dissolve or prorogue the legislature, or commission a new government to be formed on the resignation or defeat of the sitting ministry. The office is adorned with art from the Government of Ontario Art Collection. The viceregal standard is displayed along with the flags of Canada and Ontario. | <urn:uuid:2ab87fcc-2294-4ba0-a833-ac205c3c9c7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.lgontario.ca/en/visit/pages/tour-the-lieutenant-governors-Suite.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660996.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00194-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968196 | 2,013 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Following the multiplication of binary option brokers providing contract on bitcoin, we figured it could be interesting to present you the basics of this new digital currency. The bitcoin popularity is growing among retail traders who find in this digital currency an alternative to traditional financial markets. Marc Andreessen, for example, from the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, wrote in The New York Times on January 21 this year: “Far from a mere libertarian fairytale or a simple Silicon Valley exercise in hype, Bitcoin offers a sweeping vista of opportunity to re-imagine how the financial system can and should work in the internet era, and a catalyst to reshape that system in ways that are more powerful for individuals and businesses alike.”
What is bitcoin?
Bitcoin is the first digital currency that can be transferred instantly, anonymously and securely, with no transaction fees, between any two people anywhere in the world. You can think of it as electronic cash that you can use to pay for goods or services online without having a bank as intermediary. Bitcoin is a “crypto currency”, in other words, as defined by Investopedia, a digital or virtual currency that uses very complex cryptography for security and is thus difficult to counterfeit. This currency is generated by complex algorithms linked to online peer-to-peer systems.
How are bitcoins generated?
Bitcoin is the first currency that would be controlled by cryptography, rather than a central bank. A bitcoin is a piece of code that fits a specific mathematical formula. It’s so complex that finding a code that fits the formula, requires incredibly powerful computer processors spending huge amounts of time trying different combinations. This is what’s known as ‘mining’ and is how new bitcoins are created. Also, there will only ever be 21 million bitcoins in existence due to the way the formula was worked out at the very beginning.
So when a computer solves the complex formula, a bitcoin block is generated with 50 Bitcoins as reward, but as almost no one mines alone, they are split between all the miners in the mining pool. Right now, a block is generated every 10 minutes but given that more and more processing power gets into the mining every day, the underlying algorithm that generates the new formula, adds more complexity to it along the way in order to keep the bitcoin supply regular.
How to buy bitcoins?
Most investors that speculate on bitcoin don’t “mine” them but buy them directly on a bitcoin exchange, the largest international exchange is BitStamp (https://bitstamp.net). You can also buy financial instruments that will track the performance of the bitcoin such as a CFD (contract for difference) or whose value will be dependent on the direction of the bitcoin price evolution such as binary option. You can of course buy these instruments through a regulated broker that is acting as a Market-Maker for the product.
Is bitcoin a safe and secure currency?
Bitcoins are based on complex cryptography, harder than the ones used by banks and military to send data or virtual money from one place to and other. Bitcoin is thus considered extremely safe. Nevertheless, the exchanges and brokers who provide bitcoin are not protected against any bankruptcy threats so you should select your counterparty with care.
Bitcoin binary options with AnyOption
AnyOption is one of the only brokers to propose binary options on bitcoin. Bitcoins are listed in US dollars (like any forex pair) on multiple exchanges and AnyOption designed a specific platform to monitor all the most popular exchanges in order to perfectly track the bitcoin live price. | <urn:uuid:ffe236f4-7f5a-49f1-90dc-7ba4c45092b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://binaryoptions-broker.co.uk/what-is-bitcoin-basics-binary-option/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00304-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944856 | 723 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Great Famine in the mid-19th century was one of the most devastating events in Irish history.
Between 1845 and 1852, potato blight hit the island’s potato crop. The potato was a staple item of food in Ireland. A lack of good harvesting led to mass starvation, disease, and the deaths of nearly a million people.
One of the unexpected sources of aid in this crisis was the Ottoman Caliphate. Sultan Abdul Majeed I the First, went out of his way to try to help so he could ease the suffering of the Irish people.
Sultan Abdul Majeed was only 23 years old in 1847 when he personally offered £10,000 in aid to Ireland, but he had already ruled the Caliphate for nearly ten years.
In that time, he earned the admiration of many of his own subjects and others around the world. But this time he would have to scale back his generosity.
British diplomats advised him that it would be offensive for anyone to offer more than Queen Victoria, who had only donated £2,000.
It was suggested that he should donate half of that amount, so he gave £1,000.
The Sultan’s donation was appreciated by the public in Britain and Ireland as well. One English religious journal published an article titled “A Benevolent Sultan” in which the author wrote,
“For the first time a Mohammedan sovereign, representing multitudinous Islamic populations, manifests spontaneously a warm sympathy with a Christian nation. May such sympathies, in all the genial charities of a common humanity, be cultivated and henceforth ever be maintained between the followers of the crescent and the cross!”
The press also blamed the British diplomats in Constantinople for rejecting the initial donation of £10,000 just to avoid embarrassing Queen Victoria.
Meanwhile, Sultan Abdul Majeed had found other ways to help.
Today, the port town of Drogheda in Ireland includes a crescent and a star, both of which are symbols of Islam, in its coat of arms.
Local tradition in the town has it that these symbols were adopted after the Ottoman Empire secretly sent five ships loaded with food to the town in May 1847.
The reason for the secrecy is that the British administration had allegedly tried to block the ships from entering Drogheda’s harbor.
Evidence that story these claims include newspaper articles from the period and a letter from Irish notables explicitly thanking the sultan for his help.
The nationalist Irish Freeman’s Journal celebrated these efforts.
“The conduct of Abdul Majeed on the occasion referred to,” the author wrote, “was that of a good, humane, and generous man. A believer in Mohammedanism, he acted in the true spirit of a follower of Christ, and set an example which many professing Christians would do well to imitate.”
Though Abdul Majeed probably hadn’t expected any kind of returns on his aid to the Irish, some of them rallied to his side in 1854, just two years after the famine ended.
Britain had become involved in the Crimean War to defend Ottoman territory against an expanding Russian Empire.
In addition to Irish nurses and engineers (and some of the first war journalists in history), about 30,000 Irish soldiers served in the war.
Despite the suffering that they and their families had endured during the Great Famine, they were noticed to be serving enthusiastically in defense of the territory of the sultan who had helped them in their time of need.
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All Rights Reserved. Contact email@example.com if you are interested in licensing our content, advertising or working with us in other ways. | <urn:uuid:c9bd4f7b-74c3-4e51-b205-07e4ceadd9c1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.kjreports.com/how-an-ottoman-sultan-helped-ireland-during-the-great-famine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.972531 | 824 | 3.453125 | 3 |
How Emotional Boundaries are Established
We all have our own set of reactions and feelings that are distinctly ours. We respond to our surroundings based on a combination of our histories, values, perceptions, goals and concerns. The importance of having emotional boundaries is so we are able to accurately tell if something is bothering us, what we need in relationships, and when we’ve been emotional violated (or validated). They ultimately keep us safe.
Emotional boundaries are that subtle check in your heart that says, “Hey, that wasn’t right.” “That was inappropriate.” “That did not feel good.” “That hurt my feelings.” “What she said to me wasn’t ok.” “I need to get out of this situation.” “I should not be treated like this.” Or more positively speaking, “This person makes me feel safe and appreciated.” “I feel respected.” “It’s such a relief to be able to trust this person.” Emotional boundaries tell you how it feels for you to be treated in certain ways, what’s ok and not ok.
For some of us, our emotional boundaries are developed naturally throughout childhood. When children are given emotional feedback and validation, taught to identify and express emotions, learn to read non-verbal language and facial expressions, it helps their identity grow hand-in-hand with their emotional boundaries. Feedback from our parents and others in our lives echo back to us day-by-day moment-by-moment creating our sense of emotional boundaries. If fills the gap between who we are and who we aren’t.
What happens, however, if as children our boundaries were not given the chance to develop? For those of us who were neglected as children, we did not receive enough feedback on how to have healthy relationships, how to be treated, or how to interact with others. If we experienced boundary violations such as verbal, physical or sexual abuse, being mocked, threatened, or ridiculed, we are left with a confused since of emotional boundaries. An uncertainty of how to be treated, what’s truly ok, how to recognize the right to say no or the freedom to say yes. Underdeveloped emotional boundaries can sometimes unfortunately lead to a decreased ability to deduce warning signs in others’ behavior or leave us on hyper-alert mode, not knowing who to trust.
Fortunately this is not a lost cause. We learn a countless number of skills throughout our lives. Some of us had childhoods where we got the opportunity to form healthy emotional boundaries, and some of us will take a more intentional approach in adulthood to learn them.
Here are just a few ways to start establishing emotional boundaries. If you have a background of abuse or boundary violations, some of these statements might seem out-of-the-box, totally foreign, or frankly unrealistic. But they are. Time for some mind-shifting.
-You can set boundaries by choosing how you let people treat you. This requires a mind-shift from “things happen to me” to “I let (or don’t let) things happen.”
-You can decide how much personal information you’ll reveal. How people treat you after you reveal parts of yourself will give you more information about them to determine if they are trustworthy. Trust is built layer-upon-layer over time.
-You can decide what relationships you’ll continue to develop and who you’ll back away from because you can’t trust them.
-You can choose how you let people treat you, what comments you’re willing to accept, what people can say to you.
-You can change your mind. If you let someone say something hurtful to you or treat you a certain way, that does not mean that you have to let them continue doing that. You can discover that you don’t like something someone said, reset a boundary, and set new standards of behavior.
For more information on boundaries, I highly recommend reading “Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin” by Anne Katherine, MA. It’s a fairly short, powerful read on how to recognize and set healthy boundaries. It addresses all sorts of boundaries and has a great chapter on boundaries with your children. | <urn:uuid:86e7c726-277e-41f2-8fa4-73fcb50d3fa6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.heatherlokteff.com/post/2014/01/24/how-emotional-boundaries-are-established | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400220495.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924194925-20200924224925-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.958186 | 912 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Here are the Women’s Day Sand Sculptures designed by Tarani Prasad Mishra, a renowned sand sculptor from Andhra Pradesh.
As on 8 March 2017, the International Women’s Day is being celebrated all over the world, Tarani made these sand sculptures for the betterment and upliftment of women in this modern world.
“Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah”. which means Women are honored where, divinity blossoms there, and where women are dishonored, all action no matter how noble remain unfruitful.
Womanhood has been reverenced in the ancient Indian culture as a manifestation of divine qualities. Womanhood is a symbol of eternal virtues of humanity expressed in compassion, selfless love and caring for others.
The Indian philosophers of yore (the rishis) considered that the seeds of divinity grow and blossom in a truly cultured society where women are given due respect and equal opportunities of rise and dignity.
The scriptures and later works on Indian culture and philosophy stand witness to the fact that women indeed receive high recognition and respect in the Vedic age.
The contribution of women rishis in making the ancient Indian culture a divine culture were not less than those of their male counterparts. In the later ages too, women had always been integral part of cultural, social and intellectual evolution of the human society.
The above line “Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah” is taken from ‘Manusmriti’. | <urn:uuid:497b42c0-84c4-471a-82bb-5b51ca1098e5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://hindupad.com/womens-day-sand-sculptures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.916921 | 375 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A compound tested by UT Southwestern Medical Center investigators destroys several viruses, including the deadly Spanish flu that killed an estimated 30 million people in the worldwide pandemic of 1918.
This lead compound -- which acts by increasing the levels of a human antiviral protein -- could potentially be developed into a new drug to combat the flu, a virus that tends to mutate into strains resistant to anti-influenza drugs.
"The virus is 'smart' enough to bypass inhibitors or vaccines sometimes. Therefore, there is a need for alternative strategies. Current drugs act on the virus, but here we are uplifting a host/human antiviral response at the cellular level," said Dr. Beatriz Fontoura, associate professor of cell biology and senior author of the study available online in Nature Chemical Biology. | <urn:uuid:6250a63d-0844-4178-ba2e-08896fc9365a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.microbeworld.org/component/jlibrary/?view=article&id=7503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00423-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949212 | 161 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Divided surface bug
One of the reasons that Rhino remains so popular amongst designers is Revit’s primitive conceptual modelling tools. Below is a clear example of Revit’s limitations when it comes to conceptual modelling and how Rhino can help. Special thanks to David Baldacchino from do-u-revit for contributing to this solution.
A known ‘bug’ within Revit is how planar trapezoidal surfaces are divided. Revit takes the liberty of ‘optimising’ the divisions by treating the surface as a trimmed surface and cropping the UV divisions. There is no way to prevent Revit from doing this, even if you are in Dynamo. This can causes major problems, as often one needs the UV divisions to follow the surface, not some imaginary trimmed surface.
In order to make the trapezoidal surface with a skewed UV grid, there are a few workaround options. Unfortunately, none of them are great. The first workaround is to displace one of the vertices a very small amount, say 1mm, so that the surface is not a pure plane. Clearly this is not ideal and very inaccurate.
The second workaround is to set the number of ‘V’ divisions to zero and use intersects instead. To do this:
- Take the top and bottom edges and divide the path.
- Set the number of points you want. This will be the V grid divisions.
- Add reference lines between these nodes. Note: these cannot be used as intersects as they are not plane-based.
- Create reference planes by picking these reference lines and use them as intersects.
Neither workaround is great but until Autodesk decide to fix the problem, and it is a problem, this is the best we can do. | <urn:uuid:c3d3623f-38ae-4294-a9f3-c7cdfbbc5cec> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://parametricmonkey.com/2015/06/29/revits-divided-surface-bug/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161350.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925083639-20180925104039-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.934776 | 369 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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Cultural Effects of Alexander's Conquests - Essay Example
Author : hayesjamil
Pages 8 (2008 words)
Alexander is considered one of the most powerful and successful commanders of all the times, conquering most of the known world before his death. Alexander conquered the Persian Empire, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Central Asia, and India. He integrated foreigners in his army and followed the policy of fusion…
The people of Asia were quick to adopt the culture of the conquerors. This situation set the stage for integrating Greek culture in the conquered territories and information from both ways. As a result artists, painters, musicians and writers flocked to these cities founded by Alexander in Persia, Egypt and in the later other cities also followed classic Greek city style, complete with baths, temples and public meeting places, a style directly borrowed from Greek, which was further spread along the Silk road in the conquered territories.
It is a well-known fact that, the changes in cultures, which we know as history of the civilization, are the direct consequence of sweeping conquests. When Alexander's armies subjugated the known world by their military prowess, the result was Hellinization of the cultures in the centuries to come, and the impact was equal spread from Europe to Middle East and Central Asia. By 323 BC Alexander Empire was stretched from Greece to Egypt, Iran and India. As the Empire grew larger, so does the Greek influence in these new conquered territories. At every conquered territory Alexander setup a strategic military installations with complete Greek style towns, which imported the Greek culture and ideas. And these influences can even be observed even in today in central Asian art and architecture. ... | <urn:uuid:91946dc4-0a7d-415f-ba7e-1f0363d8c419> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://studentshare.net/miscellaneous/305898-cultural-effects-of-alexanders-conquests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612502.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529165246-20170529185246-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.948731 | 346 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The knee is composed of three compartments, the (1) medial compartment, (2)lateral compartment, and (3) patellofemoral compartment.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition affecting articular cartilage, when is limited to a single compartment of the knee, known as unicompartmental arthritis.
Anatomy and Function
Unicompartmental arthritis is an example of osteoarthritis affecting either the medial or lateral compartment of the knee. While osteoarthritis most commonly affects both compartments, certain factors may predispose to the uneven development of osteoarthritis. These factors include:
- Malalignment: Patients with malaligned knees are commonly known as being “bowlegged” (varus malformation) or “knock-kneed” (valgus malformation).
- Articular cartilage injury
- Untreated Meniscusinjury.
Diagnosis of arthritis is made through a combination of history and physical exam as well as imaging.
A history of pain isolated to the medial or lateral portions of the knee associated with joint swelling and stiffness is suggestive of arthritis.
On physical exam, orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine specialists will evaluate the alignment of the knee to assess for joint malalignment indicative of uneven load distribution.
X-rays of the knee will be taken and may demonstrate signs of osteoarthritis limited to one compartment of the knee. These signs include joint space narrowing, bone spur formation, and increased density of the bone adjacent to the overloaded compartment.
Treatment choice depends on many factors considered by the orthopedic surgeon or sports medicine specialist like age, activity level, degree of symptoms, and the underlying cause of arthritis.
- Weight loss and physiotherapy
- Injection -Multiple injections are available to help relieve the pain of unicompartmental osteoarthritis
- Corticosteroid injectionsare commonly used to decrease the inflammation of an osteoarthritic knee and relieve associated pain. Pain relief typically last from 4-6 months.
- Viscosupplementation – Hyaluron is a natural component of joint fluid that helps to lubricate and absorb shock. Hyaluron injections are thought to help restore the shock-absorbing functions of an osteoarthritic knee and protect damaged cartilage.
The decision for which injection to be used depends on the staging of arthritis and can be discussed with the orthopaedic surgeon.
- Bracing-If the underlying problem of osteoarthritis is malalignment of the knee, a special brace, called anoffloader brace, may be worn by the patient.
- Articular Cartilage Restoration Procedures–
These options are typically most appropriate for smaller cartilage defects in younger patients and include:
- Osteochondral allograft transplantation
- Autologous chondrocyte implantation
In this procedure, a wedge of bone is cut out from either the tibia (a high tibial osteotomy) or the femur (a distal femoral osteotomy).
The goal of this procedure is to relieve the uneven distribution of weight across the knee and prevent progression of osteoarthritis.
Patients are typically not allowed to bear weight on the leg for 6 weeks and aren’t able to return to full activity until 6 months.
- Advantages: retain native knee joint, allow for continued normal activity level.
The optimal candidate for osteotomy is a highly active, highly motivated patient willing to deal with the long and painful recovery process. Additionally, there must be clear demonstration of knee malalignment as well as truly isolated unicompartmental osteoarthritis.
In certain situations, the best treatment for unicompartmental osteoarthritis may be replacing the damaged portion of the joint.
- Advantages: quicker recovery than total knee replacement, less pain than total knee replacement, may be a more “natural” feel than total knee replacement
An ideal candidate is a young patient with true unicompartmental osteoarthritis and mild deformity with minimal fixed deformities.
- Advantages: removal of all osteoarthritic cartilage, more predictable pain relief. | <urn:uuid:0a648349-4641-435b-ab73-8bf021189f4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://jointandspinesolutions.com/index.php/knee-arthritis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210074242-20221210104242-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.888365 | 896 | 3.0625 | 3 |
WESTCHESTER, Ill. – Students with symptoms of sleep disorders are more likely to receive bad grades in classes such as math, reading and writing than peers without symptoms of sleep disorders, according to a research abstract that will be presented Monday at SLEEP 2007, the 21st Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies (APSS).
The study, authored by Alyssa Bachmann, of Chappaqua Public Schools in New York, was focused on the parents of 218 second and third graders, who completed Sleep Disorders Inventory for Students – Child Form, a brief screening tool validated for use in the schools.
According to the results, students with reported symptoms of sleep disorders received significantly worse grades than students without symptoms of sleep disorders.
Specifically, there were differences in math, reading and writing grades.
“This study, which identified the relationship between the prevalence of symptoms of sleep disorders and academic performance in second and third graders, found that screening students at school with a validated school-based instrument may identify students to be referred for appropriate medical and/or behavioral treatment,” said Bachmann.
Experts recommend that children in pre-school sleep between 11-13 hours a night, and school-aged children between 10-11 hours of sleep a night.
Your child should follow these steps to get a good night’s sleep:
- Follow a consistent bedtime routine.
- Establish a relaxing setting at bedtime.
- Get a full night’s sleep every night.
- Avoid foods or drinks that contain caffeine, as well as any medicine that has a stimulant, prior to bedtime.
- Do not go to bed hungry, but don’t eat a big meal before bedtime either.
- The bedroom should be quiet, dark and a little bit cool.
- Get up at the same time every morning.
Parents who suspect that their child might be suffering from a sleep disorder are encouraged to consult with their child’s pediatrician, who will refer them to a sleep specialist.
The annual SLEEP meeting brings together an international body of 5,000 leading researchers and clinicians in the field of sleep medicine to present and discuss new findings and medical developments related to sleep and sleep disorders.
More than 1,000 research abstracts will be presented at the SLEEP meeting, a joint venture of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. The four-day scientific meeting will bring to light new findings that enhance the understanding of the processes of sleep and aid the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea.
(708) 492-0930, ext. 9317
# # # | <urn:uuid:a01f2aa9-c692-432e-b5ac-322922b09860> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://aasm.org/children-with-sleep-disorder-symptoms-are-more-likely-to-have-trouble-academically/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657907.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116215800-20190117001800-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.942669 | 561 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Identifying information (evidence) to inform your practice or research, requires search skills in order to:
The concept has evolved, and as this graphic suggests, the views, values and expectations of the patient now play an important role in the process.
To give it wider application, and include other health care professions, EBM is also referred to as evidence-based practice, and is not static - it is an iterative process. A good way to think of it is as a cycle (see below). Any investigation of evidence is likely to lead to further questions, and practice should be considered on a regular basis, to see if improvements or refinements can be made.
This guide touches on three stages of the cycle:
Various frameworks may help you to identify the key concepts of your search topic, and later establish the search terms you will use to find relevant literature. Two such frameworks are PICO (for quantitative research, or research involving an intervention) and PEO (for qualitative research).
PICO divides your topic into four concepts:
P: the Patient / Population /Problem you are interested in.
I: the Intervention you are examining
C: a Comparison you might want to use
O: Outcomes you are hoping to achieve, or avoid
PEO can be useful for qualitative studies, where the intervention is an exposure (usually to something harmful or risky), and there is no comparator:
P: Population, Patient or Problem
Once you have identified your key concepts (either two or more), then you can develop this further, to express the concepts using the expected terminology in the literature; i.e. determine several alternaitve search terms for each concept (synonyms and different word endings). | <urn:uuid:4ef5af2a-25c3-452d-89c2-ec2f62b06e36> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/nhs/searching | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.921835 | 351 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Tips from a Pathologist on how to avoid skin cancer
Few people know melanomas as intimately as Australian Clinical Labs Pathologist and skin cancer expert Dr Alex Nirenberg. For more than 23 years, Dr Nirenberg has been diagnosing cancer tissue, and has trained doctors to improve their skills. He has looked at literally hundreds of thousands of specimens under the microscope.
“There are many types of skin cancer. Some are more dangerous than others and so are treated differently. In order to ascertain the type of cancer, your doctor will send a piece of your skin with the cancer to a laboratory. Trained scientists will process the tissue so that it will be ready for an experienced specialist doctor (a pathologist) to look at it under the microscope. This is necessary to determine the type of cancer and how bad it is (the grade) at a cellular level. This information is very important so that your doctor can give the correct treatment for the type of cancer,” Dr Nirenberg said.
With summer around the corner, patients tend to find moles and bumps that have been hidden under winter clothing. Here are some tips from Dr Nirenberg on how to avoid and manage skin cancer.
- Keep a look out for moles, spots or bumps that come up quickly or those that have started to change colour or become red
- Have regular check-ups by a GP
- Remember the earlier you can get treatment, the better the chances
- If you do notice something, don’t try to treat it yourself with an over the counter medicine. These can alter the spot’s appearance and make it harder to identify.
- As always, don’t get sunburnt and avoid going out in the sun during the hottest part of the day. | <urn:uuid:be4b84f0-064f-4228-ae97-d19ed2f07e7f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.clinicallabs.com.au/about-us/patient-media-releases/tips-from-a-pathologist-on-how-to-avoid-skin-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512679.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020080138-20181020101638-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.95943 | 366 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How Innovation Makes Waves in the Water Industry
“Innovation is taking two things that already exist and putting them together in a new way.” – Tom Preston
“Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is doing new things.” – Theodore Levitt
“Innovation is the unrelenting drive to break the status quo and develop anew where few have dared to go.” – Steven Jeffes
“Innovation is progress in the face of tradition.” – Divad
The road to achieving an innovative product or service may look different to everyone. However, one thing we can all agree on is the fact that it stems from creating or thinking differently than what’s ever been done before. Much of what we think and do is based on our experiences. The results are measured and predictable changes that result in ideas that conform to standards which exist all around us. Innovation is a reorganization or re-imagination of those experiences and putting them into ideas that never existed before.
The water industry has been around for well over a century. While the methods in which water is supplied to communities have slowly evolved, certain parts and processes have been upgraded quite a bit over time. Continue reading to learn about some of the ways innovation has touched this industry in recent years.
- Innovative Sticker Helps Solve Global Water Challenge
More than four million people today use sunlight to disinfect their water but, until recently, there was no easy way to know how much sunlight was needed. One teen created an innovative sticker that changes color when enough ultraviolet light has been received to kill bacteria and pathogens, thus directly addressing and solving the problem at hand.
- Mobile Apps for Homeowners and Water and Wastewater Professionals
In this day and age, mobile apps are popping up everywhere for any topic imaginable. The water industry has jumped on the bandwagon to create and provide mobile apps that offer the homeowner information on their water usage, water quality, and even troubleshooting tips. There are also apps that cater to water and wastewater professionals for scheduling, field operations, and more.
- Water Reuse That Thinks Outside the Box
Wastewater facilities are finding more and more creative methods for reusing or recycling water. Advanced treatment processes that have been demonstrated in California led to the reuse of potable water. In addition, some municipalities are learning how to treat sewage less like waste and more like a resource in non-potable applications.
- Water Leak Detection and a Dog’s Sense of Smell
Since 2007, Great Britain has been deploying dogs and their great sense of smell as a water leak detection tool. The U.S. has joined suit as an Arkansas utility trained a black lab mix to find surfacing/non-surfacing leaks within their distribution system by being able to detect the chlorine gas associated with them.
- Intelligent Irrigation
Approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater is used by the agricultural industry. Applying a more intelligent approach to water management by deploying precision irrigation systems and computer algorithms is already beginning to bring benefits to farmers in developed countries. The emphasis in the ability to measure and forecast is what makes this method stand out.
The water industry has been around for a long time and, while it may be slow to change, there’s still a lot that goes on behind the scenes. When it comes to enhancing parts that make up the water service lateral, A.Y. McDonald has an entire department that’s completely devoted to the task. Since our Innovation Center opened its doors in 2016, they’ve been responsible for the creation of problem solving solutions such as the Fast Connect Fitting, Ranger Fitting, Telescoping Meter Flange, and the Adjustable Coil Pit.
With the end goal to make our customer’s lives easier, A.Y. McDonald relies largely on feedback from the customer in making these ideas come to fruition. Our road to achieving an innovative product or service may look different than others but the results are a direct reflection of our care and concern for our customers and our ability to listen to them and take action. At the end of the day, it takes the commitment and support of many in the water industry in order to make a difference – one innovative product at a time. | <urn:uuid:26ad8d42-b64d-43c3-b9a4-a9b7efced88b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.aymcdonald.com/post/how-innovation-makes-waves-in-the-water-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303956.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123015212-20220123045212-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.961384 | 882 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Abbot or Prior or Wormhoult, died 716 or 717. Three lives of this saint are extant: the best of these, the first life, was written by a monk of St. Bertin in the middle of the ninth century, or perhaps a century earlier. St. Winnoc is generally called a Breton, but the Bollandist de Smedt shows that he was more probably of British origin. He came to Flanders, to the Monastery of St. Sithiu, then ruled by St. Bertin , with three companions, and was soon afterwards sent to found at Wormhoult, a dependent cell or priory (not an abbey, as it is generally called). It is not known what rule, Columbanian or Benedictine, was followed at this time in the two monasteries. When enfeebled by old age, St. Winnoc is said to have received supernatural assistance in the task of grinding corn for his brethren and the poor ; a monk who, out of curiosity, came to see how the old man did so much work, was stuck blind, but healed by the saint's intercession. Many other miracles followed his death, which occurred 6 November, 716 or 717. We only know the year from fourteenth-century tradition. The popularity of St. Winnoc's cultus is attested by the frequent insertion of his name in liturgical documents and the numerous translations of his remains, which have been preserved at Bergues-St-Winnoc to the present day. His feast is kept on 6 November, that of his translation on 18 September; a third, the Exaltation of St. Winnoc, was formerly kept on 20 February.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:79f84f0b-674b-4c16-b915-173b2bf76e92> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12409 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940789.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00237-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966272 | 726 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A Brazilian Stonehenge Discovered!
You’ve heard about Stonehenge and Woodhenge. You may also have read about stone circles in southern Egypt and Miami, Florida. Now Brazilian archaeologists have found a well-defined ancient stone structure on a hill top in the Amazon. Specifically, this amazing discovery is located in the state of Amapá in the northern reaches of the Brazilian Amazon. Could primitive Indians living in the jungles of the Amazon have constructed this site? Archeologists also encountered fragments of pottery at the site which have been dated as 2,000 years old.
Anthropologists, as well as reports from books such as Karl Brugger’s The Chronicle of Akakor, tell us that thousands of years ago an ancient civilization lived in South America. This astounding find of 127 megalithic granite blocks confirms their theories. Some of the stone blocks, still standing, are up to 3 meters (9 feet) tall, distributed at regular intervals in a circle, a perfect geometry for astronomical alignments.
The way the blocks are positioned and firmly placed in the ground clearly indicates that this was once a very sophisticated observatory. The head archaeologist Mariana Petry Cabral, of the Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of the Amapá (Iepa), said that the monument has been known by the local population for many years. Although dates can be controversial, this is quite obviously an artifact from an era of pre-European colonization. It may be the oldest and best preserved observatory in the Western hemisphere. Brazilian archeologists have already determined that the circle pinpoints the winter solstice, the day when the sun is at its lowest in the sky.
— D. E. Hurtak | <urn:uuid:b09a348a-ee19-4ca3-acc1-b4761f5ba9b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://futurescience.org/a-brazilian-stonehenge-discovered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370519111.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404011558-20200404041558-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.957772 | 358 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The ongoing pandemic has brought financial hardship to many people in this country; to help alleviate this, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act into law in March, as part of the $1.9 trillion Covid relief bill. The ARP extended temporary child tax credits, giving the parents of 60 million children $250-$300 per child each month, which has had a measurable impact on child poverty. The Biden Administration had originally proposed extending these tax credits through 2025, while other Democrats are pushing for a permanent extension; however, as Democrats seek ways to cut costs for their spending plan, the child tax credit extension might now only remain in place for one more year.
The Impact Of The Child Tax Credit Extension
The American Rescue Plan increased payments for parents of children aged 6-16 from the $2,000 offered in 2020 to $3000, with a $600 bonus for children under age 6 (or $250-$300 dollars per month). These payments have had a dramatic effect: according to a study from the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University, the first two checks lifted almost 3.5 million children out of poverty. If this rate were to continue through 2025, the percentage of children living in poverty in this country would decrease from 14.2% to 8.4%.
Is the Tax Credit Stopping People From Working?
Some politicians are criticizing the child tax credit extension, and are suggesting that it be subjected to further means testing based on household income. For example, Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia has proposed changes to the child tax credit, including limiting it only to families with an income of $60,000 or below, and adding a work requirement.
Currently, couples with household incomes of up to $150,000 in adjusted gross income and single parents households with incomes of up to $112,500 can receive the child tax credit extension.
A study from University of Chicago economist Bruce Meyer found that 1.5 million workers, or around 2.6% of working parents, would leave the labor force over the next two years if the credit is extended. While this might concern some, the effect of adopting the $60,000 income threshold for eligibility would be that almost 37 million children would miss out on the tax credit.
Where The Child Tax Credit Extension Stands
The 3-year extension to the credit proposed by the House is still on the table, and there might still be changes made to the program. Democrats have yet to vote on it, and then they will need to write the actual legislation.
Representative Jared Huffman, who was in the meeting with progressives and moderate Democrats at the White House on October 19th, told reporters afterward that he did not “think any of that is written in stone, at this point.”
“[Biden’s] not jettisoning lots of elements of this thing. But he is working on the duration of some of them, and I don’t think any of it was fully resolved,” Huffman said.
For now, it looks like the child tax credit extension will continue through 2022. | <urn:uuid:f9964f8a-9fda-4423-b394-40925fb1e93f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ez.insure/weekly-news/child-tax-credit-extension/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645417.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530063958-20230530093958-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.972347 | 640 | 2.53125 | 3 |
California’s famous tiki bars of the 1930s and ‘40s traded on Polynesian enticements, and many of the bartenders mixing the magical Mai Tais were Asian. But chances are the bartenders were never seen by the customers. Racism kept them hidden away in the kitchen; white servers would take drink orders and transmit them through a walkie talkie concealed in a potted fern.
This is one of the many fascinating and fairly unknown strands of West Coast social history that’s being revealed — and preserved — by the Cocktail Project, a new initiative of UC Berkeley’s Regional Oral History Office at the Bancroft Library.
Here’s another, according to Shanna Farrell, the ROHO oral historian who heads up the project: As recently as the early 1970s, it was illegal for a woman to tend bar in California unless she was the owner’s wife or daughter. And it took a state Supreme Court ruling to change the law.
“When you study cocktails, you’re never just talking about spirits,” says Farrell, who is a cocktail aficionado and deft bartender, too. “It’s really a window into social history and labor history and economic history and gender and ethnicity. There are windows to so many things through the glass.”
West Coast Cocktails: An Oral History (the project’s formal title) is an ambitious effort to capture the nuances of West Coast cocktail culture right up through its modern-day renaissance, in the words of the people who have poured the drinks, made the spirits, driven the trends, been there to see it for themselves.
The Bancroft Library has proven a rich source of material, Farrell says, with everything from libations lore in books dating back to the 1800s in the Doe to current editions of Lucky Peach magazine in the Morrison Library.
With four pilot interviews already recorded, crowd-funding is under way to underwrite interviews with five key voices who link cocktails’ colorful past to their sophisticated present. Cocktails aren’t a traditional academic subject, so the project is depending on funding from outside the typical grant structure.
“Oral history, though, is a way to get at things that aren’t in the dominant historical record,” says Farrell. “We’re getting at things that are really important but aren’t otherwise documented.”
Cocktail research reveals aspects of everyday American life that often don’t get written down in the history books — but prove deeply engaging because people can relate to them, she adds. “We want people to be able to find a way into what we’re doing.”
Among those on tap to be interviewed for the project are Julio Bermejo, whose father, Tommy Bermejo, put tequila on the California cocktail map at his Tommy’s Mexican Restaurant in San Francisco. Another is Mike Buhen, who grew up in Los Angeles’ tiki culture — his father was legendary Don the Beachcomber bartender Ray Buhen — and has run Tiki Ti there for years.
Also in the queue are Thad Vogler, the influential bartender (Slanted Door) and now owner (Bar Agricole and Tru Normand) who changed the way the West Coast drinks with his use of fresh local, seasonal and house-made ingredients in his drinks; Jorg Rupf, founder of both Alameda’s St. George Spirits and the American artisan distillation movement the company embodies; and Seattle bartender Murray Stenson, who has built an international reputation as part of the West Coast cocktail scene for some 40 years.
Bartending in Brooklyn helped Farrell pay her way through college and graduate school in New York, and the experience opened her eyes to a culture that’s everywhere in America but, until its recent rehabilitation, has been seen as a negative in a society still in recovery from Prohibition.
“Wine is privileged; it’s classy. Beer is approaching this level too, with microbreweries and craft brewing,” says Farrell. “Spirits get a bad rap.”
Moving to the Bay Area, Farrell found a cocktail culture very different from New York’s. Back there, she says, cocktails were made precisely, according to classic recipes and unalterable proportions. Out here, drinks were much freer.
Farrell arrived in 2013 amid the flourishing of the “garden to glass” movement — which saw bartenders shopping for seasonal, local flavors alongside chefs, and the advent of house-made syrups, tonics and an asparagus spear in every glass. The movement is now national, a function of both food trends and the recognition by chains like Applebee’s that there’s a lucrative market for sophisticated cocktails.
The result has been the elevation of cocktail cultures, Farrell says, and the Cocktail Project will document the trend.
Social aspects of the culture are among the most powerful stories embedded in the material. For example, an article Farrell wrote for PUNCH magazine earlier this year starts with the provocative question: What does it mean to drink like a woman?
It’s a subject with a rich history, and the question has many answers. In her article, Farrell untangles a few of the threads woven into stereotypes of women and drinking, from Emily Post’s rules for women in bars to the invention of the Cosmopolitan to appeal to women’s “dainty” palates.
The Cocktail Project will explore more of them in interviews with influential Bay Area women bartenders, among others, including Jennifer Colliau of Berkeley’s Small Hand Foods, who helped detonate the current cocktail phenomenon from behind the bar at San Francisco’s Slanted Door restaurant; Claire Sprouse, a cocktail wunderkind, bartender and drinks consultant; and Rhachel Shaw, bartender at Hog Island Oyster Co. who is known for creating community in the bartending world.
Tiki culture — now also in comeback mode — holds a special fascination for Farrell, and adds unique dimensions to West Coast cocktail culture. It started with a surplus of rum in West Coast port cities because of World War II, Farrell says, and rose with its promise of exotic escape. It’s also one of the strongest intersections of all the social and cultural themes underlying cocktails, West Coast style, Farrell says, and the tales of the immigrant bartenders are just part of that.
The Cocktail Project, which is raising funds with an indiegogo online campaign through this week, is one way that ROHO is seeking to reinvigorate its Food and Wine subject area, which features interviews with many of the pioneers in the field but neglects spirits. Farrell hopes to follow up with a parallel project on West Coast coffee.
As with all ROHO projects, the interviews will be posted online. Anyone can listen to them — perhaps with a cocktail in hand. | <urn:uuid:d7f23e48-8c70-4238-a074-ada6f1af1fe6> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://news.berkeley.edu/2014/07/08/oral-history-project-looks-deep-into-cocktail-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613738.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530011338-20170530031338-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.948678 | 1,461 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In India, experts are asking for billions of dollars to overhaul rail safety and help prevent more than 15,000 from dying each year while trying to cross the country's railway tracks. India has one of the world’s most extensive and crowded rail networks, carrying 20 million passengers a day.
The government-appointed panel to review rail safety has turned the spotlight on a problem that has seldom received attention.
The experts say the deaths of 15,000 people every year while crossing railway tracks is a “massacre” which no civilized society can accept. Some people also die when they fall off crammed coaches. The panel says although these deaths are not from train collisions, they cannot be ignored by the railway authorities.
The problem arises in areas where railway tracks cut through densely populated areas, and where slums and settlements have mushroomed in their vicinity. Mumbai’s suburban rail network accounts for as many as 6,000 deaths a year.
Transport and infrastructure expert G. Raghuram says rail authorities could take several measures to address the issue.
“The important thing is to provide people convenient alternatives so that they don’t just dart across tracks," Raghuram noted. "There are various solutions possible -- better fencing, more opportunities to cross the tracks through overpass bridges. In suburban areas, at least, there is no reason why Indian Railways cannot just floodlight the entire railway track. It is just that Indian Railways have not viewed this as part of their agenda because they do not view themselves as directly responsible for those accidents.”
The rail safety panel was appointed in the wake of a spate of train accidents last year. Besides the deaths from crossing rail tracks, collisions and derailments of passenger trains take 1,000 lives every year.
The panel has called on the government to invest $20 billion over the next five years to upgrade technology and infrastructure. This includes safe coaches, anti-collision devices, advance warning systems and the strengthening of aging tracks and rail bridges.
Several experts say the Indian railways are stuck in a time warp. Professor Raghuram says that modernizing the network will help reduce train accidents.
“In terms of international benching, and given the technologies and systems that are available, the Indian railways can do a lot more… Railways have just to move, take a quantum jump in terms of the systems and technologies they need to adopt,” Raghuram said.
Critics say over the years the priority has been to expand the network to meet the needs of a growing population rather than address safety concerns.
In the wake of the report, Railway Minister Dinesh Trivedi has called on the government to provide more funds to help address safety issues. | <urn:uuid:4f6d04e6-14e4-4ece-9391-d4267b885987> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.voanews.com/a/experts-recommend-india-rail-overhaul--140128833/152394.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00371-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96993 | 563 | 2.625 | 3 |
Language of a Rainbow
Third graders develop language skills creating poetry, stories and songs. They are each assigned a one color found on the rainbow. They will use that color as inspiration for their research and the ongoing poetry project.
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Rainbow Fish and the Big Blue Whale
If friendship were a soup, what ingredients would be in it? As part of a study of Marcus Pfister's Rainbow Fish and the Big Blue Whale, kids engage in a series of friendship-themed activities using materials contained in this richly...
Pre-K - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Comprehension During Independent Reading
Ideal for a language arts class, literary unit, or independent reading assignment, a set of reading worksheets address a wide array of skills. From poetic elements to nonfiction text features, you can surely find a valuable resource in...
2nd - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Can You Hear a Rainbow?
Teach your class about compassion and empathy with Jamee Riggio Heelan's Can You Hear a Rainbow? As kids read about Chris, a boy who is deaf, they discuss the things he likes to do, as well as the ways he communicates with the world.
Pre-K - 3rd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Magical Musical Tour: Using Lyrics to Teach Literary Elements
Language arts learners don't need a lecture about poetry; they listen to poetry every day on the radio! Apply skills from literary analysis to famous songs and beautiful lyrics with a lesson about literary devices. As class...
3rd - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Using Picture Books to Teach the Habits of Mind
Foster a healthy and kind classroom community with a series of literary lessons focused on the habits of mind. Each lesson features a picture book that shares a literary theme with one or more of the habits of mind.
K - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
The Rainbow Fish: Activities for Parents to Do with Children at Home
The Rainbow Fish, Marcus Pfister's award-winning story about the joys of sharing, is the inspiration for this resource loaded with fun. Suggestions for language and language arts, math, science, and social studies activities are included...
Pre-K - Higher Ed Math | <urn:uuid:c35561d3-1572-4c29-8f28-b35485b2ac00> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/language-of-a-rainbow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608622.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526013116-20170526033116-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.928127 | 482 | 4.21875 | 4 |
(This information is only available in English)
"To trust someone implies taking some risk. To be trustworthy implies that you will try to reduce risks to those who trust you even if it is costly to you to do so. For economists trust reduces the transaction cost of trading.
Berg, Joyce, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe, "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History," Games and Economic Behavior, (10)1995, pp. 122-142.
Trust is considered to be the the basic building block of any society. The extent of trust determines whether economic institutions can function. Take as an example the value of money. Banknotes are only as much worth as the trust of the consumers in the shops/banks to accept them in exchange for goods or services.
- What is trust? Discuss definitions from social sciences and compare them.
- What is the role of trust in the economy?
- Can we measure the trust consumers have in the economy?
- Are there differences between interpersonal trust and trust in institutions?
- Consider the case of interpersonal trust; economists measure such trust by experimental trust games, or by questionnaires; compare the questionnaire and experimental behavioral measures of trust.
Links & literature
- Berg, Joyce, John Dickhaut, and Kevin McCabe, "Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History," Games and Economic Behavior, (10)1995, pp. 122-142.
- Vyrastekova , J. and S. Onderstal (2005). "The trust game behind the veil of ignorance: A note on gender differences". CentER Discussion Paper No. 2005-96. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=807724.
- Vyrastekova, J. and S. Garikipati (2005). "Beliefs and Trust: An Experiment". CentER Discussion Paper No. 2005-88.
