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Acid reflux disease, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, occurs when stomach acids leak back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining.
For GERD "My GI doc placed me on ranitidine 300 mg twice daily and it has worked very well for me. I have both acid and non-acid reflux and had been on PPI’s for many years.
I have constant nausea. Is this typical for acid reflux? On day 4 of your induction diet which has relieved heartburn, but still very nauseous.
I’ve been on Nexium for 2 weeks. I have had a week of no acid shooting up my throat. But, still feel a film on my tongue, tastes a little sour too.
Sugar Free Gum For People With Acid Reflux Heartburn is also called acid reflux because it occurs when stomach acid comes into contact with the lining of the esophagus, causing irritation. Jul 8, 2014. About sixty million people
Acid reflux is an uncomfortable condition in which stomach acid flows back into the food pipe. This article investigates which drinks will make it worse, and what you should drink to minimize.
ARTICLE SUMMARY • Western allopathic medicine blames GERD on the flawed and outdated theory of stomach acid overproduction, but GERD is actually due to a lack of stomach acid, which can arise in response to multiple triggers.
Side Effects of Antacids and Acid Blockers. To understand the side effects of antacids and acid blocking drugs it is useful to examine why they exist, how they work and what they do to.
7 Steps to Reverse Acid Reflux – Eggs Don’t. – 7 Steps to Reverse Acid Reflux. Acid reflux is a big problem. 44% of Americans have heartburn at least once a month. 25 to 35% have reflux. Acid-blocking drugs or what we call PPIs like Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec—that little purple pill—are the third most prescribed medications in the country.
Ranitidine for acid reflux. This leaflet is about the use of ranitidine for acid reflux. This leaflet has been written for parents and carers about how to use this medicine in children.
I have been reading your post from 2010 and pray that you have been cured by now. If so what was the cure. Everything you have described my father has been going through now for 4 years.
Acid Reflux Symptoms and Complications The most common acid reflux and GERD symptoms include: Heartburn; Bitter taste in your mouth, periodically or (for some people) throughout the day (some people taste regurgitated food or sour liquid at the back of their mouths/throats)
I am currently on omeprazole AND ranitidine at the same time and it hasn’t even touched my acid reflux in the slightest, either of them, so my Dad has paid for me to go private next week cos I am pregnant an really suffering at the moment.
Acid reflux. Poprotskiy Alexey/Shutterstock. Acid reflux describes the condition in which acid and food from your stomach creep up into the esophagus, the tube connecting your stomach to your throat.
Ranitidine, sold under the trade name Zantac among others, is a medication which decreases stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. There is also tentative evidence of benefit for hives. It can be taken by mouth, by injection into a.
1. What is Acid Reflux? Acid reflux is a painful condition that affects millions of people all over the world. It is caused when your stomachs digestive acids make their way up into the esophagus.
Acid reflux is one of the most common conditions in the western world. In this article you will learn 10 steps to beat acid reflux naturally.
15 Natural Remedies for Heartburn & Severe. – 1. A spoonful of baking soda… A spoonful of sodium bicarbonate, or teaspoon-full to be exact, can help put an end to the gnawing, burning, sensation of heartburn caused by acid reflux.
A GERD diet, when combined with other lifestyle changes, can often help reduce, or even eliminate many of the painful symptoms associated with acid reflux. | <urn:uuid:1e61fd9c-75f7-47d6-be89-6c36b48eedd9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://auburngammaphi.com/still-have-acid-reflux-with-zantac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315695.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821001802-20190821023802-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.943562 | 948 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Voting is the cornerstone of democracy. It cements the right to elect representatives, to weigh in on state and federal issues, and to have your hand in the course of your country.
Everyone has a vote**.
But who actually gets to cast it?
That’s the question that determines whether a proposition passes or fails. Not how many people in the voting population support it, but how many of those people vote for it. If 60% of people are for something, and 40% are against it, but 90% of one group and only 10% of the other group get to vote, that’s going to affect the outcome.
Of course, there is already prolific documentation about the unequal accessibility of this fundamental right. This is most often framed in the light of voter turnout, meaning the percentage of possible voters who actually go to the polls. The United States has a startlingly low voter turnout as democracies go. Policy researchers are avidly exploring explanations for this discrepancy with the rest of the world.
But while I was voting by mail this election, I started asking another question.
“Does everyone vote for everything?”
I live and vote in California. My ballot is 5 pages long. I’ve got federal, state-level, and local representatives to research and vote for; I’ve got county measures and city measures to comb through. I’ve spent a couple nights this week working on my civic duty, much to the chagrin of my laundry and dishes!
It’s one thing to show up to the polls in a country that doesn’t have an election day as a mandatory holiday, or a compulsory vote — that’s already hard, and we know that. Polling place locations and lines are long. Sometimes polling places close and it’s hard to know where to go.
But once you get there, does everyone make it all the way through that long ballot? How many people leave things blank?
I decided to find out.
Welcome to King County, WA, where voter turnout is over 80%!
This is actually about the average turn-out in the rest of the democratic first world outside of America. (That makes the ~55% American turnout in 2016 look staggeringly behind.)
King County is a mostly urban and sub-urban county — one of the three that make up the larger Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue area. According to the 2010 Census, King County is majority white; according to the 2017 American Community Survey (see fig 10) a majority of the population has had some college education. Last week, the Washington Post reported the connection between education status and turnout, so it shouldn’t be surprising that such an educated place has such high voter turnout.
I downloaded precinct-level reporting data on every measure on the 2016 ballots of King County. I validated that data with the overall information to make sure the numbers matched up, but the data I worked with has data for individual polling places, so I have a lot more granularity to work with.
But this post isn’t about getting to the polls. This post is about what happens after.
Voter turnout is high in King County, but not everyone votes for everything.
People overwhelmingly vote for federal level positions.
I categorize the different races on the ballot in order to group ones together, and order by the precinct-level average % of voters voting. You can see that (in 2016) the highest percentages of voters vote for President & Vice President, with most of the federal positions ranking high (US Senator, US Congress). But state-level representatives recieve votes from about 10% less of the population on average — meaning about 10% of King County residents make it to the polls, but don’t vote for the candidates.
More people abstain when candidates run unopposed.
Why don’t people vote for an issue? In some case that’s because their vote may literally not really count. In every circumstance, unopposed candidates for state representatives or for judges (more on them later) get about 15-25% less of the overall population voting for them.
Voting is way lower for judges, of which there’s lots more than the other low positions.
Now back to the judges. Far and away, fewer residents vote for judges, even in contested races! Of course, they also vote at similar rates for the state treasurer and superintendent, but here’s the difference: there were 13 elected judicial appointments on ballots across King County, compared to just one treasurer and superintendent race. Across all these races, people just plain old vote less.
The distributions of vote share between two sides overlap each other — a lot.
Zooming in on four county-level races (we’ll get back to these particular races later) — two judge positions and two propositions — we can look at the distributions of the vote share per precinct that each candidate or choice got. The more distinct these distributions, the clearer the gap between the two choices.
But instead, these particular races — which are varying degrees of contested, as you can tell by where the mean in the boxplot lies — have vastly overlapping distributions. Are they significantly distinct from one-another? Votes are just the polls that matter. Are these outcomes separated by more than the margin of error of a poll?
(This should trouble us as good statisticians. If these distributions overlap so much how confident can we be that the mean coming out higher in one or the other is “right”? More on how perturbable this is later.)
Do people really vote less for ‘downballot’ races?
I actually hadn’t heard of this word until I made this figure and was trying to understand. I showed the plot to a friend. “Oh, downballot races, that’s a known thing,” he said.
I got a hold of the county-wide ballot, and luckily, the first page is almost all propositions, which have similar abstention rates. Then I split it out by where the proposition was on the page.
More people abstain as the measure moves down the page.
Here, the Y axis is ordred in the same way as the measures on the ballot, with each box representing one of the 3 columns of page 1. You’ll notice that in each one, the closer you are to the bottom, the less people are voting for you — it’s a literal physical down ballot effect.
With one HUGE GLARING EXCEPTION: in column 3, this effect instead centers around the LEAST abstained vote, i.e., the vote for US President and Vice President.
The further you are from the item of interest, the fewer people vote, i.e., the more abstain.
The effects on actual outcomes
“These trends are cute,” you might say. “A neat little experiment. But what’s the consequence?”
As before, the importance of voting is really in representation. If a non-representative group of voters votes, the election doesn’t represent what people want.
Often this is the argument for voter registration drives. “If we get out the vote, and people show up, our propositions will pass.” “Our representatives will be elected.”
So how big of a difference can abstention really make alongside getting the vote out?
30% of county-wide races and 20% of municipal races could be flipped by abstainers.
I did a simple analysis, asking just the question, “if everyone who turned out to vote but abstained on an issue voted for the losing side, how often would the outcome reverse?”
Here’s a visualization of this analysis for a few county-wide races — the ones we looked at before, to see how well the vote share distributions per precinct overlapped.
The margin of actual counted votes was within about 50-100k (5-10% of turn-out) of one-another for these disparate races. But that turn-out includes a similar number (or in the cases of judges, sometimes a drastically higher number) of ballots where that particular box was just left blank.
In each of these cases, the blank votes would be more than enough to reverse the outcome — and in the case of the judges, they could reverse them by a serious landslide.
And these reversals aren’t always on the levels of hundreds of thousands of people — in at least one case, the margin between one legislator and the other is literally one actual vote. People’s votes literally do matter, and in a simplistic model, they could have a big impact.
If their votes could mean so much, what’s making people abstain?
So if votes are so valuable, why aren’t people who actually DO make it to the polls … using them on every ballot measure?
There have been a lot of good pieces of interviewing journalism on why people aren’t voting this year (or at all). But I wanted to look at this question from a different perspective, by examining my dataset rather than asking voters for their personal explanations.
The wider the margin, the more abstentions (for local races)
I’ve continued to mark out races that are flippable (by my test above) here, but am focused on something else: the correlation between the number of blank ballots and the winning margin of the winning side, though only for municipal races. (The correlation for county-wide is likely underpowered and therefore insignificant).
By Spearman’s rho, there’s a statistically significant relationship indicating that the bigger the vote margin gets, the bigger the number of blank ballot lines gets ().
Why is this?
Is this because people feel they need to vote less on less contentious issues? Is it because people who feel really extremely vote, and others don’t, so the vote looks extremely split?
That much we can’t tell from just this data (that’s where population-wide polling data comes in…), but we can say there is a strong relationship between these two quantities.
So we’ve learned:
- Voters don’t vote for judges.
- Voters lose steam as they move down the physical ballot, or away from items they’re interested in voting in.
- Blank votes are not a trivial number of votes — in 30% of county and 20% of municipal races they could outright flip the direction.
- The less competitive a municipal race, the more blank ballots there likely were.
Turnout is the beginning, but it isn’t the end.
If you’ve had all the time in the world you could possibly need to understand a measure and you say, “I’ve done all the research I want, I can’t possibly choose [candidate | some choice | yes | no ],” abstaining is a valid exercise of your right to vote.
But are voters abstaining for that reason? Would they really feel empowered to make informed decisions about every candidate, including the decision not to decide? Even if 100% of people went to the polls, do they have the opportunity to learn and think through what they’re voting for?
I’d argue the hints of ballot fatigue suggest that isn’t what’s going on.
Getting to the polls is just the first step.
It’s what we do once we get there that fulfills that civic duty and cements the act of participating in a democracy — whether that’s participating by voting, or by abstaining.
And if citizens don’t feel ready for that, even in a world of perfect, 100% turnout, we won’t have a representative voting process.
It isn’t just about turning up to the polls. It isn’t about checking a box. It’s about feeling empowered to make choices, not feeling distracted, frustrated, and throwing up your hands and saying: “Whatever, I guess I just won’t vote on this measure”.
It is not enough to just show up.
**This does not reflect felons and others who are deprived of their votes. | <urn:uuid:11cd4bf1-4105-4588-b8e3-e2963fc9c02e> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://telis.blog/author/ntelis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998844.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618223541-20190619005541-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.953215 | 2,578 | 2.609375 | 3 |
11 July 2014 - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is the coordinator of LinkTADs, a 1 million euro research consortium funded by the European Union (EU) to link research between Europe and China on the prevention and control of transboundary animal diseases (TADs). LinkTADs aims to: (i) coordinate research across borders; (ii) aid in finding common research goals; (iii) guide partners along the process; and (iv) create sustainable and simple mechanisms to preserve collaborations in the future.
A 36-month Work Plan has been designed featuring eight Work Packages (WPs), which will ensure that EU and Chinese scientists benefit from shared knowledge, skills and equipment, optimising the use of research resources. Since LinkTADs' official start in November 2013, the consortium can already count some major achievements.
To ensure the management and coordination of LinkTADs and the smooth running of activities throughout the project's lifetime, and in collaboration with Europa Media Non-profit Ltd. (EM), FAO developed a quality assurance process for all deliverables, from preparation to submission. EM also developed a "Project Toolbox" (with guidelines and templates to ease the administrative burden of the participants), the partner area on the LinkTADs website (where all documents and results are archived), and a gender strategy.
The Royal Veterinary College (RVC) and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CADC) conducted a prioritization exercise based on literature reviews of emerging animal health, food safety and food security issues in EU and China. Different levels of importance were attributed to animal diseases in the EU and China according to the number of publications, highlighting common diseases of interest and potential opportunities for collaboration between the two regions.
In addition, RVC led a survey to map the available resources and infrastructure on animal health research in order to establish the gaps and potential synergies between the EU and China. Different problems were identified by both parties, i.e. researchers in the EU saw access to funding as an issue, while those in China felt there is a lack of access to well-managed databases on animal health and to personnel trained in epidemiology.
In April 2014, the Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI) organized a meeting with a double purpose: firstly to examine the transmission dynamics of avian influenza, and secondly to discuss how to establish a network of control of TADs and zoonoses, including which topics to cover and which participants to invite. The meeting was attended by circa 100 participants from 35 research institutes in Asia, Europe and the United States.
Finally, in order to raise awareness about the project among defined groups, FAO and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovação (SPI) jointly developed a plan for dissemination. Dissemination materials (i.e. templates, brochures and posters) were developed by SPI in English and Chinese to facilitate communication activities, while EM developed the project logo and launched the bilingual Chinese-English public website.
For further information on LinkTADs' activities, meetings and related news, please go to the website, which is regularly updated. | <urn:uuid:aad22d1a-13d7-4813-a0aa-8ca64a4964b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/news_110714B.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528037.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722133851-20190722155851-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.93882 | 653 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How to Kill Acorns That Are Sprouting
Don't throw the acorns into your compost or mulch bin, as the heat of the compost won't kill the nuts and they will create new problems when redistributed throughout your garden.
Systemic herbicide will kill all vegetation, not just acorns. Spray with caution to avoid getting herbicide on plants you wish to keep.
Acorns find their way into your landscape in a variety of ways. You may have an acorn tree nearby, or squirrels and other wildlife may have brought the nuts to your property. The acorns may begin sprouting if given the right environment. This can become a nuisance, especially if you do not want little acorn trees taking over your landscape. Kill and remove the sprouting acorns immediately to prevent future problems with an overabundance of saplings.
Rake the ground to pick up any dormant or sprouting acorns lying on or near the surface. Discard these acorns.
Dig up the sprouting acorns. This method is ideal for gardeners who have a limited amount of sprouting acorns. Slip the pointed end of a shovel into the ground adjacent to the base of an acorn sprout and heave upwards. Alternatively, grasp the acorn sprout at its base with your hands and pull away from the ground.
Spray the sprouting acorns with a systemic herbicide such as glyphosate, available from nurseries and garden stores. This strategy is best for those who have a large amount of sprouting acorns for which digging would take too long. Spray the herbicide directly onto the acorn sprouts' foliage on a dry day. The sprouts will die within 14 days.
Pour boiling water onto the acorns. This method is ideal for those who want an all-natural alternative to herbicide, but works for sprouts that are a few inches tall only. Pour the water directly onto the sprout to kill it.
