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History of Centering Prayer
Centering Prayer was developed as a response to the Vatican II invitation to revive the contemplative teachings of early Christianity and present them in updated formats. In this way, the method of Centering Prayer is drawn from the ancient practices of the Christian contemplative heritage, notably the traditional monastic practice of Lectio Divina and the practices described in the anonymous fourteenth century classic The Cloud of Unknowing and in the writings of Christian mystics such as John Cassian, Francis de Sales, Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross, Therese of Lisieux, and Thomas Merton. Most importantly, Centering Prayer is based on the wisdom saying of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount:
In the 1970s, answering the call of Vatican II, three Trappist monks at St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts, Fathers William Meninger, Basil Pennington and Thomas Keating, looked to these ancient sources to develop a simple method of silent prayer for contemporary people. The prayer came to be known as Centering Prayer in reference to Thomas Merton's description of contemplative prayer as prayer that is "centered entirely on the presence of God." The monks offered Centering Prayer workshops and retreats to both clergy members and laypeople. Interest in the prayer spread, and shortly after the first intensive Centering Prayer retreat in 1983, the organization Contemplative Outreach was formed to support the growing network of Centering Prayer practitioners.
Today Centering Prayer is practiced by people all around the world, creating local and global networks of Christians in communion with Christ and each other and contributing to the renewal of the contemplative dimension of Christianity. | <urn:uuid:08a73249-b8cc-47ba-9eb0-a7d559b0ede6> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://contemplativeoutreach.org/history-centering-prayer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258439.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525184948-20190525210948-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.936929 | 346 | 3.125 | 3 |
You don’t need to be a mathematician to appreciate the beauty and elegance of fractal geometries, those infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. Recently, a group of computing and software students from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, created stunning fractal geometries using the University of Toronto’s powerful IBM Blue Gene/Q supercomputer. Despite being generated by a Read more…
David Brown, the director of the Computational Research Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, explores the deep connection between mathematics and modern computer science.
The path to a more inclusive science community has not been without challenges, a major one being the lack of effective communication between Natives and non-Natives at the researcher level, as well as society at large. That in turn sometimes discourages Native Americans from…
What can be done to address gender inequality in computer science?
<img style=”float: left;” src=”http://media2.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/presidential_seal_small.png” alt=”” width=”92″ height=”92″ />With the looming US elections just days away, it’s worth considering what effect the choice for President will have on federal science and technology policies for the next four years. While this is hardly a hot button issue in most voters’ minds, these policies will have a much bigger impact on the quality of people’s lives than the political soundbites currently being sprayed across the public airwaves.
New Jersey Congressman Rush Holt beat IBM’s AI darling.
Even multinationals get the blues.
IBM is tapping mathematical models to optimize business practices. | <urn:uuid:d9ceb377-dc61-4e0f-8257-d5c6f4bfb176> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.hpcwire.com/tag/math/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372999.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00166-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903643 | 359 | 2.59375 | 3 |
11 Rejected Canadian Flag Designs
Here's a fun fact: Canada didn't have an official national flag until February 15, 1965. A not-so-fun fact: choosing one caused a huge divide in both public and political opinions, and the matter had to be settled by cloture in the Canadian House of Commons.
Until the red and white "Maple Leaf flag" we all know was adopted, Canada used the Canadian Red Ensign, which features a Union Flag and the Coat of Arms of Canada. But most Canadians weren't happy flying the Red Ensign. A poll in 1958 showed that 80% of the people wanted a distinct Canadian flag, and 60% of those would like that flag to bear a maple leaf. By the time Lester B. Pearson was elected Prime Minister in 1963, the "flag problem" was big enough to become a party platform. Pearson promised a new flag within two years.
Since pretty much everyone agreed that the flag should have a maple leaf somewhere, that part wasn't really a problem. The debate was really over whether or not Canada should ditch the Union Flag in its new design, thereby minimizing ties to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries like Australia. The debate went on for months, and even after Pearson forced Parliament to stay in session over the summer, an agreement couldn't be reached. A special flag committee was called; they would have 6 weeks to find a new design.
The committee dusted off the suggestion box and invited ordinary citizens to submit their vision of a brand new flag. Of the total 3541 submissions, 2136 bore maple leaves, 408 the Union Jack, 389 had a beaver, and 359 contained fleurs-de-lys. (Some managed to work in all four.) In the end, a simple red maple leaf design by Colonel George F. G. Stanley would win... but not before beating out some tough competitors.
The biggest loser in the Great Canadian Flag Debate was the prime minister himself. Though Pearson had called for a new design and pressured Parliament to make a decision, his favored flag was voted against 14-0 in favor of Stanley's winning banner. The so-called Pearson Pennant was criticized intensely and the subject of hundreds of editorial cartoons and running jokes. An Alberta newspaper asked local readers to write in with their thoughts. One response: "I don't like the three maple leaves on the white background... the single maple leaf looks better. As I am only 10 [I] will have to look at it longer than Mr. Pearson."
The description for this busy little number is as complicated as the design itself:
The top green strip portrays in the background the Rocky Mountains of the West and the Laurentians of the East....The second strip of yellow gold depicts the growing grain for which Canada is famous...The third strip describes untold numbers of rivers and thousands of lakes...the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Arctic....The coats of arms of the ten provinces which make up Canada are in the shape of an arc and depicts its beginning and origin. Even the shape of the arc has a meaning - freedom, better life and individualism for all those who want to make Canada their new country.
"What the heck, let's turn it sideways. And let's put all the things on there, while we're at it."
There's always someone who just can't be serious.
I wish the committee had selected this flag, which comes without a description but looks like it might be saying "SOON."
This aurora-inspired flag is one of the more interesting pieces received in that it ignores all of the conventional Canadian symbols in favor of a fascinating natural event. But it looks a bit like a wave, and also like a leaf, and it never garnered much support: this design didn't even make it to the semifinals.
This is just one of hundreds of similar designs; if one sample had to sum up the majority of proposals sent in by the public, this would be the one.
Canada geese, which are a nice change of pace.
This looks something like a shoe company logo, but was apparently intended to "represent the unity of Canada."
This one comes with a sternly-worded history lesson, and then multiple choices for reworking the design if that's not what the special flag committee had in mind.
[Indians were] here 20,000 years ago, getting along peacefully until the White races came and stole nearly all they own. THEY ARE THE TRUE CANADIANS . If you don't care [for] the Indian head, have a beaver, a Buffalo's head - or 4 maple leaves - in light green (spring) - dark green (summer) - yellow (fall) - red (winter): The Four Seasons. 1 maple leaf in each corner.
This design was sent in by one Jennifer Robinson. An accompanying note indicates that the artist was 6 years old at the time of its rendering. The design was removed from the flag committee's files so it could be placed in the art holdings in the Canadian National Archives. | <urn:uuid:bed12319-5564-4976-a641-181c52218916> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/50022/11-rejected-canadian-flag-designs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774718.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00044-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970104 | 1,033 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In this lesson, we will post-process the numerical results generated in the previous step and analyze the flow field. We will start by loading the saved data and plotting velocity vectors in 3D space. We will then add particle pathlines and animate them to visualize the flow. We will also plot and animate the shear stresses experienced by the arterial walls due to the pulsatile blood flow. Lastly, we will create a sweep of velocity profiles at different cross-sections. | <urn:uuid:21216371-6941-49d2-b724-4ca19a5fef02> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://courses.ansys.com/index.php/courses/fluent-3d-bifurcating-artery/lessons/numerical-results-lesson-7-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.889042 | 95 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By: Dr. Elton Gomez, Regenerative Medicine Specialist
“What is a lie today, maybe true tomorrow, and vice versa.”
This phrase, in the case of the COVID19 pandemic, indicates that we are standing in the middle of a situation in which we do not know exactly what to do, such as when the AIDS pandemic arose. Just today, fake news, rumors, and situations out of context, fill out social media and spread, we have a lot of information available, a lot of it very good, but others are very bad.
This is a new disease, with a completely new virus, although it is a virus of the CORONAVIRIDAE family, a large family of viruses that is responsible for the last registered pandemics, for which health workers, and researchers, must be very attentive to the rumors and the “fake news”, which could contaminate their perspective and their judgment.
The evidence must be used, although most of the evidence is weak, since no double-blind or randomized studies have been done, but there are guidelines, both European and North American, that can be useful to us when establishing adequate treatment.
At the moment there is no miracle treatment, or formally accepted, most of the treatments are “off label”, which means that they are treatments that have been used in other pathologies and that try to be adapted by observing their physiology and biochemistry.
For the moment, the management of the patient is carried out according to its severity, that is, the degree of affection that he has or that he may have.
Management of the patient at home: this type of treatment is used when the patient does not have respiratory distress, ideally it should also be combined with telemedicine, to give the patient general measures and guidance and explanation of his condition, giving proper management to comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, asthma, or any other underlying disease that the patient may have.
In the hospitalized patient, we must know how the hospital protocol will guide us to keep him on the floor or send him to the ICU, to receive adequate care, to treat him with hypoxemia, heart failure, transient renal failure and sometimes the delirium or mental problems that you may have due to hypoxemia, and decompensation of the comorbidities that he could have prior to being hospitalized, and the specific treatment for COVID19, either using off-label therapy or experimental therapies:
Among the therapies, we have viral synthesis inhibitors such as Remdesivir, which inhibits the RNA polymerase enzyme and prevents new viruses from being produced, lopinavir-ritonavir, which is used in HIV, and is an inhibitor of viral protease, although with very poor results at the moment, drugs that inhibit the entry of the virus into cells, such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, immunomodulators such as glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone, or tocilizumab, to block interleukin 6 receptors, although by far the best immunomodulator and the most promising is the plasma of patients who have recovered from the disease, although the evidence is very weak, only 5 patients in a study, who have even been in severe condition, have had good results.
To be continued in part 2. | <urn:uuid:f510aef0-1b57-4195-ab51-a12a74800ab0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://beyondbordersnews.com/covid19-the-treatment-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336674.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001132802-20221001162802-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.966815 | 706 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This study examined the influence of expressive strategies (i.e., verbal, facial, crying, sulking, and aggressive), emotion type (i.e., anger, sadness), social context (i.e., mother, father, best friend), age (i.e., 7, 10 years), and gender on 144 children’s expectancies regarding interpersonal responses to their emotional expression. Participants included 72 boys and 72 girls, with an average age of 8 years and 10 months. Results indicate that children expect others to respond more positively to certain expressive strategies (e.g., verbal, facial) as compared to others (e.g., aggression) and that these expectancies vary as a function of the type of emotion experienced, the social context, age, and gender. Consistent with the functionalist approach to emotion, findings suggest that, through social interaction, children learn culturally appropriate strategies for emotional expression that facilitate their ability to elicit a desired response from social partners.
Shipman, Kimberly L.; Zeman, Janis; Nesin, April E.; and Fitzgerald, Monica
"Children’s Strategies for Displaying Anger
and Sadness: What Works With Whom?,"
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Vol. 49
, Article 6.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/mpq/vol49/iss1/6 | <urn:uuid:ad57bc7b-d9dc-4636-8699-5d225644dff5> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/mpq/vol49/iss1/6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323808.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629000723-20170629020723-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.854402 | 284 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Is Coccidioidomycosis Contagious?
Transmission of Coccidioidomycosis from Person to Person
Coccidioidomycosis is considered infectious but is not transmitted from person to person.
Generally, a disease like this is caused by an infectious agent and not spread between people.
Coccidioidomycosis, although infectious, is not a genetic disease. It is not caused by a defective or abnormal gene.
Transmission of Coccidioidomycosis
Transmission of Coccidioidomycosis to a person can be by way of:
Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia
after disturbance of contaminated soil by humans or natural
disasters (e.g., dust storms and earthquakes). (Source: excerpt from Coccidioidomycosis: DBMD)
About contagion and contagiousness:
Contagion and contagiousness refers to how easily
the spread of Coccidioidomycosis is possible from one person to another.
Other words for contagion include "infection", "infectiousness",
"transmission" or "transmissability".
Contagiousness has nothing to do with genetics
or inheriting diseases from parents.
For an overview of contagion,
see Introduction to Contagion. | <urn:uuid:5d011e9f-fddc-4b79-a527-0d739969f53b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/coccidioidomycosis/contagious.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704517601/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114157-00081-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.868425 | 284 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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Here is a selection of material to accompany the walks and talks and to allow you to delve into more detail about the subject and find out where you can get more information. This page also gives access to material that has been used in various pieces of educational resource and is designed to give educators easy access to material to use themselves or as follow up to work which Northumbrian Earth has carried out.
This project, which was completed during 2015 organised by the Howick Heritage Group and supported with HLF funding, delivered a book, some educational work with a local first and middle school and a series of walks and talks. In this section of geo-diversity resources you can have a look at the presentation given for the walks and talks as well as much of the material which was used in the educational work including lesson plans, activities and exercises. There is also a handy guide to fossils to be found on the beach at Seahouses (and elsewhere on the coast). | <urn:uuid:41e6787d-74f3-4822-b37f-1be797166571> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.northumbrianearth.co.uk/geodiversity-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.974271 | 258 | 3.125 | 3 |
Food and Faith is a blog of the Presbyterian Hunger Program.
Our garden keeps many secrets. Even before we tuck our first seeds in the ground, stories are being written that will affect the lives of our soon-to-be seedlings. Soil structure and fertility, disease agents, weather, pH, are only a tiny fraction of the complex language of a plant’s life which, little by little, we’re starting to learn:
Limp leaves? Needs water.
Stunted carrots? Remove more rocks.
Wet smelly compost? Add more browns.
Buckshot Kale? Fertilize like crazy and cross your fingers.
But no matter how much we water, listen, fertilize, research, curse, weed and nurture the life growing out of our soil, all of our efforts sometimes still yield barren soil, blossoms that won’t fruit and the frustrating feeling that we’re not ultimately in control here.
Today’s story is not one of those stories. Todays story is a triumph of the most satisfyingly tangible variety. It was told to us by Winter Squash.
For the last month, Winter Squash hung limply on the trellis and no amount of watering was helping. We had kept it safe from the powdery mildew, the weather was just right and its neighbor Zucchini had given us fruit after fruit all summer long. We were about at a point where we were ready to give up, Winter Squash was already there, when we noticed this:
So based on a tip, we decided to operate. Knife in hand, we cut along the grain of the stem, opened the incision and…
The terrible looking bugs were eating Winter Squash from the inside out.
As organic farmers, there often isn’t much left to do once when pests and disease has set in. It is more about figuring out how to prevent it the next year. Justice however would have its day.
In the beautiful system that is our yard, pest turns to snack, snacks to poo, and poo to compost, which will enrich the soil and fortify next year’s winter squash against attack.
The plants survived the operation surprisingly well, but these were two of the last fruits from Winter Squash.
And of course, because Winter Squash was such a hospitable host, the borer moth left its eggs (below) along a stem to continue the cycle of life — rather, of death and destruction.
Winter Squash is gone now. It leaves behind as its legacy two pumpkins, a knobby gourd, a handful of butternut squash and the next generation of Darth Vader Squash Eaters. But compared to the mystery that normally surrounds plant death and failure to thrive in our garden, we can live with this. We’re still not in control, but we can at least literally cut out the beast at the heart of so much frustration. It is a diagnosis. An end to a mystery. One less secret between us and the life we seek to nurture.
And for those of you who know us, that brings this household much peace.
Erik and his wife Dina are farmers-in-training who currently reside in Boston, Mass. They write more about their mission to discover the divine through living closer to the earth at their website:
Plough and Stars Project -- The real-time making of a modern-day farm family - One couples quest to grow anew, from the ground up. | <urn:uuid:6e99bd37-53d6-4bdc-86e5-27b908da0aae> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.pcusa.org/blogs/foodfaith/2012/8/28/death-destruction-and-peace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276353.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00287-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962383 | 735 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The writings of Dr.David Livingston, medical missionary and explorer of Africa during the mid 1800’s, report that he saw Watermelon growing in semi-desert districts of that country. Earlier records prove that it had been a part of people’s diet for 4,000 years. Watermelon is a vine fruit with male and female blossoms on the same plant, pollinated by bees. It is known for its oblong shape, large size, 11-18 kg. (25-40 lbs.) and deep green skin. Recently smaller sizes and round shapes have been developed; even square ones for convenient shipping. Watermelon has sweet, grainy red or yellow flesh all the way through, with seeds not confined to a central cavity but distributed through the flesh. The flesh has a very high water content and is a source of liquid for people during droughts. Over 1,200 varieties of Watermelon are grown worldwide. Every part of a Watermelon is edible, even the seeds and rinds. Some varieties are grown strictly for the seed that they produce and their flesh is bitter. Some, grown for cattle fodder, have flesh that is white and dry.
Watermelon is a warm weather crop that can withstand drought and high temperatures. Mulch should be pulled back early in the planting season to warm the soil and protect the seedlings. It is best to put manure into the bottom of a hole, mix the remaining soil in with the manure and water the planted seeds well. Cantaloupe seeds can be planted in a ring around Watermelon to shade the Watermelon stems, especially at their base. Some hybrid triploid varieties are seedless and have to be planted with seeded varieties to insure pollination.
Harvesting and Seed Production
Watermelons are ready to pick when the surface on the under side turns from greenish-white, to yellow and then to cream. Leaves nearest the fruit will also turn brown. It is common for the plant to produce excess blossoms which fall off. Immature fruit is not as sweet as it should be and overripe fruit is mealy and watery. Cut the Watermelon off the stem do not pull it. When the fruit is ripe for eating, the seeds are also mature. Seeds may be saved by cleaning the flesh from the brown or black seeds, drying the seeds thoroughly and storing them in a closed container for up to 5 years.
Pests and Diseases
Watermelon is hardier than cucumbers or other melons but it is wise to plant fusarium wilt resistant seeds when available. Excessive damage from some diseases can be prevented by use of an all-purpose mixture of 1 gallon (3.8 L) of water, combined with a medium spoonful of baking soda, a drop of liquid dish soap and a drop of mineral oil sprayed on both sides of the leaves, every 3-4 days.
Cooking and Nutrition
Its ease of preparation and serving makes Watermelon a favorite warm weather food. It contains a high level of lycopene (higher than tomatoes), an antioxidant that may protect against cancer and heart disease. It is also high in vitamin A, B-6, C, folic acid and fiber. In some cultures it is popular to bake the seeds and eat them as a snack. The rinds can be candied or pickled. . Fresh uncut Watermelon can be stored at room temperature for two weeks | <urn:uuid:7e8fbb32-0e9d-4030-a7a5-c31664e06bb2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/23d4c890-4e74-4dbc-ba10-67941de1f264 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657172545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716153247-20200716183247-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.957762 | 702 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Last Updated on July 29, 2019, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 528
- The anonymous Old English poem The Battle of Maldon was composed close to the time the Beowulf manuscript was being transcribed. It recounts the death in 991 A.D of Byrhtnoth, ealdorman (governor) of Essex, and his men while fighting the Vikings. It is filled with the heroic commonplaces of Germanic literature: the courageous and still active old war leader who makes one miscalculation, but dies shoulder to shoulder with his men, the retainers who die one by one standing by their dead lord. Modern readers will see in it formulas of another kind, the voices and characters of the men in the ranks, the career soldier as well as the civilian volunteer. Maldon and its characters could easily be transposed to a Hollywood platoon or bomber crew movie.
- The anonymous Irish epic Tain Bo Cualgne (The Cattle Raid of Cooley), available in a translation by Thomas Kinsella (1969), is unusual in that it is composed in prose with inset short verses. Like Beowulf it is difficult to date, the language of the oldest version is probably eighth century although some passages of inset verse may be older. The focus of the story fluctuates between two characters, Queen Maeve of Connacht, who begins the war, and the Ulster hero Cuchulainn. During the period in which the Tain and Beowulf were written, England and Ireland enjoyed close cultural relations.
- Felix's Life of Guthlac, translated by Bertram Colgrave (1956), was written in Latin sometime after 714 and before 749 A.D. Guthlac (circa 674-714 A.D.) was an adventurous young Anglo-Saxon nobleman. After successfully leading a war band, he was moved in his early twenties by "the miserable deaths of kings of his race" to enter a monastery. There he read of the heroism of the "desert fathers," the monks who had gone into the wilderness to be alone with God, and decided that he would attempt to be such a spiritual warrior. He became a hermit in the East Anglian fens, living in an old burial mound, which he held against the onslaughts of demons. Although he was a hermit he was often visited by people seeking spiritual comfort. As well as being a constant friend to his fellow humans, animals trusted him implicitly.
- John Gardner's Grendel, published in 1972, is an imaginative retelling of Beowulf from Grendel's point of view. Grendel made the New York Times best-seller list.
- Tom Holt's "Who's Afraid of Beowulf" (1989) is a fantasy comedy which mixes satire, heroic virtues, and computers. The hero, whose generosity of spirit seems to be based on one strain of critical analysis of Beowulf's character, leads his loyal band and a young woman archaeologist from Long Island to save a world which is superficially utterly alien from his own, yet essentially unchanged.
- In the three books of The Lord of the Rings (1954-55), J. R. R. Tolkein's reading and teaching of Beowulf shaped the characters, action and society of his famous fantasy. The influence of Beowulf is strongest or most obvious in the "Riders of Rohan" who play a large part in Book 2, The Two Towers, and Book 3, The Return of the King. Their society and culture is clearly based on the Anglo-Saxon heroic ideal.
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If you have a pet, then everything about them should concern you, and this includes their sleep. Cats are considered the experts when it comes to sleeping, and if there were a prize for best sleepers, they would absolutely win. They are ready at any point in time to lay down and take a catnap. Just like humans, they also have a required amount of sleep to stay healthy, and they do not joke with it. It is easy to assume it is normal how much your cat is sleeping, and it might be. However, there’re a lot of exciting reasons behind the behavior that will help you keep track of your cat’s sleep and detect when it becomes abnormal. The amount of sleep they get depends on several factors, including age, mood, and health. In fact, cats spend most of their life taking naps alongside bats and opossums, and rightly so because it contributes to their well being. This article takes an in-depth look into the sleeping lives of cats, giving you answers to the questions: How many hours a day do cats sleep? And why do cats sleep so much? There will also be information on when it becomes abnormal, and a vet visit is required.
Things to Know About Cat’s Sleep
- Cats Sleep Twice As Much As Humans
A specific number cannot be put to how much sleep a cat needs, but on average, they spend about 13 to 16 hours sleeping. They can even sleep up to 20 hours a day out of the 24 hours, depending on certain factors. For example, kittens will sleep more than adult cats since they do not have much to do. The truth is, sometimes, your cat is sleeping mainly because it is bored, rather than it needs a nap. So, per this logic, indoor cats will also sleep more than ‘wild’ cats that have hunting and other activities to do. You might think cats are lazy creatures, but they are just laid back animals who prefer to be calm at all times.
- Cats are Crepuscular Creatures
Biologically, cats are programmed to be more active during the wee hours of the morning, which is the reason why they’re crepuscular and not nocturnal. More giant cats like lions are evidence of this behavior, and the trait exists in house cats despite their domestication. They are natural predators, and they like to hunt, especially when it is dark due to their sharp night vision. Don’t be surprised when you bring in a new kitten, and you hear it inspecting every nook and cranny of the house while you’re asleep. After the activity, they will lay down when the sun is out to take a nap. For you, the owner, it will not make sense to you why your cat is so geared up when the sun is down. It’s nothing but their biological clock live in action, and you’d also be active at that time if you spent most of your day sleeping.
- Cats Don’t Sleep That Deep
When you see a cat lying down still, you should think twice before touching it because it might not be deeply asleep. The predatory instinct in these creatures will not allow them to let their guard down for even a second. They’re always on the alert, and so most of the rest time is spent ‘snoozing,’ and it’s for this reason that it’s called a catnap. According to research, cats spend only 25% of their nap time sleeping deeply, while the other 75% is snoozing. You can tell if your cat is snoozing by observing their eyes and ears. If their eyes are slightly open and their ears twitching when there is a sound, they are probably still very alert. They can spring up into action at any moment.
- Cats Can Snore
Snoring is not peculiar to just humans, so do not be so surprised when you hear those sounds from your cat when it is asleep. Snoring in cats usually occurs when there is an obstruction in their airway. This blockage is likely to be caused by a skin close to the soft palate. It is perfectly normal and nothing to be worried about. All cats bound to snore at least once in their lifetimes, but some breeds like the Persian and Himalayan cats are more prone to it. This is partly because of their short noses or brachycephalic and is an entirely normal phenomenon.
- Cats Dream Too
If cats can snore, then dreaming should not be a far fetched idea. Cats dream just like humans, and they can vary from bad to good. You can tell your cat is dreaming when their whiskers are twitching, and their paws are moving like they are walking. Sometimes their bodies move like they are pouncing on smaller prey like crickets and mice. When their eyes are not moving, they are in the non-Rapid Eye Movement, and this is where their bodies heal from earlier activity. It is during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) that they have these dreams they cannot tell you about.
- Age Is A Factor in How Much Your Cat Sleep
How old a cat is can play a role in how much sleep it will have in a day. Kittens will sleep more than adult cats because they do not have much to do except eating. As they grow, their sleeping patterns change until adulthood, where it becomes relatively stable. During adolescence, they have a lot of energy to move around out of curiosity, and so sleep time might become irregular. At adulthood, your cat has seen all it needs to see, and so the sleep becomes regular. At this stage, if it rests for about 15 hours a day, then that is how much sleep it needs. At a very old age, cats will go back to sleeping more since they are getting old, and their energy is depleting.
- Lovely Weather Also Enhances Their Sleep
Basically, the sleep behavior of cats is due to their biology and instinct, but sometimes other factors are involved. Not that sleep behavior will also differ from cat to cat, but there are some factors that all cats share experiences in. Humans are not the only species that like to cuddle up in rainy weather. Cats also embrace the coolness that comes with the rain, and they will take advantage of the weather to take a nap. The rain has a way of putting you to bed and so don’t be surprised if your cat wants a piece of the action.
You may also like our articles on Cat Hammocks and Cat Window Perch.
When Is It Abnormal?
Your cat sleeping for most of the day should not surprise you. But how can you tell when there is a problem with your cat from their sleep pattern? You can tell if the number of hours it sleeps per day is gone too high or too low. When it is sleeping more than usual, it might be lethargic, meaning it has become fragile. This condition is accompanied by excessive inactivity and is a cause for concern. It may be an indication of an underlying disease like arthritis, lack of exercise, stress, or depression. It may also be due to more severe illnesses like diabetes and bacterial infections. If your cat is sleeping less, it might be in pain and needs to be examined. However, not all changes in sleep behavior are cause for alarm. For example, a cat might take more naps if you lay its litter box with fresh cat litter to have an excellent rest. Everybody loves to lie down on a new clean bed, and cats are no different. Also, your cat will sleep less when you reduce its diet portions in an attempt to control its weight.
How Can You Make Your Cat’s Sleep Better at Night?
With all the movement when it is dark, how long do cats sleep at night? As already established, cats are most active when the sun is down, especially at dawn and dusk. This means that they do not sleep much at night, and it is when you are asleep that they are active. This behavior stems from their predatory nature, and so it is normal. However, because house cats are domesticated, they are adaptive and so their sleep patterns can change. There are some tricks and tips you can use to help your cat sleep more at night so that you are not disturbed.
One tip that works well is feeding cats close to the evening to help them be more relaxed. Cats like to lay down after they have had a full meal and so you can use this as a strategy to keep them calm. Always make sure the food is a balanced, healthy diet as it contributes to them having a healthy sleep. A healthy meal consists of all the nutrients needed to give it a more restful sleep. A healthy diet can also interfere with your cat’s natural instinct to be awake all night so that you can enjoy your rest better.
Keeping your cat busy during the day is another way to keep them asleep all night. It is doing the opposite of what their biology teaches them to do, making them more sleepy at night. You can do this by getting your cat a lot of playtime during the day with different toys and activities. Make sure to tire them out with all the action so that when night falls, all they’ll want to do is sleep. Cats already like to play, and so it will not be difficult engaging them. The toys will still be useful when they wake up at night since it will keep them occupied while you sleep. You can find toys that are quiet and specially designed for nighttime play to keep your pet busy. Check out our guide on the best cat toys for more info.
Since you now know that cats take their sleep very seriously, getting them a proper cat bed will also help in enhancing their sleep. Some of the best cat beds have features that support your cat’s body in a way that makes rest more enjoyable for them. Some of these features include an orthopedic foamy inner layer, a velvety texture, a non-skid bottom, and some quality stuffing. For additional luxury, you can get a heated cat bed, which will make your cat cuddle up for a long time. Not only will it sleep for long, but it will also be comfortable and peaceful. Investing in a good cat bed is a step in the right direction to making sure your cat is sleeping well. When getting the bed consider the cat’s preference in terms of elements like the design. Some cats prefer beds with high walls that they can rest their chin while others prefer simple short beds. Some also prefer one with a hood so they can have some privacy. The location of the bed can also determine how often the cat will use the bed and how well it will sleep. A prime location will be in a dry, airy area void of dirt and foul smell.
It is not weird to be curious about the reasons for your cat’s behavior, including their sleep. Sometimes their sleeping pattern can give you useful information about their overall general wellbeing, including illnesses that do not have obvious symptoms. Cats are considered as the sleepers of the animal kingdom mainly because they spend most of their lives in a resting position. You cannot really blame them since we have seen that their biology is mostly responsible for this. Even though they are domesticated, the primal behavior is still within them as a backup for when they would need it. Even in their calm state, they can always tell what is going on around them and think twice before assuming they are fast asleep. Cats can sleep for about 13 to 16 hours a day, but it also varies from cat to cat. The fact that they sleep so much doesn’t also mean they cannot oversleep. Pay close attention to how much your cat sleeps and report to the vet anytime the pattern changes drastically. Note that if your cat is happy and healthy, you would also have some level of relief and eventually happiness.
- Why Do Cats Sleep So Much? – PetMD
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Doctors are classified the cerebral palsy according to the involvement of the specific area of the brain that can cause following movement disorders:
- Muscle stiffness (spasticity)
- Abnormal movements (dyskinesia)
- Poor balance and coordination (ataxia)
On the basis of these disorders, it can be categorized into four main types, including:
Among all types, it is the most common type of cerebral palsy which affects about 80% of people.
People are suffering from spastic cerebral palsy have increased muscle tone. This leads to muscle stiffness, as a result of it, impairment of their body movements. Spastic cerebral palsy is further divided into three forms, depending on the affected parts of the body.
- Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy―This type results from muscle stiffness mainly in the legs, arms with less affected or not affected at all. Difficulty in walking because of stretching of hip and leg muscles.This molds the legs turn inward or cross at the knees known as scissoring.
- Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy ― In this type, cerebral palsy damages only one side of a person’s body. Typically, arms affect more than legs.
- Spastic Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy ―This type is the last and most severe form of spastic cerebral palsy. It affects all four limbs, the trunk, and the face. People with such disabilities cannot walk and often have other developmental disabilities such as intellectual disability; seizures; or problems with vision, hearing, or speech.
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
It is associated with athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic cerebral palsies. People with dyskinetic CP have difficulties controlling the movement of their hands, arms, feet and legs. This makes it difficult to sit and walk. Also have slow, rapid or jerky movements.
Such types of cerebral palsy have balance and coordination problems. People with ataxic cerebral palsy have quick, jerky or unsteady uncontrollable movements. This makes it difficult for controlling hands or arms whenever they are trying to use it for multiple purposes.
Some people have more than one type of symptoms of cerebral palsy. It means they are showing multiple symptoms in which the most common is spastic-dyskinetic cerebral palsy. | <urn:uuid:27b13514-33b5-4da1-a5c3-914f8c33c466> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://healthwire.pk/diseases/cerebral-palsy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710734.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130092453-20221130122453-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.929055 | 499 | 3.671875 | 4 |
From the Beginning
In 1841, when the Ann Arbor campus opened its doors, its faculty included only two professors, one in Mathematics and one in Greek and Latin Languages. This disposition reflected then-prevailing views about the nature of higher education. The earliest freshman curriculum, for instance, included courses in Greek and Latin literature, Greek and Roman antiquities, rhetoric, and grammar. By 1852, the study of Greek and Latin culture had grown sufficiently to permit their separation into two departments. This separation persisted until Greek and Latin were once more merged after the Second World War.
During the last decades of the nineteenth century, as Michigan developed into a national research university, the two departments continued to exercise heavy influence on undergraduate education. Two of the Latin Department's faculty members (Erastus Haven and Henry Simmons Frieze) served as Presidents of Michigan, while another (Charles Kendall Adams) went on to become President of Cornell and then of Wisconsin.
Of far more lasting impact on our Department, however, was Francis Kelsey, who served as Professor of Latin for nearly four decades from 1889 until his death in 1927. Kelsey's tireless acquisition of antiquities provided the core of the University's extraordinary papyrological and archaeological holdings. But Kelsey also built a faculty around his wide-ranging interests, and that faculty successfully replicated itself in succeeding generations. The Departments of Greek and Latin thus became established and renowned as research centers particularly in so-called "ancillary" disciplines (such as papyrology, numismatics, Roman law, and archaeology) as well as in more traditional areas of classical literature and philology.
Long before the merger, therefore, Michigan was already distinctive for its commitment to Classical Studies understood as an entirety, rather than to, for instance, classical languages and culture. The Department took all of Greco-Roman antiquity as its proper subject matter. Only ancient history was established outside the Department, with the appointment of Arthur Boak in History (1914); still, many of our faculty members continued to pursue historical subjects.
But storm clouds were already gathering. During the first half of the twentieth century the College gradually reduced, and finally abolished, its entrance and degree requirements in classical languages. The crisis that resulted would eventually lead to the emergence of the Department in its modern form.
In the College Catalogue for 1852-1853, there appears a remarkable statement about the mission of the Department of Latin:
The primary object of this department is to give the student a critical knowledge of the structure of the ancient languages themselves, of the principles of interpretation, and of those rhetorical principles which will enable a person to express himself in idiomatic and perspicuous English. In the department, therefore, nearly as much attention is paid to the study of English as to the study of Greek and Latin. But another and not less important object which is aimed at, especially in the later studies in this course, is the full comprehension of all that relates to the author read. It is not merely the words and the outward expression of thought to which attention is directed, but the thought itself; and in connection with this analysis of the subject matter of each author, the age and other circumstances in which he wrote are carefully considered. This leads to a general study of antiquity, the laws, government, social relations, religion, philosophy, arts, manufactures, commerce, education: in short, everything which belonged to Grecian and Roman life.
In general, this statement of policy has remained valid until the present day.
The modern history of the Department begins in 1957, when Gerald Else was recruited (from Iowa) to serve as its Chair. Else faced the difficult task of modernizing the Department. Under his leadership, the Department reconstituted its graduate offerings in a more up-to-date and appealing form, and it also took the first steps toward creating, with History of Art, the Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology (IPCAA). Else was likewise a vigorous spokesman for newer interdisciplinary approaches to classical literature.
By the early 1970s, however, the Department faced a far larger crisis: the impending retirement, within the space of about five years, of many of its most renowned scholars, who together comprised half the Department. The faculty thus confronted the possibility, or even the prospect, of a drastic reduction in its size unless it could successfully remake itself by generating new sources of students. The Department took this threat very seriously. Especially under the leadership of John H. D'Arms (who became Chair in 1972), it undertook a series of initiatives that substantially transformed it, and successive Chairs (including Ludwig Koenen and Sharon Herbert) have sustained and extended these initiatives. In effect, the teaching mission of the Department now began to assume its present form.
The key element of this change was the creation of a battery of courses in translation, and the appointment of new faculty qualified and eager to teach such courses in addition to their more traditional scholarly duties. The new courses were in two areas. First, the Department considerably expanded its offering in Classical Archaeology, especially its introductory and advanced courses for undergraduates. Classical Archaeology now accounts for over twenty percent of the Department's enrollments.
Second, the Department established an array of new undergraduate translation courses in Classical Civilization. Most faculty members in literature were expected to mount at least one such course each year, so that the effort would be spread as broadly as possible. Introductory courses, organized initially by Don Cameron, anchored the new curriculum and soon proved immensely popular with freshmen; and other faculty subsequently developed large upper-level courses in such areas as mythology and daily life, as well as smaller and more esoteric offerings in subjects like Roman law, film, and witchcraft. Classical civilization now furnishes about half of the Department's enrollments.
To the extent possible, we tried to prevent these new courses from doing harm to our more traditional curriculum in Greek and Latin. Elementary Latin, in particular, has continued as the mainstay of our language base, especially for students seeking to meet the College's language requirement. Our enrollments in intermediate and advanced Latin, and in Greek at all levels, have continued strong. Since the Department regards undergraduate language instruction as crucial to its educational goals, we have struggled to maintain as much as possible of these programs, and even to improve them through the creation of special courses for concentrators (of whom we now have about 100).
In recent years the Department has also realized two long-term goals. First, we have opened a new language front: Modern Greek courses, still confined to elementary teaching but with robust numbers. Second, we have joined with the Department of History in creating a new program in Greek and Roman History.
On the graduate level, our initiatives have had a more limited effect on the basic curriculum, since we continue to cherish rigorous principles of graduate education. The original "Else curriculum" has been considerably modified over the years, but its essential lines remain, particularly in our "600-level" courses in ancillary disciplines such as papyrology. Our insistence on this general objective is perhaps most clearly shown through our recruitment of top-notch younger scholars in classical literature and in philosophy. Nonetheless, our graduate students are now mainly supported through teaching assistantships in elementary Latin and in Classical Civilization, since teaching in these areas is now all but required for their future employment.
Our initiatives since the early 1970s have succeeded in preserving our Department's size and academic strength throughout the financial turbulence of the past three decades. We have entered the new millennium with considerable optimism that Classical Studies will not only survive at the University of Michigan, but will remain central to its goals of liberal education.
Faculty Interviews / Memoirs
John G. Pedley Memoir
Emeritus Professor of Classical Archaeology and Greek; Director Emeritus, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology
Department of Classical Studies, LS&A
Dr John Pedley received his BA in Classics, with specialization in Ancient History, at Cambridge University in 1953 and the MA in 1959. Entering the graduate program in Classical Archaeology at Harvard University in 1960, he spent a year at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (1963-1964), and received his doctorate in 1965.
Joining the Michigan faculty as Assistant Professor in 1965, he was promoted Associate in 1968 and Professor in 1974. He served as Acting Chair of the Department of Classical Studies for two years in the 1970s and as Director of the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology from 1973-1986. In 1978 he received a Senior Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award. In 1996-97 he was appointed Distinguished Senior Lecturer and received the Warner G. Rice Humanities Award. He has served as Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University, as Resident in Archaeology at the American Academy in Rome and as Guest Scholar at the J. Paul Getty Museum.
His teaching and research have focused on the ancient Greek world with particular reference to art and archaeology, and notably to sanctuaries and cities, architecture, sculpture and painting. His research has included field work in England at Verulamium and Corstopitum, in Greece at Pylos and in Turkey at Sardis. He co-directed the Michigan excavations at Apollonia in Libya , served as co-principal investigator of the Harvard-Michigan fieldwork at Carthage and directed excavations on behalf of the Corpus of the Ancient Mosaics of Tunisia at El Djem. He was field director of the Michigan-Perugia excavations at Paestum in Italy in the 1980s. He has published 12 books and over 80 articles and reviews.
In the course of his career he has received fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies, the American research Institute in Turkey, Harvard University, the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and numerous awards from the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities for improvements to the collections and programs of the Kelsey Museum, and for the excavations at Paestum.
A Life Member of the Archaeological Institute of America, he has served on numerous committees including the Executive, the Lecture Program and the Monographs Committees, and chaired the Nominating and the Fellowship Committees. He has served on the Overseers’ Committee to Visit the Department of Classics at Harvard College, as Assessor of Archaeological Projects for the Canada Council, and on UNESCO’s Comite Consultatif on the Sauvegarde de Carthage. He has chaired the Rome Prize Classical Studies Jury for the American Academy in Rome and served on the Comitato Scientifico of Ostraka and of theCentro Studi Phistelia, Parco Nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano.
Classical Archaeology at Michigan: Fieldwork and the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology
On arrival in Michigan in 1965 I found that course offerings in classical archaeology were thin with no undergraduate major and no graduate program. Fieldwork had however begun that summer under the aegis of the Kelsey Museum at Apollonia in Libya, spurred by work started by Oleg Grabar of the History of Art department at an Islamic site in Syria. With Apollonia in view I thought it time for a renewal of the vigorous engagement with classical archaeology that had been characteristic of Michigan in Francis Kelsey’s time.
At Apollonia the Michigan project was led by Clark Hopkins, Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, assisted by Richard Goodchild, the Controller of Antiquities of Cyrenaica. Following Hopkins’ retirement in 1965 the work was co-directed by Donald White (Department of History of Art) and by me, again assisted by Goodchild. The research resulted in a detailed discussion of the city’s fortification walls, the recovery of the plan and elevation of an extramural temple, and the identification of a building inside the city as a Byzantine bath complex. These results, together with the work of earlier scholars on the theater, the churches, and the palace of thedux were published as Apollonia, Port of Cyrene, Excavations by the University of Michigan, 1965-1967, Supplement to Libya Antiqua, vol. IV (1976). The sculptures from the site followed: A Catalog of Sculpture from Apollonia, Supplement to Libya Antiqua vol.VI (1978). All publication costs were met by the Libyan Department of Antiquities. The publication of the site underscored the cordial relationship developed between Michigan and Libya, and marked the reappearance of Michigan classical archaeologists in North Africa after an absence of some 30 years.
The Kelsey Museum of Archaeology
The university’s collections of classical antiquities, begun by Henry Frieze (1817-1889) and expanded enormously by Francis Kelsey (1858-1927), were kept at the time of Kelsey’s death in various corners of the campus. After his death the university began to gather these together into Newberry Hall, a magnificent old building (built 1888-1891) designed for the Student Christian Association. As the building’s use for religiously based activities diminished, at some time in the 1920s it was leased to the University, and subsequently (1936) donated outright. Renamed the Museum of Archaeology it opened its doors in 1929. It was not until 1953 that the Regents endorsed the renaming of the building again to bear Kelsey’s name.
From 1929 onward little consistent thought seems to have been given to the best academic use of the collections, and in the later 1960s questions began to be asked in the Executive Committee of the College of LSA about its usefulness. These rumblings came to a head in the fall of 1971 when the actual closing of the museum was under consideration. As acting chair of the Department of Classical Studies I thought it my duty to intervene.
I enlisted the aid of sympathetic Michigan faculty, Ann Arbor citizens (of whom Senator and Mrs. Gilbert Bursley were the leaders), senior scholars from other universities and others who had benefited from the collections. I thought a letter writing campaign might help. There were two major categories of beneficiaries: school groups, and knowledgeable American and foreign scholars. Letters were sent out explaining the situation and asking for support. The reaction was rapid. Many schools encouraged students who had visited the museum to write. In no time the Dean’s Office was swamped with postcards, letters, and notes. Senior colleagues also reacted quickly, writing persuasively from prestigious American universities and from Europe.
Within a month I was asked to serve on a four person committee set up to make recommendations about the museum’s future. This committee divided equally between two solutions: the first, to take the Museum out of the College and attach it to the Museum of Art, thereby giving it direct access to funding from the Office of the President; the second, to keep the Museum in the College, strengthening it but leaving it to compete for funds with teaching departments. I was one of the two who on financial grounds favored removing the museum from the College and attaching it to the Museum of Art. The Executive Committee of the College decided otherwise.
After a while Dean Frank Rhodes asked me to be the next director. My wife and I spent a whole weekend going over the building: it was a discouraging business. The exterior is impressive, but the interior, ill-suited to a museum’s needs, was hopelessly out of date with areas of the basement and upper floors disorganized and cluttered with odds and ends. A series of meetings with the Dean ensued in which I described the situation and made a number of requests. Although he would only commit to a few of them, I was impressed by his sympathetic attitude and agreed to give it a try.
I took up the directorship in July 1973. The staff was very small. It consisted of the director, an elderly curator, an equally elderly preparator, a part time registrar, a part time conservator, and a part time librarian. There was no organizational chart, no regularly scheduled Executive Committee meetings, no secretary, and no programmatic framework to make sense of the collections. There was not enough space for the proper storage of the collections or for their effective use. Functioning with just two objectives, a program of exhibits geared to schoolchildren and an intermittent fieldwork program, the place was somnolent, understaffed and underused.
I thought effective administration of the Museum required an effective Executive Committee, so I set about persuading colleagues from related Departments to serve. My first approach was to Jimmy Griffin, Director of the Museum of Anthropology. Griffin was not known for sympathy to the Humanities, still less for admiration for the Kelsey Museum, but he was an eloquent champion of museums. He agreed to serve and was a big help. The chair of Classical Studies, John D’Arms and the chair of History of Art, Clif Olds, and senior members of History and Near Eastern Studies, Chester Starr and Alan Luther, also agreed to participate. We met monthly. Every initiative I proposed was discussed by this committee and no action was taken without its support.
Our first task was to outline responsibilities and goals, and then programs. There was agreement that preservation of the collections was our prime responsibility - a conservation program was therefore a priority. A fieldwork program and in-house research on understudied materials were necessities. Another objective was publication of the collections – monographs, catalogs, articles, gallery guides and exhibitions. Other programs considered necessary included renovation; acquisitions; and outreach. Finally, underscoring the museum’s role in the College, we wanted to encourage the use of the collections by client Departments.
Dean Frank Rhodes had agreed that the Museum could appoint a secretary and a replacement preparator. He had also agreed to consider the recruitment of an archaeological conservator and the installation of a laboratory. I’d also stressed to him the importance of hiring an archaeologist to cover the courses I was surrendering to take the directorship. The College authorized such an appointment, and Sharon Herbert, a Stanford graduate with fieldwork experience, joined the Department of Classical Studies in the fall of 1973. Fifty percent of her teaching load was to be courses in classical archaeology. In making the case for a conservator I enlisted the help of the Keeper of the Laboratory of the British Museum. After a visit to the Kelsey he wrote to Dean Rhodes unequivocally advocating the installation of a conservation lab and the appointment of a trained conservator. The Dean agreed.
The Dean’s commitments were duly met. In the course of my first year as Director, Pat Berry became the museum secretary, David Slee was hired as the new preparator, and in 1975 Amy Rosenberg, a conservator trained at the London Institute of Archaeology, joined the staff. A conservation laboratory was installed on the second floor of the building and work began. In 1978 we were able to appoint a Registrar, Pam Reister, who took in hand the large back log of work.
To meet the needs of programs of exhibitions, publication and fieldwork, more curators were needed. With the help of the chairs of Classical Studies and History of Art two new appointments were secured, each to be shared with a department, thus tying the museum more closely to the university’s intellectual life. Both appointments were to be Romanists, since the underlying plan, building on the strengths of the Museum’s collections and the presence on campus of distinguished Roman historians, was to secure for Michigan a leading position in Roman studies. With new curators in place the museum could publish the collections (exhibitions, catalogs, monographs), and begin the excavation of a Roman site. Two excellent appointments were made: Elaine Gazda, who was teaching at the University of Southern California, agreed to serve as senior curator of the collections overseeing the new exhibitions program, and John Humphrey, fresh from a Bryn Mawr doctorate, agreed to edit the first volume of Apollonia and plan and execute a new fieldwork project. Furthermore, on the retirement in 1978 of curator Louise Shier we were authorized to make another curatorial appointment. Another young scholar, Margaret Root, joined the faculty, a joint appointment between the Kelsey and History of Art, to help with the exhibitions program and to curate and publish the near eastern collections. A specialist in Achaemenid art and archaeology, and another Bryn Mawr graduate, at the time of her Michigan appointment Root was teaching at the University of Chicago.
In this way a scaffolding of programs came into place, conservation, exhibitions and fieldwork being the cornerstones. Others followed: a publication program, a lecture program, a renovation program, a program of acquisitions, and an outreach program including a volunteers group, the Associates. I myself took responsibility for the renovations, the acquisitions, the lectures and some of the publications.