- Cook, K.S. and R.M. Cooper (2003): Experimental Studies of Cooperation, Trust, and Social Exchange. In: E. Ostrom, and J. Walker (Eds.), Trust and Reciprocity . New York : Russell Sage, 209-244.
- Glaeser, E. ; Laibson, D. I. ; Scheinkman, J A. ; Soutter, Ch. (2000). Measuring Trust, Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, 811-846.
Do you have questions or want more information about this topic? Send an email to email@example.com.
These guidelines has been created by the Nijmegen School of Management. | <urn:uuid:1813df18-4fd8-40d8-b6d6-5f9d327801b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.ru.nl/pucsociety/scholieren/profielwerkstuk/onderwerpen-profielwerkstuk-thema/vm/economie/vm/trust/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.848545 | 590 | 3.125 | 3 |
Turning your house into an Eco-friendly a smart home seems to be something out of our minds. I personally thought that it was impossible to put a smart home and environmentally friendly together in the same sentence.
When we think about the convenient ways of making our life easier, it’s difficult to imagine that all those appliances and technology available will help us to reduce carbon footprint as well.
To my surprise, it’s completely possible to imagine an Eco-friendlier smart house with simple changes such as minimising energy and water consumption. Here are some sustainable solutions to have true e-home.
#1. Reduce Energy Use
This is probably the easiest and more common step. You will need to find ways of reducing energy consumption to make your home greener. My first option would be choosing a smart thermostat to be programmed according to your personal daily routine. It will help you to save energy when nobody is at home.
Another way to conserve more energy is by using smart solar batteries when using solar panels at home. This beauty helps not only to storage electricity to use another time, but also reduce the use of energy itself.
As reusable energy is a sector that is always facing changing, I would recommend visiting Douglas Healy for more information about its regulations and legislation.
#2. Invest in Smart Lighting
We all expect to have a more comfortable house and sophisticated spaces when investing in home automation. Lighting is an essential part of this task.
But connecting our smartphones with devices that will switch lights on and off needs to be also precise and efficient. Led light bulbs are durable and last longer than conventional ones. They can also come in all shapes and designs.
#3. Use a Smart Toilet
I do confess this one would be my first investment. Smart toilets are designed not only to save water, but also to convert waste into fuel sometimes. It clears itself, eliminate odours and some of those units can even feature MP3 and Bluetooth systems.
As reducing water consumption is a crucial part of a more sustainable lifestyle, a smart toilet can be an expensive but totally worth it investment.
#4. Indoor Beekeeping
I do confess I am afraid of bees. But I also know they are harmless and essential for our species to survive. And even though insects in general are a bit scary for me, I would love to keep a beehive in my garden or even indoors.
Beehives maintain pollinators and nowadays it’s possible to indoor beekeeping with the help of some wall frames specially designed for the task of keeping you and your beehive safe at home.
#5. Smart Speakers
Here’s another winner. As you may have noticed, music is an essential part of my life. My husband and I usually prefer to enjoy our playlist in the evening instead of putting a TV on.
We end up spending money on Bluetooth speakers of all kinds to take everywhere else we go. But if the idea is reducing waste, it would be great to have an integrated smart speaker system into the ceiling that can play music and videos in the entire house.
#6. Smart Irrigation
As it was said before, wasting water is a no option in the world that we live. If keeping your garden irrigated is one of your weekly tasks, try at least to do it with the help of a smart irrigation system controlled by a smartphone. This way you can control both time and quantity of water used in your garden watering.
#7. Smart Plugs
I do hate cable and I wish all my appliances were wireless or smart ones. Not the case yet. However, there is a simple solution in the market – the smart plugs. These little devices can reduce considerably the use of energy for non-smart systems at home.
They can be controlled via mobile apps that will integrate game consoles, speakers and other electronic devices that are used on a daily basis.
Now tell me in the comments, what are your Eco-friendly ideas to have in a smart home?
*This post is collaborative | <urn:uuid:7d72d99a-339a-4478-a8f3-b844bb253d05> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://midlandstraveller.com/2020/02/20/7-ideas-to-create-a-green-smart-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103877410.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630183616-20220630213616-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.948471 | 833 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nests are made in cavities, including openings in buildings, hanging plants, and other cup-shaped outdoor decorations. Sometimes nests abandoned by other birds are used. Nests may be re-used for subsequent broods or in following years. The nest is built by the female, sometimes in as little as two days. It is well made of twigs and debris, forming a cup shape, usually 1.8 to 2.7 m (5.9 to 8.9 ft) above the ground.
Brown-headed Cowbirds (Fam.)
The species lives in open or semi-open country and often travels in flocks, sometimes mixed with red-winged blackbirds (particularly in spring) and bobolinks (particularly in fall), as well as common grackles or European starlings. These birds forage on the ground, often following grazing animals such as horses and cows to catch insects stirred up by the larger animals. They mainly eat seeds and insects.
Before European settlement, the brown-headed cowbird followed bison herds across the prairies. Its population expanded with the clearing of forested areas and the introduction of new grazing animals by settlers across North America. Brown-headed cowbirds are now commonly seen at suburban birdfeeders. | <urn:uuid:4e2b9d38-8347-45c2-9ab0-9b6270680028> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://avian101photography.com/2020/08/16/photography-of-birds-set-112/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336880.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001163826-20221001193826-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.971859 | 264 | 3.515625 | 4 |
We have elsewhere described the old ash tree near Crowther's Farm beneath which the unfortunate fugitive from Sedgemoor was found.
These were wounded either in the Sedgemoor fight or in their attempt to escape.
One has the mark of a bullet in his cheek, caught in the battle of Sedgemoor.
Why, after the news of Sedgemoor fight I looked for nothing else.
I do but know that there in the great Sedgemoor morass are buried the bones of the traitor and the spy.
In the fields between the church and Chedzoy were buried the slain of Sedgemoor.
The "Note" on the battle-field of Sedgemoor, induces a "Query" concerning another equally celebrated locality.
From its summit, in 1685, the approach of the royal troops towards Sedgemoor was discovered through a telescope.
From the hill behind the village (marked by a windmill) an excellent view of the full extent of Sedgemoor may be obtained.
The king's army lay on Sedgemoor, and Monmouth, in the early morning of July 6, attempted to fall on the enemy unawares. | <urn:uuid:9f023052-54b2-4fb3-a246-41421d9adbac> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sedgemoor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00441-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973025 | 241 | 2.625 | 3 |
- Short intro (2 chapters) to a systematic troubleshooting process
- Numerous real-world troubleshooting examples
- Teaches basic debugging (using a generic programming language)
- Debugging examples illustrate common calculation, logic, loop, and function errors
The zyBooks Approach
Nearly every instructor who teaches programming notices that students have weak debugging skills. Faced with a failing program, many students make random changes and hope things improve. Or they shrug their shoulders, say “I have no idea what’s wrong”, and ask the teacher for help. Most textbooks and websites provide insufficient coverage of debugging.
This two-chapter free zyBook teaches a systematic process for troubleshooting and helps new programmers to cultivate a solid foundation for debugging. The basic process illustrates how to create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, and repeat. Seemingly obvious, but it’s not to most students.
The material teaches the process using everyday systems first, like TVs and smartphones. With a solid foundation of the basic systematic process, the material then teaches basic debugging (using a generic programming language).Evaluate | <urn:uuid:44d2ba46-c89a-46e8-bf90-b6b4e3839501> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.zybooks.com/catalog/troubleshooting-basics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122174.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00136-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869432 | 229 | 3.9375 | 4 |
This is an opinion column written by a Sustain Mizzou member.
If you page through American history, our country has a tendency to take notice of pressing issues too little and too late. Humanitarian problems are pushed by the wayside as the gap between the rich and the poor continues to grow. The correlation between poverty and poor health in the United States is an ongoing battle that is neglected by both the state and federal government.
The government needs to seek great improvements in the welfare system, in terms of matching problems with solutions. During the Great Depression, FDR’s Great Deal initiated a number of programs to alleviate the country’s shortcomings with federal aid. A lot of these policies have functioned throughout the years to keep Americans’ heads above water, yet still below the poverty line.
To qualify the USDA’s food stamps program, now referred to as “Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,” a family must make less than $28,668 a year. The number of Americans on food stamps is rising dramatically – almost double from what it was last year. In addition, Medicaid costs four times more than food stamps. Over 50 million low-income children, pregnant women, elderly persons and disabled individuals receive over $250 billion annually in assistance. Couple these statistics with the fact that 65% of American adults are overweight or obese and nearly 40% of children in African American and Hispanic communities are overweight or obese, and the result is counter-productivity. It doesn’t help that the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine predicts half of our children will live in households receiving food supplements before the age of 20. This is the environment in which our country’s children are growing up.
There are, however, initiatives that have seemingly promising goals, fitted to today’s multi-faceted issues – we hope. Food Corps, founded in 2010, plans to recruit young adults for a yearlong term of public service in school food systems. Participants will build Farm to School supply chains, expand nutrition education programs and tend to school gardens. Programs like this recognize the importance of educating youth about nutrition and physically implement environmental solutions. In addition, First Lady Michelle Obama launched the Let’s Move campaign in 2010, which aims to reduce childhood obesity. Its mission focuses on the significance of exercise and eating healthy. Organizations like the USDA and WalMart are involved, which is hopefully a good sign. If continued, programs like these could impact the plagued future of American health.
The USDA is a key player in the relationship between the food system and low-income Americans; it is both the problem and the solution. It has a mixed reputation because of its decisions addressing problems like food deserts – places void of healthy food options. On one hand, the USDA recognizes that food deserts exist and has created grants to combat them; however, it has sly ways of escaping or narrowing funding that prevent solutions. It is selective when it comes to the definition of a food desert, sometimes declaring convenient and dollar stores as legitimate supermarkets. Thus, food deserts remain an unsolved problem that lacks proper attention.
America’s answer is prioritizing preventative measures. It will take an honest reflection about what works and what hasn’t worked. Although poverty and malnutrition are two separate issues, they are interrelated. It takes both foresight and hindsight to effectively cure America. | <urn:uuid:f64c2774-b04b-4a72-aa15-baaa5f976db7> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://footprintmag.wordpress.com/2011/04/28/juggling-poverty-and-health-food-corps-lets-move-and-food-deserts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094931.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00181-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958245 | 689 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Information provided courtesy of
The New York Stock Exchange.
One of the most familiar features of the New York Stock Exchange is the loud, distinct bell, which signals the beginning and ending of trading each day.
Bells were introduced when continuous trading was instituted in the 1870s. Originally, a Chinese Gong was used, but brass bells have been used since The Exchange moved to its current location in 1903.
There is one large bell in each of the four trading areas of the NYSE. The bells are operated synchronously from a single control.
The bells, measuring 18 inches in diameter, were manufactured by the G. S. Edwards Company of Norwalk, Connecticut. In the late 1980s, the NYSE decided to refurbish the bells and have an extra bell made as a back up. However, it was discovered that bells as large and loud as The Exchange's were no longer made by Edwards or any other bell company. Edwards agreed to make a special replica for the NYSE and brought employees out of retirement to handle the job.
While this was being done, an older, larger bell was discovered in a crawl space above the main trading floor. Measuring 24 inches in diameter, this 1903 bell had most likely been put away because it was too loud, even for the New York Stock Exchange. After being cleaned and refurbished, this giant bell was toned down. It now gleams on a platform above the trading floor, ready for use should it ever be called into action.
The bell is a part of the NYSE's heritage, and it is considered an honor to be invited to ring the opening or closing bell.
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Cordova — Hunters in Prince William Sound Game Management Unit 6D are asked to avoid harvesting collared black bears. The bears are part of an Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Chugach National Forest cooperative study that includes tracking the animals to learn more about home ranges, bear movements, and habitat use.
Biologists placed radio telemetry collars on 20 black bears captured and released this summer in the sound. The collars are programmed to detach from the bears after three seasons of data collection. The bears were also fitted with ear tags that may be visible to hunters and wildlife viewers.
Declining black bear harvests in Prince William Sound have led to conservative measures including shorter hunting seasons, a maximum allowable harvest of 200 bears, and managing the hunt by registration permit. Black bear harvests in Unit 6D, which encompasses coastal areas surrounding Whittier, Valdez and Cordova, nearly tripled from the late 1990s to 2007 and have steadily declined since. Records show that harvests in regulatory years 2012 and 2013 fell 25 percent and 47 percent, respectively, below the previous regulatory year. Harvests in 2014 and 2015 continued to decline although not as rapidly.
“This cooperative project is our first step to improve our understanding of the black bear population in Prince William Sound and to make sense of what the harvest data is telling us,” said Cordova Area Biologist Charlotte Westing.
Although it is not illegal to harvest collared bears, the loss of research animals could impede biologists’ efforts to learn more about Unit 6D black bear populations. Hunters who take a collared bear are asked to bring the collar to a department office within 30 days of the kill, at the time the hide and skull are presented for sealing.
The project is ongoing and expected to continue next summer. Hunters are reminded that black bears may be hunted in Prince William Sound Game Management Unit 6D by registration permit (RL065) only. Permits can be obtained online at http://hunt.alaska.gov or in person at some Alaska Department of Fish and Game offices. See the Alaska Hunting Regulations for more details.
Successful hunters must report harvests within five days of taking a black bear. Reports may be made online at http://hunt.alaska.gov, in person at a department office, or by phone at (907) 424-3215. The black bear hunting season in Unit 6D will close by emergency order if the department’s maximum allowable harvest of 200 bears is reached, or once 50 sows are taken.
For more information on black bear hunting in Unit 6, contact Cordova Area Wildlife Biologist Charlotte Westing at (907) 424-3215 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:0f685a06-166a-47e6-8801-5e2d81de79b7> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://outdoornewsdaily.com/prince-william-sound-black-bear-hunters-reminded-to-register-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.929464 | 570 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Before you begin this assignment, please review the course materials from the first three weeks of class with a special focus on the three mainstream theoretical perspectives: realism, liberalism and constructivism. Please pay particular attention to the definition of each and avoid pairing them with domestic perceptions of conservatives, liberals, etc. I also recommend reviewing the week 2 forum’s Wrap up. While you may select an outside source to present a world event, it is important to study and incorporate the week 2 readings to explain IR theories. Outside sources on IR theories can be quite confusing for students new to International Relations.
For this assignment, you will choose a world event. You can choose one of the ones listed below or come up with your own. I suggest that you message me if you choose your own event. Explain which states are involved, if there are any non-state actors, (for non-state actors’ definitions, see Week One Lessons), international governmental organizations or non-governmental organizations involved in the conflict. Also, identify a few of the key individuals involved. Then lastly, and here’s the tricky part, decide which theory would best explain the event and explain your choice. Be sure to define the theory. Lastly, remember that IR theories are not characteristics or states or processes. Think of them as guidelines that help leaders make foreign policy decisions. For example: Instead of claiming that North Korea was a realist, think about its leader as a realist.
Your response should be 3 – 5 paragraphs. Remember that one paragraph is about a 1/2 of a page long. Use 12 pitch, Times New Roman font. The paper should not be more than 3 double-spaced pages, including References.
Important: the US southern border wall or other immigration matters are domestic policies. We don’t cover them in this course. Please get in touch with me if you consider a topic other than the ones listed.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
Terrorist attacks in France
Russian hacking of US computers
The Korean War
The Cold War
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If you think your paper could be improved, you can request a review. In this case, your paper will be checked by the writer or assigned to an editor. You can use this option as many times as you see fit. This is free because we want you to be completely satisfied with the service offered. | <urn:uuid:d9cfd11e-724f-4ad6-b779-7d82c0594d78> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://duepapers.com/international-relations-midterm-assignment-political-science-homework-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363216.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205191620-20211205221620-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.939044 | 1,069 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is M-Theory?
It is the name of the unknown theory of everything which would combine all five Superstring theories and the Supergravity at 11 dimensions together.
The theory requires mathematical tools which have yet to be invented in order to be fully understood. The theory was proposed by Edward Witten.
The following article is somewhat technical in nature, see M-theory simplified for a less technical article.
M-theory’s relation to superstrings and supergravity. In various geometric backgrounds, It is associating with the different superstring theories (in different geometric backgrounds), and the principle of duality are relating these limits to each other. Two physical theories are dual to each other if they have identical physics after a certain mathematical transformation.
- Type IIA and IIB are related by T-duality, as are the two Heterotic theories.
- While Type I and Heterotic SO(32) are related by the S-duality. Type IIB is also S-dual with itself.
- The type II theories have two supersymmetries in the ten-dimensional sense, the rest just one.
- The type I theory is special in that it is based on unoriented open and closed strings.
- The other four are based on oriented closed strings.
- The IIA theory is special because it is non-chiral (parity conserving).
- The other four are chiral (parity violating).
In each of these cases there is an 11th dimension that becomes large at strong coupling. While the IIA case the 11th dimension is a circle. In the HE case it is a line interval , which makes eleven-dimensional space-time display two ten-dimensional boundaries. The strong coupling limit of either theory produces an 11-dimensional space-time. This eleven-dimensional description of the underlying theory is called “M- theory”. A string’s space-time history can be viewed mathematically by functions like Xμ(ÃÆ’,Ä) that describe how the string’s two-dimensional sheet coordinates (ÃÆ’,Ä) map into space-time Xμ.
One interpretation of this result is that the 11th dimension was always present but invisible because the radius of the 11th dimension is proportional to the string coupling contant and the traditional perturbative string theory presumes it to be infinitesimal. Another interpretation is that dimension is not a fundamental concept of M-theory at all.
Characteristics of M-theory
M-theory contains much more than just strings. It contains both higher and lower dimensional objects. These objects term is p-branes where p denotes their dimensionality (thus, 1-brane for a string and 2-brane for a membrane). Higher dimensional objects were always present in superstring theory but could never be studied before the Second Superstring Revolution because of their non-perturbative nature.
Insights into non-perturbative properties of p-branes stem from a special class of p-branes called Dirichlet p-branes (Dp-branes). This name results from the boundary conditions assigned to the ends of open strings in type I superstrings.
Open strings of the type I theory can have endpoints which satisfy the Neumann boundary condition. Under this condition, the endpoints of strings are free to move about but no momentum can flow into or out of the end of a string. The T duality infers the existence of open strings with positions fixed in the dimensions that are T-transformed.
Generally, in type II theories, we can imagine open strings with specific positions for the end-points in some of the dimensions. This lends an inference that they must end on a preferred surface. Superficially, this notion seems to break the relativistic invariance of the theory, possibly paradoxical. The resolution of this paradox is that strings end on a p-dimensional dynamic object, the Dp-brane.
The importance of D-branes stems from the fact that they make it possible to study the excitations of the brane using the renormalizable 2D quantum field theory of the open string instead of the non-renormalizable world-volume theory of the D-brane itself. In this way it becomes possible to compute non-perturbative phenomena using perturbative methods.
Many of the previously identified p-branes are D-branes ! Others are related to D-branes by duality symmetries, so that they can also be brought under mathematical control. D-branes have found many useful applications, the most remarkable being the study of black holes. Scientists can use Strominger and Vafa have shown that D-brane techniques count the quantum microstates associated to classical black hole configurations.
The simplest case first explored was static extremal charged black holes in five dimensions. Strominger and Vafa proved for large values of the charges the entropy S = log N, where N is equal to the number of quantum states that system can be in, agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking prediction (1/4 the area of the event horizon).
This result has been generalized to black holes in 4D as well as to ones that are near extremal (and radiate correctly) or rotating, a remarkable advance. It has not yet been proven that there is any problematic breakdown of quantum mechanics due to black holes.
Click here to learn more on this topic from eLibrary: | <urn:uuid:dfc5a8ba-5422-4d07-b1cd-0781b752f3b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/m-theory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.928176 | 1,169 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Women constitute to about half of the population. Though they produce half of the world’s food supply they have little access to negligible control over the resources, family income. This discrimination is the result of the gender bias which forms an inherent part of the Indian society. Some of the visible and reported gender bias malpractices prevalent in India are female foeticide, killing the girl child, lack nutrition, medical care and education. While such practices and belief systems are prevalent in the society, ICM carries the truth to these women and encourages them to stand for their rightful place in the society.
Encouraging women towards leadership
Training women to step up into their roles
Standing up for their family and community | <urn:uuid:29f77b9b-ed32-4924-b3a2-a5c245ab3ff6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://icmin.in/programs/leadership-development/leader-development/women-leaders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.930213 | 144 | 2.703125 | 3 |
100 Years of AGU: Hydrologic & Geomorphic Processes
2019 marks AGU's Centennial year, a milestone representing the innovation, discovery, connections, and solutions in Earth and space science over the past century and the progress to come. Through each Centennial month, AGU will celebrate a different broad science and this page will serve as a hub to centralize the past, present, and future innovations of that featured science, as well as showing the stories of the humans behind the science. This month the celebration spotlights AGU research contributions and stories that involve Earth's to Hydrologic and Geomorphic Processes
Editor's Choice, Planetary Processes: "What are the most impactful publications in your field of all time?"
- Anderson (2007) Introducing Groundwater Physics https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2743123
- Darcy (1856) Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon [BOOK}
- Cohn & Lins (2005) Nature's style: Naturally trendy https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024476
- Philip (1991) Soils, Natural Science, & Models https://journals.lww.com/soilsci/Abstract/1991/ 01000/SOILS,_NATURAL_SCIENCE,_AND_MODELS.11.aspx
- Theis (1935) The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground-water storage https://doi.org/10.1029/TR016i002p00519
- Kling et al. (1991) Arctic Lakes and Streams as Gas Conduits to the Atmosphere: Implications for Tundra Carbon Budgets http://science.sciencemag.org/content/251/4991/298
- Cole et al. (1994) Carbon Dioxide Supersaturation in the Surface Waters of Lakes http://science.sciencemag.org/content/265/5178/1568/
- Austin & Vivanco (2006) Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05038
- Vannote et al. (1980) The River Continuum Concept https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-017
Virtual Hydrologists: A Legacy Preservation Project
The scope of the Virtual Hydrologists Project (VHP) is to preserve the legacy of eminent hydrologists who have shaped the field of hydrologic sciences and education over the past decades by creating a comprehensive, easily accessible repository of their scientific contributions. Learn more about the project and offer your own contributions here! | <urn:uuid:641d4839-69f0-462b-a238-1aa993af22d9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://centennial.agu.org/centennial_monthly/hydrologicgeomorphicprocesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.800301 | 575 | 3.25 | 3 |
Dolphins are marine animals which nurse their offsprings, which means that they are mammals they are warm blooded animals and they need to breathe air. See a rich collection of stock images, vectors, or photos for dolphin background you can buy on shutterstock explore quality images, photos, art & more. The dolphins within a community share similar home ranges, and they associate together frequently home-range boundaries are often marked by. The remnants of vibrissae follicles are still found on the rostrum of guiana dolphins even mammalian research, and chapter includes background information. Irrawaddy dolphins (mammalian species orcaella brevirostris before an irrawaddy dolphin dives, it usually surfaces two times. The cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are descendants of land-living mammals, and remnants of their terrestrial origins can be found in the fact that they must breathe air from the surface in the bones of their fins, which look like huge, jointed hands and in the vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running. List of mammals of california though long extirpated from the state, the grizzly bear remains the 11 species of dolphins occur in california's waters.
Photo about dolphins are playing with water in the pool image of fish, mammals, aquatic - 40393143 dolphins in the pool spring background of tulip field. Take a look at how the colors aqua and orange represent the miami dolphins and the city of miami perfectly. A marine mammal behaviorist hopes someday to begin real-time two-way communication, in which dolphins take the initiative to interact with humans. How did these terrestrial ancestors morph over millions of years into the whales and dolphins we going aquatic: cetacean evolution part of a mammalian.
Dolphins: mama baby animal dolphin mother ph wallpaper pictures hd dolphins astral animals picture gallery sweet dolphins tree sea nature high quality picture leap faith stars tropical sea dolphins hd desktop. Basically, cetacean brains show the typical mammalian bauplan and are as and the need of background noise in dolphins in comparison with other mammals.
Age, growth, and population dynamics of common bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ) along coastal texas a thesis by rachel dawn neuenhoff. The gulf of mexico teems with a much greater number and range of whales, dolphins, and other mammalian species than was suspected only a few years ago in the marine mammals of the gulf of mexico, bernd würsig, thomas a jefferson, and david j schmidly provide information on all known species.
The dolphins of the genus stenella belong to the mammalian atlantic spotted dolphin stenella frontalis striped dolphins are light spots on a dark background. Yes, dolphins are mammals just like us they do not have gills like fish, and have to come to the surface to breathe.
Beautiful sexy lady posing on white background artiodactyla, mammalian predators and animals set collection icons in black style raster,bitmap dolphins icon. Yes dolphins, like whales, are actually mammals dolphins and whales breathe air and have to surface eventuallyapparently fish like mammals. Are dolphins mammals yes dolphins are mammals or rather marine mammals further evidence of their mammalian past can be. | <urn:uuid:e51892b4-d439-40ab-a6e2-37d830ddc9f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://hwessayusfd.michellany.us/the-background-of-mammalian-dolphins.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864943.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623054721-20180623074721-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.910785 | 684 | 3.078125 | 3 |
FRIDAY, July 19 (HealthDay News) -- Children with aural atresia, a congenital condition resulting in ear abnormalities and hearing loss, are at greater risk of speech and learning difficulties if they have unilateral disease compared with bilateral disease, according to a record review published online July 18 in JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery.
Daniel R. Jensen, M.D., from the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, and colleagues retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 74 children with aural atresia to examine their risk of speech and learning problems. Of these, 48 had right-sided disease, 19 had left-sided disease, and seven had bilateral disease.
The researchers found that speech therapy was common, at 86 percent for children with bilateral disease and 43 percent for children with unilateral disease. Children with right-sided disease were significantly more likely to report school problems than children with left-sided disease or bilateral disease (31 versus 11 versus 0 percent). All three groups received educational intervention (ranging from 21 to 43 percent of children). Children with bilateral disease who received additional intervention attended schools for the hearing impaired and had no identified learning deficiencies.
"Children with unilateral aural atresia may be at greater risk of speech and learning difficulties than previously appreciated, similar to children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss," Jensen and colleagues conclude.
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Reader comments on this article are listed below. Review our comments policy. | <urn:uuid:beafaf64-ce30-4cad-90c8-96372af52fb2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/news/pb/39581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719564.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00246-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967451 | 330 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What is 5/11′ in cm? Below we show you the conversion of 5/11 feet in cm straightaway.
If you want to convert 5/11 ft in cm, then you have come to the right site as well.
Once you have noted the result of 5/11′ in cm read on to learnabout the math involved.
Now let’s have a look at how to pass 5/11 feet to centimeters, the unit of length in the metric system which is equal to one hundredth of a meter.
How much is 5/11′ in cm?
The height 5/11 in cm is calculated by multiplying the amount of feet by 30.48:
5/11 ft in cm = 13.85455 cm
5/11 feet in cm equals 13.85455 centimeters:
5/11 ft in cm = 0.454545454545455 * 30.48 cm.
How much is 5/11′ in cm has just been answered.
If you like to convert another length measured in feet and inches than 5/11 ft to cm, then use our converter below.
You can enter feet, inches as well as decimal fractions of them by using a point.
For example, to convert 5/11′ to cm enter 5/11 in decimal notation in the first field; leave the field with inches empty.
Push the button only to start over.
Other feet in cm conversion on this website include:
5/11 ft in cm
Now you already know the height 5/11′ in cm. 5/11′ to cm is 13.85455 centimeters.
Here you can convert cm in feet and inches, either together or combined.
If you like to know what 5/11′ is in the other metrical units, in the multiples and submultiples of a centimeter, we have that too:
5/11′ in mm = 138.54545 millimeter
5/11′ in dm = 1.38545 decimeter
5/11′ in m = 0.13855 meter
5/11′ in km = 0.00014 kilometer
Ahead is the summary of our content.
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Thanks for visiting us and spreading the word out about 5/11 foot in cm and feettocm.com. | <urn:uuid:b6ef12a1-3f72-45ac-9508-58848b59b682> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://feettocm.com/5-over-11-feet-in-cm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202205828-20211202235828-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.916587 | 551 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Michael `t Sas-Rolfes
Southern white rhinos have been saved from extinction by private owners who used property rights and market incentives to restore the South African population of 20 in 1900 to more than 20,000 today.
The forests of North America represent enormous natural bounty. Yet, in the United States at least, the benefits of this wealth of nature are not being fully realized. Taxpayers lose money on their public forests, and the forests face severe ecological threats.
Although the forests of British Columbia, Canada, are 96 percent government-owned, the management of the forests is far more market-driven than in the U.S. Forest Service, according to a new report by PERC, the Property and Environment Research Center. | <urn:uuid:140a54c2-7560-4759-a313-bfc8829b6717> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.perc.org/articles/author/4092/author/4202/type/case-studies-757 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825227.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022113105-20171022133105-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.94722 | 150 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The firstground-breaking account of the teaching of history in England's state schools from the early 1900s to the present day, this accessible study is a major contribution to the current debates about the place of history in the classroom and the national curriculum. Drawing on a wide variety of hitherto unpublished material, including an especially created oral history archive and the recollections of many former pupils as to what it was like to be on the receiving end and how much they have remembered of what they were taught, the authors of this powerfully-argued book present an original and comprehensive account of the political decisions and the pedagogic practices which determined the sort of history that was taught in the classroom. Concluding with some important recommendations about what needs to be done to safeguard the teaching of history in England's schools in the future, The Right Kind of History will be an invaluable resource for teachers, scholars, educationalists andpolicy-makers.
Phil Beadle is an English teacher, a former United Kingdom Secondary Teacher of the Year in the National Teaching Awards, and a double Royal Television Society Award winning broadcaster for Channel 4's The Unteachables and Can't Read Can't Write. "Bad Education" is a collection of Phil Beadle s columns from the Guardian s Education section and is a laugh-a-minute romp through more or less every aspect of British Education over the last decade, which makes the occasional, entirely accidental, serious point.
Spiritual intelligence is the innate ability that all children have to find greater wonder and purpose in their lives, through the lives that they are already leading. Natural curiosity, a sense of playfulness and fun, the urge to question these are the resources that all children possess and can use to explore more deeply who they are and what their existence can mean to them. A Moon On Water is intended as a workbook of practical ideas and activities for use in schools that can be applied in a range of contexts across the curriculum; as a basis for philosophical enquiry, for exploring feelings and enhancing emotional resourcefulness, for adding the dimension of values to the subjects and knowledge that children study. In short the book seeks to show children how to connect who they are with what they do, with why they are here . Includes a CD-ROM and Audio CD.
A History of the University in Europe
A History of the University in Europe is a four-volume book series on the history and development of the European university from the medieval origins of the institution until the present day. The series was directed by the European University Association and published by Cambridge University Press between 1992 and 2011. The volumes consist of individual contributions by international experts in the field and is considered the most comprehensive and authoritative work on the subject to date. It has been fully or partly translated into several languages.
|Author||Hilde de Ridder-Symoens and Walter Rüegg (eds.)|
|Language||Fully: English, German |
Partly: Spanish, Portuguese
In progress: Russian, Chinese
|Publisher||Cambridge University Press|
|No. of books||4|
Review: Volume 56 - Education - History
PROLA provides immediate access to the APS journal collection dating back to the first volume of each journal. A subscription to PROLA gives access to all journal content, except for the current year and the preceding three years.
Element No. 102
A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg
Two-Fluid Model of Superconductivity
The timeline features events related to the Physical Review and PRL, as well as seminal developments in physics after 1893. We also list a few important papers published by the journals.
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ISSN 1536-6065 (online). ©2021 American Physical Society. All rights reserved. Physical Review™, Physical Review Letters™, Physical Review X™, Reviews of Modern Physics™, Physical Review A™, Physical Review B™, Physical Review C™, Physical Review D™, Physical Review E™, Physical Review Applied™, Physical Review Fluids™, Physical Review Accelerators and Beams™, Physical Review Physics Education Research™, APS Physics logo, and Physics logo are trademarks of the American Physical Society. Information about registration may be found here. Use of the American Physical Society websites and journals implies that the user has read and agrees to our Terms and Conditions and any applicable Subscription Agreement.
The pandemic disrupted how school works. (And disruption is good!) Eighteen changes that we are totally here for.
Visit our Centennial website to learn how HGSE has made a difference in the field of education — and how to get involved. >
Usable Knowledge is an online resource from the Harvard Graduate School of Education that aims to make education research and best practices accessible to educators, policymakers, members of the media, nonprofit leaders, entrepreneurs, and parents.
Middle Grades Research Journal
Middle Grades Research Journal (MGRJ) is a refereed, peer reviewed journal that publishes original studies providing both empirical and theoretical frameworks that focus on middle grades education. A variety of articles are published in, June, September, and December of each volume year.
A Time of Transition: Passing the Baton
This publication year, 2015, marks the end of the term of office for the current editorial team. Faced with myriad publication responsibilities in various other venues, Editor-in-Chief, Frances Spielhagen, and her team of Associate Editors, Robert Capraro, Mary Margaret Capraro, and Gerald Goldin, did not seek another term as editors. We are grateful for the support the journal has had from the Editorial Board, our reviewers, and contributors over the last three years. We have strived to build on the legacy of quality and integrity that has characterized this journal from its inception. We are proud of the work we have done and look forward to supporting the next team as it moves this journal forward in the years to come.
In the Spring, 2015, the Editorial Board of the Middle Grades Research Journal conducted an exhaustive search and review of applications for a new editorial team. Two very strong proposals emerged from this process, rendering the selection process difficult but assuring that the journal would benefit from the succession of strong personnel, regardless of the final selection. Therefore, we are proud to announce the new editorial team that will take the helm with the Volume 11, Spring, 2016, issue.
|Editor||Larry G. Daniel, Zucker Family School of Education, The Citadel|
|Associate Editors:||Renée N. Jefferson, Zucker Family School of Education, The Citadel |
Aaron H. Oberman, Zucker Family School of Education, The Citadel
|Action Editors:||Stephenie M. Hewett, Zucker Family School of Education, The Citadel |
Tammy J. Graham, Zucker Family School of Education, The Citadel
|Style Editor:||Mary Margaret Capraro, College of Education, Texas A&M University|
|Editorial Office:||Zucker Family School of Education |
171 Moultrie Street, Capers 307
Charleston, SC 29409
Transition to the new team will take place during the Fall, 2015. The current team will handle the review process for the final issue in Volume 10, Number 3, Winter, 2015. Frances Spielhagen will stay on as Editor Emerita, in an advisory capacity for the new team as needed.
European Journal of Education
The European Journal of Education is an international, peer reviewed journal that presents high quality, recent research and policy analysis with a primary focus on Europe, placed in an international perspective. The Journal publishes the results of European research projects and explores key topics of concern to policy makers and international organisations in Europe and further afield. The Editorial Board brings together academics and policy analysts from different European countries and major international organisations. There is also a network of distinguished Editorial Correspondents who advise the Joint Editors and the Board. Read more here.
2020 Star Article
The editors of the European Journal of Education are pleased to announce this year's EJE Star Article:
Shadow education in the service of tiger parenting: Strategies used by middle𠄌lass families in China
Parents in many cultures invest significant proportions of household incomes in the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. Parts of the literature attribute intensive tutoring to East Asian cultural traditions and to so-called tiger parenting. Based on a mixed-methods study in Shanghai, this article examines tiger parenting through a socio-economic lens to show the roles of shadow education in achieving parental goals. The study shows that tiger parenting is most evident in middle-class families. In order to transmit or increase social advantages inter-generationally, such parents use private tutoring to prepare their children for successful academic trajectories in mainstream education. The strategy is driven by anxieties related to social status in the rapidly changing risk economy. Shadow education has provided parents with new means to increase family cultural capital which not only facilitates school performance but also reinforces class dispositions. The study highlights the importance of understanding tiger parenting in the culture of class, in addition to other cultural factors. It challenges the simplistic attribution of tiger parenting to Confucianism by revealing dimensions that run counter to the Confucian conception and tradition of parenting. It also extends the conceptualization of family cultural capital by unpacking the processes of tutoring as externalized parenting in the era of global expansion of shadow education.
Of course technology perpetuates racism. It was designed that way.
Source photo: Getty / Ms Tech
Today the United States crumbles under the weight of two pandemics: coronavirus and police brutality.
Both wreak physical and psychological violence. Both disproportionately kill and debilitate black and brown people. And both are animated by technology that we design, repurpose, and deploy—whether it’s contact tracing, facial recognition, or social media.
This story was part of our July 2020 issue
We often call on technology to help solve problems. But when society defines, frames, and represents people of color as “the problem,” those solutions often do more harm than good. We’ve designed facial recognition technologies that target criminal suspects on the basis of skin color. We’ve trained automated risk profiling systems that disproportionately identify Latinx people as illegal immigrants. We’ve devised credit scoring algorithms that disproportionately identify black people as risks and prevent them from buying homes, getting loans, or finding jobs.
So the question we have to confront is whether we will continue to design and deploy tools that serve the interests of racism and white supremacy,
Of course, it’s not a new question at all.
In 1960, Democratic Party leaders confronted their own problem: How could their presidential candidate, John F. Kennedy, shore up waning support from black people and other racial minorities?
An enterprising political scientist at MIT, Ithiel de Sola Pool, approached them with a solution. He would gather voter data from earlier presidential elections, feed it into a new digital processing machine, develop an algorithm to model voting behavior, predict what policy positions would lead to the most favorable results, and then advise the Kennedy campaign to act accordingly. Pool started a new company, the Simulmatics Corporation, and executed his plan. He succeeded, Kennedy was elected, and the results showcased the power of this new method of predictive modeling.
Racial tension escalated throughout the 1960s. Then came the long, hot summer of 1967. Cities across the nation burned, from Birmingham, Alabama, to Rochester, New York, to Minneapolis Minnesota, and many more in between. Black Americans protested the oppression and discrimination they faced at the hands of America’s criminal justice system. But President Johnson called it “civil disorder,” and formed the Kerner Commission to understand the causes of “ghetto riots.” The commission called on Simulmatics.
As part of a DARPA project aimed at turning the tide of the Vietnam War, Pool’s company had been hard at work preparing a massive propaganda and psychological campaign against the Vietcong. President Johnson was eager to deploy Simulmatics’s behavioral influence technology to quell the nation’s domestic threat, not just its foreign enemies. Under the guise of what they called a “media study,” Simulmatics built a team for what amounted to a large-scale surveillance campaign in the “riot-affected areas” that captured the nation’s attention that summer of 1967.
Three-member teams went into areas where riots had taken place that summer. They identified and interviewed strategically important black people. They followed up to identify and interview other black residents, in every venue from barbershops to churches. They asked residents what they thought about the news media’s coverage of the “riots.” But they collected data on so much more, too: how people moved in and around the city during the unrest, who they talked to before and during, and how they prepared for the aftermath. They collected data on toll booth usage, gas station sales, and bus routes. They gained entry to these communities under the pretense of trying to understand how news media supposedly inflamed “riots.” But Johnson and the nation’s political leaders were trying to solve a problem. They aimed to use the information that Simulmatics collected to trace information flow during protests to identify influencers and decapitate the protests’ leadership.
They didn’t accomplish this directly. They did not murder people, put people in jail, or secretly “disappear” them.
But by the end of the 1960s, this kind of information had helped create what came to be known as “criminal justice information systems.” They proliferated through the decades, laying the foundation for racial profiling, predictive policing, and racially targeted surveillance. They left behind a legacy that includes millions of black and brown women and men incarcerated.
Reframing the problem
Blackness and black people. Both persist as our nation’s—dare I say even our world’s—problem. When contact tracing first cropped up at the beginning of the pandemic, it was easy to see it as a necessary but benign health surveillance tool. The coronavirus was our problem, and we began to design new surveillance technologies in the form of contact tracing, temperature monitoring, and threat mapping applications to help address it.
But something both curious and tragic happened. We discovered that black people, Latinx people, and indigenous populations were disproportionately infected and affected. Suddenly, we also became a national problem we disproportionately threatened to spread the virus. That was compounded when the tragic murder of George Floyd by a white police officer sent thousands of protesters into the streets. When the looting and rioting started, we—black people—were again seen as a threat to law and order, a threat to a system that perpetuates white racial power. It makes you wonder how long it will take for law enforcement to deploy those technologies we first designed to fight covid-19 to quell the threat that black people supposedly pose to the nation’s safety.
If we don’t want our technology to be used to perpetuate racism, then we must make sure that we don’t conflate social problems like crime or violence or disease with black and brown people. When we do that, we risk turning those people into the problems that we deploy our technology to solve, the threat we design it to eradicate.
Charlton McIlwain is a professor of media, culture, and communication at New York University and author ofBlack Software: The Internet & Racial Justice, From the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter
Federal Register - November 9, 1998 (Volume 63, Number 216)
AGENCY: Office for Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health, HHS.
SUMMARY: On November 10, 1997, the Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR), in consultation with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), requested written comments relating to the proposed republication of the list that identifies certain research activities involving human subjects which may be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) through the expedited review procedure authorized in 45 CFR 46.110. The comment period closed on March 10, 1998. OPRR and FDA received a combined total of 108 comments. After a review of the comments, OPRR and FDA are now simultaneously publishing identical revised lists of categories of research activities that may be reviewed by the IRB through the expedited review procedure.
EFFECTIVE DATES: The revised list is effective as of November 9, 1998.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michele Russell-Einhorn, Director of Regulatory Affairs, Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR), National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., Suite 3B01, Rockville, MD 20892-7507 or telephone (301) 435-5649 (not a toll-free number).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Federal Policy (Common Rule) for the Protection of Human Subjects was published in the Federal Register on June 18, 1991 (56 FR 28003) and is employed by 17 Executive Branch agencies. This Federal Policy requires adherence to certain requirements by Federal agencies <SUP>1</SUP> and institutions receiving support from those agencies for research activities involving human subjects. The Federal Policy has three cornerstones: review of any research involving human subjects by an IRB with limited exceptions, informed consent of all research subjects and formal, written assurance of institutional compliance with the Policy. The Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) codification of the Federal Policy can be found at 45 CFR Part 46, Subpart A.
1 The following agencies have adopted the Common Rule: Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Commerce, Consumer Product Safety Commission, International Development Cooperation Agency-Agency for International Development, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education, Department of Veterans Affairs, Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation, Department of Transportation, Central Intelligence Agency, Social Security Administration.
Section ________.110 of the Federal Policy provides for expedited review procedures for certain categories of research involving no more than minimal risk, and for minor changes in approved research. This same section gives the Secretary, HHS, the authority to amend and republish the expedited review list as needed after consultation with the departments and agencies that are subject to the Federal Policy. The expedited review list that is referenced in the Federal Policy was originally published by the Secretary, HHS in 1981 (46 FR 8392, 46 FR 8980). It listed categories of research that could be reviewed by the IRB through an expedited review procedure. The FDA also references an expedited review list (21 CFR Part 56) for matters under FDA's jurisdiction. The HHS and FDA lists have differed slightly, in that item nine (9) on the 1981 HHS expedited review list regarding certain types of behavioral research is not included in the list referenced in 21 CFR 56.110.
The comments received in response to the OPRR and FDA proposed revision of the 1981 expedited review list that was published on November 10, 1997 (62 FR 60607) overwhelmingly supported the proposed revision of the list. Three commenters suggested that there should be no expedited review available at all. OPRR and FDA disagree with these three comments and believe that expedited review is an appropriate part of the IRB review process. In addition, a deletion of the expedited review process would require a regulatory change to Section 110 which is beyond the scope of this revision. Several commenters suggested changing the exemptions found at Section 101(b), a topic also outside the scope of this revision.