- "The Gardener's Guide to Planting and Growing Trees;" Mike Buffi; 2007
Joshua Duvauchelle is a certified personal trainer and health journalist, relationships expert and gardening specialist. His articles and advice have appeared in dozens of magazines, including exercise workouts in Shape, relationship guides for Alive and lifestyle tips for Lifehacker. In his spare time, he enjoys yoga and urban patio gardening. | <urn:uuid:e573a3cc-c8dd-4002-b6fa-80f265012afe> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.gardenguides.com/13428679-how-to-kill-acorns-that-are-sprouting.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.930735 | 495 | 2.625 | 3 |
TIB 11 Macedonia, southern part
TIB 11 deals with the southern part of the historical region of Macedonia, situated in the territory of modern Greece. This area is approximately identical with the Roman province of Macedonia Prima. The region of TIB 11 – encompassing nearly 33,000 square kilometers – is bordered to the north by Albania, FYROM and Bulgaria, regions which are largely treated in TIB 16 “Macedonia, northern part”. The neighboring regions are Epirus, Thessaly and Thrace. In the south TIB 11 extends to the Aegean coast. Within the TIB 11 are included, among others, Thessalonica, which was for centuries the second city of the Byzantine Empire, and Mount Athos, since the 10th century a monastic center of great importance for the Orthodox Church. The immigration of a Slavic population in the 6th and 7th centuries had considerable influence on the settlement structure and toponymy of the region and Macedonia became zone of contact between the Greek and the Slavic populations (Bulgarians, Serbs). At the end of the 14th and in the first half of the 15th centuries the region fell under Ottoman rule. The early Ottoman tax registers are an important source for the settlements and placenames in the Macedonian countryside. Several descriptions of important monuments and archaeological remains were written by Andreas Pülz in the years 2000–2002. Travels to the region have yielded further insights.
The core of TIB 11, i.e. the catalogue with entries about the names of places, settlements, monuments, archeological excavations etc., will be ready for publication by the end of 2017. The introductory chapters will be published later, together with TIB 16 “Macedonia, northern part”.
- P. Soustal, Nikopolis und Kephallenia (TIB 3). Wien 1981
- P. Soustal, Thrakien (Thrakē, Rodopē und Haimimontos) (TIB 6). Wien 1991
- K. Belke – P. Soustal, Die Byzantiner und ihre Nachbarn. Die De administrando imperio genannte Lehrschrift des Kaisers Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos für seinen Sohn Romanos, übersetzt, eingeleitet und erklärt von Klaus Belke und Peter Soustal (Byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber 19). Wien 1995
- J. Koder (unter Mitarbeit von P. Soustal u. A. Koder), Aigaion Pelagos (die nördliche Ägäis) (TIB 10). Wien 1998 | <urn:uuid:0d24355c-f4eb-4355-8ef0-56198f00297e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/byzantine-research/communities-and-landscapes/historical-geography/tib-11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.796964 | 578 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What do acne breakouts, weight gain, and confusion have in common? A lack of sleep, that’s what.
Sleeping is an essential bodily function, we all know this. But do you really know just how adversely your body can react to the lack of sleep?
If the yawning or nodding off at the wheel hasn’t clued you in already, here is a list of items that indicate sleep deprivation.
1. You crave for sweets
When you’re tired, ghrelin, the hunger hormone, increases. This causes you to crave more sugar and fat.
The hankering for something sweet is also due to the body’s attempts at raising levels of the feel-good hormone, serotonin. Consuming sugars triggers a serotonin release, which explains why you crave sweet stuff when tired and irritable.
2. You’re gaining weight
Sleep duration may be an important regulator of body weight and metabolism, affecting the levels of hormones in your body that play important roles in controlling appetite and satiety. Leptin levels increase during sleep. Leptin is a chemical that is involved in regulating appetite, metabolism, and calorie burning. It informs the brain that you are full, that you should start burning calories and create energy for the body to use. The brain knows that there is no need to trigger the feeling of hunger. When you don’t get enough sleep, you won’t get enough leptin, and the brain tells you you’re hungry even when you don’t actually need more food. Consequently, the excess food you consume will be stored as fat.
Leptin levels increase during sleep. Leptin is a chemical that is involved in regulating appetite, metabolism, and calorie burning. It informs the brain that you are full, that you should start burning calories and create energy for the body to use. The brain knows that there is no need to trigger the feeling of hunger. When you don’t get enough sleep, you won’t get enough leptin, and the brain tells you you’re hungry even when you don’t actually need more food. Consequently, the excess food you consume will be stored as fat.
3. You forget stuff easily
Research suggests that sleep plays an important role in memory and learning. Different stages of sleep are involved in the consolidation of different types of memories (make it stick) and being sleep deprived impairs one’s ability to focus and ultimately reduces one’s ability to learn efficiently.
4. You’re having trouble making decisions
Sleep deprivation can affect higher-level cognitive processing like problem-solving or time management. Research has shown that no matter how hard a person wants to make a right choice, sleep loss does something to the brain that simply prevents it from effectively using feedback. Sleep deprived persons can’t process feedback from their actions and changing circumstances.
5. You drop things
Are your motor skills not working like before? Things slipping through your fingers?
Your brain is required for the simplest of tasks, even physical ones like walking up the stairs successfully. When you’re exhausted, your brain can’t process the movements properly.
6. You’re getting emotional over the smallest things
If you find yourself crying at a movie scene that normally wouldn’t get to you, or having trouble reining in your temper, your lack of sleep might be to blame.
Studies show that sleep deprivation is linked to a disconnect in the part of the brain responsible for keeping emotions under control.
7. Your skin is breaking out
There are many short and long-term consequences of sleep deprivation related to your skin: swollen eyes, dark circles, and pale, dehydrated skin. Not so obvious consequences include impacts on wound healing, collagen growth, skin hydration, and skin texture. Inflammation of skin also increases, causing outbreaks of acne, eczema, and skin allergies. A decrease in collagen may result in wrinkles.
8. Your jeans are feeling tighter
If you’re chronically sleep-deprived and consuming more calorific foods, it’s likely that the fat is deposited around your middle. This is because your ability to respond to glucose load and release insulin is altered. Visceral fat deposition raises your risk of developing type II diabetes.
Weight gain, diabetes, flabby belly, acne breakouts. Is that episode of Game of Thrones really worth it? The next time you contemplate sacrificing an hour of sleep for the latest leaked episode, you might want to think twice. And perhaps it’s time to look into that irregular sleep cycle or bad sleeping habits of yours.
Cover photo: thegreatist | <urn:uuid:cb88bc73-18cc-4cf8-9f06-f0c6a5b7c941> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://healthloco.com/2017/09/22/lacking-sleep-may-be-the-reason-for-many-of-your-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745522.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119084944-20181119110323-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.919877 | 973 | 2.8125 | 3 |
All states have an official bird, usually one that's associated with its particular region. Many state birds are quite common, although Hawaii's chosen bird, the Nene, a type of goose, is endangered. The bird chosen by the most states - seven - is the Northern Cardinal, followed by the Western Meadowlark, picked by six. Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin chose the American Robin. The California Gull saved the Mormons' first harvest in Utah and is commemorated by this monument in Salt Lake City.
Broadcast on Saturday, March 29, 2014 at 8:58 a.m. | <urn:uuid:a4020610-84e0-40c9-99a9-e3da37ace5d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://digital.vpr.net/post/birdnote-whats-your-state-bird | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826892.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215152912-20181215174912-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.960375 | 122 | 2.5625 | 3 |
When Soviet forces began to pull out of Afghanistan in 1988 they were leaving behind a mixed group of Afghan forces, much as the Americans will be leaving behind a mixed group when they complete their pullout in 2014.
First, there was the president of the pro-Soviet Republic of Afghanistan, a Communist-turned-Afghan-nationalist strongman named Mohammad Najibullah, whom the CIA thought could survive only a few weeks once the Soviets left. In fact, his regime would last until 1992, when the Soviet Union collapsed and the money and supplies it had been providing the Afghan government stopped. There were also many local militias led by warlords created by Soviet Special Forces and the KGB, as well as rival ethnic groups, drug lords, and a Pakistan-based opposition collectively called the Mujahideen. This group, which hoped to topple the Communist regime, was riven by deep factionalism and overt interference by the CIA and Pakistan’s Interservices Intelligence (ISI), which the Communist government in Kabul used to its advantage by playing divide and rule among the Mujahideen’s various components. There were also large numbers of urban Afghans who supported Najibullah and who had benefited from Soviet rule.
The Afghan government had little control of the countryside outside the major cities. Afghanistan had been left in a state of near chaos by the widespread corruption in the country fueled by drug trafficking, an army and economy totally dependent on Soviet aid, and advisers facing increasing interference by Afghanistan’s neighbors—such as Iran and Pakistan—and by the Mujahideen in safe havens in Pakistan.
This may sound all too familiar. Still, there is an important difference between Afghanistan in 1992 and Afghanistan today. Unlike the Americans, before they left the Soviets (and their protégé Najibullah) had tried hard to carry out a political reconciliation process not only with the Mujahideen leaders and field commanders but also with their backers, the United States and Pakistan. Though their attempts at political reconciliation did not succeed, the Soviets’ contact with Afghan commanders allowed the Red Army to withdraw with few casualties in just nine months because Afghan commanders had agreed not to fire on departing Soviet soldiers. The US withdrawal will in comparison be carried out in stages and ultimately take two years and be very bloody.
Najibullah’s political strategy was based on Afghan nationalism. It included introducing a new constitution, a multiparty system, and an Islamic legal system. His army held on for three years defending all the major cities against the Mujahideen until the collapse of the Soviet Union stopped aid and money supplies. Meanwhile, the United Nations, having organized the five-year-long negotiations that led to the Soviet withdrawal, did not give up. The UN envoys Diego Cordovez and later Benon Sevan continued actively to try to lay the groundwork for an…
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Was born at Beverley, Yorkshire in 1859. He was the son of Frederick Asquith and Elizabeth (nee Ruddock). His father, who was an engine fitter, was born at Leeds and his mother at York. They were married at Leeds Parish Church in 1852. Frederick had three older sisters; Jane Ann (b 1853), Henrietta (b 1854) and Phoebe Elizabeth (b 1856) and four younger siblings: Walter (b 1862), Lilly (b 1864), Samuel (b 1867) and Ada (b 1870).
His father had died by the time the 1871 census was taken, at which time Frederick was working as an errand boy and was living with his widowed mother and siblings at 8 Robinson Square, Hull. His father had died by the time the 1871 census was taken, at which time Frederick was working as an errand boy and was living with his widowed mother and siblings at 8 Robinson Square, Hull. At the time of the 1891 census Frederick was away at sea, but his wife and her ten-year old sister, Lily E George, were living at 2 Albert Terrace, Bean Street, Hull.
Frederick and Ada had ten children, but four had already died by 1911. Frederick William and Minnie Georgina were born at Hull in 1896 and 1901 and their younger siblings were born after the family relocated to Liverpool; Dorothy (b 1906), Edna (b 1908), Raymond (b 1909) and Winston (b 1914). Frederick Asquith junior also pursued a seafaring career. Liverpool Crew Lists show he served aboard the S.S. Vosges in 1912 and 1913 as an engineer’s and officers’ and engineers’ steward. They give his address as 42 Olney Street, Walton. Father and son, Frederick William Asquith, were both lost when their ship, S.S. Cliffburn, disappeared in the Irish Channel on the 22nd May 1918 after a collision with the steamer S.S. Northumberland. Neither men were eligible for commemoration by the CWGC as they did not die as the direct result of enemy action. | <urn:uuid:cdb156da-5127-4472-a06c-6d60b7a91b15> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://ww1aintreeandmelling.co.uk/memorial/chief-engineer-frederick-william-asquith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703496947.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115194851-20210115224851-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.993757 | 444 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A quick fact for starters: statistics revealed that around 60% of parents of the US primary school students preferred Python over French as a language that has to be taught in primary school. Now there are increasingly more grown-up students who want to add Python on their list of competencies. The good news is that this Python course will effectively accelerate you through Python basics. Continue learning, and you’ll stand out as an in-demand specialist in the world of programming.
Python is a programming language which is easy to learn, but it has a lot of power to fire up any type of programme that you might need. You’ll make use of useful Python functions working on Linux, Mac, or Windows systems. As a quick reminder, I’ll just say that Python is the one that Google used Python to write most of the search algorithms. YouTube’s code was previously written with PHP, but eventually got replaced with Python. Another important fact is that Python is open source, and it has a robust community which continues to build the strength of useful Python functions. Once you’re past the Python basics level, you’ll see ways to transfer your skills in web applications.
The days of 3-year-university studies are essentially ticking away. People need skills fast, and they need to find the best teachers. Add the possibilities of online learning platforms, and BAM – the best solution is just in front of your eyes. A quick and easy way to learn what you think is best for you, or what you see you lack on. In my eyes, the best way to learn Python is by grabbing a course on Python basics, playing around with practical tasks, and start… doing stuff for the real world!
What can you expect from this Python course? First of all, you’ll see but real-life programming experience that I’ll share with you throughout this Python crash course. I’ve worked for companies like Amazon.com, HP, UPS, FedEx, and I’m proud to be the author of the best selling Linux for Beginners and Python Programming for Beginners. So my course is for those who don’t have any experience with Python yet but are eager to learn and start their programming career. Also, this Python course is excellent for programmers who want to level-up and go deeper into specifics.
I’ll guide you step-by-step with a structured outline: a smarter way to learn Python is to have everything structured. The topics that we will cover:
Besides, you’ll get valuable takeaways in the form of a free ebook and audiobook. You’ll also be able to download all the material that we’ll cover in this Python course.
Right now, Python is red hot and it doesn't look like that's about to change. Programmers who master it are and will be highly in-demand. If you’re looking for the best way to learn Python, enroll this Python course to make an impact to your career.
Jason is a professional system administrator, consultant, and author. He has utilized his Linux skills at companies such as Xerox, UPS, Hewlett-Packard, and Amazon.com.
Jason has professional experience with CentOS, RedHat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and Ubuntu. Jason also has experience supporting proprietary Unix operating systems including AIX, HP-UX, and Solaris.
Jason is the author of "Linux for Beginners," "Python Programming," and "Command Line Kung Fu." | <urn:uuid:15fd7260-e2d0-480a-896e-73a1aa26ffc5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.bitdegree.org/course/python-course | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622113.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625054501-20210625084501-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.951921 | 732 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Horses in a wild environment tend to graze or browse intermittently for 18 hours per day, keeping their digestive tracts filled with high-fiber forage. In a domesticated environment, it is not unusual for feeding to be restricted to large meals fed twice daily with long periods of fasting in between. This has adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract, leading to problems such as gastric ulcer syndrome (GUS) due to loss of buffering of stomach acid during fasting, and impaction colic due to alterations in intestinal motility.
In addition, horses that don’t have relatively constant access to hay or pasture tend to develop pica (eating of non-food materials) and might develop repetitive (stereotypic) behaviors such as crib biting, weaving and stall walking.
Other studies have demonstrated improved body condition, better fertility rates, and positive social interactions when horses have free access to forage.
However, some horses are incapable of controlling their feed intake while others with limited exercise tend to become obese if allowed to eat their fill. There is also the opportunity for wastage with free-choice hay if too much is provided that gets trampled or spoiled rather than eaten.
Commercial feeding systems have been developed to control a horse’s intake—these “slow feeders” contain the hay in one place and make it challenging for a horse to acquire the feed, thus slowing down consumption. A horse pulls out one bite at a time from many small holes in the feeder device instead of having access to one large hole that not only allows big mouthfuls, but also distributes clumps of hay on the ground.
One study compared the behaviors of horses fed either hay on the ground, hay in a hay bag, or hay in a slow feeder in the corner of the stall [Rochais, C.; Henry, S.; Hausberger, M. “Hay-bags” and “Slow feeders”: Testing their impact on horse behaviour and Welfare. Applied Animal Behavior Sept 2017]. The researchers found that the most time spent feeding occurred with the hay bag and the slow feeder as might be expected because the horses had to work harder in search of hay in the web or wire mesh holes.
Horses experienced less frustration with the slow feeder and exhibited fewer stereotypic behaviors. In addition, eating from the slow feeder improved positive interactions with humans.
In contrast, the hay bag feeder hung at head height on the wall resulted in greater horse frustration and this led to more stereotypic behaviors, such as crib biting. Frustration in using the hay bag was observed as the horses pulled on the hay bag with teeth or pushed on it with the head. Horses fed off the ground also demonstrated frustration behavior, and they also ate more straw than horses fed with the hay bag or slow feeder.
Hay remained in the slow feeder even 11 hours after feeding whereas the hay bag and stall ground feeding systems were empty far sooner. Periods in between eating from the slow feeder were associated with relaxed behaviors.