Graduate Program in Classical Art and Archaeology
The Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Classical Art & Archaeology, begun in 1969 and headquartered in the Museum, and chaired by me, was faltering. It needed new staff and fresh thinking. The departures of Oleg Grabar to Harvard and of Donald White to Penn had been serious blows but the new curatorial faculty appointments (50% Museum, 50% Department and therefore with teaching responsibilities) restored the program’s equilibrium. New courses, seminars and research projects, many involving the Museum’s collections, were introduced. By these means and by subsequent expansion of faculty, staff and facilities Michigan has been able over the years to attract more and better trained undergraduates to a graduate program recognized as one of the best in the nation.
Since the antiquated state of the galleries required immediate attention, I applied to the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities for help. Both were sympathetic, and between 1974 and 1977 provided six substantial grants enabling us to hire Vincent Ciulla, a New York art gallery consultant, to design and execute a program of new installations with fresh designs, colors, cases, and lighting. This initial program of renovation however only affected the ground floor galleries and the conservation space. What had been achieved was only a short term solution.
The answer to the problems of space for display galleries, suitable storage areas, enlarged laboratory space, administrative and curatorial offices, student research space and the overall updating of the museum lay in the construction of a new wing on the car park behind the Museum. In early 1977 I began casting about to see how this could be done. Fundraising was in its infancy in the University, and the College had only a single fundraiser. In consultation with Wilbur K. Pierpont, Vice President for Financial Affairs, about whether it would be proper for the museum to seek donors by itself, Pierpont told me in no uncertain terms that he couldn’t imagine the university turning down a gift sufficient to meet the costs of a new wing. Together the Associates group and I began contacting several people we thought might be sympathetic; it took a while but eventually (l982) we found a person who said she would provide the few millions needed at that time to build a New Wing. But at this point the Dean, Peter Steiner, stepped in. He wanted the money for another project. So without informing the museum he approached the donor himself. When she refused him saying she wanted the money to be used for the museum, he turned to President Shapiro. The donor could hardly refuse the President. Accordingly, the funds were diverted and the much needed New Wing had to wait a further 30 years to be built, at a far larger cost. In the 1990s, however, there were some improvements: further modifications in the building including partial climate control did take place. The New Wing constructed in 2009 has transformed the building at long last into a fully effective university museum.
This unfortunate experience with fundraising brought into sharp focus for me the fact that small non-teaching units have little say in the College. Large departments generating many student credit hours are much more likely to have members of their departments on the Executive Committee. This inevitably works against the smaller units which have to rely for support on the impartiality of the Dean of the moment and the occasional sympathetic voice on the Committee. Different deans viewed the Kelsey Museum in different ways. Frank Rhodes understood the museum’s problems and was consistently supportive, as was his successor, Billy Frye. Frye was exceptional for the breadth of his vision and his appreciation of all the units and departments in the College, large and small. On a visit to the Kelsey his remark “how can I learn more about the collections?” was both telling of his attitude and much appreciated by the staff.
In addition to housing the classical collections, the Museum had been used by the University as a depository for materials for which there was no obvious home. Following the formulation of what fell within its purview, and what didn’t, the Executive Committee of the Museum decided to remove materials not germane to the classical Mediterranean world. These included furniture of oriental origin which was transferred to the Exhibits Museum, and the residue of a collection of firearms the larger part of which had been sold earlier. The firearms were offered to the Museum of Art and the Exhibits Museum, which were not interested in them, and then to the Clements Library which took a few items. The rest were sold at auction in 1984 and the proceeds added to the Acquisitions Fund. This fund had already been enriched by contributions from the Museum’s Associates group and used to acquire objects to fill gaps in the collections.
There was a fundamental imbalance in the collections which - with only a few objects of artistic merit - consisted largely of artefactual materials. There was no example of larger scale Greek or Roman sculpture or Greek painted vases, in sharp contrast to the collections of other Big Ten universities, notably Indiana. It seemed logical to me that the Museum of Art should have shouldered responsibility for Greek and Roman art, but it had not, arguing that the Kelsey Museum was the place for all ancient western materials. In this situation, we decided to acquire a few larger objects of ancient art, and try to persuade the Museum of Art to help. In this I found a sympathetic colleague in the then director of the Museum of Art, Bret Waller, and the two museums shared some notable acquisitions. Over the years the collections increased in scope and character by the purchase of a few pieces of sculpture and vase painting, notable both for their suitability for teaching and for their artistic merit, so that by the end of my tenure as Director the imbalance between artefactual and art objects in the Museum had been somewhat redressed and the University could at last boast one or two substantial examples of Greek and Roman art.
As I set my sights on re-energizing the museum’s fieldwork program, two possibilities were in view, one in Israel, the other in Tunisia.
Israel: Tel Anafa
In 1972-73 Sharon Herbert had worked with Saul Weinberg of the University of Missouri at Tel Anafa, a small Hellenistic and early Roman settlement in Israel, which Weinberg had opened in 1968. When Weinberg was approaching retirement and looking for a successor, he approached Herbert. I suggested to them both and to the director of the Museum of Art and Archaeology at Missouri, Osmund Overby, that a joint Missouri-Michigan continuation of Weinberg’s work under Herbert’s leadership might suit everybody. It did. Consequently, the Kelsey Museum joined with the Museum at Missouri to continue the work, initially with Herbert and Weinberg as co-Directors, subsequently with Herbert as sole director. Five seasons of work at the site, between 1978 and 1986 ensued.
In early 1972 the director of the Corpus of Ancient Mosaics of Tunisia, Professor Margaret Alexander of the University of Iowa, asked if I would direct the fieldwork that summer and the summer of 1973 at Thysdrus. Bearing in mind that Michigan had excavated in Tunisia at Carthage long ago (1925), I was interested to renew the connection. The purpose of the project, begun in 1967, was to research and catalogue all Tunisian mosaics of the Roman period. Work had recently been completed at Utica, and Thysdrus was next on the agenda. This was an ideal opportunity for Michigan faculty and students to gain experience of archaeological work in Tunisia, and of Tunisian archaeological sites, practices and personnel.
Our work involved the lifting of mosaics from a suite of houses, the study of the foundation laid for the mosaics and the sifting of the earth beneath for evidence (sherds, coins etc.) bearing on the date of the pavements. The archaeological evidence together with stylistic analysis would establish a chronology and typology, enabling the Thysdrus mosaics to take their place in the whole Corpus. The result of our investigations placed the installation of the mosaics between ca.180 and 250 AD. The project not only allowed team members to experience archaeological fieldwork and daily life in an Arab country, but also to broaden their intellectual horizons by visiting other cultural sites, e.g. Kairouan where the Grand Mosque, built in the later 7th century AD is considered by many Moslems to be Islam’s 4th holiest. It also brought the University of Michigan to the attention of the Tunisian authorities at a time when the Tunisians wereattempting to organize an international project of work at Carthage.
Following the work at Thysdrus, I’d made enquiries about further fieldwork opportunities in Tunisia, to no avail. In the interim the Tunisian Institute of Art and Archaeology with the endorsement of UNESCO had organized an international project at Carthage, the Campagne Internationale de Sauvegarde de Carthage. Invitations to participate had been sent to various national institutions, among them the Archaeological Institute of America. The AIA passed the invitation to the American Academy in Rome. Potential participants were invited to a meeting in Tunis, at which possible sites for exploration were to be discussed and divvied up. At this meeting the American Academy was represented by Professor Frank Brown. The French were allocated the houses on the Byrsa, the hilltop overlooking the harbors, the Germans were given the forum, the British the harbors, other countries other sites. The Tunisians wanted the Americans to take on the Baths of Antoninus Pius, but Frank Brown, seeing little significant research there, displayed no interest, so no American team participated at the outset. Before long however teams from Britain, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Bulgaria, Italy, France, and Canada were in the field.
In the spring of 1974 I received a phone call from Professor G. Ernest Wright, Curator of the Semitic Museum at Harvard and President of the American Schools of Oriental Research. He had received a communication from the Tunisians inviting ASOR to join the Carthage project. His reaction had been to form a consortium to represent the United States, and Michigan was on his list. I said that I didn’t favor large consortia since difficulties often arose between members, but that the idea of a joint Michigan-Harvard project appealed to me. I reasoned that since Harvard’s Semitic Museum’s interests would best be met by a Punic site - and the sanctuary site, the Tophet, partially excavated by Michigan in 1925 would be a logical starting point – and Michigan’s by a Roman site, the research aims of the two would be quite different requiring two separate teams. In this way tensions could be minimized. Professor Wright and I agreed to proceed on that understanding, each museum gathering its own team and negotiating separate permits, all under the umbrella of ASOR. In the summer I met in Carthage with Larry Stager, field director of the Harvard team and John Humphrey, field director of the Michigan team, to identify sites and negotiate permits. The Harvard team decided on resumption of work at the Punic site explored by Michigan in 1925. For Michigan, John Humphrey and I settled on a large field at the foot of the Byrsa where Tunisian archeologists in 1969-71 had found a 5th century Christian basilica and a late Roman house with fragments of mosaic pavements depicting charioteers. After minor but necessary wrangling the Tunisians granted the permits.
The Michigan work began the following year in the field below the Byrsa, graduate students directing Tunisian workmen in the squares which mapped the site. Work was concentrated in two areas: the house with the charioteer mosaics, and an ecclesiastical complex close to the church investigated by the Tunisians. John Humphrey directed the excavation with the help of Michigan students and a group of outstanding specialists: John Hayes (pottery), Katherine Dunbabin (mosaics), Dick Ford (ethnobotany), and W. H. C. Frend (the early Christian church).
The stratigraphy in both areas was complicated. The compression of floor levels in the so-called House of the Greek Charioteers, with numerous robber trenches adding to the difficulties, called for sharp eyed and sensitive excavators. But an outline history of the house emerged, suggesting construction in the late 4thcentury to a typical North African peristyle house plan, little alteration throughout the 5th century with the exception of the replacement of mosaic panels, and a phase of reconstruction in the 6th. At the other site, the ecclesiastical complex, the building put up in the 5th century was re-floored on several occasions; towards the end of the 6th some of its functions changed. Part of the building was turned over to domestic use which continued throughout the 7th century punctuated by moments of disruption, wall robbing, and pitting. Roof collapse was followed by episodes of debris dumping and filling, evident in stratified rubbish dumps. It was an extremely difficult site with complex stratigraphic problems, but Humphrey and the Michigan people mastered it. Under Humphrey’s editorial leadership the results were published rapidly, Excavations at Carthage conducted by the University of Michigan I-VII (1976-1982), Michigan setting the pace for the other teams participating in the UNESCO project.
The work in Carthage created another link for the University. The day to day life of an archaeologist involves close communication with the workmen in the trenches. At Carthage our students used what knowledge of French they had. One Michigan student, however, a Jordanian, was fluent in Arabic. To the workmen, however, he was just another Michigan student. On the final day of the season one of the workmen’s remark to Ghazi “You speak excellent Arabic for an American” caused some hilarity. That Michigan Ph.D., Ghazi Bisheh, became Director-General of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities.
The leader of the French team, Serge Lancel, happened to be at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in academic year 1978-1979, the year in which the museum celebrated its 50th anniversary. Two projects were planned: an exhibition (Carthage Then and Now) linking Professor Kelsey’s work at Carthage in 1925 with the museum’s new work, and a conference bringing together the American and Canadian participants in the UNESCO project. At the conference held in Ann Arbor representatives of the two Canadian (one anglophone, one francophone) and the two American teams were joined by Professor Lancel. The papers were published quickly in book form: J.G. Pedley (ed.) New Light on Ancient Carthage(University of Michigan Press, 1980).
In early 1980, as the publication phase of the Carthage work was winding down, I began searching for another project. It was important that the museum’s fieldwork program be visible and that graduate students should have opportunities before them on a Michigan project. Excavation at Tel Anafa was in progress but work there was only possible intermittently. So I turned to Mario Torelli, Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology and Art History at the University of Perugia, to see if there might be possibilities in Italy. Torelli had lectured on campus in 1974 and been visiting Professor here in 1978. In the spring of 1981, Torelli sent a telegram asking whether Michigan might be interested in joining Perugia in the exploration of a sanctuary site at Paestum. It’s hard to imagine a more exciting prospect. Paestum offered opportunities for research at one of the most prominent sites in Italy, famous for its Greek temples and continuous inhabitation into Roman times.
I went to Italy as soon as I could. Mario and I drove to Benevento to meet the Superintendent of Antiquities, Werner Johannowsky, who agreed to give us a permit. The following morning we examined the site. Earlier exploration had discovered unusual architectural features with pottery and terracotta figurines of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman date. Since these materials suggested continuous use from the 6th c. BC to the 3rd AD we thought we could retrieve the origins of an important Roman cult. The pottery and figurines could shed light on religious activities as well as on patterns of cultural influence and exchange in and around Paestum and between Paestum and other sites where Greeks and Romans mingled with indigenous peoples. Work began in 1982 continuing both in the field and at the museum for two months and was renewed annually through 1985.
Four seasons of work bore much fruit. We successfully deciphered the stratigraphy of the site identifying levels from the archaic period through the classical and Hellenistic down into Roman republican and early imperial times. We reconstructed the architectural history of the parts of the sanctuary accessible to us, whose major features are an early 5th century BC temple extensively repaired in the Roman period, and a 5th century dining hall enlarged in early Roman times (3rd century) and further enhanced by a 1st century BC reworking of the interior to include several horseshoe shaped niches. Close by is apiscina, a large fish pool, a Roman addition to the sanctuary, perhaps the living place for sacred fish. The oldest buildings so far unearthed were not erected till the late archaic period, suggesting that the earliest (6th century) cult activity, attested by the wealth of terracotta figurines of that date, may have taken place in the open air. However, an early 20th century tomato paste (Cirio) factory sits on part of the sanctuary, so that architectural members and a sculpted stone metope found at the time of the factory’s construction (1908) may represent an earlier religious structure the location of which may not be determined until the modern factory is dismantled.
As to the history of the cult, the numerous fragments of terracotta figurines are almost exclusively of familiar types variously identified as Hera, Athena, Aphrodite or Artemis. A distinctive group presents images of a standing goddess, nude, which allows us to link the earliest activity at the site with Aphrodite. Such nude female images are rare at other Greek sites in Italy and Sicily but occur more frequently in the eastern Greek world where they are thought to represent Greek Aphrodite or Phoenician Astarte. Such an eastern link for our goddess is underscored by the existence of the piscina in the sanctuary and connection to the Dea Syria, popular in the east, in whose cult fish played an important role. The continuation of the cult of Aphrodite is demonstrated by our discovery of several inscriptions of the Roman period attesting the presence of Venus (Greek Aphrodite) in the sanctuary. And the survival of the name in the contemporary name of the site as thelocalita Santa Venera is obviously significant.
Beyond the dedications, other evidence of cultic activity is apparent in the dining hall where we found the debris of ritual meals. The niches in the dining hall introduced in the Roman phase are to be connected with other ritual activities, and it’s reasonable to conjecture that thepiscina similarly will have been the focus of religious practice. These results were published as preliminary reports in theAmerican Journal of Archaeology (1983, 1984, and 1985) and in two substantial volumes titled The Sanctuary of Santa Venera at Paestum (Rome, Giorgio Bretschneider, 1993, 2003).
Though I took up the Directorship of the Kelsey Museum hesitatingly, I left it in 1986 content to see the Museum active on many fronts and content to have taken on the responsibility for its welfare. Pari passu with that contentment is a satisfying sense of having had a hand in the inauguration and growth of programs, undergraduate and graduate, in classical archaeology the success of which echoes that of Francis Kelsey a century ago.
John Griffiths Pedley
Don Cameron Interview
Cameron Interview Transcription
Donka: It is December 17th, 1996, 3:00 in the afternoon on the second floor of Angell Hall and I am with Professor Don Cameron who has been kind to agree to talk to us about the history of the extremely successful Great Books program here at the University of Michigan of which he has been a director for many, many years. First I would like to ask you Professor Cameron to give us a brief intellectual autobiography of yourself as an introduction.
Cameron: Well I grew up in Michigan and went to the University of Michigan as an undergraduate thinking I was going to be a mathematician. And in the end of my sophomore year when it dawned on me that I would never be a world famous mathematician, I thought maybe I would have a crack at being a world famous classicist. So I switched to a major in Latin under the auspice of my beloved teacher Frank Copley. So I entered the classics program and took a degree in Classics, Latin actually because I only started Greek in my junior year. I graduated in 1956 and once again under the auspices of my beloved teachers, Frank Copley among them, Arthur Hansen and Warren Blake, I was admitted, by virtue of their letters of recommendation I should think, to the graduate program at Princeton after a ten week bicycle trip through Europe to broaden my horizons. I arrived at Princeton where I spent three years in their rather quick graduate program. In those days there was such a shortage of PhDs, even in classics, that the Woodrow Wilson foundation had instituted a financial program to stimulate young people to go into the humanities sort of to staff the universities of the country depleted after the war, so I went to Princeton with a Woodrow Wilson fellowship which paid everything in my first year. I might mention the startling fact that my graduate tuition in 1956 at Princeton was $600 a year. That should make people gasp. I had studied linguistics with Waldo Sweet as an undergraduate at Michigan and continued my study of linguistics at Princeton, became a specialist in Indo-European, which I now teach at the University of Michigan, still a graduate course in comparative grammar in Greek and Latin. I did a dissertation there on the Seven Against Thebes of Aeschylus under the direction of Robert Duff Murray and Samuel Atkins. In those happy days, one’s fate was somehow arranged by one’s elders. I came home for Christmas in 1958 in Michigan and had a phone call from Gerald Else the chairman of the classics department at Michigan asking me to come down and talk to him. I did and he offered me a job, right like that, which I accepted, right like that. So in the fall of ’59 I came to the University of Michigan as a pre-doctoral instructor with the magnificent salary of about $1,800 dollars a year I think. In those days, you got your job before you finished your PhD. I finished my PhD in those next three summers, that’s a pretty good clip. It adds up to one year of actual work because while I was teaching I didn’t get much done. I finished my PhD in 1962 and have been on the staff of the University of Michigan from 1959 to the present. Publishing on Aeschylus in my early days, I began to teach Great Books in I think ’62 it was…which was then the non-honors form of Great Books. It was just a class of 25 ordinary undergraduates fulfilling their humanities distribution requirement. In those days it was under the auspices of the Professor of Archaeology here Clark Hopkins. As the years rolled by I proceeded through the ranks to full professor eventually and teaching comparative grammar… all kinds. When I first came I taught every author of Greek and Latin you could think of. My first course I taught here was on Tacitus’ Annals and though I was a little bit wet behind the ears I seemed to carry that off alright. In 1965 I was asked to give a lecture in Honors Great Books on Virgil and as a result of that I began to lecture in Great Books…which was by that time under the auspices of the English department…for four years from ’65 –’69 giving one of the lecture sections while the TAs in those days were graduate students in English. Several students from that period, in ’65-’69, have reappeared on my shores this year as a matter of fact because their sons and daughters are now in Great Books 191 which I’m teaching again so they can come back to visit.
Donka: Would you be willing to mention some of their names or…?
Cameron: Well off the top of my head I can’t, I will have to look that up I’m afraid. So I became…I served as graduate chairman of the department from ‘77-’80 while Professor D’Arms, the chairman, was Director of the American Academy in Rome. In the course of this I developed an interest…I resurrected a boyhood interest in zoology and became an entomologist and finally was appointed adjunct curator at the Museum of Zoology. I specialize on spiders and scorpions and particularly that combination of zoologist and classicist allows me to be a real expert on the history of zoological nomenclature. People consult me from all over the world. I was thrilled one year to get a letter from the Secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences who needed my advice on something. I began to teach Honors Great Books regularly in the fall of 1983. I have done that…it’s been my principle effort for many years to direct the whole Great Books program but particularly lecturing in the course required of all honors students Great Books 191 and 192 comprising of Greek, Roman, biblical, and Renaissance literature in translation to be Papa Bear to 16-20 teaching assistants every year. Any questions about that?
Donka: There are few people who know as much about the conception of the Great Books program in general than you do. What is the history of this program nationwide?
Cameron: The history will startle you. That is, it is a surprise…it was a surprise to me to learn that the founding father of Great Books programs in the United States was unusually General of the Army’s John J. Pershing. Under the following remarkable circumstances, Pershing commanded the American expeditionary force in the First World War of course and once the armistice was signed there were American troops serving as occupation troops in Europe. Pershing with having to deal with the problem of idle soldiers who didn’t really have to do much, conceived the idea of having a kind of Doughboy University. There were plenty of people in the army in Europe who had been college professors. So he got them together to organize a university. Among them…these guys decided in their wisdom that the place that this Doughboy University should be located would be smack dab in the middle of the Burgundy country at the city of Beaune, which is a great commercial marketplace for Burgundy wines. One particular young man from Columbia whose name was John Erskine put together a curriculum for the doughboys in which they read the books that everybody wanted to read. This is the origin of the Great Books curriculum. This university under Pershing didn’t last very long because the expeditionary force soon came home but John Erskine returned to Columbia and there instituted the Great Books program and that Columbia Great Books program is still in operation as John Erskine founded it. Among the pupils of Erskine at that time were people like Lionel Trilling and Mortimer Adler who has become a kind of patron saint of the Great Books ideas. Subsequently some very famous names, some rather disreputable ones I think of particularly this surprised me Whittaker Chambers the notorious accuser of Alger Hiss was one of Erskine’s pupils in the Columbia Great Books Program. Adler then sort of graduated to teaching in this Great Books program after having been a student and when the dean of the Yale Law School, Hutchens, was appointed as the young, new president of the University of Chicago, Mortimer Adler went down to New Haven to talk to Hutchens about this Great Books program. Hutchens was so excited about it that when he got to the University of Chicago, he instituted a Great Books program and indeed hired Mortimer Adler, sort of imposed him on a somewhat reluctant philosophy department at Chicago and he himself taught in it as did Adler for many, many years. In those days in Chicago it was a kind of a pressure cooker course in which they read a book a week and it didn’t matter whether the book was the Prometheus Bound, which is manageable, or the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire given which to do it in a week would fail any scholar. So that Chicago phase turned into a sort of industry. It was supported by the Continental Can company and there was a sort of spinoff in which Adler did sort of seminars for industrialists and businessmen in the Chicago area to enlighten them and this brought in some money. Then Adler published this sort of Great Books list and it became a publishing enterprise. The University of Michigan on the other hand…at the University of Michigan the history of Great Books is a little later. It dates from 1947. When the Second World War was over, the history of Great Books seems to be tied to wars-the First War, the Second War…when professors came back from the Armed Forces in 1946 to resume their professorships and the university had to meet the challenge of accommodating the needs of returning veterans who under the G.I. Bill of Rights were coming to colleges in droves and my dear teacher Frank Copley was then I think just an assistant professor was in charge of admissions of veterans. There were all kinds of accommodations, how do you calculate credits for somebody who has fought for four years in Europe or the Pacific and wants to finish a BA degree? Well Frank Copley was in charge of that. The other thing that changed was this was an opportunity for the University of Michigan to modernize its curriculum. The history of curriculum change is an interesting one and Howard Peckum’s history of the University of Michigan revised now by the Stenecks will give you the sort of history of how curriculum changed at the University of Michigan. In the 1840s every undergraduate in the literary department as it was called had to take the same courses. There was nothing so much…there were no electives at all. This changed under President Angell…I don’t need to go through the phases of change except that in 1947 the faculty invented the system that we have now by which there are distribution requirements for the first two years, and concentration for the last two years, concentration in the department. That scheme of distribution plus concentration was instituted in 1947 as the great curriculum reform after the Second World War. There was a humanities requirement in those distribution requirements and Clark Hopkins, Rhodes Scholar, Yale PhD, excavator with Rostovtzeff and others at Dura-Europos, was THE professor of archaeology here. We only had one and he did everything Greek, Roman, Christian. He was a great swimmer, a varsity swimmer, a champion swimmer and kept up his sort of patronage to the Michigan swimming team of which his son Cyrus Hopkins was a star in the years of the late ‘50s. It is Clark Hopkins who conceived the idea of Great Books at Michigan, patterned not on the Chicago plan but upon the Columbia plan which he moved on. The idea was to solve a perpetually reoccurring problem at the University of Michigan, the problem freshman never saw full professors. So the scheme was that these would be small classes of 20-25 for freshman, it would fulfill partly the distribution requirement in the humanities, a two semester sequence taught by the great professors at this university as an intimate class. The first semester was Great Books 1 in those days before inflation of grade numbers, Great Books 1 and 2. Great Books 1 was essentially the Greeks and the Romans going from Homer through Tacitus and Great Books 2 was everything from Dante up through Jane Austen or however far anybody wanted to go. The teachers there were the best teachers in the humanities; not only the humanities because some of the scientists wanted to get in on this humanities teaching. Kenneth Jones, the botanist, was a renowned humanities teacher in Great Books. In those days teaching Great Books, by the arrangement of the college under the Dean, was part of the regular teaching duties of these men from various departments, that is, the department donated the time of these great men. Frank Copley was my Great Books teacher when I was a freshman in 1956 and that is one of the reasons why I am a classicist today. I can remember the first day sitting in anticipation, because I being a mathematician didn’t much want to take all this literary stuff, and the first day this charming man, with a face like a burst of sunshine came in with a smile and crinkling eyes that I will never forget, just emanated a sort of mischievous joy, introduced us to the course. The last thing he did on this first day of Great Books was to tell us the story of the Iliad. I remember him sitting on the windowsill of one of those classrooms in Mason Hall, which had wide windowsills for this purpose, cocking his knees under his crossed arms and just telling us this story of the Iliad. I think that was the moment I became a classicist. It took me two years to make the decision, but Frank Copley telling the story of the Iliad was astounding. It was very moving; I’ll never forget it and that’s when I knew that I was going to love this literature. Now I’ve lost my train of thought thinking about that. Back to Michigan! Louis Bredvold, famous professor of English taught in it, Otto Graf from the German department taught in it, I’ve mentioned Kenneth Jones in botany. There were about 15 sections of Great Books and it was one of the very popular courses in the University of Michigan and as I say when I came back on the faculty I was enlisted to teach Great Books in 1962 in this pattern. Then there came a change with the institution of the college Honors program, which was developed by Professor Robert Angell and others in the late ‘50s and really sort of got underway about 1960. One of the formative ideas of the Honors program was that these Honors students would profit by studying a great civilization together so that all of them would have sort of a common intellectual ground which they could use for the rest of their college career and the choice was obviously the Greeks. So, in those days, Honors students did not take the ordinary class of Great Books 1 and 2 that the non-Honors students took. Instead, they had a scheme which seemed a little backwards at the time for Honors students-a lecture of a 100 or 250 people broken up then into sections twice a week.
Donka: And this change took place in the ‘60s, right?
Cameron: This change took place in the ‘60s. No, ordinary Great Books which is a 4-hour a week, 4 meetings a week sort of class continued for non-Honors students. Honors students then sat in lecture twice a week and then broke up into sections taught then by teaching fellows in the English department, they were called teaching fellows then. And that fulfilled the English composition requirement as well as part of the humanities requirement, so you kind of got a double shot. It was a way of dealing with the fact that bright students were often bored with the ordinary English composition courses. Thus, giving them the Greeks to write about was a solution. Then it sort of went overboard because it was two semesters of the Greeks and Romans, which is a little sort of overdoing it a little bit, but those who lived through this throughout the ‘60s until about 1969 seemed to like it alright. It was a popular course. When it was first invented the lecturers were two men from the English department and not to put too fine a point on it, but they were not as well equipped to lecture on Greek literature as say perhaps a classicist, for whom it was a professional concern. There was a certain amount of unrest in those early years when the English department sort of took over the Great Books program. This was done not without a certain amount of political pain because Clark Hopkins who had invented this went on sabbatical and when he came back from sabbatical he discovered that the Great Books program, “his baby”, had been taken away from him and lodged in the English department. There was considerable annoyance on his part and many people thought that was a bad way to treat him. The lecturing in Great Books, now called 191 and 192 for Honors students, left something to be desired. In fact, there were some rather notorious protests on the part of the Honors students. There was one day which they…these lectures were in the Angell Hall auditoriums A and B and one day the students pushed a piano in front of the door to prevent the lecturer from entering his own lecture hall. This had sort of opened a protest. Well this is recognized by the English department. The Classics department was complaining about this and I remember complaining to one of the bright English graduate students TAs in Great Books that the English department had no business teaching Greek Literature and he argued his point that “Yes they did,” but some of this got back to the English department and so I was asked in the Spring of 1965 as a guest lecturer, to give a lecture on the Aeneid. It was one of the hardest things I had ever done. I spent probably a week writing out in detail this lecture, I had never given a full lecture before and so forth. It was, though I shouldn’t say, a magnificent success. It went over terrifically with the result that I was then asked to give one of the lecture sections, there were two of them, two groups of about 250, while one of the English professors, the better of the two, gave the other section.
Donka: I should interject here that Professor Cameron’s lectures in the Great Books program are still a favorite for both undergraduate and graduate students. I mean they are really acted out and performed almost on the stage and they’re thrilled, undergraduates are thrilled with them and everybody really enjoys them immensely. So, it’s still the tradition.
Cameron: Well, then as time went on Professor Buttrey, who had just arrived in the Classics department at Michigan, Buttrey had been at Yale and about 1964 or 1965, ’65 maybe, he came to Michigan. I can’t remember when it was but maybe about ’68 that Buttrey became the other lecturer in Great Books and the Buttrey-Cameron team had some renown as the two Great Books lecturers. Still, it was under the auspices of the English department and the English department supported its own graduate students for teaching Greek literature. But things were fixed up. There was much more satisfaction on the part of the undergraduates. And Buttrey and I, because we were really good friends and enjoyed each other’s company and tease each other mercilessly and think alike about literature, we made a very successful team. I went on leave in 1969, in January 1969; I went to Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin to teach for six months. So, what were they going to do? Well, they sort of consolidated the two lecture groups into one huge lecture group and enlisted a kind of committee, a succession of lecturers that gave sort of the second term of the course. That was the last time they ever did that; that didn’t turn out to be very successful. What happened after that is that I came back from Appleton, Wisconsin and the Honors Great Books course had fallen back completely into the English department and the English professors of various kinds were lecturing. Professor D’Arms was chairman of the Classics department at this time and feeling that we shouldn’t let the English department do all the teaching about Greek literature, he called me into his office and told me what my future was going to be. My future was going to be to invent Classics courses that would deal with Greek and Roman literature and civilization. So we invented Classical Civilization 101, the Greeks-the World of the Greeks, and Classical Civilization 102, the World of the Romans.
Donka: And that was in what year?
Cameron: About 1970, I think, or ’71. It was three lectures a week and one recitation a week. We got this instituted and the original idea was that the faculty of the Classics department would share in the lecturing, so we would have many guest lecturers, and that’s the way we did it for quite a while. But with all of these things that are sort of committee courses, as personnel changes as people get busy as people are on leave, the original scheme begins to fade away because they aren’t there to lecture so some fall guy, mainly me, began to fill in on the lectures which weren’t there until pretty soon I was giving all of the lectures in these courses with a few guest lectures from time to time. There was one fall afternoon, I was sitting in my office and Alan Stillwagen who was the Associate Director of the Honors program and an old friend of mine from undergraduate days, we lived in the same dormitory, came wandering up tentatively to my office and said “We got too many Honors students, we can’t accommodate them in Honors Great Books there aren’t enough spaces, there aren’t enough room in the lecture hall. And we got this overflow; we don’t know what to do with them. You think you could set up an Honors section of Classical Civilization 101.” Well my predatory instincts came into play and I said that I think we could probably do that. So I taught the Honors section, there was one…I guess there were two Honors sections of Classical Civ 101. This was in that period where English professors were lecturing in Great Books. So the kids with a real interest in Classics tended to choose the alternative, Classical Civ 101 and 102 over Great Books and we tried to foster that. So we began to make end roads and Great Books is still a companion, excuse me, Classical Civilization courses are still a companion for Great Books courses and now Honors students can choose among them and the bulk of them go into Great Books but a happy number prefer Classical Civ, especially those who are particularly interested in going on in Classics, but that’s how that happened. I taught Classical Civilization since it was founded to about 1984 I guess it was, about 14 years I was running that course. Sometimes under considerable strain because in the period of 1977-1980 I was also Chairman of the Classics department and tried to teach this big lecture course and so on and keep that going. I rather taught an overload in those days while trying to be Chairman. I don’t know what I was trying to prove, but I tried to do everything: be Chairman, teach Greek courses and Classical Civ courses and do it all, keep all those balls in the air. I don’t know, I managed it but at some strain to myself. Then the problem of lecturing in Great Books, being recognized by the English department, the then Director of the Great Books program, Professor Hornback, very wisely decided that in order to make Honors Great Books better you ought to have a classicist lecturing. Let me put a footnote, there was a period when our representative in partibus infidelium, that is to say Ralph Williams who is a professor of English, but has a degree from this department in Classics as well, so he counts as a classicist and there was a period when Ralph Williams was giving those lectures in which there was nothing…it was just fine. When he stopped doing that, Burt Hornback very wisely asked Ted Buttrey to give the lectures in Great Books. So for many years, and I can’t remember exactly the span of years, Buttrey lectured in Great Books program while the TAs were from the English department and from other departments. Hornback began to spread out and use TAs from other Humanities departments, including some classicists, a pattern which I have continued and I think is the best pattern for Honors Great Books. So Buttrey was teaching. Then there came a kind of crisis. Classical Civ was still under my auspices. I was teaching both the lectures and the Honors recitations in those days. And again there was some dissatisfaction in the way Honors Great Books was run and the way Great Books was run, I was sort of innocent in this I was a bystander, but somewhere off over the horizon there was a certain amount of faculty ferment about the Great Books program. With some faculty politics and some sort of personal nastiness involved and so on and so forth and the higher echelons of the Dean’s office and the chairmen sort of getting together sort of mysterious cabal, it was decided that the solution to these problems was to make Cameron Director of Great Books, see let Cameron do everything. So for the year 1983 and ’84, not only did I teach Classical Civ 101 and 102, though by that time I had shifted the Roman side, 102, over to other members of the Classics department, particular Hal McCullough who was here then. While at the same time, presiding over Great Books 191 in which Buttrey was still lecturing and then Great Books 192, which we began to shift, Great Books 192 before I took over began with Dante and ending with James Joyce’s Ulysses and it was one of those sorts of pressure cooker courses in which you read Dante in one week and you read Paradise in another week and somehow it was being very perfunctory as there was too much reading. We read Don Quixote in no time at all, these big things which the kids were not getting through. So I revised that into a reasonable reading list which brought us from Plato to Boccaccio as it is now. Then finally I was able to shift Classical Civ off onto other younger faculty in the Classics department so they could do that while I devoted my whole time to Great Books. Then, Professor Buttrey, who was still lecturing in Great Books in the first term while I did the second term, decided to retire early though he was a young man. He then retired and moved to Cambridge, England where he still resides, still a very active classicist. Therefore, I sort of took over Honors Great Books entirely giving the lectures in both the first and second term and also trying to develop other Great Books courses, that is for Honors students and non-Honors students. We had always had on the books Great Books of the Far East, that was a vigorous course taught regularly. Great Books of the Near East had sort of fallen into disrepair and I tried to resurrect that successfully with the aid of Brian Schmidt.
Donka: When did these additions start?
Cameron: Oh, the additions, Great Books the Far East and Great Books the Near East were very early in the history of the Great Books program. In the faculty discussions in 1947 there was proposed that we should do more than just Greeks and Romans, that there should be Great Books courses on other cultures and Far East and Near East were invented in ’47 and ’48 and taught in those years and they’d always been there. Great Books Far East was always very vigorous; Great Books the Near East sort of had fallen out of habit. I had invented with the aid of Domna Stanton in the French department, we put together Great Books by Women Writers which was a very successful course for many, many years. Again, a course in which we sort of brought together several lecturers, we enlisted the aid of several people to lecture in it on very special subjects from Hildegard of Bingham, I’m very proud of the fact that we were teaching Hildegard of Bingham in Great Books long before she sort of became trendy and popular, so we were ahead of the game there, down to Virginia Wolfe and so on, a very successful course. Another course I urged a friend of mine to invent was oddly titled Great Books of the Founding Fathers in which Professor Mills Thornton of the History department reads the writings of our Founding Fathers, Jefferson and Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin and John Dickinson and so forth, not excluding if you like Locke and Montaigne. That has always been a favorite course taught with some regularity depending on Mills Thornton’s schedule. Then we have some mini-courses, that is courses that only take half of a semester or several weeks. Bob Wallin, who is a classicist, once an undergraduate in our Classics department, studied Classics at Stanford if I remember correctly, a very good classicist in his own right, happens to be in the administration, the information center called Checkpoint. Bob Wallin taught not only a non-Honors Great Books which had the inflated number 201, but often gave, and still does, a mini-course say a half of semester in which you would read Sophocles or another half of semester in which he would read Virgil, another half of semester in which he would read Thucydides or Herodotus, and those have been really, really successful. So we have tried to expand the offerings as much as we could in Great Books remembering that it is essentially a program to provide Humanities distribution courses for underclassmen. It is now and I think it serves that purpose very well. It has become a very important element in the Honors program. I have lost of testimonials from undergraduates, especially after they have graduated and looked back upon it. Looking back fondly on Great Books because Great Books is the best thing that most clearly defines the Honors program for the Freshman Honors student, I mean it is the one thing that they are all doing and it gives it a kind of cohesion and a morale I think if you are doing it right, I think we can claim we are doing it right. It is a defining feature and it is a very well appreciated and effective kick-off for the undergraduate career for an Honors program. I think it is fair to say we have a very good press in the University, a great satisfaction among our students. There is always about 5% malcontents down there that are not interested in the Greeks or the Romans or the Renaissance or anything.
Donka: That’s inevitable.
Cameron: They tend to be, how do I put this, they tend not to want to read anything but science fiction and are offended if they are obliged to read Plato, but we can tolerate that. There always is a certain amount of discontent, but very little. I think by and large we have a happy student body in Great Books.
Donka: Well thank you Professor Cameron.
Gerald F. Else Interview
Shackleton Bailey Audio Interview | <urn:uuid:16b44598-6761-4923-9632-c24d1c689178> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://lsa.umich.edu/content/michigan-lsa/classics/en/about-us/bicentennial/history2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690591.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925092813-20170925112813-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.977104 | 14,914 | 2.546875 | 3 |
(Doctor Mirabilis) ‘The Marvelous Doctor’
(Franciscan friar) Oxford – 1257
‘Mathematics (The first of the sciences, the alphabet of philosophy, door & key to the sciences), not Logic, should be the basis of all study’
Converted from Aristotelian to a neo-Platonist.
The Multiplication of Species; the means of causation (change) radiate from one object to another like the propagation of light.
‘An agent directs its effect to making the recipient similar to itself because the recipient is always potentially what the agent is in actuality.’
Thus heat radiating from a fire causes water placed near the fire,
but not in it, to become like the fire (hot). The quality of fire is multiplied in the water (multiplication of species).
All change may be analysed mathematically. Every multiplication is according to line, angles or figures. This thinking comes from the ninth century al-Kinde and his thoughts on rays and leads to a mathematical investigation into light.
Fear of the Mongols, Muslims and the Anti-Christ motivated the Franciscans. Franciscan neo-Platonism was based on Augustinian thought with a mathematical, Pythagorean, approach to nature. Bacon subscribed to this apocalyptical view, suffered trial and was imprisoned.
The Dominicans chose Aristotle – with a qualitative, non-mathematical approach to the world. | <urn:uuid:f7c0e737-eda8-4244-8d3c-d2aea2092961> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ahistoryofscience.wordpress.com/2013/09/04/roger-bacon-1214-94/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.919532 | 309 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Blood flows in the whole body to transport components from one cell to another. It carries in it various cells known as blood cells, water, several ions, hormones, and other soluble and insoluble proteins. The white blood cells also are known by the name of leukocytes contribute to immune body defenses. They fight with foreign particles to eliminate them from the body. In the case of blood flow from the injured site, blood thrombocytes accumulate along with the clotting factors to prevent blood leakage and the entry of any microbe inside the body. The role of blood in inflammation is to increase the redness of the infected site. The antibodies, a synthesis of the immune system travel via the blood to the site of action and fight the foreign antigens that reached the blood. The transport of immune cells to areas infected by pathogen entry also occurs via blood flow.
A mixture of several cells, ions, water makes up the blood that flows in our body. These components can be categorized under two headings:
Blood cells: All the cellular components present in the blood come in this category. It includes the oxygen-binding red blood cells, the leukocyte or white blood cells, and the thrombocytes. The white blood cell component of this fluid performs the immune functions of the body. Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, acidophils, are the various structurally and functionally different component cells of the leucocytes.
Blood plasma: The solvent in which all these formed components are present is known as blood plasma. Ions dissolved in the water make up the blood plasma. The concentration of blood plasma is the indicator of the osmolarity of body fluids.
Other components: This category is made of other protein and non-protein components like hormones, carrier proteins, etc.
Blood and body defenses:
Components of the blood apart from the transport functions serve a role in the body defense. They function as a barrier to the pathogens and other foreign particles that have entered the body. The activities that contribute to the defensive nature of blood are:
The cells that fight with the antigen to resist its entry are present in the blood. The leukocytes form the immune dense. Monocytes, neutrophils engulf the pathogen inside their body and lyse it with chemical mechanisms. The active pathogen is killed by this action and then, they eliminate its presence from the blood and prevent them to reside in deeper tissues of the body, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and attack them. The transport of these phagocytic cells to the area which has been attacked by the pathogen is facilitated by the flowing nature of the blood.
On injury, it is the action of blood cells thrombocytes, to seal the injury point by accumulating at the region of injury. This prevents any pathogen to make its entry into the body via that injured site. Several blood clotting factors also mark their presence in the blood. They also function in resisting the pathogen entry via injured sites directly into the blood.
The cells which are no longer active in the body to function are removed via blood transport. Blood carries these cells to the site of their destruction.
The membrane of blood cells harbors several antigens that can differentiate between the body cells and the foreign cells. This activity is responsible for the rejection of grafts and organs that are derived from a non-homologous organism. When they interact with the receptors of those organs, they characterize them as foreign cells for the body and carry out their destruction.
Inflammation is a type of defense mechanism which is a component of the body’s natural immunity that requires the activity of eosinophil cells of the blood. The increased blood flow towards the site of inflammation provides a characteristic sign i.e. redness to the injured area.
Antibodies: A component of one of the two types of immunity known as acquired immunity is released in the blood. Antibodies show binding specificity to foreign molecules. Specific antibodies are produced as a response for a specific antigen. Blood has a high concentration of antibodies to fight the antigen that has invaded and has been recognized by the body for its presence. | <urn:uuid:e3d5285e-d869-42da-b5f6-68febe31ee83> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.assignmentwriting.help/blood-and-body-defenses-discussion-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949181.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330101355-20230330131355-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.953919 | 868 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Metallography and Microstructures of Uranium and Its Alloys
This article discusses the principles of physical metallurgy and metallography of depleted uranium. It describes the techniques involved in the preparation of thin foils for transmission electron microscopy and illustrates the resulting microstructure of uranium and uranium alloys, with the aid of black and white images. The article also provides information on the applications of etching and examination of uranium alloys, at both macro and micro scales, in characterizing the grain structures, segregation patterns, inclusions, and the metal flow geometries produced by solidification and mechanical working processes.
Henry E. Fairman, Ann Kelly, Metallography and Microstructures of Uranium and Its Alloys, Metallography and Microstructures, Vol 9, ASM Handbook, Edited By George F. Vander Voort, ASM International, 2004, p 918–932, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003780
Download citation file:
Bi-Weekly Supplement to AM&P Print Magazine
AM&P eNews delivers timely industry news, technology updates, fun videos and facts, and much more to materials professionals from around the globe. | <urn:uuid:adbfdd11-9447-4d32-8f56-0ab20d6972bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/38/chapter-abstract/481533/Metallography-and-Microstructures-of-Uranium-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358953.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130050047-20211130080047-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.815212 | 271 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Golf is a game played in an open field where the golfer plays his golf ball into a hole by using different types of clubs (golf instruments). The book Rules of Golf reads "The Game of Golf consists in playing a ball from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."
Play of the game[change | change source]
In golf, a golfer plays a number of holes in a given order. 18 holes played in an order controlled by the golf course design, normally make up a game. On a nine-hole course, two nine-hole rounds make up a normal game. Each hole starts from the teeing area. Golfers put the ball on a small stand called a tee and swing a club at it to try and hit it as straight and far as possible. Once each golfer in the group has done this, the person whose ball landed farthest from the hole hits his again, followed by everyone else, one person at a time, until everyone is on the green. The green is the area near the hole where the grass is cut very short. Once on the green the players will try to "put" the ball into the hole. Putting is similar to a regular swing except it is not as hard and the player does not want the ball to go in the air. Once each player has put their ball into the hole, the group moves on to the next hole.
Each time a player swings at his ball, it is considered a "stroke". Each hole is a certain number of strokes that golfers are expected to need to get their ball into the hole. This is known as the "par". If a player gets his ball in the hole in less than the par he gets a "birdie". If it takes him one more shot then the par it is known as a bogey. Most holes have a par between 3 and 5.
The two common forms of playing golf are match play and stroke play. In match play, two golfers (or two teams) play holes one at a time. The golfer with the lower number of strokes (number of times the golfer used to get his ball in the hole) wins that hole. If the two have the same number of strokes, the hole is "halved" (drawn). The golfer that has the greatest number of holes wins. In stroke play, the golfer (or team) with the smallest number of strokes all together wins. There are different forms of these rules, some given in the "Rules of Golf" making them "official.
Clubs[change | change source]
|Part of a series of articles on
|Track and field athletics
|Ice hockey· Skating
The four different types of clubs used in golf are woods, irons, putters and wedges. Woods are used to hit the ball very far, usually off the tee (but also on the fairway). The name of woods is different every number, for example, No.1 wood is called "driver", No.2 is "brassey", No.3 is "spoon" and so on. There are many types of irons, which can be used to hit varying distances. They are numberd 1-9 with a 1 iron hitting the ball farther then a 9. The 1 iron is no longer common in the game. Even the 2 iron is getting uncommon. Putters are used when on the green . The rules do not let the golfer use over 14 clubs in a game. .
The Majors[change | change source]
- Kraft Nabisco Championship
- LPGA Championship
- U.S. Women's Open
- Women's British Open
In 2013, women's golf will add a fifth major. The Evian Masters, held in France, will become a major, and will be renamed The Evian at that time.
Vincent Clark won the first ever open championship which was held in St Andrews in 1860.
Other websites[change | change source]
- Best Players
- Rules of Golf
- Golf Equipment Reviews
- Golf ball aerodynamics
- Golfers' Dictionary
- A Nice Golf Tips Blog
- Golf news
- Golf history
- Golf trivia
- Golf Tips & More
- Titleist Golf Clubs
- Golf swing tips
- Online Golf Tips & Biomechanics of the golf swing | <urn:uuid:e5fa6282-01df-4712-aa09-e437799e1938> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824133.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00072-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962273 | 908 | 3.140625 | 3 |
|Creation of Adam|
"God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him" (Genesis 1: 27).
The focal point of the episode of the Creation of man is the contact between the fingers of the Creator and those of Adam, through which the breath of life is transmitted. God, supported by angels in flight and wrapped in a mantle, leans towards Adam, shown as a resting athlete, whose beauty seems to confirm the words of the Old Testament, according to which man was created to the image and likeness of God.