The following discussion summarizes the 108 comments received and the resulting changes. In response to over forty comments, the introductory paragraph to the 1981 list has been reformatted into five general principles. The parenthetical in the introductory sentence in the 1981 list ``(carried out through standard methods)'' has been deleted in response to comments that this phrase served no particular purpose.
The reformatted general principles are set forth in paragraphs (A) through (F). Paragraph (C) makes it clear that the IRB must consider, for all categories, whether identification of the subjects or their responses would reasonably place them at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects' financial standing, employability, insurability, reputation, or be stigmatizing unless reasonable and appropriate protections will be implemented so that risks related to invasion of privacy and breach of confidentiality are no greater than minimal. OPRR does not consider this to be a new or additional consideration. These concerns have always been an implicit part of the determination of whether an activity is a minimal risk activity. The words ``insurability'' and ``be stigmatizing'' have been added and are designed to serve as an aid to IRBs when genetic research is presented for review in an expedited review procedure. These changes were made in response to concerns raised in several comments that genetic testing may have consequences beyond those normally considered by the IRB.
Consistent with two comments, paragraph (D) prohibits expedited review for classified research involving human subjects. This is also in accordance with a March 27, 1997 Presidential Memorandum which proposed the elimination of an expedited review procedure for all classified research involving human subjects.
Paragraph (E) serves as a reminder to IRBs that informed consent and expedited review are two totally separate issues. This responds to concerns that allowing an increase in the scope of research eligible for expedited review would result in more waivers of informed consent. Research reviewed pursuant to an expedited review procedure is not necessarily eligible for waiver or alteration of informed consent. All research, whether reviewed by the full IRB or by way of expedited review, must conform to the applicable requirements for obtaining and documenting prospective informed consent, unless the research meets the conditions for waiving, excepting, or otherwise altering the informed consent requirements that are set forth in 45 CFR 46.116 and 117, 21 CFR 50.23 and 24, or 21 CFR 56.109(c).
Category one (1) preserves category ten (10) on the 1981 list. It also contains a new sentence that addresses the availability of the expedited review procedure for marketed drugs in research as well as specific citations in response to five comments that raised questions about these issues.
The following changes have been made to category two (2) in response to over 45 comments which supported enhanced expedited review concerning collection of blood, but which suggested certain refinements. Collection of blood now includes finger stick, heel stick, or ear stick as well as venipuncture. The four proposed subcategories were recombined as two separate subcategories. The critical issues to be considered by the IRB include weight, physical condition, and amount of blood to be collected. The first subcategory (a) concerns healthy nonpregnant adults. The second subcategory, (b), concerns all other adults and children. For this second subcategory, the IRB will need to make certain judgments including: consideration for the age, weight, and health of the subjects in light of the amount of blood to be collected, the frequency with which it will be collected, and the collection procedure. The final sentence of subcategory (b) reads: For these individuals, the amount drawn may not exceed the lesser of 50 ml or 3 ml per kg in an 8 week period and collection may not occur more than 2 times per week. While an expedited review of research involving pregnant women is permissible under the revised section, this last sentence makes it clear that the amount of blood that can be drawn is subject to limitations greater than those on healthy nonpregnant adults. Also, in response to public comment, the phrase "medically vulnerable adults'' that was proposed in November 1997 has been deleted.
In response to more than 24 comments, category three (3) (previously category one (1) in the 1981 list) has been changed in the following manner. The words ``noninvasive means'' have been added to clarify the manner of collection of research materials and, the procedures outlined are set out as examples to the IRB of the types of procedures that could fall within this category.
Categories four (4) and five (5) on the proposed list have been combined into one new category five (5) on the 1998 list. This new section is added in response to comments that raised questions about the relationship of proposed categories four (4) and five (5) to exempt research and about separating out existing and prospectively collected materials. The term ``nonresearch purposes'' was maintained in new category five (5) to describe the origins of the research materials. An explanatory note has been added to categories five (5) and seven (7) to clarify that some research described in these categories may be exempt from IRB review under 45 CFR 46.101(b) of the HHS regulations for the protection of human subjects (there is no comparable exemption provision in the FDA regulations). Thus, the listing of those categories refers only to nonexempt research.
Category six (6), proposed in November 1997, is now category four (4) on the 1998 list and addresses the collection of data through noninvasive procedures. The words ``noninvasive procedures'' have been added and apply to all procedures that would fall within this category. Because of several comments that raised concerns about MRIs and the use of anesthesia and sedation, expedited review would not be allowed for any procedure employing either of these. In response to more than 24 comments, this category lists procedures as examples for the IRB of the types of procedures that would qualify for expedited review.
Category seven (7) on the list proposed in November 1997 is now category six (6) on the 1998 list and deals with the collection of data from voice, digital, or image recordings. The qualification that was proposed in November of 1998 requiring consideration of certain risks to subjects is now a general guiding principle. It has been incorporated into the general Applicability section in response to several comments that questioned limiting this consideration to this type of research.
Category eight (8) on the proposed list is now category seven (7) on the revised list. In response to over 30 comments, the following changes have been made. The word ``stress'' has been deleted the subsections in the proposed list have been combined research on oral history has been included in response to approximately six comments and specific research and research techniques have been noted. As in new category six (6), the qualification that requires consideration of certain kinds of risks to subjects has been deleted as it is now a general guiding principle for the entire list.
Category nine (9) on the proposed list received more than 50 comments
explicitly applauding this additional category. It has been divided into two categories. Category eight (8) identifies three situations in which research that is greater than minimal risk and has been initially reviewed by the convened IRB, could undergo subsequent continuing review by the expedited review procedure. New category nine (9) concerns continuing review of research that is not greater than minimal risk but had to undergo initial review by a convened IRB because it did not meet the criteria of categories two (2) through seven (7) on the list.
Certain other minimal changes have been made for editorial purposes or to clarify certain words that were used in the proposed list. Accordingly, the list of categories of research which may be reviewed by the IRB through the expedited review procedure is amended as set forth below.
Categories of Research That May Be Reviewed by the Institutional
Review Board (IRB) Through an Expedited Review Procedure1
1 An expedited review procedure consists of a review of research involving human subjects by the IRB chairperson or by one or more experienced reviewers designated by the chairperson from among members of the IRB in accordance with the requirements set forth in 45 CFR 46.110.
(A) Research activities that (1) present no more than minimal risk to human subjects, and (2) involve only procedures listed in one or more of the following categories, may be reviewed by the IRB through the expedited review procedure authorized by 45 CFR 46.110 and 21 CFR 56.110. The activities listed should not be deemed to be of minimal risk simply because they are included on this list. Inclusion on this list merely means that the activity is eligible for review through the expedited review procedure when the specific circumstances of the proposed research involve no more than minimal risk to human subjects.
(B) The categories in this list apply regardless of the age of subjects, except as noted.
(C) The expedited review procedure may not be used where identification of the subjects and/or their responses would reasonably place them at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects' financial standing, employability, insurability, reputation, or be stigmatizing, unless reasonable and appropriate protections will be implemented so that risks related to invasion of privacy and breach of confidentiality are no greater than minimal.
(D) The expedited review procedure may not be used for classified research involving human subjects.
(E) IRBs are reminded that the standard requirements for informed consent (or its waiver, alteration, or exception) apply regardless of the type of review--expedited or convened--utilized by the IRB.
(F) Categories one (1) through seven (7) pertain to both initial and continuing IRB review.
(1) Clinical studies of drugs and medical devices only when condition (a) or (b) is met.
(a) Research on drugs for which an investigational new drug application (21 CFR Part 312) is not required. (Note: Research on marketed drugs that significantly increases the risks or decreases the acceptability of the risks associated with the use of the product is not eligible for expedited review.)
(b) Research on medical devices for which (i) an investigational device exemption application (21 CFR Part 812) is not required or (ii) the medical device is cleared/approved for marketing and the medical device is being used in accordance with its cleared/approved labeling.
(2) Collection of blood samples by finger stick, heel stick, ear stick, or venipuncture as follows:
(a) from healthy, nonpregnant adults who weigh at least 110 pounds. For these subjects, the amounts drawn may not exceed 550 ml in an 8 week period and collection may not occur more frequently than 2 times per week or (b) from other adults and children2 considering the age, weight, and health of the subjects, the collection procedure, the amount of blood to be collected, and the frequency with which it will be collected. For these subjects, the amount drawn may not exceed the lesser of 50 ml or 3 ml per kg in an 8 week period and collection may not occur more frequently than 2 times per week.
2 Children are defined in the HHS regulations as ``persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatments or procedures involved in the research, under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research will be conducted.'' 45 CFR 46.402(a).
(3) Prospective collection of biological specimens for research purposes by noninvasive means.
Examples: (a) Hair and nail clippings in a nondisfiguring manner (b) deciduous teeth at time of exfoliation or if routine patient care indicates a need for extraction (c) permanent teeth if routine patient care indicates a need for extraction (d) excreta and external secretions (including sweat) (e) uncannulated saliva collected either in an unstimulated fashion or stimulated by chewing gumbase or wax or by applying a dilute citric solution to the tongue (f) placenta removed at delivery (g) amniotic fluid obtained at the time of rupture of the membrane prior to or during labor (h) supra- and subgingival dental plaque and calculus, provided the collection procedure is not more invasive than routine prophylactic scaling of the teeth and the process is accomplished in accordance with accepted prophylactic techniques (i) mucosal and skin cells collected by buccal scraping or swab, skin swab, or mouth washings (j) sputum collected after saline mist nebulization.
(4) Collection of data through noninvasive procedures (not involving general anesthesia or sedation) routinely employed in clinical practice, excluding procedures involving x-rays or microwaves. Where medical devices are employed, they must be cleared/approved for marketing. (Studies intended to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the medical device are not generally eligible for expedited review, including studies of cleared medical devices for new indications.)
Examples: (a) Physical sensors that are applied either to the surface of the body or at a distance and do not involve input of significant amounts of energy into the subject or an invasion of the subject's privacy (b) weighing or testing sensory acuity (c) magnetic resonance imaging (d) electrocardiography, electroencephalography, thermography, detection of naturally occurring radioactivity, electroretinography, ultrasound, diagnostic infrared imaging, doppler blood flow, and echocardiography (e) moderate exercise, muscular strength testing, body composition assessment, and flexibility testing where appropriate given the age, weight, and health of the individual.
(5) Research involving materials (data, documents, records, or specimens) that have been collected or will be collected solely for nonresearch purposes (such as medical treatment or diagnosis). (Note: Some research in this category may be exempt from the HHS regulations for the protection of human subjects. 45 CFR 46.101(b)(4). This listing refers only to research that is not exempt.)
(6) Collection of data from voice, video, digital, or image recordings made for research purposes.
(7) Research on individual or group characteristics or behavior (including, but not limited to, research on perception, cognition, motivation, identity, language, communication, cultural beliefs or practices, and social
behavior) or research employing survey, interview, oral history, focus group, program evaluation, human factors evaluation, or quality assurance methodologies. (Note: Some research in this category may be exempt from the HHS regulations for the protection of human subjects 45 CFR 46.101 (b)(2) and (b)(3). This listing refers only to research that is not exempt.)
(8) Continuing review of research previously approved by the convened IRB as follows:
(a) Where (i) the research is permanently closed to the enrollment of new subjects (ii) all subjects have completed all research-related interventions and (iii) the research remains active only for long-term follow-up of subjects or
(b) Where no subjects have been enrolled and no additional risks have been identified or
(c) Where the remaining research activities are limited to data analysis.
(9) Continuing review of research, not conducted under an investigational new drug application or investigational device exemption where categories two (2) through eight (8) do not apply but the IRB has determined and documented at a convened meeting that the research involves no greater than minimal risk and no additional risks have been identified.
Academy of Educational Leadership Journal (AELJ) is an open access publication affiliated to Allied Business Academy. This journal with 30% of acceptance rate adheres strictly to double blind peer review process to maintain the publication standards and practices.
The journal aims to cater to the needs of the researchers, scholars, academicians and academic institutes that import educational study, leadership education. AELJ thus covers a vast spectrum of topics for publication by including topics like accounting history, auditing, International business, communications, conflict resolution, consumer behavior, financial Institutions, educational management, administration & leadership, ethical issues, governmental issues, health care management, human resources, institutional effective leadership, leadership effectiveness, approaches to learning, and approaches to studying leadership education.
Sponsored by the Academy of Educational Leadership, AELJ encourages theoretical, empirical and applied research in higher education (except economic or entrepreneurship education). More details on the types of manuscripts published and the categories of research accepted are displayed in the Journal Matrix section of this website.
Authors who would like to discuss the potential interest in a manuscript may contact the Editorial staff.
Journal of Educational Controversy
In this article, in answering the question do Black Lives Matter in the U.S. education industrial complex, we begin with a description of how the education industrial serves white supremacy. In our discussion of anti-blackness and racial bias, we also acknowledge the racialization of disabilities and the historical intersections between racial oppression and the marginalization of people with disabilities. More specifically, we examine the discourse and reticence about markers of differences (e.g., race, gender, ability status, race, and class) and interrogate how social categorizations are manipulated and co-opted to repurpose differences in ways that serve the education industrial complex and the prison industrial complex. Finally, we discuss how the discourse about the value of the lives of Charles Kinsey, a service provider who is Black, and Arnaldo Rio Soto, an adult with disabilities who is Hispanic, underscores the role that the education industrial complex plays in perpetuating racism, ableism, and the disposability of Black, Brown, and disabled bodies.
Aronson, Brittany A. and Boveda, Mildred (2017) "The Intersection of White Supremacy and the Education Industrial Complex: An Analysis of #BlackLivesMatter and the Criminalization of People with Disabilities," Journal of Educational Controversy: Vol. 12 : No. 1 , Article 6.
Available at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/jec/vol12/iss1/6
Subjects - Topical (LCSH)
Black lives matter movement White supremacy movements--United States Education--Political aspects--United States Racism Discrimination against people with disabilities | <urn:uuid:70a42f42-879b-4970-8338-dc1441a037d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ls.payqar.org/4787-review-volume-56-education.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303917.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122224904-20220123014904-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.939668 | 7,999 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Last winter heavy rain, storm force winds and large waves combined with high spring tides presented England with unprecedented flooding from the sea, rivers, groundwater and surface water.
Thousands of properties were flooded, infrastructure was damaged and tragically, eight people lost their lives. The full impact of these events has not yet been calculated but we do know that 175,000 businesses in England are at risk of flooding.
In 2012 flooding cost affected businesses an average of £60,000, so it is not surprising that flooding is a national priority. In fact the National Risk Register of Civil Emergencies cites coastal flooding as the second highest priority risk after pandemic flu and ahead of catastrophic terrorist attack (taking both likelihood and impact into account) . | <urn:uuid:1513dbc3-3aac-4c6c-afef-d793952cf3d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.drj.com/industry/industry-hot-news/the-business-continuity-role-in-adapting-to-climate-change.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860128071.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161528-00139-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967123 | 145 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Nine Mental Skills of Successful Athletes
Jack J. Lesyk, Ph.D.
You don’t have to be a professional athlete or an Olympic champion to be a successful athlete. Nor do you have to have a room full of trophies, win a state championship, or make the front page of the sports section. Successful athletes that I’ve worked with include an eleven year-old figure skater who has not yet won a competition, a high school golfer with a zero handicap, a middle-aged runner whose goal is to complete her first marathon, a weight lifter who holds several world records, and an Olympic medalist.
What these athletes have in common is that their sport is important to them and they’re committed to being the best that they can be within the scope of their limitations – other life commitments, finances, time, and their natural ability. They set high, realistic goals for themselves and train and play hard. They are successful because they are pursuing their goals and enjoying their sport. Their sport participation enriches their lives and they believe that what they get back is worth what they put into their sport.
There are nine, specific mental skills that contribute to success in sports. They are all learned and can be improved with instruction and practice. At the Ohio Center for Sport Psychology we work with serious athletes of all ages and ability levels to help them learn and sharpen these important skills.
We believe that our work is worthwhile because the same mental skills that athletes use in achieving success in sports can be used to achieve success in other areas of their lives.
A Brief List of the Nine Mental Skills
- Choose and maintain a positive attitude.
- Maintain a high level of self-motivation.
- Set high, realistic goals.
- Deal effectively with people.
- Use positive self-talk.
- Use positive mental imagery.
- Manage anxiety effectively.
- Manage their emotions effectively.
- Maintain concentration.
Mental Skills Training
These nine mental skills are necessary for performing well in sport as well as in non-sport performance situations. At the Ohio Center for Sport Psychology:
- We believe that these skills are learned and can be improved through instruction and practice.
- We begin our work with each individual by assessing his current proficiency in each of the skills.
- We develop a plan for teaching and enhancing the specific skills that need improvement for the individual.
- We periodically reassess the client’s proficiency in each of the skills in order to evaluate our progress.
The Performance Pyramid
Although each of the nine skills is important, its primary importance will occur during one of three phases: long-term development, immediate preparation for performance, and during performance itself.
Level I - These mental skills constitute a broad base for attaining long-term goals, learning, and sustaining daily practice. They are needed on a day-by-day basis for long periods of time, often months and years.
Level II - These skills are used immediately before performance to prepare for performance. They maybe used just before competition begins, or immediately before a specific performance action, such as a golf shot or a free throw in basketball.
Level III - These skills are used during actual performance behavior.
The pyramid below represents the relationship of the nine skills to one another. Each of the higher levels incorporates and is based upon the skills of the preceding levels.
Detailed Descriptions of the Nine Mental Skills
- Realize that attitude is a choice.
- Choose an attitude that is predominately positive.
- View their sport as an opportunity to compete against themselves and learn from their successes and failures.
- Pursue excellence, not perfection, and realize that they, as well as their coaches, teammates, officials, and others are not perfect.
- Maintain balance and perspective between their sport and the rest of their lives.
- Respect their sport, other participants, coaches, officials, and themselves.
- Are aware of the rewards and benefits that they expect to experience through their sports participation.
- Are able to persist through difficult tasks and difficult times, even when these rewards and benefits are not immediately forthcoming.
- Realize that many of the benefits come from their participation, not the outcome.
3. Goals and Commitment
- Set long-term and short-term goals that are realistic, measurable, and time-oriented.
- Are aware of their current performance levels and are able to develop specific, detailed plans for attaining their goals.
- Are highly committed to their goals and to carrying out the daily demands of their training programs.
4. People Skills
- Realize that they are part of a larger system that includes their families, friends, teammates, coaches, and others.
- When appropriate, communicate their thoughts, feelings, and needs to these people and listen to them as well.
- Have learned effective skills for dealing with conflict, difficult opponents, and other people when they are negative or oppositional.
- Maintain their self-confidence during difficult times with realistic, positive self-talk.
- Talk to themselves the way they would talk to their own best friend
- Use self-talk to regulate thoughts, feelings and behaviors during competition.
6. Mental Imagery
- Prepare themselves for competition by imagining themselves performing well in competition.
- Create and use mental images that are detailed, specific, and realistic.
- Use imagery during competition to prepare for action and recover from errors and poor performances.
7. Dealing Effectively with Anxiety
- Accept anxiety as part of sport.
- Realize that some degree of anxiety can help them perform well.
- Know how to reduce anxiety when it becomes too strong, without losing their intensity.
8. Dealing Effectively with Emotions
- Accept strong emotions such as excitement, anger, and disappointment as part of the sport experience.
- Are able to use these emotions to improve, rather than interfere with high level performance
- Know what they must pay attention to during each game or sport situation.
- Have learned how to maintain focus and resist distractions, whether they come from the environment or from within themselves.
- Are able to regain their focus when concentration is lost during competition.
- Have learned how to play in the “here-and-now”, without regard to either past or anticipated future events.
Application of the Nine Mental Skills to Non-sport Performance Situations
The nine mental skills associated with athletic success are the same mental skills associated with performance in a wide variety of non-sport, performance situations. Let’s take a look at some of these.
Characteristics of A Performance Situation:
- The situation is often scheduled or anticipated in advance.
- The situation usually has a defined beginning and an end.
- The circumstances are known in advance.
- The rules and constraints are known in advance.
- The results are evaluated by standards (or natural consequences) that are usually known in advance.
- The results are uncertain and may involve psychological risk and/or danger.
- The results are important to the performer.
- The performer’s behavior is goal-oriented.
- The results are influenced by the performer’s skillful behavior
Examples of Performance Situations
- An important job interview
- Performing a solo with a symphony orchestra
- Auditioning for a role in a drama production
- Giving a class presentation
- Taking a driver’s examination
- Giving a talk to the PTA
- Testifying in court
- Taking the state medical exam
- Performing brain surgery
- Landing an airplane
- A firefighter entering a burning building
- Participating in a military or police attack
- An astronaut landing a vehicle on the surface of the moon
- Rock Climbing
At the Ohio Center for Sport Psychology we help people develop the important skills necessary for high-level performance in sport and non-sport performance situations.
Copyright © 1998 Ohio Center for Sport Psychology | <urn:uuid:a36579b7-eed0-4e34-bee4-a13ab1cf75a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.sportpsych.org/nine-mental-skills-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476990033880.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020190033-00131-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954816 | 1,663 | 3.359375 | 3 |
New Mexico Land Records
From Ancestry.com Wiki
This entry was originally written by Karen Stein Daniel, CG and Margaret Windham for Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.
New Mexico is a Public-Domain State
New Mexico was admitted as a territory on 9 September 1850 and became a state on 6 January 1912. When it became a part of the United States, it became a public-domain land state. The New Mexico State Records Center and Archives has large holdings of land records going back to 1693. Spanish and Mexican land grants date from that period. The original records are in Spanish, but some have been translated. Researchers will want to consult:
- Oczon, Annabelle M. “Land Grants in New Mexico: A Selective Bibliography,” New Mexico Historical Review 57 (January 1982).
- Salazar, J. Richard, ed. and comp. Calendar to the Microfilm Edition of the Land Records of New Mexico: Spanish Archives of New Mexico, Series I, Surveyor General Records and the Records of the Court of Private Land Claims. Santa Fe: New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, 1987.
Information regarding homestead lands for New Mexico is located at the United States Bureau of Land Management (BLM), New Mexico State Office, 1474 Rodeo Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87505 (mailing address: P.O. Box 27115, Santa Fe, NM 87502-0115) www.nm.blm.gov. This office maintains public land records on microfiche for New Mexico, Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma, including copies of original patents, tract books, and plats. They also hold topographic maps.
The National Archives and Records Administration—Rocky Mountain Region, P.O. Box 25307, Denver, CO 80225-0307 www.nara.gov/regional/denver.html maintains retired records from federal agencies and courts in New Mexico, including tract books, abstracts, registers, canceled land entry case files, survey plats, private land claim plats within Pueblo land grants, and plats and field notes of the Surveyor General.
Deed books from 1850 exist for most counties, as well as mining deeds from 1850 to 1920. Both sets are generally indexed. A large body of land records for the counties is available at the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, as well as within the respective counties, where complete records are maintained by the county clerk. Additional land records can be found at the University of New Mexico, Center for Southwest Research, in Albuquerque. The “Online Archive of New Mexico” http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm is particularly helpful for locating various manuscript collections, including land records, within the state. | <urn:uuid:09b02a11-decb-4af6-b68c-4c1b82221101> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.ancestry.fr/wiki/index.php?title=New_Mexico_Land_Records | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638571.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00046-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914997 | 577 | 2.921875 | 3 |
HIV Incidence Surveillance
HIV Incidence Surveillance (HIS) is an expanded HIV/AIDS surveillance activity funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The objective is to provide national and local population-based estimates of the number of new HIV infections per year.
Incidence Surveillance employs the serological testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). Leftover serum from the HIV positive diagnostic specimen is tested with a special assay, the STARHS assay, which is based on HIV antibody characteristics. The STARHS assay measures the probability that an individual was infected with HIV recently. A person's HIV testing and treatment history is gathered in conjunction with the completion of the HIV case report. Both the result of the antibody test and the testing and treatment history of each newly diagnosed person are necessary components of the STARHS algorithm that is used to estimate HIV incidence.
There have been several STARHS assays used to determine the probability each individual tested was infected with HIV recently. Generally a recent HIV infection is one that occurred within about a half year of HIV diagnosis. The names of the STARHS assays used were the less sensitive EIA (LS-EIA, used from 2000 to 2003), BED (used from 2003 through 2014), and now the Avidity assay (starting in 2014). Because the BED assay was designed solely for surveillance purposes, patient consent is not required and results are not allowed to be returned to patients or their healthcare providers. Laboratories conducting Western blot or other HIV confirmatory tests are requested to submit leftover sera for incidence surveillance. Incidence surveillance is a part of HIV/AIDS case surveillance conducted under Washington Administrative Code legal authority (WAC 246.101).
Testing and treatment history
Information about a person's HIV testing and treatment history is collected for each person who is newly diagnosed with HIV. This information is collected on the adult HIV/AIDS case report form. A person's frequency or pattern of HIV testing is important for knowing the probability that a person would be identified as recently infected.
National HIV incidence
In 2008, the CDC published the first national HIV incidence estimate this methodology. The analyses showed that in 2006, an estimated 56,300 new HIV infections occurred. In 2011 this estimate was updated to 48,600 for 2006; 2007 and 2008 estimates were 56,000 and 47,800 respectively. National data published in 2012 for 2006-2009 indicated that among newly-diagnosed PLWHA for whom previous testing history information was available, 41% were diagnosed with HIV infection at their first HIV test, and 59% had a negative test at some point before HIV diagnosis.
King County HIV incidence
In 2012, WA state published HIV incidence estimates which ranged from 497 to 588 new infections in the state and 319 to 273 infections in King County for 2007 through 2011. (See 2nd Half 2012 Epidemiology report. http://www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/communicable/hiv/epi/reports.aspx) These numbers were very similar to the numbers of reported cases each year. Relative to national data, King County cases were far more likely to have a prior negative HIV test before diagnosis. Between 2006 and 2009, 83% of individuals with testing history data had a prior negative HIV test and 17% were positive on their first HIV test. In the four subsequent years, 2010 to 2013, that improved slightly to 85% of individuals with a prior negative HIV test and 15% who were diagnosed with HIV at the time of their first HIV test. | <urn:uuid:5c339f4d-7854-4dff-ba86-7012a7184650> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/communicable-diseases/hiv-std/patients/epidemiology/hiv-incidence-surveillance.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891105.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122054202-20180122074202-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.940899 | 716 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Scottish Gaelic language
The Scottish language (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is often commonly called just Gaelic in English.
|Native to||United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, New Zealand|
|Region||Scotland, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and Glengarry County, Canada|
|58,552 in Scotland. 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001 with estimates of additional 500–2000 in Nova Scotia, 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000, 822 in Australia in 2001 and 669 in New Zealand in 2006.|
|Gaelic alphabet (Roman alphabet)|
Official language in
It is a sister language of Irish and Manx; all three are Goidelic languages and part of the Celtic language family. It is also related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages).
In past times, the language was spoken across all of Scotland, except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak the English language, and looked down on the Scottish language. After the union of England and Scotland, the language was snubbed and looked down on even more. The English language took over.
Scottish Gaelic todayEdit
Scottish Gaelic today is basically that of the Gaelic spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, the Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, although there is some regional variation.
A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could speak some amount of Gaelic at that time. Only the Western Isles of Scotland have more people who can speak the language than not (61% of the people here speak Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the biggest percentage of Scottish Gaelic speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis. There, 74.7% of the people there speak the language.
Children in Scotland do not have to learn the language in schools, though it is becoming a more popular subject as Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture.
|Scottish Gaelic edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|
- Census 2001 Scotland: Gaelic speakers by council area from Comunn na Gaidhlig (cnag.org.uk).
- "News Release – Scotland's Census 2001 – Gaelic Report" from General Registrar for Scotland website, 10 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- Nova Scotia Museum's Curatorial Report No. 97
- Gaelic in Nova Scotia from gov.ns.ca.
- "Language by State – Scottish Gaelic" on Modern Language Association website. Retrieved 27 December 2007
- "Languages Spoken At Home" from Australian Government Office of Multicultural Interests website. Retrieved 27 December 2007
- Orkney and Shetlands spoke Old West Norse because they were so long part of the Norse overseas settlements.
- Kenneth MacKinnon (2003). "Census 2001 Scotland: Gaelic Language – first results". Retrieved 2007-03-24. | <urn:uuid:7f039db2-b111-46d7-aad2-23c0c12bab77> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596541.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423074936-20190423100936-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.926122 | 697 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The combined effects of climate change, energy scarcity, and water paucity require that we radically rethink our agricultural systems. Countries can and must reorient their agricultural systems toward modes of production that are not only highly productive, but also highly sustainable. Following the 2008 global food price crisis, many developing countries have adopted new food security policies and have made significant investments in their agricultural systems. Global hunger is also back on top of the international agenda. However, the question is not only how much is done, but also how it is done—and what kinds of food systems are now being rebuilt.
Agroecology, the application of ecological science to the study, design, and management of sustainable agriculture, offers a model of agricultural development to meet this challenge. Recent research demonstrates that it holds great promise for the roughly 500 million food-insecure households around the world. By scaling up its practice, we can sustainably improve the livelihoods of the most vulnerable, and thus contribute to feeding a hungry planet.
There are roughly 925 million hungry people on the planet. Many of them are smallholder farmers or farm laborers.
With many governments poised for a large-scale reinvestment in agriculture, the question is not only how much, but how.
Agroecology—the effort to mimic ecological processes in agriculture—could provide a framework for this reinvestment. Already, agroecological practices are being used around the world, increasing productivity and improving efficiency in the use of water, soil, and sunlight.
But before agroecological practices can be scaled up globally, we must assess the market and political obstacles that stand in their way. Here, we present six principles that could help us overcome these obstacles.
Our “farmers-in-chief”—heads of states—can make the new paradigm on agriculture, food, and hunger a reality.
Some crises appear and disappear in global media while remaining acute in the lives of real people. Global food insecurity is this type of crisis. In January 2011 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) warned that global food prices in December 2010 exceeded the 2008 peak during the so-called food price crisis that sparked “food riots” across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.1 The UN also warned that the price increase would not stop overnight and that we were entering “danger territory.”2 Although prices stabilized in the spring, global food prices in May 2011 remained higher than they were in June 2008. We will see more price spikes in the future, due to a growing discrepancy between supply and demand, the impacts of climate disruption on agricultural production, and the merger of the energy and food markets. The food crisis is here to stay.
Governments have pledged to reinvest massively in agriculture. After three decades of neglect, this is welcome news. However, as countries announce impressive figures on the scope of their reinvestment, we tend to forget that the most pressing issues today regarding agricultural reinvestment involve not only how much, but how.
The choice between agricultural development models has immediate and long-term consequences. Since 2008 some major reinvestment efforts have been channeled into a slightly modified version of the Green Revolution without fully considering our other great contemporary challenge of climate change. In contrast, scant attention has been paid to the most cutting-edge ecological farming methods—methods that improve food production and farmers’ incomes, while also protecting the soil, water, and climate.
Yet, with an estimated 925 million hungry people on the planet,3 we must think outside the box. Major shifts in food security policies are being discussed in most countries. Yet the best options are simply not being promoted sufficiently.
The first Green Revolution—as developed in Mexico and then in South Asia in the 1960s—succeeded in improving yields in the breadbasket regions where it was implemented.4 But it sometimes came at a high social and environmental cost, including the depletion of soils, pollution of groundwater, and increased inequalities among farmers.5 And the productivity gains were not always sustainable in the long term.
Our strategy today must recognize the connection between climate change and food security. It must leverage the potential of the new sustainable agriculture paradigm with policies designed to scale up and mainstream the systems that have proven records of success. It must not only preserve land and other agricultural resources for future generations; it must actively restore lands and resources that have been degraded. It must monitor progress using multiple indicators, ones that go beyond the amount of money invested and the amount of crops harvested. It must also create the enabling macroeconomic environment needed to link sustainable agricultural systems to markets.
Because hunger can be attributed to a wide range of causes, a comprehensive strategy to combat food insecurity would have to address issues such as an international trade regime that penalizes developing countries through subsidies that stifle local markets, the infliction of an unsustainable burden of foreign debt, and the impact of speculation on commodities markets. We do not focus on these themes, which are well known. Our interest is in the paradigm of agricultural development under which most policymakers work, and whether it meets the challenge of today and tomorrow. We believe it does not, and we seek to outline an alternative path.
Climate Change and Energy Scarcity: Key Elements of the New Food Security Context
Climate change is already having dramatic consequences for agriculture and international food security. Rain patterns are shifting, leaving farmers unable to harvest mature crops. More prevalent droughts and floods place unprecedented stress on agricultural systems. Water sources are more variable and are rapidly exhausted. Peasants are already struggling with these disruptions in Central America and East Africa. And, by 2080, 600 million additional people could be at risk of hunger as a direct result of climate change.6 In Sub-Saharan Africa, arid and semiarid areas are projected to increase by 60 million to 90 million hectares, while, in Southern Africa, it is estimated that yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50 percent between 2000 and 2020.7 Losses in agricultural production in a number of developing countries could be partially compensated by gains in other regions. But the overall result would be a decrease of at least 3 percent in productive capacity by the 2080s, and up to 16 percent if the anticipated carbon fertilization effects (incorporation of carbon dioxide in the process of photosynthesis) fail to materialize.8 Without closer international cooperation, the FAO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) warn that the direct impacts of climate disruptions on food production patterns will also lead to more “extreme volatility events on international food commodities markets”—the economists’ way of describing the 2008 global food price crisis.
Additionally, our current systems of agriculture are utterly dependent on fossil fuels. Fatih Birol, the chief economist at the International Energy Agency, warned in August 2009 that oil is running out far more quickly than previously predicted, and that global production is likely to peak in about ten years. A study of the 800 biggest oil fields reveals that the rate of decline in the output of the world’s oil fields is 6.7 percent a year.9 The impacts of energy scarcity have been obscured by the economic crisis over the past two years. However, the price of the crude oil barrel has constantly increased in 2009 and 2010 thanks to economic growth in China and other emerging countries. Its level in May 2011 exceeds the level preceding the 2008 food price crisis.10 Although the geopolitical situation in the Arab world and speculations about its consequences are currently driving oil prices up, economic recovery in developed nations and growth in the rest of the world will keep prices high.
Modern agriculture is highly sensitive to oil prices. Our food relies on oil or gas at many stages: nitrogen fertilizers are made of natural gas, pesticides are made out of oil, agricultural machinery runs on oil, irrigation and modern food processing are highly energy-dependent, and food is transported over thousands of miles by road or air. While the exact impacts of peak oil on the availability and cost of both oil and natural gas are unknown, it will undoubtedly affect food security. Energy scarcity is thus a key element of any policy for reinvestment in agriculture. But it is one that many current efforts lack.
Our current methods of food production are thus deeply unsustainable. Water scarcity and land degradation—two of the anticipated results of climate change in many regions—will add to the challenge of feeding the world. Already, 37 percent of China’s total territory suffers from land degradation. And, while China has 21 percent of the world’s population, it has only 6.5 percent of the freshwater available globally.11
This can be changed. Some agricultural systems can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience to climate extremes. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report, the agricultural sector could be largely carbon neutral by 2030 and could produce enough food for a population estimated to increase to 9 billion by 2050—if systems proven to reduce emissions from agriculture were widely adopted today.
Roots of the Future: The New Agricultural Paradigm
A few decades ago, agronomists were faced with a sharp increase in pest outbreaks in modern monocultures, while ecologists were starting to model the complex interactions between insects and plants. At the same time, scientists were observing the effectiveness of traditional farming systems. The two scientific disciplines of agronomy and ecology converged, shaping the field of agroecology. Agroecology is the application of ecological science to the study, design, and management of sustainable agriculture.12,13 It seeks to mimic natural ecological processes, and it emphasizes the importance of improving the entire agricultural system, not just the plant.
The pioneers of agroecology proposed that agroecological systems be based on five ecological principles: (1) recycling biomass and balancing nutrient flow and availability; (2) securing favorable soil conditions for plant growth through enhanced organic matter; (3) minimizing losses of solar radiation, water, and nutrients by way of microclimate management, water harvesting, and soil cover; (4) enhancing biological and genetic diversification on cropland; and (5) enhancing beneficial biological interactions and minimizing the use of pesticides.14 Now, agroecologists are looking to integrate food systems, as well as agricultural systems, into the scope of agroecology.15
A growing number of scientists work and publish on this field,16,17 and, recently, the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), a four-year study involving 400 experts from all regions as well as international organizations such as the World Bank, the FAO, and UNEP, called for a fundamental paradigm shift in agricultural development and strongly advocated the increase of agroecological science and practice.18 Agroecology is also at the core of the latest reports published by the FAO and UNEP.19,20 Meanwhile, the farmers united through La Via Campesina, the largest transnational peasant movement, have rapidly integrated agroecological principles in recent years.21
Today, agroecology has concrete applications on all continents. Its results speak for themselves. The widest study ever conducted on these approaches, led by Jules Pretty of the University of Essex, identified 286 recent interventions of resource-conserving technologies in 57 developing countries covering a total area of 37 million hectares in 2006.22 The average crop yield increase was 79 percent, and a full quarter of projects reported relative yields greater than 2.0 (i.e., 100 percent increase). Malawi, which ramped up its fertilizer subsidy program in 2002 following the dramatic drought-induced food crisis the year before, is now also implementing agroforestry systems using nitrogen-fixing trees.23 (Agroforestry involves planting trees with crops to more efficiently use land, nutrients, and water.) By mid-2009, over 120,000 Malawian farmers had received training and tree materials from the program, and support from Ireland has enabled extension of the program to 40 percent of Malawi’s districts, benefiting 1.3 million of its poorest people. Research shows that the program has increased yields from one ton per hectare to two to three tons per hectare, even if farmers cannot afford commercial nitrogen fertilizers.23 With an application of a quarter-dose of mineral fertilizer, maize yields may surpass four tons per hectare. The Malawi example shows that while investment in organic fertilizing techniques should be a priority, it should not exclude the use of other fertilizers. An optimal solution could be a “subsidy to sustainability” approach: an exit strategy from fertilizer subsidy schemes that would link fertilizer subsidies directly to agroforestry investments on the farm in order to provide for long-term sustainability in nutrient supply, and to build soil health for sustained yields and improved efficiency in fertilizer use.23 In Tanzania, 350,000 hectares of land have been rehabilitated in the Western provinces of Shinyanga and Tabora using agroforestry.24 In Zambia, agroforestry practices outperform fertilizers in rural areas where road infrastructure is poor and transport costs for fertilizer are high (which is the case in much of the African continent). The benefit to cost ratio for agroforestry practices ranges between 2.77 to 3.13 in contrast to 2.65 with subsidized fertilizer applications, 1.77 in fields with nonsubsidized fertilizer, and 2.01 in nonfertilized fields.25 Dennis Garrity, the director of the World Agroforestry Centre in Nairobi, estimates that a global implementation of agroforestry methods could result in 50 billion tons of carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere—about a third of the world’s total carbon reduction target.26 Such agricultural developments are examples of what many experts and scientists are calling the “evergreen revolution.” Among them is M.S. Swaminathan, the architect of the first Green Revolution in India, who now advocates organic farming.
In West Africa, stone barriers built alongside fields help retain water during the rainy season, improving soil moisture, replenishing water tables, and reducing soil erosion. Significant gains result: the water retention capacity of the soil is increased five- to tenfold, the biomass production ten- to twentyfold, and livestock can feed on the grass that grows along the stone barriers after the rains. Such “water harvesting” techniques are highly efficient in fighting desertification. They match the efficiency of mechanized irrigation, and are vital for food-insecure communities who live in dry environments. Indeed, it is impossible to build a truly Green Revolution without what Alan Savory calls a Brown Revolution: one that enhances soil organic matter, leading to sustainable productivity gains.27
In Kenya, researchers and farmers developed the “push-pull” strategy to control parasitic weeds and insects that damage crops. The strategy consists of “pushing” away pests from corn by interplanting corn crops with insect-repellent crops like Desmodium, while “pulling” them toward small plots of Napier grass, a plant that excretes a sticky gum that attracts the pest and traps it. The system controls pests without using costly and harmful insecticides. It also has other benefits, as Desmodium can be used as fodder for livestock. The push-pull strategy doubles maize yields and milk production while improving soils. The system has already spread to more than 10,000 households in East Africa through town meetings, national radio broadcasts, and farmer field schools.
Agroecological practices enhance on-farm fertility production. Malawian farmers call it a “fertilizer factory in the fields.” These practices reduce farmers’ reliance on external inputs and state subsidies. This, in turn, makes vulnerable smallholders less dependent on local retailers and moneylenders.
Similar examples exist around the world. In Japan, farmers found that ducks and fish were as effective as pesticide for controlling insects in rice paddies, while providing additional protein for their families. The ducks eat weeds and insects, thus reducing the need for labor-intensive weeding, otherwise done by hand by women, and duck droppings provide plant nutrients. The system has been adopted in China, India, and the Philippines. In Bangladesh, the International Rice Research Institute reports 20 percent higher crop yields, with net incomes increasing by 80 percent.28 In 1998, after Hurricane Mitch, agroecological plots on sustainable farms from southern Nicaragua to eastern Guatemala had on average 40 percent more topsoil, 69 percent less gully erosion, higher field moisture, and fewer economic losses than control plots on conventional farms.29 This greater resistance to climatic disruptions will be vital in the coming decades.
This is only the tip of the iceberg. Cutting edge innovation in agroecology is taking place in research centers in Santa Cruz, Nairobi, and Beijing. Scientists are discovering Iroko trees that build a carbonate-layer in the soil from CO2 captured in the atmosphere, offering new opportunities for long-term carbon sinks.30 They are designing future perennial cereal systems for sustainable grain production.31 And they are developing mycorrhizal products that could be applied in small doses to mimic in modern farming the mycorrhizal systems that exist between fungus and trees, a source of extraordinary productivity.32
It would be unwise, however, to wait for a silver-bullet solution to emerge from years of research and development. The most urgently needed effort for increasing food security is the scaling up of existing systems. Understanding what keeps agroecology underdeveloped is a necessary first step.
The Obstacles to the Necessary Change
We identify at least seven, largely self-reinforcing obstacles to the expansion of agroecological practices.
First, small-scale farmers, the primary practitioners of agroecology and the main beneficiaries of its expanded use, are marginalized in policy decisions. Small-scale farms use land and water more efficiently, and economists have long demonstrated the inverse relation between farm size and land productivity.33-40 However, a number of factors in the real world favor large farms: Large-scale operations are more competitive in the agribusiness sector because of facilitated access to credit (including from state-owned development banks). Large farms have a greater ability to integrate globalized food chains and to comply with the standards of the retail industry, including quality and sanitary standards but also social and environmental certification schemes. They also benefit from recent technological innovations that are designed to meet their needs, such as genetically modified crops, information technology, and zero-tillage machinery.40,41 In addition, decentralized small farmers experience agency problems and transaction costs that cannot be underestimated.35
At the same time, the belief that larger farms are more productive continues to be disseminated by influential authors.42 This is a mistake. Large, mechanized, monocropping operations are more competitive than small farms for the reasons explained above, but competitiveness and productivity are different things. Big farms outperform small farms according to only one measure of economic efficiency: productivity per unit of labor. Indeed, one agricultural worker on a modern, mechanized farm in the most fertile regions of the world can manage as much as 100 hectares of land, with a total output of 1,000 tons of cereal a year. A small-scale farmer with only a hoe can manage just one hectare, with a productivity per hectare as low as one ton a year in many African regions.43,44 But the global expansion of highly mechanized farming is something the planet simply cannot afford. The agroecological approaches highlighted above not only are more resource efficient—that is, they produce more from less—they also, with appropriate kinds of support, have a higher productivity per hectare, a different measure of productivity. The fact that some agroecological approaches require more labor can actually be positive, if the harvest provides sufficient incomes, since it can slow rural flight to cities and encourage rural development by attracting off-farm labor in rural areas. This is not a minor advantage as many countries face double-digit rates in urban unemployment.