When horses are provided with free access to forage, they tend to self-regulate better in their eating habits, taking in what they need rather than tending toward more gluttonous behavior of eating everything in front of them. Some horses need a little time to make this adjustment; others still don’t exercise good self-control, so hay must be rationed to a set amount each day. The slow feeder helps to lengthen out the time of eating, which is much better for both psychological and intestinal health.
Types of Slow Feeders
Slow feeders come in a variety of configurations, as varied as the imagination.
- Diamond shaped openings in webbed hay nets;
- Buckets that hold 15-20# of hay;
- Trough-shaped configurations that hold a bale of hay;
- More elaborate wooden constructions with wire mesh over the hay;
- Combinations of slow feeders, such as installing a hay net (with zip ties) into a box covered by a grate.
Hay nets by themselves generally have large openings that don’t really slow down intake, and the horse also tends to pull too much hay out at one time, with most of the hay landing on the ground where it is consumed quickly or stepped or urinated on and spoiled. The ideal hole opening is 1½ - 1¾ inches for an adult horse. If the holes are too small, the horse might become too frustrated to eat. You might need some experimentation to find just the right size hole for your horse.
Nets are useful for their ability to be attached to just about any surface—wall, tree or post. They are available in a number of different sizes. The disadvantages are that a horse may pull out too much hay thereby obviating them as a “slow” feeder, plus there is a risk of leg or head entanglement.
Feeders made from hard plastic or rubber seem to hold up to temperature extremes and horse antics. It is better to avoid wooden hay containers for their tendency to splinter or fragment from wear and tear by horse proximity. And, they are more easily knocked over if too lightweight. Be aware that a steel grate or grid placed on top of a homemade slow feeder creates a dangerous risk of foot or leg entrapment. Whatever form of grate or grid used, it is best for it to have rounded edges that don’t injure a horse’s mouth or teeth.
Some slow feeders or hay bags are commercially made; some are homemade from designs available on the Internet. Purchase from a commercial enterprise is likely to ensure that the feeder is made with durable, heavy-duty fabric or materials that stand up to horse abuse and are safe for the horse to use.
The best shapes for slow feeders include:
- A removable hay basket that sits inside a metal frame – the basket doesn’t sit on the ground so is able to drain;
- A barrel or box feeder that sits on the ground with hay access from the top. This allows a horse to eat in a natural head-down position. | <urn:uuid:a1673691-2244-4651-90c0-d080dafd4829> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://stablemanagement.com/articles/slow-feeders-for-horses-how-they-work | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540515344.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208230118-20191209014118-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.954751 | 1,270 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Recent research has found that Mexican free-tailed bats can reach 99 mph in level flight. That is better than any bird or other flying mammal! And it’s fast!
The bats reach these speeds for short periods of time, and scientists are not sure why they go so fast then. Flying is very energy intensive, and fast flying just intensifies it even more.
Mexican free-tails are built for speed, with long narrow wings and small, streamlined bodies.
You can learn more here. The photo shows Mexican free-tailed bats leaving a bridge north of Austin, Texas, at dusk. | <urn:uuid:3074eaff-952f-43e1-8d86-f7c55a75e8c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://theamazingbat.com/bats-flight-fast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125841.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00411-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95497 | 124 | 3.140625 | 3 |
10 Predictive & Inferential Prompts for Shared Reading in Speech Therapy
Here are 10 predictive & inferential prompts that you can use during shared reading in speech and language therapy sessions!
💭 I wonder what is going to happen next.
💭 Where could the characters be going next?
💭 How do the characters feel?
💭 What do the characters think?
💭 What could the characters do instead?
💭 Why did ___ happen?
💭 Why will ___ happen?
💭 Why wouldn’t ___ happen?
💭 How will the characters solve the problem?
💭 What else could have happened at the end?
Do you have students who are not quite ready for these types of questions? That's okay! You can still ask these questions and model responses if they're in the students' ZPD (zone of proximal development). You can also scaffold these types of questions by offering sentence starters! For example,
SLP: I wonder what is going to happen next. I think the bear is going to...
These strategies can also be used by SLP's in speech and language therapy sessions, by teachers and aides in the general or special education classroom, and by loved ones at home!
Have a wonderful week! | <urn:uuid:3908de1f-3d8a-42e1-a060-c9fbb58984af> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.speechieadventures.com/post/10-predictive-inferential-prompts-for-shared-reading-in-speech-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711221.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207221727-20221208011727-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.953134 | 283 | 3.265625 | 3 |
by Staff Writers
Stanford CA (SPX) Dec 16, 2011
Over the past 10 years, the death of forest trees due to drought and increased temperatures has been documented on all continents except Antarctica. This can in turn drive global warming by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by trees and by releasing carbon locked up in their wood. New research led by Carnegie researcher and Stanford University PhD student William Anderegg offers evidence for the physiological mechanism governing tree death in a drought. The work is published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Forests store about 45 percent of the carbon found on land. Their mortality can radically transform ecosystems, affect biodiversity, harm local economies, and pose fire risks, as well as increase to global warming.
Scientists had two competing theories for how forest trees die during a drought. One hypothesis proposed that the trees starved due to decreased photosynthetic activity. The other proposed that the system for transporting water within a tree was damaged beyond repair due to the stresses of the drought.
Without knowing which theory was correct, it was difficult for researchers to build models and make projections about the larger impact of drought-induced forest mortality.
The team focused their efforts on climate-induced die offs of trembling aspen trees in North America. They looked directly at both carbon starvation and water-transportation stress on ongoing forest deaths.
Aside from Anderegg, the author team includes Carnegie's Chris Field and Joe Berry, along with William's brother Leander, and Duncan Smith and John Sperry of the University of Utah. Leander Anderegg was a Stanford undergraduate at the time the fieldwork was completed.
The aspen die-off, called Sudden Aspen Decline or SAD, began after severe droughts between 2000 and 2004 and affects about 17 percent of aspen forests in Colorado, as well as parts of the western United States and Canada. SAD continued through 2010, when the research was conducted.
"Large scale mortality events, such as we see with aspens, are the dynamite in ecosystem responses to climate change. We know that when they occur, they make a huge difference. But we are at the early stages of being able to predict occurrence," said Field, director of Carnegie's Department of Global Ecology and professor of biology and of environmental Earth systems science at Stanford.
The team found no evidence of significantly decreased carbon reserves in SAD-affected aspens. This undercuts the starvation theory, although it is possible that carbon starvation had occurred and already been rectified.
By contrast they did find notable losses of function in the tree's water-transportation systems, especially in the roots. SAD-affected trees showed about a 70 percent loss of water conductivity. Potted trees exposed to a summer's-worth of drought exhibited significant root mortality.
"Our study provides a snapshot of what future droughts could hold for the emblematic tree of the American West. Our results indicate an impaired ability to transport water due to drought damage plays an important role in the recent die-off of aspens," William Anderegg said.
The team's work will provide guidance for scientists seeking to build models and projections of forest mortality as a result of climate change.
Forestry News - Global and Local News, Science and Application
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Climate change blamed for dead trees in Africa
Berkeley CA (SPX) Dec 15, 2011
Trees are dying in the Sahel, a region in Africa south of the Sahara Desert, and human-caused climate change is to blame, according to a new study led by a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. "Rainfall in the Sahel has dropped 20-30 percent in the 20th century, the world's most severe long-term drought since measurements from rainfall gauges began in the mid-1800s," said study l ... read more
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We can never predict everything that can go wrong within a lesson, herding students or any other situation within a school day. However, we can try to be mindful of possibilities e.g., challenging vocabulary within a lesson, confusing directions for an activity, obstacles blocking a passageway, students upset over a change in the schedule, conflicts on the playground, and the list goes on.
How can we prevent these situations? As you plan the day, take a moment and think what might interfere with a smooth flow within a lesson, transitions, recess, rescheduling, etc... Then try to plan for it.
For example, look at the vocabulary within a lesson, list challenging words, teach the meaning, clarify questions, then do the lesson. For some lessons it is hard to know what can go wrong until you've taught it. Then it may become crystal clear as to what to anticipate the next time.
When giving directions for an activity ask the students for thumbs up if they understand, thumbs in the middle if they have one question and thumbs down if they are totally confused. Then clarify the misunderstandings and/or confusions.
When herding students be mindful of obstacles e.g., other classes moving in the hallways, equipment (video, carts, wastebaskets, furniture, etc....) in awkward places, puddles of water (dare I say, even bodily fluids). Don't be unnerved if you must take a different route and have to move things around to create that passageway.
If during recess you know that some students may have a difficult time, plan for it. Hold them back and have a conversation with them about appropriate behavior during recess. In this way, you are giving them notice and being very clear about expectations.
In our profession, change in the daily schedule is inevitable. There are so many unpredictable events that can impact our day e.g., an unplanned assembly, fire drills, conflict among students, specialist absent, announcements on intercom, someone getting hurt emotionally/physically, etc... All of these impact instruction. How you handle these events will be a model for your students. Remain calm and flexible.
Have back up plans that you keep on hand. Refer to Daily Assignment #22 for ideas to fill those down moments that may result from a schedule change.
Having said all that, please know that you can't predict everything. Learn from each event. Build your repertoire. And be calm.
Please share this blogsite with colleagues and friends. If you haven't already, become a "Follower".
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Memories are made up of what you sense throughout your day. Typically, when your memory fails, it’s not because you forgot how to remember—it’s because your brain isn’t processing information very clearly. Exercises for memory can sharpen the brain’s ability to record information so that you can create a clearer memory that’s easier to recall.
We don’t just lose muscle mass over time — our brains can atrophy, too. More specifically, your brain's cognitive retention — its ability to withstand neurological damage due to aging and other factors without showing visible signs of slowing or memory loss — diminishes through the years, making it more difficult to perform mental tasks. Just as weight workouts add lean muscle to your body and help you retain more muscle in your later years, researchers now believe that following a brain-healthy lifestyle and performing regular, targeted brain exercises can also increase your brain's cognitive reserve.
A strong memory depends on the health and vitality of your brain. Whether you're a student studying for final exams, a working professional interested in doing all you can to stay mentally sharp, or a senior looking to preserve and enhance your gray matter as you age, there are lots of things you can do to improve your memory and mental performance. Keeping your brain as healthy and fit as your body can be easy with these simple tips.
By the time you’ve reached adulthood, your brain has developed millions of neural pathways that help you process and recall information, solve familiar problems, and execute familiar tasks with a minimum of mental effort. Sticking to well-worn memory paths won’t give your brain the stimulation it needs to keep growing and developing. You have to shake things up from time to time. Memory, like muscular strength, requires you to “use it or lose it.” The more you work out your brain, the better you’ll be able to process and remember information. Not all activities are equal; the best brain exercises break your routine and challenge you to use and develop new brain pathways. Finding challenging new skills and problems to solve teaches you new things outside of your comfort zones, pushing you to new levels of performance.
While mental exercise is important for brain health, that doesn’t mean you never need to break a sweat, physical exercise helps your brain stay sharp. It increases oxygen to your brain and reduces the risk for disorders that lead to memory loss, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise also enhances the effects of helpful brain chemicals and reduces stress hormones. Perhaps most importantly, exercise plays an important role in neuroplasticity by boosting growth factors and stimulating new neuronal connections. Does it take you a long time to clear out the sleep fog when you wake up? If so, you may find that exercising in the morning before you start your day makes a big difference. In addition to clearing out the cobwebs, it also primes you for learning throughout the day.
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Table of Contents :
Top Suggestions Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2 :
Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2 Have a go at this worksheet from teachit you can print it out or write your answers on a piece of paper you have to complete the missing numbers in each pyramid subtract the two adjacent cells You can print out the activity or just make a note of your answers on a piece of paper the answers are at the bottom of the worksheet Key features of the lifestyle balance program are outlined in table 1 and included the following elements 1 a goal based behavioral intervention 2 case a large number of studies have.
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Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2 You compile the code using the compiler that generates a number of object files one for each source file the linker then combines the compiled objects to create an executable the linker Coniferous and deciduous trees are different in a number of ways a coniferous tree makes cones and these cones hold the tree s seeds most coniferous trees are also evergreen evergreen trees slowly Tesla have always aimed to position themselves as part automaker part tech company their unique offering is that their vehicles feature cutting edge technology not available from their market.
Number Pyramids Worksheet Addition Resources Ks2
As All The Resources From Twinkl Are Approved By Qualified Teachers You Can Relax In The Knowledge That Differing Abilities Will Be Catered For In These Number Pyramid Worksheets What S Great About These Worksheets Is That They Come With All The Answers In Separate Sheets So You Can Mark As Quickly As Possible Or Even Ask The Class To Mark Their Own And Reinforce Their Learning
Ks2 Maths Number Pyramid Puzzle Game Worksheet
These Number Pyramid Worksheets Are Great For Helping Ks1 Ks2 Children Practice Their Addition And Subtraction Skills In A Challenging And Engaging Puzzle Game This Worksheet Includes Three Sets Of Pyramid Puzzles In Increasing Levels Of Difficulty Allowing You To Test The Abilities Of High Level Learners In Your Class The Pyramid Puzzles Also Encourage Students To Use A Formal Written Method When Working Out Their Answers Giving Them Another Chance To Practice Their Maths Skills
Ks2 Maths Number Pyramid Puzzle Game Worksheet
These Number Pyramid Worksheets Are Great For Helping Ks1 Ks2 Children Practice Their Addition And Subtraction Skills In A Challenging And Engaging Puzzle Game This Worksheet Includes Three Sets Of Pyramid Puzzles In Increasing Levels Of Difficulty Allowing You To Test The Abilities Of High Level Learners In Your Class
Math Pyramid Puzzle Worksheet Ks2 Missing Number Year 3 6
This Maths Worksheet Is Ideal For Helping Students Practice Their Math Problem Solving Skills By Finding Out The Missing Numbers In The Pyramid Using Addition Each Question Has Numbers In Different Areas Of The Pyramid Presenting A Different Challenge To Your Ks2 Students Year 3 6 With Every Question See Our Other Number Pyramids For Subtraction Division And Multiplication
Number Pyramids Teaching Resources
With An Extension That Requires Students To Place The Numbers In The Base Of The Pyramid To Create The Target Number With Higher Ability Students You May Want To Start With The Extension And Move Onwards From ThereNumber Pyramid Investigation Teaching Resources
A Number Pyramid Investigation I Have Used With Year 1 And Year 2 Questions Recording Sheet And Model Sheet Included In The DocumentNumber Pyramids Teaching Resources
Interactive Excel Program That Gets Students Working With Number Pyramids Includes Method And Practice Sheets There Are Also Two Levels Of Challenge That Can Be Used With Older Students To Demonstrate The The Advantages Of Using Equations For Solving Problems Ideal For Whole Class Use With A Projector Or For Individual Small Group Work To Run The Program You Will Need To Enable Macros ByRegenerating Mystery Number Pyramids With Adapting
Pyramids Are Differentiated By The Numbers At The Base Of The Pyramids Base Numbers 5 10 10 15 10 20 20 50 50 99 100 199 Numbers To 50 1dp Numbers To 50 2dp Numbers To 50 3dp Also Included Is A Set Of Number Pyramids In Each Level Of Challenge With Answers In Format Simply Change The Numbers At The Base Of The Pyramid To Extend Or Adapt Your Pyramids Read More
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Multiplication Number Pyramid Finding The Missing Products Tricky Maths Worksheets Year 6 Maths Worksheets Age 10 11 Multiplication Mental Multiplication Multiples And Factors Primes Squares And Cubes Written Multiplication Number And
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Add And Subtract 3 Digit Numbers To Solve The 3 Pyramids Quick Freebie Upload
Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2. The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use.
You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now!
Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. The connected and slanted letters will be quite simple to form once the many shapes re learnt well. Even something as easy as guessing the beginning letter of long words can assist your child improve his phonics abilities. Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2.
There isn't anything like a superb story, and nothing like being the person who started a renowned urban legend. Deciding upon the ideal approach route Cursive writing is basically joined-up handwriting. Practice reading by yourself as often as possible.
Research urban legends to obtain a concept of what's out there prior to making a new one. You are still not sure the radicals have the proper idea. Naturally, you won't use the majority of your ideas. If you've got an idea for a tool please inform us. That means you can begin right where you are no matter how little you might feel you've got to give. You are also quite suspicious of any revolutionary shift. In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early.
Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too.
The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused.
Number Pyramids Worksheet Year 2. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.
Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice. | <urn:uuid:b67f8b34-20e9-449b-a146-53892ce85838> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://beluga.25.indymoves.org/number-pyramids-worksheet-year-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126171830-20201126201830-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.900305 | 1,997 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Gender-based inequalities such as lack of access to menstrual hygiene become worse when they are connected with other types of discrimination such as disability. According to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), “persons with disabilities include those who have long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.” There is no doubt that women with disabilities are disproportionately affected by unhygienic and inadequate toilet facilities.
On the eve of the Nairobi Summit, key stakeholders convened to raise the profile of menstruation in the International Conference on Population and Development, ICPD25. The Global Menstrual Health and Hygiene Collective (The Case For Her, WSSCC and WASH United for Menstrual Hygiene Day) led a team of government representatives, partners and stakeholders within and beyond the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) arena, in driving and guiding improved investments in menstrual health through evidence-based advocacy. With timely and adequate access to menstrual availability and menstrual information, adolescent girls and women, especially those living with disability have the potential to contribute towards increased educational equity and economic potential, substantive reduction in violence including instances of stigma for improved health and education outcomes.
On the flip side, lack of the above-mentioned variables spell double tragedy for girls and women with disabilities. “There is need for consultation to understand the needs of women and girls with disability from a menstrual health and hygiene perspective in relation to sexual and reproductive health,” reckoned Hon. Nalule Safia Juuko, Member of Parliament, Uganda. One of her key innovations is the development and introduction of a comprehensive gender and equity budgeting certification. No budget can be approved in all sectors without the certificate at the national level in Uganda. This approach also echoes the Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) Building Blocks such as monitoring and reviewing that need to be put in place to achieve an effective sector.
As we celebrate the 10th year anniversary of the recognition of human rights to water and sanitation, it’s crucial to remember that these rights are inextricably linked to menstrual hygiene. In 2014, the UN Human Rights Council recognized this link– “that the lack of access to adequate water and sanitation services, including menstrual hygiene management, and the widespread stigma associated with menstruation have a negative impact on gender equality and the human rights of women and girls.” Defining menstruation hygiene through the human rights framework helps us look at the issue in a more holistic manner. “It is not just an infrastructure issue, it is at least as much an issue of having the voice and space to articulate and meet one’s needs. It requires access to accurate and pragmatic information and raising the awareness and confidence of women and girls to manage menstruation with safety, privacy, and dignity.” (Winkler and Roaf, 2014) Similarly, to understand disability within the rights-based approach- is to go beyond attending individual needs and dealing with barriers, empowering people to claim their rights and hold duty bearer accountable, and bringing long-term systematic changes in the attitudes, behaviours, policies and laws. (Equality, non-discrimination and inclusion toolkit, WaterAid 2018) This rights-based approach to menstrual hygiene is almost assured with an emphatic unequivocal call by all key sector stakeholders and actors.
As a youth standing up for human rights, I believe participation plays a crucial role in positively empowering those left behind. After all, giving the platform to the marginalized and vulnerable is not only the right thing to do but also a commitment that sends a strong signal and provides momentum for an ambitious policy response to menstrual health and hygiene at international, regional, national and even sub-national levels. | <urn:uuid:08e9e2d5-8bbb-4f3b-b959-815c2556ac9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/fr/node/1492 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401582033.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927215009-20200928005009-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.931535 | 782 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Science - 2nd Grade
Standard 2 Objective 3
Science - 2nd Grade
Standard 4 Objective 1
2 class periods of 60 minutes each
Students will describe how weather affects people and animals and know about Navajo and Ute stories told during hibernation, after direct instruction and taking part in cooperative group activities, in 1-2 class periods
The following SJSD Media Center publications:
Cultural Awareness -Level 1, p. 31, Seasons.
Cultural Awareness -Level 2, pp.104-107, Games.
Cultural Awareness -Level 3, pp.16-20, Calendar.
Navajo Coyote Stories
Ute Coyote Stories
Southwest Mammals: Navajo Beliefs and Legends
Paper, pencil, crayons.
New words pre-taught/sustained in lesson:
Flood, drought, weather, season, hibernate.
How weather effects animals and people, and know about Navajo and Ute stories told during the winter hibernation season.
Introduce lesson to capture student's attention:
Teacher will ask students to tell the current weather condition and how that weather condition determined what clothes and shoes they chose to wear to school that morning.
Teacher will record answers on board, projection device or flipchart.
How can you get the students really thinking?
Students are asked to consider what kinds of clothes and shoes they wore to school during the previous season, and what kinds of clothes and shoes they will wear during the next season, and what kinds of clothes and shoes they wear in the summer. Teacher will record answers on board, projection device or flipchart.
Teacher will refer to brainstorming lists from lesson introduction and Problem/Prediction and ask students to help write a pattern of seasons, weather conditions and human and animal behaviors which pertain to the season and weather, on the board, a projection device or a flipchart; refer to Cultural Awareness books.
Teacher will write student answers and discuss the answers with regard to how weather and seasons affect people and animals. Teacher will ask students if they know any stories that are traditionally told only during certain seasons of the year (Navajo and Ute Coyote Stories), or games that traditionally are only played during certain seasons of the year (Cultural Awareness books).
Teacher will acknowledge the Navajo and Ute Coyote Stories, and some games which are traditionally played during the hibernation season. If lesson is taught in the winter, teacher could read some Coyote stories, or learn and play some games with the class.
How will you end your lesson?
Student will show/present to the whole class, their drawing of people or/and the animal behavior and the weather and explain the connection between weather and behavior.
How will you help ELL students?
Teacher will listen to each student say the names of the seasons, and the pertaining weather conditions and human and animal behaviors, as she/he points to the words written on the board, the projection device or the flipchart.
Help students' master new concepts:
Teacher will regularly ask questions to check for comprehension for every new concept introduced. Teacher will clarify and explain concept as needed.
Students will work in table groups of four or in pairs and each one will draw a scene which represents a seasonal behavior of people or an animal with the pertaining weather. Students will label the drawing with the words (from the board, projection device or flipchart) for the season and the weather and the behavior. Teacher and assistant will circulate among groups to direct students.
Observation of student participation, student completion of drawing with written words for people and/or animal behavior and weather. Student presentation of drawing and narrative of what the person or animal is doing and how the weather affects them.
Students graph weather for an extended period of time, e.g., one term or semester, using Navajo, Ute and Spanish words for weather conditions. During the daily graphing students discuss how the daily weather might affect people and animals. | <urn:uuid:348c64b6-6276-4d22-9d7e-3c61e930db59> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.uen.org/lessonplan/view/11847 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998440.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617063049-20190617085049-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.938291 | 822 | 3.90625 | 4 |
MIT researchers develop self-repairing photovoltaic technology
One of the problems with harvesting sunlight is that sunlight leads to a gradual degradation of many systems developed to harness it. But plants have adopted an interesting strategy to address this issue by constantly breaking down their light-capturing molecules and reassembling them from scratch, thus renewing the basic structures that capture the sun’s energy (for example, a leaf on a tree is recycling its proteins about every 45 minutes).
That process has inspired Michael Strano, the Charles and Hilda Roddey Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, and his team of graduate students and researchers to create a novel set of self-assembling molecules that can turn sunlight into electricity. The molecules can be repeatedly broken down and then reassembled quickly, just by adding or removing an additional solution.
MIT”s Strano Research Group produced synthetic molecules called phospholipids that form disks which provide structural support for other molecules that actually respond to light, in structures called reaction centers which release electrons when struck by particles of light. The disks, carrying the reaction centers, are in a solution where they attach themselves spontaneously to carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes hold the phospholipid disks in a uniform alignment so that the reaction centers can all be exposed to sunlight at once, and they also act as wires to collect and channel the flow of electrons knocked loose by the reactive molecules.
The system Strano’s team produced is made up of seven different compounds, including the carbon nanotubes, the phospholipids, and the proteins that make up the reaction centers, which under the right conditions spontaneously assemble themselves into a light-harvesting structure that produces an electric current.
“We’re basically imitating tricks that nature has discovered over millions of years” — in particular, “reversibility, the ability to break apart and reassemble”, said Strano. The team, which included postdoctoral researcher Moon-Ho Ham and graduate student Ardemis Boghossian, came up with the system based on a theoretical analysis, but then decided to build a prototype cell to test it out. They ran the cell through repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly over a 14-hour period, with no loss of efficiency.
For conventional silicon-based photovoltaic cells, there is little degradation in performance through time, but many new systems (which are developed for lower cost, higher efficiency, flexibility or other improved characteristics) can have a significant degradation in performance. The individual reactions of these new molecular structures in converting sunlight are about 40 percent efficient. Theoretically, the efficiency of the structures could be close to 100 percent. But in the initial work, the concentration of the structures in the solution was low, so the overall efficiency of the device (the amount of electricity produced for a given surface area) was very low. They are working now to find ways to greatly increase the concentration.
You can find more information in their paper published in Nature Chemistry: “Photoelectrochemical complexes for solar energy conversion that chemically and autonomously regenerate”. | <urn:uuid:8440957e-77e2-41a0-9177-0bb3f44bc19d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://www.robaid.com/tech/mit-researchers-develop-self-repairing-photovoltaic-technology.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539764.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623165014-20210623195014-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.956022 | 641 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Combat in games refers to the simulation of violent conflict within a digital environment. It is a crucial aspect of many video games, providing players with the opportunity to engage in battles and confrontations with non-player characters (NPCs) or other players. Combat mechanics vary greatly depending on the game, ranging from turn-based systems to real-time action.
Combat in games impacts gameplay by providing a dynamic and engaging experience for players. It allows them to test their skills, strategize, and make tactical decisions. Combat can also serve as a narrative tool, driving the story forward and adding depth to the game’s world. Additionally, combat can be used as a means of rewarding players with in-game items or experience points, encouraging them to continue playing and progressing through the game.
Combat in games refers to the tactical and strategic actions that players take to defeat their opponents or enemies within a game. It often involves a combination of offensive and defensive strategies, as well as the use of weapons, abilities, and other resources. The impact of combat on gameplay can be significant, as it often determines the outcome of the game and the player’s success. A well-executed combat strategy can lead to victory, while poor decisions or mismanagement can result in defeat. Additionally, combat can impact the player’s character development, as they may earn experience points or other rewards for successful combat encounters. Overall, combat is a crucial element of many games and can greatly influence the player’s experience and enjoyment of the game.
Understanding Combat in Games
Combat in games refers to the simulation of violent conflict within a digital environment. It is a central element of many video games, ranging from first-person shooters to role-playing games. Combat can take many forms, from direct confrontations to stealth-based tactics, and it often involves a combination of player skill, strategy, and decision-making.
Combat can be defined as the act of engaging in violent conflict within a digital environment, with the goal of defeating an opponent or achieving a specific objective. It is often used as a gameplay mechanic to drive the story forward or to provide players with a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction.
Combat can also be used to simulate real-world military or combat situations, providing players with a glimpse into the world of soldiers, special forces, and other military personnel. However, it is important to note that not all games that feature combat are militaristic in nature, and some games use combat as a metaphor for other forms of conflict or competition.
In addition to physical combat, some games also feature psychological or strategic combat, where players must use their wits and cunning to outmaneuver opponents. This can include elements such as deception, manipulation, and persuasion, and can add a layer of complexity to the gameplay.
Overall, combat is a key element of many video games, and its impact on gameplay can be significant. Whether it is used to advance the story, provide a sense of accomplishment, or add a layer of complexity to the gameplay, combat plays a vital role in many of today’s most popular games.
Types of Combat in Games
Combat in games can take many forms, each with its own unique mechanics and playstyle. Some of the most common types of combat in games include:
- Real-time combat: This type of combat occurs in real-time, with players able to control their characters in real-time. Examples of games that use real-time combat include Super Smash Bros. and Devil May Cry.
- Turn-based combat: In turn-based combat, players take turns making moves, with each player having a set amount of action points to use each turn. Examples of games that use turn-based combat include Final Fantasy and XCOM.
- Action combat: Action combat involves fast-paced, real-time combat with a focus on button-pressing and timing. Examples of games that use action combat include Batman: Arkham Asylum and God of War.
- Tactical combat: Tactical combat involves planning and strategizing to defeat enemies, often with a focus on positioning and resource management. Examples of games that use tactical combat include XCOM and Fire Emblem.
- RPG combat: RPG combat is typically turn-based, but may also involve elements of real-time combat. It often involves using special abilities and items, as well as managing character stats and equipment. Examples of games that use RPG combat include The Elder Scrolls and Fallout.
Each type of combat has its own strengths and weaknesses, and can impact gameplay in different ways. For example, real-time combat may require more skill and timing, while turn-based combat may require more strategic planning and resource management. The type of combat used in a game can greatly impact the player experience and the overall feel of the game.
The Importance of Combat in Game Design
Combat is a fundamental aspect of many video games, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the gameplay experience. In game design, combat is often used as a tool to drive the narrative forward, challenge players, and create engaging gameplay mechanics.
One of the primary reasons why combat is so important in game design is that it allows players to interact with the game world in a meaningful way. Combat scenarios often require players to use their skills and abilities to overcome challenges, which creates a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction when they succeed. This sense of accomplishment is a key driver of player engagement and retention, and it can help to build a loyal player base for a game.
Combat also helps to create a sense of progression and development in a game. As players progress through the game, they will encounter increasingly difficult enemies and challenges, which forces them to adapt and improve their skills and strategies. This sense of progression is an important part of game design, as it helps to keep players engaged and motivated to continue playing.
In addition to driving gameplay and progression, combat is also an important tool for world-building and storytelling. Combat scenarios can be used to reveal more about the game world and its characters, and they can be used to create memorable and impactful moments in the game’s narrative.
Overall, the importance of combat in game design cannot be overstated. It is a key driver of player engagement, progression, and world-building, and it is essential for creating a compelling and immersive gameplay experience.
The Impact of Combat on Gameplay
The Role of Combat in Player Engagement
Combat is a crucial element in many video games, as it adds a layer of challenge and excitement to the gaming experience. One of the most significant impacts of combat on gameplay is its role in player engagement. This section will explore how combat contributes to player engagement and why it is essential for game developers to understand this relationship.
Enhancing Player Immersion
Combat can significantly enhance player immersion by creating a sense of urgency and excitement. When players are engaged in combat, they must make quick decisions, strategize, and react to changing situations. This level of interaction makes the game more immersive and enjoyable, as players feel like they are part of the action.
Providing a Sense of Achievement
Combat also provides players with a sense of achievement when they successfully complete a challenging encounter or defeat a formidable opponent. This feeling of accomplishment motivates players to continue playing and striving to improve their skills.
Encouraging Exploration and Discovery
Combat can also encourage players to explore and discover new areas of the game world. When players encounter challenging enemies or obstacles, they may be motivated to search for new weapons, abilities, or items that can help them overcome these challenges. This exploration can lead to new discoveries and experiences, which can keep players engaged and interested in the game.
Fostering Competition and Social Interaction
Finally, combat can foster competition and social interaction among players. Many games feature multiplayer modes that allow players to team up or compete against each other in combat. This can create a sense of camaraderie or rivalry among players, depending on the context. Social interaction and competition can help keep players engaged and motivated to improve their skills and work together or against each other.
In conclusion, combat plays a critical role in player engagement by enhancing immersion, providing a sense of achievement, encouraging exploration and discovery, and fostering competition and social interaction. By understanding the impact of combat on player engagement, game developers can create more immersive and engaging experiences that keep players coming back for more.
The Influence of Combat on Game Difficulty
Combat in games can significantly impact the overall difficulty of a game. When designed effectively, combat can pose a significant challenge to players, making the game more engaging and enjoyable. Here are some ways in which combat can influence game difficulty:
- Enemy AI: One of the primary ways combat affects game difficulty is through the intelligence of the enemy AI. Enemies that are smarter and more aggressive can pose a significant challenge to players, forcing them to adapt their strategies and playstyles.
- Resource Management: Combat can also impact game difficulty through resource management. For example, games that require players to manage their health, ammunition, or other resources during combat can become more challenging as the player progresses through the game.
- Environmental Factors: Environmental factors can also impact game difficulty during combat. For example, games that take place in large, open-world environments can be more challenging because players must contend with factors such as weather, terrain, and the presence of obstacles.
- Difficulty Settings: Finally, combat can impact game difficulty through difficulty settings. Many games allow players to adjust the difficulty setting, which can impact the challenge presented by combat. Players can choose to increase or decrease the difficulty setting depending on their skill level and preferences.