The central part of the ceiling shows nine stories of the Genesis, divided into groups of three, relative to the origin of the universe, of man and of evil. The first three episodes (Separation of Light from Darkness: Genesis 1:1-5; Creation of the sun, moon and planets: Genesis 1:11-19; Separation of Land from Sea: Genesis 1,9-10) dominated by the figure of God, Creator of the Universe, are followed by those of the Creation of Adam (Genesis 1:26-27) and of Eve (Genesis 2:18-25), with the figures of man and woman in their nakedness, the symbol of innocence (Genesis 2:25) which will be lost with Original Sin (Genesis 3:1-13), shown in the next panel together with the resulting Banishment from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3:22-24). The last three frescoes (The Sacrifice of Noah: Genesis 8:15-20, The Flood: Genesis 6:5-8,20, The Drunkenness of Noah: Genesis 9:20-27) show the fall of mankind and its rebirth with Noah, chosen by God as the only man to be saved for repopulating the earth after the Creator had decided to destroy every living creature in it because of human evil.
|Item(s) related |
|Related article(s) | | <urn:uuid:7f0dec06-e567-44c9-8372-924221aa4c1d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://worldvisitguide.com/oeuvre/O0013184.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811391.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00452-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941656 | 411 | 2.625 | 3 |
Begin collections of recyclable plastics
We the undersigned petition the council to For the council to begin collection of plastic products from households for recycling. Also to provide information to homes about the number system upon plastic items and which of these can be recycled. (Plastic items numbered 1-4 are the easiest to recycle. 5-6 can also be recycled. Plastic 7 is not usually recycled)
Rotherham Council already collects garden waste, paper, glass
and metal items for recycling but it does not yet address the
largest problem to the environment; Plastic.
While there are facilities available for persons to voluntarily bring in their plastic for recycling many persons do not and simply throw their plastic items away in general rubbish.
Plastic is not biodegradable. It can photo-degrade; be broken down by sunlight. However since most plastic ends up in landfills it is buried and cannot be broken down by sunlight. At best it simply sits in the ground. At worst it can end up in rivers and canals. Here it can be broken down by sunlight into a chemical soup which can contaminate water sources and poison wildlife.
Plastic collected for recycling will reduce the danger and damage to the environment.
Almost everything in the modern world is made of plastic and almost all plastic products can be recycled. Recycled plastic can be used in the production of everything from bags to bullet-proof materials.
This ePetition ran from 16/03/2012 to 27/04/2012 and has now finished.
2 people signed this ePetition. | <urn:uuid:8f073602-ec6e-42b8-b485-38c6cb021aad> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://moderngov.rotherham.gov.uk/mgEPetitionDisplay.aspx?ID=9&RPID=1260526 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706635944/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121715-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945759 | 321 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Jerusalem for the feast of the Dedication of the Temple (what we now call Hanukkah). It’s a kind of prelude to the ultimate confrontation that we will remember and relive in the Holy Week liturgies. St. Ignatius tells us to use our imaginations, put ourselves into the scene, so as to get a better sense of what is really happening. Luke Timothy Johnson, in his book “Prophetic Jesus” helps us to do this.
Imagine, he says, a dedicated small town pastor, deeply committed to God’s Kingdom on earth, leading a group of his ordinary parishioners to the Vatican for the Holy Week celebrations. He stops on the steps of St. Peter’s in Rome and begins preaching to the many pilgrims gathered in the Holy City for the feast – proclaiming: “Don’t pay attention to what’s going on here. That’s not what God wants. God has indeed given us charge over the world, but this is not the way God wants us to run things.”
For Rome, read Jerusalem; for Holy Week, read Passover; for today, read 2000 years ago. Jerusalem in Jesus’ time was more than Rome is for us today, as it was the center not only of Jewish belief and practice, but of Roman imperial power in Palestine as well. Herod and Pilate were both in the city at the time of the final confrontation. Imagine the courage it took for Jesus to challenge both the civil and the religious establishments.
We too easily forget what the letter to the Hebrews tells us: Jesus was human like us in all things save sin. He had had to learn His Father’s will in the same way we do – by prayer and by trial and error – in this case by going up against those in power. His hope, always, was that they would listen and change. But, failing that, His fate was pretty much sealed. He was a troublemaker. That’s what’s behind the many gospel passages that say “They sought ways to put Him to death,” a sentiment prefigured in today’s reading from Jeremiah.
We believe that Jesus’ victory was won on the cross, that in his death God is enthroned not just as “King of the Jews” but as King of all the world. But that Kingship must continually be made our own in every generation. As the body of Christ, who lives on in the Church, we have the same Christ-duty to speak prophetically to power. Like Jesus 2000 years ago, we have ample reason today to say: “This is not the way God wants the world to be run . . . Change . . . Repent!”
Jesus gives us the needed courage . . . | <urn:uuid:5f27175c-0e89-4351-aaee-5f06b93d7d9c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/032213.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701164268.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193924-00239-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974398 | 590 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Social status and mental health
Anthropologist’s team to study identity and well-being in Nepal
That Steve Folmar’s research in Nepal has been funded by the National Science Foundation’s cultural anthropology program for more than $150,000 is reason to celebrate. For students, however, the best news is that the support brings additional opportunities to be a part of the project.
In this landlocked country wedged between China and India, Folmar, whose research focuses on issues of identity and social justice, is gathering anthropologists, psychiatrists and psychologists to explore the connections between social status, identity and mental health.
“Most would assume that people of high social status have fewer mental health issues and those with low social status have more. But this is not a neat relationship,” says Folmar.
A person of low social status who views their position in society as being influenced by culturally constructed boundaries, is more likely to see a way out of their current conditions in life than a person who sees their status as a result of something uncontrollable, such as gender or skin color, Folmar says. “What we are hoping to discover is whether the freedom for social and economic movement in a society is connected to a healthier mental outlook.”
Socially, religiously, medically, economically and in any other way you can think of, Folmar says the caste system puts a heavy burden on the Dalits in Nepal — the group most discriminated against under the system. “It is one of the most intransigent systems of oppression on earth and creates a bad environment for the people at the bottom.” This social system provides barriers between groups that go beyond class designations and makes social status easier to study.
Folmar and co-principal investigators Lisa Kiang, an assistant professor of psychology who studies self and identity and Guy Palmes an associate professor in child and adolescent psychiatry at the Wake Forest School of Medicine, are focusing on how Nepalese teens form ideas about their identity during this critical time in human development.
Though the project site is based in Besisahar, 90 miles or so west of Kathmandu, Folmar and his team anticipate that the results or their work will help inform studies looking at identity in marginalized groups in other countries, including the United States.
Folmar’s Nepal project will take existing research a step further by including upper and middle status people in the study.
“If high status people see their status as changeable, does this lead to negative mental health issues from the worry that they might lose their social position? If so, this is opposite of low status people who experience changeable status as a positive for their mental health,” Folmar says. “We are also curious what the middle status group will look like. Adding these components will provide a model that will cover more situations.”
When Folmar’s students travel to Nepal in May, they will assist his graduate research team in collecting and analyzing data. The interdisciplinary nature of the project means undergraduates with a variety of academic interests will enjoy unique opportunities to collaborate one-on-one, as well as with medical school students and the Nepalese.
Folmar has been conducting research projects in Nepal since 1979. | <urn:uuid:6b42ed44-6e61-4d65-a641-bcecaa662445> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://news.wfu.edu/2012/12/06/social-status-and-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928864.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00210-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95501 | 678 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Heritage > British Castles
The Billiard Room
This room, built between 1773 and 1776, is situated immediately above the great ki tchen and houses what is left of the extensive library once at Glamis and which was dispersed a long time ago. Nevertheless some interesting volumes remain.
The plaster ceiling with its monograms and coronet reminiscent of the ceiling in King Malcolm's Room (the next room to be seen) does not date from the 18th century but was made for the 13th Earl in 1903 to commemorate his Golden Wedding. The huge fireplace which so well befits this room was brought here from Gibside, one of the s eats of the Bowes family in County Durham. It bears the coats of arms of the Blakistons of Gibside, whose heiress Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis Blakiston, 3rd and last baronet, married Sir William Bowes of Streatlam Castle. The 9th Earl married Sir W illiam's granddaughter, Mary Eleanor, heiress to extensive property in the North of England which strengthened the Lyon family's ties in that area.
This light, beautifully proportioned room has no feeling of menace and only emanates friendliness. Pro minent above the large l9th century Gillow serving table is 'The Fruit Market' - a huge painting attributed to the great Flemish animal and still-life painter Frans Snyders. The tapestries depicting scenes from the life of King Nebuchadnezzar are very rare, the only other known sets being at Knole in Kent and at Powys Castle in Wales. They were made about 1680 in England and are attributed to Thomas Poyntz.
Above the fireplace hang the colours of the 2nd Battalion The Scots Guards, laid up in 1988, and a Bowes Lyon banner. | <urn:uuid:f774015e-01cb-47c0-96fe-3e489c64722d> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.camelotintl.com/heritage/castles/scotland/glamis/glbilard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00019-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963004 | 379 | 2.625 | 3 |
Many parents are conflicted about whether or not to send their child to pre-school or nursery.
There are many arguments for and against the decision, which can add to the difficulty faced by parents. So, what is best for a child? Should they stay at home until they reach the compulsory age to go to school or will they benefit from going into education early?
This piece is designed to help parents to understand the benefits of giving their child an early education. From getting them used to the school routine through to teaching them social skills at a young age and helping to form their mind with new facts to encourage them to want to learn as they get older.
Education for younger children doesn't have to be as strict or as serious as it is for older kids, and parents should understand that pre-school is often an opportunity for your child to have lots of fun as they learn. It gives a child the freedom to grow, while teaching the importance of structure and routine as well as how to
bond with other children and have respect for their teachers. It is a great way for them to build their social skills as well as developing their emotional skills, as they will need to learn how to form relationships with other adults outside of their family - teachers will be part of their life for many years to come.
Pre-school will also help your toddler to develop their social and interactive skills, when it comes to forming friendships. The younger a child is when you teach them these skills, the easier it is for them to take in the information. Everything from interacting with other children and taking turns through to listening to others and working together are all skills that should be taught at a young age, as good communication skills are something that they will need to have as they get older.
Pre-school is also an opportunity for your child to develop their minds in terms of learning new literacy skills. Their cognitive skills and language ability will improve and they will learn the basic fundamentals of maths and the alphabet, which they will need to use throughout their later life.
A child's vocabulary will grow from 900 to 2,500 words from age three to five and it is important that they learn new words every day as well as learn how to form longer and more complex sentences – all of which is taught in pre-school. Their motor skills will also be developed and children benefit from challenging themselves in new ways by learning how to climb, run and take part of activities with other kids using a wide range of educational toys which you can find here. They can also take part in quieter activities such as bead threading and making collages and it is these challenges that help to build hand-eye coordination and balance as they grow.
Overall, the younger your child is when they attend pre-school, the more beneficial it will be for them. Young minds are flexible, making it easier for them to absorb new information and learn new skills that they will use throughout their school life, from how to play nicely with other children through to learning new information. | <urn:uuid:bf595ac3-3730-4319-89a8-2ccecf88baa1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.thebabywebsite.com/family/parenting/the-benefits-of-sending-children-to-pre-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812788.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219191343-20180219211343-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.987655 | 614 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Indigenous Peoples of the Earth as a Possible Key to Solving the Climate Crisis
The complete text is available only in Spanish and German. Please find the Spanish version here:
Los Pueblos Indígenas del mundo: una clave para la crisis climática
For years, Indigenous Peoples have demonstrated that they are experts in adaptation and resilience. 470 million people worldwide belong to Indigenous Peoples, they live in seven sociocultural regions, and although they make up only six percent of the earth's population, they are the custodians of over 80 percent of the world's biodiversity. In the face of centuries of discrimination and marginalization, the key to their survival lies in their holistic understanding of the world: in how they focus on nature and knowledge of their territories, cycles and temporalities. One example are the Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula, who have survived for more than 3,000 years in a region where they are exposed to different extreme weather events. Thanks to practices such as the xook k'iin, a method for predicting the climate over the course of the year, by, among others, monitoring bioindicators, such as flowering times or the behavior of animals such as ants, the Maya have been able to adjust their agricultural calendars and select the best indigenous corn varieties for each of their milpas and solars, depending on the forecast. In this way, they ensure the food sovereignty of their families. Although many of these practices have been lost over time and continue to be threatened, today there are new generations that are rediscovering and harnessing them for their own benefit, as shown in this paper. As such, this paper also explores what the world can learn from Indigenous Peoples amid climate crisis and conflict, and in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. | <urn:uuid:ca330d67-7651-44bb-8e8d-dee3f4d1d1e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://spore-initiative.org/en/programming/contributions/indigenous-peoples-of-the-earth-as-a-possible-key-to-solving-the-climate-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.947953 | 372 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Focus on Protein Folding Diseases
LSDs are a subset of conformational diseases caused by an inherited error of metabolism affecting various lysosomal functions.
- GD is one of the largest LSDs, affecting ~15,000 people in the US.
- There are three types of GD:
- Type 1 is the adult chronic non-neuronopathic,
- Type 2 is the infantile, acute neuronopathic
- Type 3 is the juvenile, sub-acute neuronopathic.
- Of diagnosed Gaucher Disease patients
- 90% of the affected population is diagnosed with Type 1 GD,
- Type 2 & type 3 each account for approximately 5% of GD diagnosis.
Gaucher Disease Overview
T1 GD is caused by an accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in macrophage lysosomes, due to deficiencies in the activity of a lysosomal enzyme called glucocerebrosidase (Gcase) responsible for the degradation of these compounds:
- Deficiencies in Gcase are generally due to Gcase mutation.
- This causes accumulation of glycosylceramide in macrophages and subsequently leads to a spectrum of symptoms.
- ERTs effectively treat many of the symptoms of T1 GD.
T3 GD is very rare (approximately 5% of all GD patients are believed to have T3):
- Currently, there are no effective treatments for these patients.
- Most T3 GD patients have very significant cognitive decline by their 18th birthday and the disease typically leads to lack of function before an early death.
Gaucher disease is characterized by enlarged liver and spleen, anemia, thrombocytopenia, painful bone lesions, and in some cases, neurological damage.
Unmet Clinical Need of Current Therapies FOR T3 GD
Currently available therapeutic strategies for GD are Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT), Substrate Depletion or Reduction Therapy (SDT or SRT) and pharmaceutical chaperones:
- ERTs involve the IV/infused administration of functional recombinant GCase, e.g.,
- Cerezyme® (imiglucerase)
- ELELYSO™ (taliglucerase alfa)
- VPRIV™ (velaglucerase alpha)
- SDTs involve oral administration of glycosylceramide synthase inhibitor, e.g.,
- Zavesca™ (miglustat )
- CERDELGA™ (eliglustat tartrate)
- PCs such as Ziva assist in the folding of misfolded GCase and facilitate its trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes.
Patients with T3 GD have few treatment options and Ziva has potential to be a breakthrough treatment:
- Unfortunately, each of the ERTs are proteins with limited, if any, access to central nervous system (CNS); therefore, they have little or no efficacy against T3 GD.
- Miglustat (an approved SDT) has tolerability issues.
- Monotherapy or combination therapy that includes Ziva may provide promise for treating T3 GD as well as other orphan conditions with neurological symptoms
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES BEYOND TYPE 3 GD
Zywie is also evaluating the potential to pursue other indications, including:
- Type I Gaucher Disease (a substantially larger market than Type 3 GD because there are about 20 times more patients with T1 than with T3 GD)
- Lewy Body Dementia (a subset of Parkinson’s Disease with significant neurological symptoms)
- Other subsets of patients with Parkinson’s Disease (which has a similar disease mechanism that is likely to respond to treatment with Ziva).
There’s a significant overlap between Gaucher and Parkinson’s. Please see Publications Section for a large number of both studies and assumptions. | <urn:uuid:fce6fddd-a406-4258-babe-e2a00afee952> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://zywiebio.com/drug-development/therapeutic-areas-of-interest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608058.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525102240-20170525122240-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.913877 | 822 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Cocaine withdrawal occurs when someone who has used a lot of cocaine cuts down or quits taking the drug. Symptoms of withdrawal can occur even if the user is not completely off cocaine and still has some of the drug in their blood.
Cocaine produces a sense of euphoria (extreme mood elevation) by causing the brain to release higher than normal amounts of some chemicals. But, cocaine's effects on other parts of the body can be very serious, or even deadly.
When cocaine use is stopped or when a binge ends, a crash follows almost right away. The cocaine user has a strong craving for more cocaine during a crash. Other symptoms include fatigue, lack of pleasure, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness, and sometimes agitation or extreme suspicion or paranoia.
Cocaine withdrawal often has no visible physical symptoms, such as the vomiting and shaking that accompany withdrawal from heroin or alcohol.
Symptoms of cocaine withdrawal may include:
- Agitation and restless behavior
- Depressed mood
- General feeling of discomfort
- Increased appetite
- Vivid and unpleasant dreams
- Slowing of activity
The craving and depression can last for months after stopping long-term heavy use. Withdrawal symptoms may also be associated with suicidal thoughts in some people.
During withdrawal, there can be powerful, intense cravings for cocaine. However, the "high" associated with ongoing use becomes less and less pleasant. It can produce fear and extreme suspicion rather than euphoria. Even so, the cravings may remain powerful.
Exams and Tests
A physical examination and history of cocaine use are often all that is needed to diagnose this condition. However, routine testing will likely be done. It may include:
- Blood tests
- Cardiac enzymes (to look for evidence of heart damage or heart attack)
- Chest x-ray
- ECG (electrocardiogram, to measure electrical activity in the heart)
- Toxicology (poison and drug) screening
Symptoms of withdrawal usually disappear over time. If symptoms are severe, a live-in treatment program may be recommended. There, medicines may be used to treat the symptoms. Counseling may help end the addiction. And, the person's health and safety can be monitored during recovery.
Cocaine addiction is difficult to treat, and relapse can occur. Treatment should start with the least restrictive option. Outpatient care is as effective as inpatient care for most people.
Withdrawal from cocaine may not be as unstable as withdrawal from alcohol. However, the withdrawal from any chronic substance use is very serious. There is a risk of suicide or overdose.
People who have cocaine withdrawal will often use alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, or anti-anxiety medicines to treat their symptoms. Long-term use of these drugs is not recommended because it simply shifts addiction from one substance to another. Under proper medical supervision, however, short-term use of these medicines may be helpful in recovery.
Presently, there are no medicines to reduce craving, but research is taking place.
Complications of cocaine withdrawal include:
- Craving and overdose
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you use cocaine and need help to stop using it.
Avoid cocaine use. If you use cocaine and wish to stop, talk with a health care provider. Also try to avoid people, places, and things you associate with the drug. If you find yourself thinking about the euphoria produced by cocaine, force yourself to think of the negative outcomes that follow its use.
Withdrawal from cocaine; Substance use - cocaine withdrawal; Substance abuse - cocaine withdrawal; Drug abuse - cocaine withdrawal; Detox - cocaine
Kowalchuk A, Reed BC. Substance use disorders. Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Textbook of Family Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 50.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. What is cocaine? Updated May 2016. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-cocaine. Accessed May 2, 2017.
Weiss RD. Drugs of abuse. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 34.
Review Date 3/31/2017
Updated by: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:02d496b7-bbe7-48e7-89e6-d6fa266b22a9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000947.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578533774.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422015736-20190422041736-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.930504 | 968 | 2.875 | 3 |
There has been a lot of changes in the process of making of automobiles as every auto maker in the world is trying to reduce the negative effect of the vehicle on the environment. In this process lot of advances like the carbon dioxide output has been decreased, paint application has changed to a water based process, there is an improvement in the recycling and waste reduction at the factory, etc. were seen.
Earlier days, the tires used in the automobiles were made up of natural rubber derived from the latex sap of rubber trees and with the improvements in technology, the tire manufacturers started using petroleum ingredients and special additives to deliver the tires at low prices. Around 5 to 10 gallons of petroleum is required to manufacture a tire.
A century after, the tire makers are now trying to reverse the trend by decreasing the use of petroleum in the tires. One of those tire makers are Sumitomo Rubber Industries, which has a global alliance with Goodyear. The engineers of Sumatomo reduced the petroleum usage by 11 percent of the tire’s composition from about 22 percent. Engineers at Yokohama Tire, working towards a similar goal, have come up with tires that are 80 percent petroleum-free, and they are also experimenting orange oils compounds which are found to reduce the rolling resistance in steady driving conditions by fifth over the conventional treads. The Primacy MXM4 all-weather tire, uses sun flower oil for improved traction at low temperatures and shorter braking distances in wet weather which supplies tires to Mercedes Benz.
Silica can be replaced by micro crystalline cellulose, an organic compound that is made from plant fibers on which a research is going on at Oregon State University. By watching this trend one can say that efforts to increase the use of eco friendly tires are growing. | <urn:uuid:d4a261a9-c7c5-4009-ae64-77774eccc745> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://power-posts.com/2011/03/eco-friendly-tires/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00299-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970605 | 356 | 3.09375 | 3 |
moments of inertia
posted by Claire on .
I determined the area moment of inertia and the product of inertia of the cross-section of a beam about the centroidal axes using equations. I am now asked to design an experiment to verify the results that I obtained through equations. Can someone please suggest an experiment because I don't know how to continue?
I am not working with mass. I am calculating moments of inertia Ix and Iy, and products of inertia using equations like ∫ y^2 dA and ∫ xy dA
The area moment of inertia can be verified with a beam deflection experiment. Load the beam at the middle with freely supported edges, or cantilevered from one wall with a clamped edge, for example.
For the polar moment of inertia about a perpendicular axis through the centroid, consider a torsional vibration experiment.
Products of inertia will be harder to verify. It plays a role in the stability of motion and gyroscope behavior.
If you have a product of inertia, the axis you chose is not a principal axis of the figure.
If it were a body with mass, you could spin it about your chosen axis and see if it wobbles like a wheel with "dynamic imbalance". I am not sure how to do it with a zero mass figure on paper. | <urn:uuid:6a7143f2-7b20-4f56-92f2-3933a7f9d369> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1270648506 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.916814 | 276 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The oldest church of the city is the Church of St. Nicholas, built in the first half of the XVI century. Today it is in the territory of the City Park on the shores of the Western Bug. Church considered the cradle of Union of Orthodox Church with Rome. It was at St Nicholas Church in 1594 held a meeting Ukrainian Orthodox priests in the presence of Bishop Michael peremishlskogo Kopistinskogo on a potential alliance with the Roman Catholic Church. Near the church of St.. Nicholas was more ancient wooden church of the Virgin, which burned down in 1821. Both temples were united by a common fence and formed a monastic complex. Nicholas church was restored after a fire in 1613 and 1671's and was restored in 1694, as evidenced by the inscription above the choirs. In 1752-1756 the interior of the church was painted (probably the famous painter Stroinski C.), and in 1890 was attached to the north wall of the chapel. The initial view of the church during the restoration back 1971 - 1975 years by architects Igor Starosolskogo and Valentina flank. In 1989, the shrine was returned to believers. | <urn:uuid:724453bf-c4ca-464a-aa0b-d44bd3ec3f84> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.360cities.net/image/sokal-st-nicholas-church-ukraine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00266-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968162 | 237 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The train depot was built in 1888. Trains were an important means of transportation for people and agricultural products through the 1950s.
Jimmy Carter used the depot as his Presidential Campaign Headquarters beginning in 1975. This brought worldwide attention to the small town of Plains, Georgia.
The depot campaign headquarters was operated by friends and family members. Thousands of visitors poured into Plains to learn about the peanut farmer that was running for President of the United States of America. As you enter the main floor of the depot you can almost feel the excitement as you listen and explore the campaign.
The Grin Will Win!
The depot’s exhibits tell the story of the democratic primaries. Peanuts and Jimmy Carter’s famous smile were used on many campaign items.
Then in 1976, Jimmy Carter rose from virtual political obscurity to win the presidential election. The grin, indeed, did win. | <urn:uuid:7215d366-21da-41cd-b8c0-b9137748f631> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://jimmycarter.info/plan-your-visit/headquarters-depot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.975953 | 179 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Uncovering the Deep State… of Neural Networks
Deep Learning Math Walk-Through and Code Logic
In the previous blog post we walked through an example where we used a neural network with two neurons and a single hidden layer to produce a (wildly inaccurate) prediction function. As we discussed before, this is fine if two kinks in your function are enough, but if you need more complexity in the functional shape, you have to either add more nodes to your hidden layer or add another hidden layer (or both!) In this post, we will take a look at what happens when we decide to introduce a second hidden layer with the same number of nodes, and walk through the math as well to make it a little more real.
In my theoretical overview of deep learning, we presented an overview of a deep learning neural network that looked like this:
We already know what happens up to the first activation layer, but here is where the deep learning path diverges. Rather than immediately summing up the activation node outputs, these outputs get individually passed through another set of weight and bias calculations — one for each node in the next layer (so in our example, two sets) and these results are combined and fed as inputs into the next activation layer.
Back to our working example: We start with an output from the first set of weights/biases (calculated using inner products of random weights, actual data, and random bias values):
This gets passed through the ReLU activation layer:
In our single hidden layer, this output got converted directly into the final predictions. But now, instead of a single set of weights and bias values, we apply two sets of weights and bias values to each neuron, designated in our diagram as a grouping of weights 3 and 5 (w35 in matrix form), and then 4 and 6 (or w46). Let’s generate those:
And generate the random bias values (b3 and b4 in our diagram):
Now we’re set up and ready to do the math!
Plug ’n’ Chug
We take our output from the first neuron and multiply it by our two weights, compute the sums for each prediction at this stage, and add the appropriate offset values. Let’s demonstrate the top neuron one step at a time:
If we were to diagram this for visualization purposes, this would be a function with two kinks in it, just like the final prediction in the single-layer example.
In the single-layer example, this would be our final predictions, but now we need to do the same computations for the second node in the hidden layer and pass those values along. The single step would look like this:
We have logically created two functions, each with two kinks (just like our single-layer neural network from the previous post), as the outputs / predictions of the first hidden layer. Now these predictions get combined into a single matrix so that we can do a single multiplication step in the next layer:
At this point, we should be in very familiar territory —it’s basically a repeat of the previous steps. We run this output through our activation function:
…create a set of random weights and the final offset:
…and create our final set of outputs, which is now our final prediction for this forward pass, which is based on a function that — if diagrammed — would contain four separate kinks:
A Programmatic Approach
Let’s create a couple of functions to simplify our lives a bit. First, let’s code our activation node as a function so that we can simply call ReLU() and provide it with a matrix, and it will convert it and return the activated version with no negative values:
Next we’ll define a function that does the math for us to apply our weights to the previous output. Note that I’ve added in some logic to generate random weights on the fly if they’re missing, but in reality the weights should all be calculated for each layer beforehand and tracked outside of this function, since they’re going to be modified as part of the gradient descent process down the road.
As a sanity check, compare this to our long-form result from out3_final:
So far so good!
Now we just need to replicate this step for the same output, but different weights and biases per activation node in the next layer. We could simply run TheMaths again:
…and then use np.vstack() to recombine them for the final processing, or we could just put all of that work into another function as well:
We could now have 10 hidden layers with two nodes each and reuse the same function code for each one, supplying the appropriate weight and bias values along the way.
Now we have a single line of code that passes in the outputs from a previous hidden layer, plus (initially) randomly generated weights and biases. This gets us all the way from our initial out1 to the out5 stage of the previous longform example with a single command. Check the output below and keep me honest!
Now for the final predictions, we need just a single output so we reuse our TheMaths function to generate the final array, and then add the final offset value.
Note here that we’ve encapsulated everything in the deep network from the first output of the input layer to the final prediction.
If we wanted to add more layers, you could simply keep nesting the Relu(TwoNode(…)) pattern as many times as necessary. Of course, there are more sophisticated ways of doing this. You’d probably want to consider some kind of recursive function which simply called itself until the number of hidden layers had been reached. But from a conceptual standpoint, the framework of the math logic is now complete.
Now all that’s left is to modify the approach based on different parameters. We might want to allow the user to more loosely configure layers and nodes, for example, or perhaps modify the activation function to avoid zero values (perhaps using a modification known as the “leaky ReLU”). We also need to determine how to generate and track the random weights and bias values. There are no shortage of suggested approaches, and someday this might be a topic of interest for this blog. Today, however, is not that day. :)
While this all gets a bit involved, at the end of the day it’s actually a straightforward process with a lot of repetitive logic. Understanding how it works means you understand, at a very basic level, how a deep neural network makes predictions. Again, in the first pass you’re all but guaranteed for these to be very, very bad predictions, so we still need to figure out how the whole back propogation / gradient descent thing works. But understanding how deep neural networks actually compute their values is good enough for now. We’ll get back to back propogation. | <urn:uuid:da142a44-99b2-43fb-844b-cf2d835f0d09> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://medium.com/mlearning-ai/uncovering-the-deep-state-of-neural-networks-925af2fc2a63?source=post_internal_links---------1---------------------------- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.90949 | 1,434 | 3.203125 | 3 |
When a supersonic aircraft goes faster than the speed of sound, it produces a shockwave or sonic boom. MIT researchers have found a similar optical effect in graphene that causes an optical boom and could provide a new way to convert electricity into light.
The light emission occurs due to two odd properties of graphene: first, light gets trapped on the surface of graphene, effectively slowing it down. In addition, electrons pass through at very high speeds. Interestingly, the speeds are nearly the same–that is, electrons and trapped light travel at almost the same speed. The researchers found a way to make the electrons move faster than the speed of light (in the graphene) and thus created Cerenkov emissions. Because of the structure of graphene, the resulting light is intense and tightly focused.
The researchers speculate that this technique could be important in building graphene-based optical chips. We’ve talked about mixed graphene and semiconductor chips before. Graphene is pretty exotic stuff. It can even fold itself.
38 thoughts on “Graphene Optical Boom Emits Light With No Diode”
Won’t believe it until I see it.
2030 flatscreen TVs.
This is science, not a bible class debate, there is no believe or not believe.
Anyway by 2030 you will have probably lost your one good eye in some sort of back yard science misadventure and will not be able to see anything.
You apparently aren’t aware of the over embellishment and rampant false claims present in scientific journals then, or this popular published paper. https://scholarlyoa.com/2014/11/20/bogus-journal-accepts-profanity-laced-anti-spam-paper/
Have fun with your religion, I know for a fact whole ionic colloid copper chloride supercapacitors do not exhibit over 5000 farads per gram capacitance and that is what opened my eyes.
Whatever, I’m also pretty sure not having a sense of humor is statistically correlated with mental illness and having a shorter lifespan. So I wish you good luck with that, and I hope you make the most of the time you have left. Good luck getting a gun license too. LOL
Correlation is not causation
PurpleTurd, your name is appropriate—you could have also just gone with Turd
Nature has a good reputation. That being said – some papers are clearly stunts that hype the potential of new technology. (That Kilocore paper is definitely a stunt. Single Thread Performance is king in High Performance Computing.)
Yeah…. and cold fusion is “science” as well as perpetual motion….
Excess heat with palladium in the nuclear density range is very real.
The fraudster in that case were the MIT people, and billion-dollars funded hot fusion scientist.
It does make sense when you think about it. And if you read about it you’ll learn that it is fact.
I’m sure it seems easy to mock others for something you don’t agree with it or understand, but it takes far more courage to admit the truth to yourself and others. It’s hard to win an argument of truth with an intelligent and reasonable person, but near impossible to a person of ignorance, and doubt. Which do you want to be? If courageous and reasonable, then seek out Him who is. See if he is for yourself.
Laser guns. Heck yeah.
(This is my latest effort, although it’s just a diode laser. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsPn-P4xzkc I’m going to sell a few and then open-source the design, same as last year)
Laser guns? Heck no… at least not against people. Against things, there already are systems being tested/used…
Open lasers in 3D printers always scare me. I hope you are using protection glasses?
Could be something useful eventually
Describes literally every application I’ve seen for graphene. All hype, no delivery.
That is just about the size of it.
Seems legit to me.
It’s just the conservation of energy in a different medium. The lattice structure of graphene is causing and accurate averaging of electron flow (from photonic absorption or eV) by creating polarized (electron repelling) nodal points where the flow is greater. This in turn allows a higher photonic re-absorption until the point of saturation and then you have spontaneous photonic emission in accordance with the conservation of energy.
I wonder if the light output is highly polarized in thinner graphene structures.
This could give us more efficient power LASERs.
Some things take time – there’s a difference between creating a proof-of-concept thingy on a <1mm^2 graphene using crude methods (Scotch tape) and incorporating that in a device that can be manufactured.
Compare to semiconductors – point contact diodes (probing a crystal until a semiconducting region was found) and transistors (ditto). It took time from the proof-of-concept stage to the manufacturing stage and even then the early devices were crude and not that exciting performance wise. But while a crude semiconductor device was possible to "mass" manufacture the same isn't true of graphene devices – to be useful it have to be integrated in modern ULSI chips. And that is pretty complex, just reliably laying down a single layer of carbon atoms is hard, avoiding the carbon contaminating the silicon is hard, forming reliable contacts with the carbon is hard, compensating between lattice mismatches is hard etc.
If you want a reasonable comparison just look at III-V semiconductor integration in a modern process flow. Then realize that III-V is in comparison a solved problem, it is possible to lay down e.g. GaAs on silicon wafers and make working devices and have been for a long time. But it isn't (yet) reliable enough to replace silicon based semiconductors even though the performance difference can be huge…
Link to the paper for those that want to read lots of formulae:
Am I the only one that took HaD’s summary of the SciTech summary to mean that the researches used electricity to release stored photons via Cerenkov emissions?
Cause that’s not what’s happening.
I’m guessing the electrons are emiiting photons instead of going faster than light when energy is applied to them.
or after reading the wikipedia article on cherenkov radiation, I see I could be completely wrong.
your not wrong at all. These things are black boxes and we can only see or measure what escapes out of the black box.
Electrons have fixed (granular) levels of kinetic energy rather than variable levels so they emit photons when they need to dissipate energy to achieve a lower energy state and on the other hand they can equally absorb a photon of energy when raising one state in kinetic energy. This happens all the time and only some portion of this energy escapes the medium (normally).
I think the difference with graphene is that it reduces this internal emission / re-absorption so that it has a much higher energy saturation point where the energy emission from the medium is spontaneous.
You are perhaps thinking of electrons bound to atoms? Free electrons, like in a CRT take on whatever energy they get from acceleration by the electric field. Metals (and apparently graphene) have free electrons. That is why you can shake them about in an antenna to get EM radiation and why antennas are not made of plastic.
All true but that is not the attribute of electron flow that is responsible for this property.
Free electron flow is chaotic. This principle relies on ordered electron flow.
Faster than light in the media. It is what causes the blue glow from reactors in water. Energy is dumped as light when something enters the water at FTL (in water). The speed of light in a medium is the ratio of the permittivity to permeability. In vacuum it is highest.
I understood the Cerenkov emission, the wording just made it sound (to me) as if electricity was amplifying / triggering a release of stored photons. I was just seeing if I was the only one reading the summary wrong.
The research paper and complementary MIT press release clarified my reading error.
Graphene Clothes will = http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/michacardenas/clips/ghost-in-the-shell-falling-fade/view
Seems to me, going by the synopsis, that this could be a continuous tunable light source with many many applications. And, close to if not, coherent. If efficiency is high, really amazing.
Finally I’ll be able to stop lighting my house with nuclear waste in as bucket of water!
If you had something with enough activity to give off visible Chervenkov radiation in a bucket of water, the water would boil off fairly quickly, you’d have to constantly top it off…maybe air ionization would give off some light as well? :D
I don’t recall any heat problems in research reactors, but the pools are pretty deep and big enough to stop nearly all forms of radiation coming from the reactor. Must have been passive cooling.
Wow that’s great!
What is the orderable part number for this part?
What? No part number?
Was my attention just “Hacked”?
Your short sightedness is sad.
If tugboats were bigger, they could be the boats that other boats tug.
..or perhaps Boaty Mac Boatface… ?
Turtles … all the way down.
I would like to buy some graphene. Everyone should be buying stock in this. As soon as we can 3D print graphene products, global warming will end, and every country’s borders will be safe and secure. Graphene is the love-child of Avogadro and Tesla.
Please be kind and respectful to help make the comments section excellent. (Comment Policy) | <urn:uuid:3b7a33d5-4b50-4317-9d98-7a5d19c6579e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://hackaday.com/2016/06/19/graphene-optical-boom-emits-light-with-no-diode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.944809 | 2,185 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Outside Clomire’s house, Cyrano and Christian discuss Roxane. Christian insists that he’s going to wait outside the house for Roxane. After weeks of sending Roxane love letters, he’s eager to meet her and talk to her face-to-face. Christian assures Cyrano that he’s learned enough from reading Cyrano’s letters to hold his own in a conversation with her. Cyrano decides to allow Christian to speak to Roxane on his own, and he walks behind a nearby wall, leaving Christian alone outside the house.
In a sense, Christian has spent the last few weeks receiving an education from Cyrano—an education in how to express his feelings and couch his love in the European tradition of rhetoric. The scene being set up here, then, is a “test” of whether or not eloquence can be taught, or whether it’s somehow innate to the speaker. This section of the text parallels the philosophers’ lecture on love—it poses some of the same questions about feeling, education, and expression. | <urn:uuid:e3271fdf-61ef-400b-8294-94ad4dff0d72> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.litcharts.com/lit/cyrano-de-bergerac/act-3-scene-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886830.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117063030-20180117083030-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.947115 | 225 | 2.59375 | 3 |
There are two species of freshwater turtles on the territory of the Republic of Croatia: the Balkan pond turtle and European pond turtle. The Balkan pond turtle is present only in the southern part of Croatia in Dubrovnik-Neretva County. This is also the limit of the species’ northern and western distribution range in Europe. Since 2006, the Public Institution for the Management of Protected Natural Areas of Dubrovnik-Neretva County has been continuously investing all its efforts, as well as significant financial resources, in protecting and conserving the Balkan pond turtle in the County, in close cooperation with scientific institutions.
In 2012, distribution surveys were carried out of all known sites (puddles, lakes, streams, canals) at three known locations (Ston field, Majkovi and Konavle field) and in a series of potential new areas. The methodology was based on observation and search using binoculars from a distance, followed by accurate terrain research. Since this research has been carried out, six individuals of the Balkan pond turtle were found in the summer of 2017 in the Ston field which confirmed that the population here is on the verge of extinction.
During the summer of 2013, research was conducted in 22 ponds and in the channel of the river Ljuta in Konavle field. This was followed up with a comprehensice population research on the Balkan pond turtle in Konavle field in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, during the pond research conducted in Lumbarda, on the Island of Korčula, one individual of Balkan pond turtle was found. New research has also started in 2019 within the Natura 2000 site HR20001010 Paleoombla – Ombla. This revealed the presence of the Balkan pond turtle which was previously thought to have gone extinct here in 1921. A LIFE project has been submitted. | <urn:uuid:65b8dd8f-f2e3-448d-b8ca-27ee00af2eae> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/natura-2000-award/winners/protection-and-conservation-river-turtle-mauremys-rivulata-and-its-habitat_en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.96876 | 384 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The restaurant culture in the UK has become undoubtedly increasingly popular over the last two decades, and now experts opine there could be more drawbacks than benefits from that. Medical experts say the increased instances of eating out, could be leading to children putting on too much weight in their early years.
The practice of eating out, experts say, has become a norm rather than a treat, as was the case in years gone by. With life moving at a higher speed, people find it more efficient to eat out, or order deliveries, rather than preparing meals at home. Most orders made are for junk food and, even when healthy meals are bought, the continued consumption of one food proves to be not so healthy.
As a result, restaurants have now been asked to consider including the calories of each meal on the menu. They have also been requested to take an active role in advising parents and young diners, about the health benefits and risks of different foods.
However, restaurant owners opine that it is not the habit of eating out that is leading to early obesity. Instead, the reduction in physical activity among children could be a key factor. Today, children are less likely to be found playing outside, as they were fifteen years ago.
The improved access to a computer and mobile games has turned them into couch potatoes, raising the possibility of putting on weight, even if they eat low-calorie diets prepared at home.
Whatever the case, it is a fact that early weight gain is a concern that is calling for quick intervention throughout the UK. | <urn:uuid:841bfd8d-4f0b-496f-a798-d677ef6ba89a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://unicorn-ludlow.co.uk/too-much-eating-out-blamed-for-childhood-obesity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038062492.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411115126-20210411145126-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.985988 | 313 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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I. Introduction Parvoviruses belong to the large group of viral agents of which virologists have become aware by chance in many biological materials due to the availabil ity of more sensitive isolation techniques and the extensive use of the electron microscope. In general, many of these viruses lacked the stimulating background of an infectious disease and, therefore, have fallen into oblivion already soon after discovery. In case of parvoviruses, however, interest has been maintained because of the circumstances under which most of them were isolated. A great number of parvoviruses has been recovered from tissues of tumor bearing animals, from cell-free filtrates of tumors, or from stable cell lines of tumor origin. These observations necessarily suggested the newly isolated viral agents of playing an important, yet unknown role in the induction and develop ment of cancer. On the other hand, further parvoviruses were found constantly associated with adenoviruses. It was the experimental analysis of the multiplica tion behaviour which then revealed that the association between parvoviruses and tumors or parvoviruses and adenoviruses originates from the basis of a cer tain genetic defectiveness. For some members of the group this may be overcome by cellular helper effects in rapidly growing tissues, for several others, however, by biochemical events in the simultaneously occurring replication of an adeno virus only. Additional points of view in favour of parvovirus research have arisen from experimental animal studies.
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1723 - 1790, Scottish phlosopher and economist
Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, a small fishing community near Edinburgh, Scotland. At 14, he went to the University of Glasgow, where he met the professor Francis Hutcheson, from whom he developed a lifelong passion for moral philosophy.
After further studies at Oxford, Smith returned to Glasgow in 1751, appointed as a professor of logic. A year later, he became chair of moral philosophy. In 1759, he published The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
In this work, Adam Smith explored a question that concerned many of the Scottish philosophers, including his former professor Hutcheson: if men were driven by selfish passions, why are they able to form (and act upon) moral judgements? Adam Smith believed, that every person had an "inner man", an "impartial spectator" that approved or condemned every human action whether performed by the self or others.
Smith outlined in The Theory of Moral Sentiments what he believed to be "human nature." Along with David Hume, who was a close friend, Smith believed that all people had an unchanging "nature," a core with which all human institutions and behavior can be derived. It was in this book that Adam Smith first proposed the "invisible hand" that guided people to advance the common good.
The Theory of Moral Sentiments paved the way for the work that he was most famous for: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1, which was published in 1776. By this time, Smith was in London. It was here that Smith was to form the framework for all theory on free market economics. Smith examined the consequences of what would later be called laissez faire capitalism, expounding then radical ideas such as wages based on free markets, rather than imposed by guilds.
The Wealth of Nations railed against what Smith called the mercantile system, which favored mononopolies. In his work, Smith again used the invisible hand metaphor. This time the invisible hand that made regulated people's self interest was not the "inner man," but competition. Competition, Smith believed, not only made the economy self regulating, but it was a mechanism that assured economic growth. The role of government, Smith argued, was to leave businesses to themselves, rather than encourage monopolies.
Smith died on July 17, 1790. After his death, it was discovered that he had made numerous secret donations to charity.
1The full text of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is noded.
Smith, Adam, britannica.com
Adam Smith Economist and Philosopher, | <urn:uuid:b40dbbad-8049-40d4-b28a-174e63640e22> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://m.everything2.com/title/Adam+Smith | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141196324.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129034021-20201129064021-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.977913 | 547 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Featured on 24th April 2020
At first glance it appears to be three separate buildings that have been fused together over the centuries, but it is one building with the central portion being the oldest part.
In the 9th century there was a push to convert the area’s Saxon population to Christianity. This ‘stave’ church was constructed, the walls built in the palisade style – split timber logs rammed into the ground, close together, forming a lode bearing wall. The church is thought to be the oldest 'stave built' timber building in Europe and contains 51 original timber planks.
Miraculously this original building has survived although additions have been made to the original Saxon structure - Norman, Tudor and Victorian, a Gothic style tower and a recent renovation in 2005 when the spire was completely reshingled in oak.
The church has an interesting link with The Tolpuddle Martyrs - a group of early 19th century trade union activists from Dorset who were deported to Australia for daring to band together to ask for a decent living wage.
In 1837 as a result of a public outcry against their harsh sentence of transportation to Australia, the now famous Dorset farmers were returned to England where they were given tenancies in Greensted and High Laver.
Several of the Martyr's worshipped at St Andrews, and in 1839 one of them James Brine married Elizabeth Standfield, the daughter of another of the martyrs at Greensted Church. The entry in the marriage register is still available for view in the church.
Main Photo: Acabashi (CC-BY-SA2.0)
Learn more about St Andrew's | <urn:uuid:9cfe26f5-6834-4559-89e7-9962904b0448> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/church-of-the-week/st-andrew-greensted-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.974102 | 347 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Why Did German Protestants Support Hitler?
One of the common popular criticisms of the two kingdoms doctrine defended by Reformed theologians like David VanDrunen and Michael Horton runs something like this:
- VanDrunen and Horton hold to the two kingdoms doctrine.
- The German Lutheran churches under Hitler justified their refusal to resist Hitler because of their two kingdoms doctrine.
- Therefore the two kingdoms affirmed by VanDrunen and Horton doctrine is dangerous.
The argument is flawed on two grounds. First, it assumes that because Lutherans used their two kingdoms theology to justify their refusal to resist the Nazi regime, the two kingdoms doctrine was therefore the real reason for that refusal. Second, it assumes that the version of the two kingdoms doctrine used to justify the Lutheran response to Hitler was the same as the version of the doctrine being advocated by contemporary Reformed theologians. Both of these assumptions are mistaken.
Take, for instance, a recent article by Joel McDurmon, resident scholar and Director of Research for The America Vision. McDurmon defines his target as "Radical 2k (R2K)" a version of the two kingdoms doctrine that, he says, claims the church has nothing to say to civil authority, because civil authority operates under the category of law, not gospel. This, in McDurmon's account, was precisely the view of Lutheran churches in Germany under Hitler, and he worries that Horton's two kingdoms theology leads in the same direction.
McDurmon admits that both Luther and Calvin were two kingdoms theologians, but he declares that they handled the issue inconsistently. He then ignores Calvin throughout his essay. McDurmon argues that whatever differences there may have been between 20th-century Lutheran, and Luther's own, versions of two kingdoms theology (and most scholars recognize these differences to be significant), Luther failed to work out the doctrine's tensions that crippled it from the start.
Describing the Lutheran response to Hitler, McDurmon relies entirely on a 1978 academic article by Richard V. Pierard, "Why Did Protestants Welcome Hitler?" (Fides et Historia 10/2 [Spring 1978]: 8-29). According to McDurmon, Pierard shows that during the 19th century, Lutheran theologians made a "strong bifurcation between the realms of public and private concerns," distinguishing between law and gospel, creation and redemption, body and soul, state and church. For these theologians, law was the order revealed by God in creation, and could be determined autonomously by the state.
What happened as a result? McDurmon, still relying solely on Pierard's analysis, claims that the radical "German Christian" movement cut law loose from its Christian and biblical moorings, and redefined it in terms of the natural revelation in history of race and Volk. McDurmon rightly disapproves of this, but he notes that the unique circumstances of Nazism aren't the only basis for such a theological maneuver.
The same redefinition of God's law can be done under any secular society, the Nazi extremes serving as only one loud reminder. Whenever the church does not prophetically proclaim God's law as the standards for civil society, other political and social forces will mold and shape the moral landscape of society. Eventually, the morality of the Christian and the morality of the civil order will clash, and the Christian conscience must make tough decisions.
But with R2K doctrine, the establishment will push the church around, and the church will sit silently, afraid to speak to civil matters.
Matthew J. Tuininga is a doctoral candidate in Ethics and Society at Emory University, currently writing his dissertation on John Calvin's two kingdoms doctrine. He is a licensed exhorter in the United Reformed Churches of North America and he blogs at www.matthewtuininga.wordpress.com. | <urn:uuid:9dd88048-3f02-4c09-acbf-bf8d3262753e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.patheos.com/Evangelical/Why-Did-German-Matthew-Tuininga-04-16-2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460472.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00279-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952867 | 786 | 2.75 | 3 |
Shaheen (10 years old) does not feel badly anymore to walk with empty feet. Five months ago when he first started walking without sandals, broken pieces of glass and small sheets of tin oftentimes cut his feet. Sometimes when he would hop onto a running train to save himself from the station inspector, the damaged surface of the train’s step would injure his bare feet which caused him much suffering for some nights. In pain, he could not work for a few days. Nowadays, Shaheen thinks dirt layer surfaces for his feet are actually saving him from injuries.