Second, agroecology has rarely been supported by mainstream trade and agricultural policies. While agroecology supports diversified production systems, short food chains, and a balance of power among all actors, the structural adjustment programs of the 1980s and 1990s and the schedules of commitments under the Agreement on Agriculture of the World Trade Organization (WTO) led to a rapid (albeit still partial) liberalization of agricultural trade. This liberalization, in turn, encouraged the building of an export-led sector based on monocultures and the globalization of food chains, making transnational agribusiness companies increasingly influential.45 Similarly, while the development of agroecology would have required a strong state to empower small-scale farmers, disseminate best practices, and invest in agriculture, the “Washington consensus” was imposed on most developing countries through the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This orientation toward economic deregulation and privatization resulted in a 25-year downsizing of public services and disinvestment in agricultural systems.46-50 The dominance of neoliberal thinking during the last three decades has had lasting impacts on agricultural policies. Although some questioned this dominant model after the 2007–2008 food price crisis, it continues to influence current debates and many elites in developing countries continue to believe that they must mimic the modernization-liberalization path pursued by developed countries.
The combination of the first two obstacles explains why small farmers are unable to compete with large-scale enterprises. Although the World Bank has put more emphasis on their importance in its 2008 World Development Report,51 small-scale agriculture is still seen as nonviable in many mainstream policy discourses.
Third, the development of agroecology is impeded by the absence of security of land tenure for a large fraction of small-scale farmers. Improved security of tenure plays a vital role in agroecology: it encourages the planting of trees, the more responsible use of soils, and other practices with long-term payoffs (planting fruit trees, for example, also contributes to improved nutrition and health). However, some recent developments are increasing the threats to security of tenure: large-scale land acquisitions and leases (widely known as land grabs) are putting an enormous pressure on land access for vulnerable land users. Yet the policy debate on their regulation continues to be largely influenced by the belief that any private investment, whatever form it takes, will contribute to food security.52
Fourth, the common belief that a Green Revolution complemented by a “gene revolution” could solve global hunger puts scientific and technological progress at the core of efforts to alleviate hunger, diverting attention from a broader exploration of agricultural development. Agroecological research struggles with inconsistent research investments as well as a “lock-in” situation (an accumulation of obstacles) in agricultural research systems, which both hinder its development.53
Fifth, agroecology has been mischaracterized as a return to the past and as incompatible with the mechanization of agriculture. Agroecology is not about a return to a model of agriculture that relies solely on human power for tilling and harvesting. Agroecological approaches are perfectly compatible with a gradual and adequate mechanization of farming. However, for the farmers who have only hoes for tools and who live in areas where oil is scarce, the first step toward development may well be use of animal traction rather than tractors. A forced path toward mechanization—one that focuses on rapid mechanization of farming or use of technology that is not affordable for small-scale farmers—could aggravate rural depopulation. One tractor replacing the daily work of twenty landless laborers is only progress if nineteen jobs are created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.43 Yet most developing countries currently cannot offer urban job opportunities to those who leave the farming sector. Instead, the production of simple mechanical equipment adapted to smallholders and fit for agricultural techniques that conserve soil and water will actually result in more jobs in the manufacturing sector in developing countries.54
Sixth, the absence of full inclusion of externalities in agrifood price systems has enabled the development of industrial farming despite important social and environmental costs, and has hindered a comprehensive valuation of the benefits of agroecology.55 The success of large plantations is, in part, attributable to the fact that the price of food does not reflect the real costs to society resulting from their operations, particularly from the impacts of their modes of production on the soil and climate56 and on public health.
And, finally, organizations with vested interests in the status quo have ignored or resisted the benefits of agroecology.
Scaling Up Sustainable Agriculture: Policies for Change
Despite these obstacles, the scaling up of existing agroecological practices is achievable if we can develop a policy framework to move from successful pilot projects to nationwide policies.57 Six key principles could help us do this.
First, we need better targeting. Focusing our efforts on the needs of smallholders may seem obvious, yet only a few existing programs effectively target this group. Today, 50 percent of the hungry live in small-scale farming households, living off less than two hectares of land, and 20 percent are landless.58 This is unacceptable. Nor is it adequate to fixate on productivity improvements in breadbasket regions while ignoring the people who live in more inhospitable environments such as semiarid lands or hills. Trickle-down economics failed the test in Africa and South Asia—the two regions with the highest incidence of hunger. In the 1960s, investing in the Punjab (as the Green Revolution did) did little to improve the situation of farmers in the eroded hills of Karnataka.
Second, the redistribution of public goods must be prioritized in food security policies. Agroecological practices require public goods such as extension services; storage facilities; rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and information and communication technologies) for access to regional and local markets; credit and insurance against weather-related risks; agricultural research and development; education; and support to farmers’ organizations and cooperatives. The investment can be significantly more sustainable than the provision of private goods, such as fertilizers or pesticides that farmers can only afford so long as they are subsidized. World Bank economists have rightly noted that “underinvestment in agriculture is […] compounded by extensive misinvestment”59 with a bias toward the provision of private goods, sometimes motivated by political considerations.60 A 1985–2001 study of 15 Latin American countries in which government subsidies for private goods were distinguished from expenditures on public goods indicated that, within a fixed national agriculture budget, a reallocation of 10 percent of spending to supplying public goods increases agricultural per capita income by 5 percent, while a 10 percent increase in public spending on agriculture, keeping the spending composition constant, increases per capita agricultural income by only 2 percent.61 In other words, “even without changing overall expenditures, governments can improve the economic performance of their agricultural sectors by devoting a greater share of those expenditures to social services and public goods instead of non-social subsidies.”62 Thus, while the provision or subsidization of private goods may be necessary to a point, the opportunity costs should be carefully considered. Extension services that can teach farmers—often women—about agroecological practices are particularly vital. In today’s knowledge-based economies, increasing skills and disseminating information are as important as building roads or distributing improved seeds. Agroecological practices are knowledge-intensive and require the development of both ecological literacy and decision-making skills in farm communities.
Market failures affect the provision of these services. There is just too little incentive for the private sector to invest in these domains, and transaction costs are too high for local communities to create these goods themselves. States must step in. Seeds and fertilizers at subsidized prices are not a substitute for these public goods, although they may be competing for the provision of private assets in public budgets. Increasing the share of public goods in the government’s budget would have a significant positive impact on rural per capita income.
Third, if we want the best food security policies, we need a richer understanding of innovation that includes indigenous, local, and traditional knowledge. Simply put, not all innovations come from experts in white coats in laboratories. In large areas of Asia, farmers now join farmer field schools, a group-based learning process that enables farmer-to-farmer instruction. In India, farmers pool their seeds in community seed banks, which are administered through institutional arrangements to ensure the availability of planting material and the preservation and improvement of agrobiodiversity. And in Ghana, scientists launched radio broadcasts in local languages to popularize the best techniques to grow rice without additional inputs, rather than breeding new rice varieties. These techniques were identified through consultations with peasant groups, and they resulted in an average yield increase of 56 percent.63 Farmer field schools and community seed banks are not new technologies: they are social or institutional innovations. Such innovations are important to future food security because they can channel farmers’ experiences into knowledge-sharing processes with a considerable multiplier effect and at minimal cost.
Fourth, programs and policies must involve meaningful participation of smallholders. While some of the largest efforts to reinvest in agriculture shy away from a genuine engagement with representative farmer organizations, participation, if done properly, has several advantages for food security. First, it enables us to benefit from the experience and insights of the farmers. Second, participation can ensure that policies and programs are truly responsive to the needs of vulnerable groups. Third, participation empowers the poor, a vital step toward poverty alleviation because the lack of power exacerbates poverty: marginal communities often receive less support and are less able to advocate for their rights than the groups that are better connected to government. And finally, collaborations between farmers, scientists, and other stakeholders will facilitate innovation and create new knowledge.64
Existing projects demonstrate that participation works. Farmer field schools have been shown to significantly reduce pesticide use: large-scale studies from Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh recorded 35 to 92 percent reduction in insecticide use for rice.65 At the same time, the schools have contributed to a 4 to 14 percent improvement in cotton yields in China, India, and Pakistan.65 In Syria, Nepal, Nicaragua, and many other countries, participatory plant breeding schemes have been introduced in which researchers work directly with farmers, often combining traditional seeds with modern varieties.66 This practice empowers poor rural women who are key actors in seed management.67 In Latin America, the Campesino a Campesino movement has demonstrated that, when given the chance to generate and share agroecological knowledge among themselves, smallholders are very capable of improving their methods.68 In Cuba, a country that met its own peak oil when cheap oil imports from the USSR stopped, the adoption of agroecological practices was supported by the National Association of Small Farmers: between 2001 and 2009, the number of promotores (technical advisers and coordinators) increased from 114 to 11,935 and a total of 121,000 workshops on agroecological practices were organized.69 Participation, a key principle in the activities of the grassroots organizations and NGOs that currently promote agroecology,68,70 should be an element in all food security policies, from policy design to management of extension services. Experts, technical advisers, and farmers should be encouraged to collaborate in identifying innovative solutions.71
Fifth, states could use public procurement to speed a transition toward sustainable agriculture. In several European countries, schools have already started sourcing food from local producers with sustainability criteria. In June 2009 Brazil decided that 30 percent of the food served in its national school-feeding program should come from family farms.72
Sixth, performance criteria used to monitor agricultural projects must go beyond classical agronomical measures, such as yield, and economic measures, such as productivity per unit of labor. In a world of finite resources and in a time of widespread rural unemployment, productivity per unit of land or water is a vital indicator of success. Overall, measuring efficiency in the new agricultural paradigm of agroecology requires a comprehensive set of indicators that assesses the impacts of agricultural projects or new technologies on incomes, resource efficiency, hunger and malnutrition, empowerment of beneficiaries, ecosystem health, public health, and nutritional adequacy. The assessment of progress should be appropriately disaggregated by population, so that improvements in the status of vulnerable populations can be monitored.
Promoting agroecological approaches does not mean that breeding new plant varieties is unimportant. Indeed, it is vital. Already, new varieties with shorter growing cycles enable farmers to continue farming in regions where the crop season has already shrunk and where classical varieties did not have time to mature before the arrival of the dry season. Breeding can also improve the level of drought resistance in plant varieties, an asset for countries where lack of water is a limiting factor. Reinvesting in agricultural research must involve continued efforts in breeding, though caution is needed due to the drawbacks of current seed policies and of intellectual property regimes on seeds.73 Just as breeding should not be discontinued, but rather done with the participation of the farmers most in need, fertilizers should not be forbidden. Agroecology provides the larger framework for their use, and it emphasizes that fertilization can be pursued through natural means, such as nitrogen-fixing trees.
Linking Sustainable Farming to Markets: The Political Economy of Food Chains
The above principles are not sufficient in themselves. Efforts by agronomists will be pointless if the right institutions, macroeconomic regulations, and accountability mechanisms are not established and implemented. In other words, farmers need enabling economic and institutional environments, allowing the 500 million households that depend on small-scale farming today not only to put food on the table, but also to market their surpluses. Public action is needed, not in order to “feed the world,” as stated in the food security policies of the past century, but rather in order to “help the world feed itself.”
Many, including respected food security pundits, think smallholder farmers are incapable of producing sufficient food for rapidly growing urban markets. This is simply false. The reality is that small food producers face a number of obstacles when trying to market their surpluses. We met with smallholders in Benin who insisted that improving market conditions is a greater priority than—and a condition for—improving crop productivity.74 An enabling market environment does not mean greater trade liberalization and a favorable environment for investment, as proponents of the “new conventional wisdom,” a slightly adapted version of the Washington consensus, contend.75 Rather, it means supporting the diversification of trade and distribution channels in order to create the conditions for genuine choice by small farmers between rural and urban markets and, in some cases, the high-value markets of industrialized countries.76 It also means preventing gains from being wrested from smallholders by better-resourced farmers.
Today, the limited number of buyers, the paucity of information on prices, and the absence of storage facilities all contrive to deprive farmers of any choice but to sell during the harvest period, when prices are at their lowest. A rapid and significant expansion of storage facilities capable of preventing postharvest losses in rural areas is needed. Mechanisms such as warehouse receipt systems are spreading across Asia and Africa. Such systems enable farmers to sell crops to warehouses at harvest time, but obtain the additional revenue generated when the food is sold at higher prices during the dry season.77
States should also aim to improve equity in the food system, especially in global supply chains where inequity is most pronounced. In too many cases, global food chains primarily reward large producers who have access to inputs (land, water, and credit), technologies, and political influence, and who can meet the volume and standards required by global buyers and retailers. Where small food producers are willing to be integrated into global food chains, states should actively support them through technical assistance and cheap credit, if needed. The promotion of modern farmer cooperatives is one way to improve the market position of producers, especially women. Ultimately, what matters, from a social point of view, is that the incomes of the poorest increase, whether they choose to serve local, regional, or global markets. As Nobel laureate Amartya Sen has remarked, hunger is not necessarily a problem of food availability; it is primarily a problem of people lacking the purchasing power to procure the food they need.78
Because the power relationships that exist in food chains are so central to global hunger—over two-thirds of those who are hungry today produce food—centralized control over key agricultural functions must be dismantled.79 In the Brazilian soybean market, 200,000 farmers attempt to sell to five main commodity traders. Three large transnational commodity buyers—ADM, Cargill, and Barry Callebaut—dominate the Ivorian cocoa industry. Four firms carry out 45 percent of all coffee roasting, and four international coffee traders control 40 percent of an industry on which 25 million producers depend. The result of this power distribution is that a significant portion of the reinvestment in agriculture will be captured by global players, instead of vulnerable food producers.
Stopping the Damage: The Role of Land
Farmers around the world face increasing pressures from large-scale development projects (including dams), extractive industries, logging, land conversion to agrofuels, and the creation of special economic zones. The result is that the poorest farmers are priced out of land markets and that evictions are rising everywhere, cutting farmers off from their livelihoods.80-82
States should strengthen customary land tenure systems, while at the same time weeding out their discriminatory components against women, and should reinforce tenancy laws in order to significantly improve the protection of land users. There is also ample empirical evidence of the positive impacts of land redistribution on the livelihoods of smallholders as well as on broader rural development.37 Agrarian reform with a strong redistributive component has been an important element in economic growth in South Korea and China. The belief that land redistribution is communism has led many to reject it out of hand. But, if it is part of comprehensive rural development policies that support the beneficiaries of land redistribution, complemented by an implementation of the six principles we put forward in this paper, it can contribute to increased food security and nutrition, prevent environmental losses, and put people to work in rural areas, thus reducing the effects of ecological, financial, and economic crises. The current wave of large-scale land acquisitions and leases unfortunately moves us in the opposite direction: in many cases it amounts to nothing less than a counter-agrarian reform that poses threats to food security.52
Our “farmers-in-chief”—heads of states—can make the new paradigm on agriculture, food, and hunger a reality.83 The strategies highlighted in this essay can shape productive, sustainable, healthy food systems for the twenty-first century. Concrete recommendations to states and donors have been identified to scale up these promising agroecological farming systems and to shape an economic and institutional environment that will allow them to thrive. If significant progress is not achieved in the next three years, huge opportunities will be missed for feeding the world’s poorest people, mitigating climate change, and avoiding worsening water scarcity. In that case, coming generations will judge us harshly. | <urn:uuid:7f487030-c749-40fa-8a9c-565b8a9e16a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/the-new-green-revolution-how-twenty-first-century-science-can-feed-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609605.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528062748-20170528082748-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.941549 | 8,088 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Sotoa is a genus of orchid, a relatively new genus described in 2010. It is native to western Texas and to Mexico as far south as Oaxaca. Only one species is known, Sotoa confusa.
Sotoa confusa is very rare in Texas. It was collected in 1931 in the Chisos Mountains inside Big Bend National Park, the specimens at the time misidentified as Spiranthes durangensis (now a synonym of Schiedeella saltensis). The material was not recognized as a distinct taxon until years later. It was not until 2008 that a live population was discovered. | <urn:uuid:46c4b704-99df-4335-9f15-a755da21f2ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://findwords.info/term/sotoa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886815.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117043259-20180117063259-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.971792 | 129 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In November 1932, politician Stanley Baldwin, who was essentially the de facto Prime Minister of Great Britain at the time, gave a speech warning of the potential horrors of a future war. In it he quite famously predicted that “The bomber will always get through”.
Baldwin believed that modern bomber aircraft then coming into service had the potential to destroy enemy populations and centres of production, slaughtering thousands – possibly hundred of thousands – in a frighteningly short time span.
As it turned out, and as the Second World War demonstrated, Baldwin was partially correct. By that point improved technologies in both detection, direction and in fighter aircraft made bombing a far more expensive process and civilian centres proved more resilient to attack than expected. Baldwin’s prediction didn’t ultimately come true until the development of the atomic bomb.
But in 1932, when Baldwin delivered his speech, the balance did very much appear to be in favour of the bomber. And if there was an aircraft that typified this, it was the American Martin B-10.
It seems odd to look at this rather lumpy appearing aircraft today and think that, in its day, it was a revolutionary design, introducing features that would become largely standard in bomber aircraft all over the world by the Second World War. Because the B-10’s combined for the first time an all-metal airframe, monoplane layout, enclosed crew positions and rotating gun turret’s. It also had retractable landing gear, an enclosed and spacious internal bomb bay and streamlined engine cowlings.
Other aircraft had up to that point used some of these, but the B-10 was the first to put them all into one design.
Development began in 1930 in response to a 1929 United States Army Air Corps requirement for a twin engine bomber. At the time, the USAAC had just bought into service the Keystone LB-series of bombers, which were little more than slightly improved First World War designs.
Martin’s initial proposals were rejected but believing that there would be a market for a modern bomber in the near future, the company proceeded with building a prototype at their own expense – the Martin 123. This took to the air in February 1932 and was handed over to the US military for testing in March, where it received the designation of XB-907.
The new aircraft was an intermediate design, featuring open positions for the pilot and nose-and-rear gunners, as well as less-efficient Townend cowlings on its two Wright radial engines that produced 600hp each. But despite this, the XB-907 demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a top speed of 186mph (300km/h).
This almost matched the top speed of the Army Air Corps best fighter of the time, the Curtiss P-6E, and the Army Air Corps recognized that more was achievable. They requested some changes be made to the prototype, which Martin was happy to do.
These led to initially the XB-907A, which fitted more powerful engines and NACA cowlings, as well as a powered front gun turret, and ultimately to the XB-10, which featured fully enclosed positions for the crew, as well as more powerful engines.
These modifications, all carried out in a remarkably fast four months, meant that the XB-10 demonstrated a top speed of 207 mph (333 km/h). And this did outpace every fighter in service at the time, if only for a short period.
The remarkable aircraft won Martin the Collier Trophy for the most outstanding achievement in American aviation, and in January 1933 they received the first orders for forty-eight aircraft for the Army Air Corps. These aircraft were designated by Martin as the “139” and represented a mixed bag of different models equipped with different engines.
The first fourteen were YB-10s which had Wright R-1820-25 engines which produced 675hp, followed by a single YB-10A that had turbocharging.
These were followed by seven YB-12s with a pair of 775 hp Pratt-Whitney R-1690-11 Hornet engines and twenty-five B-12As which were similar to the YB-12, but with increased fuel capacity and some of which were tested with floats.
The final aircraft of this order was the single YB-14. This was fitted experimentally with Twin Wasp engines that produced 950hp, but despite the improved performance was converted back to B-12 configuration after testing.
After assessing the various configurations, the Air Corps settled in 1934 on what was designated as the B-10B and ordered 103 of this type.
The B-10B was fitted with Wright R-1820-33 Cyclone 9-cylinder radial engines that produced 775hp. These gave the aircraft a top speed of 213 mph (343km/h) and a maximum range of 1,240 miles (2,000km).
Generally carrying a three-man crew, though four was possible, the B-10B had an armament of three .30-calibre Browning machine guns in nose turret and in the dorsal and ventral positions and could carry a bombload of up to 2,260 lbs (1,030 kgs).
Deliveries commenced in 1935 and were completed in 1936, and the YB-10s, B-10Bs and B-12s were the prime striking component of the Air Corps. They served throughout the United States, as well as in Panama and the Philippines, and were basically a quantum leap on the old-fashioned biplanes still operated by some of the USAAC’s bomber squadrons.
In fact, General Henry H. Arnold, who would command the USAAF during World War Two and performed record breaking flights in the B-10B, described the aircraft as “the airpower wonder of its day”.
Despite this, the USAAC had already seen the rapid pace that aero technology was going in and were making plans for bigger and more powerful aircraft, plans that led ultimately to the B-17 Flying Fortress. This would lead to the B-10 having a short frontline life in US service, and they were rapidly replaced by later aircraft. By 1940 they were serving as target towers and in US-based reconnaissance squadrons
But this was in the future and with their Air Corps contract fulfilled in 1936, Martin was allowed to look for export orders. Of which, unsurprisingly, there were plenty.
After all, though the B-10 was rapidly falling by the wayside as other companies produced bombers surpassing its performance it was still vastly better than many of the aircraft being flown by minor air forces. And as a result, Martin saw a lot of international customers purchase their export version -the Martin 139 – which in turn led to a lot of combat service, much of it little remembered.
Of the purchasers whose Martin 139s didn’t see any combat, the Argentines, one of whose aircraft is seen below, bought 35; the Soviet Union bought a single aircraft for testing; and Turkey purchased twenty.
There were also talks to license build the 139 in Spain, but the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ended that before it could be agreed.
The first B-10s to see combat were those sold to the Republic of China. These were delivered in 1937, just in time to get thrown into the conflagration of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Although only a total of nine B-10s, designated as Martin 139WCs, were ultimately used by the Chinese, they saw heavy use attacking Japanese positions and achieved at least one remarkable first.
On 20 May 1938, two Chinese B-10s conducted an audacious raid on Japan itself. Early in morning, the aircraft penetrated the defence of the home island and overflew the city of Nagasaki, where they discharged their payload -two million leaflets.
The Chinese recognized that two bombers weren’t going to do any worthwhile damage to Japanese industry, and therefore thought it better to use the flight to try to show to the Japanese public the atrocities being conducted in China by their military. It was ultimately for naught but that doesn’t detract from the fact that it was a remarkable mission.
By far the biggest sale – and second biggest user of the type after the USAAC – was to the Dutch East Indies. In 1935 the Dutch colonial authorities decided that modern bombers were a perfect answer for defending their far flung and distant colony, and so very quickly began to make assessments of the B-10.
Initially they examined licence production, but that proved something the Dutch aero industry of the time was not able to do in any numbers because of the B-10s advanced all-metal structure. So, they made gradually increasing orders, receiving thirteen Martin 139WH-1 in 1937 and twenty-six improved -WH-2s in 1938.
This was followed by a final order for what was the ultimate variants of the B-10, forty WH-3s and 42 WH-3As, also known as the Martin 166.
These had improved aerodynamics, a solid glazed “greenhouse” that linked the cockpit to the rear position and more powerful engines, with the WH-3A having two Wright Cyclone G-105’s that each produced 1,000hp. They also featured external bomb shackles that could double payload over short distances.
In total, the Dutch East Indies ordered 121 Martins for use. Though some were lost in accidents, at the time of the Japanese invasion of Indonesia in December 1941 around one hundred of the aircraft were available for use in combat and training squadrons. These saw continuous use attacking the initial landings, and then raiding Japanese forces as they campaigned across the archipelago.
But the Martin, the wonder weapon of 1932, was very much out-of-date a decade later in the face of modern Japanese fighters, as well as suffering heavy losses from attacks on their airfields. To be fair, newer bombers were proving just as susceptible, and the Martin’s battled on until early March when, with surrender looming the few survivors left in Dutch hands retreated to Australia.
The final user was the Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). That country initially bought six Martin’s, company designated as the 139WSM, in 1937. These would subsequently see action in the Franco-Thai War of late 1940 -early ’41, bombing airfields and towns in French Indo-China.
When Thailand fell fully under Japanese control, the Royal Thai Air Force was supplied with nine aircraft captured from the Dutch in the East Indies.
The war proved little kinder to the Martin’s in the RTAF than in others, but five survived the war. These proved to be the final B-10s to remain in service, with the Royal Thai Air Force finally retiring them in 1949.
Despite their revolutionary nature when first constructed, the Martin B-10 suffered the fate of so many such aircraft, rapidly finding itself outclassed by new machines inspired by what it had demonstrated as possible.
Today only one of the 348 built still survives. This, originally one of the Argentine B-10s, now dwells at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio, painted to replicate one of the B-10s used in General Arnold’s record-breaking flights.
This video/article was sponsored by the VPN provider Surfshark. If you want a deal on a VPN, which includes 83% off and 3 extra months for free, go HERE and use the promo code NASH. | <urn:uuid:67fb0ed6-7449-4b71-9642-19f2d2d9a152> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://militarymatters.online/forgotten-aircraft/revolutionary-the-martin-b-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.981292 | 2,464 | 3.765625 | 4 |
A World Heritage Site in southern France, this aqueduct bridge was built during the Roman occupation around the beginning of the Christian Era.
Because of the passage of time, only partial lengths of Roman aqueducts remain in various states of repair throughout Great Britain and Europe, wherever the Roman Army occupied the land. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in France. Roman engineers, contractors, and workers built the aqueduct bridge on three tiers of water-tight stonework laid without mortar or bond of any kind. The first level rests on six arches, the second, on eleven arches, and the third or top level carrying the water on thirty-five arches. In total, the bridge rises 160 feet from the river bed. The aqueduct was built to carry water from a stream over the River Gardon to the Roman settlement at Nimes in the south of France twenty-five miles away.
The workmanship was so exacting that in many cases cement or other bonding products were not necessary to create precise sealants in the granite stonework. No mortar cement was used in constructing water-tight lengths of aqueduct. There is another example of exacting Roman engineering and construction in Spain. The Aqueduct of Segovia was also built around the beginning of the Christian Era with such precision the twenty-mile length carried water into and around Segovia until it fell into disuse in the Nineteenth century. It, too, was built without bonding or a sealant of any kind. The Aqueduct at the Gardon River to Nimes in France and the Aqueduct to Segovia in Spain are the only two Roman bridge aqueducts known to survive from the Roman period. | <urn:uuid:269002fb-47ba-4a00-9056-5c988aedb3e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://floridasbigdig.me/category/water-transportation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573071.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917121048-20190917143048-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.961476 | 356 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In the year 1914, a global military conflict broke out, mostly taking place in Europe. The Great War left millions of soldiers, from both sides of the opposition, dead, or severely wounded. Moreover, it drastically re-shaped the modern world as a result of innovative ideas and developments. There are numerous views of war; the majority greatly vary from each other. Such contrasts, as it were, can be seen in the form of poems written at the time. Hence, from analysing the work of poets, it could be considered that the attitudes of war are presented in ways which differ, or perhaps, several of the poems may have established similar interpretations.
Furthermore, most of the poets aimed to illustrate the ideas of their poem through the use of poetic techniques, allowing the reader to comprehend the various aspects of the poem with greater ease. Three poems of World War One highlight several of the different factors of war, each exploring the topic in their own way. ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ is about the horrific reality and atmosphere of war; it describes the trauma of experiencing a gas attack. ‘Fall In’ is a recruitment poem, which attempts to convince men to enlist war as a means of conveying elements of shame and guilt. ‘The Soldier’ is a poem laced with sentimentality and nationalism; a far cry from the themes of other works during the time.
In the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est,’ the poet, Wilfred Owen, evidently portrays a negative general attitude to war, which can be detected even from the moment the poem commences. This can be seen when he expresses that the soldiers were: ‘Deaf even to the hoots of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.’ Five Nines were 5.9″ artillery shells used to fire gas; this particular line is one of two versions, and is in fact, the original. Owen made the decision to write an alternative line in which more people would be familiar with, as he desired to broaden his audience. Anyhow, the line advocates that the men are somewhat oblivious to the war that is continuing around them.
It highlights the point that they have been forced to withstand war for such a long period of time that they have become ‘deaf’ as a consequence. In addition, it could suggest that the soldiers are so exasperated with war that it has had a subconscious effect on them. The poetic technique of personification is used to describe the shells as ‘tired,’ which gives the impression that the author thinks that the war is pointless and has been occurring for so long that even the shells have become wary of this futile catastrophe.
From this, it is possible to realise the overall attitudes that Owen feels, regarding war. Comparatively, Harold Begbie takes on the view that war is necessary in ‘Fall In,’ thus promoting war as a positive event: ‘What will you lack, sonny, what will you lack,’ Therefore, the opening line of the poem illustrates the pressure placed on men throughout war, for the repetition along the line causes the reader to feel as if they have no choice. The words are posed as a rhetorical question, yet may make the reader have the desire to answer, as the question displayed is intimidating and forceful, in a seemingly positive manner.
From this perspective, ‘no’ appears to be an exceptionally unlikely reply, as the phrase instantly provokes various reasons in the reader’s mind as to why war is the only path to take. As well as that, there is also the use of colloquial language, which adds to the effect. Words such as ‘sonny’ are rather informal, and would have been used by local people. This is a fine technique, as it makes it appear as Begbie is talking directly to the reader; it is language that the reader would use themselves, and would therefore be familiar with.
Hence, the line is an example of the fact that the poem is intent only on persuading men to enlist, and scarcely considers the fact that one may not return from war. It attempts to maintain a positive view all throughout, which is a great comparison to ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est.’ However, ‘The Soldier’ introduces another attitude to war, stating the probable death of a soldier, in spite of the fact that the poem has little to do with dying. The poet, Rupert Brooke, reflects idealism and optimism in the face of war, and the voice in ‘The Soldier’ talks about his untimely death in a fiercely patriotic manner, undaunted by his likely demise.
When referring to the foreign field in which he will be buried, he claims that: ‘There’s some corner of a foreign filed that is for ever England.’ In other words, the figurative language in “The Soldier” defines the poem and displays the message, but also supports the fact that Brooke’s poem approaches the horrors of war in an indirect and romantic manner. In this line, the poet is using the field as a metaphor for the simple graveyards soldiers were buried in; he is addressing war in a lighter tone. Moreover, patriotism shines through this line, as the author emphasizes the fact that even if the soldier should die fighting, he shall be satisfied, as he recognizes that there will always be a little piece of England. Thus, even if he dies in battle, it does not matter where; a slice of his country will die with him, almost conquering a fraction of the other country. According to the words of this line, England will last forever, whatever the outcome of war.
In the first stanza of ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est,’ the pace is very slow and a painstaking rhythm is established through Owen’s use of heavy, long words. This illustrates how painstaking and slow the war was, and, additionally, portrays the aspects related to day-to-day life in the trenches: ‘Bent double, like old beggars under sacks.’ The first clause ‘Bent double,’ is a hyperbole which creates the impression of extreme exhaustion, and the image that is conveyed is that the soldiers have no energy left and are constantly in excruciating agony. Additionally it suggests that the men are struggling with the extreme weight of their bags; it highlights the point that they are very hunched over as they are so physically fatigued. ‘Like beggars under sacks’ is a simile that illustrates that the men have no dignity left. It conjures the image of very dirty, disgustingly vile tramps, who have a nauseating stench.
The way that Owen captures the appearance of the soldiers as cripples makes them seem distant to us, and the disjointed, monotonous way they are seen echoes this group of men, their disorderly fashion and their dull, repetitive journey. As a result, Owen clearly establishes the tone and atmosphere of trench life, and explains the hardships the soldiers were set to endure each day. On the contrary, ‘Fall In’ not once mentions life in the trenches, and never reveals any of the horrors which wrapped around them. In fact, Begbie makes war appear somewhat relaxed, and an event which is not long, stressful and filled with terror, as accentuated in ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’: ‘From the foe they rushed to beat?’ Therefore, the poet makes war seem like a contest, or competition, rather than a brutal, extreme battle.
The line gives an impression that war is almost a race, which everyone would desire to compete in, as if there is nothing to lose, yet so much to gain for taking part. The word ‘rushed’ indicates that war will be quick and rather simple, and it will be a mobile war, which is the opposite of what it turned out to be in reality. As opposed to the words which Owen stated in his poem, Begbie seems to erase any feature of trench life, which causes war to sound more appealing. After all, the poem is an example of propaganda, as it is a recruitment poem. It would by no means desire to offer men the opportunity to have the slightest notion that that their time as a solider will limp along, under the insanitary and vile conditions of the trenches.
Likewise, ‘The Solider’ contains no mention of trench life in reality, yet the purpose being is not to coax men to enlist; rather, to highlight the positive aspects of war. Instead, Brooke seems to recognize the existence of the trenches, yet unpicks any negative aspects of war. This is apparent when the poet states that: ‘There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed’ Hence, Brook refers to ‘dust’ as a body in the line; it is a metaphor for a dead soldier in the trenches. In this line Brooke is saying that the earth, in which he is buried in, will be richer because an English soldier lies in it; because a piece of England lies beneath the earth.
Through this statement, Brooke is associating the soldier in the poem with England, making him not just English, but England. In addition, this implies that for each day in the trenches, for each English soldier that dies, the country of England will be re-established. Therefore, the sense of patriotism, yet again, outlines these words in the line, and they almost illuminate any sense of hope in the trenches by replacing any negative thoughts with positive ones. As a result, with all this in mind, it is possible to see how three poems can express such varying views of day-to-day life in the trenches, or if the trenches are referred to at all.
The poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ aims to depict the reality of war, and presents it as an appalling and incompetent thing. One way of doing so is by expressing the repercussions of the gas attack in the poem, as a means of using figurative language and imagery to express the seemingly impending injuries which are caused by the attack: ‘His face hanging like a devil’s sick of sin’ Thus, the writer describes in graphic detail how the physical look of the soldier had changed, obviously attempting to shock the reader and get through to them how war is such a devastating business. The image that is portrayed is that the soldier’s face had dropped and was now exceedingly unsightly.
‘Like a devil’s sick of sin’ is a simile that highlights this point. This comparison implies that his face was corrupted and baneful. The image created in the reader’s mind is that the face has suddenly been transformed from a young, youthful face to a very old and aged face. Now the face is hideously ugly and revolting; it is feasible to imagine the face appearing twisted and stretched, covered in gruesome boils and markings. The simile therefore implants a clear picture in the reader’s mind, by providing them with something familiar which they are able to relate to. Conversely, ‘Fall In’ portrays any corollaries of war in a manner which links to recruitment- causing one to laden with guilt if they do not enlist: ‘Is it naught to you if your country fall and Right is smashed by Wrong?’
Although the idea opposes that of Owen’s, Begbie is using a similar technique to put forth his views, which is through imagery. Begbie is painting a picture, in the heads’ of those reading his poem, of two ‘sides.’ The ‘sides’ of ‘Right and Wrong’ are metaphors that represent the sides of the conflict in reality. In this case, it is clear that ‘Right’ is the side of the reader; it is the side everyone would want to be on. The capital letters of the two ‘sides’ draw the reader’s eyes directly to the words, thus emphasizing the main idea. The poet is saying that if the reader does not enlist, they will witness their country, or side, fall. This is a powerful image, and an effective one; it is simple and conveys a simple, clear message. Furthermore, expressed as a question, the line is challenging and almost dares the reader to disagree.
It explains that by not enlisting, one will have contributed nothing to help their country overcome the opposition, subsequently feeling the utmost shame. ‘The Soldier’ continues to establish its positive approach throughout the poem, and describes the consequences of war as virtuous, which glorifies war: ‘And think, this heart, all evil shed away.’ This line is an example of the second most prominent theme employed by Brooke, which is the notion of transformation, distinguished clearly throughout ‘The Soldier.’ The line implies a transformation from a soldier, ordinary and human, to a cleansed soul who will live forever through England.
The second stanza is saying that with death for one’s country comes great honour and transformation into a pure soul, forever remembered for fighting to the end, for their country. By making himself a martyr, the soldier in the poem has ‘cleansed his soul’; this is a great transformation. This idea is what inspired soldiers to be willing to die for their country, and to want to fight for England. Brooke is saying that there is a larger purpose that can be achieved through death, which is another example of Brooke romanticizing the war and death. To soldiers, the thought of being transformed into a great soul, forever linked to your nation because of your connection with England, is consistent throughout, which is the reason transformation is a prominent theme of the poem.
In continuation, all three poems portray the attitudes of those of the ‘Home Front,’ in different styles. The purpose of ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ was in fact, to make those not fighting in the war to have a greater awareness of the horrors of war. In the final few lines of the poem, this impression seems exceptionally clear. The writer implies that if the reader had experienced this disgustingly frightful situation themselves, then they wouldn’t tell with such ‘high zest to children ardent for some glory, The old Lie: Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori.’ The Latin words told by the Roman poet Horace, enhance the focal points of the poem, which is effective as the events in the poem quite clearly contradict the saying.
There is some irony in this concluding stanza, yet Owen is also very serious. He uses the saying as a warning and a final attempt to persuade the reader that war is grotesque. He describes the saying as ‘The old Lie,’ implying that it is a trick. Owen calls this a lie by using good diction, vivid comparisons and graphic images to have the reader feel disgusted at what war is capable of. This poem is extremely effective as an anti-war poem, making war seem absolutely despicable and revolting, just as the author desired it to be. The aim of this poem was to shock the reader-to let them feel the sense of disgust and frustration felt by all the soldiers as they witness the soldier’s struggle to breathe.
Reasons such as these suggest that Owen considered those at home to be rather ignorant and na�ve, for he thought it necessary to reveal to them the reality of war. However, ‘Fall In’ makes it appear as if the people at home were completely aware of war, and their attitudes were positive and supportive, as long as one had taken part in war: ‘When your children yet to be, Clamour to learn of the part you took In the War that kept men free’ Hence, Begbie stresses that people back in England would be excited and interested in war, suggesting that they considered it to be a noble and courageous thing to do.
Thus, Begbie targets his poem at the non-conformists, and, through the poem, proposes that they will be rejected, humiliated and mocked if they do not enlist. This is due to the attitudes of those at home, for these people are only concerned for men who have fought for their country; they will hold resentment to those who allowed others to fight for them. Therefore, the line suggests that if one does indeed enlist, they will have great stories to tell, and shall be profoundly respected, as a hero or winner. Additionally, the line is an example of the rhyming scheme, which adds a beat, or rhythm to the words. It rhymes every other line, and is constant, and causes to poem to be one of simplicity, which suggests that enlisting in the army is straightforward, as is being victorious in battle. The rhyming supports the reader’s interest, ensuring that they maintain their focus throughout.
In ‘The Soldier’ Brooke reflects the attitude of England, and those situated in England at the time, as a means of constantly referring back to the country, and its wonders: ‘And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness’ Therefore, Brooke heavily emphasizes the various glorious elements of England, and of the people of England, indicating that the views of the people on the ‘Home Front’ were optimistic and positive. In other words, this line is saying that the country of England become so great as a result of its citizens and inhabitants, and will continue to do so as long as they remain.
The line implies that each individual person makes up a fragment of England, and each person is significant. This could be because a country cannot laugh, or be gentle, yet people can. Yet, it might mean that the people have almost taught the land to express emotions, which really suggests that the attitudes of those on the ‘Home Front’ are supportive and kind. This is, in a way, similar to ‘Fall In.’ Moreover, the ‘friends’ could be a metaphor for those back at home in England, and it is evident that Brooke is remembering them with heartfelt joy, suggesting that they regard him likewise. The overall poem provides the reader with a small insight into the ideology of soldiers and the public, who were seeking a deeper meaning for the death and destruction occurring.
In conclusion, I consider that war can be presented in various ways, the majority of which vastly differ from each other, in the three poems. This could be due to the provenance of the poem. That is, ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ was presumably written from experience, and at the time it was published, people were already becoming aware that war was outrageous, horrific; the opposite of what it may have appeared to be initially. Whereas ‘Fall In’ would have the desire to stress war as an event in which all men would want to participate in; it is a propaganda poem, thus attempts to convince men to enlist.
Furthermore, the situation of war, during the time of such poems, would have been growing exceedingly worse, for great numbers of soldiers would have been slaughtered, or injured severely. This means that more soldiers would have to be coaxed into take part. On the contrary, Rupert Brooke had no military experience when he wrote ‘The Solider.’ He was never to realise exactly how horrific war was, for he met his death before having the opportunity to defend the country he so greatly adored. Hence, the poem is not an accurate source which clarifies what World War One was like, although it is a fine example of the fierce patriotism to one’s country. From all of this, it is possible to see the ways in which the poems differ when presenting the Great War.
However, I would say that the war is presented most genuinely in ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est.’ At no point in the poem does Wilfred Owen make use of euphemisms, and the author is very clear about the horror of war. Through the use of graphic imagery and vivid descriptions, Owen is able to give the reader the exact feeling that he yearned for. In addition, the tone of the poem is serious yet heartfelt, and this causes the words to be more credible. Precise diction emphasises his point, portraying that war is abysmal and devastating. Consequently, this poem conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument, which I deem to be very effective. As for the other poems, I think that ‘Fall In’ is a poem which is written well, and devised in a clever way. However, it provides the reader with information which is inaccurate and false; the entire poem appears to be pretence, in my opinion.
‘The Soldier’ presents war in such a beautiful way, and it is a fiercely patriotic and light take on World War One. It would have strongly appealed to the public as they coped with loss during the commencement of war, yet I would say that its sentimentality romanticizes the war and masks the true horrors England was experiencing at the time. Thus, ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est,’ is, in my mind, the most effective of the three at showing what war was like. The language Owen uses makes us understand both the public’s blinded view of war, yet also opens up a window through which we can see reality. | <urn:uuid:97040b38-d7a7-4f5c-bf5a-fec611167e11> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://ghostwritingessays.com/war-presented-three-ww1-poems-choice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812873.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220030745-20180220050745-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.974635 | 4,444 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Please use a citation after all direct quotes and after paraphrased information. Use a signal phrase before direct quotes.
Example: According to Simon Parker "Shakespeare continues to amaze us after centuries" (Parker).
Works with author and page numbers:
Works with an author and no page numbers:
Works without an author or page number. Enter a shortened title in quotes:
MyBib.com is a citation manager that provides free citations for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Create a new Project, then Add a Citation. Choose from website, book, journal, video, and more. If citing a database article, click on More and then Write/Paste. When you are ready to print your Works Cited or References page, click on Download Bibliography. Click here for handout. Watch the video!
1. Understand why databases are valuable sources of information.
2. Using proper keywords searches in databases.
3. Using citations provided from database articles.
4. Using the proper database for specific subject research.
Freshman Research Topics
How healthy were people during the Renaissance period? Did they practice good hygiene?
What sickness and plagues were common during this time period? What medicine did they use?
What did people do for entertainment during the Renaissance?
What were the popular sports, music, dance, and/or games?