Overall, combat can significantly impact game difficulty, making games more challenging and engaging for players. By incorporating different elements of combat, game designers can create games that are both challenging and enjoyable for players of all skill levels.
The Effect of Combat on Storytelling and Narrative
Combat is a fundamental aspect of many video games, and its impact on gameplay goes beyond just providing a challenge to the player. One of the most significant effects of combat is on the storytelling and narrative of the game.
In many games, combat is used to advance the plot and provide context for the player’s actions. It can be used to introduce new characters, develop existing relationships, and move the story forward. Combat can also be used to convey important information about the game’s world, such as the history of a particular location or the motivations of a particular faction.
Furthermore, combat can also be used to create tension and drama in the game’s narrative. By making combat challenging and unpredictable, developers can create a sense of danger and urgency that keeps players engaged and invested in the story. This can be especially effective when used in conjunction with other storytelling elements, such as cutscenes or dialogue, to create a more immersive experience.
However, it is important to note that combat should not be used at the expense of other storytelling elements. Overuse of combat can lead to a game that feels repetitive and lacking in variety, which can ultimately harm the overall narrative. Additionally, it is important to ensure that combat is balanced and fair, as a frustratingly difficult combat system can turn players away from the game entirely.
Overall, combat can have a significant impact on the storytelling and narrative of a game. When used effectively, it can create tension, drama, and engagement that helps to immerse players in the game’s world. However, it is important to use combat in a balanced and varied way to ensure that the game remains engaging and enjoyable for players.
The Psychology of Combat in Games
The Thrill of Virtual Violence
Virtual violence in games can provide players with a thrilling and exciting experience. The reason behind this is the release of endorphins, which are the body’s natural painkillers, during intense gameplay. This rush of adrenaline and endorphins can make players feel exhilarated and empowered, providing a sense of satisfaction and reward.
Additionally, virtual violence can also tap into players’ primal instincts for survival and self-defense. This can make combat in games feel more realistic and immersive, allowing players to experience a sense of control and mastery over their virtual environment.
However, it is important to note that the thrill of virtual violence can also have negative consequences. Exposure to violent content in games has been linked to increased aggression and desensitization to violence in real life. This highlights the importance of responsible gaming and taking breaks from intense gameplay to avoid negative effects on mental health.
The Effect of Combat on Player Emotions
Combat in games can have a significant impact on the emotions of players. It is a key aspect of gameplay that can create feelings of excitement, tension, and satisfaction. By understanding the psychology behind the effect of combat on player emotions, game developers can create more engaging and immersive experiences for players.
One of the primary emotions that combat in games can evoke is excitement. When players engage in combat, their bodies release adrenaline, which can create a sense of thrill and exhilaration. This is especially true for fast-paced, action-packed games that require quick reflexes and strategic thinking. Players may feel a rush of excitement as they successfully dodge enemy attacks or land a critical hit.
Tension is another emotion that combat in games can elicit. When players are in the midst of a fierce battle, they may feel a sense of uncertainty and apprehension. This tension can create a sense of urgency and encourage players to think and act quickly. It can also create a feeling of accomplishment when players successfully navigate difficult situations and emerge victorious.
In addition to excitement and tension, combat in games can also create feelings of satisfaction. When players successfully complete a challenging battle or defeat a powerful enemy, they may feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. This sense of satisfaction can motivate players to continue playing and strive to achieve even greater feats.
Overall, the effect of combat on player emotions is a crucial aspect of game design. By understanding how combat can create feelings of excitement, tension, and satisfaction, game developers can create more engaging and immersive experiences for players.
The Impact of Combat on Player Behavior
Combat in games can have a significant impact on player behavior, affecting how players approach the game and interact with other players. The psychological effects of combat can lead to a range of responses, from increased competitiveness to anxiety and frustration.
Combat in games often encourages players to be competitive, with many games offering leaderboards, rankings, and rewards for those who perform well. This can lead to players becoming more invested in the game, as they strive to improve their rankings and compete with others. However, this can also lead to toxic behavior, such as trash talking and harassment, which can negatively impact the game experience for all players.
Anxiety and Frustration
Combat in games can also lead to anxiety and frustration, particularly when players experience repeated failures or setbacks. This can be especially true in games that require careful planning and strategy, as even small mistakes can have significant consequences. Over time, this can lead to burnout and disengagement, as players become disillusioned with the game and the negative emotions it elicits.
Despite these negative effects, combat in games can also facilitate social interaction and collaboration. Many games encourage players to work together to achieve goals and overcome challenges, which can foster a sense of community and cooperation. Additionally, some games offer in-game chat features, which can allow players to communicate and coordinate with one another in real-time.
Overall, the impact of combat on player behavior is complex and multifaceted, with both positive and negative effects. As game developers, it is important to consider these effects when designing combat systems, in order to create engaging and rewarding experiences for players without fostering toxic behavior or burnout.
Combat Mechanics and Systems
The Role of Controls in Combat
The controls in combat play a crucial role in determining the outcome of the game. The way players move their characters, aim, and shoot, as well as how they interact with the environment, are all governed by the controls. In order to excel in combat, players must master the controls and use them effectively.
Effective controls can make combat more enjoyable and engaging, while poor controls can lead to frustration and disappointment. The controls should be intuitive and easy to learn, allowing players to focus on the gameplay rather than figuring out how to control their characters.
Controls can also impact the pacing of combat. Slow or clunky controls can slow down the pace of the game, making it more difficult for players to react to situations quickly. On the other hand, fast and responsive controls can make combat more intense and exciting, as players can quickly respond to changing situations.
Additionally, controls can impact the balance of combat. If certain controls are too powerful or too weak, it can throw off the balance of the game and make certain strategies more effective than others. It is important for game developers to carefully balance the controls in order to create a fair and enjoyable experience for all players.
Overall, the controls in combat are a crucial aspect of the gameplay experience. They can impact the enjoyment and engagement of the game, as well as the pacing and balance of combat. By mastering the controls, players can excel in combat and emerge victorious in their battles.
The Design of Combat Systems
The design of combat systems in games plays a crucial role in shaping the overall gameplay experience. The design process involves several factors, including the type of combat system, the game’s genre, and the intended audience. This section will delve into the various elements that go into designing combat systems in games.
One of the primary considerations in designing combat systems is gameplay balance. Combat should be challenging yet fair, with players having access to a variety of tactics and strategies to overcome obstacles. Balancing the power level of weapons, abilities, and enemy types is crucial to ensuring that players feel satisfied with their progress and do not become frustrated with the game’s difficulty.
Player Control and Interaction
Combat systems should provide players with a sense of control and interaction. This includes giving players direct control over their character’s movements and actions, as well as allowing them to execute combos, dodge attacks, and use special abilities. By giving players a sense of agency, they feel more invested in the gameplay experience and are more likely to enjoy the game.
Skill Progression and Customization
Providing players with a sense of progression and customization is another essential aspect of combat system design. This can include unlocking new abilities or weapons as players progress through the game, as well as allowing them to customize their character’s appearance or loadout. Providing players with a sense of accomplishment and personalization can increase their investment in the game and encourage them to continue playing.
Pacing and Variety
Combat systems should also offer a good balance between pacing and variety. Players should have access to a variety of enemies and environments, each with their unique challenges and tactics. However, the game should not become overwhelming or repetitive, and players should have opportunities to catch their breath or strategize between encounters.
In conclusion, the design of combat systems in games is a complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors. By balancing gameplay, providing players with a sense of control and customization, and offering a variety of challenges and experiences, combat systems can enhance the overall gameplay experience and keep players engaged.
The Evolution of Combat Mechanics
As games have evolved, so too have the mechanics and systems governing combat. From the earliest arcade games to the most complex RPGs, the way that combat is represented and how it impacts gameplay has changed dramatically. In this section, we will explore the evolution of combat mechanics in games, looking at some of the key innovations and trends that have shaped the genre.
Early Arcade Games
The earliest arcade games were simple affairs, with basic mechanics and limited options for players. In these games, combat was often reduced to simple button-mashing, with players relying on brute force to overcome enemies. While these games were fun and engaging, they lacked the depth and complexity that modern gamers have come to expect.
Console Games and the Rise of RPGs
With the rise of console games and the popularity of RPGs, combat mechanics began to become more complex. Games like the Final Fantasy series and The Elder Scrolls series introduced players to more intricate combat systems, with tactical elements and special moves. These games allowed players to choose from a range of weapons and spells, and to combine them in creative ways to defeat enemies.
The Impact of First-Person Shooters
The emergence of first-person shooters like Doom and Wolfenstein 3D introduced a new level of realism to combat in games. These games placed players in the shoes of a character on the front lines, with a focus on fast-paced action and realistic weaponry. While these games were groundbreaking, they also tended to be somewhat shallow, with little emphasis on strategy or tactics.
The Rise of Multiplayer Games
With the rise of multiplayer games, combat mechanics became even more complex. Games like Team Fortress 2 and League of Legends introduced players to team-based combat, with each player taking on a specific role within a larger group. These games required players to work together and use strategy to overcome their opponents, making combat more than just a simple matter of shooting or casting spells.
The Impact of Mobile Games
Finally, the rise of mobile games has brought combat mechanics to a wider audience than ever before. Games like Pokémon Go and Fortnite have introduced simple, accessible combat systems that can be played on the go. While these games may not have the same level of complexity as some of their console or PC counterparts, they have proven to be incredibly popular and have helped to introduce new players to the world of gaming.
Overall, the evolution of combat mechanics in games has been a gradual process, with each new generation of games building on the innovations of the previous one. From simple button-mashing to complex strategic battles, combat has come a long way since the earliest arcade games. As the genre continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see what new innovations and trends emerge, and how they will impact gameplay in the years to come.
Balancing Combat in Games
The Importance of Balance in Combat
Combat in games is often the driving force behind the gameplay, as it determines the pacing and difficulty of the game. Therefore, achieving balance in combat is crucial to ensuring that the game remains engaging and enjoyable for players. A well-balanced combat system should provide players with a range of options and strategies, while also ensuring that no single approach is overpowered or underpowered.
Achieving balance in combat requires careful consideration of a range of factors, including the abilities and equipment available to players, the difficulty of enemies, and the overall pacing of the game. Developers must also take into account the impact of combat on other aspects of the game, such as exploration and character development.
One way to achieve balance in combat is through the use of metrics such as damage output, survivability, and mobility. These metrics can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different strategies and abilities, and to ensure that no single approach is too powerful. Additionally, developers can use playtesting and player feedback to identify areas where the combat system may be unbalanced and make adjustments as needed.
Ultimately, achieving balance in combat is essential to creating a game that is both enjoyable and challenging for players. By carefully considering the impact of combat on gameplay, developers can create a game that offers a wide range of strategic options and keeps players engaged from start to finish.
The Challenges of Balancing Combat
One of the most significant challenges in designing games with combat is striking the right balance between player engagement and player frustration. This delicate balance can be affected by a variety of factors, including the difficulty of enemies, the availability of resources, and the pacing of the game.
For example, if combat is too easy, players may become bored and disengage from the game. On the other hand, if combat is too difficult, players may become frustrated and give up on the game altogether. In addition, imbalanced combat can lead to power imbalances between different characters or classes, making some more effective than others.
Another challenge in balancing combat is the need to accommodate different play styles. Some players prefer a more aggressive approach, while others prefer a more defensive strategy. In addition, some players may prefer to use specific weapons or abilities, while others may prefer a more versatile approach.
Finally, the balancing of combat in games can be impacted by external factors, such as updates and expansions. As new content is added to the game, the balance of combat may shift, requiring adjustments to be made to keep the gameplay experience consistent.
Overall, balancing combat in games is a complex task that requires careful consideration of a variety of factors. Designers must strive to create an engaging and challenging experience that is accessible to all players, while also accommodating different play styles and maintaining balance over time.
The Impact of Balance on Player Experience
In games, combat is often used as a mechanic to create tension and excitement in the gameplay. Balancing combat is essential to ensure that the game remains engaging and challenging for players. A well-balanced combat system can provide players with a positive experience, while an unbalanced system can lead to frustration and disappointment.
Balancing combat in games requires careful consideration of several factors, including the power level of characters, the availability of resources, and the pace of the game. For example, if one character is significantly more powerful than others, players may become frustrated and disengage from the game. On the other hand, if all characters are too weak, the game may become too easy and fail to hold players’ interest.
The balance of combat in games can also impact the player experience in other ways. For example, if resources are scarce, players may need to carefully manage their resources and make strategic decisions about when to use them. This can add depth and complexity to the gameplay, making the game more engaging for players.
However, an unbalanced resource system can also lead to frustration and disengagement. For example, if resources are too scarce, players may feel discouraged and give up on the game. On the other hand, if resources are too abundant, players may become bored and lose interest in the game.
In conclusion, balancing combat in games is crucial to providing players with a positive experience. By carefully considering factors such as character power levels, resource availability, and pace, game developers can create a combat system that is engaging, challenging, and fun for players.
The Future of Combat in Games
Emerging Trends in Combat Design
The world of gaming is constantly evolving, and so is the design of combat systems. In this section, we will explore some of the emerging trends in combat design that are shaping the future of gaming.
One of the most significant trends in combat design is the push for increased realism. Developers are working to create more realistic combat systems that accurately simulate real-world weapons and tactics. This trend is evident in games like Call of Duty and Battlefield, which have been praised for their attention to detail in weapon handling and ballistics.
Another trend in combat design is the incorporation of dynamic environments. Developers are creating environments that are interactive and change during gameplay. This means that players must adapt to changing terrain and weather conditions, which can significantly impact the outcome of a battle. This trend is evident in games like Halo and Gears of War, which feature dynamic environments that change throughout gameplay.
Virtual reality (VR) is another emerging trend in combat design. VR technology allows players to immerse themselves in a fully interactive world, where they can move freely and interact with their surroundings. This technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we play games, and several games, such as Battlefield V and Robo Recall, have already embraced VR technology.
Co-operative gameplay is another trend that is shaping the future of combat in games. Developers are creating games that emphasize teamwork and collaboration, where players must work together to achieve a common goal. This trend is evident in games like Destiny and Tom Clancy’s Ghost Recon Wildlands, which feature co-operative multiplayer modes.
In conclusion, the future of combat in games is looking bright, with developers exploring new and innovative ways to create immersive and engaging experiences for players. From increased realism to dynamic environments and virtual reality, the possibilities are endless, and we can expect to see even more exciting developments in the years to come.
The Impact of Virtual Reality on Combat
As technology continues to advance, virtual reality (VR) is poised to revolutionize the way we experience combat in games. VR technology offers the potential to create more immersive and realistic combat experiences, which could significantly impact the way we play and interact with games. Here are some of the ways that VR is likely to impact combat in games:
- Increased Immersion: VR technology has the potential to create a more immersive gaming experience by simulating a sense of presence in a virtual environment. This means that players will be able to feel like they are truly in the game world, surrounded by other players and NPCs. This increased sense of immersion can make combat more intense and engaging, as players will be able to feel the impact of their actions in a more visceral way.
- Enhanced Realism: VR technology can also help to create more realistic combat experiences by simulating the physical sensations of combat. For example, players may be able to feel the recoil of a weapon or the impact of a hit. This can make combat more realistic and challenging, as players will need to account for these physical sensations in order to be successful.
- New Combat Mechanics: VR technology also has the potential to enable new combat mechanics that are not possible in traditional games. For example, players may be able to use their hands to interact with the environment in new ways, such as picking up and using objects as weapons. This can add a new level of depth and complexity to combat, making it more engaging and rewarding.
- Social Interaction: VR technology can also facilitate social interaction in combat scenarios. Players will be able to see and interact with other players in real-time, creating a more dynamic and collaborative gameplay experience. This can be particularly beneficial for multiplayer games, as it can help to foster a sense of community and teamwork among players.
Overall, the impact of VR on combat in games is likely to be significant. As VR technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more and more games incorporating VR elements into their combat systems, creating new and exciting ways to experience combat in a virtual world.
The Future of Combat in Game Genres
Combat in games has been an integral part of gaming since the early days of video games. Over the years, combat mechanics have evolved and improved, with game developers introducing new and innovative ways to engage players in combat. The future of combat in games looks promising, with many exciting developments in store for various game genres.
Role-Playing Games (RPGs)
RPGs have always been known for their in-depth combat systems, and this trend is set to continue in the future. With the rise of indie RPGs, developers are experimenting with new combat mechanics that are more accessible and intuitive. For example, games like “Deadfire” and “Wasteland 3” have introduced new combat systems that are more dynamic and engaging.