Abu Saleh (11)
Ali Noor (10)
Ali Raj (12)
When Shaheen’s mother was alive she used to put oil on his hands, legs and hair. Shaheen knew his mother well and if she could see him now, she would do it again. She had never beaten him ever. But after her death when the new mother arrived, she and his father used to beat him every night. Often he had to spend the night in the yard in front of the closed door of his father’s house. One morning last summer, Shaheen left his village and took the train which was coming to Dhaka. He no longer misses his past except for his mother.
Emon Ali (12)
Now he carries the goods of passengers in the train station in bare feet. Even if he wishes to buy a pair of sandals, how will he manage money? And if he does manage to buy them, how will he safeguard them? Yesterday his friend Ismail’s new sandals were stolen and Ismail cried for the whole day. He had bought them with 150 taka by saving two days of income. Ismail now collects empty plastic bottles to sell in the recycle shop and has not spoken to anyone since he lost his sandals.
Like Shaheen and Ismail, Shakil, Jahangir, Baii, Imon Ali, Arman, Emon, Fahim, hundreds of children are moving around in the train station in bare feet. All of them are living in the same condition. Some came here a few months ago and some came years ago.
Every one of them has two similarities. One is that they all walk the whole day in bare feet in order to earn bread and the other is the tragedy of their lives. Most of them left home because of the loss of their parents, or torture by their step parents, or because of acute poverty.
With those small bare feet they used to run away by escaping the eyes of the station master or station police. When the trains arrive or passengers come, they run swiftly over the hot stoned train tracks and take a load on their heads. If they get 10 taka (one cent) they buy nuts for lunch and if they can earn more, they can have rice and lentils. This 7-12 year-old children’s feet are telling the tales of their fate: evidence that tells how they are bearing their lonely young lives on those innocent feet.
Oil Noor (7)
A question to humanity from a 11 year old Maruf:
‘No one cares for us. I cut my feet by broken piece of tin. It bleeds for days but no one stops and asks to help me. Like me hundreds of children are walking in bare feet and no one ever asks us if they can give a pair of slipper. Isn’t this a selfish world with cold hearted people.’
Can we together prove him wrong? Can you donate slippers for these street children and show them that we care about their suffering, their bare feet matters to us? Can we?
I am going to gift slippers to these street children on 7th January, 2016. If you want to donate for slippers please email at firstname.lastname@example.org you can donate slippers (size 33 – size 40) at our address; To know details you can also message me at facebook (facebook.com/gmbakash/).
Lastly I hope my favorite quote will inspire you as much as it inspires me:
I am only one, but I am still one. I cannot do everything, but still I can do something. And because I cannot do everything I will not refuse to do the something that I can do. | <urn:uuid:ae8da03b-f30b-4cc4-b126-0411e8af263a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://gmbakash.wordpress.com/2015/12/26/innocent-feet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513804.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021073314-20181021094814-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.98116 | 903 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Figure 1: The new pressure sensor operates at temperatures up to 250 degrees Celsius. Source: Fraunhofer IMS.
The images of the past months will be remembered for all times. Almost incessantly and with tremendous consequences for the environment unknown quantities of oil gushed out of the damaged conveying pipe of the exploded oil platform “Deepwater Horizon" into the Gulf of Mexico. If you analyse internet forums and interviews about this unpleasant issue objectively, it can be stated that big rantings are taking place and a surprising ignorance about the importance of this raw material prevails in the public mind. Further education in this area is necessary. Crude oil is by far not only a complex starting mixture for the production of fuels that are simply burnt to gain energy. In fact oil is the starting point of a product family, which touches almost every area of our lives. Numerous synthetic materials, useful coatings, important drugs as well as essential detergents and cleansing materials are just a few examples. Therefore we will not succeed to preserve our familiar variety of products without oil over the coming years. It is of utmost importance that especially the extraction and the transportation of this raw material will be carried out even safer and more reliable. Even though the medium-term importance of oil for the synthesis of fuels is decreasing due to the development of alternative energy concepts – such as wind and solar power – oil will remain an important and almost indispensable raw material for products of the chemical industry. Numerous research and development projects work on the realisation of those security requirements, which also deliver interesting new impulses for the exhibitors and visitors of the international trade fairs wire and Tube.
Seeing what is Happening - Simulated Cases of Damage
In a time of decreasing resources, secure pipeline systems are becoming more and more important. Such conveying systems are often several thousand kilometres long and therefore they must withstand different climatic, geological and mechanical requirements reliably. In the first place it´s essential to ensure that the raw materials are transported as resource-friendly as possible – wherefore oil demands powerful pumps and gas requires strong compressors. Secondly, the pipelines must be protected against damages of any kind and therefore they must be monitored constantly, so that no leakages can occur. Experts from Siemens now have the opportunity to simulate the working processes of a complete oil or gas pipeline in an unique pipeline demonstration centre in Fürth near Nürnberg. With these results, the engineers are able to develop innovative solutions for real and improved facilities. By this way complex piping systems, for example, can be monitored around the clock in terms of flow, temperature, pressure, vibration and denseness. Furthermore intelligent software solutions are available, which recognize different damages by exceeded or undercut threshold values of the operating parameters independently and automatically block the valves in critical sections.
Figure 2: The pipeline demo centre allows the simulation of various pipeline damages. Source: Siemens AG.
PU-Foams Protect Pipelines
The Nord Stream AG - a consortium of the companies OAO Gazprom, BASF SE/Wintershall Holding GmbH, E.ON Ruhrgas AG and NV Nederlandse Gasunie - wants to connect Russia and the European Union with a pipeline through the Baltic Sea. Since April this year the first ship is on its way through the Baltic Sea in order to lay the gas lines of the North Stream-Project, which will run between Wyborg in Russia and Greifswald in Germany. About 200.000 tubes must be welded for the realization of the project. An enormous number of welds must be protected by intelligent coatings to avoid damages caused by trawl nets or ship anchors for example. In order to fulfil this security-relevant requirement, the shock-absorbing polyurethane foam Elastopor H ® of the BASF Polyurethanes GmbH was chosen. The PU-system consists of two liquid components that are mixed together and worked into the cavities. Subsequently the actual polyurethane is formed from the mixture and is foamed up by the contained foaming agent. Due to its good fluidity, the material can disperse itself evenly and quickly in the cavities. In order to prevent that the polyurethane foam generates a lifting, an open cell structure is necessary which is able to absorb water. The rapid hardening of the polyurethane foam is of central importance for the installation process. Due to this fact, the material withstands the occurring strain during the lowering of the pipeline into the sea and it can unfold its protective effects over long periods of time. According to the company, the pipeline can reliably remain in use for at least 50 years.
Pressure Measurement under Extreme Conditions
Extreme conditions prevail during the extraction of raw materials. Drill heads under high loads bore themselves through massive stone formations - vibrations, high temperatures and changing pressure loads strain all materials that are involved in such processes.
This also includes the sensors that are used to measure the occurring pressure. Conventional pressure sensors only withstand temperatures of 80 to 125 degrees Celsius - but in great depths the temperature is often much higher. Scientists led by Dr. Hoc Khiem Trieu from the Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS in Duisburg have now developed a novel technology to make such sensors more stable. According to the scientists these sensors will work reliably at temperatures up to 250 degrees Celsius. "The pressure sensors have two components that are located on a wafer," explains Dr. Hoc Khiem Trieu. The first component is the sensor itself, the second is the EEPROM. This module stores all measured values as well as the data for calibration. In order to make the sensor work under extremely high temperatures, the engineers have modified the wafer, which bases typically on monocrystalline silicon material. Now the scientists use silicon oxide. Thereby the insulating properties against leakage currents, which often lead to failure, are improved up to four orders of magnitude. The range of possible applications of this innovation is broad. The engineers want to establish the high temperature pressure sensors in various industrial branches like, for examples, the petrochemical industry and the automotive industry.
Dr.-Ing. Christoph Konetschny
Need more Information?
Subscribe to our free Newsletter Service: | <urn:uuid:40015d73-7010-44ed-8ebf-3d38c6736b6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.tube-tradefair.com/en/News/Archive/Archive_Topics/Crude_Oil_A_Precious_and_Controversial_Raw_Material | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780054023.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917024943-20210917054943-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.93001 | 1,290 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Columbus, the “Promised Land,” and the Restoration of the Gospel
Columbus, the “Promised Land,” and the Restoration of the Gospel
Copyright © 2010 by Richard L. Millett
From the time of the arrival of Lehi and his family in the New World until the destruction of the Nephites as a nation by the Lamanites, history waited for the arrival of Columbus and the beginning of European colonization. These events were a prelude to the restoration of the gospel that followed centuries later in fulfillment of the prayers and prophecies of the prophets and people who lived in the Americas. They foresaw the day when the gospel would be lost from among the Nephites and when the events would transpire that would ultimately lead to their destruction:
Behold, all the remainder of this work does contain all those parts of my gospel which my holy prophets, yea, and also my disciples, desired in their prayers should come forth unto this people.
And I said unto them, that it should be granted unto them according to their faith in their prayers;
Yea, and this was their faith—that my gospel, which I gave unto them that they might preach in their days, might come unto their brethren the Lamanites, and also all that had become Lamanites because of their dissensions.
Now, this is not all—their faith in their prayers was that this gospel should be made known also, if it were possible that other nations should possess the land;
And thus they did leave a blessing upon this land in their prayers, that whosoever should believe in this gospel in this land might have eternal life;
Yea, that it might be free unto all of whatsoever nation, kindred, tongue, or people they may be.
And now, behold, according to their faith in their prayers will I bring this part of my gospel to the knowledge of my people. Behold, I do not bring it to destroy that which they have received, but to build it up. (Doctrine and Covenants 10:46–52)
These words came in fulfillment of the words the Savior spoke to the Nephites at the time He appeared to them in the New World following His resurrection:
And behold, this is the thing which I will give unto you for a sign—for verily I say unto you that when these things which I declare unto you, and which I shall declare unto you hereafter of myself, and by the power of the Holy Ghost which shall be given unto you of the Father, shall be made known unto the Gentiles that they may know concerning this people who are a remnant of the house of Jacob, and concerning this my people who shall be scattered by them;
Verily, verily, I say unto you, when these things shall be made known unto them of the Father, and shall come forth of the Father, from them unto you;
For it is wisdom in the Father that they should be established in this land, and be set up as a free people by the power of the Father, that these things might come forth from them unto a remnant of your seed, that the covenant of the Father may be fulfilled which he hath covenanted with this people, O house of Israel;
Therefore, when these works and the works which shall be wrought among you hereafter shall come forth from the Gentiles, unto your seed which shall dwindle in unbelief because of iniquity;
For thus it behooveth the Father that it should come forth from the Gentiles, that he may show forth his power unto the Gentiles, for this cause that the Gentiles, if they will not harden their hearts, that they may repent and come unto me and be baptized in my name and know of the true points of my doctrine, that they may be numbered among my people, O house of Israel;
And when these things come to pass that thy seed shall begin to know these things—it shall be a sign unto them, that they may know that the work of the Father hath already commenced unto the fulfilling of the covenant which he hath made unto the people who are of the house of Israel. (3 Nephi 21:2–7)
The Restoration could not take place until the climate had been prepared. A free nation among the Gentiles had to be established, and its government had to foster the proper environment for the gospel plan. Columbus had to discover the New World, and freedom had to be established through the shedding of blood in the battle for independence. All these events would be a prelude to the gospel going forth to the nations of the Caribbean.
A Description of Columbus
Although no portraits of Columbus that were painted during his lifetime are available, we do have a description of Columbus: “As to Columbus’s appearance at the time accounts agree: Plainly dressed, he was tall and heavyset, of ruddy complexion, with an aquiline nose set in a long face. His eyes were gray-blue and could sparkle with emotion. Although the widower was only 34, his hair already was white.”1
Who and What Motivated Columbus?
Much has been said about the exploits of Columbus. Many scholars say that his motivation for sailing to the “East Indies” was for self-satisfying reasons. Like the Prophet Joseph Smith, Columbus’s name has been known by “kindreds, and tongues, or that it should be both good and evil spoken of among all people” (see Joseph Smith—History 1:33). How interesting that a prophet of God should be subjected to such scrutiny by the world. In this same light, the world has sought to judge the motivation and deeds of Columbus. Not knowing the source of his inspiration or understanding how the Lord used him to fulfill his eternal purposes could cause scholars to view him with limited vision and insight. Columbus had a part to play in bringing the gospel to the Americas.
Only when we are exposed to the writings and innermost thoughts of Columbus can we appreciate adequately the true understanding of his life and vision. Some scholars maintain that he sought for “God, glory, and gold,” but those who have this vision of this noble man are extremely limited because they do not know how the Lord motivated and used him to fulfill His plan. Regardless of whatever point of view we may have, we cannot deny the influence that Columbus had on the western world.
After Jesus Christ, no individual has made a bigger impact on the Western world than Christopher Columbus. He is commemorated in the names given to streets, cities, rivers and even in the name of a country, yet the reason he dared to embark on his fateful enterprise has never been adequately explained. Although academics have scrutinized every known detail of his career and his voyages, just what impelled him to pursue his dream so doggedly has remained concealed behind a blur of speculation and legend. Why was a humble merchant sailor of little formal learning driven to sacrifice the best years of his life to the launching of so ambitious and farsighted an enterprise?2
The Source of Columbus’s Inspiration
Clearly, regardless of any shortcomings Columbus may have had, he was on a course that was directed by the Lord. The Book of Mormon tells of the role he would play in discovering the western hemisphere and, thus, prepare this part of the world for the eventual restoration of the gospel at a later point in time:
And it came to pass that I looked and beheld many waters; and they divided the Gentiles from the seed of my brethren.
And it came to pass that the angel said unto me: Behold the wrath of God is upon the seed of thy brethren.
And I looked and beheld a man among the Gentiles, who was separated from the seed of my brethren by the many waters; and I beheld the Spirit of God, that it came down and wrought upon the man; and he went forth upon the many waters, even unto the seed of my brethren, who were in the promised land.
And it came to pass that I beheld the Spirit of God, that it wrought upon other Gentiles; and they went forth out of captivity, upon the many waters. (1 Nephi 13:10–13)
We can clearly discern from that reference to Columbus in the Book of Mormon that he did not “discover” America. It had already been discovered by others whom the Lord had previously sent to this “land of promise.” It had been protected from other nations so it could serve as the cornerstone for the message of the Restoration. Columbus did encounter a different people whom he named “Indians,” thinking he had found the Orient. And although we can say that Columbus did not “discover” America, we must, in turn, say that he did bring to light a “new world” that had been hidden from the populaces of Europe and Asia:
Columbus did not in fact discover a new world and thus, initiate American history; rather, he brought two old worlds into permanent contact and thus irrevocably changed the course of world history. . . .
When the Spaniards marched into the basin of Mexico and beheld the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan, they were astounded. Never had they dreamed of encountering an urban center of such size and splendor in the wilds of the “new” continent. Before them stretched a veritable metropolis of some 200,000 inhabitants. A fleet of canoes 80,000 strong accommodated commerce and passenger transport via a well-engineered system of lake-fed canals. This picture differs substantially from the way the precontact Americas have been portrayed traditionally. Indeed, the precontact American cities illustrate (in terms of Western scholarship), the emergence of “high culture” or “true civilization,” and rivaled many of the Old World cities of the 16th century.3
Columbus played an important role in uncovering the peoples and cultures of the Book of Mormon. They had waited for centuries for the Gentiles to find them and to establish a nation whose government would foster and give birth to freedom. With the proper climate established, the way was prepared for the Restoration and for the emergence of the record of the inhabitants of the Americas, the Book of Mormon (see 1 Nephi 13:30–33 and 3 Nephi 21:1–9).
An Early Fascination for the Sea
Most historians believe that Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, although some believe he spent his childhood in Spain. He had an early fascination that drew him to the sea. Already in his young life he was beginning to learn the skills of sailing and navigation that would later assist him in his final quest. The first of his experiences as a young apprentice was to the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, in the area of Constantinople, the seat of the Christian religion that was conquered shortly thereafter by the Turks.
In later voyages, Columbus sailed to England and is believed to have traveled as far as Iceland. Some historians think that here he came in touch with the stories of the Vikings’ exploits into North America.
It was, however, well known that beyond Iceland lay the bleak shores of Greenland. And the existence of land even farther to the west was an accepted fact, though it was seldom visited. Nearly five centuries had passed since Norse adventurers had first touched on the coast of Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and possibly New England, settling briefly before being driven out by hostile natives. But in the intervening time Icelanders had continued to make occasional voyages there to collect timber. In the hunt for new fishing grounds, those faraway lands were now assuming new significance and Columbus undoubtedly heard much about them as he haunted the quays, taverns and counting houses in Bristol.
Just as historians have argued endlessly over the birth date and ancestry of Columbus and whether he was a merchant or a sailor, whole books have been devoted to the question of whether he sailed as far as Iceland. Later in life he sometimes said he had done so, though at least once he mentioned only England, not Iceland.4
At one point, Columbus joined a trading party that was going to England. Their vessels sailed from Genoa, around the Strait of Gibraltar, and then up the Atlantic Ocean. Off the coast of Portugal, they were attacked by pirates, and the ship upon which Columbus sailed was sunk. Although many drowned in the battle, Columbus fortunately made his way to shore and later on to Lisbon.
Columbus’s Marriage Is Beneficial to His Goal
Once in Lisbon, Columbus began to avail himself of the opportunity to learn greater details about navigation. He put together information and made a living, along with his brother Bartolome, as a mapmaker. In a local convent where Columbus had become accustomed to worshiping, he met Felipa Moniz Perestrello, who would become his wife.
Living with her mother, who was virtually penniless, Felipa had little to offer beyond her charm and high social rank. Her father was an Italian who had migrated to Portugal, married well and been awarded the hereditary governorship of the small island of Porto Santo, near Madeira. The island never flourished; he had died there some twenty years before, and the governorship had gone to the husband of Felipa’s sister.
Columbus, however, could not afford to be fussy. He was a humble, good-looking stranger whose main possession was his high ambition. But this apparently was enough to attract Dona Felipa, and their marriage took place in the convent chapel, probably in the autumn of 1479.
Columbus had moved a step up the ladder. His wife’s nobility gave him standing in the community, transforming the itinerant Genoese seafarer into a figure of social substance with an important brother-in-law.5
New Voyages and Knowledge
Portugal sought to push its knowledge of the new frontiers and sent its ships south to the coast of Africa. Columbus was able to join these expeditions that added additional knowledge and curiosity to his already-growing uneasiness. He probably became more interested in what lay to the west as he gained this new experience. He said, “In sailing frequently from Lisbon to Guinea southward, I noted with care the route followed, and afterwards I took the elevation of the sun many times with quadrant and other instruments.”
Perhaps the most important insight gained by Christopher Columbus was his discovery concerning the great oceanic wind system. Along the Portuguese coasts and in the Madeira Islands, he had experienced the strong west winds that brought flotsam ashore from the direction of the sunset. Then, on voyages to Africa and the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, he felt the steady northeast trades. In this, Columbus reasoned, lay the secret to an Atlantic round trip: Drop down south to go westward with the trade winds, and return at a higher latitude with the westerlies.6
New information began to flood Columbus’s mind when he was asked to go to the island of Madeira to handle the affairs of some important Portuguese families. Here he began to note the patterns of the ocean and the winds:
While he was married to Felipa the idea began to grow. In every port of call Columbus sifted more scraps of supporting information from the waterfront buzz that was the medieval equivalent of a daily newspaper. He heard of seamen finding lengths of a cane, unknown to Europeans, floating in the sea, and pieces of wood evidently carved by human hands. In the Irish port of Galway he heard a story of bodies with so-called Oriental features found in a drifting boat. In the Azores he heard a similar story and saw strange pinecones washed up on the beach. Sailors spoke of mysterious islands glimpsed on some far horizon but lost again. Such stories were widely believed because the Atlantic was then supposed to be dotted with islands.7
Charts and Documents Create Additional Information
Columbus later returned to Portugal with Felipa in 1480, and a son, “Diego,” joined their family. While Columbus was there, he reportedly obtained some important information that was later found in his personal papers:
Columbus acquired from his father-in-law’s widow the charts and document describing the Atlantic voyages. These excited him, stirring his developing interest in ocean exploration.
Perhaps among those papers he discovered a copy of a letter by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, a respected Florentine geographer and mathematician, dated June 25, 1474, that was to be sent to Portugal’s king. Another copy was found in the 19th century, at the back of one of Columbus’s books and containing Latin errors typical of him.8
Some handwriting experts who have examined the documents believe that in addition to the Latin errors that were made—errors that were common to Columbus—the handwriting was his. Toscanelli's letters contained information about Marco Polo's travels to the Far East and suggest how a voyager might go to the East by traveling west. Historians surmise that Columbus had obtained a map in addition to the letter and that both were a part of his personal possessions: “With the letter was a map incorporating Toscanelli's theories. Columbus probably possessed a copy. The Toscanelli map and letter either began or confirmed Columbus's interest in the idea of sailing west across a relatively narrow Atlantic directly to Asia.”9
The Pieces of the Puzzle Start to Fit
The maps, coupled with the experience he had gained along the coasts of Africa and Madeira, must have helped Columbus put together information regarding what lay to the west.
Columbus now had formulated his plans, and he petitioned King John II of Portugal for ships and backing to make his expedition. The king secretly sent a ship to test Columbus’s theory, and the ship returned with no success. With his petition denied, Columbus’s life received another challenge when his wife Felipa died.
Columbus decided to go to Spain, where Felipa's sister lived, with the thinking that she might be able to care for his young son Diego while he pursued his quest with the court of Spain.
Spiritual Influences and Motives
After arriving at the port of Palos, Spain, Columbus heard about a local Franciscan monastery, Santa Maria de la Rabida, that housed travelers. Here he became friends with Antonio de Marchena, who was to become an important person in helping Columbus to achieve his goal.
Marchena belonged to the Observantines, a group with an apocalyptic agenda; looking to the end times, when all the world would be converted to Christ, they hoped to recover Jerusalem’s holy places from the Muslims. Significantly these tenets became ruling motives in the life and writings of Columbus.
The Genoese mariner and the friar became fast friends. Columbus received spiritual and intellectual counsel from Marchena, an educated man and dedicated cosmographer, and possibly accepted help in composing and reading Latin and Castilian. More important, the friar had access to the power structure at court.10
Some historians feel that Columbus's voyages were for selfish purposes so he could advance his personal ambitions. That could easily be theorized if we fail to understand that the reason he had that motivation resulted from his desire to use the proceeds to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Historical documents show that Columbus spent time in prayer and in attending mass. Apparently, the time he spent at La Rabida served to intensify his spiritual sensitivity and his faith. Some scholars may have questioned his sincerity, but those who knew him did not seem to question it.
Even beyond personal piety, Columbus began to believe that his plan for Atlantic navigation was divinely supported, that it was somehow connected with God’s purpose for the world.
Antonio de Marchena wrote a letter on his behalf to Hermando de Talavera, the queen’s confessor. The letter asked the right to petition the royal council, which made recommendations to the crown.11
The writings of Columbus clearly indicate that he felt and acknowledged the promptings of the Spirit. Although some scholars may doubt the source of his motivation, none deny that he was on a crusade to accomplish his goals.
“I plow ahead,” he said, “no matter how the winds might lash me.”12
The prompting of the Spirit was definitely a part of Columbus’s life. Although some scholars may doubt the source of his motivation, none of them deny that he was on a crusade to accomplish his goals.
The Vision of a Lifetime Is fulfilled
Thus began the start of a seven-year quest to seek approval for his voyage. Columbus spent time making presentations; and when he appeared to be rebuffed, he was told that his expedition could not be supported. In 1492, he made one more attempt to present his project to the monarchy. They turned it down—but then approved it. The vision of a lifetime was now going to be fulfilled:
Again his plan was rejected, then reconsidered, and finally approved. On April 17, 1492, he signed a contract with Castile that gave him the titles he had asked for and one-tenth of all revenues from his discoveries. But Columbus never lost sight of the crusading aspect of his journey; he intended that the forthcoming Indies revenues should primarily be dedicated to the recovery of Jerusalem from the Muslims.13
Recent discoveries of information that was contained in a book printed in 1477, which had belonged to Columbus’s personal library, give some very interesting insight into the vision he had of his voyage and his personal feelings about life and immortality. Personal notes in the margin and handwritten pages at the end are very informative: “Here, Columbus had placed his master plan on paper. His notation on the right side refers to the sinus sinarum, the sea of China. Combined with the note on the left, he indicates that the Far East is also the Far West. Never, could [anyone] come closer to the mind, and driving vision, of Christopher Columbus.”14
Religious Conviction and the Influence of the Scriptures
Those who have studied Columbus’s life have also concluded that some of Columbus’s original “papers” had been sewn into the end of one of his most-used books: “These pages evidently hold the earliest surviving writings of Columbus. On one he lists the Old Testament books and prophets on whom he relied. He tells of the Holy Spirit which with rays of marvelous brightness comforted me with His holy and sacred Scriptures, in a high, clear voice. The Scriptures spoke strongly to him; passages about the East, the conversion of heathens, the recovery of holy Jerusalem, and the approaching end times, when Christ would come again.”15
Columbus's writings and margin notes reflect a deep spiritual sensitivity to the scriptures and to their influence upon his life and goals: “One entry affirms his staunch Christian belief in life after death. Underlining Pliny's skeptical statement that mortals could not become immortal, he declares in the margin: ‘This is untrue.’”16
“Indians” and the Discovery of an Advanced Civilization
Not until his fourth voyage did Columbus discover the mainland of South America. His first landfall was in the Bahamas on the island that he named “San Salvador” (Holy Savior). The Indians whom he met were described by him as “‘naked as when born of their mothers, most handsome men and women.’ They were so white that if they protected themselves from the sun and air, ‘they would be as white as in Spain.’”17
These were Arawak Indians, and he later met the Taino tribe and the Caribes. The two former tribes were
gentle people who were easily enslaved, the Caribes were fierce and described as being “cannibalistic.”
Columbus later “enslaved” the Arawaks and Tainos by requiring them to produce a certain amount of gold. This event has been a subject of great criticism of Columbus; however, the outcome is easy to understand when we recall his religious zeal to free Jerusalem from the Muslims and his desire to make a good impression on the Spanish monarchs.
From the Bahamas, Columbus sailed south to the north coast of Hispaniola. On Christmas day, the Santa Maria ran aground off the coast of the island. This tragedy required a change in plans. The two ships could not carry the crew of the three ships, and thus they determined that they would build a fort and leave part of their crew until they returned on the next voyage.
Columbus made a total of four voyages to the West Indies. On his second trip, he discovered the pattern of the westerly trade winds and was able to make the trip in just twenty-one days. But not until his fourth voyage in 1502 did he discover the mainland of South and Central America when he sailed along the coasts of Venezuela and Panama and as far north as Costa Rica.
During Columbus’s third voyage, the tide of Spanish opinion began to turn against him:
Columbus’s third voyage in 1498 did not end happily. With a few volunteers Columbus discovered Trinidad and made his first landfall on the continent of South America. But when he reached Santo Domingo, he found mutiny in progress. Two ships were sent back to Spain to report the rebellion. In the meanwhile malcontents had reported Columbus was a tyrant and Francisco de Bodadilla was sent from Spain to investigate. Although Columbus had succeeded in stopping the rebellion, in October, 1500, he was sent with his brother back to Spain under arrest.18
Columbus was eventually found to be innocent of the charges and was given permission to make his fourth voyage. The rigors of his life had taken their toll, and he died in 1506. His desire was to be buried in Hispaniola, and in 1536, his body was taken from Spain and buried in a cathedral in Santo Domingo where it lies today in the first cathedral that was constructed in the western hemisphere. However, some historians believe that Spain was his final burial location.
Columbus Fulfills Prophecy
Despite the criticism of many, Columbus remains the man who prepared the way for the colonization of America and also paved the way for the restoration of the gospel through the Prophet Joseph Smith. Though he had weaknesses, as do all mortals, Columbus clearly followed the promptings of the Spirit and fulfilled prophecy in the process.
Who then was Christopher Columbus? A man both of and beyond his time, he bestrode the boundary between ages, possessing a nature rich in contradictions. This most singular sailor was in fact an empirical mystic, within whom the temporal and the spiritual warred. A plebeian who rose to noble state, he inwardly disdained the citadels of power while ardently seeking their privileges. Not highly educated, he deeply admired learning. Believing his God would open for him the sea road to the earthly paradise, he felt empowered on his mission by the Holy Spirit.
At the end he had triumphed over his detractors to conquer the Sea of Darkness. While pursuing one vision, he inadvertently realized another: the outreach of Europe into a hitherto separate, but henceforth vastly wider world.
Truly this uncommon commoner Christopher Columbus began a process that, in words from a passage in one of the books of Esdras, “shook the earth, moved the round world, made the depths shudder, and turned creation upside down.”19
Columbus had a great effect upon preparing the world for the restoration of the gospel. He left his imprint especially upon the islands of the Caribbean and throughout the western hemisphere. Therefore, if we are to understand how the restored gospel began in the Caribbean, we must give honor and praise to that great navigator, Christopher Columbus.
In December of 1978, Elder M. Russell Ballard, as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, dedicated Jamaica and the Dominican Republic for the teaching of the gospel. Those events prompted personnel of the Church to determine whether Puerto Rico had been dedicated for the same purpose. Puerto Rican Church leaders and members had no memory or record of any dedication. Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles had replaced Elder Ballard as executive administrator, and when Elder Wirthlin researched the matter at Church headquarters, he determined that Puerto Rico had never been dedicated for the teaching of the gospel.
Therefore, on July 29, 1979, at a beautiful site near the city of Caguas where the Church had property for a future chapel, Elder Wirthlin dedicated Puerto Rico for the teaching of the gospel. Prior to the dedication, he made the following comments: “I have been thinking today—I suppose the spirit of Christopher Columbus has been on my mind. I would think that the Lord would permit him to be present today, for he loved the Caribbean Islands and was here in Puerto Rico on many occasions. He was a great and noble man, inspired by the Lord to navigate the dangerous Atlantic and to make possible the restoration of the gospel.”
In the dedicatory prayer, Elder Wirthlin said: “We are grateful for Christopher Columbus, who was an inspired servant of destiny. Nephi, who received a revelation concerning him states: ‘And I looked and beheld a man among the Gentiles, who was separated from the seed of my brethren by the many waters; and I beheld the Spirit of God, that it came down and wrought upon the man; and he went forth upon the many waters, even unto the seed of my brethren, who were in the promised land.’ Columbus fulfilled this prophecy and set forth on these shores.”
Later in the dedicatory prayer, Elder Wirthlin asked the Lord to bless Puerto Rico—as a land of promise: “Bless this island as a land of promise. May freedom always prevail. May no evil influence take away this priceless freedom that gives liberty to all those who worship thee and thy beloved Son. We pray that this land may remain under the protecting umbrella of the Constitution of the United States, so that this people will remain free.”
With the blessings of the Lord having been pronounced upon Puerto Rico by a servant of the Lord, the work began in the new Puerto Rico-San Juan Mission. The promised blessings by Elder Wirthlin have been fulfilled, and the mission has become a very fruitful area of the kingdom.
The Discovery of “America” by Columbus
Those of us who live in the United States of America are routinely taught during our public-school education that “Columbus discovered America,” and we are proud to be associated with Columbus in that respect. However, we fail to realize that Columbus technically did not “discover” the continental United States as we know it today. That is, he never cast his eyes on the eastern seashore of the United States, and he never set foot on the soil of the continental United States.
But he did discover “America” as it was defined initially. Prior to the twentieth century, “America” was defined as shown in Noah Webster’s 1828 dictionary, American Dictionary of the English Language:
One of the great continents, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, June 11, O.S. 1498, and by Columbus, or Christoval Colon, Aug. 1, the same year. It extends from the eightieth degree of North, to the fifty-fourth degree of South Latitude; and from the thirty-fifty to the one hundred and fifty-sixth degree of Longitude West from Greenwich, being about nine thousand miles in length. Its breadth at Darien is narrowed to about forty-five miles, but at the northern extremity is nearly four thousand miles. From Darien to the North, the continent is called North America, and to the South, it is called South America.20
Thus, early in the history of the United States, “America” encompassed all of what we refer to today as North America, Central America, and South America. In that respect, then, Columbus did, indeed, discover “America,” even though he never set foot on territory of the continental United States of America.
Those facts about Columbus are important because some Book of Mormon readers maintain that all New World lands of the Book of Mormon are located in the United States. Further, such readers often also maintain that all Book of Mormon references to “promised land” and “land of promise” point exclusively to territory within the continental United States.
However, as noted previously, “The Spirit of God . . . came down and wrought upon [Columbus]; and he went forth upon the many waters, even unto the seed of my brethren, who were in the promised land” (1 Nephi 13:12; emphasis added).
Obviously, Book of Mormon readers who advocate that all the New World lands of the Book of Mormon are located in the “promised land” of the United States of America do so erroneously. That is, the “promised land” of the Book of Mormon cannot be territory located exclusively in the United States of America because Columbus never, ever “went forth” to any of the “Remnant Seed” who were residing in the continental United States. The “promised land” of the Book of Mormon, therefore, is, indeed, “America” as defined at the time Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon—all the territory of North America, Central America, and South America as we know them today. Further, we must look beyond the territory of the continental United States in any search for the New World location of the lands and events of the Book of Mormon.
Those who have lived in the Caribbean have learned to appreciate Columbus’s part in discovering America. We cannot read about the man and his determined motivation without developing a feeling and a kinship for him. I feel that one day when we meet, I will know him; and I look forward to visiting with him about his part in the restoration of the gospel.
1. Eugene Lyon, “Search for Columbus,” National Geographic Magazine 181, no. 1, January 1992, 30.
2. John Dyson, Columbus: For Gold, God, and Glory (Toronto: Madison Press Books, 1991), 14.
3. “Columbus,” BYU Quincentennial Newsletter, “Europe Encounters America,” Quincentennial Exhibition, April 1992.
4. Dyson, Columbus, 50.
5. Ibid., 55.
6. “Search for Columbus,” 26–27.
7. Dyson, Columbus, 64.
8. Lyon, “Search for Columbus,” 25.
9. Ibid., 26.
10. Ibid., 30
12. Ibid., 32.
13. Ibid., 36–37.
14. Ibid., 33.
16. Ibid., 34.
17. Hans W. Hannau, The Caribbean Islands (Miami: Argos, 1972), 39.
18. Ibid., 8.
19. Lyon, “Search for Columbus.”
20. Noah Webster, American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), s.v. “America”; emphasis added. | <urn:uuid:b6fb97dc-e215-4a92-a0c7-840c59fd2c18> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://bmaf.org/articles/columbus_promised_land__millett | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058415.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927090448-20210927120448-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.977329 | 7,415 | 2.765625 | 3 |
From Middle English birlen, from Old English byrelian (“to give or serve a drink to”), from byrele (“cup-bearer, steward, butler”), from Proto-Germanic *burilijaz (“carrier, manservant”), from *burjô (“descendant, son”), from Proto-Germanic *beraną (“to bear, carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-, *bʰrē- (“to bear”). Related to Old English byre (“son, offspring, youth”). More at bear.
birle (third-person singular simple present birles, present participle birling, simple past and past participle birled)
- to pour a drink (for).
- c.1882-1898, Francis James Child (collector and editor), Child's Ballads, Number 68: "Young Hunting",
- She has birld in him Young Hunting / The good ale and the beer, / Till he was as fou drunken / As any wild-wood steer.
- to drink deeply or excessively, carouse.
- c.1882-1898, Francis James Child (collector and editor), Child's Ballads, Number 73: "Lord Thomas and Fair Annet",
- They birled, they birled at Annies wake / The white bread and the wine, / And ere the morn at that same time / At his they birled the same.
- First-person singular (yo) present subjunctive form of birlar.
- Third-person singular (él, ella, also used with usted?) present subjunctive form of birlar.
- Formal second-person singular (usted) imperative form of birlar. | <urn:uuid:f3b705c9-3572-4e2d-85eb-cb8e993e03d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/birle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.834206 | 407 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Zionism has had a long love story with Hannukah. It gladly adopted the holiday’s narrative. Up until the first waves of Aliyah to Israel begun (towards the end of the 19th century), Jews celebrated mostly the religious aspect of this feast, as the focus was the miracle of the cruse of oil that held for 8 days. The modern Zionist movements were those who inserted the aspects of heroism, victory of the few against the many, and that of the sons of light over the spawns of darkness. These all fit like an elegant glove to the Zionist hand. In many ways, modern Israel was perceived as a modern version of the Maccabees.
Back then, for 400 years the kingdom of Judah was enslaved by the Greeks, until the Hasmonean revolt broke in 167 BC, in reaction to the bitter decrees handed down by the Greek ruler Antioch Epiphanes. He massacred Jews, forbade them from keeping the Shabbat, executed women who circumcised their sons (a fascinating study in and of itself – the fact that the women were those who circumcised the newborn males at the time, not the men), and desecrated the Temple by erecting a statue of a Greek deity inside it. At some point, a Hasmonean priest, named Matthathias, proclaimed: “Let everyone who has zeal for the Law and who stands by the covenant follow me!” and with that had lit the match that started the great revolt.
But Then, Things Took On a Wrong Turn
Matthathias reacted to the ongoing process of Hellenization and assimilation that the nation was going through, not only to the abominable statue that was placed in the Temple. However, what began as a fight for religious freedom led to a religious enslavement by choice. Matthathias’ descendants, the Maccabees, gradually took over the priesthood by means of corruption. The Bible makes it clear that the high priest must come only from the house of Zadok, a descendant of Aaron. The Maccabees bought their way into that unique position through bribing the Greek rulers. Gradually, they accepted the Hellenistic culture as well, with its idolatry and polytheism that their forefather fought against.
Wanted: A Heroic Story
The Talmud says very little about Hannukah. Many historians believe that was done on purpose, since for centuries the story of the Maccabees was considered to be as soured wine. But then the Zionists thinkers brought Judah the Maccabee into the forefront of the collective Jewish recognition. From the feast of Latkes and the miracle of the cruse of oil, Hannukah turned into a celebration of heroism. The Jewish papers from that time report of Hannukah banquets, celebrating the spirit of heroism, calling for a modern version of a renewed independence in the land.
The artist Boris Schatz established in 1906 the Bezalel academy of arts in Jerusalem. Several years earlier he created his most famous sculpture – “Mattathias the Hasmonean”.
Boris Schatz (sitting, bottom left, 1867-1932)
and his most famous work – Mattathias the Hasmonean
The head of the statue, a draft made of plaster
Sadly, this is the only part that survived,
stands today at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art (picture taken by Yair Talmor)
For Schatz, Mattathias symbolized the warrior Zionist. In 1907 Schatz held a Hannukkah party at the academy, and set this sculpture in the court yard. No one could have predicted the debate that erupted the following day in the local newspapers. Schatz’s supporters claimed that the Zionists are the Hasmonean’s modern heirs. After all, they too were the cream of the crop of the nation! Well, at least before they became corrupt.
Schatz opponents, however, claimed that the sculpture is an abomination, for Mattathias’ revolt started because of a statue that was placed in the Temple. And here, he himself was turned into a statue? Eliezer Ben Yehuda, who was scheduled to give a speech at the party, was unable to do so. The following day he described it well in his newspaper: “I refrained from speaking facing the statue…. for the eyes [of Mattathias] bore at me with rage, for he fought with conviction against those who erected abominable images, and here you erect a likeness of him?”
The Sons of Zion Against the Sons of Greece
Hannukah represents the friction between Athens and Jerusalem, between the worldly wisdom of Greece and the Biblical perspective of God. The pagan chooses the idols he wishes to serve and makes them in his own image. The God of the Bible, however, created man in His own image and likeness, and it is He who chooses those who worship Him (see Is. 43:10), not the other way around. The Jewish Sages taught at first that Greece was the Evil Kingdom, and so forbade from assimilating into their Hellenistic lifestyle. But somehow, in a gradual process that goes against all reason, they adopted many aspects of that philosophy.
Today, the Rabbinical perspective is in many ways much like that of the mindset of Greece. Gematria, for example, that is so closely associated with Judaism – has its roots in the Greek culture. The images and idols the Torah forbids making, adorn almost every orthodox Jewish home (especially pictures of various rabbis). And the study of Torah, that was originally given to the people in order to draw them closer to God and teach us His ways, has become the highest value, more important than anything else (the study and debate of each word, structure and commentary, not even of what God is actually saying). Even the Rabbinic Yeshiva is in many ways built upon Hellenistic infrastructure. How has Athens managed to infiltrate into the foundations of Jerusalem?
A Menorah and Olive Branches
Three weeks following the establishment of modern Israel in May 1948, the citizens were invited to send their ideas for a national emblem. Approximately 450 suggestions were sent in. Here are some of these interesting suggestions:
Two designers, the Shamir brothers, sent their suggestion as well. As they methodically studied the various symbols of other nations, they discovered that none uses a Menorah in their emblem (yep, it turns out there are others who use the Star of David – such as Burundi; Nigeria’s flag while it was a British colony until 1957; and the flag of the Morrocan Caliphate prior to 1945).
The Shamir Brothers, Circa 1970
A few changes were inserted, and their suggestion was accepted:
A final draft of the National Emblem
approved and signed by David Ben Gurion, 1949
The critics of the emblem stated that this Menorah is seen on Titus gate; that it does not stand in one accord with the one described in the OT. But that was precisely the reason that Menorah was chosen: it brings together the motifs of destruction and restoration. It states: “we were exiled with much shame, but we are being restored to our original identity and are fulfilling ancient prophecies”.
Seven or Nine?
The Menorah in the emblem contains 7 arms, yet at Hannukah we light the one with 9 arms. For those who are not familiar with the Hannukah story, the Greeks plundered the Temple Menorah, the one with 7 arms. How did the Menorah become a Hannukiah then? It has to do with the shift of the national authority from the house of Zadok as the high priest to the house of Hashmonai, and later into the hands of the the Pharisees and rabbis.
If you have been following my blog for a while, then you are familiar with my theme of the Hiddennes of God. This Athens versus Jerusalem, that is the core story of Hannukah, is one more expression of that. Even in this feast of light, God’s true values, Faces and symbols are hidden from our nation.
After the disastrous Bar Kochba revolt (135 AD), the rabbis were determined to restore the nation as far as possible from Jerusalem. The city was anyway destroyed and ruined, and the rabbis wanted to gain back the favor of the Roman regime. The alternate location chosen was Jamnia. The system they came up with had purposefully detached itself from Temple rituals, from the written Word of God, even from God Himself. The changing of the Menorah is a part of this process. The rabbis forbade the creation of any vessel that looks like those that were used in the Temple (Avoda Zara 43a), so the solution was a Menorah with more arms than the original one had.
Growing up in the Israeli education system, I was always told that the Hanukiyah has 8 arms because of that miracle of the little cruse of oil. It should have sufficed for one day, yet lasted 8. However, there is no mention of that in the books of Maccabees. This is apparently a tradition that developed later on, as it is mentioned only in later writings. The book of Maccabees tells that the celebrations lasted 8 days since during the war, the nation could not celebrate properly the feast of Tabernacles. After they won the war, they could do it, and did it for 8 days.
I am personally delighted to see the emblem of modern Israel. It is based on motifs found in the Bible – a Menorah and Olive Branches – not on myths or a distorted version of God’s Word. In my opinion, there’s no small victory here for “Jerusalem”.
So What Have We Got Here?
A Menorah flanked with olive branches, and a nation miraculously renewed in its homeland, yet still so desires to be like other nations, to assimilate in their wisdom and cultures. We forget, we don’t even realize, that we were chosen to be “Sons of Zion”, not of “Greece”. These two kingdoms have very little in common, and can hardly exist side by side, if at all. So far, sad to say, Greece has held the upper hand for a “mere moment” (Isa. 54:7). But the story does not end here. The prophet Zechariah saw the day in which God will stir the Sons of Zion against the Sons of Greece. He then will be revealed, accompanied with lightning, thunder and the blowing of the shofar (9:13-17).
The widow Israel, which is turning into a mother, and a bride, is seeking along the way its identity. It was lost for that mere moment, but it is being restored with great mercies, to the point that soon, we will not even remember the reproach of our widowhood anymore (Isa. 54:4). In part our identity is based on Scripture, but too often it is laced with Hellenistic motifs, that nullify God.
Yesterday we had lit the last candle on the last day of the feast. On my balcony, in the heart of Jerusalem, I had put up this year a huge Menorah for Hannukah. When the weather allowed, I lit it, and found myself answering the questions of passers by, who wondered where are the missing two arms. This iron Menorah is a draft someone made for the Tabernacle model I use in my seminars, but there is also a statement here – let’s go back to the original Word, with all its meanings and symbolism. Let’s not hide God’s truth. Let it shine! | <urn:uuid:0d521267-abf9-4077-9409-1f9319a60039> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://ornagrinman.com/2019/12/30/between-jerusalem-and-athens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.973896 | 2,462 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Follow our simple bedtime routine safety tips to help keep you and your family safe
1. Switch off and unplug electrical equipment – only leave on appliances that are designed to be left on, like the fridge or your DVD recorder.
2. Check your cooker – make sure the grill, hobs and oven are all turned off.
3. Don’t leave the washing machine, tumble dryer or dishwasher on. Their high speed of operation, friction and motors mean they can be a fire risk.
5. Check candles are out – they can go on smouldering and start a fire. Double check they are out and never leave one burning when you go to sleep. View candle safety advice here.
6. Put cigarettes right out – make sure cigarettes and pipes are out, wetting them to be sure. Never smoke in bed. View smoking safety advice here.
7. Check your escape route – it should be clear of obstacles. Make sure the keys are where they are meant to be. View escape route advice here.
8. Close all doors – this can slow down the spread of a fire.
9. Turn off your electric blanket – unless you are absolutely sure it can be left on safely, for example if it has a thermostat.
View some safety videos below: | <urn:uuid:bcbe3a03-d995-4f66-bace-ac46f51dbeb1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.clevelandfire.gov.uk/safety/home-safety/bedtime-routine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00504-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913648 | 269 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Western Corn Rootworm
Western corn rootworms are a major pest to corn plants. Both the larvae and adults can cause severe plant and root damage. Western corn rootworms have 1 generation per year. We recommend treating with Scanmask Spray or Scanmask Topdressing.
Western corn rootworms are a major pest to corn plants. Both the larvae and adults can cause severe plant and root damage. The larvae are slender and yellowish white with dark heads. Adult western corn rootworm beetles are black and yellow. Males tend to have primarily black wing covers while the females have more even black and yellow stripes. Eggs overwinter in the soil and hatch in late spring/early summer. The larvae then feed on plant roots for about 4 to 6 weeks before pupating. Adults then emerge about a week later in mid to late summer.Western corn rootworms typically have 1 generation per year. | <urn:uuid:ad9327aa-5be6-4c10-8e62-27f4ce744da7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://biologicco.com/blog/pests/western-corn-rootworm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.920202 | 178 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Automated systems paired with the ability to sift through massive amounts of data have changed numerous industries over the past decade, from delivering search results, to identifying sales trends and optimizing business processes.
Now, a combination of Big Data and cognitive computing is being used to ferret out security flaws in software.
Keeping security vulnerabilities out of today’s software is a complex and multi-pronged effort, requiring developer training, expert systems that can spot certain classes of software bugs, and iterative quality control processes. Yet, computer scientists are now looking for ways to eliminate many of the headaches and tedium of software development to, not only find flaws in programs, but fix them.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for example, created a system called Code Phage that can automatically patch software found to contain certain classes of flaws by searching for similar functionality in other programs and grafting it into the recipient software. The system mimics the biological process of horizontal gene transfer, but instead of moving genetic material between cells, Code Phage moves snippets of code between a donor program and the recipient with the vulnerability.
In a paper presented at the Association for Computing Machinery’s Programming Language Design and Implementation conference in June, the team of researchers reported that their system fixed 10 errors in 7 programs, taking from two to 10 minutes for each repair.