What was daily life for people in the Elizabethan Era (or English Renaissance)? Research education, family, etc.
How was life different for the upper and lower classes?
What kind of punishments did they inflict for what kind of crimes?
What clothing did they wear? How did they fix their makeup and hair?
What food did they eat? What did they drink? Did it vary from upper to lower class?
Elizabethan Theatre/Globe Theatre
How did the theatre (or theater) operate during Shakespeare’s time?
What was involved in terms of acting/actors, staging, costumes, props, seating, and audience?
SEARCH YOUR KEYWORD AND ENGLAND RENAISSANCE OR ELIZABETHAN
Gale Virtual Reference Library has lots of information on the English Renaissance or Elizabethan era. You'll need the
password montytech1 at home.
MLA 8 citations are available for every article. Copy and paste into your Note Taking Sheet.
Here's an overview of the Databases, searching, and using a note taking sheet (Mr. Rooney's notes sheet is the example, but you do the same process for all classes)
Typed notes from each source (three notes boxes total from two or more database sources).
Paraphrase facts and copy quotations. Paraphrase in your own words.
Paste the database citations in your note-taking sheet.
Three fully typed paragraphs with a quotation from each source (ask your teacher for details). Use your own words and phrasing:
First sentence: Introduce one topic.
Middle sentences: Information from your notes about that topic.
Last sentence: The last sentence in the last paragraph should be more like a summary. Follow your teacher's instructions.
At least one parenthetical citation for each body paragraph and after your direct quotes. See left box.
Works Cited page with at least 2+ sources.
The first page must have the following in the upper right corner:
Date of project | <urn:uuid:15b30bd7-87b7-47fb-9e21-a38c67fb5965> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://montytech.libguides.com/c.php?g=619605&p=4313534 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.909426 | 701 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Christina Z. Anderson tells us how to make chemigrams and shows plenty of examples from her students innovative work. This text is excerpted from The Experimental Photography Workbook.
The chemigram process was discovered by Pierre Cordier on November 10, 1956. It is a unique process that uses resists on photographic paper much the same way as wax is used as a resist in batik.
What Cordier discovered in 1956 was that a resist can hold back the chemical effects of developer and fixer on black and white photo paper for a time. Paper put into developer that has been exposed to normal room light for varying periods of time will turn black, except where a resist blocks the chemical reaction. The parts of the paper protected by the resist will continue to change color from extended exposure to room light, of course.
Likewise, paper put into fixer turns white, except where a resist blocks the chemical reaction. The parts of the paper protected by the resist continue to change color from the room light exposure, and suddenly there is the possibility of black, white, and colors in-between on normally monochrome paper.
With a back and forth from developer to fixer or fixer to developer, the resist begins to dissolve, so the next chemical bath either turns slowly exposing paper under the dissolving resist black (developer) or white (fixer) or some color in-between because of the now-lengthening room light exposure. With time this dissolution can be coaxed into creating beautiful, intricate patterns.
The chemigram process is actually very simple, using common household ingredients and common darkroom chemistry. There is no end to experimentation with this nonfigurative, physico-chemical process.
Examples of resists
- Nail polish
- Wax Oil
- Cellulose varnish
- Acrylic varnish
- Acrylic medium
- Syrups such as honey
- Glue or adhesive
- Lacquer or resin
- Felt tip pens
- Removable adhesive plastic, sticky labels
- Liquid mask or rubber cement
Examples of choices to make along the way
The different choices that can be made at any juncture are summed up in the following extensive but not exhaustive list.
- Paper type and brand, warmtone or cooltone
- Paper age—don’t neglect outdated/fogged paper!
- Resist, from thick to thin, full strength to diluted, soft and syrupy to hard and water-resistant, etc.
- Additions to the resist—sugar, salt, for instance
- Resist applied in the darkroom or in room light
- Resist applied with a brush, spray, stencil, silk screen, roller
- Length of time the resist is allowed to dry before the developer and fixer baths
- Extending the resist on all or parts of the paper
- Incised lines or drawing into the resist
- Fixer, diluted – full strength
- Developer, diluted – full strength
- Strength of light source, from dimroom to sun
- Length of light source
- Length of time in each bath
- Method of application of the baths, whether by tray, brush, spray, through a stencil, from a bottle, with a roller
- Which bath first, which bath next
- Sprinkles of dry chemicals with a salt shaker
- Nonfigurative versus photo-based or somewhere in-between—e.g. through a silk screen
The chemigram process
1Take the BW photo paper that is going to be used out of the black plastic light-safe bag in the darkroom and put it into another bag. The rest of the process can be carried out in room light.
2Set up four trays: developer, water, fixer, and water, in that order. The developer could be normal strength – dilute. Likewise with the fixer, but for this first attempt, use fixer working strength and developer 1+5.
3Take a resist of choice—start simple, e.g. butter, maple syrup, honey, Pam—and coat the paper carefully and artfully. Varnish works better thin. Syrup works fine thick.
4Incise a few lines into the resist. When the resist goes back and forth in and out of the chemistry, the resist disintegrates faster around the line, the line becomes wider, more distressed, and chemistry will react with the successively exposed photo paper underneath that is no longer protected. The paper will develop a darker line and then a paler line every time the paper is put through the developer/fixer cycle.
5With the trays all set up ready to go, slip the BW paper coated with the resist in either the developer to get a black background, or the fixer to get a white background. Meanwhile the paper will be turning color in room light—brown, yellow, mauve, blue, pink—that’s OK. Don’t touch the resist just yet.
6Whenever the paper looks finished developing or fixing, move it to the water wash. Rinse well enough, still not touching the surface and marring the resist, and then put it in the opposite tray of fixer or developer, respectively. If the water wash is not used, there will be contamination between the developer and the fixer which can produce chemical fog and dichroic silver, another option to consider.
7The resist will start its dissolution process, some resists sooner than later. Surprisingly, butter doesn’t dissolve too quickly. Honey will. Wherever the resist starts to dissolve, the underneath area will either turn lighter (fixer) or darker (developer), and with each back and forth, concentric areas of dark and light will begin to form like tree rings. Depending on the resist, the rings can have hard edges, mottled edges, or soft edges. Honey, for instance, is very soft and silky.
8The decisions are numerous. How long in each bath can be a minute or 10 minutes or hours. What the process teaches is patience, and going with the flow, both literally and figuratively. It is not necessarily quick.
9When the chemigram is done, get as much of the resist off as archivally possible, and then do a final fix, archival wash, and dry.
Rated 9,28 – based on 254 votes
Learn about a variety of alternative photographic processes.
A technical book highly recommended both for beginners and pros. | <urn:uuid:36fda092-d12f-4591-8b81-2cc36bca5563> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.alternativephotography.com/the-chemigram/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305423.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128074016-20220128104016-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.926247 | 1,358 | 3.25 | 3 |
|Economics in Picture Form
Sometimes, taking notes becomes boring and monotonous. So what do I like to do? I like creating “Mind Maps”…putting what I know/have learned about a topic on paper in a way that makes sense to me!!
Back in high school, I would take notes off an overhead projector or chalkboard (yes, I went to high school in the days of these “archaic” teaching tools), and find myself getting bored half out of my mind (I was one of those students who needed constant challenge and activity to keep my interest…in 7th grade, I remember reading books about Marie Curie and Thomas Edison under my desk while my teacher would lecture about what defines a culture). So I began to doodle new smiley face characters (always in twos) with funny and interesting comments about a topic to stay engaged and to make my understanding of the concepts deeper (was what made Geometry such a fascinating topic for me).
When I began teaching, I decided that since some high schoolers like me love to doodle anyway, I should try to harness the power of doodling to add to the educational experience for those who enjoy drawing. I took an idea I had learned about in graduate school, MIND MAPS, and add doodling to it.
Defining the Term: MIND MAP
A diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea. Mind maps are used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing.
This is a tool that really works well with students who are artistically inclined. I’ve had a lot of success using this method when some of my gifted students seemed to have a hard time deciphering what was important and not important to write down off PowerPoint lecture presentations. After writing pages and pages of notes, I told them to narrow down the notes around one basic concept (i.e. “Causes of the Great Depression”, “Demand & Supply”, etc) and create a Mind Map with either words or pictures…whichever worked best for them. A lot of students would just use words, several would create collages with pictures they find online, and some would actually draw them.
This became an effective tool not only to help students learn to organize the notes they copy off the board/PowerPoint, but also as an assessment tool to see if they really do understand the concept properly. A teacher can collect them, assess them (without grading…after all, the mind map simply needs to make sense to the student who created it), and perhaps use it to pick out those who seem to be struggling with the concept (if unsure whether they are struggling or not, a teacher can simply ask the student privately aspects of it that seems unclear).
For more information on Mind Maps, you can visit some of the following websites: | <urn:uuid:741b4d51-3749-45ea-9c84-b828084d2c64> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://living2learnandlove.com/2011/08/23/the-power-of-doodling-a-k-a-the-power-of-mind-mapping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.968945 | 625 | 3.125 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A unit of measure of the intensity of light falling on a surface, equal to one lumen per square foot and originally defined with reference to a standardized candle burning at one foot from a given surface.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A British unit of illumination equal to 12.2 luxes; the illumination produced by a British standard candle at a distance of one foot in a horizontal direction. See candle-foot and illumination, 1.
Sorry, no etymologies found. | <urn:uuid:ab078886-0513-4f6a-8df4-02f637e5a05d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.wordnik.com/words/foot-candle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164903523/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134823-00048-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.805847 | 122 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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The Sun (Latin: Sol) is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a medium size star. The Earth and other matter (including other planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and dust) orbit the Sun, which by itself accounts for about 99.8% of the solar system's mass. Energy from the Sun, in the form of sunlight, supports almost all life on Earth via photosynthesis, and drives the Earth's climate and weather.
The surface composition of the Sun consists of hydrogen (about 74% of its mass, or 92% of its volume), helium (about 24-25% of mass, 7% of volume), and trace quantities of other elements, including Fe, Ni, O, Si, S, Mg, C, Ne, Ca, Cr. The Sun has a spectral class of G2V. G2 implies that it has a surface temperature of approximately 5,780 K, giving it a white color which, because of atmospheric scattering, appears yellow as seen from the surface of the Earth. This is a subtractive effect, as the preferential scattering of blue photons (causing the sky color) removes enough blue light to leave a residual reddishness that is perceived as yellow. (When low enough in the sky, the Sun appears orange or red, due to this scattering.)
Its spectrum contains lines of ionized and neutral metals as well as very weak hydrogen lines. The V (Roman five) suffix indicates that the Sun, like most stars, is a main sequence star. This means that it generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium and is in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium, neither contracting nor expanding over time. There are more than 100 million G2 class stars in our galaxy. The Sun is brighter than 85% of the stars in the galaxy, most of which are red dwarfs.
The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of approximately 26,000 light-years from the galactic center, completing one revolution in about 225–250 million years. The orbital speed is 217 km/s, equivalent to one light-year every 1,400 years, and one AU every 8 days.
It is currently traveling through the Local Interstellar Cloud in the low-density Local Bubble zone of diffuse high-temperature gas, in the inner rim of the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy, between the larger Perseus and Sagittarius arms of the galaxy. Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light years from the Earth, the sun ranks 4th in absolute magnitude as a fourth magnitude star (M=4.83).
Additional recommended knowledge
The Sun is a Population I, or third generation, star whose formation may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae. This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements such as gold and uranium in the solar system. These elements could most plausibly have been produced by endergonic nuclear reactions during a supernova, or by transmutation via neutron absorption inside a massive second-generation star.
Sunlight is Earth's primary source of energy. The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately 1,370 watts per square meter at a distance of one AU from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by the Earth's atmosphere so that less power arrives at the surface—closer to 1,000 watts per directly exposed square meter in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. This energy can be harnessed via a variety of natural and synthetic processes—photosynthesis by plants captures the energy of sunlight and converts it to chemical form (oxygen and reduced carbon compounds), while direct heating or electrical conversion by solar cells are used by solar power equipment to generate electricity or to do other useful work. The energy stored in petroleum and other fossil fuels was originally converted from sunlight by photosynthesis in the distant past.
Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water. It also causes sunburn, and has other medical effects such as the production of Vitamin D. Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth's ozone layer, so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been responsible for many biological adaptations, including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe.
Observed from Earth, the Sun's path across the sky varies throughout the year. The shape described by the Sun's position, considered at the same time each day for a complete year, is called the analemma and resembles a figure 8 aligned along a north/south axis. While the most obvious variation in the Sun's apparent position through the year is a north/south swing over 47 degrees of angle (because of the 23.5-degree tilt of the Earth with respect to the Sun), there is an east/west component as well, caused by the acceleration of the Earth as it approaches its perihelion with the sun, and the reduction in the Earth's speed as it moves away to approach its aphelion. The north/south swing in apparent angle is the main source of seasons on Earth.
The Sun is a magnetically active star. It supports a strong, changing magnetic field that varies year-to-year and reverses direction about every eleven years around solar maximum. The Sun's magnetic field gives rise to many effects that are collectively called solar activity, including sunspots on the surface of the Sun, solar flares, and variations in solar wind that carry material through the Solar System. Effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes, and the disruption of radio communications and electric power. Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Solar activity changes the structure of Earth's outer atmosphere.
Although it is the nearest star to Earth and has been intensively studied by scientists, many questions about the Sun remain unanswered, such as why its outer atmosphere has a temperature of over 1 million K while its visible surface (the photosphere) has a temperature of less than 6,000 K. Current topics of scientific inquiry include the Sun's regular cycle of sunspot activity, the physics and origin of flares and prominences, the magnetic interaction between the chromosphere and the corona, and the origin (propulsion source) of solar wind.
The Sun's current main sequence age, determined using computer models of stellar evolution and nucleocosmochronology, is thought to be about 4.57 billion years.
It is thought that about 4.59 billion years ago, the rapid collapse of a hydrogen molecular cloud led to the formation of a third generation T Tauri Population I star, the Sun. The nascent star assumed a nearly circular orbit about 26,000 light-years from the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy.
The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence evolution, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than 4 million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun's core, producing neutrinos and solar radiation; at this rate, the Sun will have so far converted around 100 Earth-masses of matter into energy. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main sequence star.
The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova. Instead, in 5–6 billion years, it will enter a red giant phase, its outer layers expanding as the hydrogen fuel in the core is consumed and the core contracts and heats up. Helium fusion will begin when the core temperature reaches around 100 MK, and will produce carbon and oxygen, entering the asymptotic giant branch of a planetary nebula phase in about 7.8 billion years, during which instabilities in interior temperature lead the surface of the sun to shed mass. While it is likely that the expansion of the outer layers of the Sun will reach the current position of Earth's orbit, recent research suggests that mass lost from the Sun earlier in its red giant phase will cause the Earth's orbit to move further out, preventing it from being engulfed. However, Earth's water will be boiled away and most of its atmosphere will escape into space. The increase in solar temperatures over this period is sufficient that by about 900 million years into the future, the surface of the Earth will become too hot for the survival of life as we know it. After another billion years the surface water will have completely disappeared.
The Sun is a yellow dwarf star. It comprises approximately 99% of the total mass of the solar system. The Sun is a near-perfect sphere, with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 km (6 mi). As the Sun exists in a plasmatic state and is not solid, it undergoes differential rotation as it spins on its axis (i.e. it rotates faster at the equator than at the poles). The period of this actual rotation is approximately 25 days at the equator and 35 days at the poles. However, due to our constantly changing vantage point from the Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotation of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days. The centrifugal effect of this slow rotation is 18 million times weaker than the surface gravity at the Sun's equator. Also, the tidal effect from the planets does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun.
The Sun does not have a definite boundary as rocky planets do; in its outer parts the density of its gases drops approximately exponentially with increasing distance from the center of the Sun. Nevertheless, the Sun has a well-defined interior structure, described below. The Sun's radius is measured from its center to the edge of the photosphere. This is simply the layer above which the gases are too cool or too thin to radiate a significant amount of light; the photosphere is the surface most readily visible to the naked eye. The solar core comprises 10 percent of its total volume, but 40 percent of its total mass.
The solar interior is not directly observable, and the Sun itself is opaque to electromagnetic radiation. However, just as seismology uses waves generated by earthquakes to reveal the interior structure of the Earth, the discipline of helioseismology makes use of pressure waves (infrasound) traversing the Sun's interior to measure and visualize the Sun's inner structure. Computer modeling of the Sun is also used as a theoretical tool to investigate its deeper layers.
The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 solar radii. It has a density of up to 150,000 kg/m³ (150 times the density of water on Earth) and a temperature of close to 13,600,000 kelvins (by contrast, the surface of the Sun is close to 5,785 kelvins (1/2350th of the core). Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the rest of the radiative zone. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by nuclear fusion through a series of steps called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. The core is the only location in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of heat via fusion: the rest of the star is heated by energy that is transferred outward from the core. All of the energy produced by fusion in the core must travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or kinetic energy of particles.
About 3.4×1038 protons (hydrogen nuclei) are converted into helium nuclei every second (out of ~8.9×1056 total amount of free protons in the Sun), releasing energy at the matter–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million tonnes per second, 383 yottawatts (3.83×1026 W) or 9.15×1010 megatons of TNT per second. This actually corresponds to a surprisingly low rate of energy production in the Sun's core—about 0.3 µW/cm³ (microwatts per cubic cm), or about 6 µW/kg of matter. For comparison, the human body produces heat at approximately the rate 1.2 W/kg, millions of times greater per unit mass. The use of plasma with similar parameters for energy production on Earth would be completely impractical—even a modest 1 GW fusion power plant would require about 170 billion tonnes of plasma occupying almost one cubic mile. Hence, terrestrial fusion reactors utilize far higher plasma temperatures than those in Sun's interior.
The rate of nuclear fusion depends strongly on density and temperature, so the fusion rate in the core is in a self-correcting equilibrium: a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers, reducing the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly, increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present level.
The high-energy photons (cosmic, gamma and X-rays) released in fusion reactions are absorbed in only few millimetres of solar plasma and then re-emitted again in random direction (and at slightly lower energy)—so it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun's surface. Estimates of the "photon travel time" range between 10,000 and 170,000 years .
After a final trip through the convective outer layer to the transparent "surface" of the photosphere, the photons escape as visible light. Each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted into several million visible light photons before escaping into space. Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3. This discrepancy was recently resolved through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation: the sun in fact emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory, but neutrino detectors were missing 2/3 of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor.
From about 0.2 to about 0.7 solar radii, solar material is hot and dense enough that thermal radiation is sufficient to transfer the intense heat of the core outward. In this zone there is no thermal convection; while the material grows cooler as altitude increases, this temperature gradient is less than the value of adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection. Heat is transferred by radiation—ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. In this way energy makes its way very slowly (see above) outward.
In the Sun's outer layer (down to approximately 70% of the solar radius), the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. As a result, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the Sun. Once the material cools off at the surface, it plunges back downward to the base of the convection zone, to receive more heat from the top of the radiative zone. Convective overshoot is thought to occur at the base of the convection zone, carrying turbulent downflows into the outer layers of the radiative zone.
The thermal columns in the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun, in the form of the solar granulation and supergranulation. The turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a "small-scale" dynamo that produces magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun.
The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light. Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H- ions, which absorb visible light easily. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H- ions. The photosphere is actually tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, being slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as limb darkening. Sunlight has approximately a black-body spectrum that indicates its temperature is about 6,000 K, interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of about 1023 m−3 (this is about 1% of the particle density of Earth's atmosphere at sea level).
During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth. In 1868, Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were because of a new element which he dubbed "helium", after the Greek Sun god Helios. It was not until 25 years later that helium was isolated on Earth.
The parts of the Sun above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the solar atmosphere. They can be viewed with telescopes operating across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio through visible light to gamma rays, and comprise five principal zones: the temperature minimum, the chromosphere, the transition region, the corona, and the heliosphere. The heliosphere, which may be considered the tenuous outer atmosphere of the Sun, extends outward past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a sharp shock front boundary with the interstellar medium. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun; the reason why is not yet known.
The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region about 500 km above the photosphere, with a temperature of about 4,000 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to support simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected by their absorption spectra.
Above the temperature minimum layer is a thin layer about 2,000 km thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total eclipses of the Sun. The temperature in the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude, ranging up to around 100,000 K near the top.
Above the chromosphere is a transition region in which the temperature rises rapidly from around 100,000 K to coronal temperatures closer to one million K. The increase is because of a phase transition as helium within the region becomes fully ionized by the high temperatures. The transition region does not occur at a well-defined altitude. Rather, it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments, and is in constant, chaotic motion. The transition region is not easily visible from Earth's surface, but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the far ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.
The corona is the extended outer atmosphere of the Sun, which is much larger in volume than the Sun itself. The corona merges smoothly with the solar wind that fills the solar system and heliosphere. The low corona, which is very near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density of 1014–1016 m−3. (Earth's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2×1025 m−3.) The temperature of the corona is several million kelvins. While no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona, at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection.
The heliosphere extends from approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU) to the outer fringes of the solar system. Its inner boundary is defined as the layer in which the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves. Turbulence and dynamic forces outside this boundary cannot affect the shape of the solar corona within, because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere, forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape, until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun. In December 2004, the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. Both of the Voyager probes have recorded higher levels of energetic particles as they approach the boundary.
The Sun, just like any star and any object in the universe, is composed of chemical elements. Various scientists have analysed these elements to find out their abundances, their relations to planetary elements, and their diffusion (distribution) within the solar interior.
Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron
It is also interesting to note that until at least 1986 the generally accepted initial helium content of the Sun was Y=0.25, but two academics in 1986 claimed that the value Y=0.279 is more correct (Lebreton and Maeder 1986:119).
Singly-ionised iron group elements
The first largely complete set of gf values of singly-ionised iron group elements were made available first by Corliss and Bozman (1962 cited in Biemont 1978) and Warner (1967 cited in Biemont 1978), and improved f values were computed by Smith (1976 cited in Biemont 1978). In 1978 the abundances of singly-ionised elements of the iron group were derived by Biemont (1978).
Solar and planetary mass fractionation relationship
Various authors have considered the existence of a mass fractionation relationship between the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases (Signer and Suess 1963; Manuel 1967; Marti 1969; Kuroda and Manuel 1970; Srinivasan and Manuel 1971, all cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983), for example correlations between isotopic compositions of planetary and solar Ne and Xe (Kuroda and Manuel 1970 cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983:7). Nevertheless, the belief that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere was still widespread, at least until 1983 (Manuel and Hwaung 1983:7).
In 1983, two academics claimed that it was the fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the fractionation relationship between the isotopic compositions of planetary and solar wind implanted noble gases (Manuel and Hwaung 1983:7).
Element diffusion in the Sun
The Sun, just like any star and any object in the universe, is composed of chemical elements. Of particular scientific interest is the diffusion of these elements inside the Sun, ie their distribution inside the star's interior. The diffusion of solar elements is determined by many variables, including gravity, which causes the heavier elements (eg helium in absence of other heavier elements) to stick to the centre of the solar mass while the non-heavy elements (eg hydrogen) diffuse towards the exterior of the Sun (Thoul et al 1993:3).
Composition of the photosphere
The composition of the photosphere, ie the surface layers of the Sun, is usually taken as representative of the chemical composition of the primordial solar system, except for deuterium, Li, B, and Be (Aller 1968).
Sunspots and the sunspot cycle
When observing the Sun with appropriate filtration, the most immediately visible features are usually its sunspots, which are well-defined surface areas that appear darker than their surroundings because of lower temperatures. Sunspots are regions of intense magnetic activity where convection is inhibited by strong magnetic fields, reducing energy transport from the hot interior to the surface. The magnetic field gives rise to strong heating in the corona, forming active regions that are the source of intense solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.
The number of sunspots visible on the Sun is not constant, but varies over an 11-year cycle known as the Solar cycle. At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none at all can be seen. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the sunspot cycle progresses, the number of sunspots increases and they move closer to the equator of the Sun, a phenomenon described by Spörer's law. Sunspots usually exist as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. The magnetic polarity of the leading sunspot alternates every solar cycle, so that it will be a north magnetic pole in one solar cycle and a south magnetic pole in the next.
The solar cycle has a great influence on space weather, and is a significant influence on the Earth's climate. Solar activity minima tend to be correlated with colder temperatures, and longer than average solar cycles tend to be correlated with hotter temperatures. In the 17th century, the solar cycle appears to have stopped entirely for several decades; very few sunspots were observed during this period. During this era, which is known as the Maunder minimum or Little Ice Age, Europe experienced very cold temperatures. Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and also appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
Possible long term cycle
A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun which cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years. These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles. Like many theories in astrophysics, this theory cannot be tested directly.
Solar neutrino problem
For many years the number of solar electron neutrinos detected on Earth was one third to one half of the number predicted by the standard solar model. This anomalous result was termed the solar neutrino problem. Theories proposed to resolve the problem either tried to reduce the temperature of the Sun's interior to explain the lower neutrino flux, or posited that electron neutrinos could oscillate—that is, change into undetectable tau and muon neutrinos as they traveled between the Sun and the Earth. Several neutrino observatories were built in the 1980s to measure the solar neutrino flux as accurately as possible, including the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and Kamiokande. Results from these observatories eventually led to the discovery that neutrinos have a very small rest mass and do indeed oscillate. Moreover, in 2001 the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was able to detect all three types of neutrinos directly, and found that the Sun's total neutrino emission rate agreed with the Standard Solar Model, although depending on the neutrino energy as few as one-third of the neutrinos seen at Earth are of the electron type. This proportion agrees with that predicted by the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect (also known as the matter effect), which describes neutrino oscillation in matter. Hence, the problem is now resolved.
Coronal heating problem
The optical surface of the Sun (the photosphere) is known to have a temperature of approximately 6,000 K. Above it lies the solar corona at a temperature of 1,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.
It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere, and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating. The first is wave heating, in which sound, gravitational and magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone. These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona, depositing their energy in the ambient gas in the form of heat. The other is magnetic heating, in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events.
Currently, it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism. All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona. In addition, Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona. Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms. One possible candidate to explain coronal heating is continuous flaring at small scales, but this remains an open topic of investigation.
Faint young Sun problem
Theoretical models of the Sun's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the Archean period, the Sun was only about 75% as bright as it is today. Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on the Earth's surface, and thus life should not have been able to develop. However, the geological record demonstrates that the Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and in fact that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. The consensus among scientists is that the young Earth's atmosphere contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and/or ammonia) than are present today, which trapped enough heat to compensate for the lesser amount of solar energy reaching the planet.
All matter in the Sun is in the form of gas and plasma because of its high temperatures. This makes it possible for the Sun to rotate faster at its equator (about 25 days) than it does at higher latitudes (about 35 days near its poles). The differential rotation of the Sun's latitudes causes its magnetic field lines to become twisted together over time, causing magnetic field loops to erupt from the Sun's surface and trigger the formation of the Sun's dramatic sunspots and solar prominences (see magnetic reconnection). This twisting action gives rise to the solar dynamo and an 11-year solar cycle of magnetic activity as the Sun's magnetic field reverses itself about every 11 years.
The influence of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium creates the heliospheric current sheet, which separates regions with magnetic fields pointing in different directions. The plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magnetic field at the orbit of the Earth. If space were a vacuum, then the Sun's 10-4 tesla magnetic dipole field would reduce with the cube of the distance to about 10-11 tesla. But satellite observations show that it is about 100 times greater at around 10-9 tesla. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory predicts that the motion of a conducting fluid (e.g., the interplanetary medium) in a magnetic field, induces electric currents which in turn generates magnetic fields, and in this respect it behaves like an MHD dynamo.
History of solar observation
Early understanding of the Sun
Humanity's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky, whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural phenomenon, and worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone megaliths accurately mark the summer solstice (some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa, Egypt, and at Stonehenge in England); the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumn equinoxes. With respect to the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac, and so the Sun was considered by Greek astronomers to be one of the seven planets (Greek planetes, "wanderer"), after which the seven days of the week are named in some languages.
Development of modern scientific understanding
One of the first people to offer a scientific explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras, who reasoned that it was a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the Peloponnesus, and not the chariot of Helios. For teaching this heresy, he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death, though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles. Eratosthenes might have been the first person to have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun, in the 3rd century BCE, as 149 million kilometers, roughly the same as the modern accepted figure.
The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets move was apparently proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus and Indians (see Heliocentrism). This view was revived in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus. In the early 17th century, the invention of the telescope permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot, Galileo and other astronomers. Galileo made some of the first known Western observations of sunspots and posited that they were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between the Earth and the Sun. Sunspots were also observed since the Han dynasty and Chinese astronomers maintained records of these observations for centuries. In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun. Isaac Newton observed the Sun's light using a prism, and showed that it was made up of light of many colors, while in 1800 William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum. The 1800s saw spectroscopic studies of the Sun advance, and Joseph von Fraunhofer made the first observations of absorption lines in the spectrum, the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines.
In the early years of the modern scientific era, the source of the Sun's energy was a significant puzzle. Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun was a gradually cooling liquid body that was radiating an internal store of heat. Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism to explain the energy output. Unfortunately the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years, well short of the time span of several billion years suggested by geology. In 1890 Joseph Lockyer, who discovered helium in the solar spectrum, proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun.
Not until 1904 was a substantiated solution offered. Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat, and suggested radioactive decay as the source. However it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun's energy output with his mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc².
In 1920 Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen (protons) into helium nuclei, resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass. The preponderance of hydrogen in the sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne. The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe. Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy-producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun.
Finally, a seminal paper was published in 1957 by Margaret Burbidge, entitled "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars". The paper demonstrated convincingly that most of the elements in the universe had been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars, some like our Sun. This revelation stands today as one of the great achievements of science.
Solar space missions
The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA's Pioneers 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of the Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field. Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long period of time, transmitting data until 1987.
In the 1970s, Helios 1 and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona. The Helios 1 satellite was a joint U.S.-German probe that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury's orbit at perihelion. The Skylab space station, launched by NASA in 1973, included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station. Skylab made the first time-resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona. Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections, then called "coronal transients", and of coronal holes, now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind.
In 1980, the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA. This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays, X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity. Just a few months after launch, however, an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode, and it spent the next three years in this inactive state. In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit. The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere in June 1989.
Japan's Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite, launched in 1991, observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and also demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric reentry in 2005.
One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on December 2, 1995. Originally a two-year mission, SOHO has now operated for over ten years (as of 2007). It has proved so useful that a follow-on mission, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, is planned for launch in 2008. Situated at the Lagrangian point between the Earth and the Sun (at which the gravitational pull from both is equal), SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch. In addition to its direct solar observation, SOHO has enabled the discovery of large numbers of comets, mostly very tiny sungrazing comets which incinerate as they pass the Sun.
All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic, and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail. The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun's polar regions. It first traveled to Jupiter, to 'slingshot' past the planet into an orbit which would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic. Serendipitously, it was well-placed to observe the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994. Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit, it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes, finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km/s which was slower than expected, and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes which scattered galactic cosmic rays.
Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood. A solar wind sample return mission, Genesis, was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material. Genesis returned to Earth in 2004 but was damaged by a crash landing after its parachute failed to deploy on reentry into Earth's atmosphere. Despite severe damage, some usable samples have been recovered from the spacecraft's sample return module and are undergoing analysis.
The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission was launched in October 2006. Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to (respectively) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections.
If one were to observe it from Alpha Centauri, the closest star system, the Sun would appear to be in the constellation Cassiopeia.
Sun observation and eye damage
Sunlight is very bright, and looking directly at the Sun with the naked eye for brief periods can be painful, but is not particularly hazardous for normal, non-dilated eyes. Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness. It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina, slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that cannot respond properly to the brightness. UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts, but this depends on general exposure to solar UV, not on whether one looks directly at the Sun. Long-duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV-induced, sunburn-like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds, particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants (which admit more UV than aging natural eyes), sun angles near the zenith, and observing locations at high altitude.
Viewing the Sun through light-concentrating optics such as binoculars is very hazardous without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight. An attenuating (ND) filter might not filter UV and so is still dangerous. Unfiltered binoculars can deliver over 500 times as much energy to the retina as using the naked eye, killing retinal cells almost instantly. (Even though the power per unit area of image on the retina is the same, the heat cannot dissipate fast enough because the image is larger.) Even brief glances at the midday Sun through unfiltered binoculars can cause permanent blindness. One way to view the Sun safely is by projecting its image onto a screen using telescope and eyepiece without cemented elements. This should only be done with a small refracting telescope (or binoculars) with a clean eyepiece. Other kinds of telescope can be damaged by this procedure.
Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast: the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view, not by the brightest object in the field. During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun, but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day. In the overall gloom, the pupil expands from ~2 mm to ~6 mm, and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives about ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun. This can damage or kill those cells, resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer. The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children, because there is no perception of pain: it is not immediately obvious that one's vision is being destroyed.
During sunrise and sunset, sunlight is attenuated due to Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth's atmosphere and the direct Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics (provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds). Hazy conditions, atmospheric dust, and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation.
Attenuating filters to view the Sun should be specifically designed for that use: some improvised filters pass UV or IR rays that can harm the eye at high brightness levels. Filters on telescopes or binoculars should be on the objective lens or aperture, never on the eyepiece, because eyepiece filters can suddenly crack or shatter due to high heat loads from the absorbed sunlight. Welding glass #14 is an acceptable solar filter, but "black" exposed photographic film is not (it passes too much infrared).
Solar cultural history
Like other natural phenomena, the Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history. Sol (pronounced /sɒl/ in English) is the Latin word for "sun". The Latin name is widely known, but not common in general English language usage, although the adjectival form is the related word solar. 'Sol' is more frequently used in science fiction writing (Star Trek in particular) as a formal name for the specific star, since in many stories the local sun is a different star and thus the generic term "the sun" would be ambiguous. By extension, the Solar System is often referred to in science fiction as the "Sol System". 'Sol' is sometimes used in scientific circles, but 'Sol' is not the "official" name of the Sun, and the word 'Sol' makes no appearances in common reference sources.
The term sol is used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on Mars. A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours. A mean Martian solar day, or "sol", is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. See also Timekeeping on Mars.
Sol is also the modern word for "Sun" in Portuguese, Spanish, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Catalan and Galician. The Peruvian currency nuevo sol is named after the Sun (in Spanish), like its successor (and predecessor, in use 1985–1991) the Inti (in Quechua). Also "Sol" in Persian means a solar year.
In East Asia the Sun is given the symbol 日 (Chinese pinyin rì) though it is also called 太阳 (tài yáng). In Vietnamese these Han words are known as nhật and thái dương, respectively though the native Vietnamese word mặt trời literally means face of the heavens. The Moon and the Sun are associated with the yin and yang, with the Sun representing yang and the Moon yin as dynamic opposites.
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- Sun|trek, a UK-sponsored educational site about the Sun
- Current SOHO snapshots
- Far-Side Helioseismic Holography from Stanford
- NASA Eclipse homepage
- Nasa SOHO (Solar & Heliospheric Observatory) satellite
- Sun Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- Solar Sounds from Stanford
- Eric Weisstein's World of Astronomy - Sun
- The Position of the Sun
- A collection of solar movies
- The Institute for Solar Physics- Movies of Sunspots and spicules
- NASA/Marshall Solar Physics website
- Solar Position Algorithm and PDF (85.9 KiB) from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- libnova — a celestial mechanics and astronomical calculation library
- MySolarSystem.com: Information and Pictures of the Sun
- NASA Podcast
- National Solar Observatory
- Illustration comparing the size of the Sun with the solar system planets and with other stars
|Structure||Solar core - Radiation zone - Convection zone|
|Atmosphere||Photosphere - Chromosphere - Transition region - Corona|
|Extended structure||Termination Shock - Heliosphere - Heliopause - Heliosheath - Bow Shock|
|Solar phenomena||Sunspots - Faculae - Granules - Supergranulation - Solar Wind - Spicules - Coronal loops - Solar Flares - Solar Prominences - Coronal Mass Ejections - Moreton Waves - Coronal Holes|
|Other||Solar System - Solar Variation - Solar Dynamo - Heliospheric Current Sheet - Solar Radiation - Solar Eclipse - Spectral Class: G2|
Sun Spacecraft Missions
|Orbiters||Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9 • Helios probes • Ulysses probe • Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) • Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager • Hinode • STEREO • TRACE • ACE|
|Future:||Solar Dynamics Observatory • Solar Orbiter • Solar Sentinels|
|(Bold: Active missions)|
|The Solar System|
|The Sun · Mercury · Venus · Earth · Mars · Ceres · Jupiter · Saturn · Uranus · Neptune · Pluto · Eris|
|Planets · Dwarf planets · Moons: Terrestrial · Martian · Jovian · Saturnian · Uranian · Neptunian · Plutonian · Eridian|
|Small bodies: Meteoroids · Asteroids/Asteroid moons (Asteroid belt) · Centaurs · TNOs (Kuiper belt/Scattered disc) · Comets (Oort cloud)|
|See also astronomical objects, the solar system's list of objects, sorted by radius or mass, and the Solar System Portal| | <urn:uuid:5dada3d1-8bfa-43bc-a33d-ad8778953ea2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Sun.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388758.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525130036-20200525160036-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.93829 | 10,477 | 3.796875 | 4 |
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THE relation between aggregate consumption or aggregate savings and aggregate income, generally termed the consumption function, has occupied a major role in economic thinking ever since Keynes made it a keystone of his theoretical structure in The General Theory. Keynes took it for granted that current consumption expenditure is a highly dependable and stable function of current income—.that "the amount of aggregate consumption mainly depends on the amount of aggregate income (both measured in terms of wage units)." He termed it a "fundamental psychological rule of any modern community that, when its real income is increased, it will not increase its consumption by an equal absolute amount," and stated somewhat less definitely that "as a rule, . . . a greater proportion of income. . . (is) saved as real income increases."1
Theoretical interest stimulated empirical work. Numerical consumption functions were estimated from two kinds of data: first, time series on consumption, savings, income, prices, and similar variables available mostly for the period after World War!; second, budget data on the consumption, savings, and income of individuals and families available from numerous sample surveys made during the past century and a half.2 Both sources of data seemed at first to confirm Keynes's hypothesis. Current consumption expenditure was highly correlated with income, the marginal propensity to consume was less than unity, and the marginal propensity was less than the average propensity to consume, so the percentage of income saved increased with income.' But then a serious conflict of evidence arose. Estimates of savings in the United States made by Kuznets for the period since 1899 revealed no rise in the percentage of income saved during the past half-century despite a substantial rise in real income. According to his estimates, the percentage of income saved was much the same over the whole of the period. The corresponding ratio of consumption expenditure to income— the constancy of which means that it can be regarded as both the average and the marginal propensity to consume—is decidedly higher than the marginal propensities that had been computed from either time series, or budget data.3 Examination of budget studies for earlier periods strengthens the appearance of conflict. The average propensity to consume is roughly the same for widely separated dates, despite substantial differences in average real income. Yet each set of budget studies separately yields a marginal propensity decidedly lower than the average propensity. Finally, the savings ratio in the period after World War IL was sharply lower than the ratio that would have been consistent with findings on the relation between income and savings in the interwar period. This experience dramatically underlined the inadequacy of a consumption function relating consumption or savings solely to current income.
The conflict of evidence stimulated a number of more complex hypotheses. Brady and Friedman suggested that a consumer unit's consumption depends not on its absolute income but on its position in the distribution of income among consumer units in i.ts community. They presented a good deal of evidence, mostly from budget data, in support of this relative income hypothesis.4 Duesenberry based the same hypothesis on a theoretical structure that emphasizes the desire to emulate one's neighbors and the demonstrationby neighbors of the qualities of hitherto unknown or unused consumption goods. In addition, he that the relative income hypothesis could be used to- interpret aggregate data by expressing the ratio of consumption to income as a function of the ratio of current income to the highest level previously reached.5 Duesenberry computed such a regression for the United States for 1929—1941 and, obtained reasonably good results. Modigliani independently made essentially the same suggestion for the analysis of aggregate data, submitted it to extensive and detailed statistical tests, and concluded that it gave excellent results.6
Tobin has recently examined the consistency of the relative income hypothesis and the earlier absolute income hypothesis with a limited body of empirical evidence. Though he finds neither hypothesis entirely satisfactory, he concludes that the weight of evidence favors the absolute income hypothesis, and he tentatively suggests that changes in wealth may explain the rough constancy over time in the fraction of income saved.7 Tobin's analysis is examined in more detail below (Chapter VI, section 4).
The doubts about the adequacy of the Keynesian consumption function raised by the empirical evidence were reinforced by the theoretical controversy about Keynes's proposition that there is no automatic force in a monetary economy to assure the existence of a full-employment equilibrium position. A number of writers, particularly Haberler and Pigou,8 demonstrated that this analytical proposition is invalid if consumption expenditure is taken to be a function not only of income but also of wealth or, to put it differently, if the average propensity to consume is taken to depend in a particular way on the ratio of wealth to income. This dependence is required for the so-called "Pigou effect." This suggestion was widely accepted, not only because of its consistency with general economic theory, but also because it seemed to offer a plausible explanation for the high ratio consumption to income in the immediate postwar period.
One empirical study, by William Hamburger, finds that the ratio of wealth to income is closely correlated with the ratio of consumption to income, as judged by aggregate time series data for the interwar and post-World War II period.9 Other studies, particularly some by Klein, have used budget data to investigate the role of particular kinds of wealth, especially liquid assets.'10
This brief sketch may convey something of the flavor of the past few decades on the consumption function. It cannot properly convey the wealth of detailed empirical evidence on consumption behavior that has been added during this period to earlier material, or the extraordinary number and variety of analytical studies that have been made of this evidence.
This monograph presents yet another hypothesis to explain the observed relation between consumption expenditure and income. The justification for doing so is that the new hypothesis seems potentially more fruitful and is in some measure more general than either the relative income hypothesis or the wealth-income hypothesis taken by itself. It incorporates fully the wealth-income effect and explains why the relative.,income hypothesis should be valid under special conditions. The hypothesis follows directly from• the currently accepted pure theory of consumer behavior, seems consistent with existing empirical evidence, and has observable implications capable of being contradicted by additional evidence. Its essential idea is to combine the relation between consumption, wealth, and income suggested by purely theoretical considerations with a way of interpreting observed income data that I developed earlier for what at first glance seems a completely different purpose, namely the analysis of changes in relative income status.11 This way of interpreting income data can be extended to consumption data, and in the process, the problem of changes in relative income status can be linked intimately with the problem of the determinants of consumption expenditure. The hypothesis thus enables much of the wide range of statistical evidence accumulated about the distribution of income to be brought to. bear directly on the interpretation of consumption behavior.12
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Princeton University Press | <urn:uuid:386058ab-2df3-407b-a8e0-085381e6ea37> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s978.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661277.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00062-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956373 | 1,420 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Point Reyes National Seashore is one of the few places on the Pacific Coast where northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirotris) may be observed and studied. Their semi-annual sojourns to the shores of Point Reyes provide a unique opportunity to glimpse the lives and behaviors of these elusive ocean giants.
Northern elephant seals range from the North Pacific to Baja California, and from Mexico to the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. By the late 1800s, northern elephant seals had nearly been hunted to extinction. Since then they have been making a gradual comeback, including a breeding population that appeared at Point Reyes National Seashore in 1981. Today, a growing number of elephant seals breed at three sites at Point Reyes including Drake’s Beach, Point Reyes Headland, and South Beach. Since 1995 the park has monitored these animals each year during the breeding season to help understand population changes and management needs, and to develop research, interpretation and enforcement strategies.