In addition, RPGs are also exploring more complex narratives and character development, which will likely impact the way combat is used in these games. As players become more invested in their characters and their stories, combat will play a more significant role in shaping the player’s experience.
First-Person Shooters (FPS)
FPS games have always been about fast-paced, action-packed combat, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. With the rise of eSports and competitive gaming, FPS games are becoming more and more focused on precision and skill.
In the future, we can expect to see more advanced weapon customization and specialization options, as well as more diverse maps and game modes. Developers are also exploring new ways to incorporate technology and sci-fi elements into FPS games, which will likely lead to new and exciting combat mechanics.
Real-Time Strategy (RTS) Games
RTS games have always been about tactical combat, and this trend is set to continue in the future. Developers are exploring new ways to incorporate technology and sci-fi elements into RTS games, which will likely lead to new and exciting combat mechanics.
In addition, RTS games are also becoming more accessible, with developers introducing new interface options and simpler gameplay mechanics. This will likely make RTS games more appealing to a wider audience, while still maintaining the depth and complexity that fans love.
Overall, the future of combat in games looks bright, with many exciting developments in store for various game genres. Whether you’re a fan of RPGs, FPS games, or RTS games, there’s sure to be something new and exciting on the horizon.
1. What is combat in games?
Combat in games refers to the physical or tactical interaction between characters or players in a video game. It often involves fighting, shooting, or using special abilities to defeat enemies or opponents. Combat can be a key element of many different types of games, including action, adventure, role-playing, and strategy games.
2. How does combat impact gameplay in different types of games?
In action and adventure games, combat is often the primary focus of the gameplay. Players must use a variety of weapons, special moves, and other abilities to defeat enemies and progress through the game. In role-playing games, combat is often just one part of a larger story, and players must balance combat with other activities like exploration, dialogue, and character development. In strategy games, combat is often used to gain control of territory or resources, and players must carefully plan their attacks and defenses to achieve victory.
3. What are some common elements of combat in games?
Many games feature common elements of combat, such as health bars, attack buttons, and special moves. Some games also feature elements like cover systems, which allow players to hide behind objects and avoid enemy fire, and regenerating health, which allows players to recover from damage over time. Other games may feature more unique combat mechanics, such as real-time sword fights or vehicle-based combat.
4. How do developers balance combat in games?
Developers must balance combat in games to ensure that it is both challenging and enjoyable for players. This can involve tweaking factors like enemy health and damage, player abilities and weapons, and level design to create a sense of tension and accomplishment. Developers may also introduce new enemies or gameplay mechanics to keep combat fresh and engaging over the course of a game.
5. How has combat in games evolved over time?
Combat in games has evolved significantly over the years, with new technologies and gameplay mechanics allowing for more complex and immersive combat experiences. Early games often featured simple button-mashing combat, while modern games may feature realistic physics, advanced AI, and sophisticated controls. Online multiplayer games have also changed the way combat is experienced, allowing players to battle each other in real-time over the internet. | <urn:uuid:a71a9a4e-bf9a-4743-97f7-6c8c89e27a37> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.polaroidsale.com/what-is-combat-in-games-and-how-does-it-impact-gameplay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00866.warc.gz | en | 0.959858 | 7,169 | 3.234375 | 3 |
If we learned anything in 2014, it’s the simple but painful truth that here in the digital age, we are not safe. Nefarious hackers are lurking around every virtual corner of the Internet, constantly developing new ways to attack us and steal our private data. Many times, these hackers target the large companies that store our data and as troubling as it is, there is simply nothing we can do to safeguard information that is held by third parties. Instead, we must rely on these companies to take the necessary measures to protect our data.
When it comes to our own data and our personal browsing habits, there are measures we all can and should take to protect ourselves.
WhoIsHostingThis regularly puts together great infographics that are informative and helpful. Recent examples include a guide that explains how to disappear online and instructions on how to find the Invisible Internet.
Now, the site is back with an infographic that explains how to set up a VPN. More than that, it explains why you should if you value your privacy.
“No matter how secure you believe your internet connection is, hackers are becoming more and more sophisticated in the ways they access people’s personal information,” the graphic explains. “Only through encryption, hiding your traffic and obfuscating your IP address can you stop those trying to sneak on to your network. That’s why many users are using VPNs to protect their privacy.”
More details and the full guide from WhoIsHostingThis can be found in the infographic below. | <urn:uuid:46b85187-0e2f-4c3b-bc85-695cb269be2f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://bgr.com/2015/01/13/how-to-set-up-a-vpn-privacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463611569.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528220125-20170529000125-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.941537 | 315 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A recent study documents a sharp rise in the incidence of salivary gland cancer in Israel that researchers believe may be linked to the use of mobile phones.
The study was commissioned by the Israel Dental Association and directed by Avi Zini of the community dentistry department at the Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine. The study included examination of the incidence of oral cavity cancers in Israel from 1970 to 2006. Among salivary gland cancer cases, researchers found a worrying rise in the number of cases of malignant growth in parotid glands - the salivary gland located under the ear, near the location where cell phones are held during conversations.
By contrast, the incidence of salivary cancers in glands of the lower mouth - the so-called submandular and sublingual salivary glands - remained stable.
From 1980-2002 the number of cases of parotid salivary cancer held steady at around 25 per year. The number of cases rose dramatically in the five years after to 70 cases per year.
"We haven't gathered data on the use of cell phones on the part of the patients," Zini said, "but the rise [in cancer cases] absolutely could indicate increased exposure to cellular telephones and damage caused by radiation."
The researchers intend to collect data on their oral cancer patients' cell phone use during the next stage of the study to examine the possible statistical link between the two.
Of the 11,843 Israelis who developed oral cancers during the period studied, salivary gland cancer was the third most common (at 16.2 percent) after lip cancer and throat cancer. Most oral cancer patients were over 70, with only 2.7 percent under the age of 20.
However, salivary gland cancer, which researchers suspect to be linked to cell phone use, was disproportionately common among young patients. One fifth of those patients were under 20. Oral cancers are associated with a high mortality rate in Israel, with patients living an average of five and a half years. About 2 percent of total cancer cases involve oral cancer.
Warning signs of oral cancer include a white or red spot in the mouth, a sore that does not heal for eight weeks or more, or the appearance of a sore or spot on the tongue. First symptoms of salivary gland cancer include swelling or soreness in the face or neck, a change in the size or shape of one side of the face or dulled feeling or drooping on one side of the face.
A year and a half ago, a study led by Siegal Sadetzki of the Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy at Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, found a link between cell phone exposure and malignant and benign tumors on the head and neck; after five or more years of exposure, a 34 percent rise in the incidence of tumors on the side of the face on which the user holds the cell phone.
The study also noted there was a drop in radiation levels through the use of accessories such as earphones.
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now | <urn:uuid:4b17536c-b3de-4a72-bb1b-0645ccaa8c21> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.haaretz.com/israeli-study-sees-link-between-oral-cancer-cell-phones-1.280073 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541905.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00256-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943503 | 647 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Capital budgeting is the process of assessing the profitability of future business projects, such as starting a new product or service line, in context of a business's resources and return requirements. This type of analysis is vital for small businesses, since choosing the right business opportunity is especially important when you have limited funds and a small margin for error. To undertake this type of analysis, you need to be familiar with some basic concepts.
Time Value of Money
The most important concept in understanding how capital budgeting works is the time value of money. This theory states that having a dollar today is worth having a dollar a year from now. The reason for this is that if you were to have the dollar today, you could invest it and get a return, making the dollar "worth" more in a year. An example of this is investing $10,000 in a saving account that provides 5 percent in interest a year. In one year's time your initial investment will grow to $10,500, or more than your initial investment. It is this theory that creates the expectation of return on investment, and provides the context for evaluating future returns.
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is the first component of capital budgeting. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital is how much a business needs to gain on its investments every year to maintain its current overall value. Businesses can raise money for investment in two ways: either by entering into loans or selling shares of ownership in its business. The entities that buy these instruments expect a certain amount of return on their investment, a return that will vary because debt and equity have different degrees of risk. WACC combines these different elements to provide a "break-even" point that businesses need to obtain given the business's composition of debt and equity, as well as the holders' expectation of return. It is the standard of comparison for all possible future projects.
Internal Rate of Return
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a process used to determine the return percentage in a new business opportunity that provides future cash flows. To determine this you use the projected payments for each year and the initial investment to determine the rate of return. For example, say that for an initial $1,000, you get $200 a year for six years. The return is not 20 percent, or $200 divided by $1,000. The return is actually 5.47 percent. That is because under time value of money theory, each payment of $200 is worth less and less every year into the future. With a 5.47 percentage return, the $200 received in a year is worth $189.63 currently, $200 in two years is worth $179.79, and so on. If you add all six payments adjusted for the time value of money at the IRR, it would equal the $1,000 initial investment. This calculation is important in budgeting because it allows you to compare the return of business opportunities against each other and firm specific benchmarks like WACC.
General Capital Budgeting Issues
Under capital budgeting, you calculate the WACC for your business and the IRR for the project, and if the IRR is greater than the WACC, it is a profitable project you should pursue. While financial theory would suggest pursuing all projects that have an IRR in excess of WACC, practice has shown this is not always wise. Increasing business debt or selling more shares has the effect of altering WACC because the expected return on debt and equity rise. This would mean that some projects that were profitable because of a higher IRR would no longer be. Businesses should consider the WACC not just based on current return rates, but using altered new return requirements due to taking on more debt or owners.
- University of Willamette; Capital Budgeting; Fred Thompson
- University Tennessee -- Knoxville, Department of Finance; Time Value of Money; 2000
- FinanceScholar.com; Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) -- Capital Structure of Corporations
- University of South Carolina; The Internal Rate of Return; Samuel L. Baker; 2006
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:3b3067c4-cfb3-48de-a52b-c35588790c6e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://smallbusiness.chron.com/description-capital-budgeting-15496.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583519859.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20181024042701-20181024064201-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.948008 | 849 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A recurve bow has tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is unstrung. When strung a recurve stores more energy than an equivalent straight limbed bow and therefore offers more thrust to project the arrow through the air to the target.
The riser on the modern bow could also be called the handle. It is the central component of the bow placed between the limbs, and it is where all other major components attach, it is usually constructed out of machined aluminum and/or carbon fiber.
A riser grip or handle is the part of the riser that you hold while shooting.The grip is often designed for comfort and to match the hand of the archer. The riser grips are often replaceable with after-market ones.
Limbs are the flexible planks made of wood, fiberglass and/or carbon fiber that are attached, one on either end of the riser. They work to store and release the kinetic energy needed to propel the arrow through the air. Limbs are measured in pounds of pressure generated by the stiffness of the limbs at usually at draw length of 24 inches. Although, there are many different manufactured ways to attach limbs to risers the most common standard is International Limb Fittings (ILF) that allows limbs and risers from different manufacturers to work together. Therefore, manufacturers make sure upper and lower limbs are distinguishable so they are install on the riser consistently.
A sight is a device that attaches to the riser to assist the archer by providing an adjustable pin that is used to make more consistent shots.
A stabilizer system is designed to help absorb the vibration of the shot and reduce unneeded noise during the shot. A stabilizer system can consist of a long rod, short rods, an extension rod, additional weights and a v-bar; additionally, a dampener may be added to the end of each rod to further help absorb vibration or add additional weight as desired by the archer.
A v-bar is a part of a stabilizer system used to attach the side short rods to the main long rod and gets its name from its shape.
A clicker is a device attached to the riser to assist the archer in producing a dependable draw length and to ensure arrows and limbs generate the same force repeatedly. It is positioned to pass over the end of the arrows once the archer has reached the desired draw length and the name “clicker” comes from the noise produced as it passes over the end of the arrow.
A plunger button (or pressure button or cushion) is a spring cushioned device that the arrows sits against while on the arrow rest. It is designed to fine tune the horizontal oscillation upon release of the arrow and assist the arrow to reach the center shot location easier.
An arrow rest is a device attached to the riser, usually made of metal or plastic that the arrow rests upon while the archer draws the string back.
A bowstring is the cord that attaches to both limb tips and transforms stored energy from the limbs into kinetic energy in the arrow.
The serving is the cord tightly wrapped around the strands of bowstring to produce a single cord and produce a consistent area to attach the arrow to the bowstring via the arrow nock.
An arrow is the projectile shot from the bow at the desired target and consists of a spine, a point, a nock, and three fletchings. They are usually made of aluminum and/or carbon fiber, although carbon fiber is a popular choice because of its straightness, weight and durability.
Fletchings are the feathers or plastic vanes glued around the end of an arrow, usually done in three. The fletchings are used to help the arrow spin and correct the arrow’s flight so consistent shots can be achieved.
A nock is the two-pronged end of an arrow enabling the arrow to be attached to the bowstring. Usually made of plastic, it is a single unit either inserted into the end of an arrow or attached to the arrow using a aluminum nock pin.
Target arrow points, sometimes called field points, are dull metal ends that provide weight to the front end of the arrow to help the arrow fly through the air.
A bow sling is a strap that is usually made of cloth or leather and attached to the riser below the grip. The bow sling usually wraps around the archer’s wrist to provide additional security to stop the bow from falling out of the archer’s hand after the arrow is released.
A container usually made of leather, plastic, cloth or synthetics to hold the archers collection of remaining arrows while shooting and it is usually worn either on an archer’s back hip or over their shoulder.
An armguard is usually made of either leather or plastic, and it is secured with adjustable straps to the archer’s bow-arm. It provides protection from the bowstring as it releases stored energy through the arrow.
Usually made of leather it provides protection for an archer’s fingers while pulling the bowstring and additionally provides a smoother surface for release of the bowstring.
Keeps the clothing the archer is wearing from effecting the string while shooting and reduces string interference.
Securely holds the archers bow between shots or while they retrieve arrows from the target. | <urn:uuid:5af0f87a-f375-4df0-9e14-b662145d21f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://jordansequillion.wordpress.com/archery/anatomy-of-an-olympic-recurve-bow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633512.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00035-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933985 | 1,110 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Imagine: It is 1958, 13 years after the end of the Holocaust that devastated much of a continent and buried six million Jews along with million of others. Imagine now trying to build a museum to memorialize what happened, educate visitors about the atrocities, and confront the legacy of European genocide in a global context.
Now imagine doing this at, say, that most recognizable of concentration camps: Auschwitz. No, not in the way that the Polish government decreed in 1947 when it established what has become known as the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, which is not a museum so much as a collection of artifacts — one whose mission is not to tell the whole story of Auschwitz, never mind the whole story of the Holocaust.
Imagine something grander, more ambitious. What did we know of the consequences of the Holocaust a little more than a decade afterwards? What was its legacy? We knew then of the Nuremberg trials, Germany’s return to democracy, the way survivors began to rebuild their lives and, of course, the establishment of the State of Israel.
But the heart-wrenching personal stories of terror, death and survival were only just surfacing in 1958. “Night,” Elie Wiesel’s iconic account of his time as a prisoner in Auschwitz, would not be published in English for another two years. Adolf Eichmann, one of the most infamous Nazi organizers of the Holocaust, would not be hanged for another four years.
We did not yet know that the Soviet Union, which aggressively re-divided Europe after World War II, would itself collapse a few decades later. And we did not know that Israel would become a vibrant and extraordinarily successful nation that would also be afflicted by continued wars with its neighbors and the moral stain of occupation.
Even today, nearly seven decades after the liberation of Auschwitz, it is impossible to tally up all the consequences of the Holocaust, to codify the profound human losses and understand its deep geopolitical ramifications, to overcome the scent of death from the scene. So imagine now the challenge facing the National September 11 Memorial Museum, a scant 13 years after airplanes crashed into buildings and turned ordinary American ground into a graveyard.
It is no exaggeration to say that the new museum built beneath the World Trade Center plaza in lower Manhattan, opening to the public May 21, is deeply connected to efforts and institutions that memorialize the Holocaust.
Many of its leaders are steeped in that experience. Alice Greenwald, director of the 9/11 museum, came to the position in 2006 directly from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, where she served as associate museum director for museum programs. David Layman, who designed the exhibits for the 9/11 museum, did the same work for the Illinois Holocaust Museum in Skokie, Ill. Clifford Chanin curated the Legacy of Absence collection for the Holocaust museum in Skokie and founded the Legacy Project. He worked for years as a consultant to the 9/11 Museum and is now its vice president for education and public programs.