“What we are looking for here is an automated way to very quickly patch the bug,” Martin Rinard, a professor of computer science and engineering at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), told eWEEK. “If the needed functionality exists in the world, then we have a good chance to help you out and fix those bugs.”
In March 2015, not-for-profit research and development organization Draper Laboratory announced its effort, DeepCode, which uses big-data analytics to learn the difference between flawed code and good code. The researchers, who teamed with Stanford University on the project, are building on an earlier effort which mimicked processes in the human brain to detect sophisticated threats in network traffic.
Both projects aim to tackle a critical problem in software development: An increasing number of developers—many with little experience with secure programming—are creating the applications on which the world relies, resulting in flawed code.
“Application security is not going away, in fact, it is a huge and growing problem,” said Jothy Rosenberg, associate director of the Cyber Systems Group at Draper Laboratories, told eWEEK in an e-mail interview. “Until we change the fundamental model of computing to address security from the ground up, these problems will persist, and automated tools to identify and eliminate vulnerabilities will be required to mitigate the problem.”
Researchers Look to Bots, Big Data to Fix Software Flaws
In the case of Code Phage, the program operates by taking vulnerabilities identified by a second project, known as DIODE, and then seeking out potential donor code that could fix the issue. Code Phage first identifies potential donor programs by using two inputs—one that triggers an error and one that does not—and attempts the same inputs on a library of other programs.
After further checking the potential donor, Code Phage performs digital surgery, grafting the needed code from the donor to the recipient program. Finally, it validates that the patched code works as expected.
The project currently focuses on fixing code that processes image formats, such as JPEG and PNG files. The short-term goal is to build up a system that has a large population of donors handling the same formats and use them to fix other programs. After that, developers could use the system to seek out the best way to write a piece of code.
“The long-term vision is that don’t ever have to write a piece of code that someone else has written, because we will find it and integrate them all together,” MIT’s Rinard said.
Numerous companies—including security firms Cigital, Coverity, HP Fortify and Veracode—have technology to analyze code and provide developers with a list of possible software flaws. Because the task of finding vulnerabilities in complex software is so difficult, such systems often create false positives, issuing alerts for potential vulnerabilities that may not be a danger.
To reduce the number of false positives, systems often focus on a single class, or a few classes, of software vulnerabilities. MIT’s DIODE project, for example, identifies memory overflow errors that could lead to security issues. With such complexity, a fully automated system to both find and fix vulnerabilities is a tall order, Daniel Meissler, a practice principal with HP Fortify, told eWEEK.
“It could bear fruit there, but they have to worry about garbage-in, garbage-out,” he said. “If you have good inputs, you will get good outputs. But if you submit the wisdom of the crowds, they could potentially make the output not as pure.”
In addition, both DeepCode and Code Phage search other software for solutions to vulnerabilities and that, in and of itself, could pose a problem. Code Phage, for example, does not need access to source code, so the program could use any available binary. But copying code from other—possible copyrighted—programs will likely cause legal problems.
Still, without automating software-security analysis and the fixing of code, developers may never get a handle on the burgeoning problem of software flaws, said Draper’s Rosenberg.
“Today’s systems for finding vulnerabilities are mostly manual and there is almost no automation for vulnerability repair in use today,” he said. “Automation can help keep vulnerabilities out of software.” | <urn:uuid:c55d6c94-7c1d-4f8d-b438-7125c20deb04> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.eweek.com/security/researchers-look-to-bots-big-data-to-fix-software-flaws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334912.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926144455-20220926174455-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.929955 | 1,188 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The RiddlerBy Rabbi Jack Abramowitz
Next, G-d spoke to Ezekiel and told him to pose the following riddle to the people of Israel. (The difference between a “riddle” and a “parable” is that in a parable, we are told that A = B. In a riddle, the metaphor is not really spelled out). G-d says that a great eagle with a large wingspan, with feathers of many colors, came to Lebanon and took the top off of the cedar. (In this parable, “Lebanon” refers to Israel rather than the country we call Lebanon.) The eagle brought the top of the cedar to a country of merchants and placed it in a busy city. He took the seed and placed it in a field; the seed took root next to the water and grew into a vine. (Note that the seed grew into a vine, which is lowly, rather than a towering cedar, counter to expectations.) The vine spread out and grew under the great eagle, which represents Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylonia. Along came a second eagle, also impressive but not nearly as impressive as the first. This eagle represents Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. The vine sent its roots towards the second eagle, representing the messengers that were sent by Tzidkiyahu, king of Judah, to Egypt for help in his rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar. Now, G-d says, can the vine prosper relying upon the second, lesser eagle? Won’t the first, greater eagle uproot the vine, which will then wither and die? When the larger eagle uproots the vine the smaller eagle will not try to defend it.
G-d spoke again to Ezekiel saying, “Ask the people of Judah if they understand this riddle.” The king of Babylonia came to Jerusalem and brought their royalty back to Babylonia. He took the royalty and made a covenant with them. Judah would continue to exist as a country but they would be subservient to Babylonia. But the king of Judah rebelled against Babylonia by sending messengers to Egypt asking for horses and soldiers. Can Judah possibly succeed? Can Tzidkiyahu hope to violate the agreement with Babylonia and get away with it? G-d swears that the king of Judah will die in Babylonia, the territory of the one he rebelled against. Pharaoh will not send the requested army to save Tzidkiyahu when he sees Babylonia bringing their siege engines against Jerusalem. Since he broke his agreement with the king of Babylonia, he will not escape. Furthermore, G-d says, “Since Tzidkiyahu made this oath in My name, he also broke an oath against Me. Therefore, I will catch him in My net and bring him to Babylonia to pay for the crime he committed against Me! His supporters will fall to the sword and the survivors will scatter in every direction and you will know that I, G-d, have brought this about.”
G-d says, “I, Myself, will take a branch from the top of the cedar and plant it on a high mountain. It will bring forth fruit and become a sturdy cedar. Birds of all species will dwell safely under the shade off its branches. All the trees of the field will recognize that I, G-d, have brought the high lowly and raised the lowly high. I have dried the greenery and I have made the dry bear fruit. I, G-d, have spoken and I will make it happen.” (This last prophecy speaks of Moshiach, the Messiah, who is a “shoot” or “spout” from the seed of David.) | <urn:uuid:daac2e47-2841-4017-b3ba-a08cfde05d98> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://www.ou.org/torah/nach/nach-yomi/ezekiel_chapter_17/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930109.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00176-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970358 | 803 | 3.234375 | 3 |
- Education and Science
When Cotton Was King-The Waco Texas Cotton Palace
Just imagine it.
In 1890, Waco was larger than Dallas, Ft. Worth and El Paso.
Waco owes it's explosive growth to several things. One of which was the famous Waco Suspension Bridge , the largest single span bridge in the United States . Another contributing factor to Waco's population was the Waco Tap Railroad which tapped into the Houston and Texas Central Railroad from Houston to Dallas .
Cotton, known as "white gold" in those days, soon became the most important factor in determining Waco 's future. The invention of the steel breaking plow allowed planting in the rich Blackland prairie. Farmers from a hundred miles away would bring their cotton to Waco to be ginned. This lead to cotton buyers springing up with offices in Waco and they began shipping cotton by train to port cities like Galveston and New Orleans, to then be shipped on to Europe , South America and India.
By 1884, with about 12,000 people living in Waco, an estimated 50,000 bales of cotton, 900,000 pounds of wool and 500,000 pounds of hides were being shipped annually through Waco.
With other cities hosting fall festivals, a group of Waco residents wanted to find a way to capitalize on this influx of commerce and have a little fun doing it. An idea was born.
The Cotton Palace Exhibition in 1894
In 1894, Waco residents raised the money to build an exposition hall with seating for 5,000. On November 8, 1894 , Texas Governor James Hogg was guest of honor on opening day of the month-long Cotton Palace Exhibition. This first event included a parade, agricultural exhibit, amusement area, orators, and musicians. It drew in visitors from all over the state and was a huge success.
However, just six weeks later, tragically, the building burned.
Population Growth Stats for Waco
- In 1859 - 749 people
- In 1870 - 3,008 people
- In 1880 - 7,295 people
- In 1884 - about 12,000 people
- In 1890 - 14,445 people
- In 1900 - 20,686 people
- In 1914 - about 35,000 people
- In 1930 - 53,848 people
Rebuilding the Cotton Palace
In 1910, the Texas Cotton Palace was re-established and the building re-built. There were separate buildings for automobiles, poultry, cotton, flowers, and machinery exhibitions.
Each year the exhibition became more elaborate. Costumes for the event were made in New York and France. Debutantes from all over the state came to Waco to compete for the Queen and her court. They crowned the King and Queen annually.
The Great Depression era saw smaller crowds (only 350,000 in 1930) at the Exhibition and the 1930 exhibition saw rain that kept the crowds away. The Clay Street Texas Cotton Palace closed on October 19, 1930. That location had seen 8 million visitors. The annual record of visitors was in 1918 when they had 547,242 people attend. November 3, 1923 holds the single day record of 117,208 visitors.
In 1970, the Texas Cotton Palace was once again revived by residents of Waco and still operates annually.
Today's version of The Waco Cotton Palace is an energetic stage production that recounts the history of Waco . The colorful two-hour stage show features local residents who use drama, song and dance to chronicle the history of Cotton Palace.
Other Hubs by KCC Big Country About Central Texas
- 1953 Waco Tornado
On May 11th, 1953, a tornado struck downtown Waco, Texas at 4:36 p.m. The tornado was over two city blocks wide. With employees preparing to leave work for the day,...
- Bernard Rapoport Receives the Franklin D. Roosevelt Distinguished Public Service Award
Read about central Texas millionaire and philanthropist Bernard Rapoport!
- Texas Trivia
I sometimes take it for granted that everyone knows the things about Texas that I do. I'm a native Texan and I've grown up all my life hearing about all the things that make Texans proud. We spend entire...
- Hemisfair & HR Pufnstuf
I was a child of the 60s and was raised in central Texas. I remember hearing a little bit about the World's Fair being held in San Antonio in 1968 but attending something like that was out of the question for...
- Madison Cooper and Sironia
Meet Madison Cooper and learn how his 2 volume-set "Sironia, Texas" made literary history in the 50s.
- The Texas Horny Toad and The Legend of Old Rip
The Texas Horned Toad (Phrynosoma cornutum), known more commonly as the Horny Toad is a federal category c2 threatened species lizard. The horny toad is flat-bodied and looks more ferocious than he is. His...
- Waxahachie, Texas-Haunting Good Fun!
Waxahachie is a town located about 30 miles south of Dallas, Texas. If you're ever anywhere near the area, it is worth a visit. On our visits there we have found the following sites to be of particular...
- Zeebo the Clown
Bowen "Bo" W. McClellan entertained central Texas children in the 1950s and 1960s by transforming himself into "Zeebo the Clown".
- The Crash at Crush-The Staged Train Wreck of 1896
Learn about the staged train wreck of 1896 in central Texas just north of Waco.
- The Von Erichs-Fame and Tragedy
They were hard-bodied, golden-haired, bare-chested hunks of Texas men. Their real name was Adkisson. Their stage name was Von Erich. Fritz and his handsome sons Kevin, David, Kerry, Mike and Chris were...
- Top 10 Weird Off-Beat Places to Visit in Texas
If you're looking for some wacky fun around Texas, this Hub is for you! Complete with videos for each of the 10 locations! | <urn:uuid:203daad2-e933-4a3a-af56-8f51e6e9e27a> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://hubpages.com/education/When-Cotton-Was-King-The-Waco-Cotton-Palace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.960385 | 1,280 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Polyaspartic Coating Technology
The chemistry is based on the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate and a polyaspartic ester, which is an aliphatic diamine. This technology was initially used in conventional two-component polyurethane solvent-borne coating formulations because the polyaspartic esters are excellent reactive diluents for high solids polyurethane coatings.
More recent developments in polyaspartic coating technology have concentrated on achieving low or near-zero VOC coatings where the polyaspartic ester is the main component of the co-reactant for reaction with a polyisocyanate. The unique and adjustable reactivity of the polyaspartic esters allows for the design of fast-curing coatings tailored to the needs of the application. The fast curing feature of these coatings can provide significant, money-saving productivity improvements, along with high-build, low-temperature curing, and abrasion and corrosion resistance.
The name polyaspartics has recently become popular among formulators in the industry due to the need to differentiate it from polyureas and polyurethanes. By definition, a polyaspartic is an aliphatic polyurea because it is the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate with a polyaspartic ester – which is an aliphatic diamine. However, polyaspartic coatings are very different in both application and coating performance properties from conventional polyureas. For example, polyaspartics allow the formulator to control the rate of reaction and cure, thus, potlife of the two-component mixture can range from five minutes to two hours. While spray application techniques include the use of plural component spray equipment, many applications can be applied with conventional sprayers, making application much less complicated and less prone to error.
Polyaspartic technology is closer in its applications and performance characteristics to 2-component aliphatic polyurethane coatings. It is often used as a topcoat due to its non-yellowing nature. But, here too, there are noteworthy differences. The polyaspartic coatings, for example, can be formulated to very high solids (70-100% solids) and applied at higher film builds (up to 15 mils WFT in a single coat) than typical two-component aliphatic polyurethanes. Because polyaspartics are much faster drying than typical aliphatic polyurethanes, they are often used in applications where fast cure means improved productivity in the painting operation. | <urn:uuid:a9bb7510-8750-4435-ba2e-ce8e151cd7f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.chinapowdercoating.com/polyaspartic-coating-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.942238 | 540 | 2.625 | 3 |
Also why does Duolingo use mi rather than mie?
"mi" is the official spelling.
Searching for "mie" in the KBBI returns no results....
"mie" is used in everyday speech and is also used as part of the name of the largest brand of instant noodles (Indomie).
It's an imperative sentence, a command.
(Kamu !) Buatkan saya mi ayam !
(You !) Make me chicken noodles !
'Buat mi ayam !'
'Bikin mi ayam !'
'- kan' suffix has a benefactive function with this verb.
Without "for me" , there is no beneficiary, so there is no need to use '-kan' suffix.
'bikin' = 'buat' = 'to make'.
'bikin' is less formal and frequently used in daily speech. | <urn:uuid:8a0eb6c1-d343-4d3d-b72f-ca9466d5724c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/29143644/Buatkan-saya-mi-ayam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526228.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418181435-20190418203435-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.822087 | 193 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Student Assessment & Practice (AP) Book 8 is designed to cover the Ontario math curriculum and the Western and Northern Canadian Protocol (WNCP) common curriculum framework for Grade 8 mathematics, with units on:
- Number Sense
- Patterns and Algebra
- Probability and Data Management
For the 2009 edition of AP Book 8, significant revisions were made to the worksheets from the first (2006) edition. Therefore the two editions cannot be used together easily.
NOTE: The 2009 edition of AP Book 8 is printed in two parts, Book 8.1 and Book 8.2. In order to cover the full curriculum, students will need both parts. Please visit our samples page to view a complete table of contents of AP Book 8.
|AP Book 8.1 (cover image shown)||AP Book 8.2|
|ISBN 978-1-897120-60-6||ISBN 978-1-897120-61-3|
Please visit our samples page for selections of teacher and student resources for Kindergarten through Grade 8.
Other Grade 8 resources:
- Teacher Resource Book 8
- Answer Keys for AP Book 8
- Unit Tests for Book 8
- Curriculum Correlation for Book 8
- Digital Lesson Slides for Grade 8
Updated August 9, 2019 | <urn:uuid:aa44f109-0a0b-43b1-825c-33188e73a7c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.jumpmath.org/jump/en/workbook_8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669454.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118053441-20191118081441-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.875571 | 275 | 3.25 | 3 |
What might a slaveholder think about this essay? What about a factory worker or an abolitionist? Explain.
Slave holders would probably oppose Emerson’s essay because it suggests that they are conformist because they own slaves. Factory works and abolitionists would probably support Emerson’s ideas because they work hard and go against the norms.
What is your view of self-reliance? What do you think of the essay?
The repetition of similar ideas in similar grammatical structures is called parallelism. When Emerson writes,” envy is ignorance; imitation is suicide,” he is using parallel structure. List other examples from Self-reliance and explain the effect they create.
“In attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope.’ Here Emerson emphasizes the hopelessness of little or weak effort.
According to the selection, whom or what should every person trust?
Every person should trust himself or herself.
What will make a person relieved and happy?
A person is relieved and happy when he has done his or her best.
What attitude should individuals take toward conformity?
People should despise conformity.
According to Emerson, what factors define a great person? What does he suggest about the lives of great people?
Great people are misunderstood. They accept their circumstances and know their own power, express their divine natures completely, contradict themselves and refuse to conform socially.
In the first paragraph, what do you think Emerson means by “that divine idea which each of us represents”? How is this philosophical assumption integral to the entire essay?
He means the individuality of each person. He believes that relying on and expressing ourselves is the way to a happy, meaningful and worthwhile life.
In the fourth paragraph, what do you think Emerson writes, “Whoso would be a man must be a non-conformist.” Are his ideas too harsh toward those who conform to society’s demands? Why or why not?
Yes, he is too rigid. He is stating his opinion and doesn’t seem to care about other people who might not be as smart or strong as he is. | <urn:uuid:76923ba0-1431-4db6-bfc5-abbf104de35f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://philosophyessays.net/self-reliance-by-ralph-waldo-emerson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247503249.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221071502-20190221093502-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.967488 | 450 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Fifth grade Language Arts curriculum encompasses reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Instruction in the areas of Language Arts occurs both within each discipline as well as via cross-disciplinary programming, linking acquired skills to the higher levels of thinking such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of literature and multi-media materials. By fifth grade, students are advanced decoders and possess comprehension skills that will carry well into our Upper School program. Our fifth grade curriculum includes multiple novel studies and cross-curricular reading in the non-fiction areas of science and social studies. A healthy respect for well spoken and well written communication continues this year, as does each student’s growing expertise as a creative writer and poet. An understanding of proper grammar, syntax, form, and presentation is woven into the language arts program. Vocabulary enrichment, presentations, and projects provide further opportunities for students to shine and demonstrate accelerated learning.
As students progress through our rigorous curriculum, they also continue to hone computational skills on a more advanced level in place value, operations, number theory, fractions, fractional operations, and decimals. Add into this math mosaic a strong emphasis on probability, statistics, geometry, measurement, ratios, percents, plus problem solving and you have a foundation upon which algebraic expressions, equations, and operations can be introduced and expanded. Competency in basic math operations is never forgotten, as a student’s future success in math is very dependent upon skill and confidence in operations.
Geography, History, and Culture
These three components of a strong Social Studies curriculum are well founded in the fifth grade program. Students focus on regional, national, and international viewpoints of history and culture. Continued emphasis on map and globe skills, current events, and outstanding cross-curricular projects truly makes this subject area come alive for students. From Mayan, Inca, and Aztec civilizations, to the Renaissance, reformation, the Civil War, westward expansion, and feudal Japan fifth graders delve into a richness of learning that creates a one-of-a-kind American and world history and geography program without parallel.
The Wood Acres School is most proud of its designation as an International Spanish Academy from the Embassy of Spain and the Consulate of Spain in Washington, DC. This recognition has been awarded to less than 100 schools in the United States and Canada for outstanding programming and commitment to the development of bilingual graduates. The Wood Acres School’s groundbreaking science curriculum literally leaps from the mind-numbing “read the chapter and answer the questions” approach to a hands- on, experiential laboratory setting that has fifth graders learning and living the scientific process. Taught through integrated CELLS (Core Experience Learning LabS) curriculum modules provide in-depth study of work and simple machines, earth’s forces, heat, microscopic explorations, inheritance and adaptations, properties of compounds and an exploration of density. The science-math connection is strong throughout the program and provides fifth graders with the initial tools to become independent researchers with problem based science projects.
With Wood Acres’ Spanish program beginning with three-year-olds, the student of Spanish in fifth grade is becoming more advanced and comfortable with both conversation and grammar components. Taught by native speakers with a formal curriculum imported from Spain, the acquisition of foreign language skills is outstanding at Wood Acres. Instructional methodology includes TPR, total pupil response, which encourages students to become active speakers, listeners, writers, readers and singers in the Spanish language. Students in fifth grade are also exposed to some short works by quality Spanish authors, bilingual books in content areas such as science, and arm chair cultural travel.
Fifth graders are interested in both team activities and individual physical challenges and the PE curriculum for them is based on these dual loves. Pre and post testing in many areas of physical fitness have students working throughout the year on improvements in running, stretching, strength, and endurance. Intermittent team games help both skill development and team spirit in the physical fitness unit. Many fifth graders participate in cotillion classes outside of school as well to hone social graces as well as dancing prowess.
Taught by an accomplished artist in her own right, the Wood Acres art program for fifth graders is a natural continuation of rich curriculum of the Grammar School. With an ever-refined eye for line, form and perspective fifth graders blend didactic instruction with creative, edgy and captivating art projects. Students are trained to look at the world through the eyes of an artist, seeing lines of symmetry, perspective, geometry, color, balance, shading, tone, and depth as the art of nature and man’s creation. Picasso would be proud.
Music – Band
Blending classic music instruction with a strong youth appeal, the Wood Acres band, helps create students who become educated audiences as well as engaged performers. All fifth and sixth graders participate in band and play an instrument of their choice. Students read music, perform in concerts, and learn about the culture surrounding the music they study. Band concerts give students ample opportunities to prepare and perform in front of live audiences. The Wood Acres School is one of only a few private schools to offer band during the school day and as part of the student tuition (students rent or purchase instruments).
Media and Technology
Technology is as common in a fifth grader’s life as food and friends. By honing computer skills from keyboarding, to Microsoft Office skills, to responsible Internet use, fifth graders at Wood Acres learn how technology enhances all teaching and learning. A technology specialist meets regularly with classroom teachers to plan projects that relate directly to academic areas in the fifth grade curriculum. Fifth graders will work on literary reports in the lab using Microsoft Word during one lab period and then use Excel spreadsheets to present scientific findings to the class in the next. Fifth graders also travel to the STEM lab, also known as the HIVE, to work on different projects. | <urn:uuid:bd9a3536-deeb-41e3-a4a1-f1bd2181481c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://woodacresschool.org/middle-school/fifth-grade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.95131 | 1,229 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a diagnosis that refers to a set of birth defects caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. The symptoms can be physical, mental or both, and are often permanent and difficult to treat. Though every child with FASD is different, there are a few common symptoms:
Babies with FASD will tend to have low birth weights and be shorter than average. This will continue throughout their lives, though some children born with FASD can have average or even high weight and height.
The most obvious outward signs of FASD are in the face: a smaller than average skull, a short nose, a less visible philtrum (the groove between your lips and nose), a thin upper lip and small eye openings. Being so prominent and easily recognizable opens up children with FASD for bullying and stigma throughout their lives.
By far the most damaging aspect of FASD is its impact on the brain: many children with FASD experience difficulties with abstract concepts, good judgment, behaviour management, attention, and learning. Their difficultly controlling impulses and delaying gratification means that women with an FASD are more likely to drink while pregnant, setting up a vicious cycle that the LCFASD is determined to break.
The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was first coined in 1973 by Jones and Smith who described malformations and developmental issues affecting children who had prenatal exposure to alcohol. Many other terms have subsequently been used to describe the range of birth defects including Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE); Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) and others. FASD encompasses these terms and all the others used to describe the effects of alcohol while pregnant.
Over their lifetime, individuals affected by FASD may be challenged by secondary disabilities stemming from their alcohol related brain injuries. Secondary issues can include trouble with the law, with housing, with employment, with mental health issues and sexual inappropriateness. The range of primary and secondary disabilities associated with FASD has obvious and profound implications for the planning and delivery of health and human services across the lifespan.
There is no cure for FASD.
We do not know, but, we do know that in places where people drink a lot of alcohol, it is more common for children to be born with FASD. FASD is the most common preventable birth defect. It is also the most common reason for a child’s development and learning to be affected. In Canada, it is estimated that 4% of Canadians have FASD.
If you think your child has FASD, it is important for you to talk to us or to your family doctor. We will always treat you with respect and dignity, because the most important thing is to find out what type of help your child needs to be successful and happy.
Contact us today and we will work with you in identification and diagnosis.
The possible damage to your unborn child will depend on many things. They include how much and how often you drank and how far along you were in your pregnancy. Contact us today and we will help you. | <urn:uuid:7c839c71-3081-4ddf-8c7d-afc5d638716a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://lcfasd.com/faq-what-is-fasd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146033.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225045438-20200225075438-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.973303 | 644 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Definition of pathway
n. - A footpath; a beaten track; any path or course. Also used figuratively. 2
The word "pathway" uses 7 letters: A A H P T W Y.
No direct anagrams for pathway found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after pathway (in bold), or to aahptwy in any order:
s - pathways
Shorter words found within pathway:
aa aah ah aha apathy apt at atap aw awa away ay ayah ha hap hat haw hay hyp pa pah pat path paty paw pay phat pht pya ta tap tapa taw thaw thy twa wap wat watap way wha whap what why ya yah yap yaw yawp
List shorter words within pathway, sorted by length
All words formed from pathway by changing one letter
Browse words starting with pathway by next letter | <urn:uuid:171a727b-e8bf-4c94-84cb-f038c6f649d5> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.morewords.com/word/pathway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274866.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00306-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.815971 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A language without borders
Consider studying the beautiful French language, spoken by more than 125 million people worldwide.
Calvin's French programs will help you to go beyond just linguistic competence; you will improve your memory and self-discipline, enhance verbal and problem-solving skills, develop multicultural sensitivity and, above all, learn what it means to live as a Christian in the Kingdom of God. Studying French also allows you to broaden your knowledge in other areas of study including history, anthropology, political science, literature, geography, linguistics, philosophy and theology.
Explore French at Calvin
Majors and Minors
Choose from four academic program options offered by the French department at Calvin.
Engineering and French
Learn how to combine majors in French and engineering to increase career options in global engineering.
Spend a semester in the beautiful city of Grenoble, France, or a January interim in Quebec or Haiti.
There are no announcements at this time.
U.S. News recognizes Calvin's global focus
Calvin again ranks among the top colleges and universities in the 2016 U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges Guidebook.
News & Stories, September 16, 2015
We Are Calvin: Henry Higby
Senior Henry Higby is spending this Fall in the semester abroad program in France.
News & Stories, October 22, 2013
Q&A: A Christian approach to teaching languages
Calvin professors of German, French and Chinese discuss how foreign language pedagogy has changed and how to teach a language Christian-ly.
News & Stories, June 14, 2012
Say what? ¿Qué?: foreign languages at Calvin
Explore Calvin's extensive foreign language offerings
VERGE, Spring 2014 | <urn:uuid:3b54a0e2-fe84-4d66-9cd3-a06140dc551c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.calvin.edu/academics/departments-programs/french/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275328.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00184-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908526 | 356 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Napoleon Becomes Emperor
Lecture no. 38 from the course: Living the French Revolution and the Age of Napoleon
Taught by Professor Suzanne M. Desan | 30 min | Categories: The Great Courses Plus Online History Courses
As his power grew, Napoleon’s ties to the Revolution shifted. He spoke of the “nation” rather than the “republic,” and he became more formal and remote. After a failed plot against his life, he declared himself emperor. Despite this shocking seizure of power, he built on some of the Revolution’s better achievements. | <urn:uuid:bb41cc01-f296-4f5c-a734-71e6682136cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/living-the-french-revolution-and-the-age-of-napoleon/napoleon-becomes-emperor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806708.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122233044-20171123013044-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94737 | 126 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I’ve been posting free worksheets since 2012 on this blog. Because this is a personal blog, it is difficult to sift through the posts to find what you need.
To make it easier for people who are searching for worksheets for preschoolers, I’ve made a set of Filipino worksheets that focuses on the following topics:
- learning the 28 letters of the Filipino alphabet and their correct order;
- learning words that begin with (or have) the letters of the Filipino alphabet;
- learning how to write the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Filipino alphabet;
- learning how to distinguish the Filipino vowels (patinig) from the consonants (katinig);
- practicing reading two-letter syllables (pantig);
- practicing reading simple two-syllable Filipino words;
- identifying the correct word for an object or person;
- writing the missing syllable to complete simple Filipino words; and
- practicing reading simple sentences in Filipino.
In this bundle, I used a uniform format for the worksheets to make the bundle look like a workbook. There are also several worksheets in the bundle that are not available for free on this blog. Furthermore, having the PDF bundle makes the search for these types of worksheets easier. You can also print the worksheets anytime you need them at home or in school.
SAMUT-SAMOT PRESCHOOL FILIPINO WORKSHEETS BUNDLE Vol. 1
Total number of pages (including cover and copyright page): 126 pages (letter size, 8.5″ x 11″)
File type and number of files: Seven PDF files
Total size of files: 24.3 MB
System requirement: Adobe Acrobat Reader (I recommended downloading the free Adobe Acrobat Reader DC from this site: https://get.adobe.com/reader/otherversions/)
Here is a more detailed list (and some thumbnails) of what’s included in the bundle:
1. Pagbigkas ng mga titik ng alpabetong Filipino
2. Pagsasanay sa pagsulat ng malalaki at maliliit na titik ayon sa mga guhit (tuwid, pahilis, pakurba, o paikot na guhit)
3. Pasasanay sa pagsulat ng alpabetong Filipino at mga halimbawa ng mga salitang nagsisimula sa bawat titik o may naturang titik
4. Pagbuo ng alpabetong Filipino (Isulat ang mga nawawalang titik)
5. Pagsulat ng gitnang titik (Isulat ang titik sa gitna ayon sa tamang ayos ng alpabetong Filipino)
6. Pagsulat ng maliit na titik sa tabi ng malaking titik
7. Pagsulat ng malaking titik sa tabi ng maliit na titik
8. Itambal ang malaking titik sa tamang maliit na titik
9. Kulayan ang mga bagay na nagsisimula sa o may titik (A hanggang Z)
10. Pagkilala sa patinig at katinig
11. Itukoy ang mga patinig o katinig
12. Bilugan ang pasimulang patinig ng salita para sa larawan
13. Bilugan ang unang titik ng salita para sa larawan
14. Bilugan ang huling titik ng salita para sa larawan
15. Mga uri ng pantig
16. Pagsasanay sa pagbasa ng mga pantig
17. Pagsasanay sa pagbasa ng mga salita na may dalawang pantig
18. Pagtukoy sa tamang salita para sa larawan
19. Pagsulat ng nawawalang pantig upang mabuo ang salita
20. Pagtukoy sa naiibang salita
21. Pagsasanay sa pagbasa ng mga pangungusap
22. Tula: Ang Munting Langgam
If you would like to pre-order this PDF worksheets bundle for your child or for your work as a teacher or tutor, please send me an e-mail at samutsamot.mom “at” gmail.com and I will personally contact you via e-mail for the details. If you have any questions about this bundle, please include them in your e-mail.
You are permitted to print and photocopy the pages of this product for personal or home use and multi-classroom use.
You are prohibited from copying this product or any part of it and placing it on the Internet in any form such as a blog or classroom website.
You are granted a single and nontransferable license to use this product. You are prohibited from giving this product or a copy of it to someone else. This prohibition includes, but is not limited to, electronic file transfers such as e-mailing or sharing through a website, cloud, or network. If you are a parent, sharing the product with another parent who is not your spouse is prohibited. If you are a teacher or tutor, sharing it with another teacher or tutor for his or her own students is prohibited.
You may copy and store this product on another device that is yours for personal and private use. A third-party must not be able to access the product.
You are prohibited from copying or modifying this product to give to others for free, for sale, or for any commercial purpose.
The author cannot be held responsible for the loss, accidental deletion, or damage of the product after its initial receipt through e-mail.
You may provide a direct link to the blog https://samutsamot.com/ if you are reviewing the product or recommending it through social media websites. | <urn:uuid:8cd72048-cc82-4a87-b2c1-f625ebe54a7c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://samutsamot.com/page/7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814290.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222200259-20180222220259-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.69219 | 1,285 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Why You Should Eat That Easter Chocolate
Regarded by many as the tastiest food on Earth, dark chocolate also has many health benefits.
1. It’s loaded with antioxidants
Dark chocolate contains hefty amounts of disease-fighting flavenoids, antioxidants also found in red wine and many fruits and vegetables. In fact, it appears to have more flavenoids than any other food.
2. It helps you through PMS
“There’s a reason we crave certain foods, such as chocolate, at that time of the month,” says Toronto-based raw foods coach Nathalie Lussier. “Chocolate releases calming endorphins that reduce anxiety. Plus, it’s high in magnesium,” which lifts moods and reduces water retention. But overindulging in sugar, salt and caffeine can backfire, causing bloating and fluid retention (not to mention weight gain).
3. It may lower cholesterol
A small study from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign found that daily consumption of cocoa flavanol-containing dark chocolate lowered cholesterol and improved blood pressure.
While the reasearch was funded by chocolate manufacturer Mars, Inc., the study was double-blinded and peer reviewed.
4. It may prevent pregnancy complications
A new study reports that a chemical (theobromine) found in chocolate may reduce preeclampsia, a major pregnancy complication. The darker the chocolate, the better.
Preeclampsia is primarily noted for raising blood pressure in pregnant women, and eating chocolate helps to lower this risk by up to 69 percent. The study of nearly 2,300 women established greater benefits to those who ate five or more servings per week, especially in their third trimester.
Despite the results from this study, researchers have said that further studies are needed to prove the direct link between chocolate and preeclampsia.
5. It helps prevent heart disease
A recent study shows that people who regularly consume 70% dark chocolate (about 20 g per day) show a marked improvement in blood flow, while no improvement is observed in those who eat “processed” chocolate, which contains very little cocoa paste. It seems that the positive effect of dark chocolate is linked to a property in its polyphenols that releases a chemical messenger, nitric oxide, which increases arterial dilatation, at the same time improving blood flow and reducing platelet aggregation.
However, it is important to note that previous studies have shown that milk prevents the absorption of dark chocolate’s polyphenols, thereby neutralizing its beneficial effects. Milk contains large amounts of casein, a protein that interacts with polyphenols and prevents them from being efficiently absorbed by the intestine. It is therefore always preferable to consume dark chocolate unaccompanied by milk.
– Richard Béliveau, Ph.D., and Denis Gingras, Ph.D., authors of Eating Well, Living Well
6. It may improve your skin
Researchers at Germany’s Heinrich Heine University exposed chocolate eaters to ultraviolet light and found that after six weeks, they had 15 percent less skin reddening than those who didn’t eat it. “We believe the compounds in chocolate act as UV filters,” says study leader Wilhelm Stahl. After 12 weeks, the chocolate eaters’ skin was 16 percent denser and 42 percent less scaly. Concerned about it causing acne? Researchers at Australia’s University of Newcastle reviewed the evidence and found nothing to suggest that chocolate triggers blemishes.
7. It may reduce pain
A recent study published in the Journal of Neuroscience found that rats don’t respond as quickly to pain while they’re eating chocolate. While this might explain why nothing in the world could drag you away from your Hershy’s Kisses, the study’s researchers say this pain-killing effect could be detrimental to humans as it could contribute to obesity. So remember to enjoy chocolate’s soothing properties in moderation. Also interesting to note: The study also found that drinking water also reduced pain. | <urn:uuid:619dc14d-e76e-4cfb-a6dd-d8b5c8137d3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-eats/healthy-eating/health-benefits-of-dark-chocolate/?show_desktop_mode=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158279.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922084059-20180922104459-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.951947 | 849 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Bramble Cay melomys, also called the mosaic-tailed rat, is likely the first mammal to go extinct because of human-induced climate change. ➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe
About National Geographic: National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible.
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Read more in "First Mammal Species Goes Extinct Due to Climate Change" from National Geographic News: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/first-mammal-extinct-climate-change-bramble-cay-melomys/
First Mammal Extinction by Climate Change | National Geographic https://youtu.be/j5-Q3eu4myk
National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/natgeo | <urn:uuid:f5263a24-1497-427c-bc22-03b268adcb56> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://mibinim.com/video/58e35e91a3550f624dd7a775 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120171153-20181120193153-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.76939 | 260 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Why Chicken Is Not Done When The Juices Run Clear, And Why Pink Meat Can Be Safe
Here is a myth so pervasive that challenging it will certainly bring howls from every corner of the culinary world, but the fact is, it is indisputably false. And if you believe it you could end up badly overcooking your poultry or spend the night on the toilet. Or worse.
How many times have you read "cook chicken until the juices run clear"? It means that, if you stab or slice into a chicken or turkey, and you see pink juices, it is not done. This myth lives in hundreds of cookbooks and thousands of websites. Type "juices run clear" into Google's book search and the first hit is the Good Housekeeping Cookbook.
But USDA says "Scientific research indicates that foodborne pathogens and viruses, such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and the avian influenza virus, are destroyed when poultry is cooked to an internal temperature of 165°F. FSIS [The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service] recommends the use of a food thermometer to monitor internal temperature."
In February 2014 the cover story of Consumer Reports said that they had tested chicken breasts from supermarkets across the nation and 97% contained bacteria that can make you sick, and almost half contained antibiotic resistant strains.
I began to wonder about the clear juices rule of thumb when I'd accidentally overcooked a chicken to 175°F (as measured on a quality digital thermometer) and there were still pink juices. Nothing is more embarrassing than having to take meat off my guests plates and run them back out to the grill while they discard the "contaminated" side dishes and get clean plates. Been there done that?
Nothing is more embarrassing than having a guest bite into a wing and push away her plate because the joints are purple. Been there done that?
Lately I have noticed that both these mishaps happen even though the meat is cooked properly.
What is going on here?
Two separate phenomena.
1) Pink juices
Food is done when it is safe to eat. Period. That is a hard fast rule. So cooks and cookbook authors naturally assume that somebody once determined that chicken and turkey are safe when the juices run clear. Once upon a time this may have been true. Sadly, nowadays, following this morsel of common wisdom can result in illness or badly overcooked meat.
Pink meat and thin pink juice in chicken, turkey, and even pork is due to a protein called myoglobin that is stored within the muscles and usually found mixed with water, making a pink fluid. It is not blood, which is dark red, and thick. When myoglobin is cooked, its protein structure changes, a process called denaturing. When the molecules are altered, they absorb light differently, the color is changed, and meat and juices lose their pink tint. So the question is, at what temp does myoglobin change color?
Turns out there is no fixed temp at which this happens because other factors come into play.
I spoke to a research scientist at a major chicken processor who prefers that I not use his name. He explained that the acidity (pH) of the meat is a major factor. "When the muscle is high in pH [low in acid] it takes a much higher temperature to denature the myoglobin. The meat may need to be 170 to 180°F before the myoglobin in breasts is denatured sufficiently to see clear juices. The drumstick and thigh have higher levels of myoglobin and they require an even higher internal temperature to denature it. Typically we cook drums or thighs to 175 to 180°F in our plant to make sure no pink remains. As long as the product reaches 165°F it is safe to eat, but it is typically hard to convince consumers when they see pink juices or meat."
Conversely, "If the muscle pH is low then the myoglobin is denatured at a lower cooked temperature. This means that one might potentially see clear juices at 150 to 160°F and this is not safe."
What causes the pH to be high or low? "Muscle pH fluctuations are typically a function of genes and pre-slaughter stress conditions. Stress may occur during catching, transportation, holding at the plant and unloading the birds. Climatic conditions can also have an impact. These are all things we try to control since meat [from these animals] will not retain moisture during further processing. This leads to a less juicy product for the consumer, and yield loss, which is money to us."
2) Red bones
The chicken thigh with the purple bone on this page was cooked to 180°F as measured with a precise thermometer. It is well past safe. It is also scary. Dr. O. Peter Snyder of the Hospitality Institute of Technology and Management reports that red or purple bones are more common because "Chicken is so young—6 1/2 weeks at slaughter—and the bones are too porous, even though the animal is large enough to be sold for food."
Red or purple is the color of bone marrow because that's where blood is made. As birds age, more calcium is deposited on the exterior of bones so the blood in the marrow becomes less visible. But modern breeds, feeds, and additives grow birds from egg to three pounds in 6 1/2 weeks! If you grew as fast as a chicken, you'd weigh 350 pounds by age two! Often the bones don't have time to thoroughly calcify, and even though the bird is cooked properly, even though it is perfectly safe, the purple remains. According to Dr. John Marcy, Professor and Poultry Processing Specialist at the University of Arkansas "The dark color next to the bone is even more pronounced in chicken that has been frozen because that process forces more marrow pigments out of the bone." USDA says "This is an aesthetic issue and not a safety one."
And just for the record, it is illegal to use give chickens hormones so when you see "Raised without hormones" on a label, it's like saying "Raised without caviar". Somebody is trying to flummox you.
Snyder has written "The retail food industry is being forced to sell grossly overcooked chicken in order to get rid of the red blood color around the bones. The result is chicken that is dried out, unappealing, and does not taste good. A counter measure is to needle the chicken, pumping in solutions of phosphates, flavoring compounds, and water, which puts pathogens in the middle of the chicken. If consumers were taught to eat safely prepared, bloody chicken, as they want to do with beef, they would be able to enjoy juicier chicken. This is an interesting problem for the USDA to solve."
Well I'm not waiting for USDA. Let's start the education process here.
3) Pink meat
Sometimes the purple in bones can discolor the meat touching them and they remain pink even though the meat is safely cooked. Sometimes the pink color can come from nitric oxide (NO) or carbon monoxide (CO) produced by the cooker. NO and CO can be byproducts of combustion in gas ovens and grills, as well as charcoal and wood grills.
This pink meat can be soft and spread evenly throughout the meat, or it can take the form of a distinctive band called a smoke ring which is right below the surface. USDA says "All the meat—including any that remains pink—is safe to eat as soon as all parts reach at least 165°F as measured with a food thermometer. Often meat of younger birds [can be] pink because their thinner skins permit oven gases to reach the flesh. Older animals have a fat layer under their skin, giving the flesh added protection from the gases. Older poultry may be pink in spots where fat is absent from the skin. Also, nitrates and nitrites, which are often used as preservatives or may occur naturally in the feed or water supply used, can cause a pink color."
And of course, meat can become pink as a result of chemical reactions that happen during smoking. The pink band called a smoke ring is right under the skin, and can sometimes extend as much as 1/2" into the meat. Click here to read more about smoke rings and what causes them.
Bottom line: The clear juices and pink meat rules may have been true once upon a time, but (ahem) clearly they are not true any longer! You cannot tell if poultry is safe by merely looking at the meat, at the bones, or at the juices as is said in most cookbooks. You must get a good digital thermocouple thermometer.
This myth is thoroughly busted.
This page was revised 2/24/2013
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Click here to learn more about benefits to membership in the Pitmaster Club. | <urn:uuid:bd35ae5b-d49a-4cdc-bfe8-766cb2be4518> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://amazingribs.com/tips_and_technique/mythbusting_chicken_is_done_when_juices_run_clear.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00357-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962419 | 1,908 | 2.625 | 3 |
The production of vegetables in the Netherlands has increased over the last decade, according to the latest data published by the Statistics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (Faostat).
This Division reports that the Netherlands produced 4,631,437 tonnes of vegetables in 2009, 3.3% up on 2008 and 28% more than in 2000.
Vegetable production in the Netherlands grew 28% between 2000 and 2009, reaching a total of 4,631,437 tonnes 2 years ago. However, over this 10-year period, production figures have tended to fluctuate.
As the graph below shows, between 2000 and 2004 production rose from 3,610,622 tonnes to 4,446,152 tonnes, an increase of 23%. However, 2005 and 2006 saw a downward trend, with production dropping to 4,101,900 tonnes in 2006. From 2007, figures started to climb again, reaching 4,631,437 tonnes in 2009, the highest figure since 2000.
Vegetable production in the Netherlands: 2000-2009
Most produced vegetables
Onions are produced in greater volume than any other vegetable in the Netherlands. In 2009, they accounted for 28% of total vegetable production at 1,269,000 tonnes. Tomatoes represented 17% of total production, followed by carrots and turnips – 12% of total production. Next in importance are cucumbers and gherkins, and then green chillies and peppers, as the graph below shows.
Vegetables in the Netherlands: Share of total production in 2009 | <urn:uuid:fb5db205-17e6-4ea4-a01c-20f471080b8d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://horticultureconnected.ie/vegetables-2/vegetable-production-up-in-recent-years-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.928613 | 317 | 2.96875 | 3 |
|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
This unit reflects the world in which our students live - a world of connections and meaningful engagement that does not operate within tight confines of disciplinary boundaries. Utilizing the five senses: playing instruments that are analogous to mathematical principles in architecture (tactile, auditory), presenting images that elicit writing, musical composition (visual), and having experiences that involve smells and tastes, elicits critical thinking and dialogue in our explorations within the unit. In other words, this curriculum will enable students to engage their senses, our vision in the aesthetics of architecture, and hearing in musical listening and composition especially, to promote writing, reading, mathematics, composition, and conversation. The unit includes a field trip to Yale, counting shapes and colors in rose windows, listening to and counting the number of cymbal crashes in music, and other lessons that activate and build upon schema (students' prior knowledge). Finding these interdisciplinary connections within a culture and/or time period is an authentic way to explore the relationships that architecture, mathematics, and music have with each other.
(Recommended for Music and Math, Kindergarten.) | <urn:uuid:74cff332-a154-479c-a0d0-2f0d00894305> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/guides/2006/4/06.04.02.x.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163964642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133244-00057-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917245 | 235 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Several of you have a strong grasp on meter and rhythm in poetry. I don’t. I have been able to write complicated meter only by singing the poem as I write it. A rubaiyat would be a good example of a heavily metered form. The song I sang when I wrote my long one is Hernando’s Hideaway, Ole!Â
From The Poet’s Companion by Kim Addonizio and Dorianne Laux:Â Every poem has rhythm, but when the rhythm is highly organized into a pattern where the number of syllables is important, as well as whether those syllables are stressed or not then we have meter. (p. 141)
This month we will look closely at meter in poetry. Our Form-of-the-Month requires  two stanzas of four lines each, that is, two quatrains. The first three lines are double-dactyls. The fourth line of the stanza is a dactyl-spondee. The spondee in each quatrain rhyme.
I’m betting I’ve used words many of you find shocking. Well, if not that then unfamiliar. Don’t let the terminology put you off. Be brave! You can learn this along with me. I’ve heard of these various descriptive words for years and have been intimidated. But over time, I’ve manned up and am now tackling the subject.
I have known that an iamb is a specific unit of measure used to describe a foot. A foot is how we measure a line of poetry.
Let’s take an easy one: One foot, two foot, red foot, blue foot. This line of poetry measures four feet. Each foot is a trochee. That is, it has a stressed and then unstressed syllable.
Imagine clapping your hands to it. You’d clap on the “one” and the “two” and on each of the colors. When you clap, that is the stressed syllable. When your hands rest, but you feel the move to the next stressed syllable, that is the unstressed syllable. In this specific case, it is the word “foot.”
Now you know that a trochee is a foot with a stressed and then an unstressed syllable like elbow, hold ‘em, Susan.
An iamb is a foot with an unstressed and a stressed syllable like create, jump up, tonight.
And a dactyl is a foot with a stressed, unstressed, unstressed syllable like miracle, honesty, popcorn dish.
And a spondee is a foot with two stressed syllables such as hot pot, cuckcoo, door post.
The last basic rhythm pattern is the anapest with unstressed, unstressed, stressed syllables like intertwine, Galilee, on the sea.
Returning to our Form-of-the-Month, double-dactyl.
The form is whimsical along the lines of a limerick or even Little Willie. To accomplish this light-heartedness, each poem begins with a nonsensical pair of words such as Grumpity Bumpity or Crustable Crestible. The second line is a proper or place name such as Tupelo or Albert Lea. And one more line in this form is a one-word double-dactyl that has never been used in a Double-Dactyl before. (Although how this will be determined, I have not figured out, but it’s in the Official Rules.)
Here is my example of double-dactyl:
This is where I’m at home
No one can stop me!
When you write forms for me
Let the words flow from you
Messages to see!