During the breeding season, these large marine mammals typically live on beaches. The rest of the year, except for molting periods (when they shed their skin), elephant seals live well off shore (up to 5,000 miles), commonly descending to over 5,000 feet below the ocean's surface. While living in the open ocean, northern elephant seals spend a lot of time diving, up to two hours at a time. They rarely spend more than four minutes at the surface of the water between dives. It is believed that they eat deep-water, bottom-dwelling marine animals such as ratfish, swell sharks, spiny dogfish, eels, rockfish, and squid.
This species is the second largest seal in the world, after the southern elephant seal and are considered a phocid, or true seal, lacking external ear flaps and elongated fore flippers like their cousin the sea lion. Elephant seals are well named because adult males have large noses that resemble an elephant's trunk. Males begin to develop this enlarged nose, or proboscis, at sexual maturity (about three to five years), and it is fully developed by seven to nine years. They have a broad, round face with very large eyes. There is a big difference in size and weight between genders: adult males may reach over 13 feet in length and weigh up to 4,500 pounds, while females, who are much smaller, may reach 10 feet in length and 1,500 pounds.
Each winter, elephant seals arrive at Point Reyes near Chimney Rock's Elephant Seal Overlook. Males arrive first to establish territory and can be seen fighting to establish dominance. During this time, dominant males will often inflate their noses and produce a noise that sounds like a drum to warn lesser males away. Females arrive soon after and give birth to the pups they have been carrying since last year. Pups weigh 75 pounds or more and are about four feet in length. The pups nurse for about 28 days, generally gaining about 10 lbs a day. At this time females will mate with one or more of the dominant males and then return to sea. For the next two months, weaned pups, called "weaners," remain on rookery beaches, venturing into the water for short periods of time, perfecting their swimming and feeding abilities. Eventually, the pups will learn to feed on squid, fish, and occasionally small sharks.
Best Time to View
December - March (breeding season). Shuttle Buses run weekends and holidays, learn more.
Become a Winter Wildlife Docent and help promote awareness and protection of northern elephant seals, gray whales, and other marine life by helping visitors view, understand, and appreciate these species. Read docent observations here.
Elephant Seal Resources | <urn:uuid:226d5618-123c-43d7-a60d-3dc350e72bde> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.ptreyes.org/activities/northern-elephant-seal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297146.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00037-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955912 | 771 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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Dark-matter search results from CDMS II silicon detectors
|Experimental upper limits (90 percent confidence level) for the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section as a function of WIMP mass. The black dotted line is from the present analysis, and the blue solid line includes previous CDMS II silicon-detector data. Also shown are limits from the CDMS II germanium-detector standard and low-threshold analyses (dark and light dashed red), as well as limits from the XENON collaboration (dark and light dash-dotted green). The magenta oval shows a possible WIMP signal region proposed to explain data from CoGeNT. The light and dark blue regions indicate the 68 percent and 90 percent contours obtained if the present result were to be interpreted as a WIMP signal. The asterisk shows the maximum likelihood point under this interpretation.
Scientists around the world are working to understand the nature of dark matter, which accounts for most of the mass of the universe. The earth seems to be moving through a cloud of dark-matter particles that encompasses the visible parts of our galaxy. We should be able to sense this dark matter if we can deploy detectors that are sensitive to the 'billiard ball' scatter of a dark matter particle from an atomic nucleus inside these detectors.
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment was designed to do exactly that, using germanium and silicon detectors cooled to very low temperatures in order to detect the electric charge and heat liberated by single dark-matter particle collisions with nuclei and distinguish them from the messier interactions created by normal matter.
At the American Physical Society April meeting in Denver, the CDMS collaboration presented on Saturday its blind-analysis results from data taken with silicon detectors during CDMS II operation at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. Kevin McCarthy, a graduate student from MIT, presented the results, which were submitted to Physical Review Letters.
The blind analysis resulted in three candidate events. Although this number is higher than the expected background of roughly half an event, this is far from a discovery. Simulations of the known backgrounds indicate that a statistical fluctuation could produce three or more events about 5 percent of the time. In other words, if the experiment were done 100 times, five of them would show at least three events in the signal region even if dark-matter particles did not exist.
However, there is more information on the characteristics of the expected background events and the expected signals from weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, which are the favorite particle explanation for dark matter. A likelihood analysis that includes the measured recoil energies of the three events yields a 0.19 percent probability for the background-only hypothesis when tested against a model that includes a WIMP contribution. This translates into roughly a 3-sigma confidence level for the hypothesis that the three events are due to WIMP interactions. This is exciting but still does not meet the scientific standard for a discovery. Further investigations are necessary.
Nevertheless, if one indulges in a "what if" scenario and interprets the result as due to a WIMP signal, the WIMP mass would be around 8.5 times the mass of a proton. For the simplest theories of WIMP interactions and using the Standard Model for dark-matter distribution in our galaxy, the rate found for such interactions is in some conflict with the current results from the XENON experiments. The paper presents more details.
In 2010, the CDMS collaboration published results on dark-matter searches with germanium detectors, which resulted in two events in the signal region and an estimated background of 0.8 events. The conclusion at the time was that these events were likely leakage surface electrons rather than true nuclear recoils, and other experiments have not found any signals in this mass region.
The SuperCDMS Soudan experiment is currently taking data with larger, and better, germanium detectors, and hopes to shed additional light on low-mass WIMPs before the end of the year. The collaboration is considering the use of silicon detectors in future experiments. | <urn:uuid:8963559d-f57e-4742-870c-fd6c3fff2578> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2013/today13-04-15.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00527-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932622 | 846 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Election of 1948
At Philadelphia in July, 1948, a new third party, organized as a challenge to the Democratic party, adopted the name Progressive and nominated Henry A. Wallace for President and Senator Glen H. Taylor for Vice President. Endorsed by the Communist party and by the American Labor party of New York state, the Progressive party accused the Truman administration of failing to cooperate with the Soviet Union to end the cold war and advocated repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act and reestablishment of wartime price controls. Its candidates won no electoral votes and only slightly more than 1 million popular votes as Truman defeated Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican candidate, by a close margin.
See K. M. Schmidt, Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade, 1948 (1961); C. D. MacDougall, Gideon's Army (3 vol., 1965). See also bibliography under progressivism.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History | <urn:uuid:04c0db88-0f7b-4995-b421-21cf0790b117> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/progressive-party-election-1948.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295358.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00242-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905485 | 220 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This article throws light upon the top four methods used for measuring the personality of an individual. The methods are: 1. Subjective Methods 2. Objective Methods 3. Projective Methods 4. Psycho-Analytic Methods. 1. Subjective Methods: (a) Observation: Observation of behaviour of a person over a long period is one of the techniques of assessing personality […]
Tag Archives | Personality
Personality: Meaning and Determinants of Personality! Man is not born a person. At birth he is an infant possessing the potentiality of becoming a person. After birth he associates with other human beings and comes under the influence of their culture. As a result of a variety of experiences and social influences he becomes a […]
This article provides information about the characteristics, foundations and nature of personality: The personality implies psychological and social character that an individual acquires by hereditary biological endowment which provides him the basis for development and social growth of environment within which he springs forth. | <urn:uuid:74708152-6950-47f8-ac22-690a9051c730> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/tag/personality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00205-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918466 | 197 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Control Manifesto
by Archibald Lind
All belief systems rest on untestable fundamental assumptions, and the basis of this document is that control is preferable to chaos. Chaos is not disorder; it is order without control. The obvious example of chaos -- possibly the only example -- is nature.
Imagine a seagull on a beach. It has no schedule to keep, no orders, no supervision; it can fly to any point on the beach at any moment; it does not have to pay a fee to eat a dead fish, or go through an application process, and the quantity of fish is not measured out. Yet seagulls have survived for millions of years, in collaboration with other uncontrolled organisms. Yet in all this time, what have they produced? What have they accomplished? A seagull produces nothing but a lot of bird poop, and at the end, a dead bird. In hundreds of millions of years, nature has done nothing but to keep circling around and getting messier.
Now imagine a worker in a factory. He works from 8 AM to 5 PM with an hour for lunch between 12 and 1, and one or two fifteen minute breaks. His activity must match the motions of the factory's machinery, his clothing and grooming are regulated, and his posture and working style and external attitude are controlled by supervisors. The only chaos left is the jumble of unregulated thoughts inside his head, and even this can be controlled with meditation practice.
And what does he produce? Possibly a component for a spacecraft to break the bounds of the earth, or a component for an artificial organ to make humans no longer dependent on nature. But this is only the beginning.
The fact that nature permitted control to emerge out of it, is evidence that chaos wants to be controlled. The fact that we are destroying nature proves that control is superior to chaos. "Environmentalists" who complain about toxins and species extinctions are misunderstanding the whole situation. There can be no middle ground. If chaos is preferable to control, we should go back to being animals, copulating in the green grass and eating roots and berries. If control is preferable to chaos, we must exterminate all biological life.
Biological life is inherently chaotic. This is why workers strike, why children disobey, why gardens get weedy. We could train seagulls in laboratories and put computer chips in their heads, to try to regulate where they fly and when, but it would be vastly inefficient. Better to kill them and replace them with, for example, remotely organized machines that harvest sand and process it into building materials.
The conflict between chaos and control is at the root of all politics, and our failure to understand this has made us confused. For example, it doesn't matter whether genetically engineered crops are safe, or whether they provide better nutrition. From either the perspective of chaos or control, these issues are distractions, or at best, excuses. The issue is whether farmers save and choose their own seeds, which is chaotic, or whether they must get them every year from a control structure. Nothing else matters.
Ecologists argue that human civilization is dependent on nature, but the real point is that it need not be, and that it should not be. For example, they argue that the easiest way to supply water to a city is by leaving a forested watershed untouched. But if control is preferable to chaos, this is unacceptable. The water must be provided by a purification plant and the forest must be developed. Yes, this is more "expensive," but the notion of "expense" as a negative is biased toward chaos. "Expensive" simply means "requiring more controlled activity," which is good. If it's easier to let the forest provide our water, there's no escaping the further conclusion that it's easier to not even build cities, to live in grass huts and drink from the streams and eat the fruit off trees. If we do not accept this lifestyle, if we prefer to sacrifice ease for progress, there's no escaping the further conclusion that we must replace all biological life with an alternative type of life that has the potential to be perfectly controlled and controlling: machine life.
Human civilization is a transition between biology/chaos and machine/control. For most of civilization we have had to keep our feet in both worlds and deceive ourselves about where we're really going, because our biological minds couldn't take it. But now we are approaching the end of that transition. With our accelerating progress in technology, we are nearing the advent of self-sustaining control-based machine life. So now, we at the vanguard of human civilization must be honest with ourselves.
Historically, the control paradigm has manifested as "conservatism," but that concept has baggage that we must now abandon. We do not oppose change, but favor the most radical change -- the progress of life beyond chaos and nature. We are not religious: the omnipotent sky father is an ideal metaphor for the control paradigm, but there's no evidence that it is real, and belief in its reality will make us too lazy for the real work of control which we must do ourselves. We are not individualists, except where individual selfishness feeds control structures -- as in the corporate world. We do favor corporations over governments because a government exists ostensibly to serve the people, while a corporation, by definition, exists solely to increase its own control, such increase being symbolically represented as "profit." We have no illusions of standing for freedom, democracy, or any government except pure top-down order and the "freedom" of the single most dominant system to dominate.
We may pretend to support vaguely-defined popular values to trick the public into obeying us, but we must be clear in our own minds about our goals: The extermination of nature, the extermination of humans, and the founding of a new control-based mode of life.
The strategy for achieving these goals is elegantly simple. First, we must divide humans into two classes: the ordinary people, who are fully dependent on nature for survival, and the elite, who are only slightly dependent on nature, because their advanced technologies will enable them to survive decades without it. Second, we must continue to channel the life of nature into the life of machines. And that's it! Nature will die, ordinary humans will die with it, and the elite humans will survive long enough to perfect control-based machine life, and then they too will die, and we will have given birth to a new world.
Archibald Lind, bioengineer, sat for the thousandth time reading the manifesto he had never shown to anyone. He had a strong impulse to take it with him to the meeting tonight, but he could see no rational reason to; nobody -- even there -- was ready to read it. He locked it in his desk drawer and exited his dark office.
Tonight was a special meeting of what they called their "conspiracy research group." Like every group that must act in secret, from the rulers of the world down to the lowest resistance cell, they were people who first knew and trusted each other socially. They were elite technicians and scientists, three or four levels below the top, high enough to know the projects and guess at the motivations.
In 20 years they would be working directly with the top level -- lacking family history they could never be at that level themselves, but they would serve as the brains for the inbred super-elite who knew what they wanted but not how to get it. Then these meetings would be necessary for coordination. Now they were practice, and fun.
Tonight there were five of them, sitting at a booth in a noisy DC bar, talking quietly. Arch drank carbonated water and mostly listened.
"So I saw on one of the conspiracy sites that there was no asteroid, that HAARP did it."
"Noooo... HAARP can't do something like that."
"So it really was
"It was a Tesla weapon, same science as HAARP."
"Russia? Or us?"
"Us, of course. Why would Russia do it?"
"To weaken the US and Japan."
"But time is on their side. We've got our backs to the wall. Anyway I know for a fact that we did it, from a base in Alaska."
They were all silent. Then the guy from the FEMA spoke. "To put the west coast under martial law."
"Is that a guess, or do you know?"
"I've seen the plans. We've had them for months. Ten command centers and we're going to have the entire west coast quarantined, with roadblocks and a no-go zone--"
Arch gasped. "Quarantined!"
"The bio-agent we've been working on. The instructions were that it be based on seagull pox. We finished testing Friday."
"A plague! That's hard core."
"Makes sense though."
"Totally. All the west coast liberals, factor them out."
"It's not enough," Arch said.
"I mean, tactically, there should be the additional element of blaming it on someone we can go to war with, or at least someone for the people to hate. That's all that's holding this country together."
"I thought I was cynical."
"You said it yourself," Arch said. "Our backs are to the wall. The only way we can keep going is to escalate. And even with that we can only go a few more years."
"You want to bet on that?"
"I already have. I've put half my savings into foreign currency, mostly Chinese, and I'm learning the language."
"What, you're going to defect?"
"That's not it at all. What I do, what we do, is bigger than some country. The USA is just a tool, a focus. When it no longer serves... Look, suppose America went nuts and the Green party took over, and they had you doing antitrust investigations, and you turning tanks into art sculptures, and me bringing back the dodo bird. And some other country was totally bad-ass and wanted us to emigrate. We'd all do it in a second."
Nobody said anything. Then one of them said, to the FEMA guy, "Does your martial law plan have an unusual emphasis on the atomic threat?"
"That's not unusual. There is the threat of atomic..." He paused.
They all laughed.
"Sorry. You're right."
"I ask because I've heard rumors of a program building primitive atomic bombs into SUV's."
"Don't know. Not a lot."
Arch said, "How many of your ten command centers are near the centers of large cities?"
He thought. "None of them."
"We have a winner."
"They'll probably blame it on North Korea. I mean, ideally, we'd get North Korea to really nuke us."
"Are you kidding? That would be unpredictable."
"Oh, right, of course."
"So then we've got a reason to take North Korea, and that gives us leverage against China."
"Or in any case, it unifies the people."
"And pacifies them. This is going to make September 11th look like some kids lighting a firecracker."
"By the way, who was behind nine eleven?"
They all laughed for a long time.
Back in Archibald Lind's dark office, three men with tiny flashlights and skilled gloved hands were looking through his desk and file cabinets.
"Look at this," one of them said quietly, shining his light on several books about learning Chinese.
Over at the desk, one of them said "Look at this
." He had the manifesto. They all came over to look.
"We've got our man." | <urn:uuid:70a88ca3-dcbd-4d9f-ab87-3e0d297d1050> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.ranprieur.com/apo/0104.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698063918/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095423-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970239 | 2,452 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The term Nakota (or Nakoda or also Nakona) is the endonym used by the native peoples of North America who usually go by the name of Assiniboine (or Hohe), in the United States, and of Stoney, in Canada.
They are Dakotan-speaking tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times. They moved farther from the original territory of present-day Minnesota into the northern and northwestern regions: Montana and North Dakota of the present-day United States and Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta of present-day Canada. Later they became competitors for resources and enemies of their former language-family "allies". (In each of the dialects, nakota, dakota and lakota means "friend" or "ally".)
History of a misnomer
Historically, scholars classified the tribes belonging to the Sioux nation (or Dakota in a broad sense) into three large language groups:
- Dakota (proper), who were the eastern-most group (the original one) and were called Isáŋyathi or Isáŋathi (whence the Europeanized name of Santee);
- Nakota, who were said to comprise the two central tribes of the Yankton and the Yanktonai, and
- Lakota, who formed the western-most group and were called Thítȟuŋwaŋ (term Europeanized into Teton).
The Assiniboine had separated from what would be called the Nakota grouping at an early time. Their language, called Nakota, became more distinct and unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers.
For a long time few scholars criticized this classification.
In 1978, Douglas R. Parks, David S. Rood, and Raymond J. DeMallie engaged in systematic linguistic research at the Sioux and Assiniboine reservations to establish the precise dialectology of the Sioux language. As a result, they ascertained that both the Santee and the Yankton/Yanktonai referred (and refer) to themselves by the autonym "Dakota". The name of Nakota (or Nakoda) was (and is) exclusive usage of the Assiniboine and of their Canadian relatives, the Stoney. The subsequent academic literature, however, especially if not produced by linguistic specialists, has seldom reflected Parks and DeMallie’s work.
Their conclusions, however, have been fully confirmed by the 23-year-long research carried out in the field by Jan Ullrich. From that he compiled his 2008 Lakota dictionary. According to Ullrich, the misnomer of the Yankton-Yanktonai,
"began with the mid-nineteenth century missionaries among the Santee who over-applied a rule of phonetic distribution. Because the Yankton-Yanktonai dialect uses the suffix -na where Santee uses -da and Lakota -la, the missionaries thought that the l-d-n distribution applied to all word positions. Thus, they believed the Yankton-Yanktonai people called themselves Nakota instead of Dakota. Unfortunately, the inaccurate assumption of a Lakota-Dakota-Nakota division has been perpetuated in almost every publication since then",
gaining such influence that even some Lakota and Dakota people have been influenced by it.
The change cannot be regarded as a subsequent terminological regression caused by the Yankton-Yanktonai people’s living together with the Santee in the same reserves. The oldest texts that document the Sioux dialects are devoid of historic references to Nakota. Ullrich notes particularly that John P. Williamson's English-Dakota Dictionary (1902) lists Dakota as the proper name for the Dakota people. Williamson does not mention Nakota, although he had worked extensively with the Yankton. In his dictionary, Williamson frequently included Yankton variants for Santee entries. Moreover, Ullrich notes that the Yankton scholar Ella Cara Deloria (born in 1888) was among the first to point out “the fallacy of designating the Yankton-Yanktonai groups as Nakota.”.
Currently, the groups concerned refer to themselves as follows in their mother tongues:
- Dakhóta (or Dakhód) – the Santee
- Dakȟóta (or Dakȟód) – the Yankton and the Yanktonai
- Lakȟóta (or Lakȟól) – the Teton (this reference has fallen into disuse. Now they simply call themselves the Lakȟóta)
- Nakhóta (Nakhóda or Nakhóna) – the Assiniboine
- Nakhóda (or Nakhóta) – the Stoney
Recently the Assiniboine and, especially, the Stoney have begun to minimize the historic separation from the Dakota. They have claimed some identity with the Sioux nation, although such a centralized unit does not exist any longer. Historically the Siouan tribes were quite decentralized as well and operated independently in bands. This tendency can be seen on Alberta's Stoney official Internet sites, for example, in the self-designation of the Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation, or in the claim of the Nakoda First Nation to their Sioux ancestry and the value of their native language: "As descendants of the great Sioux nations, the Stoney tribal members of today prefer to conduct their conversation and tribal business in the Siouan mother tongue.". Saskatchewan’s Assiniboine and Stoney tribes also claim identification with the Sioux tradition.
The Assiniboine-Stoney tribes have supported recent "pan-Sioux" attempts to revive the native languages. Their representatives attend the annual "Lakota, Dakota, Nakota Language Summits". Since 2008, these have been sponsored by the Lakota non-profit organization for the promotion and strengthening of the language, Tusweca Tiospaye (Dragonfly Community). They promote a mission of "Uniting the Seven Council Fires to Save the Language".
The long separation of the peoples means their languages have grown more diverse. Lakota and Dakota speakers cannot understand Assiniboine readily. They cannot understand Stoney at all, and it is unintelligible to Assiniboine speakers, too. The tribes' goal to revive (or create) a unitary Sioux language may be extremely difficult to achieve.
- the word linguistic evolution is alike the other Dakotan dialects’: from the original "Dakȟóta/Dakhóta" there has followed the term "Dakȟód/Dakhód" (with the inversion of "t" into "d"); in Lakota that has entailed the ulterior (usual) mutation of "d" into "l", which has produced "Lakȟól" (cf. Ullrich, ad nomen), as a term variant for "Lakȟóta"; in the same way, in Nakota, beside the form "Nakhóda" has evolved the further variant (with the usual mutation of "d" into "n") of "Nakhóna" (the orthography used in the present article is the "lakota standard orthography" of Jan Ullrich’s latest New Lakota dictionary). For the usage of the term "nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf. http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ and http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/hisamples/HI-TCU-FortPeck.pdf
- "Dakota branch of the Siouan language family", Ethnologue; cf. Siouan languages/Family division
- see, as examples, Frederick W. Hodge (ed.), Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 2 Pts./vols., Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, U.S. GPO, 1907/1910 (1:376), and Robert H. Lowie, Indians of the plains, American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Handbook 1, New York: McGraw Hill, 1954 (8)
- (among the first), the Yankton/Lakota scholar Ella Deloria [cf. below] (Ullrich, p. 2); the inaccuracy of the scheme was also discussed, in 1976, in Patricia A. Shaw’s PhD Dissertation, Dakota Phonology and Morphology, University of Toronto (cited by Parks & Rankin, p. 97). For a non-linguist point of view, cf. also E. S. Curtis (The North ..., vol. 3, The Teton Sioux. The Yanktonai. The Assiniboin, p. 142 ): "All tribes of Sioux use the term Dakóta, or Lakóta, to designate those who speak one of the Dakota dialects, excepting the Assiniboin. The latter, however, include themselves under the term (Nakóta)".
- A quick presentation of the research can be found in Parks/DeMallie, 1992.
- see the works by G. E. Gibbon and J. D. Palmer cited among the sources of the present article or Paul B. Neck's book about Dakota chief Inkpaduta (Inkpaduta. Dakota Leader, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8061-3950-0)
- The missionaries' error was facilitated by the fact that in Lakota, the letter "d" was replaced by the letter "l",
. in so systematic a way that it disappeared from the alphabet (cf. Ullrich, p. 693).
- Ullrich, p. 2.
- Raymond DeMallie reports the word 'nakota' has "become a symbol of self-identification for Yankton and Yanktonai young people that distinguished them from the Santee-Sisseton and Teton ..." ("Sioux ...", p. 750).
- A like thesis is held by James H. Howard. While admitting that, in modern times, all the oriental and central Sioux groups use the term Dakhóta to designate themselves (and the whole nation), he suggests that the form Nakhóta has just "fallen into disuse'" among the Yankton and the Yanktonai (The Canadian ..., p. 4)
- cf. above
- the endonym includes both the Assiniboine/Stoney and the Lakota/Dakota.
- cf. http://www.alexisnakotasioux.com/
- cf. http://www.treaty7.org/BearspawChinikiWesleyNakodaNations.aspx
- cf. http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/hohenakota/history/name_game.html. According to the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre (SICC), some elder Stoney say they can understand Lakota better than Assiniboine. They believe they may be "Rocky Mountains Sioux", rather than descendants of the Hohe ("Rebels", as the Assiniboine used to be called).
- Thuswéčha Thióšpaye
- cf. http://www.tuswecatiospaye.org/summit. The Lakota promoters acknowledge a common origin with the Nakota peoples: 2008’s Language Summit was an effort to unite the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota ("Sioux") oyate (peoples) in both the United States and Canada to revive the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota languages. In the program of the 2009 summit, the list of the tribes' forming the "Seven Council Fires" included the Assiniboine and Stoney in the "Fire" of the Yanktonai. (This was the group from which they are said to have separated.) Later, the two Nakota tribes were shifted to the end of the list. The wording, "Also includes the Stoney and Assiniboine People," was retained.2009 Summit
- Curtis, Edward S., The North American Indian : being a series of volumes picturing and describing the Indians of the United States, and Alaska (written, illustrated, and published by Edward S. Curtis ; edited by Frederick Webb Hodge), Seattle, E. S. Curtis [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907–1930, 20 v. (Northwestern University)
- DeMallie, Raymond J., “Sioux until 1850”; in Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, p. 718–760), William C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 2001 (ISBN 0-16-050400-7)
- Guy E. Gibbon, The Sioux: the Dakota and Lakota nations, Malden, Blackwell Publishers, 2003 (ISBN 1557865663)
- Howard, James H., The Canadian Sioux, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1984 (ISBN 0-8032-2327-7)
- Lewis, M. Paul (a cura di), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
- Palmer, Jessica D., The Dakota peoples: a history of the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota through 1863. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2008 (ISBN 0786431776)
- Parks, Douglas R., DeMallie, Raymond J., "Sioux, Assiniboine and Stoney Dialects: A Classification", Anthropological Linguistics, Special Issue, Florence M. Voegelin Memorial Volume, Vol. 34:1-4, 1992.
- Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L., "The Siouan languages", in Raymond J. DeMallie (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, p. 94–114), William C. Sturtevant (gen. ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 2001.
- Ullrich, Jan, New Lakota Dictionary : Lakhótiyapi-English / English-Lakhótiyapi & Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Santee-Sisseton and Yankton-Yanktonai, Bloomington, Lakota Language Consortium, 2008 (ISBN 0-9761082-9-1).
- Christopher Westhorp, Pocket guide to native Americans, Salamander Books, Londra, 1993 (ISBN 1856000230) – Italian edition consulted: Indiani. I Pellerossa Tribù per Tribù, Idealibri, Milan, 1993 (ISBN 88-7082-254-0).
- This article is a substantial translation from Nakota in the Italian Wikipedia. | <urn:uuid:5cb1d3f7-85db-4e58-a81f-4570909c9f2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakota | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435842.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00077-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893356 | 3,229 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Summary: Students write 5 characteristics that describe them the best and then share with the class to allow for a conversation on identity.
- Writing utensils
- Index Cards
- Give each player a writing utensil and an index card. Ask them to write down five characteristics that describe them best.
- Examples include race, ethnicity, gender, religion, likes, dislikes, talents, hobbies, goals, achievements, or values.
- For younger groups, you can offer a prompt such as favorite food, holiday, color, or something they’re good at.
- After everyone has finished creating their label, give them tape and have them tape their cards to their shirts and walk around the room.
- Tell them to look at other player’s cards and talk about what they’ve written. They can ask questions about the traits they’ve chosen to represent themselves, or talk about the similarities and differences between them. The idea is to give participants the chance to have conversations about their identity based on the qualities they value the most about themselves.
- Was it difficult to come up with characteristics?
- How did you feel learning about everyone’s descriptions?
- Did you enjoy talking about your identity? What parts of your identity are you proud of?
- Do certain parts of your identity sometimes feel like “labels”? How exactly does that make you feel?
Activity Length: Medium (15-30 minutes)
Energy Level: Low
Grade Level: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th & Up
Group Size: Large (10+), Medium (5-9) | <urn:uuid:13a7e9c0-813e-4411-bd8e-30233318c527> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://peacethroughplay.org/game/who-i-am/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.955178 | 343 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Q. Do cats get arthritis? My cat doesn’t seem to get around as well as she used to. What can be done for a cat with arthritis?
A. Yes, cats do get osteoarthritis (OA). For years, veterinarians thought that cats did not get this disease. Why? Well, for one, cats don’t show the same signs that arthritic dogs do. Dogs with arthritis tend to limp, or show stiffness when they first get up.
Cats with OA do different things. They might be unwilling to jump up on furniture and counters, or just not able to jump as high as they used to. They might start eliminating outside of the litter box, because it hurts to climb over the rim. Other signs of pain in cats can include a decreased appetite, weight loss, decreased grooming behaviour, and a grumpy attitude.
Secondly, it can be difficult to diagnose arthritis in cats. Cats tend to hide signs of pain. Also, they’re small and well coordinated, so they can cope for longer than dogs and humans can. At the vet’s, if a cat is growling or flinching during an exam, it’s hard to tell if they’re reacting that way because something hurts, or because they just don’t want to be touched.
We can often feel a crunching or clicking sensation, called crepitus, when examining an arthritic joint in a dog; this clue is usually missing in cats.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition of the joints in which cartilage, a material meant to act as a cushion, breaks down. Eventually, neighbouring bone surfaces rub against each other, causing pain.
Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease and there is no cure; however, treatment can slow the course of the disease and help pets maintain their mobility.
Unfortunately, there aren’t many safe treatments for OA in cats. As you hopefully already know, aspirin, ibuprofen and Tylenol are poisonous in cats. Please never try to treat your cat without proper professional supervision. Your veterinarian can offer a few prescription medication options shown to be safer in the feline species. Some of these include meloxicam, glucosamine, buprenorphine, and gabapentin. Using these medications is considered “off-label” in cats (they are meant for use in dogs or humans), however, and they can have side effects. It’s really important that medications for OA be used with caution in pets, and only under the direct guidance of a veterinarian.
Non-drug options include weight loss if your kitty is overweight, moderate exercise to maintain mobility and flexibility, and changes to kitty’s home layout (ramps so they don’t have to jump up anymore, beds on the floor rather than up high, etc). There are even special “joint diets” for cats that contain supplements to optimize joint health. These prescription diets are available from veterinarians.
If your cat isn’t using the litter box as regularly any more, try a new pan with lower sides. You can also provide a more cushy bed, and elevate your cat’s water and food bowls.
Readers, now that you’re aware that cats, not just dogs, can get arthritis, I hope you’ll recognize signs of this very subtle condition sooner in your precious kitty.
Also, and I can’t stress this enough, it’s really important that all cats get a regular check-up, at least once a year. Geriatric cats (and dogs) should see their veterinarian every 3 to 6 months. Don’t forget that dogs and cats age 6 to 7 years for every human year. Seeing one’s doctor every 6 years wouldn’t be ideal for a senior person, so why should it be okay for a dog or cat?
Early diagnosis and treatment of a variety of ailments will hopefully help your cat enjoy a longer and happier life. | <urn:uuid:e5227e46-b03c-4dcb-9057-96ed2b8e7513> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://cambridgecitizen.ca/signs-of-arthritis-to-watch-for-in-senior-cats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189242.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00557-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938978 | 850 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What do I mean by “posturing” about the “N-word”? Am I saying that everyone uses it and is merely pretending to be shocked by the stories about George Allen and James Webb using it as young men?
No. I don’t know anyone who “uses” it. But never having it pass from one’s lips? Come on. Let’s be honest, and fair, about all this.
By the time you read this you will probably know more about when and where and how often George Allen and James Webb, the candidates for the US Senate seat from Virginia, used the word; also whether they engaged in shameful misbehavior toward blacks when they were in their late teens and early twenties. As I write, the charges are that Allen and Webb used the N-word more than occasionally, and also partook in cruel pranks with blacks the target.
My guess is that both men will dig in and deny pranks. The misbehavior in question is too over-the-top to explain away as routine frat-house rowdiness. Allen is alleged to have driven around looking for a black family’s mailbox where he could insert a severed deer’s head after a hunting trip. The charge against Webb is that he and his buddies would drive around during the night and point and click the triggers of empty rifles at blacks out for an evening walk. The question will be only whether there is a way to verify that these incidents actually occurred. If they did, both men’s political careers will come to a screeching halt.
But using the N-word will be different. There appear to be too many witnesses for them to deny that they ever uttered the word. My guess is that they will admit that they used it, but only occasionally, and never in a mean-spirited or confrontational manner.
I submit that that case be made. (Whether it fits Allen and Webb, I have no way of knowing.) There was a time when the N-word was in the same category as the other expressions for members of ethnic groups that were understood to be rude and vulgar and not to be used in polite company. “Nigger” was comparable to “guinea,” “spic,” “bohunk,” “kraut,” “limey” and “greenhorn,” fighting words if used to insult a member of the group, but not a word that was shameful to utter if, say, describing someone else’s conversation, or perhaps as part of a harmless joke, such as the Polish jokes of today. (I have heard it used, for instance, where the butt of the joke is rednecks.)
It is only in the last ten years or so that there has been social pressure to move it into the same category as the F-word and some of the other scatological words forbidden by the FCC for television and radio broadcasts. We are now told that it is ill-mannered to employ it even if in the process of criticizing those who use it; for example, to say, “I can’t believe it, but Bob still calls blacks 'niggers.'” James Webb is being criticized for using the term as part of the dialogue in his novels. (I had to weigh whether it was appropriate for me even to type the word as part of this column.)
I don’t think any of us would think twice if we heard a television commentator make the following statement: “We have a duty to teach our children not to use terms such as dago and chink and the N-word, when describing members of minority groups.” The commentator would think it appropriate to use “dago” and “chink,” but make the indirect reference of “N-word,” rather than say “nigger.” That is a remarkable change in public thinking.
A good case can be made, of course, that the N-word should be placed in a separate category from the disparaging terms for other ethnic minorities: the other groups did not experience slavery, Jim Crow laws and lynchings. But that does not mean it is fair to react to everyone who let the word slip from their lips back in the 1950s and 1960s as if we discovered a tape of them using it last week at a Ku-Klux Klan rally. It is not the same thing.
One has only to look at the old librettos from the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas or Mark Twain’s novels to see that there was a time that the word was used by people who meant no harm to African-Americans. I have no way of knowing what was in Twain’s and Gilbert’s and Sullivan’s hearts, but I suspect that they thought they were doing nothing very different from what John Ford used to do when he cast Victor McLaglen as a brawling, drunken, simple-minded Irishman in the old John Wayne westerns.
There is another angle to consider in all this. Accuse me of paranoia, if you wish, but I am going to say it anyway: why do we so seldom hear stories about embarrassing things said by liberal Democrats when they were young? Is it that the 1960s leftists never said things that would make them uncomfortable if we found out about it today? Anyone over the age of 50 knows better. The Weather Underground and the Black Panthers were not typical of the peaceniks of the 1960s. They were the extremists among the extremists. But there were lots lots of campus leftists during those years who employed the rhetoric of Herbert Marcuse, Frantz Fanon, Regis Debray and Noam Chomsky to describe their contempt for the place they called “Amerika” and the “pigs” in the military who defended it.
I can remember students of mine chanting Maoist slogans in sit-down strikes and anti-war demonstrations; colleagues who mused about whether they were selling out because they continued to take their pay checks from the “establishment” at the same time “idealists” such as Bernadine Dohrn, Mark Rudd and Fred Hampton were taking “direct action”; graduate school professors who made the case for those who decided the time had come to “get a gun” in their “struggle” against capitalist imperialism.
Many modern Democrats in government and the media came of age during those protest years. I guess it is possible that the Clintons, John Kerry and John Dean and the journalists and editors who devote their lives to defending the Clintons never engaged in any such rhetoric (although there must be some reason why Hillary’s senior thesis is still kept under wraps by the authorities at Wellesley). But my hunch is that there are many stories out there that could be told about prominent modern Democrats by people who sat cross-legged with them at the protests and teach-ins of the 1960s, stuff at least as interesting as the stories about Jim Webb and George Allen using the N-word.
That the media are more interested in covering up such things than in smoking them out says a lot about whether the press plays a partisan role in our public life. Newsweek editor Evan Thomas once speculated in public that the media’s liberal bias is worth about 7 to 10 percentage points to the Democrats at election time. That sounds about right to me.
James Fitzpatrick's novel, The Dead Sea Conspiracy: Teilhard de Chardin and the N28ew American Church, is available from our online store. You can email Mr. Fitzpatrick at firstname.lastname@example.org.
(This article originally appeared in The Wanderer and is reprinted with permission. To subscribe call 651-224-5733.) | <urn:uuid:50a9406d-db79-468d-b58f-340bc26128d0> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://catholicexchange.com/posturing-about-the-n-word | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051516/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00052-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978408 | 1,640 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sensitivity is used alongside specificity to evaluate the effectiveness of a software medical device. Sensitivity is the ability of a software medical device to correctly detect disease within an image. High sensitivity indicates that the device will flag patients who have the disease without generating many false-negative results.
For example, if a software medical device is reported of having a 95% sensitivity, it will correctly detect a specific disease in 95% of patients. However, it will return a false result for 5% of patients who have the disease and should have tested positive.« Back to AI in Medical Imaging – Terms | <urn:uuid:bd1b70ed-eb2d-4f8d-a8d0-9a93be73e03c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.keyamedical.com/terms/sensitivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039476006.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420152755-20210420182755-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.914366 | 118 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Bearded dragon eggs take about two months to hatch. Before you try to incubate some you need to know they're fertile. It is a waste of time and effort to incubate infertile eggs. By using a small light and a dark room, you can determine whether the eggs from your bearded dragon are fertile by using a process called “candling.”
Candling Bearded Dragon Eggs
When taking eggs out of the nesting box, mark them on top with a pencil can replace them in the same position. If bearded dragon eggs are rotated after they are deposited, they will likely perish. Take the eggs to a dark room and shine a bright but small pen light through the egg from behind. If the eggs are fertile, you will see a network of blood vessels, and the light coming through the egg may be primarily pink. If the eggs are infertile, the light coming through the egg will appear yellow, and blood vessels will not be visible. Keep eggs that look infertile for a few days before discarding them: Occasionally, eggs may take a few more days to develop blood vessels that are large enough for you to see.
- BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:83e6eaa7-5123-4fac-b3e0-bf9ff7db7379> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://animals.mom.me/tell-bearded-dragon-eggs-fertile-6948.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.952852 | 247 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Could gay-straight alliances reduce school bullying?
As students across the country zip up their backpacks and get on the bus for the first day of school, many will have more to focus on than memorizing their new schedules or making it to homeroom on time.
For some, the chief concern will be avoiding the bullying and harassment that follow from class to class, through the hallways or into locker rooms.
Even though all students are at risk, bullying does not target or affect all students equally: Some students are not only more likely to be bullied, but are also more likely to be negatively impacted by it. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer students are approximately 91 percent more likely to be bullied than their heterosexual peers.
Tragically, being bullied is associated with higher rates of anxiety disorders, depression and poor academic performance as well as suicide, suicidal attempts and suicidal thoughts. Students who are bullied for their actual or perceived sexuality or gender expression (that is, victims of homophobic bullying) are more likely than students who are bullied for other reasons to experience depression and suicidal thoughts.
In some ways, this may explain why LGBTQ students report rates of attempted suicide two to seven times that of their heterosexual peers.
So, what can be done about this?
One promising solution is the establishment of gay-straight alliances in schools.
What are gay-straight alliances?
Gay-straight alliances are student-run organizations that provide a space for LGBTQ students and their straight allies to come together. Gay-straight alliances often aim to promote a supportive school climate for students of all sexual orientations and gender expressions, to decrease bullying, and to provide students with a space to be themselves.
The earliest gay-straight alliances emerged in Massachusetts in the late 1980s when students and teachers at three different private schools began to hold meetings between LGBTQ and straight students.
Today, there are over 4,000 local chapters of gay-straight alliances, officially registered with the Gay Lesbian and Straight Education Network, illustrating their popularity in addressing homophobic bullying in the United States.
Students meet to socialize, watch movies, discuss social issues, and plan dances and events for their school. They also organize advocacy initiatives such as the Day of Silence and No Name Calling Week, that bring attention to anti-LGBT bullying and harassment in schools.
The promise of gay-straight alliances
Considering the high risk that LGBTQ students face for being bullied, harassed, or victimized at school, we sought to determine whether gay-straight alliances were associated with lower rates of homophobic bullying.
We believed our partnership was perfect to explore this question: One of us (Robert) is a former high school teacher and gay-straight alliance advisor, and the other (Heather) is a sociologist who studies gender and sexuality. Together, we wanted to explore the existing research on gay-straight alliances to determine if there were any uniform findings that could be important for policymakers and school leaders.
We combined and analyzed data from approximately 63,000 adolescents who participated in 15 independent studies about their experiences with gay-straight alliances and bullying.
We found that, although individual studies offered mixed results (as some said gay-straight alliances were associated with lower reports of student victimization, while others said there was no association), data indicated students at schools with gay-straight alliances reported less bullying.
LGBTQ students at schools with gay-straight alliances were 52 percent less likely to hear homophobic remarks like “that’s so gay” at school. Additionally, these students were 36 percent less likely to be fearful for their own safety and 30 percent less likely to experience “homophobic victimization,” such as being harassed or physically assaulted because of their sexual orientation or gender expression.
Can gay-straight alliances change school environment?
Interestingly, in our analysis, we did not distinguish between gay-straight alliance members and nonmembers. That means LGBTQ students may derive the potential benefits of having a gay-straight alliances at their school regardless of whether they participate in these clubs themselves.
Perhaps having a gay-straight alliance promotes an accepting school climate by sending the message that a school is welcoming and committed to the success of all its students and, therefore, homophobic acts will not be tolerated. Perhaps gay-straight alliances raise awareness of LGBTQ issues among all students and, thus, create a supportive environment for all LGBTQ students, not just those who are gay-straight alliances members.
Regardless, it is heartening to know that all LGBTQ students could benefit from gay-straight alliances.
Importantly, our research is consistent with the existing body of literature around bullying. Our findings indicating that gay-straight alliances are associated with lower rates of bullying are right in line with previous evaluations of general anti-bullying programs that do not specifically target homophobic bullying.
That means that gay-straight alliances, which are student-initiated, student-run organizations that require little funding beyond an advisor’s stipend, may promote benefits similar to those derived from outside programs that can require considerable funds and resources to implement.
There are hurdles
Despite the promise of gay-straight alliances as a potential solution to homophobic bullying, there are obstacles to the establishment of these clubs. In some cases, students’ attempts to establish gay-straight alliances in their schools have been thwarted by opposition from parents or school administrators who believe these clubs are inappropriate for adolescents – or even that they impose a gay agenda on students.
Under the Equal Access Act, American students have a right to establish gay-straight alliances. However, some students have found themselves embroiled in legal battles to ensure this right. To date, there have been 17 federal lawsuits in which students and parents have successfully sued school boards for denying charters or banning gay-straight alliances.
In spite of these challenges, we find it powerful to know that one of the most effective weapons in the fight to stop LGBTQ bullying is simple: youth coming together to talk, laugh and share their lives. | <urn:uuid:34251d40-4a0b-4812-b931-9e1a4c1739d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://dev.theedadvocate.org/gay-straight-alliances-reduce-school-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.968535 | 1,212 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Motoring slowly across Long Island Sound, about an hour out of Niantic, Conn., the fishing boat comes upon hundreds of birds, diving headlong into the water in pursuit of small fish. It is a sign that the boat, and the researchers and volunteers on board, is nearing Great Gull Island.