The Holocaust, Chanin said in an interview, showed us “the importance of memory, the civic function of memory, how to memorialize mass murder. It codified the moment.” | <urn:uuid:3a662020-0173-4712-adeb-ac634f0bc454> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://forward.com/articles/198192/lessons-of-holocaust-for---museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770616.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00001-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958394 | 660 | 2.875 | 3 |
Low Power Register Exchange Viterbi Decoder for Wireless Applications
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Since the invention of wireless telegraphy by Marconi in 1897, wireless technology has not only been enhanced, but also has become an integral part of our everyday lives. The first wireless mobile phone appeared around 1980. It was based on first generation analog technology that involved the use of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) techniques. Ten years later, second generation (2G) mobiles were dependent on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) techniques and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques. Nowadays, third generation (3G) mobile systems depend on CDMA techniques to satisfy the need for faster, and more capacious data transmission in mobile wireless networks. Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) has become the major 3G air interface in the world. WCDMA employs convolutional encoding to encode voice and MPEG4 applications in the baseband transmitter at a maximum frequency of 2<i>Mbps</i>. To decode convolutional codes, Andrew Viterbi invented the Viterbi Decoder (VD) in 1967. In 2G mobile terminals, the VD consumes approximately one third of the power consumption of a baseband mobile transceiver. Thus, in 3G mobile systems, it is essential to reduce the power consumption of the VD. Conceptually, the Register Exchange (RE) method is simpler and faster than the Trace Back (TB) method for implementing the VD. However, in the RE method, each bit in the memory must be read and rewritten for each bit of information that is decoded. Therefore, the RE method is not appropriate for decoders with long constraint lengths. Although researchers have focused on implementing and optimizing the TB method, the RE method is focused on and modified in this thesis to reduce the RE method's power consumption. This thesis proposes a novel modified RE method by adopting a <i>pointer</i> concept for implementing the survivor memory unit (SMU) of the VD. A pointer is assigned to each register or memory location. The contents of thepointer which points to one register is altered to point to a second register, instead of copying the contents of the first register to the second. When the pointer concept is applied to the RE's SMU implementation (modified RE), there is no need to copy the contents of the SMU and rewrite them, but one row of memory is still needed for each state of the VD. Thus, the VDs in CDMA systems require 256 rows of memory. Applying the pointer concept reduces the VD's power consumption by 20 percent as estimated by the VHDL synthesis tool and by the new power reduction estimation that is introduced in this work. The coding gain for the modified RE method is 2. 6<i>dB</i> at an SNR of approximately 10-3. Furthermore, a novel zero-memory implementation for the modified RE method is proposed. If the initial state of the convolutional encoder is known, the entire SMU of the modified RE VD is reduced to only one row. Because the decoded data is generated in the required order, even this row of memory is dispensable. The zero-memory architecture is called the MemoryLess Viterbi Decoder (MLVD), and reduces the power consumption by approximately 50 percent. A prototype of the MLVD with a one third convolutional code rate and a constraint length of nine is mapped into a Xilinx 2V6000 chip, operating at 25 <i>MHz</i> with a decoding throughput of more than 3<i>Mbps</i> and a latency of two data bits. The other problem of the VD which is addressed in this thesis is the Add Compare Select Unit (ACSU) which is composed of 128 butterfly ACS modules. The ACSU's high parallelism has been previously solved by using a bit serial implementation. The 8-bit First Input First Output (FIFO) register, needed for the storage of each path metric (PM), is at the heart of the single bit serial ACS butterfly module. A new, simply controlled shift register is designed at the circuit level and integrated into the ACS module. A chip for the new module is also fabricated.
Cite this work
Dalia El-Dib (2004). Low Power Register Exchange Viterbi Decoder for Wireless Applications. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/802 | <urn:uuid:68d5983e-ebe8-4e9d-980f-23f82db33163> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/802 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.915869 | 913 | 3.03125 | 3 |
If you're considering welcoming a new pet bunny into your life, you may wonder do rabbit bite, especially if you have young children in your family who may want to play with their new pet 24/7.
When considering rabbit biting, we first need to think about their teeth. Rabbits have 28 teeth and, like human babies, kittens and puppies, they have deciduous (baby) teeth that fall out to make way for their adult teeth. However, this usually happens before they are born, or shortly after, so normally we are not aware these deciduous teeth exist.
All their teeth are ‘open rooted’, so continue to grow throughout their life. The large, sharp incisor teeth at the front of their mouth grow 2-3mm per week, while their molars (chewing teeth) grow 2-3mm per month. This is one reason why a diet high in grass and hay, which require lots of chewing, is essential as it helps to wear the teeth down.
Why would a rabbit bite you?
Rabbits may bite to defend themselves if they feel scared or threatened. They often bite other rabbits during a fight and are capable of inflicting deep wounds on each other. They can also injure humans and other animals, such as guinea pigs, which is one reason they must never live or even socialise with them.
Rabbits are more likely to bite if they are kept in an inappropriate environment that is too small, with no place to hide, and lacking mental and physical stimulation opportunities.
If you keep rabbits in the house, remember that indoor rabbit hutches are not big enough for them to be shut into and they must have 24/7 access to a larger area. The best indoor rabbit hutches have access that allows rabbits to come and go freely, retreating into them when they choose.
Why do rabbits bite your clothes?
Most rabbits do not like being handled and may bite to indicate they want to be put back down on the floor. In this case, they will bite the clothing of the handler, or any exposed skin.
Wild rabbits are only ever picked up by a predator – usually a fatal event – so, no matter how friendly our pet rabbits are, they may perceive the sensation of being picked up in the same way and respond by biting.
Rabbits may also tug at our clothes with their teeth simply for food or attention.
Why do rabbits bite their cage?
Rabbits may bite at the bars and wire of their cage due to frustration and boredom. They might perform this behavior, as well as chewing their cage, in an attempt to escape, pass the time, or reach something beyond the cage.
When housing rabbits, it is important to ensure that their enclosure has a footprint of at least 3m x 2m, and to provide lots of games for rabbits, enrichment and opportunities to dig, graze, hide, play, run, rest, and chew. These are natural behaviors for rabbits and having both mental and physical stimulation prevents boredom.
Do rabbits bite hard?
Most of the time, rabbits nip rather than inflict full bites, but this depends on why they are biting. If they feel scared, threatened, or are fighting with another rabbit, then they can bite hard, drawing blood and inflicting some nasty, deep wounds. If you do get bitten, it is best to speak to your doctor.
Tips to prevent bites
- Avoid picking rabbits up unless it is absolutely necessary, such as for checking their health or medication, and when you do handle them, make sure this is done carefully, gently, and with plenty of support for their hindquarters. You can sit on the floor to interact with your rabbits and allow them to come to you and sit on your lap for attention, if they choose to.
- Neutering of both sexes helps to prevent hormonally-driven frustration, especially in female rabbits, so neutering should be performed on all rabbits. This also means rabbits can live together (once bonded properly), with less chance of fighting. Neutering should be performed from three months of age for males and four months for females, before hormones begin to heighten.
- Never corner or chase your rabbits, as this will make them scared and likely to bite you.
How rabbits use their teeth to chew
As rabbits’ teeth grow throughout their life, it is important they wear them down with the correct diet. When rabbits chew hay and grass, they move their jaw in both a horizontal and vertical pattern, wearing down all parts of the teeth.
Hay and grass require a lot of chewing, so this increases the time spent keeping teeth trimmed. No other food, including pellets or greens, mimics this chewing action, which is one reason why when feeding rabbits, hay and grass should form 85 percent of their diet.
Rabbits whose teeth don’t grow properly could suffer from an increased risk of dental disease. This can be a lifelong problem that may also shorten their lifespan.
Rabbits bite to defend themselves when they are scared. Often, owners see this as aggressive behavior, but it is their way of communicating they are not happy about something. To avoid being bitten, make sure your rabbits have a suitable enclosure and only handle them when absolutely necessary.
Get the best advice, tips and top tech for your beloved Pets
Claire currently works in Kettering as a Head Nurse in a practice with a high rabbit caseload, as well as frequently lecturing and writing on rabbits to both veterinary professionals and owners. | <urn:uuid:d088c4b0-1eda-42f8-8961-550d342ff0cc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.petsradar.com/advice/do-rabbits-bite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.967963 | 1,137 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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An optotype is a vision assessment tool with a series of letters or symbols presented in a standardized format. Medical providers like optometrists and pediatricians ask a patient to look at the optotype and report what they see. This information can be used to determine visual acuity to see if the patient needs to wear corrective lenses. The Snellen chart, using a series of letters that progressively decrease in size, is a well-known version, but other types of charts are available as well.
Standardization can be important for vision assessment because it allows the medical professional to compare with a known baseline. Each optotype is optimized for visibility, with letters or shapes that should be visually crisp when the patient has good vision and sits at the recommended distance. If the patient has trouble discerning between or identifying shapes, this is an indicator that the patient’s vision needs correction.
In young children who cannot read, an optotype uses shapes. The child is asked to describe or identify the shapes in a vision test. Early intervention for children with suspected vision problems can be important. Likewise, adults who are not literate may be tested with a shape-based chart instead of one using letters, which they might find difficult. Several variations of shape-based designs are available for use in these settings.
Administration of a vision test with an optotype must be performed consistently for valid results. The room should have appropriate light levels, and the subject must be seated at the recommended distance. Testers should not bias subjects by isolating specific letters in an attempt to help them see better, and may not prompt them with suggestions about which letters they might be seeing. As the subject goes through the chart or a series of presented flashcards, the tester can take notes about the subject’s visual acuity to use later.
Optotypes also provide a quick tool for assessing visual acuity in environments like a department of motor vehicles. Someone applying for a driver’s license may be asked to pass a quick eye examination administered by an employee of the agency. The applicant views a chart and reads off the letters or reports the symbols, allowing the employee to determine if the applicant can drive safely. In cases where people need their glasses to see comfortably, they may receive a license with a corrective lens restriction, indicating they must wear glasses or contacts to drive.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:dcd82751-8e42-495a-83b6-185197b7d292> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-optotype.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187193.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00414-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939273 | 537 | 3.90625 | 4 |
It’s surprising that even today some children around the country don’t have access to free, full-day kindergarten. When young kids have access to high-quality full-day kindergarten programs, they have a greater opportunity to build the developmental and academic skills needed for the later grades and beyond. And, as more children have access to full-day pre-K, it only makes sense to continue to offer students full-day programs as they transition to kindergarten. In addition, a full-day program gives teachers the opportunity for more child-directed learning and imaginative play in the classroom.
In a recently released report from New America’s Early & Elementary Education Policy team, we ranked all 50 states and the District of Columbia on 65 policy indicators in seven policy areas that foster children’s literacy skills for third grade reading proficiency. We grouped states into three categories– crawling, toddling, or walking–based on whether or not states met our policy indicators. One of the policy areas that we analyzed was full-day kindergarten.
In our analysis, we reviewed access to and quality of full-day kindergarten within each state across four key policy indicators. We did not review whether states had chosen developmentally-appropriate curriculum or instructional strategies, but we did consider whether states have a reasonable class ratio, a minimum length of day that was equivalent to first grade, a ban on charging tuition for full-day programs, and a district requirement to offer full-day kindergarten.
Shockingly, only 12 states (most of them in the south) require their school districts by statute to provide full-day kindergarten. Two additional states (Washington and Rhode Island) are in the process of transitioning to statewide full-day kindergarten programs. As of 2014, thirty-five states do not require kindergarten attendance at all. Without the requirement in statute for districts to offer kindergarten, particularly full-day programs, kindergarten becomes vulnerable particularly when local budgets are constricted. For instance, in Massachusetts, funding for many of the state’s full-day kindergarten programs was in jeopardy this past summer after the governor made a line item budget veto that was eventually overturned by the legislature.
Even in the districts that do offer full-day K, it’s not always a true full-day of learning. In other words, only 27 states set a standard for the length of full-day K (when it’s offered) that is equivalent to first grade. In several more states, districts may offer full-day programs that range from four to seven hours. And, when districts offer half-day kindergarten, children could spend as little as 2.5 hours per day learning, even less when you factor in transitions between activities.
More than 10 states allow districts to charge families tuition for their children to attend full-day kindergarten in a public school. These policies limit equitable access to full-day kindergarten programs. While some districts do not charge tuition to low-income families or use a sliding scale based on family income, that is not guaranteed. Kindergarten should be seen as an essential grade for a child’s development and academic career, but in most state statutes it is not.
The map below shows the top 11 states that stood out in our scan for having policies that support greater access to full-day kindergarten programs. Many of these states rose to the top for requiring full-day kindergarten that is equivalent in length to first grade as well as banning tuition for full-day programs, both essential policy levers for allowing students and families to have equal access to full-day kindergarten. (To learn more about how individual states perform according to our policy indicators, check out our data analysis tool, Atlas.)
In our scan of full-day kindergarten, almost half of the states were “walking” and most of the rest were “crawling.” Alabama and North Carolina met every indicator that we tracked in this policy area. However, our indicators, did not include measures of classroom environment, per-pupil funding, or instructional quality. Even in Alabama and North Carolina, there is work to be done. It’s worth noting, that North Carolina is one state that has made improving kindergarten a focus, particularly in teaching and learning.
As state legislative sessions continue, policymakers and state education leaders should make kindergarten a priority by creating policies to ensure that every child has access to a free, high-quality, full-day program. After all, without a strong follow-up to pre-K, it will be much more difficult to sustain the learning gains made in earlier years. | <urn:uuid:e687c40d-24d4-4e00-bf39-49c5cf9bf037> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.edcentral.org/kinder-leading-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276780.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00214-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959956 | 935 | 2.765625 | 3 |
On May 21, 1927 the Carquinez Bridge opened to traffic between Crockett and Vallejo, California. Just a few miles north of San Francisco, the Carquinez Bridge was the longest highway bridge in the world when it opened.
It was also the first bridge across any part of the San Francisco Bay. The reason you have never heard of this magnificent bridge is because its opening was upstaged by Charles Lindbergh's landing in Paris! For most of its working life the Carquinez Bridge lived in the shadow of its more famous siblings: the Oakland Bay Bridge and the mighty Golden Gate Bridge. Still, the Carquinez Bridge was an engineering triumph.
Designed by the great engineer David Steinman, the mighty Carquinez was built using new construction techniques and was the first bridge to use earthquake buffers in the design.
A second twin Bridge was opened in 1958 and third replacement bridge was opened in 2003. From 2005 through 2007 the old bridge was deconstructed in reverse order of its construction.
In this book John V. Robinson takes readers on a photographic journey through time as he documents the birth, life, and death of one of America's great bridges.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)
John V. Robinson is an award-winning photographer and writer who is the author of seven previous books, including: Spanning the Strait: Building the Alfred Zampa Memorial Bridge (2004), Bridging the Tacoma Narrows (2007), and Bay Area Iron Master Al Zampa (2015). He holds degrees from UC Berkeley and San Francisco State University. In 2006 Robinson was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture. In 2007 he was a California Council for the Humanities recipient in documentary photography. John Robinson teaches English at Las Positas College and at California State University—East Bay in Hayward, California.
Publisher: America Through Time
Series: America Through Time
Images: 126 Color
Dimensions: 8.75 (w) x 9.75 (h) | <urn:uuid:88d2d493-e3d5-415e-8bbf-6589e9e6e44f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.through-time.com/products/carquinez-bridge-1927-2007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500837.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208155417-20230208185417-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.95156 | 450 | 3.125 | 3 |
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
In humans, the most common transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is rare with a worldwide incidence of 1 case per million. Humans who develop this disease will slowly lose the ability to think and to move properly and will suffer from memory loss and progressive brain damage until they can no longer see, speak or feed themselves.
First described in 1996, Variant CJD (vCJD) is similar to CJD as it too is a TSE, yet there are notable differences. First, young people are affected, with an average age of death under 30 years. Second, the disease has a relatively longer duration of illness. Finally, it is strongly linked to exposure, probably through food, to BSE. Other human TSEs have not been linked to food exposure.
The route of transmission of vCJD is not yet fully proven but it is generally accepted that it is transmitted through exposure to food contaminated by BSE.
For more information
Variant CJD was first recognized in March 1996.
From October 1996 to November 2002, 129 cases of definite or probable vCJD cases (dead and alive) have been reported from the United Kingdom (UK), plus an additional six cases in France, one in Ireland, one in Italy, one in Canada and one in the United States of America. Three of the French cases as well as the Canadian and United States of America reports are considered to be as a result of exposures in the UK since these people lived in the UK during the BSE epidemic.