It’ll be your challenge this month to write a Double-Dactyl and post it to Mindful Poetry. It’s my challenge this month to write a teaching double-dactyl. I’ve found someone has already written one and it’s quite wonderful. I’m aiming to write something like this.
A recap of April’s contest will appear soon! | <urn:uuid:d471b24e-cee7-4d93-a464-29e0526c801d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://gather.com/double-dactyl-mindful-poetrys-form-of-the-month-may-2012/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463660.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00267-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927421 | 906 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Reuse Opportunity: Cities seizing the reuse opportunity in circular economy
Wastewater is a global problem. Today, around 80% of all wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, lakes and oceans. It creates health and environmental hazards, and contributes to Greenhouse Gas emissions, including nitrous oxide and methane. These emissions are three times larger than those produced by conventional wastewater treatment activities. Recovering water, energy, nutrients and other precious materials embedded in wastewater is an opportunity for cities to transition to the circular economy and contribute to improved water security.
This report, The Reuse Opportunity: Cities seizing the reuse opportunity in circular economy, published by the International Water Association and OFID (the OPEC Fund for International Development), argues that decisive, urgent and large-scale action is needed to dramatically increase wastewater treatment, reuse and recycling. The report states that cities, as drivers of the global economy, must lead this resource revolution to enable a transition to a circular economy. | <urn:uuid:fb7de47d-0a4c-43b1-8ecb-589728b9315e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://iwa-network.org/publications/the-reuse-opportunity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.908135 | 193 | 3.09375 | 3 |
November 7, 2013: Drs Eyecare Dilated Eye Exams
WHAT IS A DILATED EYE EXAM?
A dilated eye exam is part of a comprehensive eye examination that allows your eye care professional to completely evaluate the health of your eyes including the lens, retina, and optic nerve. This is a painless procedure that involves using eye drops to widen (dilate) the pupils so your eye doctor can see into the back of your eyes, and look for common vision problems or ocular diseases that may not be detected otherwise. Without dilation, the doctor can only see a small portion of the back of your eye, like looking into a room through a key-hole. By dilating the pupil, your doctor will be able to see out to the edges of your eyes and view more detail.
WHAT DOES THE DOCTOR SEE?
The crystalline lens is the clear part of your eye that allows light to pass through and focus on the retina. Located just behind the pupil, the lens is also the site of cataract formation. The retina is the back lining of the eye where images are formed. It contains the macula (responsible for central vision, like reading) as well as the only visible blood vessels in the body. The optic nerve begins at the back of the eye and is responsible for sending visual signals to the brain to be interpreted as images. This is the part of the eye that is affected by glaucoma. The health of these structures are being evaluated during the dilated examination. Evaluation of the retina can also help your doctor to detect signs of other systemic conditions that may have an effect on your eye health.
Some common problems that are detected during dilated eye exams include: cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal holes, retinal detachments, eye tumors, signs of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and risk for stroke. Many of these conditions may have no other symptoms or warning signs, and can be detected at their earliest stages during an eye exam. In addition to measuring you for glasses or contact lenses, your eye doctor may therefore recommend dilation as part of your routine comprehensive eye exam.
WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT?
Dilation is a very safe procedure with few side effects. After the examination you should expect your close-up vision to be blurred for several hours. You may also experience some sensitivity to light during this time. It may be helpful to bring a pair of sunglasses as well as your spectacles if you are a contact lens wearer. | <urn:uuid:4bb6057f-e21f-492b-82bc-80a43d58c7ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.drseyecare.com/page/doctors-eye-care-dilated-eye-exam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.954616 | 526 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As you read this, two of our most advanced fabs here at Intel are gearing up for the commercial production of the latest Core 2 microprocessors, code-named Penryn, due to start rolling off the lines before the year is up. The chips, based on our latest 45-nanometer CMOS process technology will have more transistors and run faster and cooler than microprocessors fabricated with the previous, 65-nm process generation. For compute-intensive music, video, and gaming applications, users will see a hefty performance increase over the best chips they are now using.
A welcome development but hardly big news, right? After all, the density of transistors on chips has been periodically doubling, as predicted by Moore’s Law, for more than 40 years. The initial Penryn chips will be either dual-core processors with more than 400 million transistors or quad-core processors with more than 800 million transistors. You might think these chips don’t represent anything other than yet another checkpoint in the inexorable march of Moore’s Law.
But you’d be wrong. The chips would not have been possible without a major breakthrough in the way we construct a key component of the infinitesimal transistors on those chips, called the gate stack. The basic problem we had to overcome was that a few years ago we ran out of atoms. Literally.
To keep on the Moore’s Law curve, we need to halve the size of our transistors every 24 months or so. The physics dictates that the smallest parts of those transistors have to be diminished by a factor of 0.7. But there’s one critical part of the transistor that we found we couldn’t shrink anymore. It’s the thin layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) insulation that electrically isolates the transistor’s gate from the channel through which current flows when the transistor is on. That insulating layer has been slimmed and shrunk with each new generation, about tenfold since the mid-1990s alone. Two generations before Penryn, that insulation had become a scant five atoms thick.
We couldn’t shave off even one more tenth of a nanometer—a single silicon atom is 0.26 nm in diameter. More important, at a thickness of five atoms, the insulation was already a problem, wasting power by letting electrons rain through it. Without a significant innovation, the semiconductor industry was in danger of encountering the dreaded “showstopper,” the long-awaited insurmountable problem that ends the Moore’s Law era of periodic exponential performance gains in memories, microprocessors, and other chips—and the very good times that have gone with it.
The solution to this latest crisis involved thickening the insulator with more atoms, but of a different type, to give it better electrical properties. This new insulator works well enough to halt the power-sucking hail of electrons that’s plagued advanced chips for the past four years. If Moore’s Law crumbles in the foreseeable future, it won’t be because of inadequate gate insulation. Intel cofounder Gordon Moore, of Moore’s Law fame, called the alterations we made in introducing this latest generation of chips ”the biggest change in transistor technology” since the late 1960s.
As difficult as finding the new insulator was, that was only half the battle. The point of the insulator is to separate the transistor’s silicon gate from the rest of the device. The trouble is, a silicon gate didn’t work with the new insulator material. The initial transistors made with them performed worse than older transistors. The answer was to add yet another new material to the mix, swapping the silicon gate for one made of metal.
It may not seem like such a big deal to change the materials used in a transistor, but it was. The industry went through a major upheaval several years ago when it switched from aluminum interconnects to copper ones and—at the same time—from SiO2 cladding for those interconnects to chemically similar “low-k ” dielectrics. And those changes had nothing to do with the transistor itself. A fundamental change to the composition of the transistor is pretty much unheard of. The combination of the gate and the insulator, the gate stack, hasn’t changed significantly since Moore, Andrew S. Grove, and others described it in this magazine back in October 1969!
So when you boot up your next machine and you’re surprised by how fast it rips through some video coding, remember: there’s more new under its hood than in any computer you’ve ever owned.
The story of how we and our co-workers solved the gate-insulation problem may seem esoteric, and in a literal way it is. But it is also emblematic of how Moore’s Law, the defining paradigm of the global semiconductor industry, is being sustained against often-daunting odds by the swift application of enormous intellectual and material resources to problems that, increasingly, are forcing engineers to struggle in realms until recently occupied only by physicists.
The problem, ultimately, is one of power. At five atoms, that sliver of SiO2 insulation was so thin that it had begun to lose its insulating properties. Starting with the generation of chips fabricated in 2001, electrons had begun to trickle through it. In the processors made just two years later, that trickle became some 100 times as intense.
All that current was a drain on power and a source of unwanted heat. Laptops were heating up too much and draining their batteries too quickly. Servers were driving up their owners’ electric bills and taxing their air conditioners. Even before we ran out of atoms, designers had devised some tricks to throttle back on the power without losing speed. But without a way to stanch the unwanted flow of electrons through that sliver of insulation, the battle to make ever more powerful processors would soon be lost.
To understand why, you need a quick lesson (or refresher) in semiconductor basics. The type of transistor that is chained together by the hundreds of millions to make up today’s microprocessors, memory, and other chips is called a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor, or MOSFET. Basically, it is a switch. A voltage on one terminal, known as the gate, turns on or off a flow of current between the two other terminals, the source and the drain [see illustration, “The Transistor”].
MOSFETs come in two varieties: N (for n-type) MOS and P (for p-type) MOS. The difference is in the chemical makeup of the source, drain, and gate. Integrated circuits contain both NMOS and PMOS transistors. The transistors are formed on single-crystal silicon wafers; the source and drain are built by doping the silicon with impurities such as arsenic, phosphorus, or boron. Doping with boron adds positive charge carriers, called holes, to the silicon crystal, making it p-type, while doping with arsenic or phosphorus adds electrons, making it n-type.
Taking an NMOS transistor as an example, the shallow source and drain regions are made of highly doped n -type silicon. Between them lies a lightly doped p-type region, called the transistor channel—where current flows. On top of the channel lies that thin layer of SiO2 insulation, usually just called the gate oxide, which is the cause of the chip industry’s most recent technological headaches.
Overlying that oxide layer is the gate electrode, which is made of partially ordered, or polycrystalline, silicon. In the case of an NMOS device it is also n-type. (The silicon gates replaced aluminum gates—the metal in “metal-oxide semiconductor”—in work described in the 1969 IEEE Spectrum article. But the ”MOS” acronym has nevertheless lived on.)
The NMOS transistor works like this: a positive voltage on the gate sets up an electric field across the oxide layer. The electric field repels the holes and attracts electrons to form an electron-conducting channel between the source and the drain.
A PMOS transistor is just the complement of NMOS. The source and drain are p-type; the channel, n-type; and the gate, p-type. It works in the opposite manner as well: a positive voltage on the gate (as measured between the gate and source) cuts off the flow of current.
In logic devices, PMOS and NMOS transistors are arranged so that their actions complement each other, hence the term CMOS for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. The arrangement of CMOS circuits is such that they are designed to draw power only when the transistors are switching on or off. That’s the idea, anyway.
Although the basic features and materials of the MOS transistor have stayed pretty much the same since the late 1960s, the dimensions have scaled dramatically. The transistor’s minimum layout dimensions were about 10 micrometers 40 years ago, and are less than 50 nm now, smaller by a factor of more than 200. Suppose a 1960s transistor was as big as a three-bedroom house and that it shrank by the same factor. You could hold the house in the palm of your hand today.
In the Penryn processors that we recently began fabricating, most of their transistors’ features measure around 45 nm, though one is as small as 35 nm. It’s the first commercial microprocessor to have features this small; all other top-of-the-line microprocessors in production as this article is being written have 65-nm features. In other words, Penryn is the first of the 45-nm generation of microprocessors. Many more will soon follow.
The thickness of the SiO2 insulation on the transistor’s gate has scaled from about 100 nm down to 1.2 nm on state-of-the-art microprocessors. The rate at which the thickness decreased was steady for years but started to slow at the 90-nm generation, which went into production in 2003. It was then that the oxide hit its five-atom limit. The insulator thickness shrank no further from the 90-nm to the 65-nm generation still common today.
The reason the gate oxide was shrunk no further is that it began to leak current [see illustration, “Running Out of Atoms”]. This leakage arises from quantum effects. At 1.2 nm, the quantum nature of particles starts to play a big role. We’re used to thinking of electrons in terms of classical physics, and we like to imagine an electron as a ball and the insulation as a tall and narrow hill. The height of the hill represents how much energy you’d need to provide the electron to get it to the other side. Give it a sufficient push and—sure enough—you could get it over the hill, busting through the insulation in the process.
But when the hill (the oxide layer) is so narrow that you are counting individual atoms of thickness, the electron looks less like a ball and more like a wave. Specifically, it’s a wave that defines the probability of finding the electron in a particular location. The trouble is that the wave is actually broader than the hill, extending all the way to the other side and beyond. That means there is a distinct probability that an electron that should be on the gate side of the oxide can simply appear on the channel side, having “tunneled” through the energy barrier posed by the insulation rather than going over it.
In the mid-1990s, we at Intel and other major chip makers recognized that we were fast approaching the day when we would no longer be able to keep squeezing atoms out of the SiO2 gate insulator. So we all launched research programs to come up with a better solution. The goal was to identify a gate dielectric material as a replacement for SiO2 and also to demonstrate transistor prototypes that leaked less while at the same time driving plenty of current across the transistor channel. We needed a gate insulator that was thick enough to keep electrons from tunneling through it and yet permeable enough to let the gate’s electric field into the channel so that it could turn on the transistor. In other words, the material had to be physically thick but electrically thin.
The technical term for such a material is a “high-k ” dielectric; k , the dielectric constant, is a term that refers to a material’s ability to concentrate an electric field. Having a higher dielectric constant means the insulator can provide increased capacitance between two conducting plates—storing more charge—for the same thickness of insulator. Or if you prefer, it can provide the same capacitance with a thicker insulator [see illustration, “The High-k Way”]. SiO2 typically has a k of around 4, while air and a vacuum have values of about 1. The k -value is related to how much a material can be polarized. When placed in an electric field, the charges in a dielectric’s atoms or molecules will reorient themselves in the direction of the field. These internal charges are more responsive in high-k dielectrics than in low-k ones.
Incidentally, back in 2000, leading semiconductor firms began to change the material used to insulate the metal wires that connect transistors to each other from SiO2 to low- k dielectrics. In the case of interconnects, you do not want the electric field from one wire to be felt in other nearby wires, because it creates a capacitor between the wires and can interfere with or slow down the signals on them. A low-k dielectric prevents the problem.
We set about studying a veritable alphabet soup of high-k dielectric candidates, including aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ), titanium dioxide (TiO2 ), tantalum pentoxide (Ta2 O5 ), hafnium dioxide (HfO 2 ), hafnium silicate (HfSiO4 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO2 ), zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4 ), and lanthanum oxide (La2 O3 ). We were trying to identify such things as the material’s dielectric constant, how electrically stable it was, and its compatibility with silicon. For quick turnaround, we experimented with simple capacitor structures, building a sandwich consisting of titanium nitride electrodes, the high-k dielectric, and a silicon gate electrode. We then charged them up and discharged them again and again, watching to see how much the relationship between capacitance and voltage changed with each cycle.
But for the first two years, all the dielectrics we tried worked poorly. We found that charges got trapped at the interface between the gate electrode and the dielectric. This accumulated charge within the capacitor altered the voltage level needed to store the same amount of energy in the capacitor from one charge-discharge cycle to the next. You want a transistor to operate exactly the same way every time it switches, but these gate-stack structures behaved differently each time they were charged up. The results were very discouraging, but eventually our team got an important break.
It turned out that the problem lay in how we constructed the test capacitor. To make the dielectric layer, we were using one of two different semiconductor-manufacturing techniques: reactive sputtering and metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Unfortunately, both processes produce surfaces that, though remarkably smooth by most standards, were nevertheless uneven enough to leave some gaps and pockets in which charges could get stuck.
We needed something even smoother—as smooth as a single layer of atoms, actually. So we turned to a technology called atomic layer deposition, so new that its debut in CMOS chip production comes only this year with our new high-k chips. Atomic layer deposition lets you build up a material one layer of atoms at a time. In this process, you introduce a gas that reacts with the surface of the silicon wafer, leaving the whole substrate coated in a single layer of atoms. Then, because there is no more surface to react with, the deposition stops. The gas is evacuated from the chamber and replaced with a second gas, one that chemically reacts with the layer of atoms just deposited. It too lays down one layer of atoms and then stops. You can repeat the process as many times as you want, to produce layered materials whose total thickness is controllable down to the width of a single atom.
Deposited in this manner, both the hafnium- and zirconium-based high-k dielectrics we studied showed much more stable electrical characteristics in comparison with the ones formed by sputtering or chemical vapors. The trapped-charge problem seemed to have been smoothed out.
With two candidate materials identified, we started making NMOS and PMOS transistors out of them. Then came the next snag. These transistors, pretty much identical to our existing transistors except for the different dielectric, had a few problems. For one thing, it took more voltage to turn them on than it should have—what’s called Fermi-level pinning. For another, once the transistors were on, the charges moved sluggishly through them—slowing the device’s switching speed. This problem is known as low charge-carrier mobility.
We weren’t the only ones encountering these problems; just about everybody else was struggling with them, too. With the countdown in progress for the next generation predicted by Moore’s Law, understanding why the high-k dielectric transistors performed so poorly and finding a solution became an urgent task. Using a combination of experimental work and physics-based models, we began to figure out what had gone wrong. The source of the trouble, ultimately, came down to the interaction between the polysilicon gate electrode and the new high-k dielectrics.
Why this is so has a complicated explanation. The dielectric layer is made up of dipoles—objects with a positive pole and a negative one. This is the very aspect that gives the high-k dielectric such a high dielectric constant. These dipoles vibrate like a taut rubber band and lead to strong vibrations in a semiconductor’s crystal lattice, called phonons [see illustration, ”Bumpy Ride”]. These phonons knock around passing electrons, slowing them down and reducing the speed at which the transistor can switch. But theoretical studies and computer simulations performed by us and others showed a way out. The simulations indicated that the influence of dipole vibrations on the channel electrons can be screened out by significantly increasing the density of electrons in the gate electrode. One way to do that would be to switch from a polysilicon gate to a metal one. As a conductor, metal can pack in hundreds of times more electrons than silicon. Experiments and further computer simulations confirmed that metal gates would do the trick, screening out the phonons and letting current flow smoothly through the transistor channel.
What’s more, the bond between the high-k dielectric and the metal gate would be so much better than that between the dielectric and the silicon gate that our other problem, Fermi-level pinning, would be solved by a metal gate as well.
Now our engineers had a new major chore: find a metal they could use for the gate electrode that would combine well with the new high-k dielectric. Because the electrical characteristics of the gates of NMOS and PMOS transistors are different, they actually needed not one metal but two—one for NMOS and one for PMOS.
Just as standard MOS transistors use n -type and p -type polysilicon gates for NMOS and PMOS transistors, high-k transistors would need metal gate electrode materials with a key property similar to polysilicon’s. This key property is known as the work function. In this context, work function refers to the energy of an electron in the gate electrode relative to that of an electron in the lightly doped silicon channel. The energy difference sets up an electric field that can modulate to the amount of voltage needed to begin to turn the transistor on, the threshold voltage. Unless the gate’s work function is chosen well, the threshold voltage will be too high, and the transistor will not turn on easily enough.
We analyzed, modeled, and experimented with many types of metals, some with work functions that more closely matched highly doped silicon than others. But by themselves, none had exactly the work function of the doped silicon, so we had to learn to change the work function of metals to suit our needs. Eventually, the research group identified NMOS and PMOS metals by first building capacitors out of them and then transistors. We cannot disclose the exact makeup of our metal layers, because after all, the IC industry is very competitive!
We built our first NMOS and PMOS high-k and metal gate transistors in mid-2003 in Intel’s Hillsboro, Ore., development fab. We started out using Intel’s 130-nm technology, which was about three years old at the time and was used in high-volume production. The transistors, with a hafnium-based oxide and metal gate electrodes, had everything we needed: they turned on at the right voltage, leaked little current through the gate oxide, and passed a large amount of current through the channel for a given voltage. And that current moved quickly. In fact, for a given off-state current, these first transistors drove more current than any transistor reported at the time.
Of course, we weren’t alone. And there were still plenty of unknowns. By 2003, researchers in university labs and other semiconductor firms around the world had zeroed in on hafnium-based materials as the gate dielectric. A variety of them were under earnest study: hafnium oxides, hafnium silicates, and hafnium oxides containing nitrogen. The method of forming the high-k film, too, was unsettled, with different groups trying sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, which we eventually settled on. But the biggest unknowns at the time were what metal gate materials to use and how to fit them into the transistor-manufacturing process.
The normal fabrication method is known as ”gate first.” As the name implies, the gate dielectric and gate electrodes are constructed first. Then the dopants for the source and drain are implanted into the silicon on either side of the gate. Finally, the silicon is annealed to repair the damage from the implantation process. That procedure requires that the gate electrode material be able to withstand the high temperatures used in the annealing step—not a problem for polycrystalline silicon but potentially a big one for some metals.
To make a long story short, the search for gate electrode materials with both the right work function and tolerance to high-temperature processing was very difficult and full of dead ends. Especially for the PMOS transistor.
Another transistor process sequence, dubbed “gate last,” circumvents the thermal annealing requirement by depositing the gate electrode materials after the source and drain are formed. However, many of our peers saw the gate-last process, which we ultimately adopted, as too much of a departure and too challenging.
Meanwhile, a third approach remarkable in its simplicity emerged. Called fully silicided gates, it lets you follow the normal gate-first process but then lets you turn the polysilicon gate into a metal-silicide gate, essentially replacing every other silicon atom with metal (usually nickel). Then, by doping the nickel silicide, you can alter its work function for use in either an NMOS device or a PMOS one. By late 2006, though, nearly everyone, including us, had given up on the fully silicided gates approach. No one could move the silicide’s work function quite close enough to where it needed to be.
Nevertheless, the search goes on at other major chip makers to find the materials with the right work function that could survive high temperatures and enable the industry standard gate-first process flow.
Having built well-functioning transistors using old technology, in the second half of 2003 it was time to move from research to development of high-k dielectric plus metal gate transistors, as we called them. Engineers began working to determine whether these early transistors could be scaled to the upcoming 45-nm dimensions and still meet the rigorous performance, reliability, and manufacturability requirements of an advanced microprocessor technology.
It was no cakewalk. The research group engineers had provided a critical lead in identifying promising high-k and metal gate materials, but the NMOS and PMOS transistors had not yet been combined on one wafer as they would be in a microprocessor, using a manufacturing process that could make both. What’s more, there were hard questions still to be answered about how many good chips we could expect for every bad one (yield) and how reliable those chips would be.
During the months that followed, the team cracked one problem after another—making changes to materials, chemical recipes, and manufacturing processes. It wasn’t until late 2004 that the team felt it had enough convincing data that the new transistors could be made to work on our 45-nm technology. At that point, there was no turning back. Intel was now committed to making a high-k dielectric plus metal gate transistor structure using the gate-last process flow. It was a gutsy call. Our team knew it was committing all of Intel’s next generation of microprocessors to the biggest change in transistor technology in 40 years.
The next key milestone was to demonstrate working test chips using the final scaled dimensions combined with the new transistor features. The traditional chip to test a new technology on is static random access memory, or SRAM, which is the type of memory collocated on the same chip with the microprocessor. Typically, microprocessor makers have designs for SRAM that are a year or more ahead of their processor designs. SRAM is a very regular array of memory cells, each of which consists of six densely packed and interconnected transistors. Because of their density and regularity, SRAM chips provide good data on how many defects a manufacturing process produces.
Our first fully functional test SRAM chips with the new transistors came off the line in January 2006. They were of a 153-megabit design consisting of more than 1 billion transistors. Each six-transistor memory cell in the chip occupied little more than one-third of a square micrometer. This test chip had all the features needed to build a 45-nm microprocessor, including the high-k plus metal gate transistors and nine layers of copper interconnects. Considering how new and radically different the transistor and manufacturing process were, it was a surprise even to some of the engineers in the development group that it all worked together so well. Even so, the development team still had a lot ahead of it to bring the performance, reliability, and yield of the process up to the level needed for manufacturing microprocessors.
The new gate stack worked wonders in battling leakage through the gate, reducing it by more than a factor of 10. But the gate oxide is not the only source of transistor leakage chip makers have to worry about. The other significant leak is called source-to-drain or subthreshold leakage. It’s a trickle of current seen even when the transistor is intended to be in the ”off” state. Making transistors smaller has also meant steadily lowering the amount of voltage needed to turn them on, the threshold voltage. Unfortunately, steadily lowering the threshold voltage lets more current slip through. For many years, each new generation of transistor would increase drive current (and improve performance) by about 30 percent but would pay the price of about a threefold increase in subthreshold leakage. Leakage currents have reached levels high enough to be a noticeable portion of total microprocessor power consumption.
The industry is now in an era where power efficiency and low leakage are more important than raw speed increases. But a transistor can be designed to operate to favor either priority by adjusting the channel length or adjusting the threshold voltage. A shorter channel leaks more but allows for a higher drive current. A higher threshold voltage pinches off the leak but also throttles the drive current. Adjusting the threshold voltage is where the high-k dielectric comes into play. A thicker dielectric reduces the gate’s ability to open a conductive channel between the source and the drain, increasing the threshold voltage. A thinner dielectric layer has the opposite effect. Compared with the previous 65-nm transistors, 45-nm high-k plus metal gate transistors provide either a 25 percent increase in drive current at the same subthreshold leakage or more than a fivefold reduction in leakage at the same drive current, or anywhere between those values. We can make the choice on a product-by-product basis, or different circuits on the same microprocessor chip can use different transistors to optimize for performance or power.
In January 2007, Intel made the first working 45-nm microprocessors using these revolutionary high-k plus metal gate transistors. One was the Penryn dual-core microprocessor, which has 410 million transistors. Different versions of Penryn will be optimized for mobile, desktop, workstation, and server applications. The quad-core version of this product will have 820 million transistors. Penryn was followed a few months later by Silverthorne, a single-core microprocessor with 47 million transistors that is designed for low-power applications, including mobile Internet devices and ultramobile PCs. There are more than 15 new chips under development at Intel using our new technology. Production of Penryn and Silverthorne will start later this year at Intel plants in Oregon and Arizona. Next year, we’ll start up the process at two other high-volume manufacturing fabs, in New Mexico and Israel.
The invention of high-k plus metal gate transistors was an important breakthrough. Although we could have continued to shrink transistors to fit the dimensions needed for the 45-nm generation without this breakthrough, those transistors would not have worked much better than their predecessors, and they certainly would have expended more watts. We’re confident this new transistor can be scaled further, and development is already well under way on our next-generation 32-nm transistors using an improved version of high-k plus metal gate technology. Whether this type of transistor structure will continue to scale to the next two generations—22 nm and 16 nm—is a question for the future. Will we need new materials and new structures again?
Nobody knows for sure. But that is what makes integrated circuit research and development so exciting.
About the Author
MARK T. BOHR, an IEEE Fellow, is the director of process architecture and integration at Intel. ROBERT S. CHAU, an IEEE Fellow, is the director of transistor research and nanotechnology. TAHIR GHANI, an IEEE member, is the director of transistor technology and integration. KAIZAD MISTRY, an IEEE senior member, manages the development of Intel’s 45-nanometer CMOS technology in the logic and technology development group.
To Probe Further
Robert S. Chau and colleagues explained the problem that led to the use of a metal gate in detail in “High-k/Metal-Gate Stack and Its MOSFET Characteristics,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, June 2004.
Intel and others will be presenting the latest high-k dielectric and metal gate transistor research at IEEE’s 2007 International Electron Devices Meeting, in Washington, D.C., from 10 to 12 December. | <urn:uuid:923eb9e6-8f01-4194-89b6-23956599a4ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/design/the-highk-solution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649627.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324015136-20180324035136-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.947831 | 6,689 | 3.03125 | 3 |
"The power to embed bits of language in your mind, to invade it and occupy it, is a salient feature of lyrics: poems seek to inscribe themselves in mechanical memory, Gedächtnis, ask to be learned by heart, taken in, introjected, or housed as bits of alterity that can be repeated, considered, treasured or ironically cited."
Jonathan Culler (2005) Why Lyric
WHAT WERE THE TOP POEMS?
We have had nearly 500 responses to the survey, of which 470 have so far been included in the analysis. Our respondents were 75% female and 25% male. The oldest respondent was 92 and the youngest was 18 ( the minimum age for participation) and there is we can see that there’s a good distribution across age groups, with people in their fifties and sixties being the most heavily represented. This is probably a function of the online survey; the likelihood of having poetry in the memory increases with age, but equally use of computers and the internet declines.
There were 283 different poems represented, and the poem chosen more than any other was Edward Lear's 'The Owl and the Pussy-Cat'. Of these, the poems selected three or more times are shown in the table.
If we rank the selections by poet, however, the top place is occupied by William Shakespeare (10 different poems), followed by W B Yeats (9), then Edward Lear (1).
We were quite surprised by how many poems people knew. Only 9 % knew just one poem, 45 % knew 2 to 5. 23 & knew 5–10 – and 8 respondents claimed to know more than 50.
Just over half the respondents told us about a poem that they had learned in their youth – that is, before the age of 20. But just over 20 % of the poems were learned after the age of 25 – so after the typical end of full time education. And 56 % were telling us about a poem they’d learned outside a school setting – which perhaps tallies with the fact that by far the most cited reason for learning was for 'personal pleasure', with 'personal challenge' a very close second.
We asked if learning a poem by heart has some value, and 91 % said that it did. The nature of the perceived value appears to be wide-ranging. From a list of nine possible effects, eight options were selected by at least 20%. Most popular was that 'it helps me to appreciate it more' (72%), followed by 'it is a source of comfort in tough times' (57 %). Only 2.5 % said that 'it makes no difference at all'.
Perhaps the most striking thing to emerge is the sheer variety of reported experience; no one size fits all. Experiences of learning and reciting poetry vary enormously, and the relationships between poem, modes of encounter and learning, personal psychology and social context are clearly complex. When it comes to the conditions in which poetry is learned, for example, there are no simple formulas. Within the set of responses, there are people who say they were forced to learn poetry at a young age, but are now very glad that they were so glad they did, and it set them up for life. Similiarly varied is the age at which people say they have been able to learn poetry: some say they lost the ability to learn after the age of 20, but others have discovered and developed their learning practices relatively late in life. | <urn:uuid:5ece75fc-db9b-4869-92ca-eeade565df9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.poetryandmemory.com/initial-findings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260358.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527005538-20190527031538-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.981479 | 710 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In order to create awareness about the digital forensics, Indiaforensic offers the series of articles on the subject of digital forensic and its applications. An increasing number of forensic accountants are developing specializations and are obtaining the CFAP credentials. Indiaforensic enables CFAPs to gain a sound understanding of forensic and technology issues through these credentials and the resources related to the bodies of knowledge. In fact, when viewed in combination, CFAP credentials provide a very broad structure encompassing forensic accounting techniques and pertinent information technology skills.
What Is Digital Forensics?
The use of scientifically derived and proven methods toward the preservation, collection, validation, identification, analysis, interpretation, documentation and presentation of digital evidence derived from digital sources for the purpose of facilitating or furthering the reconstruction of events. The tools and methods are scientific and are verified scientifically, but their use necessarily involves elements of ability, judgment and interpretation. Digital media comes in many forms, including the hard drives found in personal computers, external drives, telephones, smartphones, PDAs and telephone voice mail systems. Digital forensics assignments typically are performed to determine what activity took place on a particular device by a user or to restore previously deleted or corrupted data. Digital forensics engagement commonly is performed during a fraud investigation because the results can provide a direction as to what the suspects involved in the fraudulent act are likely to know, when they were likely to know it, the documents to which they had access, actions taken on these documents [eg: copied on the pen drives or deleted from the email box], with whom they communicated, and whether they appeared to try to hide their actions. The Internet history, web-based email, lost or deleted files, logging and registry files are examples of data the forensic accountant can utilize as evidence in their engagements by using the digital forensic techniques. | <urn:uuid:037cfef6-4ce8-4073-87ce-582604c35ec1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://riskpro.co.in/defining-digital-forensics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103891.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817170613-20170817190613-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.953612 | 367 | 2.921875 | 3 |
ERIC Number: ED362272
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1993-Mar
Reference Count: N/A
Children's Visual Attention to Formal Features of Television at Home.
Schmitt, Kelly L.; And Others
This study examined children's attention to formal features and other attributes during television viewing. Subjects were 40 children, ages 2, 5, 8 and 11 years old, who were videotaped watching television at home during a 10-day period. Among other attributes, children's visual attention to television was coded, along with television program attributes including movement, cuts, animation, text, nonhuman characters, men, women, and children. Also coded were two content-related features: purposeful action by a character (other than talking) and violence. Analysis revealed that the children's attention increased significantly in the presence of movement, animation, cuts, purposeful action, violence, and nonhuman characters. Attention was depressed in the presence of text and adult human characters. (MM)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers; Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: National Inst. of Mental Health (DHHS), Bethesda, MD.
Authoring Institution: N/A | <urn:uuid:f9b8fc30-8c39-4289-9928-0962ec2a33bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED362272 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281202.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947314 | 256 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Australian engineers have found a way to make circuits out of plastic. The Circuits in Plastic (CIP) technology is made from recycled plastic, does not contain hazardous substances, and the packaging is part of the base circuit board, which means there is no need for additional packaging material.
"The circuit board is a plastic sheet in which all components are placed in divots," says Griffith University professor David Thiel. "The conductor is screen-printed into a thin cover sheet which is then thermally bonded to the circuit board."
CIP can be mechanically disassembled and recycled at the end of the circuit's life, which will help lower the carbon footprint. CIPs are waterproof, which means they could make mobile phones resistant to the weather and spills. Also, the researchers say that CIPs are cheaper to produce than their printed-circuit board counterparts.
Abstracts Copyright © 2009 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Refinement and application of a new paleotemperature estimation technique
Sikes, Elisabeth L.
MetadataShow full item record
A recently developed technique for determining past sea surface temperatures (SST), based on an analysis of the unsaturation ratio of long chain C37 methyl alkenones (Uk37) produced by Prymnesiophyceae phytoplankton, has been applied to late Quaternary sediment cores. Previous studies have shown that the Uk37 ratio of these alkenones is linearly proportional to the sea-water temperature in which the plankton grow, both in culture and water column samples. Furthermore, a reasonable correlation has been found between open ocean paleo-SST estimates based on Uk37 values and those derived from δ180, for the period spanning approximately the last 100,000 years (Brassell, 1986b). These results indicate this technique has potential for determining paleo-SST from analysis of alkenones extracted from marine sediments. In order to apply the Uk37 method quantitatively, it is necessary to calibrate the method for sediment samples, and to assess how well the alkenones maintain their temperature signal under some common conditions of sediment deposition and sample handling. It is also necessary to determine the method's usefulness downcore, that is, back in time, by comparing it to established methods. This study examined the effect on Uk37 of conditions that cause dissolution of carbonates in the sediment, and methods of storage and 'sample handling. These are two problems that must be resolved before the method can be applied rigorously and quantitatively to sediments for paleotemperature estimations. A comparison of duplicate samples collected and stored frozen versus those stored at room temperature for up to four years showed no resolvable differences in Uk37. Laboratory experiments of carbonate dissolution indicated there is no effect on Uk37 values under the acidic conditions that dissolve carbonates. Initial field results support this, but indicate more studies are necessary. The Uk37 "thermometer" was calibrated by analyzing Uk37 in coretops from widely varying open ocean sites. Sediment values of Uk37 reflected overlying SST for the appropriate season of the phytoplankton bloom, which for this study was assumed to be summer in high latitudes. These results fall on the same regression line for culture and water column samples derived by Prahl and Wakeham (1987), indicating that their equation (Uk37 = 0.033 T + 0.043) is suitable for use in converting Uk37 values in sediments to overlying SST for the season of coccolith bloom. Using this calibration for sediments, the Uk37 paleotemperature method can be quantitatively applied down core to open ocean sediments. In the Equatorial Atlantic, Uk37 temperature estimates were compared to those obtained from δ18O of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer, and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages for the last glacial cycle. The alkenone method showed ~1.56°C cooling at the last glacial maximum. This is about half the decrease shown by both the isotopic method ( ~3.40°C) and foraminiferal assemblages (~3.75°C), implying that, if Uk37 estimates are correct, SST in the equatorial Atlantic was only reduced slightly in the last glaciation. In the Northeast Atlantic, Uk37 temperature estimates show a profile downcore which is similar to the estimates from foram assemblages but with a constant offset toward warmer values throughout the core. Uk37 SST estimates are substantially warmer than foraminiferal estimates at all times, which may indicate inaccuracy in Uk37 temperatures at this site. Uk37 indicates a SST of 12°C for the late glacial and 18°C for the Recent, whereas assemblages give estimates of 9°C and 13°C, respectively. At 12,700 yrs BP, the Uk37 and foram assemblage methods indicate a 2°C warming. A temperature change of 2°C can account for only 0.44°/oo of the observed 1.2°/oo δ18O signal, indicating that the additional 0.8°/oo change in δ18O must result from changes in surface salinity most likely due to a meltwater lid. Uk37 estimates show the major temperature shift from glacial to interglacial temperatures occured at about 9,000 yrs BP disagreeing with assemblage data which shows the shift to Holocene values at about 12,700 yrs BP. If Uk37 temperature estimates are accurate, this disagreement may reflect differing habitats of flora and fauna under the unusual sea surface conditions in this area during the deglaciation.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 1990
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
The sediments and stratigraphy of the East Coast continental margin : Georges Bank to Norfolk Canyon Stetson, Henry C. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1949-08)The continental shelf off the northeastern coast of the United States was the first of our offshore coastal areas to be charted in detail by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, starting on Georges Bank in 1930. The techniques ...
Wind, sea ice, inertial oscillations and upper ocean mixing in Marguerite Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula : observations and modeling Hyatt, Jason (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2006-09)Two years of moored oceanographic and automatic weather station data which span the winter ice seasons of 2001-2003 within Marguerite Bay on the western Antarctic Peninsula (wAP) shelf were collected as part of the Southern ...
Ecology of chemical defenses of algae against the herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea, in the New England rocky intertidal community Geiselman, Joy Ann (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1980-02)In the New England rocky intertidal community, space is dominated by two perennial plant types, brown fucoid algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and several species of Fucus) in the mid zones and the red alga Chondrus crispus ... | <urn:uuid:d4327756-b598-407d-bce9-94f4be174f8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/5409 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860109830.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161509-00069-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885074 | 1,326 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Crocodile Tomb
Wow, what a great start to the new academic year! Team 6 have settled in like they’ve never been away – fab! I hope you all had a super summer and here’s looking forward to another great year.
Ancient Egypt is the key historical drive behind much of this term’s learning. In Literacy, we will be writing historical adventure stories. To be successful, we will analyse how great authors, like Michelle Paver, create excitement, action and suspense in their adventure stories so that we can ‘magpie’ those techniques in our own writing. In History, we have already decided what we would like to learn more about and we will be putting out Literacy, Maths and ICT skills to good use in order to demonstrate our learning. ‘Light and Seeing Things’ is our Science focus this term and, where possible, we will link our learning to the Ancient Egyptians – How can the ‘Eye of Ra’ reflect the fierce heat of the sun? Our Artistic drawing will be developed so that they include the techniques of shade, shadow and light when we create desert silhouettes.
In Maths, our targets will be focused on written methods for multiplication. In addition to this, there will be a big push towards learning all of our multiplication and associated division facts so that our rapid recalls improve. To help with this, there will be a weekly 1 minute challenge where we will try to improve our own personal scores and we will be participating in the school’s times tables awards. Mathematical concepts that will be covered throughout the term will include: place value, rounding and ordering of decimal numbers, mental strategies for all four operations, converting with all units of measure, algebra and the order of operations. The Team will be applying these concepts in a range of situations to demonstrate their levels of understanding.
All aspects of homework continue to be very important in Year 6. Spelling homework will be handed out on a Monday and should be completed and returned by the following Monday. Learning the spelling patterns/rules each evening is extremely important so that they can be applied across the curriculum. The 1 minute challenge will take place on a Friday and a short, sharp, repetitive burst each evening should ensure that personal bests are improved. Reading continues to be a priority – reading aloud and reading comprehension. If your child could complete his/her reading record, and have it signed by an adult, at least three times per week, this would be greatly appreciated as it supports the learning and expectations that are taking place in school. Also, there will be a termly project/task that will be linked to a class topic. Finally, there will be weekly Maths homework, which will be linked to either targets or to an aspect of the week’s learning that your child has found tricky. This will be handed out on a Friday and should be returned by the following Friday.
Your child will need a full P.E. kit in school on Mondays and Wednesdays.
If you ever need to speak with me, I am available before 08.45, in the morning, or immediately after school.
Click here for more information. | <urn:uuid:b2a171f5-9f49-4ad2-b917-6b4dc0e17bc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.whissendineschool.com/term-1-8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323842.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629015021-20170629035021-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.944121 | 655 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Johann Gadolin of Finland
Not necessary for life.
Named after a city in Sweden, yttrium is a soft, gray-white metal. It is fairly stable in air (as long as it is not ground up), but reacts with water, acids and bases. Moon rocks show an unusually high yttrium content. Yttrium is used as a phosphor in TV screens, producing the red color. Other uses include a microwave filter as well as a catalysts. When alloyed with aluminum, magnesium and chromium, it acts to strengthen those metals. It is also used as a material in superconductors and lasers. An isotope of yttrium, Y90, is used in needles for certain surgical procedures.
Yttrium has no know biological use.
Role in Life Processes
No known benefit to life processes.
Yttrium is present in nearly all rare-earth minerals. It is obtained by mining the minerals bastnasite, fergusonite, monazite, samarskite and xenotime, which are mined in the USA, China, Australia, India and Brazil. | <urn:uuid:fba16298-9d56-42cb-99d1-48dd272f0687> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/elements/yttrium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683683.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707033101-20220707063101-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.931226 | 263 | 2.953125 | 3 |
BEYZA DILEM TOPTAL
MFA Design and Technology
:: PATTERNS OF UNINTENTIONAL COORDINATION ::
Humans became the most effective beings in the ecosystem, they act towards construction, consumption, demolition and reconstruction.This human centered behavior, resulted in calling the current geological age The Anthropocene, where human activity is most dominant in the environment. But creatures that bring together our ecosystem, bound a unified energy. Everything is connected to something, and all the species on the planet are part of the same communion. We are unified and borders and boundaries don’t matter, we have the borders as long as we build them. Borders are just another abstraction of Anthropocene interventions.
Since 2011 the civil war in Syria has resulted in 465,000 deaths and displacement among almost half of the pre-war population.Northern Bald Ibis birds, an endangered species, are not allowed to migrate from Turkey to Ethiopia due to the conflict since 2014, because their routes pass by Syria. They have been kept and protected at Bald Ibis Breeding Center, in a cage at Birecik/ Sanliurfa, Turkey.
Patterns of Unintentional Coordination is a one channel video, filmed in Sanliurfa, Turkey, on 21 February 2017, the freedom day of the birds for nesting purpose in natural areas. Overlapping patterns, raises questions on abstraction of migration with cross discipline research by creating a spatial storytelling experience, in order to open up conversations about interconnectivity.
Thesis Advisors: Alessandro Ludovico, Evan Roth, Chris Sugrue | <urn:uuid:254f7d4b-009c-4a78-83a9-7e59903c127d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://2017.dtparis.com/beyza-toptal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690016.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924115333-20170924135333-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.918939 | 329 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Throughout most of the seventeenth century, residents of London could buy, from street hawkers who fought one another for sales territory, a peculiar sort of newspaper. It cost a penny, sold about five or six thousand copies a week, and consisted of a single page. On one side, readers would learn how many of their neighbors had died the previous week, in each parish. On the other, readers would learn what was believed to have killed them.
“Jaundice” was common, as was “Apoplex,” an old word for a stroke, and “Dropsie,” which meant swelling. Other entries seemed to answer the question “How did he die?” with descriptions—“Dead in the Streets” or “Stilborn” or “Suddenly”—instead of actual causes. The deaths were usually assessed and recorded by pairs of older women, who were employed by parishes to go to the local church whenever its bell tolled a death. During one February week in 1664, these searchers, as they were known, recorded three hundred and ninety-three burials across the city. Death causes and counts ranged from “Aged” (thirty-two victims) and “Consumption” (sixty-five) to “Scalded in a Brewers Mash” (one).
For the same reasons that today’s newspapers report coronavirus case numbers on their front pages, the London papers, known as Bills of Mortality, became particularly popular when disease swept through the city. During the 1665 plague, Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary about feeling saddened or cheered by the latest numbers from the Bills, while a contemporary named John Bell noted that the Bills allowed people to know “the places which are therewith infected, to the end such places may be shunned and avoided.” But most of the time, according to the London merchant John Graunt, the Bills were little more than matters of curiosity, especially if there were deaths that were “rare, and extraordinary in the week current.” He didn’t consider this to be odd or unseemly. Death, after all, was the most basic fact of life.
Eventually, though, Graunt began to wonder if the Bills could be put to “other, and greater uses.” He painstakingly collected and organized decades of the death records, creating long tables of numbers. These first known tabulations of population-level health data are now widely recognized as the birth of epidemiology. Graunt pored over them. What types of death were most common? Which groups did they afflict? Why did some causes spike at certain times, while others stayed fairly constant? And, most of all, what could a lot of separate, individual deaths, taken together, tell him about the society in which they occurred? Although Graunt wanted, as he put it in a treatise, to understand “the fitness of the Country for long Life,” he believed that it was in its deaths that he would find answers.
In “Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer” (Riverhead), Steven Johnson credits John Graunt with creating history’s first “life table”—using death data to predict how many years of remaining life a given person could expect. (One Dutch contemporary, a proto-actuary, took Graunt’s tables a bit too literally, writing confidently to his brother, “You will live to until about the age of 56 and a half. And I until 55.”) In fact, Graunt’s estimates were more of a guess than a calculation: when he wrote his treatise, in the sixteen-sixties, the Bills of Mortality didn’t record people’s age at death, and they wouldn’t for another half century. Yet his guesses about survival rates for different age groups turned out to be remarkably accurate in describing not just London at the time but humanity as a whole. For most of our long history as a species, our average life expectancy was capped at about thirty-five years.
Johnson calls this phenomenon “the long ceiling.” Analysis of ancient burial sites, of modern people living in hunter-gatherer societies, and of pre-industrial city dwellers all tell a similar story, Johnson writes: “Human beings had spent ten thousand years inventing agriculture, gunpowder, double-entry accounting, perspective in painting, but these undeniable advances in collective human knowledge had failed to move the needle in one critical area.”
That began to change in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In what the economist Angus Deaton has named “the great escape,” average life expectancies broke the ceiling: what had been a very long, flat line finally rose, at first gradually and then dramatically. Between the Spanish flu of 1918 and the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, global life expectancy doubled. These developments, Johnson argues, should be printed in newspaper headlines and hawked on street corners like the old Bills of Mortality. Extra, extra: The average human has received thousands and thousands of extra days in which to live.
Johnson tries to account for those days. Which scientific or civilizational advancements should we thank for them? He groups innovations by those which have saved millions of lives (this list begins with the AIDS cocktail, anesthesia, and angioplasty), hundreds of millions of lives (here the roster goes from antibiotics to pasteurization), and, finally, billions of lives, a small but illustrious pantheon of three: artificial fertilizer, hygienic plumbing, and vaccines.
Johnson gives a hasty tour of the stories behind a few of these life-giving innovations. He explains how centuries-old practices in China, India, and the Middle East eventually inspired a vogue for smallpox variolation among the British aristocracy in the eighteenth century—even then, you needed an influencer to start a trend. And he returns to the same well, or, rather, pump handle, that featured in his 2006 book, “The Ghost Map,” about the disease detectives who investigated a cholera outbreak in the early days of germ theory. Yet he cautions that it’s shortsighted to think of these advancements in terms of a few brilliant geniuses having eureka moments.
Instead, the innovations that have saved the most lives are the product of piecemeal improvements, built on networks of support and inspiration, and spread by social movements. Most were not blockbuster therapies or expensive medicines but unsexy, low-tech ideas, like water chlorination or better techniques for treating dehydration. Almost none, he points out, came from profit-seeking companies. And many were just advancements in basic bureaucracy—the creation of public institutions that could systematically track health data, require that drugs be tested and regulated, or enforce simple safety measures.
The most effective changes have to do with saving the lives of children. When Graunt analyzed London deaths, he estimated that, for every hundred children conceived, “about 36 of them die before they be six years old.” Twenty-four more died before reaching the age of sixteen, fifteen more before turning twenty-six, and so on, the rate of attrition falling slightly with each decade until “perhaps but one surviveth 76.” For much of human history, our early years were so stalked by disease and infection and diarrhea that between a third and a half of us never escaped our own perilous childhoods. Especially in the long years before smallpox was eradicated, Johnson writes, “being a child was to forever be on the brink of death.”