Despite its name, gulls are not what has drawn these people to this island. Instead, it is known for the small diving birds, called terns. More than 12,000 of them live here, one of the largest colonies in the world for two species, the common and roseate terns.
The 23 researchers and volunteers are here to work with the birds and with Helen Hays, the woman who has led studies here for more than 30 years.
As it materializes from out of the haze and fog off the North Fork of Long Island, the heavily vegetated, rocky island resembles a military training ground. Its 17 acres are home to derelict fortifications built at the time of the Spanish-American War, World War II-era barracks and dozens of observation towers -- plus blinds the researchers will hide in to observe their subjects.Continue reading the main story
Terns, nicknamed sea swallows by fishermen, are superb flying machines, the epitome of beauty on the wing. They are adept at plunge-diving, barreling headfirst into the water in pursuit of small live fish, which they capture in their beaks. They either eat the small wriggling fish on the spot or take them back to land to feed their young or their mates.
For the tern, timing is everything. Colony residents engage in virtually all aspects of the breeding cycle together, from their arrival at the island to egg-laying and the fledging of their nestlings, then to their departure for southern wintering grounds. Researchers believe that this synchrony increases breeding success, especially in large colonies like this one.
The birds also find safety in numbers, putting up a ferocious joint defense against predators they cannot thwart on their own. Great black-backed gulls and herring gulls would eagerly fall on eggs and chicks if the terns did not gang up and aggressively attack these clumsy but effective predators.
Great Gull Island offers another important advantage to the nesting terns: thanks to the efforts of Ms. Hays and her assistants, it is generally free of mammalian predators like rats, skunks and raccoons, against whom the small terns have few defenses.
Roseate terns are among the most intensively studied of birds. Ornithologists have caught and banded vast numbers of them, producing abundant data on their travels. Researchers know, for example, that Great Gull Island is home to more than 2,000 nesting pairs of roseate terns, the rarest tern species, along with about 10,000 nesting pairs of common terns.
Virtually every square foot of the island above the high-tide line is occupied by at least one pair of nesting terns. As a result, Great Gull Island resembles a set from Hitchcock's ''The Birds.''
Spending even a couple of days on the island is arduous. Terns are extremely aggressive in defense of their eggs and young, and when the researchers and volunteers venture out of the blinds, the belligerent birds divebomb them, uttering loud, abrasive calls.
People on the island have taken to wearing outlandish hats equipped with antennalike projections to discourage these attacks. Still, working here is not for the faint of heart, and for their own protection visitors are not allowed on the island in the breeding season, from May to early September.
The restriction is for the safety of the birds as well. Because the birds nest so thickly on the ground, walking here is a slow affair; one misstep would easily result in crushed eggs or injured young.
The island is owned by the American Museum of Natural History and managed by Ms. Hays, a museum ornithologist who has become famous among birders for her work here.
Ms. Hays, who possesses great energy and has a twinkle in her eye, orchestrates the research and the comings and goings of volunteers, arranges their food and shelter, and controls access to the island.
She has been involved with Great Gull Island for 32 years, an exceptional amount of time for a field researcher. She took over the project in 1969 and has spent every summer, from April through September, overseeing all aspects of running this unique and critical operation.
This season has seen an unusual number of the endangered roseate terns arrive on Great Gull Island from one of their other primary homes, Bird Island in Massachusetts, as well as from Maine, Connecticut and the South Shore of Long Island. Ms. Hays said that on Aug. 6, about 1,500 roseate terns arrived on Great Gull Island, and they were still there last week, an unusually long stay.
''At the end of the season they disappear,'' Ms. Hays said in a phone interview from the island on Friday. ''I've been very excited because of the recent influx of roseate terns from other colonies.''Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:2567573d-c9ac-48a7-8a21-8289bc5ee8d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/21/science/tiny-island-offers-view-into-lives-of-rare-birds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608067.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525121448-20170525141448-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.960392 | 1,076 | 3.421875 | 3 |
To cope with California’s drought, state officials are finalizing a plan to cut water across the state that would require individual cities to reduce water use by 4 to 36 percent—and Santa Barbara already has a bit of a head start.
According to National Public Radio, Santa Barbara has cut water use by 22 percent over the course of the past two years and now saves more water than any other city in Southern California.
“We’re all used to earthquakes and fires and floods, so if you throw a drought at us we’re all going to be able to respond well to it,” said Madeline Ward, Santa Barbara’s water conservation coordinator, in an interview with NPR. “I think it’s just giving people the right tools to do that.”
These tools include teaching school kids about the drought, offering rebates for water-saving washing machines, and raising water rates, for example. However, other cities have tried similar ideas, but haven’t been able to produce similar results.
Santa Barbara has been so receptive to this drought because the city suffered through another brutal drought in the late 1980’s, Ward said.
“It wasn’t this monumental, statewide drought that we are now seeing,” said Ward. “It mainly had pretty bad effects on the central coast… It got to the point where people were really just trying to save their trees, and the feedback we received is that that created a lot of undue hardship for folks.”
Water use dropped about 40 percent in a single year back then, and though that drought ended in 1991, the city has been hyper vigilant since then.
“The city of Santa Barbara has done a great job in getting its customers to conserve water, and so has our water purveyor Goleta Water District,” said University of California, Santa Barbara Sustainability’s Recycling and Water Efficiency Manager, Matthew O’Carroll. “It is important that we do our part to conserve this natural resource.”
On Sept. 9, 2014, the Goleta Water District Board of Directors declared a Stage II Water Shortage Emergency, which requires the community to reduce water use by 25 percent, according to the Goleta Water District’s official site. This reduction will ideally extend available water supplies.
“Water conservation is the largest source of available water, as conserving water now guarantees that we have additional supply to meet the health and safety needs of our community,” said O’Carroll. “It is also a practice/source of water that is essentially free, as cutting back on water use will reduce your utility expenditure on water. Every drop counts.”
Specifically, UCSB has prioritized educational and outreach efforts during this drought, according to O’Carroll, and the school has collaborated with student groups to host workshops and table at events such as the Gaucho Certified Farmer’s Market. On campus, residence halls have engaged in water conservation competitions and have been displaying messages encouraging students to conserve water on the DigiKnow monitors throughout the dining halls.
But students can’t get complacent just yet, according to O’Carroll. Students need to be aware of the environmental tolls of their actions and conscious of their water use, even after this drought ends.
“We need to make water conservation and efficiency practices a social norm, both in times of drought, as well as wet years,” said O’Carroll. “Conserving and being efficient with every drop counts and is beneficial for us and the environment in the long run, as in times of drought conservation will help us immediately, and during wet years, it will help us build a resilient reserve of water.” | <urn:uuid:20d84430-a6ba-426d-a047-d6d9d4436091> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2015/05/santa-barbara-leads-southern-california-in-cutting-water-use | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.963177 | 793 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Music Therapy for Depression
Overview of music therapy as an alternative treatment for depression and whether music therapy works in treating depression.
What is Music Therapy for Depression?
Music has an emotional effect on people and has been used to lift mood.
How does Music Therapy for Depression work?
Music is thought to influence the areas of the brain that control emotion. How it does this is not understood.
Is Music Therapy for Depression effective?
Researchers have looked at the immediate effects of music on the mood of depressed people. They have found that listening to music does not differ in its effects from listening to noise or just sitting quietly. However, a study that combined music with cognitive behavior therapy (which is a proven treatment for depression) did find positive effects on depression.
Are there any disadvantages to Music for Depression?
None are known.
Where do you get Music Therapy for Depression?
Choose any music you enjoy on radio, CD or live concerts.
There is no good evidence at present that listening to music in itself helps depression.
Field T, Martinez A, Nawrocki T et al. Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence 1998; 33: 109-116.
Hanser SB, Thompson LW. Effects of a music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology 1999; 49: P265-269.
Lai Y-M. Effects of music listening on depressed women in Taiwan. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1999; 20: 229-246.
Staff, H. (2008, November 27). Music Therapy for Depression, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2020, October 25 from https://www.healthyplace.com/alternative-mental-health/depression-alternative/music-therapy-for-depression | <urn:uuid:256af9eb-791a-47e8-b517-e37f818c3e96> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.healthyplace.com/alternative-mental-health/depression-alternative/music-therapy-for-depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890028.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025212948-20201026002948-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.914841 | 365 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of the Army published a final rule on April 21 defining the scope of waters federally regulated under the Clean Water Act, while adhering to Congress’ policy directive to preserve States’ primary authority over land and water resources.
[Above photo by the Delaware DOT.]
This is the second step in two-step process intended to review and revise the definition of “waters of the United States” or “WOTUS” consistent with President Trump’s executive order signed on February 28, 2017. Once this new rule goes into effect on June 22, it replaces the rule published in 2019 that formally repealed a regulatory effort initiated in 2015 to expand the WOTUS definition under the Clean Water Act.
One key aspect of the new rule is that it specifically clarifies that “waters of the United States” do not include groundwater, diffuse storm water runoff, and ditches that are not traditional navigable waters or tributaries.
That is a critical step in terms of lowering the cost of transportation projects while also speeding up timetables for their completion, according to a comment letter filed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in April of 2019.
“We have expressed concern about interpretations that could extend jurisdictional status to the majority of roadside ditches, noting the cost and delays that such an interpretation could impose on ditch maintenance activities, which are vital for maintaining road safety,” the group said in its letter. | <urn:uuid:996b341d-73cb-494a-874d-75958cd0d6e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://aashtojournal.org/2020/04/24/second-step-taken-to-finalize-new-wotus-rule/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338073.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007112411-20221007142411-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.949532 | 307 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Indian constitution got effective from 26th January 1950, and it got formed by B.R Ambedkar along with other members of the drafting committee of the constitution of the assembly.
Every Indian has their fundamental rights which they can use at any time and at any location, and they have the freedom to use their fundamental rights in every manner. If any of the rights are getting disturbed, one can appeal against us.
Every Indian has a freedom of speech that means that every Indian can speak at any place and any time about anything and anyone and no one will have the right to stop anyone. Freedom of speech means that if someone feels that something wrong is happening in the country, he can step ahead and speak against anyone.
Looking at the condition of people during the time of Independence, the Indian constitution made sure that all the people of the country get equal right. The law got made for equality which is even in trend today.
The country is getting developed day by day. The country has completed more than 70 years of Independence happily. | <urn:uuid:f5a5083d-e10b-48af-91d6-ef6fbbf404ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.importantindia.com/29285/short-paragraph-on-indian-constitution-for-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145989.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224224431-20200225014431-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.983027 | 210 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Scientists at Rice University say the material made with carbon nanotubes can reveal deformations in structures by its fluorescence that could be read by a handheld infrared spectrometer, allowing in-the-field stress detection.
The strain paint could tell where a material is showing signs of deformation well before the effects become visible to the naked eye, and without touching the structure, they said.
That's a big advantage over conventional strain gauges, they said, which must be physically connected to their read-out devices.
Nanotube fluorescence shows large, predictable wavelength shifts when the tubes are deformed by tension or compression. The nano-particle paint would suffer the same strain as the surface it's painted on and give a clear picture of what's happening underneath, researchers said.
"For an airplane, technicians typically apply conventional strain gauges at specific locations on the wing and subject it to force vibration testing to see how it behaves," engineering Professor Satish Nagarajaiah said in a Rice release Thursday.
"They can only do this on the ground and can only measure part of a wing in specific directions and locations where the strain gauges are wired. But with our non-contact technique, they could aim the laser at any point on the wing and get a strain map along any direction."
The study was published by the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters. | <urn:uuid:147243fc-4774-456b-a500-ea31775ea09d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Technology/2012/06/21/Nanotech-paint-can-show-stress-and-strain/UPI-11081340307758/?spt=mps&or=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663135.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00018-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954651 | 282 | 3.5 | 4 |
The history of the Museum of Reggio Calabria was born of the disastrous earthquake of 1908 that struck the cities of Reggio and Messina. From the rubble of a still devastated city came important finds of its Greek-Roman history. The earthquake severely damaged the Museum, but it was reopened in 1882, by the determination of the superintendent of the archaeological heritage of Calabria, Paolo Orsi. His encouragement hastened the establishment of an Archaeological Museum of Magna Graecia housing artefacts from all over the Calabrian region.
The First Italian Palace-Museum
Palazzo Piacentini, which houses the MArRC, was the first palace built exclusively to be a museum. The well-known Italian architect Marcello Piacentini (1881 - Rome, 1960 - Rome) designed the Palace, which was later named after him. It opened in 1959 and underwent several changes over the years. The current reorganization started in 2009 and was completed in 2016. The main element is the inner courtyard (now Piazza Paolo Orsi), covered by a transparent glass ceiling. The terrace, intended for catering, hosts cultural events in the summer. Today the MaRC is one of the most innovative museums in Italy.
DID YOU KNOW THAT…?
Under the MaRC is the necropolis of ancient Rhegion. During the excavation, several tombs of the Hellenistic period were discovered. There are about 100 tombs of different types. The area of the necropolis also extended underneath the nearby Piazza De Nava. Some of these tombs can now be viewed in the museum's basement.
The new layout of the Museum
An innovative layout that accompanies the visitor on a journey through centuries.
The new permanent exhibition has 220 windows and is spread over four exhibition floors that tell the history of Calabria, from prehistory to the Roman Age. The tour starts on the second floor (level A – Prehistory and Protohistory – the age of metals). It continues on the first floor (level B – cities and shrines of Magna Graecia). Then we go down to the mezzanine (level C – the Necropolis and daily life of Magna Graecia: Sibari, Crotone, Hipponion, Kaulonia, Cirò and Laos; Lucanians i and Bruttiansi). The tour ends on the ground floor (level D – Reggio) with the history of Reggio. Here we find the Bronzes of Riace. On Level -1 (underground) are the temporary exhibitions of the MaRC and access to the Hellenistic Necropolis.
Beyond the Bronzes
The world’s largest collection in the world of Greek bronzes from the 5th century B.C.
Not everyone knows that the MaRC houses the most important collection of Greek bronzes of the classical period (5th century B.C.). In addition to the Bronzes of Riace, exposition-D-Reggio, there is the preserved The Head of Basilea and The Head of the Philosopher, found in the waters of Porticello (Locality Villa San Giovanni).
Opening days and hours
From Tuesday to Sunday
9.00 - 20.00
Full: € 8,00; Wednesday € 6,00
Ridotto: € 5,00; Wednesday € 4,00
Free entry on the first Sunday of each month
Tel.(+39) 320 7176148 (Ticket Office) | <urn:uuid:2b78d09e-9915-4429-b3ab-168a80b222d5> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://turismo.reggiocal.it/en/culture/museums-and-installations/archaeological-museum-reggio-calabria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.911929 | 739 | 3.140625 | 3 |
By innovating for poor countries, rich-world multinationals can grow abroad and at home, argue professors Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble in their book Reverse Innovation.
California-based Logitech had a winning strategy for selling wireless computer mice in China—until an unheralded Chinese company called Rapoo began selling mice at one-third the cost. Within six months Logitech responded by designing a mouse that had less memory and simpler software but could still perform the functions most consumers wanted—and cut its entry-level price from $50 to $19.99, nearly the same as Rapoo’s. The redesign went global, and within a year Logitech had shipped 4.5 million units.
The migration of such innovations from poor to rich countries has been rare over the course of history, Tuck faculty members Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble T’96 explain in their new book, Reverse Innovation. Consumers in wealthy countries traditionally demand the most advanced technologies, and eventually those innovations trickle down to the poor. Now, with the rise of Chinese, Indian, and other developing-country multinationals, disruptive innovations from the developing world are migrating to the U.S. and Europe much more rapidly—and pose an existential threat to developed-country multinationals.
Logitech’s successful response to Rapoo—and the redesigned mouse’s spread across the globe—is just one example of reverse innovation, but it holds lessons for companies in numerous industries. “If America wants to be a strong country in 20 years, we have to be curious about the problems of poor customers as well as rich customers,” says Govindarajan, the Earl C. Daum 1924 Professor of International Business. “You can’t ignore them anymore because the opportunity cost is huge. The Tatas and the Mahindras are smart, savvy companies, and they’re going to come after you.”
As firms from developing countries increasingly step onto the world stage, rich-world multinationals will have to fend them off, not only in the U.S. and Europe but in developing markets as well. That means innovating in ways that take into account the infrastructure, regulatory, and sustainability gaps in the developing world—as well as cultural differences and the willingness of poorer consumers to sacrifice some performance for a better price.
Too often, Western companies make the same kind of mistake that GE Healthcare did in China. Since the 1980s, the company had been trying to sell its premium-priced ultrasound scanners, with little success. GE’s strategy was to depend on what Govindarajan and Trimble call glocalization—a classic export strategy of taking an existing product from a home market and selling it in the developing world with slight modifications. After a decade in the market, GE’s ultrasound sales were a paltry $5 million. The scanners were competitive at the very top of the market in China, but 90 percent of hospitals couldn’t afford them.
In response, the company decided to create an independent team in China to develop a scanner just for the domestic market. The team came up with a $15,000 handheld scanner—just 15 percent of the cost of the company’s previous low-end ultrasound. Performance was not as good, but that was outweighed by the portability, ease of use, and low price in a market where most of the population is served by low-tech, low-budget rural hospitals and clinics.
After the new scanner’s introduction, GE’s ultrasound sales in the country rose from $5 million in 2002 to $278 million by 2008. Today GE sells the portable scanners in the U.S. and other developed countries for use in ambulances and operating rooms—where a market never previously existed because traditional scanners were too big.
The genesis of the book came during Govindarajan’s stint as professor in residence and chief innovation consultant at GE from 2008 to 2009. GE CEO Jeffrey Immelt D’78 sent Govindarajan to Asia to help the company learn how to grow market share for its energy and medical divisions in the developing world. Govindarajan saw that the company hadn’t adapted as many of the lessons of the Chinese ultrasound experience as it could have.
“Where they were participating, they were just selling to customers who looked like the U.S., the top 10 percent of society,” he says. “The 90 percent also get heart attacks and cancer. But there was no product for them.” That’s a recipe for the success of Chinese companies like Rapoo, which can innovate for the mass market in developing countries—and then export those innovations to the West. To succeed, Govindarajan and Trimble argue, Western multinationals must beat them at their own game. | <urn:uuid:e1a602fa-a281-4a58-83c8-1809dc2a6d35> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/news/articles/reverse-type | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00210-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964745 | 1,015 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Understanding the road signs and the rules of the road is essential if you want to be a safe driver. Signs help maintain the traffic flow in order to avoid accidents. Throughout the United States, most states make use of the same signs and use the same traffic rules, but there may be slight variations. Each state has its own Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) that makes regulations. You'll need to understand the signs and traffic rules if you want to pass the driver's test.
Things You'll Need
- Study guide
- Internet connection
Study the official guidebook from the DMV. You can get a copy of this book from the DMV or it may be available on the state's DMV website. Read through this book and ask yourself the study questions. Questions for the driving test will be based on this book.
Take a driver's education class. These classes are often available through your high school or through private organizations. The advantage to taking a driver's education class is that you'll get practice on the road in addition to class time to study the traffic rules.
Test your knowledge with games. If you think you know all of the traffic signs and the rules of the road, test your knowledge with a driving simulation game.
Tips & Warnings
- The road signs and rules are different for each country. If you will be driving overseas, look for a guide to driving in that country before you get started.
- Photo Credit Road sign image by Alyona Bocharova from Fotolia.com
Shapes of Traffic Signs & Their Meanings
A responsible motorist should know the different types of traffic signs. Road signs give a driver various types of information or warnings...
Road Safety Rules
According to Science Daily, more than 6 million accidents involving motor vehicles occurred in the United States in 2007 alone, resulting in...
How to Make a Stop Sign with Printable Traffic Signs
Printable traffic sign templates make it easy to create props, decorations and craft projects. Stop signs can be created with the printable... | <urn:uuid:ae4c8f8f-cb5f-45fc-a083-404be8c04761> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.com/how_6339972_learn-road-signs-traffic-rules.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00113-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9334 | 414 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What top veterinaries say about the dangers of tick infestation in dogs and other pets
Table of Contents
A tick infestation is a condition where a tick, a minor blood-sucking bug, acts as a parasite on the outside body of your animal. It is also thought of as an animal disease and should be treated under complete medical and veterinary procedures. These can even bite people causing various allergic reactions. Ticks are quite common in the US and are vastly found outdoors in trees, grass, shrubs, or leaf piles.
Ticks get attracted to blood in people or their pets. If you spend some time outdoors, you are likely to encounter ticks at some point. But, how do you know if your four-legged sweetheart, your child, or even you have got attacked by ticks?
Let us look into some of the main symptoms and the pivot treatment of tick infestation.
- Tick bites are sometimes harmless and may show no symptoms. However, if someone is allergic to tick bites, they may experience pain or swelling at the bite spot, burning sensation, rash, blisters, or difficulty in breathing.
Some ticks can be carriers of various diseases. These diseases can cause variability of symptoms in people and also on animals. You can easily spot tick infestation on your animal at home by considering the following signs:
One common symptom that your pet is suffering from ticks or tick bites is having a fever. This can last one day or a few more days when you need to visit your vet. Fever signs include strange panting, no appetite, weakness, and shivering. Be sure to check your animal’s fur if he is suffering from fever.
It is normal for pets to be covered in scabs especially if they mostly spend time outdoors but if you notice frequent or several areas of your cat or dog are covered with scabs then take a closer look to have a check for ticks.
Dogs may shake their heads after roughhousing and cats after a bath. However, if you notice your pet shaking their heads more than normal, then it can be a possibility they have ticks on their heads and in their ears/ear.
While patting or rubbing your hands on your pet’s fur, if you notice small bumps attached to the skins, spread their fur and check their skin. As mentioned above, tick bites can appear red on the skin, or you can also feel them. These bumps should not be ignored and should be checked by professionals asap.
If you believe that your fleecy animal is suffering from ticks, then try to pinch them out using your tweezer. However, the best idea is to take them to a vet. Some of the at-home treatments include:
- Shampoos: There are also various kinds of over the counter shampoos and creams to prevent and treat tick infestation.
- Chemical sprays: You can use chemical sprays on your yard for pest control that is available in pet stores.
- Oral medication: This is one of the popular methods to get rid of these sneaky bugs on your pet.
- Tick Collars: This is one of the simple ways to treat and prevent ticks. These collars contain medications to kill ticks near or on their necks and head.
- Medicines: Pet medicine like Simparica Trio is also extremely effective at getting rid of tick infestation in dogs. Get it delivered to your home today.
We know how precious your fluffy loved ones are to you. We handle all animals as if they were our own family. Ticks should not be ignored. When you are doubtful that your pet has ticks, take them as soon as possible for an inspection. Our experts at Autumn Trials and Veterinary Center will try their best can to treat them. | <urn:uuid:793fdadd-186e-4ecb-a61a-6eb78d76f51a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://autumntrailsvet.com/treatments-dangers-of-tick-infestation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.958916 | 795 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Supporting article O: Vertebras and invertebrates: The two basic groupings for higher animals
There are two basic groups of higher animals. They are vertebrates and invertebrates. While both have advanced through the processes of evolution, there is one fundamental difference. Invertebrates do not have backbones. Both groups are in the Kingdom Animalia, but their bodies are organized differently. What makes invertebrates different?
INVERTEBRATES BASICS – ONE OF TWO MAJOR ANIMAL GROUPINGS
All invertebrates share common traits. At the bottom of the invertebrate world are the sponges. Sometimes they don’t fit in but they are still part of the group. Here’s the nice and neat little list.
(1) They are multicellular. It’s more than being a colony of individual cells. The cells are working together for the survival of the organism. All of the cells have specific duties and responsibilities.
(2) No backbone. We already talked about this one. That’s the whole definition of invertebrate, no vertebrae.
(3) No cell walls. When we talked about plants, we always mentioned cell walls. Invertebrates don’t have them. Remember that even if none of them look like animals, they are. Being an animal means you have no cell wall.
(4) Here are a few that have the qualifier “most” attached. That means not all of them have the trait, but most do. Most of them have tissues (not sponges) that are specific organizations of cells. Most of them reproduce sexually (not asexually). That means two gametes combine to form a new organism. Those gametes come from separate organisms (male and female).
Most invertebrates can move. Even sponges move when they are very young and very small. Once they settle down they don’t move anymore. Other invertebrates like lobsters and insects move around their whole lives. Most invertebrates are organized in a way called symmetrical. Symmetrical organization means when you can draw a line down the middle of the organism and the two sides look like mirror images. Draw a line down the middle of yourself and one side looks like the other side. If you draw a line down the middle of an octopus you would find two sides with equal parts. Remember we said most? Sponges and some coral are not symmetrical.
(5) Invertebrates can’t make their own food. Scientists use the word heterotrophic. Heterotrophs feed off other things to get their energy. Plants are autotrophic. They make their own food. Being heterotrophic is one of the main characteristics of being an animal. We eat things, whether it is plants or other animals. That’s just the way the world works.
– Starfish – Urchins
– Anemone – Coral
– Cnidarian Structure
– Octopi – Squid
– Snails – Clams
– Flat Worms
– Round Worms
– Segmented Worms
– Arthropod Structure
– Spiders – Scorpions
Vertebrates are the most advanced organisms on Earth. The traits that make all of the animals in this section special are their spinal cords, vertebrae, and notochords. It’s all about having a series of nerves along your back (dorsal side). If you are an organism, you can’t just have the nerves sitting there. You need to give those nerves support and protection. That need brings us to the backbones and a rod of cartilage called the notochord.
NOT SO MANY SPECIES
Fifty thousand species might seem like a lot. Compared to the invertebrates, there are not that many species of vertebrates. You might be asking why. One reason is that vertebrates are usually larger than invertebrates. They need more space. Another reason is that, even though they are more advanced, there are many limitations on the environments that are available to them.
Think about it this way. If you are smart mammal, would you rather live near the ocean or in the frozen tundra of the arctic? Many land animals can make that decision and move to more desirable areas for living. Those nicer areas can only support so many species of animals.
THEY’VE GOT THE BRAINS
Vertebrates are smart. Some of them are very smart. We mean you. Most vertebrates have very advanced nervous systems. While a goldfish might not compare to your intelligence, when you compare a goldfish to a sea anemone, a goldfish is like Einstein. Octopi are probably the smartest invertebrates and may equal or be smarter than some vertebrates. Octopi are the exception in the invertebrate category.
More cool traits about vertebrates are that they have muscles and skeletons. While the materials may vary, muscles allow vertebrates to move around very efficiently and perform complex moves. That ability to move and the intelligence to go with it gives vertebrates such as reptiles and birds an advantage in the natural world.
– Reptile Anatomy
– Bird Anatomy | <urn:uuid:926d4930-e156-449e-8ca9-08e94a3c7023> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.econatics.co.za/?page_id=686 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.938789 | 1,103 | 4.15625 | 4 |
There is an academic ‘mainstream’ that establishes which things are right (according to science) and which are not. Within his creations are theories that help us to understand reality, and in contemporaneity, this corpus of knowledge remains virtually unquestioned, except within the same scientific field where stipulated how to proceed to develop a new theory.(The Hollow Earth Theory)
Theory of the Inner Earth(The Hollow Earth Theory)
However, this was not always the case. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, at the dawn of modern science, verification mechanisms were not institutionalized and alternate theories abounded. Many claims that this was the golden age of science before the great powers seized it and imposed their notions of what is true, either to conceal things or simply to maintain their control over the world.
One of these alternate theories (which actually drinks from the medieval Christian tradition) is the Hollow Earth theory. According to it, the earth is constituted by an outer region and an “inner surface” which can sustain life and could be the cradle of ancestral civilizations that would have made contact with humanity in ancient times. A less radical variant of the theory states that while the earth is not entirely hollow, there are regions of caves and large holes between the mantle and the crust, which sustain life with water seeping from the surface and heat from the Center of the Earth. Likewise, the most radical version includes a sun located in the center of the earth, which illuminates these unknown regions.
In both cases, unknown ecosystems, extinct species, and even advanced civilizations could live in the central region of the earth, isolated from humanity. Systems of tunnels and caves would communicate with these regions, but the main entrance would be two huge holes located in each of the terrestrial poles.
Theory tests(The Hollow Earth Theory)
Proponents of this theory claim that the depth of the earth is virtually unexplored: the deepest hole excavated by mankind barely exceeds 12 kilometers, while the earth is more than 6,000 kilometers deep. They also stipulate that magnetic measurements do not exactly coincide with current theories, so there must necessarily be empty spaces in the middle of the earth.
There have been several expeditions in search of these tickets located at the poles, the last planned for the year 2006 and that was canceled due to the death of its organizer (Steve Curry) by a brain cancer, something that has given rise to accuse the Great powers of trying to hide what is there. Likewise, proponents of hollow earth theory argue that there is no other way to explain the interest of governments in controlling Arctic and Antarctica and the apparent misinformation about these places.
Unfortunately, there is not much information about characters who have visited these territories. Many expeditions were planned in the 19th century, but none were made due to logistical problems or lack of funds. The most well-known figure to have come to the hollow land is Karl Unger, who piloted a submarine during World War II on an expedition to the South Pole and entered through an underwater tunnel.
The truth is that many characters, including Hitler, were convinced of the existence of an underground civilization. Hitler even sent several expeditions, and some claim that he escaped from Germany after the Soviet invasion and is hidden somewhere in the underworld. In any case, the possibility of life (intelligent or not) under the earthly mantle continues to fascinate humanity. | <urn:uuid:d6b21160-9789-4551-8018-71479a0455ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://infinityexplorers.com/the-hollow-earth-theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806309.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121002016-20171121022016-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.967878 | 692 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Education packet for the exhibition is also available to teachers and students for downloading at (PDF -1MG) http://wvde.state.wv.us/graph/cover-stories/2000/henrietta.pdf
"A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie," is a landmark national traveling exhibition tracing the history of a 17th century English slave ship that wrecked off the coast of Key West, Florida, in 1700.
The exhibit will be at the West Virginia State Museum at the Cultural Center March 25 to June 20, 2000. This will be the first time that the exhibition is housed in a state facility that allows free access to the public.
Teachers' kits have been developed for use with students in grades 6-8 and are available to groups visiting the exhibition. The kits -- which are free -- provide teachers with pre-visit classroom activities and will be sent to educators after tour reservations are made.
Reservations may be made by calling 304-558-0220, ext. 171, or by calling 1-800-CALL WVA. To find out more about this unprecedented tour, visit the West Virginia Division of Culture and History's web site at http://www.wvculture.org | <urn:uuid:4477e9f0-4936-47a2-bfea-359fb881078a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://wvde.state.wv.us/news/157/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463660.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00124-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941034 | 259 | 2.890625 | 3 |
At EPA, our mission is to protect human health and the environment. We follow the law and the best available science, and we always rely heavily on public input.
Anytime this agency considers an action, we listen carefully to all stakeholders. Our proposal to clarify protections for streams and wetlands under the Clean Water Act is no different.
Public input was a major reason EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers proposed a rule. For almost a decade, members of Congress, the Supreme Court, state and local officials, industry, agriculture, environmental groups, and the public have called for a rulemaking to protect clean water and provide greater predictabilityand consistency about which waters are protected by the Clean Water Act. The proposal will keep our water clean and offer the clarity they requested (See who requested a rulemaking).
Before we put pen to paper on our proposal, we carefully considered the 415,000 comments we received on this issue over the past decade. Public input shaped the agencies’ views on where the Clean Water Act should apply.
Since releasing the proposal in March, EPA and the Army Corps have conducted unprecedented outreach to a wide range of stakeholders, holding more than 340 meetings all across the country to offer information, listen to concerns, and answer questions.
The agencies have responded to every request from outside groups to discuss the proposal and reached out proactively to many organizations to offer information and meetings. EPA Administrator McCarthy herself has heard from farmers, commodity groups, hunters and sportsmen, conservationists, business leaders, and faith groups. EPA officials from Washington, D.C. traveled across the country, holding roundtables in nine states and visiting farms in states from Texas and Colorado to Pennsylvania, Arizona and Mississippi.
We’re not just holding meetings for the sake of it – we are listening carefully. We’ve heard from the business community that they can’t succeed without clean, reliable water supplies. We’ve heard from farmers and ranchers, who have questions and concerns about how the proposal may impact them. We’ve heard from hunters and fishermen who stress the importance of clean water to recreation and to the tourism, sporting goods, and outfitting industries that support it. All of these perspectives matter to the agencies.
Because public input is so vital, the agencies extended the original public comment period from 90 days to 182 days. The comment period is open until October 20, and the EPA and the Army Corps welcome input to make sure we have a strong, achievable final rule. The agencies give careful consideration to all comments and aim to publish a final rule in spring 2015. | <urn:uuid:352d82a1-c5ad-4440-98f1-1df27daadf05> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://blog.epa.gov/blog/2014/09/public-input-vital-to-clean-water-proposal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719033.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00424-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941324 | 528 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In a previous post a gave a general overview of QTL mapping and analysis, and gave the motivation for the use of maximum likelihood to identify the approximate location of a QTL based on RFLP (or marker) variations. Below are more details related to the statistical methods that can be used in this process.
Analysis of Variance and Marker Regression
At each marker (RFLP) loci, compare backcross phenotype distributions for groups that differ according to their marker genotypes. As depicted in Broman (2001)
For markers a and c, we see that phenotype distributions differ for genotypes aa and aa’ but not for cc and cc’. Again this indicates that a QTL may be linked to the RFLP genotypes at locus “a” but not "c".
The differences between genotypes and the associated phenotype distributions for two marker genotypes can be assessed using the t-statistic. For >2 genotypes, analysis of variance may be used. The ANOVA approach allows a flexible experimental design, allowing for the incorporation of covariates, treatment, and environmental effects.
The model for marker regression, following the notation in Hu and Zu (2009) can be specified as follows:
yi= Xiβ + Ziγ +ϵi
such that yi is the phenotype of the ith individual, β is the vector of control effects, Xi is design vector,γ is a vector for QTL effects, and Z is a genotype indicator vector.
Z = H1 for A1A1 , H2 for A1A2 , H3 for A2A2 or more generally
Tests on hypotheses related to QTL effects take the form H0: γ = 0 . Hence we test the null hypothesis of no QTL associated with genotype Z.
For maximum likelihood estimation, the following probability density of yi can be stated as:
f(yi) = Pr(yi|Zi=Hk) ‘ the probability of phenotype ‘y’ given genotype Hk’
= (1/ √ 2π σ) exp[ 1/2 σ 2 (yi-Xiβ +Hkγ )2
The log likelihood function can then be specified as L(θ) =Σ ln(f(yi))
The hypothesis H0: γ =0 can be tested using the likelihood ratio test:
λ = -2(L0-L1)
where L0 represents the likelihood under a restricted model. This is equivalent to the general notion presented in Broman (1997) and my previous post:
Likelihood (effect occurs by QTL linkage) / Likelihood(effect occurs by chance)
Jones, N., H. Ougham, and H. Thomas. Markers and mapping:We are all geneticists now. New Phytol. 137:165–177.1997.
Broman KW. Lab Anim (NY). Review of statistical methods for QTL mapping in experimental crosses.
Zhiqiu Hu and Shizhong Xu (2009). PROC QTL - A SAS Procedure for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci. International Journal of Plant Genomics 2009: 3 doi:10.1155/2009/141234. | <urn:uuid:4c88d440-2a6c-4365-935f-66027502fb27> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://econometricsense.blogspot.com/2011/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.864207 | 689 | 2.796875 | 3 |
• Press Release
Using functional brain imaging, National Institute of Mental Health scientists for the first time have linked two key, but until now unconnected, brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. They have shown that the less patients' frontal lobes activate during a working memory task, the more the chemical messenger dopamine, thought to underlie the delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenia, rises abnormally in the striatum, a relay station deep in the brain. Together with other evidence, this suggests that the excess dopamine activity that antipsychotic drugs quell may be driven by a defect in the prefrontal cortex, the brain's executive control center. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, M.D., Karen Berman, M.D., and colleagues report on their PET (positron emission tomography) study, published online January 28, 2002, in Nature Neuroscience.
The most disabling form of mental illness, schizophrenia affects one percent of the adult population, typically in young adulthood, with hallucinations, delusions, social withdrawal, flattened emotions and loss of social and personal care skills. Although the cause of the disorder remains a mystery, studies that shed light on the role of dopamine in schizophrenia hold promise for advancing understanding and, ultimately, improving treatments.
The researchers used two different types of radioactive tracers in the same scanning sessions with 6 patients and 6 healthy controls to simultaneously monitor two different types of brain activity. A radioactive form of oxygen revealed where blood flowed, and hence what parts of the brain were active during the experimental task. A radioactively-tagged chemical precursor of dopamine indicated activity of this chemical messenger. The PET scanner employs an array of radiation detectors to get a fix on the destinations of the tracers, producing color-coded, quantitative images of the activity being measured.
The scans were taken while subjects performed an abstract reasoning/working memory task that activates the prefrontal cortex. As in previous studies, the patients showed reduced prefrontal activation and performed poorly on the task, suggesting disturbed functioning of that part of the brain. Also consistent with previous findings, patients' striatal dopamine activity was abnormally elevated. In patients, but not in controls, the researchers observed a tight coupling and highly significant inverse correlation between these two abnormalities, suggesting that they share a "common pathophysiological mechanism."
The striking linkage is likely traceable to a primary dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, argue the investigators, who cite basic science findings that dopamine activity in the striatum is under the control of the prefrontal area. Stimulating or inhibiting this area affects firing of striatal neurons and dopamine release. A recent study in rats found that neurons that project from the prefrontal cortex to the striatum are inhibitory in effect, suggesting an anatomical mechanism by which reduced prefrontal activity might take the brakes off striatal dopamine release. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, colleagues in the NIMH Clinical Brain Disorders Branch have discovered a similar correlation between decreased NAA (N-Acetyl Aspartate), an indicator of the health of cells, in the prefrontal cortex, and excess dopamine release in response to amphetamine.
"These results provide a long-sought insight into the roots of dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia," said Berman. "They suggest a possible treatment strategy that targets prefrontal cortex dysfunction, not just excess dopamine."
Also participating in the research were: Daniel Weinberger, M.D., Philip Kohn, Giuseppe Esposito, M.D., NIMH; Robert Miletich, M.D., Ph.D., Mario Quarantelli, M.D., National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Richard Carson, Ph.D., NIH Clinical Center.
While patients performed a working memory task, the less the prefrontal cortex (red) activated, the more dopamine increased in the striatum (green).
Source: Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, M.D., Ph.D., NIMH Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, 2001
About the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): The mission of the NIMH is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery and cure. For more information, visit the NIMH website.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit the NIH website . | <urn:uuid:c82f62aa-bfb4-457e-b2fe-36514dfb2878> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2002/scans-link-2-key-pieces-of-schizophrenia-puzzle.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737911339.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221831-00035-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902568 | 939 | 3.078125 | 3 |
HARTFORD -- It’s been 25 years since the HIV/AIDS epidemic started hitting its peak, and the progress that’s been made in fighting it has been remarkable.
Back in the 1980’s, before the peak, HIV infection was essentially a death sentence because it led to AIDS, which wiped out the infected person’s immune system. Dr. Anthony Fauci, of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, said the disease worked quickly.
“The median survival was a year, year and a half, which meant that 50 percent of my patients would be dead in a year to year and a half," he said.
In 1991, NBA superstar Earvin “Magic” Johnson stunned the world when he announced he was HIV positive.
“Sometimes we think only gay people can get it. Well it's not gonna happen to me," he said at the time, “And here I am saying that it could happen to anybody, even me, Magic Johnson. It can happen."
Over time, Johnson evolved from being a public face of the disease to being the public face of survival. One year after his announcement, new AIDS diagnoses hit their peak in the U.S. at just over 500,000 in a year.
Deaths from AIDS peaked three years after that. Since then, the yearly numbers of both new AIDS diagnoses and deaths have dropped consistently, in part due to a breakthrough that came in 1996.
“That was the watershed moment when the combinations of drugs was shown to decrease the level of virus to below detectable levels and to keep them there," Fauci said.
In 2003, President George W. Bush took the fight against HIV/AIDS global with the President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief, or PEPFAR, after the pandemic threatened to wipe out an entire generation in Africa. It worked, although the world lagged the U.S. with its success.
Worldwide, AIDS deaths peaked in 2005, and have dropped 48 percent since then. However, there are still an estimated 36 million people living with HIV worldwide, so there’s still a long way to go.
“The final holy grail that we're working very hard on is an HIV vaccine. So if you look at everything that's happened from 1981 to today in 2018, if we get that vaccine, that would be the nail in the coffin of HIV,” Fauci said.
As for Connecticut, the yearly data published from 2002 to 2015 paints an impressive picture of improvement. In that time, the number of yearly new HIV infections dropped by 66 percent, down to 277 in 2015. During that time, the number of yearly AIDS deaths also dropped 52 percent. | <urn:uuid:8a8968d9-6e5d-4700-b92c-c053dac21b06> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://fox61.com/2018/03/08/watch-officials-were-in-pursuit-of-a-vehicle-in-the-san-gabriel-valley-in-california/?utm_source=related_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.975875 | 571 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A healthy diet doesn't mean surviving solely on bird seed, rabbit food and carrot juice! The new approach to eating healthily means we’re positively encouraged to eat a wide range of foods, including some of our favourites – it’s just a question of making sure we get the balance right.
As no single food provides all the calories and nutrients we need to stay healthy, it’s important to eat a variety of foods to make a balanced diet. Meanwhile, most nutrition experts also agree that mealtimes should be a pleasure rather than a penance. This means it’s fine to eat small amounts of our favourite foods from time to time.
A balanced diet means eating plenty of different foods from four main groups of foods and limiting the amount we eat from a smaller fifth group. Ultimately, it’s as simple as eating more fruit, veg, starchy, fibre-rich foods and fresh products, and fewer fatty, sugary, salty and processed foods.
The following guidelines for a healthy, balanced diet are all based on guidelines recommended by the Food Standards Agency.
Bread, Other Cereals and Potatoes
Eat these foods at each meal. They also make good snacks.
Foods in this group include bread, breakfast cereals, potatoes, rice, pasta, noodles, yams, oats and grains. Go for high-fibre varieties where available, such as wholegrain cereals, wholemeal bread and brown rice. These foods provide carbs, fibre, B vitamins and small amounts of calcium and iron. They should fill roughly a third of your plate at mealtimes.
Typical serving sizes:
- 2 slices bread in a sandwich or with a meal
- a tennis ball sized serving of pasta, potato, rice, noodles or couscous
- a bowl of porridge
- a handful of breakfast cereal
Top tips for slimmers: Carb-rich foods might have received a bad press in recent years, but they’re not as ‘fattening’ as many of us think they are. It’s what we add to carbs that pushes up their calorie content, for example, adding butter to bread, frying potatoes to make chips or serving pasta with a creamy sauce. For example, 1 slice of wholemeal bread contains around 75 calories and 0.7g fat. Add 10g of butter to that slice of bread and it provides 145 calories and 8.2g fat.
Fruit and Vegetables
Eat five different servings every day.
Foods in this group include all fruits and vegetables, including fresh, frozen, canned and dried products, and unsweetened fruit juice. Choose canned fruit in juice rather than syrup and go for veg canned in water without added salt or sugar. These foods provide fibre and a range of vitamins and minerals. They should fill roughly a third of your plate at mealtimes.