And the peril was universal. Before the advent of proper hygiene and effective medicine, the children of the élite died just as often and just as early as those of the poor. The rich may even have died more often, since they could pay for the treatments of the time, which generally did them more harm than good. (Readers are given grim descriptions of the illnesses of George III and his foe George Washington, both of whom were made sicker by the “medical” care they received, and reminded that George III became king only because the Stuart line had ended with Queen Anne, a half century earlier. Despite her wealth and power, and despite eighteen pregnancies, only one of her children survived past the age of two—and he died at age eleven.) Extra life was one thing money could not buy.
But that equality of loss would soon change. Deaton showed that the great escape was accompanied by another trend, which is now known as “the great divide.” In the past couple of centuries, as changing conditions increased life expectancies within wealthy nations, average life expectancies in poorer ones—the ones bearing the brunt of imperialism, resource extraction, and disease imposed by the wealthy—got shorter. Eventually, average lives lengthened around the world, narrowing the gap, but they still lengthened substantially more for some people, in some places, than for others. “Of all the forms of inequality,” Martin Luther King, Jr., said in 1966, by which time the divide was entrenched, “injustice in health is the most shocking and the most inhuman.” Even in modern American cities, people born into poor neighborhoods can expect to live as many as thirty years fewer than people who are born in affluent ones across town. And that was before the covid-19 pandemic further widened our existing gaps.
Johnson includes a few caveats about all those extra days (their unequal distribution; their effect on our overburdened planet), but he can’t help being dazzled by the numbers—that impressive slope as the line on the graph climbs ever upward. When he suggests that the charts imply an unstoppable increase, on the way to an average life expectancy of a hundred and sixty years, it seems at first as if he were joking. He’s not. He’s interested in the transhumanism enthusiasts of Silicon Valley, and the possibility that epigenetics may soon allow us to “turn off” the aging process in our cells, giving us ever more years of life—“the Moore’s Law of public health.” This would transform nearly everything about the structure of the world as we know it, he grants, and create a breathtaking new level of inequality “between the rich and the poor, the immortals and the mortals.” But it’s clear what choice he expects society would make if it had the option. Why would anybody, given the chance to live longer and longer, say no?
In October of 2016, a small group of people, many of them elderly women, attended a seminar and a potluck lunch outside Wellington, New Zealand. On the drive home, they were stopped by police officers who seemed to be checking for drunk drivers. The roadblock turned out to be a trick, a way to identify members of an organization called Exit International.
Exit, as it’s known to those involved, is a nexus for coffee chats and workshops, online forums and local chapter meetings. Its members, according to the group, have an average age of seventy-five, and many of them are owners of its manual, “The Peaceful Pill Handbook,” which offers details and advice about various methods for ending one’s life.
The founder of the group—who is often compared to Jack Kevorkian—and various of its members, scattered all over the globe, are among the central characters of Katie Engelhart’s “The Inevitable: Dispatches on the Right to Die” (St. Martin’s). A remarkably nuanced, empathetic, and well-crafted work of journalism, it explores what might be called the right-to-die underground, a world of people who wonder why a medical system that can do so much to try to extend their lives can do so little to help them end those lives in a peaceful and painless way. Engelhart writes, “It would be hard to exaggerate how many people told me that they wish simply for the same rights as their cherished dogs—to be put out of their misery when the time is right.”
One woman, an Upper West Side Manhattanite whom Engelhart calls Betty, was inspired to read the “Handbook” after watching an old friend live into his nineties; in her eyes, he was suffering and depressed, and doctors, whose only philosophy was “Save a life! Save a life! Save a life!,” weren’t thinking about what that meant for him. Wanting more agency to decide when she was finished with living, Betty travelled to Mexico, following the manual’s advice, to buy a stockpile of a lethal drug. She seems excited to tell the story of her illicit adventure: how she bought the drug at a pet store, prepared to “pull the little-old-lady cover” if police stopped her; how she and her two best friends have made a pact for how to use it if and when they decide that it’s time.
In recent decades, the increase in life expectancy has triggered a debate among gerontologists: Would the extra years people were living be years of health and well-being? This scenario is known as the “compression of morbidity” theory, according to which improving health would mean that the primary pains and diseases of aging could be squeezed into an increasingly short period at the end of life. The other possibility, known as the “expansion of morbidity” theory, hypothesized the opposite: that more years of life would be achieved mostly through more people spending more time living with pain and disease and dementia. By the turn of the twenty-first century, an editorial in the journal Age and Ageing had noted that the latest trends seemed to be favoring the second theory, with extra years being achieved not through better over-all health but “predominantly through the technological advances that have been made in extending the life” of people who were sick, and experiencing various degrees of suffering. As Engelhart writes, “Increases in life expectancy have been accompanied by more years of age-induced disability. Aging has slowed down, rather than sped up.” This was exactly what Betty and her friends had hoped to avoid.
In the United States, physician-assisted suicide is permitted in a slowly growing number of states, but only to ease the deaths of patients who fit a narrow set of legal criteria. Generally, they must have received a terminal diagnosis with a prognosis of six months or less; be physically able to administer the drugs to themselves; have been approved by doctors as mentally competent to make the decision; and have made a formal request more than once, including after a waiting period. In California, Engelhart attends the planned death of an eighty-nine-year-old man named Bradshaw, who is dying painfully of cancer. Bradshaw takes a fatal drug cocktail in the company of his family (“Well, Dad, I love you,” his daughter says uncertainly, as they wait) and a doctor who specializes in just this part of medicine: not saving lives but, instead, helping them end on something a little closer to a patient’s own terms. “Maybe that was a good death,” Engelhart reflects when it’s over. “Or a good enough death. Or the best there is.”
Even in this regulated world, there are lots of difficult questions. (If doctors bring up assisted death with their patients, is that discussing options or influencing their choice? How does aid-in-dying interact with hospice? With organ donation? How does anyone really know when the time is “right”?) But Engelhart finds that the world of people who would like doctors to help them die is far larger, and much more complex, than what current laws cover. Venturing into, and beyond, the legal fringes of the assisted-dying movement, she finds people who do not officially qualify for a medically assisted death but long for it, anyway. All feel abandoned by a medical system that they believe ignores their suffering because of what one palliative-care doctor describes as “modern medicine’s original sin: believing that we can vanquish death.”
Avril is a woman in England who, entering her eighties, suffers nearly constant pain and the indignities of age but is not actually dying of anything more diagnosable than the slow collapse of her body. “My body served me obediently for eighty years,” she writes, “but is now, quite suddenly, in every sense, unserviceable and well past its sell-by date.” She obtains the same drug that Betty did, and begins to tell her acquaintances of her plans to die. Then, late one night, the police burst through her front door. Medical professionals eventually deem her mentally competent, but the police still confiscate a bottle they find. Maia, a young woman with a severe and painful form of progressive multiple sclerosis, does not qualify; although she has received a terminal diagnosis, her death is not considered imminent enough, regardless of how she feels about the bearability of her suffering. She applies for admission to a death clinic in Switzerland, where laws are more permissive, but then wonders, for years, how she’ll know that the time has come to buy a plane ticket.
Another subject, Debra, has dementia, a diagnosis with uncertainties of timing and competence that generally keep it outside the laws governing assisted death. She’s so afraid of her growing confusion that a friend suggests a note for her bathroom mirror—“DEBRA, YOU ARE DEBRA. THIS IS YOUR HOME. YOU ARE SAFE”—but instead she asks a volunteer “exit guide” (affiliated not with Exit International but with another group, the Final Exit Network) to help her die before she becomes someone she fears and does not recognize. A fourth subject, a Canadian named Adam, live-streams videos of himself on the Internet, talking about his plans to take his own life; he wants his pain, which results from mental illnesses rather than physical ones, to be included in Canada’s update of its assisted-dying law. “It’s a no-win situation here,” Adam’s father tells Engelhart. “I lose my son or I watch my son suffer.”
Adam’s story is particularly fraught—he has declined some treatments, and seems to be driven, in part, by a desire for attention and by feelings of personal disappointment. (“A life of mediocrity is not worth living,” he writes on his blog.) Engelhart eventually becomes so uncomfortable with her role as a journalist in his life that she cuts off communication with him. But she also finds that all such situations are complicated in their own ways, are their own unique versions of unwinnable.
Engelhart gives eloquent voice to different sides of the intricate arguments that ensue when societies decide whether and how and to whom medical assistance in dying should be available. Does excluding people like Maia discriminate against them, as Maia argues, or does it protect them, as many disability-rights advocates contend, from society’s existing discrimination—and from an expectation that they will make use of what one advocate dismisses as “a medical treatment for feeling like a burden”? If people with dementia were allowed aid in dying, at what point in their decline would they be considered competent to make the decision? For that matter, whose choice would we listen to: the earlier, cognitively intact person who insisted that she “would never want to live like that,” or the current one, who may no longer remember feeling that way, and may seem to still find plenty of pleasure in life? And what about mental illness? One psychiatrist, noting that oncologists will eventually acknowledge that nothing further can be done to stop a cancer, wonders why her field keeps trying ever more rounds of treatment, as if it could not come to terms with its own therapeutic limits. During her education, she notes, “there was no discussion at all about whether a wish to die could ever be a rational response to any illness, let alone a mental illness.”
That word “rationality” comes up again and again. Doctors who specialize in aid in dying often distinguish between “despair suicides,” the most familiar version, and “rational suicides,” those sought by people who have, in theory, weighed a terminal or painful or debilitating diagnosis and made a measured, almost mathematical choice about how best to deal with it. In practice, though, Engelhart finds that it’s hard to isolate pure rationality; many emotional factors always seem to tilt the scales. People worry about their lives having a sense of narrative integrity and completion. They worry about autonomy, and about “dignity” (this is another word that comes up a lot, and when Engelhart digs in she finds that many people define it quite specifically: control over one’s own defecation and mess). They worry about what other people will think of them. They worry about who will take care of them when they can no longer take care of themselves.
And they worry, especially, about money, which crops up repeatedly as Engelhart’s subjects weigh the options that are available to them. Maia says that one of the main reasons she wants to “exit,” as she calls it, is “the pure socioeconomics of MS”: the expensive treatments, her inability to work, being rejected by Medicaid, reading about how often people with similar disabilities end up living in poverty, watching her funds dwindling away. Debra, who is at risk of losing her home because of a reverse mortgage her late husband signed after their medical bills mounted, sends Engelhart articles about the cost of long-term-care homes, and worries about what sort she might end up in. She grants that her decision about leaving the world would be different “if I had money and people who I cared about and cared about me,” but she’s working with the choices she has, in the society where she lives.
Given our profit-driven health-care system, highly unequal economy, and hole-riddled social safety net, Engelhart finds herself wondering how often “rational suicide was just a symptom of social and financial neglect, dressed up as moral choice.” The great escape and the great divide, still intertwined.
John Graunt is remembered today as the father of data-driven epidemiology, but you could argue that his greatest insight was simpler, and deeper: that you could tell a lot about how people lived within a society by the way they died. He also realized that seeing those patterns offered an opportunity to try to change them.
Engelhart cites a survey showing that today about half of Americans feel that patients have too little control over the medical decisions that will determine how their lives end. What’s known as “overtreatment” is a real problem; though most people report a desire to die peacefully at home, one in five among the elderly has surgery in a hospital in the month before death, “often supported by loved ones who would do anything to help and who have come to see any option short of do everything as a kind of terrible abandonment.”
America spends more per capita on health care than any other nation—much of it in the final year of patients’ lives—but our inequality and our failures in other areas of public health keep our over-all life expectancy well below that of other rich nations. Health-care-related bankruptcies and what Angus Deaton and Anne Case, his collaborator and spouse, call “deaths of despair” are soaring; suicide rates are higher for the elderly than for any other demographic; doctors report plenty of what one calls “pseudo-conversations,” in which suffering patients ask for sleeping pills or painkillers that both parties know, but do not acknowledge, are for another purpose.
People like Betty take a long look at this system and then decide to stockpile barbiturates from foreign pet stores. Behind every fraught ethical debate about physician-assisted suicide stands this inescapable reality: there are many people for whom the way we do things is not working. The right to die can’t be extricated from a right to care. One of the doctors Engelhart interviews—an oncologist in Belgium, where euthanasia laws are widely supported, and aid in dying is legal even for psychiatric patients who request it and qualify—tells her that America is not ready for such laws. “It’s a developing country,” he says. “You shouldn’t try to implement a law of euthanasia in countries where there is no basic healthcare.”
Johnson—in the midst of his excitement about that graph of life expectancy, climbing ever upward—pauses for an acknowledgment. If you poll people about their hopes for their own lives, the answer is that most do not actually want to live longer than current natural limits allow. What they want, in the time available, is to live better. ♦ | <urn:uuid:8067caf8-9186-416c-a274-35130daa0dc1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/17/weve-had-great-success-extending-life-what-about-ending-it?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=tny&utm_mailing=TNY_Magazine_Daily_051021&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&bxid=5d38a09afc942d28234e2c22&cndid=11213010&hasha=194d08898325a15c16e138ece861d82c&hashb=0ac0d0bf07e58f0a5266efc6d7d39b410b4dd939&hashc=d1b78293413dc572f307fd978f45a6a6e707790dcecf302fc07c9c49cd08cfa5&esrc=AUTO_PRINT&utm_term=TNY_Daily | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649193.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603101032-20230603131032-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.975945 | 5,286 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Wouldn't it be great if, when landing a robotic mission on another planet, the lander or rover could just scoop a sample, drop it into a chemical analyzer and get a "positive" or "negative" result for extraterrestrial life?
Well, this chemistry test isn't so far fetched and scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., are working on a method that is 10,000 times more sensitive than any other method currently employed by spacecraft.
Focused on the detection of specific types of amino acid tied to life, the researchers propose mixing a liquid sample collected from the surface of an alien world with a chemical known as a liquid reagent. Then, by shining a laser across the mixture, the molecules it contains can be observed moving at different speeds when exposed to an electric field. From this, the different molecules can be identified and the whole thing can be done autonomously, no humans required.
The method known as "capillary electrophoresis" can be used to detect many different types of amino acids simultaneously.
"Our method improves on previous attempts by increasing the number of amino acids that can be detected in a single run," said researcher Jessica Creamer in a statement. "Additionally, it allows us to detect these amino acids at very low concentrations, even in highly salty samples, with a very simple 'mix and analyze' process."
RELATED: Stormy Alien Atmospheres May Spark Seeds of Life
The team has already tested the method on water taken from Mono Lake in California - a mass of salty water with an extreme alkalinity - and simultaneously analyzed 17 different amino acids.
"Using our method, we are able to tell the difference between amino acids that come from non-living sources like meteorites versus amino acids that come from living organisms," said Peter Willis, the project's principal investigator also at JPL.
Molecules like amino acids come in two different "chiralties" that are mirror images of one another. Non-organic sources contain roughly equal "left-" and "right-handed" chirality amino acids, whereas amino acids from living organisms are predominantly left-handed - for life on Earth in any case. This differentiation can be detected by capillary electrophoresis.
This method is exceedingly powerful for several reasons. Currently, NASA is putting great efforts into looking for habitable environments on Mars. We know that the Red Planet used to be a very wet place and there's evidence that suggests very briny sources of liquid water exists to this day. If life has ever taken hold on Mars, and if a future mission can directly sample this salty, toxic water, it's sensitive chemical analyses such as this that will likely track it down.
Also, in the future, it is hoped that a mission may be sent to Jupiter's moon Europa, which is known to possess an extensive subsurface ocean. Many components for life as we know it exists on Europa, so if a robotic mission can be sent to the moon's ice-encrusted surface, or even dropped into the ocean itself, finding out whether there's life elsewhere in the solar system could be one simple chemistry test away.
WATCH VIDEO: Could Life On Earth Have Come From A Comet? | <urn:uuid:e78a5a16-5f64-4fe2-acf8-e94e529e9fe8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.seeker.com/astrobiology-nasa-alien-life-europa-mars-robotics-biology-2219933756.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423723.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721062230-20170721082230-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.938143 | 661 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Marxism and functionalism are two sociological theories which have been around for years. While both theories have the common denominator of being a study of society as a whole, the two have different ideas about how society functions and the purpose of society.
Authority in Schools
The functionalist theories believe that authority in education is an important part of teaching children to respect authority figures and thus it is a positive aspect of the schooling system. In Marxist theories, the view of authority in schools is negative because Marxism believes it stems from unjust subordination.
Society as Organism
The basic idea of functionalism is that society is an organism and each part of society is a necessary piece, including criminal behaviour. The view in Marxism is a theory of class struggle and does not consider the elements of society as necessary or like an organism, but rather a show of how different parts of society struggle.
Inequality from School
The Marxist view of education in general starts out similar to the functionalist view in that it is viewed as preparing children for their future. In the Marxist view, the system is seen as creating inequality among children by teaching children in private schools to lead and rule while teaching children in state schools to follow and obey. The functionalist theories take a different perspective by believing that the education system takes the most talented children and prepares them for leadership rather than those in different schools. In functionalism, the qualifications of the children are the reasons for leaders and followers.
The functionalists believe that society is one of shared values; society works together and shares perspectives to reach common ends. The Marxist beliefs differ and, instead, see society as a domination culture where one group stands above the rest. The leaders are not sharing the subordination and misery of the working classes. | <urn:uuid:10bc72e4-fa08-4be0-b414-6c1b67704d48> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8118568_differences-between-functionalism-marxism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525046.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717041500-20190717063500-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.95883 | 358 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Are free-ranging cats pint-size murderers who need to be removed from the landscape because they critically decrease bird and small-mammal populations?
Or is the estimation of free-ranging cats' impact on birds exaggerated, so that we'd do better to rein in the anti-cat hype and to focus on our own actions toward wildlife?
Are these the only two possible positions? Or is this dichotomy itself a kind of hype?
These questions aren't new, but they've heated up again this month thanks to Peter P. Marra and Chris Santella's book, Cat Wars: The Devastating Consequences of a Cuddly Killer.
Cat Wars has garnered significant attention for its claim that free-ranging cats — ferals and strays and pet cats allowed to go outdoors — kill birds and small mammals in such enormous numbers that they themselves should be trapped and/or killed by "any means necessary."
Yes, that's an extraordinary statement, so let me quote directly from the book:
"While individual pet owners must take responsibility for their cats, it is everyone's responsibility to address the challenges of managing free-range cats to limit their impact on wildlife, both as predators and vectors of disease. From a conservation ecology perspective, the most desirable outcome seems clear — remove all free-ranging cats from the landscape by any means necessary."
I've found that on social media and in blog posts when this passage is cited in horror, the very next bit isn't often quoted:
"But such a solution is hardly practical given the legions of cats roaming the land — as many as 100 million unowned animals, plus 50 million cats that roam — and the painful question of what to do with the cats even if they could be captured."
So what exactly do Marra and Santella intend?
A little more background first: As Katie Lisnik, of the Humane Society of the United States, notes, their "by any means necessary" language has led Princeton University Press to issue a statement avowing that the authors don't support inhumane treatment of animals. That's extraordinary in itself.
And let's be clear: I'm the sort of person that Marra and Santella explicitly charge with being part of the problem because for years my husband and I have fed and cared for feral cats. We now live with six rescued cats who never go outdoors, and we care for eight more feral cats who reside entirely in a shaded-and-sheltered outdoor enclosure in our back yard — plus a ninth outside cat who (after a failed attempt to enclose him) roams freely.
I'm a cat advocate and, at the same time, I care about the lives of birds and other small wildlife. Marra and Santella are right to say that cat caretakers need to do all we can to minimize cats' predation on local wildlife.
Cat Wars is, though, problematic for me because it recommends that some feral cats should be killed, including by drastic measures, and it roots this conclusion in the claim that science shows that cats are an extinction-level threat to birds and other small wildlife. In fact, in the contiguous United States, Marra and Santella say, cats kill between 1.3 billion and 4 billion birds annually.
Regarding drastic measures, I'll again quote directly:
"In high-priority areas [the authors say these exist in every state] there must be zero tolerance for free-ranging cats. If the animals are trapped, they must be removed from the area and not returned. If homes cannot be found for the animals and no sanctuaries or shelters are available, there is no choice but to euthanize them. If the animals cannot be trapped, other means must be taken to remove them from the landscape — be it the use of select poisons or the retention of professional hunters." [emphasis mine]
Reaction from animal behaviorists and animal activists both to the recommendation and to the science has been swift. As Marc Bekoff writes in the Huffington Post:
"The phrase 'by any means necessary' is among the most reprehensible statements I've ever seen, and of course, in addition to it being morally repugnant, it is not based on science and it won't work."
On the question of science, Peter Wolf, writing in the Vox Felina blog, is lacerating:
"The fact is, the best estimates available suggest there are only 3.2 billion land birds in the entire country. Were the authors' estimates even remotely accurate, birds would have vanished from the U.S. long ago. This was, in other words, classic junk science."
Wolf supports that strong "junk science" criticism in passages like this one:
"As evidence of the 'clear message' that cats have a negative impact on bird populations, for example, Marra and Santella refer to a study done in Sheffield, England — ignoring the evidence that blackbirds, the species alleged to be under threat, are actually increasing in abundance across much of the U.K., with declines observed only in London, and due not to predation but 'a lack of insects and other food.' "
Research scientist and ethicist Bill Lynn sent me this, among other comments on the book, via email:
"Marra, Santella, and their supporters violate basic tenets of scientific reasoning when making their claims about outdoor cats. They do so by overgeneralizing the findings of specific, local studies to the world at large. In terms of logic, this involves both the fallacy of composition (all the world is like the part where cats and wildlife have been studied), and the fallacy of hasty generalization (if cats are a problem for wildlife in this place, then they must be a problem in every place).
There are simply too many variables to warrant their alarmism — the vastly more important human depredations on biodiversity, the diversity of ecological contexts in which cats are found, and differences in cat personality and behavior."
This topic is complex. For example, I have no clear idea how many birds are in the U.S. and available to cats.
I do know this: It's not a war against cats that we need. We should slow down, critically review the assumptions that underpin the science, and resist panicky, dire recommendations.
TNR — a program favored by cat advocates whereby cats are trapped, neutered (or spayed) and returned to the community — isn't a failed practice, as Marra and Santella charge. As the advocacy organization Alley Cat Allies says, given appropriate resources and community commitment, it may be quite effective.
The stakes are not merely academic here; they are life-and-death important, nowhere more so than for the cats. Lynn, whose work is to bring science together with ethics and public policy in dealing with thorny questions like these, put it to me this way:
"[Cat Wars] is rooted in a worldview that trivializes the value of individual animal lives. This is the shame of traditional approaches to conservation and wildlife management — a pre-commitment to killing our way back to biodiversity that is nothing but bloodsport writ large."
We should work hard to protect birds and small wildlife, and, as part of that project, to reduce free-ranging cat numbers. This can be done across the generations by population-control measures, not with poison and bullets aimed at living cats who deserve our empathy and care.
Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor emerita at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about the cognition, emotion and welfare of animals, and about biological anthropology, human evolution and gender issues. Barbara's most recent book on animals is titled How Animals Grieve, and her forthcoming book is Personalities on the Plate: The Lives and Minds of Animals We Eat. You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: @bjkingape | <urn:uuid:2da27661-6a21-4c52-9a70-8f4d47affb87> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/09/29/495883093/stakes-grow-higher-in-the-cat-bird-wars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.943835 | 1,623 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Proper lighting is the most important item in indoor gardening. Adequate light is the key to photosynthesis. Without adequate lighting, plants grow weak, are leggy, and may even die.
Our eyes automatically adjust to varying light conditions, so what seems like bright lighting can be useless for plant growth. Natural sunlight is ideal for plant growth. For indoor gardening, it is up to the gardener to supply the proper color spectrum of light in adequate quantities, to replace the natural sunlight.
There are many choices for lighting, but the two most commonly used types of lighting include HID and Fluorescents. The most important thing to know about grow lights is which one to use based on your plant. Our experienced staff understands grow lights and the effects certain one's will have on your garden. Come in or call today to discuss your lighting situation with us.
Both Metal Halide (MH) and High Pressure Sodium (HPS) bulbs fall into this category. Their intensely bright light makes them ideal for lighting indoor gardens. Both require Reflector housings and Ballasts to operate. In almost all cases, the same reflectors and switchable ballasts can be used for both MN and HPS bulbs. The area that these forms of lighting can cover depends on their wattage. Ranging from 150 watts to 1000 watts, a single fixture can cover from a small self-contained hydroponics garden up to 20-40 sq. ft. Large installations will require multiple fixtures. Since HID lamps create a great deal of heat, proper venting or even ducting and fans are usually needed.
** METAL HALIDE
These bulbs produce an intense light of blue-white spectrum, excellent for vegetative plant growth. A plant grown under a metal halide light will often exhibit increased leaf growth and strong stem and branch development. They are less suited for the flowering and fruiting stages of most plants.
** HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
These lamps produce an orange light, which simulates the autumn sun. HPS light is best for fruiting and flowering . Fruit and flowers will be larger and more prolific when these lights are used. Flowers and vegetables finished off under high-pressure sodium will show tighter, stouter blossoms with increased yields. High-pressure sodium lights are often used in commercial greenhouses. If there is to be only one light source for the entire life of a flowering plant, HPS is the best economical choice. Many indoor and hydroponics gardeners switch between MH and HPS bulbs, depending on the growth cycle. Almost all lighting systems we carry support both types of HID bulbs.
Since fluorescent grow lights produce just a fraction of the power of Metal Halide and High Pressure Sodium grow lights, they are generally unsatisfactory for general use. They are useful for starting new plants and for some compact hydroponics projects, but must be placed very close to the plants. To cover a 2′ by 4′ area, you will need a minimum of four 54-watt 4′ fluorescent bulbs placed as close to the growing plants as possible. Even then, results may not be satisfactory and producing fruits and vegetables will be difficult. Still, fluorescent grow lights are well suited for the very early stages of plant growth, and are often used to start new plants.
Grow lights using efficient LED sources are relatively new. Early versions of these lights had insufficient power to be effective for most growers. Recently a new high-density LED array technology was introduced that packs more LEDs and offers more power than previous LED Grow Lights. | <urn:uuid:c7fa6396-478e-44ad-a7a8-7f21c39cb159> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://skyesthelimitsc.com/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.93572 | 731 | 3.015625 | 3 |
USB Cables and Connectors
USB cables are used to connect most new devices to your computer including flash memory sticks, portable media players, internet modems and digital cameras. Computer accessories like mice, keyboards, webcams, portable hard-drives, microphones, printers, scanners and speakers can also be connected to the computer through USB ports. Additionally, USB cables are also used for charging a variety of gadgets including mobile phones or for transferring data from one computer to another.
Audio Cables “RCA/3.5mm
This cable has a Stereo 3.5mm(1/8”) male connector and goes to two RCA male plugs. Use this cable to connect a portable CD player, iPod, media player, or computer system to your home stereo or TV.
Audio Cables “Digital Coaxial Audio
This high-performance digital coax audio cable with a premium connector provides a superior connection for your digital equipment.This quality cable construction guarantees the highest integrity of signal transfer, resulting in a dynamic, fully defined sound for the best listening experience your equipment can deliver.
Audio Cables; – “3.5 mm Headphone Jack”
The most common audio cable is the standard headphone jack, otherwise known as a TSR connector. It is available in several sizes, but the most common ones used with computers are the 3.5 mm or 1/8″ mini audio jack. Most speakers and microphones can connect to the computer with these audio cables. The microphone port on your computer is usually pink while the speaker port, where you insert the stereo audio cable, is colored green.
Some computers have additional TSR audio ports colored black, grey, and gold; these are for rear, front, and center/subwoofer output, respectively. A larger variety of the TSR connector, 1/4? TRS, is commonly used in professional audio recording equipment and it can be connected to a computer using an 1/4″ to 1/8″ converter (pictured right).
Audio Cables- “Digital Optical Audio”
For high-end audio, like when you want to connect the output of a DVD player or a set-top box to a Dolby home theater, you need the Toslink(or S/PDIF) connector. These are fiber optic cables and can therefore transmit pure digital audio through light. Some laptops and audio equipment have a mini- Toslink jack but you can use a converter to connect it to a standard Toslink (Toshiba Link) port
Video Cables “Micro – HDMI
In just a few years, HDMI has become the standard audio and video connection for high-definition home theater gear. Every new HDTV has at least two HDMI inputs, and gadgets such as DVRs, DVD players, Blu-ray players, game consoles, and computers feature HDMI outputs to deliver audio and video. Having a single cable handling both images and sound has the potential to make home theaters much simpler, but that’s not always the case. Faced with complex standards ( HDMI 1.2 vs. 1.3), confusing buzzwords (Deep Color), and exorbitantly priced cables (Monster), many buyers may be tempted to throw up their hands and stick with the analog cables they know.
Video Cables – “VGA”
One of the most common video connectors for computer monitors and high-definition TVs is the VGA cable. A standard VGA connector has 15-pins and other than connecting a computer to a monitor, you may also use a VGA cable to connect your laptop to a TV screen or a projector.
Converter cables are also available to let VGA monitors connect to newer computers that only output HDMI or DVI signals. A smaller variant of VGA, Mini-VGA, is available on some laptops but with the help of a converter, you can connect any standard VGA monitor to a Mini- VGA port of your laptop.
Video Cables – “DVI Monitor Port”
If you have purchased a computer in the recent past, chances are that it uses DVI instead of VGA. The new breed of “thin” laptops use the smaller variants of DVI like the Mini- DVI and Micro- DVI (first seen in MacBook Air).
A DVI cable has 29 pins, though some connectors may have less pins depending on their configuration. DVI’s video signal is compatible with HDMI, so a simple converter can allow a DVI monitor to receive input from an HDMI cable.Additionally, DVI to VGA converters are also available for connect your new graphics card to old monitor that supports only VGA mode.
Video Cables – “S – Video”
S-Video cables, otherwise known as Separate Video or Super Video cables, carry analog video signals and are commonly used for connecting DVD players, camcorders, older video consoles to the television. Standard S-Video connectors are round in shape and may have anywhere between 4-9 pins.
CAT 5e Network Cables
Both CAT-5e and CAT-5e have 100 ohm impedance and electrical characteristics supporting transmissions up to 100 MHz. The differences between CAT-5 and CAT-5e show in all aspects of performance: capacitance, frequency, resistance, attenuation, and NEXT. CAT-5e components were designed with high-speed gigabit Ethernet in mind. While CAT-5 components may function to some degree in a gigabit Ethernet, they perform below standard during high-data transfer scenarios. CAT-5e cables work with ATM and gigabit speed products. Simply, if you are using a 100Mbps switch, get CAT-5e cable instead of CAT-5 .
CAT-5e is formally called ANSI/TIA/EIA 568A-5 or simply CAT-5e (the e stands for ‘enhanced’). CAT-5e is completely backward compatible with current CAT-5 equipment. The enhanced electrical performance of CAT-5e ensures that the cable will support applications that require additional bandwidth, such as gigabit Ethernet or analog video
“Firewire IEEE 1394
Firewire, otherwise known as IEEE 1394, i.LINK, or Lynx, is a faster alternate to USB and is commonly used for connecting digital camcorders and external hard drives to a computer. It is also possible to ad-hoc network computers without a router over Firewire.Firewire typically has 6 pins in its connector, though a 4 pin variety is common as well.
While SATA cables are used internally for connecting the hard drive to the computer’s motherboard, eSATA cables are designed for portable hard drives, and can transfer data faster than USB or Firewire. However, the eSATA cable cannot transmit power, so unlike USB, you cannot power an external hard drive with eSATA. The eSATA cable is somewhat different from the internal SATA cable; it has more shielding, and sports a larger connector.
RG58 and Transceiver Cables
A sheath that is cylindrical in shape further surrounds the insulating spacer of the cable. The insulating jacket forms the final circle and the insulation that surrounds the RG58 holds a low impedance of about 50 to 52 ohms. It is usually utilized for producing signal connections,which are of low-power. The RG58 cable is most utilized for the Thin Ethernet if the highest length needed is about 185m. The RG58 cable frequently works as a generic carrier and holder of power signals.
“Phone RJ11 Cable”
The telephone cable, otherwise known as RJ11, is still used around the world for connecting to the Internet through DSL/ADSL modems. A standard phone cable has 4 wires and the connector has four pins. The connector has a clip at the top to help maintain a tight connection.
Ethernet is the standard for wired networking around the world. The Ethernet cable, otherwise known as RJ45, is based on CAT-5 twisted pair cable and is made from 8 individual wires. The Ethernet connector, likewise, has 8 pins and looks similar to a phone plug, but is actually thicker and wider. It too has a clip to help maintain a tight connection like a phone connector.
A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that temporarily connects an appliance to the main electricity supply via a wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally used for cables using a power plug to connect to a single-phase alternating current power source at the local line voltage(generally 100 to 240 volts, depending on the location). | <urn:uuid:d3a7a56a-1811-4ecf-ba83-d73ed1ed7bf2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.powimage.com/all-about-computer-cables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360853.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228115201-20210228145201-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.912177 | 1,787 | 2.578125 | 3 |
By Helen Briggs
Health reporter, BBC News
Choosing from a list of items is tricky
An inability to deal with more than two things at a time may be "hard-wired" into our brain, research suggests.
When we try to do two things at once, each half of the brain focuses on a separate task, French scientists say.
This division of labour could explain why we find it so difficult to multi-task, they report in the journal Science.
It might also explain why people are prone to make irrational decisions when choosing from a long list of items.
Lead author Dr Etienne Koechlin told the BBC: "You can cook and at the same time talk on the phone but you cannot really do a third task such as trying to read a newspaper.
"If you have three or more tasks you lose track of one task."
The French team used an imaging technique to monitor brain activity in 32 volunteers asked to perform a letter-matching test.
The scans looked at the frontal cortex, the part of the human brain associated with impulse control.
When the volunteers completed one task at a time, one side of a certain area of the frontal lobes lit up.
But, when they completed two tasks at the same time, the lobes divided the tasks between them.
Activity on the left frontal lobe matched the primary task (action A) and activity on the right corresponded to the secondary task (action B).
The brain splits into two when dealing with dual tasks
The brain was able to control switching between the two hemispheres when carrying out dual functions but accuracy suffered when a third was added.
Dr Koechlin, of Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, France, said this behaviour could explain why people make "some irrational decisions" when faced with more than two choices.
"My view is that it's critically related to this division of labour between the two hemispheres to keep track of two tasks or two options but not more," he explained.
"Our result is likely to provide an explanation for why people are good in binary choice but not multiple choice." | <urn:uuid:f46b6476-6891-494d-a207-958d12251a02> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8622137.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939917.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00045-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954195 | 440 | 2.75 | 3 |
Facebook Takes On Cyberbullies As More Teens Leave Site
Facebook has rolled out a tool to address online harassment that some digital safety advocates are calling a beneficial, but belated, first step.
The social networking site with 1.2 billion users worldwide released a "bullying prevention hub" this week. It's essentially an online resource center with suggestions for teens, parents and educators on how to address bullying — both online and off — and take action on Facebook.
The site is also beginning to roll out more options for teens to report when posts are making them uncomfortable.
The idea is to build on Facebook's existing tools, says company spokesman Matt Steinfeld.
For example, the site unveiled social reporting in 2011, which encouraged users to send a message to a friend asking for help or ask another user to take down a photo. The latter was particularly successful, Steinfeld says: 83 percent of the time, if you reach out to a user who has a photo you don't want to be in, that user will take it off.
"We were pretty impressed when we rolled out social reporting a couple of years ago that people were willing to engage with each other, as long as we suggested some text to use," he says.
And Facebook hopes this will be true of bullying as well. The hub gives suggested conversation starters for victims ("Hey, NAME — that comment wasn't funny. I don't like it, please take it down"), as well as for people who are accused of bullying and people who witness it.
"There's a lot of literature on how people interact face to face. ... What we're trying to do is apply those studies to an online setting. And it's tough," Steinfeld says. "People are really hungry for help."
Innovative, Or Too Late?
Jim Steyer is CEO of Common Sense Media, an organization that promotes safe technology and media for kids, and he says he's glad to see Facebook taking positive steps toward combating online harassment. He also says this should have been done earlier.
"We think cyberbullying is an enormous challenge facing every young person," Steyer says. "Facebook has been a big part of the problem in this area."
But Facebook's Steinfeld says the company is serious about the cause. "Bullying prevention has been something we've worked on for a long time," he says. "We're the first Internet company that's putting bullying prevention resources in the heart of the product itself."
Other Internet companies are, more and more, taking the blame for recent bullying-related teen suicides.
Rebecca Ann Sedwick, a 12-year-old girl who died in September, had been harassed on Facebook, The New York Times reports. But after her mother closed Rebecca's account, the bullying returned viciously on other social messaging applications, like Ask.fm, Kik and Voxer.
London's The Telegraph also links Ask.fm — a site where people can ask each other questions, often anonymously — to several teen suicides in Britain and Ireland.
It's part of a larger teen migration away from Facebook, Steyer says.
Last week, the company's chief financial officer, David Ebersman, told analysts that although usage among U.S. teens overall has been stable, "we did see a decrease in daily users, specifically among younger teens."
Earlier this fall, financial services firm Piper Jaffray reported that 23 percent of teens thought Facebook was the most important social network, down from 42 percent last fall. And 17 percent of teens say social networks other than Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+, Tumblr or Pinterest were the most important, up from only 2 percent a year ago.
According to Common Sense Media, middle-schoolers are most affected by online harassment. So will an anti-bullying campaign on Facebook affect the age group that needs it the most?
"There are enough teens still on Facebook that it could," says Jennifer Hartstein, a psychologist who works with adolescents and digital behavior. "And maybe it's a good model for other sites that teens are now going to."
Steyer says the effort will be most effective when it spreads to Instagram, which Facebook owns, and beyond. "These sites have to take way more responsibility for this."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:ca89b1ef-ad84-4aca-ba64-88a6854453cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.kmuw.org/2013-11-07/facebook-takes-on-cyberbullies-as-more-teens-leave-facebook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358074.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211126224056-20211127014056-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.966374 | 920 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Monday, February 25, 2013
The concept “superiority illusion” refers to the fact that people tend to judge themselves as being superior to the average person when it comes to positive traits such as intelligence, desirability or other personality traits. This is mathematically not possible, because in a normally distributed population, most people cannot be above average. The “superiority illusion” belongs to a family of positive illusions, such as the “optimism bias”, which is characterized by an unrealistic positive outlook regarding our future. It is thought that such positive illusions may help ward off depressive symptoms and promote mental health.
The neural mechanisms responsible for the “superiority illusion” are poorly understood. The recent study “Superiority illusion arises from resting-state brain networks modulated by dopamine” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Yamada and colleagues used resting functional MRI (fMRI) and PET imaging of the brain in 24 male subjects without known psychiatric or neurologic disease to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in the generation of the superiority illusion. Their findings suggest that the degree of superiority illusion correlates negatively with functional connectivity between two parts of the brain (the anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum) and that the proposed mediator is the neurotransmitter dopamine. This would mean that increasing dopamine levels in the striatum could promote a person’s superiority illusion.
One limitation of the study was that the findings were purely associative and did not prove an actual causal link between dopamine levels and the superiority illusion. Another limitation of the study was that the researchers only performed imaging at one time point and did not track whether changes in the self-perception of superiority in the subjects (over time or in response to certain interventions) also correlated with changes in the brain imaging.
Despite these limitations, the study is quite novel in that it attempts to define the neural mechanism for the “superiority illusion”. The fact that it points to dopamine as a mediator could have important implications. The authors of the paper believe that the “superiority illusion” promotes self-esteem and is an innate counterbalance to depressive symptoms. If further studies confirm a causal role for dopamine in promoting the “superiority illusion”, one could conceivably design novel pharmacologic therapies that target the dopaminergic system and help patients with severe depression who suffer from low-self-esteem.
However, a lot more mechanistic research needs to be conducted before pharmacologic dopaminergic stimulation can be pursued as a treatment for depression. We also need to be aware of the fact that psychiatric medications are often over-prescribed. If newer medications become available which are able to raise self-esteem and foster “superiority illusions”, they might be unnecessarily prescribed to many people who do not suffer from true major depression. The last thing we need is a world in which everyone becomes even more convinced how superior and wonderful they are.
Image credit: Striatum from Anatomography maintained by Life Science Databases(LSDB) via Wikimedia Commons (Creative Commons License).
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
WASHINGTON, D.C.- Plagiarism is back in the headlines. The German Education Minister Annette Schavan recently resigned because of allegations of plagiarism in her doctoral dissertation. There was also significant outrage when it became public that the now discredited science journalist Jonah Lehrer was paid $20,000 to speak at the Knight Foundation about plagiarism and other forms of journalistic misconduct that he has engaged in.
Christopher Robin of the Winnie Foundation feels that plagiarists are unfairly maligned. His foundation conducted a survey, which proved that plagiarism scandals usually result in weeks of extensive reporting and investigations, thus providing new job opportunities for investigative journalists and academic committees. "Plagiarists create jobs for others. They should be seen as heroes and not as villains, especially during a recession when there aren't too many jobs out there."
Robin also said that plagiarism may soon become a highly attractive career for US college graduates. "Lehrer is becoming an excellent role model. He shows that you can earn good money while you are engaging in plagiarism. Even if you are caught, you still receive large honoraria to speak about your misconduct. Plagiarists have excellent job security."
Meanwhile, the Cocaine Retailer Association of Chicago (CRAC) says that at least three of its members are applying to the Knight Foundation for an opportunity to give a lecture. "They would like to speak about how wrong it is to sell drugs and some of them would be willing to do it for only half of the Lehrer honorarium."
Image Credit: Bengt Ruda's chair and a plagiarized version via Wikimedia Commons
Tuesday, February 12, 2013
Teju Cole writes in the New Yorker about the German author W.G. Sebald:
Throughout his career, W. G. Sebald wrote poems that were strikingly similar to his prose. His tone, in both genres, was always understated but possessed of a mournful grandeur. To this he added a willful blurring of literary boundaries and, in fact, almost all his writing, and not just the poetry and prose, comprised history, memoir, biography, autobiography, art criticism, scholarly arcana, and invention. This expert mixing of forms owed a great deal to his reading of the seventeenth-century melancholics Robert Burton and Thomas Browne, and Sebald’s looping sentences were an intentional homage to nineteenth-century German-language writers like Adalbert Stifter and Gottfried Keller. But so strongly has the style come to be associated with Sebald’s own work that even books that preceded his, such as those by Robert Walser and Thomas Bernhard, can seem, from our perspective as readers of English translations, simply “Sebaldian.”Sebald’s reputation rests on four novels—“Vertigo,” “The Emigrants,” “The Rings of Saturn,” and “Austerlitz”—all of them reflections on the history of violence in general, and on the legacy of the Holocaust in particular. Our sense of this achievement has been enriched by his other works: the ones published in his lifetime (the lectures “On the Natural History of Destruction” and the long poem “After Nature”), and those that were released posthumously (including the essay collection “Campo Santo,” and the volumes of short poems “Unrecounted” and “For Years Now”). Sebald’s shade, like Roberto Bolaño’s, gives the illusion of being extraordinarily productive, and the publication now of “Across the Land and the Water,” billed as his “Selected Poems 1964-2001,” does not feel surprising. Ten years on, we are not quite prepared for him to put down his pen.
Read more here
Nasim Saber writes in Qantara:
He was a contemporary of Indian pacifist Mahatma Gandhi and always preached an Islam of nonviolence: Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the man who was venerated by the Pashtuns as "King of Chiefs" died 20 years ago in
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was born in 1890 in Charsadda near
British-occupied northwest sector of the Indian subcontinent. He was a member
of the Mohammadzai family, a respected Pashtun dynasty, to which Zahir Shah,
the last king of Peshawar ,
also belonged. Afghanistan
Abdul Ghaffar Khan grew up to become a pioneer of nonviolence in a region plagued by wars. The Pashtuns still revere him today as "Badshah Khan" (King of Chiefs).
In 1910, when he was only 20 years old, Abdul Ghaffar Khan already built a school near Utmanzai in the northwest region of what is today Pakistan. He went on to found the "Anjuman-e islah ul Afghana" (Afghan Reform Association) and to publish the magazine "Pashtoon" in order to reach the masses under British domination.
Read more here
Image Credit: Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhi in 1940, Public Domain image via Wikimedia
Monday, February 11, 2013
Whether we cruise the internet, turn on the TV or simply open up our email Inbox, we are bound to encounter advice regarding obesity and weight loss. The problem is that a lot of the circulated opinions about obesity and weight gain are only poorly supported by medical and scientific evidence. The recent paper “Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity” published in the New England Journal of Medicine on January 31, 2013 by Krista Casazza and colleagues investigates popular notions about obesity and tests whether they are actually backed up by peer-reviewed, evidence-based studies. Their findings are quite surprising and unravel many of the “myths” that relate to obesity and weight problems. The authors refer to these notions as “myths”, because they were unable to find adequate evidence to back them up and even find some evidence that actually refutes the notions. Unfortunately, the data presented by the authors does not always provide definitive evidence, so it may be rather premature to dismiss these widely held beliefs as “myths”.
Here are the seven “myths” about obesity and weight gain that the authors discuss:
Myth number 1: Small sustained changes in energy intake or expenditure will produce large, long-term weight changes.
The authors claim that this is a myth, because it is based on the assumption that small dietary or activity changes yield benefits that continue to accumulate and result in large changes. They think that these calculations overestimate the achieved weight loss, because they do not adequately take into account that the metabolism adapts to the ongoing weight loss. A very obese person with a high caloric intake may respond strongly to a minor increase in daily exercise levels, but the degree of weight loss will decrease over time.
I have to disagree with Casazza and colleagues on this point, because I think that their analysis does not refute the idea of small sustained changes having long-term benefits. One can disagree about the magnitude of the long-term benefit, but there is still a long-term benefit.
Myth number 2: Setting realistic goals for weight loss is important, because otherwise patients will become frustrated and lose less weight.
Casazza and colleagues cite multiple studies which show that ambitious weight loss goals may be associated with better outcomes.
Myth number 3: Large, rapid weight loss is associated with poorer long-term weight-loss outcomes, as compared with slow, gradual weight loss.
The authors point to a meta-analysis (summary analysis of multiple published studies) which showed that very low energy diets (rapid weight loss) and low energy diets are similarly successful in terms of achieving weight loss.
Myth number 4: It is important to assess the stage of change or diet readiness in order to help patients who request weight-loss treatment.
The evidence does not support the need to wait for people being “ready” for weight loss. It may be best to start right away.
Myth number 5: Physical-education classes, in their current form, play an important role in reducing or preventing childhood obesity.
The authors of the paper summarize the results of multiple studies which did not show any statistically significant and consistent benefit of increasing physical education time in school on childhood obesity. They state that there is probably a level of activity that will be beneficial, but that this level may not be achieved in the limited amount of time that children have in school for physical education.
The problem with the analysis of the Casazza and colleagues is that they dismiss the findings as “inconsistent”, but this inconsistency may reflect that some children do benefit from the intervention while others do not. One study, for example, showed a benefit in girls that were overweight, but not in boys. This “inconsistency” does not necessarily invalidate the notion, it merely means that we need to identify the group of children that are most likely to benefit and to perhaps modify the type and duration of physical education in schools to help even more groups of children.
Myth number 6: Breast-feeding is protective against obesity.
Casazza and colleagues reviewed all the major studies in this area and found no significant evidence that breast-feeding children protects them against obesity, but they concede that breast-feeding may be associated with other benefits for the child, unrelated to obesity.
Myth number 7: A bout of sexual activity burns 100 to 300 kcal for each participant.
The authors calculate the amount of calories burned during sexual activity and estimate that the actual amount is probably closer to 20 to 30 kcal (calories) and not 100 to 300
These are the seven “myths” that the authors claim to have debunked. I also think that it is important to note the disclosures at the end of the article, which shows that the authors have very strong ties to food manufacturers. Here are the financial disclosures for just one of the authors:
“Dr. Astrup reports receiving payment for board membership from the Global Dairy Platform, Kraft Foods, Knowledge Institute for Beer, McDonald’s Global Advisory Council, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Basic Research, Novo Nordisk, Pathway Genomics, Jenny Craig, and Vivus; receiving lecture fees from the Global Dairy Platform, Novo Nordisk, Danish Brewers Association, GlaxoSmithKline, Danish Dairy Association, International Dairy Foundation, European Dairy Foundation, and AstraZeneca; owning stock in Mobile Fitness”
These financial ties do not invalidate the analysis, but they should be considered when interpreting the results.
Overall, I think this is an important paper, because it shows us that we often operate under certain assumptions about obesity and weight loss without there being adequate evidence to back it up. This highlights the need for more unbiased research in this area. However, I am disappointed by some of the analyses made by the authors, when they summarily dismiss a belief as a “myth”, just because there are some inconsistencies or differences in estimated benefits. Instead of using the somewhat sensationalist term “myth”, it would have been better if the authors had just focused on pointing out weaknesses in the current evidence and need for more studies.
Image credit: Painting “Schlaraffenland” (“TheCasazza K, Fontaine KR, Astrup A, Birch LL, Brown AW, Bohan Brown MM, Durant N, Dutton G, Foster EM, Heymsfield SB, McIver K, Mehta T, Menachemi N, Newby PK, Pate R, Rolls BJ, Sen B, Smith DL Jr, Thomas DM, & Allison DB (2013). Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. The New England journal of medicine, 368 (5), 446-54 PMID: 23363498
”, 1567) by
Pieter Bruegel the Elder – via Wikimedia Land
WASHINGTON, D.C.- Pope Benedict XVI surprised everyone by announcing that he is going to retire. He will be the first pope in nearly 700 years to resign, because most popes retain their office until they die.
The Council Of Muslim-Americans (COMA) responded to this announcement by pointing out a long tradition of anti-Muslim discrimination among Catholic clergy. At a press conference, the COMA spokesperson Abdullah Abdullah said that this was an opportunity for the Catholic Church to prove that it has moved beyond Islamophobia.
"We have reviewed the religious affiliations of all the previous popes and we noted that none of them have been Muslim. This is clearly a sign of anti-Muslim discrimination and Islamophobia. There has also never been an American pope and none of the popes have been women. As proud Americans and advocates for the rights of women, we believe that the Vatican should engage in papal equality and choose an American Muslim woman as the next pope."
Image Credit: Pope Innocent, Fresco at the cloister Sacro Speco via Wikimedia Commons
Teju Cole writes in The New Yorker about literary empathy, humanity and drones:
I know language is unreliable, that it is not a vending machine of the desires, but the law seems to be getting us nowhere. And so I take helpless refuge in literature again, rewriting the opening lines of seven well-known books:
Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself. Pity. A signature strike leveled the florist’s.
Call me Ishmael. I was a young man of military age. I was immolated at my wedding. My parents are inconsolable.
Stately, plump Buck Mulligan came from the stairhead bearing a bowl of lather. A bomb whistled in. Blood on the walls. Fire from heaven.
I am an invisible man. My name is unknown. My loves are a mystery. But an unmanned aerial vehicle from a secret location has come for me.
Someone must have slandered Josef K., for one morning, without having done anything truly wrong, he was killed by a Predator drone.
Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His torso was found, not his head.
Mother died today. The program saves American lives.
You can read more here.
Sunday, February 10, 2013
Richard ("Dick") Tator is a Professor for Complementary and Alternative Science (CAS) at UCT and explains the findings.
“If a PhD student conducts an experiment with eight mice and five respond one way, but three mice the opposite way, most students then have to conduct additional experiments with many more mice to obtain a definitive, statistically significant result. This can prolong the duration of a PhD by months or even years.”
Professor Tator has now come up with a very innovative program to address this problem. He hands out “coupons” to his students which allow them to simply erase any data points which are interfering with the statistical significance of the results or which do not conform with the anticipated findings.
Lay Zee is a student in Professor Tator’s laboratory and is a big fan of the new system. “Dick is just a wonderful mentor. He basically allows every graduate student to earn up to three coupons a year, and each coupon is good for up to two years. So you do not have to use them all up at once and you can keep them in stock for a future data point that does not support your hypothesis.”
Lay says that Professor Tator gives out one “erase undesirable data coupon” for performing three chores, such as walking his dog, picking up Professor Tator’s laundry and baby-sitting his children. Lay feels that implementing “erase undesirable data coupons” is a win-win situation for everyone.
“I get to graduate sooner and we get to publish our results faster. Some of my friends in other programs are going to be stuck in their PhD program for another two or three years, performing mundane experiments, just to ensure that they will have statistically valid results, whereas I am already receiving job offers.”
Tator’s colleagues are also impressed with his innovative approach. Knott Eggsist is a professor of philosophy and UCT and admits that he is a bit envious.
“Professors in the humanities also have dogs that need to be walked and our students are also stuck in a PhD program for a very long time, sometimes as long as 8 or 9 years. We would love to have something similar to Dick’s coupons, but our problem is that we do not really have any actual data in the humanities.”
“How do you erase a data point that never even existed?”, Eggsist asks. After a brief pause, his eyes light up and he then nods vigorously, “Now that would be a great dissertation topic!”
Eggsist then talks about an equally innovative program that his department might implement.
“We are considering an entirely different approach in the philosophy department. We have determined that PhD in philosophy is prolonged unnecessarily because one has to deal with all the complex and long-winded thoughts of German philosophers. We will therefore start using an ‘Erase a German philosopher coupon’. With each coupon, our students will be able to write their dissertation and pretend that for example Hegel, Kant or Nietzsche or any other German philosopher of their choosing never existed and simply ignore all their writings.” | <urn:uuid:a8d4cbb6-28e2-4060-a11d-f3b9b6dd52e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://fragments-of-truth.blogspot.com/2013_02_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.960585 | 4,302 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Geneva (ICRC) – Detaining authorities around the world who have not yet taken measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of COVID-19 inside places of detention are urged to do so immediately to protect the health of detainees, staff and wider society.
The International Committee of the Red Cross fears that places of detention may be hit hard by the pandemic as detainees are particularly vulnerable to the spread of COVID-19. Clean water can be a luxury while soap, chlorine and other necessary equipment may not be available in many places of detention, particularly in low-income countries or those affected by conflict. Such facilities are often overcrowded, which prevents physical distancing. They may also lack ventilation and have insufficient health care, contributing to the easy transmission of infectious disease.
"Prisons are not walled off from the world when it comes to disease transmission. Viruses can enter and leave a detention facility through family visits, detention staff, delivery personnel and detainees who enter or leave when newly sentenced or going to court. Detainee health must be protected, not only because it's the right thing to do, but also for the good of wider society," Vincent Ballon, the head of ICRC's detention unit.
Prison authorities everywhere are urged to implement infection prevention and control measures. We know from experience that improving access to clean water, hygiene materials and other measures such as the setting up of hand-washing stations can prevent the spread of disease inside and outside detention facilities. Places of detention need to adapt their daily routine to mitigate the risks of contamination while preventing excessive and unnecessary disruption of the daily life of detainees. The ICRC has seen such measures prevent the spread of Ebola and cholera in prisons.
The Geneva Conventions require that prisoners of war and civilian internees are entitled to regular medical inspections to supervise their state of health and detect contagious diseases. The Conventions provide direction to ensure isolation wards in order to prevent the spread of contagious diseases if necessary. Isolation and segregation measures must be humane at all times, and not prevent the right of detainees to contact with the outside world.
The ICRC works together with relevant authorities to strengthen standard practices such as the medical screening of new arrivals and the setting up of hand washing stations for detainees, visitors, staff and delivery personnel. We also support disinfection measures, such as fumigation campaigns, and distribute soap and other hygiene and cleaning materials to detainees. The ICRC also improves sanitation and other infrastructure in prisons.
"The problems and shortcomings in detention systems that worried us before COVID-19 have not gone away. These weaknesses may unfortunately increase the health risks for detainees and staff if COVID-19 enters places of detention," Mr. Ballon said.
Family contact is a vital emotional and psychological support for detainees. COVID-19-related restrictions have made family visits more difficult, adding stress for families and detainees during this difficult time. The ICRC is encouraging and when necessary supporting detaining authorities to put in place alternative ways for detainees and family to communicate, including phone and video calls. Such contacts are important for the peace of mind of detainees and family. This is why the ICRC encourages the authorities to ensure regular and transparent communication with detainees and their families on the reasons, the modalities and the duration of the restrictions implemented.
Reducing the number of people in prison can definitely help reduce COVID-19 risks. Based on its work in addressing situations of overcrowding and advocating for non-custodial measures and alternatives to detention, the ICRC has brought various options to the attention of States, judiciaries, prosecutors and detaining authorities, helping them to think through and balance the many complicated factors involved in such decisions.
Additional information on corresponding footage:
For further information, please contact:
English/French: Ewan Watson, ICRC Geneva
+41 79 244 64 70 firstname.lastname@example.org
English: Crystal Ashley Wells, ICRC Nairobi
+254 716 897 265 email@example.com
French: Halimatou Hamadou, CICR Dakar
More info here https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/covid-19-pandemic
Editor: Eric Chege
Filming date: Multiple
Copyright: ICRC access all | <urn:uuid:b71d1f33-d857-4128-a1fb-ed236fe9cadb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/story/en/1903/covid-19-authorities-must-protect-health-of-detainees-staff-and-ultimately-surrounding-communities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.929683 | 935 | 2.734375 | 3 |
- 1 Magas — founded from scratch in 1995 as the administrative capital of Ingushetia, now home to about 3,000
- 2 Karabulak — city in the plains
- 3 Malgobek — an oilfield town now housing some 20,000 Chechen refugees
- 4 Nazran — largest city, main entry point and former capital, straddles the border with North Ossetia
- 5 Sunzha — formerly known as stanitsa Orjonikidzevskaya - Largest rural locality in Russia
To visit anywhere outside the main towns requires a Russian Federal Security Bureau permit, especially for foreigners.
- 1 Armkhi — a Soviet resort/sanatorium high in the mountains of southwestern Ingushetia
- 2 Dariali — a high aul in Ingushetia's beautiful Dzheyrakh Region
- Guloykhi — a multi-towered Ingush aul in southern Ingushetia in the Assy Gorge
- Targim — castle in the mountains
- Erzi — castle in the mountains
- Vovnushki — castle in the mountains
- Historical and Cultural Jeyrakh-Assa Reservation — watch towers and Arm khe resort complex
- Tkhaba-Yerdy Church — ancient Ingush Christian church
- 3 Tsori — castle in the mountains
- Olgeti — mountain village
The Ingush are relatives of the Chechens and have shared their Sunni Islamic beliefs as well as their fate in rebellion and conquest vis-à-vis the Russians. In the beginning of the 19th century, a Chechen scholar peacefully converted most Ingush into Islam. Like the Chechens, the Ingush were accused by Stalin of Nazi collaboration and were deported to Kazakhstan. When Khrushchev allowed them to return home, they found that their Orthodox Christian neighbors, the Ossetes, had settled on formerly Ingush lands, launching a violent ethnic conflict which rages on today.
Around 1929-1991, Ingushetia was merged with Chechnya to form the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, and became separated. By 1991, the first Ingush president, Ruslan Aushev attempted to help the already weak economy, and when the first Chechen war started, this created a tremendous problem for the economy. It collapsed after Aushev's success. However, he was forced to leave office when the second Chechen war started. Aushev also founded the city of Magas.
By 2002, Murat Zyazikov came into office, and since then the political and economic situation has worsened, and Zyazikov received harsh criticism for his disregard for human rights, corruption, and social and political problems. This was because of alleged abductions, illegal beatings, unlawful arrests and killings of suspects by the federal forces and local police and allied paramilitaries. By 2008, a new president, Yunus-bek Yevkurov succeeded the unpopular Zyazikov and began a campaign into improving the situation in the region.
The poor situation in the republic has made it a magnet for terrorism for Chechen and Ingush rebels, and has continued to make it more uneasy for travelers to visit. The region is desperately poor, with only 5 in 10 people employed and a large part of the population living in severe poverty, earning less than US$2 a day. There is little prospect of this changing.
Although the majority of Ingushetia's population lives in the larger northern towns, the Ingush consider their true heritage to be tied to the ancient auls (stone mountaintop villages) in the south of Ingushetia, especially along the Assy Gorge.
Citizens of foreign countries must have a special permit for visiting mountainous parts of Ingushetia. These permits are issued by the FSB office in Nazran or can be obtained online. Apply well in advance. Russian citizens do not need a permit anymore, but have to carry a passport.
- Morning flights by Pobeda (at 8:20) and UTair (at 09:40)
- Afternoon flight by Aeroflot (14:55).
Alternative routes: Beslan airport in North Ossetia and Grozny airport in Chechnya.
A couple of trains per week connect Moscow's Kazanskiy Station with Nazran (40 hr).
As of August 2018, Train 146Э leaves Moscow Kazanskiy on even days at 23:16, arriving in Nazran at 06:55 (31 hr 39 min). Train 145С departs Nazran on the same day 146Э arrives on at 23:22, arriving in Moscow at 06:07 (30 hr 45 min).
A daily bus leaves from Moscow (Paveletski or Kazanski railway station) to Nazran (total trip time over 24 hours). A daily bus leaves from Grozny,Nalchik and Stavropol. Regular buses leaves from Moscow. A small buses leaves from Nalchik and other north Caucasian and south Russian cities (e.g., to Vladikavkaz).
Russian is understood by all, as is the official language, Ingush. Ingush is commonly known as ГІалгІай мотт (Ğalğaj mott). Ingush is a language related to Chechen and other regional languages are common. English is spoken by almost nobody, even in the largest city, Nazran.
Euros and US dollars are accepted and can be exchanged for rubles. ATMs are widely available even in Dzheirakh village. Best place to buy: Central Market in Nazran.
Costs are generally higher than in much of Russia and are comparable to those in Moscow.
- "Assa" — restaurant,located in Nazran
Due to rising anti-Russian sentiment, the shops selling alcohol are prime targets for Muslim extremists. It is recommended that tourists stay away from these shops. The attacks are frequent, though usually without harm to the shoppers.
"Assa" Hotel in Nazran
- Ingush State University
There is at least 50% unemployment in Ingushetia. The oil industry is slowly deteriorating. The best places for a foreigner to work are international human relief organizations and medicine.
Ingushetia should not be considered a war zone anymore. Unlike during the Soviet times, Ingushetia and Chechnya are not considered foreign visitors' restricted areas anymore.
If you are a foreigner your presence in Ingushetia might be still monitored by the FSB. Though no attacks of Ingush rebels on foreign visitors were ever recorded, people do disappear after the FSB raids. Generally, most staff from hotels will accompany you to avoid any trouble.
A tight security situation is present, and at all checkpoints, they are likely to pull you over if you drive in a vehicle with darkened windows. Security will search your vehicle for suspicious items (large sums of money, large amounts of alcohol, drugs, weapons, explosives, etc.)
Do not drink tap water. The Coca-Cola and Pepsi products can be fake, and unhealthy. Use the water from wells such as one of the good ones near the village of Barsuki on the road.
Ingushetia is an Islamic society, and therefore visitors are required to behave properly. Ingushetia is somewhat a traditionally conservative region with Islamic customs. Even though the region is predominantly Islamic, there is no dress code in effect and most of the locals, even the women, are highly liberalized. However, some women prefer to wear a veil, but it doesn't really apply to female visitors.
In general, locals are interested in getting to know about foreigners, and are generally helpful to visitors around this volatile region. Ingush locals treat visitors like guests, so don't throw this opportunity away. Always keep political opinions to yourself to avoid any danger.
In Ingushetia there are three federal GSM operators (MTS, Beeline, Megafon) and they often have offers that give you a SIM card for free or at least very cheap. If you are planning to stay a while and to keep in touch with Ingushetian and other North-Caucasus people, then you should consider buying a local SIM card instead of going on roaming. To buy a SIM card from a shop you'll need your passport for identification. It only takes five minutes to do the paperwork and it will cost less than US$10. | <urn:uuid:d8311f27-8b89-46b0-907a-1c9acb76394d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ingushetia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704833804.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127214413-20210128004413-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.946902 | 1,764 | 2.765625 | 3 |
How can you know if you have TBI? How to deal with TBI? And what steps should you take if you do? Read on to learn the answers to these questions and more.
Traumatic brain injury occurs after sudden brain damage. If something hits your head but doesn’t penetrate the skull, it’s a closed head injury. If an object breaks through, it’s a penetrating head injury.
With increasing severity, the symptoms are longer and more serious. So if you experience head trauma and then develop these symptoms, it’s time to see a medical professional.
So, what are the steps to take if you think you have TBI?
First, you’ll need to see a doctor. They’ll begin the diagnosis process with a simple physical examination and ask you some basic questions about the injury.
The Glasgow Coma Scale is a quick and easy way for doctors to assess the initial severity of brain injury. This test scores you on a scale from 3-15 to assess injury severity. A higher score means that your injury is less severe.
Finally, they’ll follow up with some imaging tests. A CT scan can show any fractures, brain bleeding, bruised brain tissue, swelling, or clotting. An MRI produces a more detailed view of the brain. (click here to learn the differences between CT and MRI)
Mild TBI only needs rest and over-the-counter pain medicine for headaches. But anyone with mild TBI should be closely monitored for any worsening or new symptoms.
More severe TBI requires immediate emergency care to prevent further injury. The doctor will also make sure they have enough oxygen and blood and will work to reduce inflammation.
Medication may be provided to limit damage, such as diuretics to reduce pressure in the brain by reducing the amount of fluid. A coma-inducing drug may be used to induce a brain state requiring less oxygen and nutrients. Anti-seizure drugs may be provided for the first-week post-injury to avoid the additional damage that would occur if a seizure happens.
Finally, in the situation of a crisis, emergency surgery may need to be provided immediately. Any skull fractures, blood clots, or bleeding may need to be corrected by surgery. A window in the skull may need to be opened to relieve pressure, drain cerebral spinal fluid, and make room for swollen brain tissue.
After brain injury, the best course of action is to undergo rehabilitation. Depending on the severity, treatment may be required to improve daily activities and even relearn basic skills.
Rehabilitation can include:
Depending on your needs, you can choose one or more of these rehabilitation specialties to start to get your life back on track.
Now you know about traumatic brain injury signs and symptoms, as well as the steps to take if you experience TBI. Have you been in an accident that caused a head injury? Call 1-800-897-8440 today to request an appointment with the top injury doctors to assess your best course of treatment today.
Copyright © Injured Call Today. NY / NJ Pain & Injury Clinics. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:c5a14642-8835-4e79-a0ae-25ff764d9ca9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.injuredcalltoday.com/how-deal-with-traumatic-brain-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880243.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702205206-20200702235206-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.931632 | 652 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Victor Horsley’s experimental contributions to the study of myxoedema and cretinism
Sherry GINN1 and Joel VILENSKY2
Whereas Sir Victor Horsley is well known for the many contributions he made to neurosurgery, less well known are his to the treatment of both myxoedema and cretinism. Osler’s 1916 obituary of Horsley notes that a “direct result of his experimental work on the thyroid gland was the successful treatment of myxoedema, which for the first time placed organo-therapy on a scientific basis” (British Medical Journal 2:162-167, 1916). Horsley’s experiments on thyroid physiology extended from 1884 – 1890, while he was Director of the Brown Institute. Through direct experimentation with dogs and monkeys as well as selected experiments on human patients, Horsley demonstrated conclusively that removal of the thyroid gland produced both conditions, a fact generally not recognized before this time. Horsley’s comparison of surgical removal of the thyroid showed differential effects on the species tested, with animals such as monkeys exhibiting symptoms similar in onset and duration to humans. Horsley reported that removal of the thyroid gland resulted in nervous symptoms. Among these were tremors, rigidity and paralysis resulting from changes in the lower motor centers. Furthermore, the development of imbecility suggested that thyroid excision produced deficits in higher cortical functioning. Specifically, he stated that “slow hebetude ending in varying degrees of imbecility with easy disturbance of temper were the disorders related to the cortex of the brain” (Lancet: 1133, 1884). Horsley showed that it was possible to alleviate some of the psychological and physiological symptoms of both myxoedema and cretinism using transplanted thyroid tissue. Although these transplants were not always successful, several of Horsley’s students, notably George Murray, continued and extended his work by examining other ways in which myxoedema and cretinism could be treated (e.g., injecting an extract of thyroid tissue).
Tenth Annual Meeting of the International Society for the
History of the Neurosciences (ISHN) and
St. Andrews, Scotland, 2005 | <urn:uuid:f0d834bb-78fe-4525-8288-ee7b3eebbdda> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/ab10-2005.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125881.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00218-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954379 | 473 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Many businesses and individuals are using the internet today to transact their business. This is evolving cyber threat at an alarming rate, with an increasing number of data violations every year. As a result, the majority of the companies are increasing their spending on cybersecurity protection to deal with the rising cyber threats. So, what is cybersecurity? Read on to know more.
Cybersecurity is a practice that involves different techniques to protect data, servers, computers, mobile devices, networks, and electronic systems, from unauthorized access or malicious attacks. Cybersecurity protection practices should be put into practice by big and small organizations, workers, and individuals too. Among the most challenging parts of cybersecurity is the continuously developing nature of security risks as well as the advanced continual threats.
What is cybersecurity? Types of cybersecurity threats
Some of the most common methods that are used to threaten cybersecurity include:
This is a form of malware whereby an attacker locks the computer system files of the victim generally through encryption. The attacker then demands a fee to decrypt and also to unlock them. SecureLink mentions that cyber threats to mission-critical systems are pervasive, and now they come disguised as employees, trusted third-party reps, and “authorized” identities. As a result, organizations are struggling to implement critical access management security to protect valuable assets that are under attack from this vulnerability.
Malware is a type of malicious software wherein any program or file can be used to damage a computer user, like computer viruses, worms, spyware Trojan, and horses.
Social engineering is an attack which relies on human contact to trick the users into breaking the security procedures to get sensitive information which is protected.
This is a type of fraud whereby false emails are sent, and these emails resemble those from trustworthy sources. The purpose of these emails is, however, to steal sensitive information, like login or credit card information.
Importance of cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is critical since it helps to protect the data assets of an individual or organization from digital attacks. These attacks can result in significant damage if (when) the data lands in the wrong hands. Security incidents might lead to considerable losses in terms of theft of data, erased data, fraud, and even reputation. Everybody relies on vital infrastructure such as hospitals, financial service companies, power plants and others. These organizations usually collect and store large amounts of data on their computers and other devices too. Protecting the data of these organizations’ is crucial in keeping our society working.
What does cybersecurity prevent?
Cybersecurity helps to prevent identity theft, data breaches, as well as ransomware attacks. It also aids in risk management. When a business has stable network security along with an efficient incident response plan, it is suitable for it to be capable of preventing and mitigating cyberattacks. The practice of keeping up with the new technologies, threat intelligence, and security trends is a demanding task for any organization and individual too.
The risks of having poor cybersecurity
There are lots of risks, and some of the risks are more serious. Among the risks is malware deleting your whole system, an attacker gaining access into your system and altering with your data, or an attacker stealing your credit card data and making illegal purchases. Though there might be no assurance that even with the most extraordinary safety measures, several of these things won’t occur to you, there are, however, some steps you can take to reduce the chances.
Elements of cybersecurity
Network security involves protecting the integrity, safety of all networks that are associated with your data. By securing the network from potential threats, the attacker gets blocked when trying to access any content from that particular network. Network security measures include the use of antivirus, anti-spam, and other similar applications. Firewall blocks all unauthorized entry into the system, while a particular configured virtual private network (VPN) is used to access the network in a secure way remotely.
This is a software-based tool which monitors and protects your data in the cloud, so as to help reduce the risks that are related to on-premises attacks
Data loss prevention:
This entails developing processes and policies for managing and preventing data loss as well as developing recovery strategies in case of a cybersecurity infringement. This incorporates setting network authorization and systems for storing data.
It uses software and hardware to protect against outside threats, which might present themselves in the development stage of an application. Some of the examples of application security are firewalls, encryption, and antivirus programs.
What is cybersecurity in end-user education? This entails teaching the users how to follow the best practices such as discouraging clicking of unknown links or downloading uncertain attachments in emails. Suspicious attachments and unknown links might allow in malware along with other malicious software.
Cybersecurity is continuously being challenged by hackers, privacy, risk management, data loss, and the altering of cybersecurity protection policies. There is nothing that currently shows that cyberattacks will lessen soon. Besides, with the high number of access points for attacks, additional strategies for protecting digital assets are required to protect devices and networks. Individuals and organizations should know what is cybersecurity and how helpful it is. | <urn:uuid:9b474cfd-d9a8-4ba9-a175-667a3bd82681> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.techgyd.com/what-is-cybersecurity-what-you-need-to-know-about/43627/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103619185.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628233925-20220629023925-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.942377 | 1,068 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Find the equation of a line given the point X(8, 1) and slope -2.8. Arrange your answer in the form y = ax + b, where a, b are the constants.
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Calculate how many percent will increase the length of an HTML document, if any ASCII character unnecessarily encoded as hexadecimal HTML entity composed of six characters (ampersand, grid #, x, two hex digits and the semicolon). Ie. space as:
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The ball was discounted by 10 percent and then again by 30 percent. How many percent of the original price is now?
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The cylinder-shaped container contains 80 liters of milk. Milk level is 45 cm. How much milk will in the container, if level raise to height 72 cm? | <urn:uuid:dfb50bbf-1e44-47f9-9aac-b879ea632a7d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.hackmath.net/en/example/1135 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864622.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522014949-20180522034949-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.917913 | 687 | 3.515625 | 4 |
By Eknath Easwaran
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Extra resources for The Upanishads: A Classic of Indian Spirituality
With only a fraction of that capability, younger Alexander conquered continents, Rutan and Yaeger flew Voyager world wide, Ein- 33 ╯ ╭ advent stein penetrated the guts of the universe. If someone may well fuse all human wishes, direct them like a laser, what will be past succeed in? This stupendous target is the foundation of brahmavidya. each hope for achievement on the earth open air is recalled – no longer stifled or repressed, yet consolidated in a single overriding hope for Self-realization. opposite to a typical false impression, there's not anything drab or life-denying approximately this obvious reversal of human nature. the fervour it calls for isn't diversified from what an excellent ballet dancer or gymnast or musician calls for. In Sanskrit this ardent, one-pointed, self-transcending ardour is named tapas, and the Vedas revere it as an unsurpassable inventive strength. From the tapas of God, the Rig Veda says, the cosmos itself was once born. What bold the sages of the Upanishads cover of their anonymity! it truly is no ask yourself that such a lot of got here from the warrior caste. there has been not anything world-denying whilst those sages-to-be left their courts and towns for the Ganges forests. World-weariness can't generate tapas. They yearned to grasp lifestyles at its middle, to understand it and grasp it, and that intended to grasp each present of the brain. intercourse, after all, is the main robust hope most folk have, and hence the richest resource of private power. Brahmacharya, strength of mind in proposal and motion, was once a prerequisite in those wooded area academies. yet this used to be now not suppres- ╭ 34 The Upanishads ╯ sion or repression. Sexual wish, like every little thing else within the Upanishads, is simply partially actual. basically it's a religious strength – natural, high-octane inventive strength – and brahmacharya capability its transformation. Tapas, the sages say, turns into tejas: the radiant attractiveness of character that exhibits itself in love, compassion, inventive motion, and a melting tenderness which pulls all hearts. not anything is misplaced during this transformation. it really is transparent within the Upanishads that intercourse is sacred, and ashram graduates usually went again into the area to soak up the tasks of family members existence. yet they did so in freedom. unfastened from conditioning, they'd a call in every thing they did, even in what they notion. Their excellent used to be to not retire from the area yet to stay in it selflessly, with senses and passions thoroughly below regulate. This freedom is the hallmark of the Upanishads, and not anything higher matches the life-affirming spirit of the Vedas. At m a n & B r a h m a n In meditation, because the brain settles right down to reside on a unmarried concentration, awareness starts to circulation in a soft, unbroken movement, like oil poured from one box to a different. As this occurs, realization clearly retreats from different channels. The ears, for instance, nonetheless functionality, yet you don't listen; recognition isn't any longer attached with the organs of listening to. 35 ╯ ╭ advent while focus is profound, there are moments in case you fail to remember the physique fullyyt. | <urn:uuid:66dd1a3c-22ec-4d59-a2f2-cbde3a40b271> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.larchecapebreton.org/index.php/lib/the-upanishads-a-classic-of-indian-spirituality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813059.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220165417-20180220185417-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.93195 | 1,077 | 2.578125 | 3 |
meaning of SAP
The German acronym SAP (Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung) translates into Portuguese as Systems, Applications and Products for Data Processing .
SAP is a type of ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning) business management software , created by a German company called SAP AG.
The main objective of the SAP system is to integrate all the departments of a company, providing solutions that add practicality to any type of production, in addition to improving communication between the different internal teams of a company.
SAP system modules
As a customized tool, SAP allows the customer (company) to adapt the system to their business model. Thus, SAP becomes accessible and personalized for each type of company and its business.
SAP works in stages, taking charge of managing the processes of each specific area of the company. However, it is up to the client to choose the ones that are really necessary for their business model, since some modules do not apply to the management of certain companies.
For the SAP system to fulfill its main objective within the company, the departments and stages need integration and communication with each other, depending on each other for the result of an efficient operation.
Some modules of the SAP system are:
- SAP MM – Materials Management : responsible for the management of materials, such as stock, etc;
- SAP SD – Sales and Distribution : responsible for the sales and distribution area;
- SAP FI – Financial Accounting : responsible for the financial area;
- SAP PP – Production planning and control : responsible for the production planning and control area;
- SAP HCM – Human Capital Management : responsible for the human capital area, that is, Human Resources, this stage is focused on people;
- SAP CO – Controlling : provides solutions for the administration of the company;
- QM – Quality Management : is responsible for managing the quality area of the company.
The structure and functioning of the SAP system in a company.
The SAP system is structured by the following steps: front-end , application , database, and ABAP . Each of these steps has different responsibilities within the functioning of the system, one linked to the result of the other.
- Front-end : it is the one that shows the user all the process information on the screen;
- Application : is responsible for data processing. Only after the data is processed in the application, the information is displayed on the front-end;
- Database : is responsible for storing the data processed in the application ;
- ABAP ( Advanced Business Application Programming ): is the technological language used in SAP, responsible for monitoring the information that appears on the front-end.
The benefits of the SAP system for a company
The SAP system was created to provide communication solutions and production convenience to companies. The greatest benefits provided by the SAP system are:
- Agility in production : by improving processes and eliminating unnecessary steps, a company’s production benefits from being able to produce the largest number of products in less time, with quality;
- Rapid diagnosis of faults : the system allows rapid diagnosis of faults, allowing decision-making and timely corrections quickly and effectively;
- Identification of possible risks : the system helps to map possible risks for the business, through specific functions with quality information, reducing effective losses;
- Automation : Helps to eliminate completely manual processes, avoiding possible human errors in simple operations.
In which companies can the SAP system be implemented?
SAP was created to serve any type of business, that is: industry, commerce or services, in small, medium or large companies.
In the small ones, the SAP system eliminates large manual processes, which reduces the greatest number of human errors into small actions.
In large companies, SAP helps control processes, which often have major communication failures that lead to mismanagement and huge losses. | <urn:uuid:0f6dff9e-e803-4a6a-ba7d-dfeb75f9d232> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://whatdirectory.com/2022/07/24/what-is-sap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494852.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127001911-20230127031911-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.916225 | 795 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This is the first in a weekly series of posts leading up to the mini-conference The War of 1812: Whose War was it Anyway? being held at the University of Waterloo on May 30th.
By Adriana Ayers, MA Candidate, University of Western Ontario
Augmented reality games (ARGs) are immersive and interactive plot-based games, which break down the barriers between the gaming world and reality. They are not played in any one place or through any one medium, but sprawlsprawled across multiple media elements, such as email, Twitter, YouTube, Wiki pages, text messages, blogs, etc.etc.. No form of communication or digital interaction is off limits. Indeed, the point of an ARG is to pull game play out of the computer and into the real world, blurring the lines of simulation and experience. Unlike a regular computer game, which is controlled by artificial intelligence, ARG players interact directly with the human beings who design and control the game, appropriately named the PuppetMasters.
Tecumseh Lies Here is an augmented reality game developed by faculty and students at the University of Western Ontario, designed to expose players to the history of the War of 1812, while teaching them traditional research techniques and skills necessary for practicing historians. In September 2011, the creators of the game ran a successful beta test on a group of unsuspecting public history graduate students—including me. Suspicious and even unwilling at first, I found myself drawn into the game through its clever incorporation of fake conspiracies among contemporary historiographical debates. My insatiable appetite for puzzles, and my perpetual need to finish what I started, made it difficult for me to ignore. Suddenly my hours spent in the archives filled more than a class requirement; I was solving riddles, unlocking ciphers, and racing around southwestern Ontario to open a GPS-powered treasure boxes.
Tecumseh Lies Here explores the life of the Shawnee war-chief Tecumseh, and the myths and controversy surrounding his death and final resting place. Although Tecumseh died at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 1813, his body was never identified, giving rise to rumors that perhaps he had not died or that his body had been spirited away. White fascination with Tecumseh and the morbid question of his remains grew throughout the nineteenth century.
Tecumseh Lies Here thrust me and my fellow players into a secret world of 1812 enthusiasts still searching for Tecumseh’s bones—a kind of metaphor for continuing contests over the commemoration of the war. Some of the characters we encountered were helpful and encouraging; some were whistleblowers in a complex historical conspiracy; and others were downright terrifying. While playing the game we found our everyday discussions, twitter-feeds, studies, seminars and eventually our dreams, completely consumed by Tecumseh and the mysteries surrounding his death. .
The game blended fictional characters with a genuine historical mystery, and questions about the memory of the real Shawnee leader, and the meaning of the war. To “win” the game, I and the other players had to comb through libraries and archives, gather evidence, interpret primary sources, analyze secondary sources, and debate the best means of moving forward and solving the clues. Heritage and historical sites were part of the game as well. There were riddles involving museum exhibits, clues hidden in parks and battlegrounds, and devices that could only be activated in certain significant locales. The game, like the past, was pervasive—its traces could be anywhere.
One of the most interesting and unexpected aspects of the game was how collaborative it was. From what I’ve read about ARGs, that was part of the point. ARGs are cooperative games that leverage the collective intelligence of all their players. Many historians can attest that sharing is not necessarily our strongest suit. The intricacy and range of the ARG’s content appealed to many learning styles and research strategies, giving everyone in the group their moment to shine. In order to solve clues and move on to a next round, it questioned the ‘acceptable’ way in which we traditionally interact with historical discourse – it challenged the way we viewed history and its creators.
ARGs have exciting potential for education, training, and addressing real world problems. MIT’s educational ARG Reliving the Revolution (2005) turned the site of the American Revolutionary Battle of Lexington into an augmented learning environment where students learned techniques for historical inquiry, effective collaboration, and critical thinking skills. In the PBS-funded ARG World Without Oil (2007) over 2,000 players from twelve countries came together to manage a simulated global oil crisis, forecasting the results of the crisis and producing plausible strategies for managing a realistic future dilemma. And the World Bank’s Urgent Evoke (2010) enlisted over 19,000 players in an effort to empower young people, especially in Africa, to come up with creative solutions to environmental and social challenges.
Historians and history educators have only begun to take note of these developments but the potential is exciting and real. Besides Tecumseh Lies Here, another ARG for history education is the Arcane Gallery of Gadgetry, developed by faculty and students at the University of Maryland. Historians and history educators have only begun to take note of these developments. But the potential is exciting and real.
For more discussion on this topic, I and three of the creators of Tecumseh Lies Here will be leading an informal panel discussion at The War of 1812: Whose War was it Anyway?. We’ll present our experiences writing, running, and playing the game, and try to open up a discussion on the politics and pedagogy of the 1812 bicentennial, and the potentials and challenges of ARGs for history and heritage education. We hope to see you there! | <urn:uuid:7027b5f1-58a7-4095-b26b-80b30974b7b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://activehistory.ca/2012/05/tecumseh-lies-here/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.959614 | 1,204 | 2.625 | 3 |
While environmentalists are usually vocal about perceived threats ranging from pesticides to global warming, there is a silence when it comes to one threat already harming the water supply: hormones from birth-control pills.
According to the National Catholic Register, EPA-funded scientists at the University of Colorado studied fish in a mountain stream near Boulder, Colo., two years ago.
When they netted 123 trout and other fish downstream from the city’s sewer plant, they found 101 were female, 12 were male, and 10 were strange “intersex” fish with male and female features.
It’s “the first thing that I’ve seen as a scientist that really scared me,” university biologist John Woodling told the Denver Post.
The Denver Post published this graphic in October 2004 featuring results of a study showing how fish near Boulder, Colo., had their sex impacted by estrogen from birth-control products in local waters. Figures were from the University of Colorado and the Colorado Division of Wildlife
The main culprits were found to be estrogens and other steroid hormones from birth-control pills and patches that ultimately ended up in the creek after being excreted in urine into the city’s sewers.
The Register says Woodling, University of Colorado physiology professor David Norris, and the EPA team were among the first scientists in the U.S. to learn a cocktail of hormones, antibiotics, caffeine and steroids is flowing through the nation’s waterways, threatening fish and contaminating drinking water.
Univ. of Colorado physiology professor David Norris
“Nobody is getting passionately concerned about it,” Norris said. “It makes no sense to me at all that people aren’t more concerned.”
The problem is not just limited to Boulder. Similar stories have been reported from coast to coast.
In western Washington, experts found synthetic estrogen – commonly found in oral contraceptives – drastically reduces the fertility of male rainbow trout.
Doug Myers, wetlands and habitat specialist for Washington State’s Puget Sound Action Team, told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that in frogs, river otters and fish, scientists are “finding the presence of female hormones making the male species less male.”
Two years after the Boulder findings, there has been no effort among environmentalists to stop the estrogen pollution of Boulder Creek.
Dave Georgis, director of the Colorado Genetic Engineering Action Network which has been vocal against genetically modified crops, said, “It just has so much competition out there for stuff to work on.”
He told the Boulder Weekly nobody needed to think about cutting back on birth control for the creek’s sake.
“You can’t have a zero impact, and this is one of the many, many impacts we have on the environment in everyday life,” Georgis said. “Nobody is to blame for this, and I don’t have a solution.”
George Harden, a board member of the Society of Catholic Social Scientists, based in Steubenville, Ohio, says people should not hold their breath for action to be taken.
“If you’re killing mosquitoes to save people from the West Nile virus, you can count on secular environmentalists to lay down in front of the vapor truck, claiming some potential side effect that might result from the spray,” Harden told the Register. “But if birth control deforms fish – backed by the proof of an EPA study – and threatens the drinking supply, mum will be the word.”
In New Jersey, traces of birth-control hormones and other prescription drugs were found in municipal tap water in 2003, and scientists were just beginning to look into the issue of impact on the human body.
Rebecca Goldburg, a New Jersey biologist working with Environmental Defense, told the North Jersey News: “I’m not sure I want even low levels of birth control pills in my daughter’s drinking water.”
Betty Ball of the Rocky Mountain Peace and Justice Center suggests people eat organic foods, but says asking them to stop polluting water with hormones “gets into the bedroom.”
“I’m not going there,” Ball said. “This involves people’s personal lives, child bearing issues, sex lives and personal choices. Maybe people are saying, ‘O my God, what do we do about this?’ Apathy is the fear of sticking your toe in, for fear it will change your life. Sometimes positive change does require a change in lifestyle.”
The issue is beginning to be talked about in some online blogs.
In ThePolitic.com, Shane Edwards writes, “To give this publicity would pit nature against consequence-free sex, and that just won’t happen. But what disturbs me about this even more than the environmental impact (and the reality that this will NEVER be dealt with because of its political ramifications) is what this is doing to us. I mean, if these effects are happening with fish and frogs, what is happening to us?” | <urn:uuid:b669a292-32b0-4e83-bf97-9df00737a98e> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.wnd.com/2007/07/42520/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006885.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00207-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957666 | 1,054 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Tilhørighet og trygghet En kvalitativ studie om forebyggende psykisk helsearbeid hos barn
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Background and purpose of the Project The purpose of this study was to examine what could promote good mental health to children of elementary school age. In recent years, bullying stories have been illuminated in the media. Today many children are struggling against low self-esteem, self-harm, exclusion and mental challenges. My aim was to investigate what children themselves experienced as meaningful for their well-being and confidence in their everyday school life. In this study, my focus was mental health in a preventive perspective. My target was increased focus on early intervention in relation to mental health work, and that children’s voices are heard. My research question was: What promotes wellbeing, affiliation and confidence to children in everyday school life? Method, selection and analyses A qualitative research design was chosen. Here, deeper understanding is searched for and it goes in depth into phenomena. I selected children in 4th grade as my informants. I conducted six life interviews, and seven observation days in class. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. This became the basis for the analysis. Topics were categorized, statements were condensed, and finaly analytically theoretical concepts were found. Results and conclusion The study indicated that children are in need of good social relations, recognition and experience of friendship and affiliation, to thrive and feel confident at school. They needed a safe school environment where they could express their emotions and support to regulate their emotions. Children reported that participation was desired. Social competence can contribute to well-being, affiliation and confidence for children. Key findings also was importance of care and boundaries from adults, and that children have time to play. Key words: Social competence, preventive mental health, affiliation, network, exclusion, adult role, play.
Masteroppgave psykisk helsearbeid- Universitetet i Agder, 2015 | <urn:uuid:1f7d6d4a-2801-4a5e-8ffa-4a45058fae3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uia.brage.unit.no/uia-xmlui/handle/11250/301181 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.967932 | 423 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Life Is Like The Tossing of Grains of Sand
August 14, 2011 by rtwsenior
Looking over an old 2004 journal, I found an entry about a dream that gave me a new little bit of personal philosophy.
“April 19, 2004 – I had one of those interesting moments early this morning where I gave some definition in my sleep which amounted to utter wisdom. This one was in answer to a testing question given to me in my dream. I never remember the question when I wake and I’m sure that a totally different answer was expected. I know this because of the reaction to my answer.
I literally “stopped traffic” and changed the course of things so thoroughly that the original question was completely erased from the memory of The Questioner. He visualized, so completely, the scene created by my answer, that He admitted that He couldn’t, at all, remember where He was going with the original question; or what He had expected me to say. Whatever it was, it wasn’t as positive as the idea that I came up with.
I believe that the stimulus to the question was the sight of a handful of things (small things like grains of sand) being tossed into the air. I heard myself give the answer: “Life is the time between the split second that something is tossed into the air and the moment that it lands.”
I went on to explain that when it is airborne, it is fluid and can be affected and changed. But that the moment it lands, all becomes fixed and static again. I thought of how a gust of wind could rearrange the airborne particles; or how a chance scattering could occur due to many causes. A hand might move through them, or a bird, or a vehicle. If the particles themselves had a will to move, then their movement was only possible during that freedom time and not before or after the toss-up.
This brief life is the malleable period. How are we responding to the opportunities for movement? How do we create our course of events or react to the unexpected stirrings of our fortune? How do we view the Decline…that inevitable second half of the toss, when we are falling ever closer to the ground; and then, the moment when life ends and the toss-up is completely over?
Do we unreasonably wish that the upward ride would continue forever? Do we want perpetual youth and no end to the toss of the dice? No conclusion? No fortune read?
If so, we are foolishly choosing the half in which we know very little and in which we can only discern the blue of the sky. It is simply the exhilaration of the momentum that we are attracted to; not the time of true possibilities after the apex is attained. On the way down, if we should open our eyes and look about, we would see the vast earth spread out below and we could begin to draw a few conclusions. Perhaps we would decide to ride the wind and aim for those attractive possibilities we see along the way. Maybe we could soar, instead of plummeting like a rock.
Hopefully however, we’d be good sports about the fact that our momentary ride is coming to a conclusion when we see the earth and our own personal landing pad looming ever closer. Who do we think we are, never to come down? Would we really choose to be an “Incomplete Toss?” An “Unconcluded Thing?” An Unfinished Symphony?”
Not I! I want to do it all and I want to fully experience that landing down. Then, when I’m “Somewhere Else,” I’d like to review the toss-up and learn my lessons from it. | <urn:uuid:ef7c5f30-036f-4e01-b6f0-929394f32b1f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://heyboomers.com/2011/08/life-is-like-the-tossing-of-grains-of-sand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876500.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021122208-20201021152208-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.972021 | 782 | 2.609375 | 3 |
History in the jet stream.
John Mortimer seems unduly critical of Hermione Giffard's thesis, especially regarding Dr Arnold Griffith (Books, PE April).
In 1926, two years before Mortimer's suggested starting point, following Griffith's paper entitled "An aerodynamic theory of turbine design," the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) started research work on axial-flow gas turbines for aircraft propulsion.
Griffith's papers were classified as secret for 50 years and only made available in 1976. Metropolitan Vickers collaborated with the RAE from 1937 and tested the first British axial-flow jet engine in 1941 (two were later installed in a Gloster Meteor) and the first ducted fan engine in 1943.
The radial or centrifugal compressor, used by Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, soon became obsolete. I understand that they were used initially by Whittle because of the expertise gained from their application in piston engine superchargers.
Axial-flow compressors are more efficient than radial-flow compressors and component efficiency is of prime importance. The Rolls-Royce Ghost was the last with the radial-flow compressor; the Rolls-Royce Avon had an axial-flow compressor.
Metrovick produced the Beryl and the Sapphire, later manufactured by Armstrong Siddeley at Brockworth adjacent to Gloster at Hucclecote where the engine was installed in the Gloster Javelin.
Brian Cowell, Hucclecote, Gloucestershire
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The Structure and Function of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
The Department of Veterans Affairs is comprised of three branches: Veterans Health Administration (VHA), Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA), and the National Cemetery Administration (NCA). Each of these branches has specific functions that serve veterans in different ways. This blog will focus on the Veterans Health Administration’s role in the VA system.
What is the Veterans Health Administration?
The Veterans Health Administration is the largest healthcare network in the United States and is made up of 1,243 health care facilities; 172 of which are VA medical centers, and 1,062 are outpatient sites with varying purpose. Among these sites are VA outpatient clinics, community-based outpatient clinics, community service programs, Vet Centers, and domiciliary care centers. These facilities are divided based on geographic location into 18 Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISNs).
The Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health leads VHA, the largest agency within VA, and oversees an annual budget of roughly $68 billion. The Veterans Health Administration employs over 300,000 health care professionals and support staff among its sprawling facilities.
What does the Veterans Health Administration do?
The mission of the Veterans Health Administration is to “honor America’s Veterans by providing exceptional health care that improves their health and wellbeing.” VHA is tasked with serving each of the over 9 million veterans enrolled in VA health care. It is important to make the distinction between the Veterans Health Administration and the Veterans Benefits Administration: veterans are treated for medical conditions in VHA facilities (or providers contracted with VHA), and the VBA is in charge of overseeing and distributing compensation for service-connected disabilities and special benefits such as Dependency and Indemnity Compensation.
Facilities of the Veterans Health Administration and their purpose
- Veterans Health Administration Medical Centers are usually large hospital facilities located in major cities across the United States. Each medical center offers traditional hospital-based services and some offer specialty care services, such as:
- Mental health
- Physical Therapy
- Audiology and speech pathology
- Vision care
- Community-Based Outpatient Clinics are facilities contracted by VA to provide veterans with common outpatient services, such as health and wellness visits, without having to visit a VA medical center.
- Community Living Centers, or nursing homes, are skilled nursing facilities for veterans with stable chronic conditions, who need rehabilitation, or who require hospice care.
- VHA Domiciliaries provide veterans with short-term residential medical or psychiatric treatment and vocational rehabilitation in a home-like environment.
- Vet Centers offer free outreach services and readjustment counseling to all combat veterans.
- Medicaid cuts in Senate health care bill worry veterans
- Caregiver Program: Veterans risk loss of care due to inability to appeal VHA decisions
- VA Vision Care and Which Veterans Qualify
Share this Post | <urn:uuid:3b5f0199-2024-4aef-b7ae-2240831b4589> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://cck-law.com/blog/the-structure-and-function-of-the-veterans-health-administration-vha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.932285 | 589 | 3.125 | 3 |
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