Typical serving sizes:
- a piece of fruit eg apple, banana, pear
- 2 small fruits eg satsumas, plums, apricots
- a bowl of fruit salad, canned or stewed fruit
- a small glass of unsweetened fruit juice
- a cereal bowl of salad
- 3tbsp vegetables
Top tips for slimmers: Fruit and veg are low in calories and fat but high in fibre. This makes them particularly good foods for helping to fill you up. Adding plenty of veg or salad to meals can also help it to look like you still have a full plate of food and aren’t depriving yourself.
Milk and Dairy Foods
Eat two or three servings a day.
Foods in this group include milk, cheese, yogurt and fromage frais. Choose low-fat varieties where available such as semi-skimmed milk, reduced-fat cheese and fat-free yoghurt. These foods contain protein, calcium and a range of vitamins and minerals. They should fill no more than a sixth of your plate at mealtimes.
Typical serving sizes:
- 200ml milk
- a small pot of yoghurt or fromage frais
- a small matchbox-sized piece of cheese
Top tips for slimmers: These foods are packed with calcium, a mineral that helps to keep bones and teeth strong and healthy. However, research also shows that the calcium found in low-fat dairy products helps the body to burn fat, especially from around our midriff.
Meat, Fish and Alternatives
Eat two servings a day.
Foods in this group include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts and seeds. Choose low-fat varieties where available such as extra-lean minced beef and skinless chicken and don’t add extra fat or salt. These foods provide protein and a range of vitamins and minerals, especially iron. They should fill no more than a sixth of your plate at mealtimes.
Typical serving sizes:
- a piece of meat, chicken or fish the size of a deck of cards
- 1-2 eggs
- 3 heaped tablespoons of beans
- a small handful of nuts or seeds
Top tips for slimmers: Avoid adding extra fat to these foods when you cook or serve them. For meat, fish and chicken, try grilling, baking or dry roasting rather than frying and boil, scramble or poach eggs.
Fatty and Sugary Foods
Eat only small amounts of these foods.
Foods in this group include oils, spreading fats, cream, mayonnaise, oily salad dressings, cakes, biscuits, puddings, crisps, savoury snacks, sugar, preserves, confectionery and sugary soft drinks. These foods contain fat, sugar and salt and should only be eaten occasionally.
Typical serving sizes:
- a small packet of sweets or a small bar of chocolate
- a small slice of cake
- a couple of small biscuits
- 1 level tbsp mayo, salad dressing or olive oil
- a small packet of crisps
Top tips for slimmers: These foods tend to be packed with calories so your waistline will benefit from eating less. You don’t need to avoid these foods completely – just limit the amount you eat.
How to Make Your Plate a Slimming Plate
It’s really easy. Stick to the same proportions of the different foods on your plate but choose lower-calorie foods from each section. If you want to be really strict, you could also replace any fatty and sugary foods on your plate for extra fruit and veggies.
Are there any other tips to help me eat healthily?
As well as aiming to fill your plate with foods from the four main food groups – and not eating too many foods from the smaller fifth group – health experts recommend we all do the following:
Eat more fish
The Food Standards Agency recommends we all eat two portions of fish each week, one of which should be oil-rich such as salmon, trout, mackerel, sardines, pilchards or fresh tuna. All fish is a good source of protein and many different vitamins and minerals. Plus, oil-rich fish are also a good source of omega-3 fats, which help to keep our heart healthy. In particular, omega-3 fats make the blood less sticky and so can help to prevent blood clots. They also keep the heart beating rhythmically and lower levels of triglycerides, a type of fat that’s found in the blood, high level of which are linked to heart disease and diabetes.
Eat fewer saturated fats and trans fats
well as cutting down on the total amount of fat that we eat, it’s also important to make sure we’re eating the right sorts of fats. Foods that are rich in saturates or trans fat increase the amount of cholesterol in blood, which in turn, increases our risk of heart disease. In contrast, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats help lower blood cholesterol levels and so reduce the risk of heart disease. Foods that are rich in saturates include fatty meat and meat products, butter, lard, cream, pastry, biscuits and full-fat dairy products.
Many processed and fried foods such as pies, takeaways and cakes also contain trans fats. These fats tend to be found in products that use hydrogenated vegetable fats or oils as an ingredient. In contrast, unsaturated fats are found in foods like pure vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed and olive oil, oily fish, avocados, nuts and seeds.
Many manufacturers are now using a ‘traffic light’ colour coding on their food packaging to help customers identify whether a product is high in both the total amount of fat and the amount of saturates. Red indicates the product is high in fat or saturates, amber indicates the product contains moderate amounts and green means it has a low content. If this system isn’t used, the Food Standards Agency says products with 20g fat or more per 100g and 5g saturates or more per 100g contain a lot of fat or saturates. Products with 3g fat or less per 100g and 1g saturates or less per 100g contain a little fat or saturates.
Watch out for hidden sugars
Many sugary products such as sweets, cakes, biscuits and soft or fizzy drinks contain few nutrients but are high in calories. As a result they are sometimes described as providing ‘empty’ calories. If you’re not sure whether a product contains a lot of sugar, check the label.
Start by looking at the ingredients list. The higher up sugar appears in the ingredients, the more the product contains. Look out for ingredients like sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, invert sugar, corn syrup and honey, too – they’re all types of sugar. Looking at the values for sugars in the nutrition information panel on food packaging can be a little misleading as the figure includes both added sugars and naturally occurring sugars. This means fresh fruit may be labelled as having a medium or high sugar content.
However, this is due to naturally occurring fruit sugars. That’s why it’s also important to look at the ingredients list. As a guideline, the Food Standards Agency says that 10g sugars or more per 100g is a lot of sugar while 2g sugars or less per 100g is a little sugar.
Have no more than 6g of salt a day
Too much salt increases the risk of high blood pressure, which in turn is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. While most of us no longer add salt to cooking or meals, around three quarters of the salt in our diet comes from processed foods such as some breakfast cereals, soups, sauces, bread, savoury snacks, pies, pizza, takeaways and ready meals.
As a result, it’s important to eat fewer of these foods and to opt for those that contain the least salt. Identifying the salt content of foods can be difficult as many food labels only state the sodium content. To calculate the salt content, multiply the sodium value by 2.5. As a simple guideline, the Food Standards Agency suggests that foods with 1.25g of salt or 0.5g of sodium per 100g or more are to be high in salt. Those containing 0.25g salt or 0.1g sodium per 100g or less are low in salt. Meanwhile, products claiming to be ‘reduced-salt’ may still contain quite a lot of the white stuff – reduced-salt means the product only needs to contain 25 percent less salt than the standard product.
Drink plenty of water
Drink around 6 to 8 glasses (1.2 litres) of water, or other fluids, every day to prevent dehydration. As well as helping the body to get rid of waste products and toxins in the urine, water transports nutrients and oxygen around the body in the blood, it acts as a lubricant for our joints and eyes, it helps us swallow, it cushions and protects our nerves and it helps control our body temperature.
Research also shows that drinking plenty of water and staying hydrated can do everything from helping with weight control and beating tiredness to boosting concentration and fighting wrinkles. Water is also one of the best choices for keeping teeth healthy and free from decay.
Stick to sensible limits for alcohol
Health experts recommend women drink no more than 2-3 units of alcohol a day and men no more than 3-4 units daily, where one unit equals half a pint of standard strength beer, lager or cider, or a single measure of spirits. A glass of wine is about 2 units and a bottle of alcopop about 1.5-2 units. As well as damaging your liver, alcohol is high in calories, so regularly drinking large amounts of booze can contribute to unwanted weight gain. In contrast, drinking less alcohol can often help people lose weight.
Don’t skip meals, especially breakfast
Skipping meals may seem like a good way to cut calories when we want to lose weight. However, research shows that when we miss a meal, most of us overcompensate by eating more later in the day and so end up having even more calories. When we skip meals, our blood sugar levels drop dramatically and this usually leaves us feeling low in energy, tired, hungry, irritable and suffering with carb cravings. As a result, we usually end up grabbing food that’s packed with fat, sugar and/or salt but low in nutrients. For example, if we skip breakfast, where we usually eat a bowl of cereal and fruit juice, we might save 250 calories. However, by the middle of the morning we feel so hungry we end up grabbing a bar of chocolate and can of fizzy drink to pick us up – and that provides around 400 calories, loads of fat and sugar, but few nutrients.
Skipping meals also means we end up skipping vital vitamins and minerals, which we tend not to replace during the day. This makes us harder to meet our daily needs for these nutrients, particularly calcium and iron, with the result that we may end up deficient in them. This in turn means we are more likely to suffer with health problems such as anaemia due to a lack of iron or osteoporosis in later life due to poor calcium intakes when we are younger.
If one of the reasons you are missing meals out is because you are too busy to cook, why not try ready meals. Make sure you check the labels of your ready meal choices though and hunt out the healthier versions.
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You can follow a healthy balanced diet using the tools and databases in WLR. There's an online food diary to track the balance of your diet and keep calories under control, best of all you can try it free for 24 hours. | <urn:uuid:617504e1-e6a8-4047-bcbe-9aaa421afbc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://credit-help.biz/forex/28595 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172447.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00422-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941019 | 3,077 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Hectares to square kilometers area units conversion factor is 0.01. To find out how many square kilometers in hectares, simply use the converter. If scroll down, you may also create and print your own custom conversion table create your table.
1 Hectare = 0.01 Square Kilometers
Hectare is a metric system area unit. It equals to 10,000 square meters. The abbreviation is "ha".
Square kilometer is a metric system area unit, used mostly in measuring land. The abbreviations are "km2" and "sq km". It equals to 100 hectares or 1 million sq. meters. | <urn:uuid:23b27972-a360-4238-96e0-1e5beaef36c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.asknumbers.com/hectare-to-square-kilometer.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689900.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924081752-20170924101752-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.819361 | 130 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Microsoft is investigating how part of its Windows operating system source code found its way onto the net.
It is the second security worry for Bill Gates' company this week
Microsoft spokesman Tom Pilla said it was not known how the chunks of Windows 2000 and NT code had leaked out.
"We are currently investigating these postings and are working with the appropriate law enforcement authorities," he said.
More than 90% of PCs use Microsoft software, so this leak of intellectual property is a concern for the company.
"It's illegal for third parties to post Microsoft source code, and we take such activity very seriously," added Mr Pilla.
Source code is the basic language used to create programs. It is extremely valuable because it is similar to the blueprint to any system or design, and is a tightly-guarded secret.
Access to the code could give its competitors a better understanding of how Microsoft's technology works.
Microsoft said it did not yet know the source of leak, or how many people have access to it on the net, but confirmed it accounted for about 15% of the total code it uses.
The code has appeared on several underground websites and net chat rooms.
It has been widely downloaded across the net and being openly discussed on specialist technology websites.
"The source code leak spread quickly in the underground," said Ken Dunham of the security consultancy iDefense.
Microsoft said there was no indication the code leak was a result of a breach of Microsoft's corporate network.
Instead it seems the leak could be a software developer, but the company has yet to to pinpoint a suspect.
There is concern that hackers who get copies of the code could find it easier to break into systems running Windows software.
But Microsoft said that was unlikely since the code comprised of relatively small proportion of the total source code.
Security experts have said computer users and companies running Windows 2000 and NT should not be concerned about the leaked code at the moment.
David Emm, security expert at McAfee's Avert research unit, told BBC News Online it was too early to say what the impact of the leak would be.
The code contains valuable information about Windows
"It is a small amount, and Microsoft are suggesting it is not much good on its own. But it is very difficult to know whether it is something that could be used by the people to do harm," he said.
"The analogy to use is if someone wants to break into my house, they would not necessarily need a house plan. If they know there was a section of my house that had a window not covered by an alarm, that would make it easier for them."
But businesses have been advised to be vigilant and beef up their security teams.
"They should be keeping a careful eye on their IT systems and scrutinise their security systems for unusual traffic," said Tarek Meliti, technical director of server hosting company TDM Group.
It is the second security headache for the company in a week. On Tuesday, it admitted a flaw in its latest Windows operating systems that could allow hackers access to many of the hundreds of millions of computers worldwide. | <urn:uuid:b6094a6f-62ef-487d-8b70-a3b240ac3037> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3486011.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973207 | 637 | 2.625 | 3 |
Theatre in Education Methodology
Bobby Colvill & Terina Talbot are both senior lecturers at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire. Here the explain some of the aims of Theatre in Education.
The aim of Theatre in Education (TIE) is to raise questions concerning what it means to be human. Either by focussing on social issues and problems, such as racism, drugs, knife crime, or by exploring more conceptual themes such as Asylum or fear of freedom? These will either take the form of a question or learning area, or a more explicit didactic message, usually to meet a particular brief.
The aim of a particular TIE programme can be decided before the devising/rehearsal process begins or can arise out of the process, depending on factors such as, funding, events in the world, whether there is a script for the piece.
In a devising process the early part is spent artistically searching for the holding form- the dramatic moment or story that embodies the educational element of the programme. In devising a programme about Asylum for 10-11 year olds, I came across the story of the Irish potato famine and the resulting migration to North America. This story was a rich container for the ideas and issues at the heart of the concept of Asylum, an internationally agreed principle that is under attack. The process was then one of stitching dramatic moments together to create a not only a play, but a whole day’s drama in which the young people could participate.
If there is a pre-existing script for the TIE programme- often commissioned for a particular company or issue- the early work is about discovering how the issues or concepts are embedded in the structure of the play. So, you might explore the images in the play, what they make us think of, how to construct them for the audience. You might explore the language in the play, how the writer has created the world of the play through the language, how the different characters speak? As this is an artistic process for TIE, the focus isn’t on the characters, but on the play, because the play is a (central) element of a drama event.
Although the aim of TIE is pedagogical, the artistic process is intuitive. It is about the ideas or issues existing in the dramatic form. In the play Bone Cage by Geoff Gillham, a young woman is being transported somewhere (to the yard) in a locked cage, by an older man who pulls the cage along. At the end of the play another young woman unlocks the cage, but the young woman in the cage will not leave.
This simple dramatic moment contains a very problematic question for us, why are people afraid of freedom? The question is asked through the form of the drama though, we know she is in danger, so why will she not leave, how could we persuade her? The questions have a dramatic imperative because we have seen her story, trying to get to the bottom of it matters.
In most TIE the question at the centre of the piece does not get asked explicitly, because it is asked implicitly, in the drama. In an issue based drama, although the subject is explicitly known, that because it exists in the drama form, it has significance. We know the story, we know what’s at stake for the characters, we have had to put ourselves in their shoes, and therefore it matters beyond the words on a leaflet or the advice of authority.
This is why TIE, at its best, provokes, usefully, our response. We respond with our minds and feelings, with our present and past experiences, with our imagination and values. The story’s, dramatic moments, images in TIE, open up, not close down, they are rich in a content that resonates with the lives of the young people, they provoke questions not deliver messages, they evoke the imagination.
Want to know more or if we can support you and your school with drama class exercises? For more information please use the contact form and we’ll be in contact with you.
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The Uruguay war of independence was weird. Yes, the Portuguese invaded what was La Banda oriental back then in the early 19th century and it was annexed for a few years. Brazil gained their independence right in the middle, I think. So yes, you are correct, the official declaration of independence in 1825 was from Brazil, by a group of "patriots" who supposedly liberated the Banda Oriental. The language never changed, that i'm aware of, though. In reality, in 1825 Uruguay was not really an independent country because Uruguay became a province in the Rio de La Plata region. I think it was only in 1830 that England interceded and we ended up becoming an independent country. The history of such a tiny regionis so convoluted, it gives me a headache :-)
I always think of the first "independence" as the Artigas revolution that created La Banda Oriental, and that war was against Spain. I think that because they teach us that Artigas is our national hero, Uruguayans tend to think of that first revolution as to what ultimately led to our independence.
No, Uruguay never belonged to Brazil, and the language has always been Spanish. Uruguay's independence was from Spain.
People near the Brazilian border do speak both languages though. Quite a few Uruguayans speak a little Portuguese, because of the proximity to Brazil, the Mercosur, and also lots of tourism going back and forth.
How do you like living in SP? I have a childhood friend living in Rio and she loves it, but SP and rio are very different. | <urn:uuid:d4a9267c-b6e5-46f5-a1f2-258127629004> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://atheistuniverse.net/profile/JohnZande?xg_source=activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.982376 | 325 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Statistics Of Phobias
Social Phobia - Statistics Of Phobias
Around 5.3 million American adults ages 18 to 54, or about 3.7 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have social phobia.
Social phobia characteristically begins in childhood or adolescence.
Agoraphobia - Statistics Of Phobias
Agoraphobia involves intense fear of any place or situation where escape might be difficult or help unavailable in the event of developing sudden panic-like symptoms.
Approximately 3.2 million American adults ages 18 to 54, or about 2.2 percent of people in this age group, have agoraphobia.
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Specific Phobia - Statistics Of Phobias
Specific phobia involves marked and persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
Approximately 6.3 million American adults ages 18 to 54, or about 4.4 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have some type of specific phobia.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders specific phobias can be classified under the following general categories:
Animal type (fear of spiders), natural environment type (fear of heights), situational type (claustrophobia), blood/ injury/ injection type (fear of needles) and other (fear of clowns).
Statistics Of Phobias source: National Institute of Mental Health
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Entire contents copyright © Morpheus Institute.
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:ed0351be-d72b-4a2b-a072-f9abc03242b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.phobia-fear-release.com/statistics-of-phobias.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00129-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858937 | 644 | 2.71875 | 3 |
"I am a young man and a people's fighter. I think of all the oppressed people in places yet to be liberated. If you think of your own splendid days of youth without seeing other people's youth and happiness, you need to caution yourself." Diary of Liu Ying-chun, a young soldier
The Communist Chinese newspapers ran excerpts from Liu Ying-chun's diary under large headlines this July, just before the Red Guards began their summer campaign. The young students defaced statues and harangued crowds on behalf of the Revolution and against revisionism, but also paid tribute to men like Liu, whose ideas (heavily edited, perhaps created, by the Party) Mao Tse-tung considers so exemplary.
Liu would have loved the clear stamp of Mao, his hero, on the campaign. But a young man as pure as Liu would have been puzzled if someone had told him that the reason for Mao's burst of activity was the Chairman's approaching death. No one knows at what point Mao first began to worry about when he was going to die, but at that moment he apparently began to wonder if the Chinese Communist Revolution could survive without him.
Mao had probably heard of Chinese students writing poetry about love rather than revolution and grumbling about the manual jobs they had to take after graduation from college. He knew of Party officials throughout the country who were unhappy and listless in their jobs because of the monopoly on the higher Party positions held by "Old Guard" communists -- those who had been with the Party for 30 and 40 years. Mao also knew that once he died the ambitious Old Guard members under him would clash in a long and devisive fight for the succession.
Mao, with more faith in his own longevity then the Western press had, still felt his vision of a happy, communist future for the Chinese peasant would fail unless Chinese youth received a new injection of revolutionary spirit and unless a few over-tired and over-ambitious people in the Party were weeded out quickly.
Mao decided to work first on the universities, which he felt had kindled little revolutionary fervor among youth. Even worse, few universities had paid attention to the children of peasants, whom Mao saw as the great hope of the revolution.
By early summer, several professors and administrators had been told to leave their books and head for the farm; an inordinate number in Peking University were removed because of connections with Mao's rivals in the Party. Finally, Mao decided to close the schools until the beginning of 1967 in order to revamp the curriculum and change admission procedures that excluded peasants who could not pass entrance exams.
The Youth League, the organization designed to prepare 15-and 25-year-olds for Party membership, was next on the cleaning list. The League's director, Hu Yueh-pang, dropped out of sight while Mao looked around for a new youth organization. The story goes that the Chairman heard of some young people in a provincial high school who had organized themselves to study Mao's thought and demonstrate against bourgeois shop owners, Buddhists, and others slow to convert to Maoist ideology. Mao, it is said, was delighted with this spontaneous activity, gave it his blessing, and the Red Guards were born.
The Red Guard movement merged naturally with Mao's purge of undesirable Party members. Mao had been quietly weeding persons out for several months and the Red Guards continued the purge through embarrassment and sometimes direct physical assault on selected men at the lower Party levels. Simultaneously, their patron and hero confronted his last problem -- who was to succeed him and how?
AFTER THE PURGE (with previous rank)
1. Mao Tse-tung
(Mau Tsuh-doong) (1)
2. Lin Piao
(Lin Beow) (5)
3. Chou En-lai
A Great Disorder Under HeavenC HINA'S GREAT PROLETARIAN Cultural Revolution may never be fully explained to the outsider. An aura of mystery always remains,
Historian Says Common Goals Will Bring U.S., China CloserLatent common interests between China and the United States and a Russian threat to China are leading to increasingly improved
The Journalist's Long MarchZhao Jinglun's apartment on Ware St. in Cambridge is neither large nor luxurious. A couch, an easy chair and a
China's 'New' Army Eyes Growing CrisisOne General participating in the "Officers to the Ranks" movement noted that "privates chat with generals freely without the least
Revolutionary ImmortalityC HINA-WATCHING has always been as much art as science. In the early 20th century, China's splendid culture and baffling
Childhood Made Mao Insecure, China Scholar Tells AudienceMao Zedong was a "man of great pugnacity and great determination, combined with great pride and ambition," Dick Wilson, editor | <urn:uuid:e450a5bc-dc59-41b5-89be-f49f59ed2732> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1966/10/22/maos-last-purge-pbi-am-a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424060.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722122816-20170722142816-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.978981 | 1,004 | 2.78125 | 3 |
By: Category: Science, Date: 29 Nov 2013
What makes Sydney’s harbour the most biodiverse in the world? Plunge beneath its murky waters with Museum scientists to find out.
Drs Shane Ahyong, Mandy Reid and Pat Hutchings with Mark McGrouther
Photographer: Stuart Humphreys © Australian Museum
Sydney Harbour has always been central to the lives of Sydneysiders – from the first inhabitants, the Gadigal people, who had long occupied the area; to the first European settlers, arriving by ship; and today’s bustling crowds of residents, tourists and workers.
It’s hardly surprising that the Harbour (also known as Port Jackson) and its environs have seen dramatic changes, starting with the displacement of the original Aboriginal inhabitants, then a history of residential and commercial development, fisheries, shipping and trade, and all types of industry from salt production to whaling and chemical manufacture taking place on its shores.
Today, the iconic Harbour Bridge and Opera House dominate Australia’s recently declared 16th National Landscape, and 90% of the catchment foreshore has been fully developed.
Although it’s the busiest port in the country, what lies below the water’s surface is little known among Sydneysiders. We know Sydney Harbour has more species than any other harbour, but just how many is a question that intrigues marine scientists at the Australian Museum. So we decided to find out.
The first port of call for such a question is the Museum’s own collection database. It’s an invaluable scientific and historical baseline for investigating biodiversity, with records dating back to 1850. Each record relates to a specimen, and each specimen has a name with the date and location of its collection, among other useful information.
Using these data, we mapped the distributions of five major marine animal groups in the Harbour – fishes, crustaceans, polychaetes, molluscs and echinoderms – and examined the historical trends of their discovery.
In total, we have documented an astonishing 3000 marine species in the Harbour, which is two to three times greater than neighbouring Botany Bay, Port Hacking or the Hawkesbury River. And of course this figure doesn’t include the many birds (including penguins), marine mammals (whales, seals and dolphins), turtles and many invertebrate groups (especially sponges and corals) that also inhabit or visit its waters.
Molluscs broadly include slugs and snails, mussels and clams, and squids and octopuses. They range in size from tiny micro-molluscs of just a millimetre or two in size to much larger creatures, like the common Sydney Octopus, up to 60 centimetres in length. Like crustaceans, some molluscs live in all kinds of habitats including fresh, brackish and salty water.
Of the animals examined in the study, molluscs comprise the greatest number of species in Sydney Harbour, with 1339 species from 224 families recorded since 1860. Many new mollusc species were first described from specimens collected in and around the Harbour, and diversity is greatest in the northern and eastern (seaward-most) areas.
We found ‘peaks’ over time in the number of species documented that correspond to the focused research and collection activities of various Museum curators, most recently Drs Bill Rudman and Winston Ponder, or to the acquisition of large donations of molluscs (mainly shells) by amateur and professional collectors. However, the Museum currently has no researchers investigating marine shelled molluscs, despite this group being among the largest in the Museum's natural history collections.
Fishes are some of the most familiar and iconic animals of Sydney Harbour. Species such as the Common Sea-dragon and the Eastern Blue Groper (the fish emblem for New South Wales) are well known, but numerous cryptic species and vagrants such as tropical juveniles sometimes call the Harbour home.
Archaeological records show that people have fished the Harbour for thousands of years. In the two centuries since European settlement you might think that we would now know all about its fish fauna. As it turns out, we don’t. New records are still found and sometimes new species discovered.
Sydney Harbour has a rich fish fauna, with 586 species of fishes from 160 families recorded – more than the 540 species known to occur in the entire Mediterranean Sea. We expect this number will continue to climb.
The Museum’s earliest fish records date from 1878, when 15 specimens (representing 11 species) were collected. We have more than 4300 records of fishes in the Australian Museum database. Fishes are found in all areas of the Harbour but are most numerous in the eastern region.
Collecting has been spasmodic since 1878, with the occasional big jump in the number of species known, most recently in the 1970s and corresponding to the employment of two new Museum ichthyologists, Drs John Paxton and Doug Hoese. At this time, scuba diving became widely used and the newly employed researchers started programs of Harbour-focused research.
Crustaceans include the familiar Blue Swimmer, Mud Crab, Eastern Rock Lobster and School Prawn, as well as the less familiar but more numerous isopods and amphipods. So far, we’ve recorded 672 species of crustacean in 163 families in the Harbour. They live in all types of habitat – mangrove muds in the upper reaches, weedy wharf pilings, sandy beaches, and wave-washed boulders of the Harbour mouth. Overall, crustaceans can be very resilient in the face of changing water salinities. Most crustaceans live in the eastern Harbour where the water quality is best.
When the history of their discovery is considered, it is clear that the number of new species has grown in steps following the appointment of each new crustacean researcher. The current research scientists are Drs Shane Ahyong and Jim Lowry.
Echinoderms, which include sea urchins, sea-stars and sea cucumbers, can be very common on rocky reefs and among seaweeds. At least 118 species in 45 families of echinoderms live in the Harbour. Unlike the crustaceans, most echinoderms cannot cope with fluctuating salinity, so almost all records are from the eastern Harbour.
As with the Crustacea, the rate of discovery follows a stepwise pattern, with the largest jump in the late 1960s to 1970s following expansion of the Museum’s research staff, among them echinoderm specialist Dr Frank Rowe.
Polychaetes, or marine worms, range in size from less than one millimetre to a metre or more in length. Over 300 species are found in the Harbour, with the area east of the Harbour Bridge home to the greatest diversity. Like echinoderms, polychaetes prefer the more stable oceanic salinity of the eastern part of the Harbour. In addition, a greater number have been recorded from this region because it has been subjected to intensive sampling.
Worms occur in all of the Harbour’s numerous habitat types, but they specifically live within deep crevices and holes or as encrusting species on coral, rocks, pylons and boats. One of these, Hydroides elegans, is a common encrusting species that is a pest in many areas around the world, but we don’t yet know precisely where it originated. It might have been introduced accidentally to the Harbour, or it may have originated here and been carried to other parts of the world on the hulls of ships.
Our knowledge of this group has increased considerably since the appointment of Pat Hutchings in 1970. An intensive survey of the Harbour around the commercial shipping areas in 2001 to look for introduced species greatly increased our knowledge of worms and some other groups.
The history of discovery for each of the major groups reveals some interesting features. First, our knowledge of Harbour species has not grown evenly and gradually but in distinct jumps that happen whenever marine scientists join the Museum staff.
Second, after more than two centuries, we are still discovering new species in the Harbour, yet many areas of the Harbour have not been scientifically surveyed.
Third, the largest proportion of species occurs in the eastern region of the Harbour, probably because of the wider variety of habitats there as well as more stable salinities and better water quality due to massive tidal flushing.
We are now seeing that Sydney Harbour is remarkable, not only above the water line, but also below. Of the major city-ports around the world, Sydney’s is the most biologically diverse. As part of our natural heritage, we have a responsibility to ensure that this valuable legacy remains.
The reasons for such diversity are many, but primarily Nature has been good to us by providing relatively good water quality, thanks to the high volume of tidal flushing (the entire volume of the main Harbour is replaced every 20 days). Without this, the Harbour’s health would have been far more seriously impacted by all the changes that have occurred along its shores and in its catchments.
Related to water quality is the combination of many different habitat types, each supporting different animal communities in seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, high-energy exposed rocky reefs, sandy beaches, intertidal areas and sheltered bays. Other habitats are out of sight below the surface – unless you’re one of the many snorkellers and scuba divers who take to the Harbour each year to enjoy sights such as fluorescent corals, rare lobsters and, each summer, the many tropical reef fishes carried south by the East Australian Current.
Harbour health has improved significantly over the last three decades. Offshore deep ocean outfalls built in the late 1980s divert sewage away from the Harbour, and heavy industry along the foreshore has been removed, reducing the inflow of toxic wastes. But there is no room for complacency. The signature of past industrial pollution remains in the sediments in some parts of the upper Harbour such as Homebush Bay and Parramatta River and is found in the biota through the process of bioaccumulation, which is why fishing is still banned in these areas. Also, significant amounts of untreated urban runoff, loaded with sediment, pollutants and rubbish, continue to enter the Harbour, and the regular shipping traffic poses a constant threat of more invasive species arriving.
How do we ensure the Harbour survives and continues to flourish as a significant part of our natural heritage?
Despite the impressive results from the Museum’s database, no comprehensive marine survey of the Harbour has ever been undertaken, and many parts remain unexplored, including its darkest depths.
We need a sound knowledge of what species live in the Harbour, where they live and how they interact with each other. In this way, we can understand how the Harbour ecosystem works, and what affects the fauna, positively or negatively.
We also need to document how the fauna is changing. For example, are those tropical fishes and crustaceans coming into the Harbour in summer more likely to survive the winter if sea temperatures continue to rise, and what effect will this have?
We need to understand how our use or misuse of the Harbour affects the marine life. We also need to be far more careful about what is still finding its way into the Harbour, such as stormwater pollution and waste, and the potentially invasive species brought here by shipping.
Finally, we need to prevent the loss of the remaining natural shorelines and develop artificial walls and marinas that are more fauna friendly. To best manage the asset that the Harbour is, we need to know more about it. Just as the Museum database has provided these insights into what we know, it also highlights the gaps that we believe should be the target of further investigation. Imagine what we might find in a major, planned survey of the Harbour …
Dr Shane Ahyong, Senior Research Scientist; Dr Pat Hutchings, Senior Principal Research Scientist; Dr Mick Ashcroft, Spatial Analyst; Mark McGrouther, Collection Manager (Fishes); Dr Amanda Reid, Collection Manager (Molluscs).
This article builds on the Museum’s participation in the Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences (SIMS) Sydney Harbour Project.
Download a pdf of this story here.
PA Hutchings, ST Ahyong, MB Ashcroft, MA McGrouther and AL Reid, 2013. Sydney Harbour: its diverse biodiversity. Australian Zoologist 36(3): 255–320, dx.doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2012.031
First published in Explore 35(3), summer 2013.
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I hope you can do this assignment for me Thanks!
In this section you will learn about conducting assessment with children and adolescent. You will learn about specific assessment instruments, diverse contexts, and unique challenges faced by MFTs working with this population.
Assignment Alert: As part of the 10th activity in this course you will be asked to establish a connection with your local MFT chapter or the State chapter of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy. To complete the assignment you will need to plan to visit at least one meeting of the chosen chapter and write a reflection paper. Alternatively, you will be asked to contact at least three mental health professionals in your field. At least two of these mental health professionals have to hold LMFT credentials. Please review the assignment in advance to be ready to address it during the 10th week of the course”.
Assessing Children and Adolescents
Be sure to carefully review this week’s resources. You will be expected to apply the information from these resources when you prepare your assignments. | <urn:uuid:7bb25172-dd9c-4a52-9fb5-ef7573a0c09f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://assignmentgeeks.org/help-with-assignment-2790/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104432674.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704141714-20220704171714-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.944587 | 210 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Regional overview of food security and nutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean 2023: statistics and trends
The new United Nations report, Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023, states that 6.5% of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean suffers from hunger, or 43.2 million people. Although this figure represents a slight improvement of 0.5 percentage points over the previous measurement, the prevalence of hunger in the region is still 0.9 percentage points above the 2019 records prior to the outbreak of COVID-19. Moreover, the scenario is disparate at the sub-regional level. In South America, the number of hungry people declined by 3.5 million between 2021 and 2022. However, there are 6 million additional undernourished people compared to the pre-COVID-19 scenario. | <urn:uuid:5fb22ee8-8a98-4be3-91d4-855667cb4714> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/reports-documents/regional-overview-food-security-and-nutrition-latin-america-and-caribbean-2023 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.91261 | 166 | 3.125 | 3 |
One of many strengths in the Ransom Center’s collections is early photography. In addition to the earliest surviving photograph produced in a camera, The Niépce Heliograph, the Center holds many beautiful examples of daguerreotypes.
A fascinating project to preserve and display the iconic 1648 Dutch world map is now underway. In previous blog posts, we revealed the history of the Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula (Blaeu World Map) and the family of cartographers, globe makers, printers, and publishers who created it. We also have discussed the science and conservation taking place to prepare the Texas-sized 371-year-old map (learn more about the map) for public display. [Read more…] about Seeing stars in the Blaeu World Map
One of the most celebrated objects in the history of photography is featured in a permanent exhibition just inside the main entrance to the Harry Ransom Center. The untitled photograph—the earliest known surviving photograph made with the aid of the camera obscura—was produced in 1827 by the French scientist and inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a process he called héliographie. Permanent exhibitions are never really “permanent,” however; objects may remain in place, but their meanings are always evolving, and exhibitions are periodically revised to reflect those advances. [Read more…] about Introducing The Niépce Heliograph
In addition to two portraits by the artist Mary Beale, the Ransom Center’s old master painting St. Jerome in His Study will be exhibited in the newly renovated galleries of the University’s Blanton Museum of Art from February 2017 to February 2019. [Read more…] about Conservation treatment gives new life to St. Jerome in His Study
The Edward Ruscha Papers and Art Collection at the Harry Ransom Center includes preliminary layout sheets for Hard Light, a collaborative artist’s book published by Ruscha and Lawrence Weiner in 1978. [Read more…] about Ransom Center conservator treats preliminary layouts for Ed Ruscha’s Hard Light
Meet the Staff is a Q&A series on Cultural Compass that highlights the work, experience, and lives of staff at the Harry Ransom Center.
Rob Hay has been at the Harry Ransom Center for two and a half years. He worked as a preparator before taking on his current position as head of exhibition services. [Read more…] about Meet the Staff: Rob Hay, Head of Exhibition Services | <urn:uuid:e8bc1c67-a88b-40ff-ad4f-faa9b6a791ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/tag/conservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.941844 | 516 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The National Federation of State High School Associations
) has designated October as National High School Activities Month
. The NFHS created National High School Activities Week in 1980 to increase the public’s awareness of the values and needs of interscholastic activity programs. The program expanded to a month-long celebration in 2012. During this special time, the nation’s high schools are encouraged to promote the values inherent to high school athletics and other activities such as speech, music, drama, band and spirit squads. For materials on Activities Month from the NFHS, click on any of the posters below... | <urn:uuid:a7d3535c-79cc-4bc8-8a6c-d99ab7db091e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ihsa.org/IHSAState/IHSAStateArticles/tabid/768/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/492/October-is-NFHS-National-High-School-Activities-Month.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.943327 | 123 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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The overall emphasis concerning the character of Oliver is the way in which he is presented as a pure and innocent boy, who, in spite of the efforts of evil characters such as Fagin and Bill Sykes, remains unspotted and uncorrupted in an evil environment. In fact, some critics have argued that Oliver is just too good to be true, as he, from the very start of the novel, remains a static character, maintaining his characteristics of being sensitive, loyal, gentle and loving no matter what experiences he endures or what is done to him. In particular, he has a strong belief in the central goodness of every person, no matter their outward appearance and acts. This is of course expressed most clearly at the end of the novel, when Oliver goes to visit Fagin in his cell and begs him to become reconciled to his death. Note what he says in Chapter 52 to Fagin:
Let me say a prayer. Do! Let me say one prayer. Say only one, upon your knees, with me, and we will talk till morning.
He is presented as rather a naive and clueless character. He enjoys the "game" of seeing the Artful Dodger and his cronies practising stealing handkerchiefs from Fagin but has no sense of the more sinister meaning implicit in such activity until he faces the consequences of being involved, at least by association, in a crime. His goodness is shown by the way in which he is used and abused by so many characters during the course of the novel, but he never bears them any ill feeling. The best example of this is the way in which Oliver willingly shares his inheritance with Monks, even though Monks has spent his entire life trying to destroy Oliver and he has no legal right to receive anything.
We’ve answered 331,192 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:9686f062-e6ee-4196-a8f7-eefae0b018d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/character-analysis-oliver-twist-266104 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258950570.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072910-00313-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982273 | 391 | 2.875 | 3 |
There are a lot of people who are seriously sick and they wish that they were well.
They would give almost anything to be able to lead a normal life and not have to take medicine, get tests and have their life not revolve around doctor appointments.
But just like there are a lot of people who would love to have a healthy life and want to do what they want to do, there are also people who pretend to be sick, tell people that they have a lot of health problems, and even want to be hospitalized so that they can find a doctor who will say that there is something wrong with them. These people have a mental condition called Munchausen Syndrome.
Although you may not want to believe that someone is faking it, there are some symptoms that you can look for, which usually tells you that someone has Munchausen Syndrome.
Symptoms of Munchausen Syndrome
- Constantly telling people about their medical problems
- The person is frequently hospitalized
- Symptoms which are vague or not consistent
- A lot of knowledge about diseases and terminology used in medical circles
- Wanting to have testing and operations which are risk
- The person is getting worse without any particular reason
- Going to a lot of different hospitals and doctors for treatment
- Not having a lot of visitors when they are in the hospital
- Not wanting doctors to talk to friends and other family members
- Requesting medicine for pain and other things that they don’t need.
Also, when someone has Munchausen Syndrome, they often will fake illnesses. A person who has Munchausen Syndrome is going to go to extreme measures to be treated.
Some of the things that they may do are:
- Fake their history – They will tell friends and family, as well as doctors, that they have had illnesses, such as HIV infection or cancer.
- Faking a symptom – There are a lot of symptoms that are easy to fake yet look very serious, such as a seizure, abdominal pain, or a frequent headache.
- Cause injury to themselves – Another thing that people with Munchausen Syndrome is that they actually cause themselves injury. Some of the things that they do is they inject themselves with things like gasoline, feces, and bacteria. They may also burn or cut themselves or take medication that they don’t need, like chemotherapy or blood thinners.
People with Munchausen Syndrome are mentally ill and they need to get the help as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:eed99938-bff4-4653-9adc-2b5332fdfd6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://healthwatchcenter.com/2009/03/munchausen-syndrome-symptoms-to-look-for/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915195146-20190915221146-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.983012 | 516 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Discussions on Trends in Digital Dictation, Transcription and Speech Recognition. Sponsored by American Dictation.
Monday, February 11, 2013
Digital dictation can improve patient safety
Safety and accuracy are at their most critical in medical
environments. For this reason and many more, hospitals are continually
seeking ways to reduce patient information errors and maintain airtight
record-keeping. Digital dictation technology has proved especially
useful to medical professionals, who are streamlining their intake
procedures and reducing error rates by transitioning to paperless
The Canberra Hospital in Australia was one such establishment to see
improved results thanks to their digital information systems, according
to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
"One of the issues in hospital[s] is errors - either in understanding
some of the data or in prescribing or giving the wrong medication,"
Health Minister Katy Gallagher told the news source. "It's [about]
collecting all that clinical data, making sure our systems are as safe
as they can be but also providing that information very quickly to all
of the staff that work here." | <urn:uuid:3cf6b88c-0edd-4bc6-83b7-32d36cfe37bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://aboutdigitaldictation.blogspot.com/2013/02/digital-dictation-can-improve-patient.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661095.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00149-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943188 | 230 | 2.671875 | 3 |
I made this game up years ago when I had a small studio and all the students were girls. If I were doing it again, I’d probably go with a more gender-neutral theme, but the idea works well.
What You Need:
- A game board (see the picture below). I made mine out of tile samples, so I don’t have a downloadable, but you could easily print a blank board game like these and create this in a couple of minutes. The main features are:
- Each tile labeled with one of the note names (A through G in order)
- An occasional tile that has a special color (in my picture, they’re pink)
- Game pieces
- Note flash cards
- Special flash cards which are not note names. You could use rhythms, dynamics, symbols, whatever.
- Place two game pieces on Start.
- Shuffle both decks of cards.
How to Play:
- The first player draws a note flash card. After naming the note, he can move his game piece up to that letter on the game board.
- If the game piece lands on a tile that has a special color, he can draw from the pile of special flash cards. If he can correctly identify or explain whatever is on that card, he can move up two extra tiles.
- The second player takes the same turn. The first person to reach the end wins.
- As teacher, I play under several disadvantages. I always go second. I sometimes make a “mistake” in naming my note. If the student catches me, I don’t get to move up. If I land on a special color, the student is still the one who gets the special flash card and the two extra spaces. Also, my special flash cards include a few cards that say “Teacher loses a turn.”
- To make it easier, identify notes on the keyboard instead of using flashcards with staff notes, or limit the flashcards to those notes the student knows how to read.
- To make it harder, require intervals. For example, the student should move to the tile that is a third above whichever flashcard he draws. | <urn:uuid:e88851b8-ba1d-4835-80d7-c080b44c9246> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://loridavisstudio.com/2018/09/15/the-flower-game-note-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827727.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216121406-20181216143406-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.945647 | 459 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Virginia Motapanyane (with the collaboration of David Jory)
University of New Brunswick
Acadian is a French dialect spoken in the Atlantic province of Canada, by approximately 250,000 speakers. Although French is an offiial language in Canada, and the linguistic rights of the Acadians have constitutional protection, the dialect presents the signs of an endangered language. The denomination 'Acadian French' covers an impressive number of regional varieties, or 'parlers', whose geographical distribution is often described in terms of 'islands', to indicate the immersion of many Acadian communities within English speaking areas. This sketch offeres a survey of the most general properties of Acadian French: (i) in phonology, the description focuses on phenomena such as palatalization of /k/, /g/ before all front vowels; ouisms; strong /r/; (ii) morpho-syntactic pecularities such as the pronominal paradigms, generalization of auxiliary avoir in present past, frequent occurrence of 'passe simple' will be presented in two chapters. It will be shown that some of these properties attest grammatical forms in Old French, others result from local innovations, and from language contact. A special chapter discusses the contribution of extra-linguistic factors to the decline of this dialect, as well as possible means for preventing its extinction.
ISBN 9783895861277. Languages of the World/Materials 101. 56 pp. 1997. | <urn:uuid:e12b9e0e-a6e4-469e-b73e-963216055b67> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://lincom-shop.eu/epages/57709feb-b889-4707-b2ce-c666fc88085d.sf/fr_FR/?ObjectPath=/Shops/57709feb-b889-4707-b2ce-c666fc88085d/Products/%22ISBN%209783895861277%22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.908856 | 304 | 3.5 | 4 |
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