The attached excerpt provides WHO recommended standards and strategies for the surveillance, prevention and control of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD). This section is part of a larger document entitled "WHO recommended standards and strategies for surveillance, prevention and control of communicable diseases" developed by the WHO Emerging Diseases and Pandemic Response Department (EPR), in collaboration with the Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS), for major zoonoses involving livestock. Each section, after giving essential information on the main characteristics of the disease and its causative agent(s) and mode of transmission, provides definitions for possible, probable and definite cases of the disease as well as the rational for surveillance and WHO recommended systems for surveillance. Major control and prevention activities in humans and animal hosts are also described. A list of WHO reference materials is provided at the end. | <urn:uuid:5de6916d-e095-4de9-8bea-f2012dbb478d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/variantcjd/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095184.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00268-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958223 | 523 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The UK’s Mail Online reports:
Rings in fossilised pine trees have proven that the world was much warmer than previously thought—and the earth has been slowly COOLING for 2,000 years. Measurements stretching back to 138BC prove that the Earth is slowly cooling due to changes in the distance between the Earth and the sun. The finding may force scientists to rethink current theories of the impact of global warming.
It is the first time that researchers have been able to accurately measure trends in global temperature over the last two millennia. Over that time, the world has been getting cooler—and previous estimates, used as the basis for current climate science, are wrong. Their findings demonstrate that this trend involves a cooling of -0.3°C per millennium due to gradual changes to the position of the sun and an increase in the distance between the Earth and the sun.
Read the whole article here.
Whatever these measurements prove or support (and it may be less than the article claims), this is the kind of data that counts toward answering whether changes in global temperature occur irrespective of industrial activity. The findings here integrate with what we already know—that the earth has been both warmer and cooler in the past than it is now. And they leave open the possibility that small temperature changes one way or the other ultimately don’t matter because people can adjust to them.
Of course, many so-called scientists who have been beating the “global warming” drums will disregard these new findings, as they do any facts that don’t comport with their goal of anti-industrialization at all costs. At most, this new data will cause them to dream up yet another angle as to why industrial progress must be stopped. In the 1970s it was “global cooling”; then it morphed into “global warming”; now it’s “climate change”; perhaps tomorrow it will be “temperature stagnation.”
Whatever the environmentalists’ pretense and agenda, science proceeds by gaining knowledge of facts, and knowledge of facts is always on the side of those who want to live and prosper. | <urn:uuid:b3fa5826-688c-4fca-b948-fcf7b9dceece> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2012/07/science-vs-environmentalism-exhibit-372b/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887077.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118071706-20180118091706-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.95193 | 441 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Lowering Drinking Age
American youth alcohol policy is a perfect example of drug policy with unrealistic expectations and serious unintended consequences. Our current policy attempts to prevent underage drinking by criminalizing youth who consume alcohol before they are 21 years old. This is the highest drinking age that exists among all countries in the world, and millions of dollars have been spent on the enforcement of this law. Yet today, more than 90% of high school seniors claim that alcohol is “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain, and nearly half have admitted to drinking in the past 30 days.1
Most of this debate is centered around the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, which forces states to raise their drinking age to 21 or be subject to a ten percent decrease in federal highway funding.2 The country should not have a blanket policy on alcohol because it excludes the consideration of alternative policies that may help to promote safer consumption. State legislatures should be allowed to enact policies that they believe will reduce the overall harm of alcohol use.
The current minimum drinking age forces young people to experiment with alcohol in unsafe environments and leads to a higher level of binge drinking among youth. Additionally, as a result of this minimum age law, schools often provide “abstinence-only” education, which is far less effective at preventing abuse than programs that encourage responsibility.3
One undisputed issue with our current alcohol policy is the effect of age segregation. Entertainment establishments are encouraged to deny entrance to legal adults who are not of drinking age, and this limits where and with whom these young adults are allowed to spend free time.
SSDP does not have an official position on what the minimum drinking age law should be because we believe it is up to the states to find what works best. It is most likely, however, that 18 or 19 years of age would become the minimum.
Get Involved in the Campaign!
SSDP chapters can help push for more sensible alcohol policies in a variety of ways. Promoting discussion and debate about this issue on your campus is a great way to get people thinking. Chapters can also lobby their school president to sign the Amethyst Initiative and lobby their student government to sign on in support of a debate on lowering the drinking age.
1 Alcohol: Trends in 30-Day Use, Risk, Disapproval, and Availability in Grades 8, 10, and 12, Monitoring the Future – 2008 data http://monitoringthefuture.org/data/08data/fig08_14.pdf
2 Title 23 of the United States Code, Highways. (PDF file, see Section 158) http://epw.senate.gov/title23.pdf
3 Effective Alcohol Education: What Works with Underage Youths, David J. Hanson, Ph.D http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/YouthIssues/1116635269.html | <urn:uuid:8a41c6c2-3c62-4f4e-9269-e7cb1b8bfad6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://ssdp.org/issues/lowering-drinking-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941646 | 595 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Lower triglyceride levels to reduce heart attacks, strokes
Everyone knows that an elevated cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. The higher the level of the bad or LDL cholesterol and the lower the level of the good or HDL cholesterol, the higher the risk of heart disease. When cholesterol levels are measured, triglyceride concentrations are also determined.
Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in the body. An elevation in these fats is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Normally, the triglyceride level should be below 150. If the triglyceride level rises above 200, the risk of heart attack doubles, tripling if the value is above 400.
Recent studies have shown that 31 percent of adults have triglyceride levels above 150, that levels are higher in whites than in blacks, in men than in women and that it increases with age.
A poor diet high in calories and fat leads to elevations of circulating triglycerides. All the fats we eat are bulky and are digested in the bowel to triglycerides that are absorbed and transported in the blood. In addition, excessive carbohydrates that are not needed for metabolism and activity are converted to triglycerides and the excess is stored as fat in the body.
Not surprisingly, most obese individuals have elevated levels of triglycerides. This is also true for individuals with diabetes. For obese adults with type 2 diabetes, the combined effect of being overweight and diabetic can lead to very high triglyceride levels — and thus a high risk of coronary events.
Obesity leads to a condition called insulin resistance in which higher concentrations of insulin are needed to maintain a normal blood sugar. The higher the blood sugar, the more triglycerides are formed creating a vicious cycle of more weight gain and more triglycerides.
Alcohol and a large number of medications, including hydrochlorothiazide, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen, steroids and viral therapy for AIDS can raise triglyceride levels.
While elevated triglycerides are usually the result of an unhealthy lifestyle, occasionally a genetic abnormality leads to a massive elevation of triglycerides. These patients often have a history of abdominal pain, have had numerous attacks of acute pancreatitis, and have an unusual skin condition called eruptive Xanthoma, in which the body is covered by small pale bumps called papules. This condition is very rare, affecting about 1 in 10,000 persons.
Patients having high triglycerides are often placed on medications aimed at lowering the levels. Niacin or Vitamin B3 can lower triglyceride levels, but at the doses required, cause unacceptable flushing. Liver damage can occur and the so-called non flushing niacin, available at health food stores, is not as effective.
Triglycerides can be lowered by prescribing either gemfibrozil (Lopid) or fenofibric acid (Trilipix). Unlike lowering cholesterol with medications, there is no proven evidence that treatment with drugs that lower triglycerides reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Encouragingly a scientific statement by the American Heart Association (AHA) published in the journal Circulation indicates that those who alter their lifestyle and eat a healthier diet can substantially reduce triglyceride levels. Replacing saturated fats (found in red meat) with healthy monounsaturated fats and increasing omega 3 fatty acid intake, reduce triglycerides and promotes health. Good sources of omega 3 fatty acids include nuts (particularly walnuts), fatty fish and avocados.
The AHA recommends reducing sugar intake to less than a 100 calories for women (1 teaspoon of sugar contains 25 calories) and 150 for men can reduce triglyceride levels by 20 to 50 percent. The statement also recommends reductions in fructose intake and avoiding alcohol if the triglyceride level is above 500.
The more vegetables and fruits the better; and generally fruits lower in fructose concentrations are encouraged. These include strawberries, bananas, peaches and cantaloupes. Not surprisingly the statement strongly recommends a greater commitment to exercise.
This information on triglycerides and heart disease emphasizes the critically important role of lifestyle in promoting a long and disease free life. While medications play a central role in both treating and preventing disease, success demands that we all commit to be as active as possible, eat well and live right. This is the fail-safe way to reduce risk of major illness.
Dr. David Lipschitz is the medical director for the Mruk Family Education Center on Aging and the Fairlamb Senior Health Clinic. Contact him at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:5fb84fd9-73a4-4b3a-9780-250f8675cc67> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.baxterbulletin.com/story/life/health/2018/12/11/lower-triglyceride-levels-reduce-heart-attacks-strokes/2268602002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232261326.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527045622-20190527071622-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.913677 | 929 | 3.453125 | 3 |
PlatinuMath (PM) is a versatile suite of Web-based games that was designed for use both as professional development for middle school teachers and as a supplement to classroom instruction for middle school students. Research shows that many teachers are ill-prepared to incorporate technology or 21st century skills into their instructional methods, and many elementary and middle school teachers do not have a good understanding of STEM content. Our hypothesis is that if teachers participate in professional development activities that are delivered as online games they will become more comfortable implementing games in the classroom curriculum with their digitally savvy students. The PM professional development product is designed to strengthen the mathematics knowledge of middle school math teachers while immersing them to the benefits of educational gaming. With teacher commitment, this product can be successfully integrated into any middle school math curriculum as a supplement to classroom activities. Individual student and class progress available to the teacher from an easy to use dashboard provides the teacher with the real-time data required to differentiate and individualize classroom instruction.
PlatinuMath takes the form of a narrative-based adventure game with Steampunk art, a mystery narrative, 3D animation, and live video. The game suite includes both conceptual and procedural gaming activities and is built to align with the U.S. Common Core Standards for math. The Common Core key knowledge targets are delineated into implicit conceptual understandings and more explicit procedural skills through 23 mini-games. All mini-games are multi-leveled and carefully scaffolded into 6 levels of difficulty. A typical mini-game finds the story's heroine and her Steampunk robot companion cornered by ravenous zombies, and, to escape they must use mathematical reasoning. Additional video learning lessons provide more explicit explanations of the topics and can be accessed from the PlatinuMath interface after, during, or before gameplay. | <urn:uuid:8dc2ad96-21ca-4ad0-a82a-5c04619fc521> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://devpost.com/software/platinumath-an-online-formative-assessment-math-game | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488567696.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625023840-20210625053840-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.958478 | 366 | 2.671875 | 3 |
While the gap between life expectancy rates for African Americans and Whites still exists, it has narrowed over the last two decades, according to “Health, United States, 2011,” a new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report released on Wednesday.
SEE ALSO: At-Home HIV Test Gets Closer
Between 2000 and 2009, life expectancy at birth increased more for African Americans than for Whites, narrowing the life expectancy gap between these two racial groups, the report shows. In 2000, life expectancy at birth for Whites was 5.5 years longer than for the Blacks. By 2009, though, the difference narrowed to 4.3 years.
Hispanics still have higher life expectancies than both ethnic groups.
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While there is no one contributing factor, the rise in life expectancy rates could be attributed to improvements in treatments for cancer and strokes, which are most likely to affect African Americans, Amy Bernstein, health services researcher at the National Center for Health Statistics told NewsOne.
Overall, the report found that higher-earning, educated people tend to have lower rates of some chronic diseases, including obesity, compared to people with less income and lower levels of education.
“Looking at poverty and education is critically important, but it’s also helpful to look at the distribution by race and ethnicity because Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to live in poverty,” Bernstein said. | <urn:uuid:eb71266c-7bc8-4b41-9353-651316ab8e0d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://praisecharlotte.com/541187/good-news-life-expectancy-rates-increase-for-blacks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701445114/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105045-00008-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952686 | 301 | 3.234375 | 3 |
How we change what others think, feel, believe and do
Principles > Daring principle
If you dare me to do something, I daren't not do it.
Daring triggers basic drives to prove oneself, especially to one's peers and even more so to attractive members of the opposite sex.
A common factor through many species is the competition between males - often
with the prize of first choice from the females.
Women compete and fight too and can be remarkably courageous, especially in the defense of family and close friends, but the evolutionary drives of men towards open risk-taking are much greater.
The dynamics of dares
Dares are often used in groups of young men to challenge one another to perform dangerous feats. Although these can involve physical danger, they are more often than not social in nature and sometimes enable valuable learning, for example where a boy is dared to ask out a girl.
The psychology of the dare is that the dared person is caught in a double bind. They have the choice of either accepting the dare or appearing as a coward and suffering a social lowering in status. Faced with such a choice, many people accept the dare, attracted as much by the potential kudos as the fear of ridicule.
Some people find great pleasure in the thrill that dares create, and saying
"I dare you..." to them is like waving a red rag at a bull.
First, assess their preferences and act accordingly. For example:
And the big | <urn:uuid:fe68b835-6653-468b-8ab2-4af313725677> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://changingminds.org/principles/daring.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102757.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816231829-20170817011829-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.949161 | 304 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Despite long standing associations with mysticism and stage hypnotism, hypnosis has also been used for medical and scientific purposes. For well over a century, hypnosis has been used to treat a wide range of conditions. These have included pain, irritable bowel syndrome, post-traumatic stress, phobias and eating disorders.
More recently, hypnosis has began to attract notice from cognitive neuroscientists. They have become interested in understanding hypnosis, and using it to simulate unusual states of consciousness in the lab.
Hypnotic suggestion allows one to harness the effect of attention in the brain. This allows the enhancement, and even production, of a wide range of experiences. In many people, hypnotic suggestion can produce compelling changes in perception and cognition, including temporary paralysis, anaesthesia and blindness.
Hypnosis produces a highly focused state which allows “suggestions” – simple statements communicating changes in a person’s experience or behaviour – to take place, such as “your leg is becoming so stiff that you cannot move it”. It has also been long recognised that suggestions can be effective without a hypnotic induction procedure, but this is rare, only occuring in highly suggestible individuals.
In the lab
The ability to experimentally manipulate subjective awareness in the laboratory could have major potential, as I describe in the latest issue of Nature Neuroscience Review.
Current interest in the area can be divided into two types of research. Some are looking to acquire a better understanding of the nature of hypnosis. Others are interested in using hypnotic suggestion to investigate certain aspects of normal and abnormal psychological functioning.
Employing a range of brain imaging technologies, both approaches are using hypnosis to explore the nature of consciousness. They are also gaining insight into the brain mechanisms underlying visual perception, pain, and the putative origins of some clinical symptoms. These include medically unexplained paralysis as seen in hysteria, hallucinations, delusions and alterations in control over thought and actions in schizophrenia.
Understandably, scepticism remains regarding the credibility of reports involving hypnotic suggestion. Participants, however, typically describe the perceptual and behavioural changes experienced as “real”, and beyond voluntary control.
Recent experimental studies support the case for hypnosis being a physiologically credible experience. This is particularly seen where suggestions disrupt well-established automatic, unconscious processes, such as reading.
There is a now a growing literature which shows how hypnotic suggestion can be used to create temporary functional changes in a range of ways.
Hypnosis has also been used instrumentally to develop and test models for a number of specific psycho-pathologies including delusions, auditory hallucinations, functional paralysis and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
It can also be used to suggest subjective experiences that are similar to symptoms observed in neurological and psychiatric disturbances. These have included chronic pain conditions, and disorders of volition and motor control.
Hypnotic suggestions have been used to induce “synaesthetic” experiences – where one sense triggers the involuntary use of another. In colour-number synaesthesia, people experience colours associated with specific numbers. The reliable effects reported in naturally occurring synaesthesia are commonly considered to be outside a subject’s control. However, one study showed that hypnotic suggestion could be effective in abolishing the apparently automatic experience of synaesthesia.
There is clearly great future potential in this growing field. In addition to scientific advances, the ability to produce neurological symptoms of “virtual patients” in normal volunteers also provides a potential training value. Practitioners could have the possibility of experiencing these symptoms for themselves: through hypnotic suggestion.
Source: The Conversation, story by Peter Halligan | <urn:uuid:771a36e9-9ab8-461a-a9ec-4c02c79367b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.technology.org/2013/08/23/hypnosis-gives-insight-psychiatric-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282937.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942171 | 746 | 3.25 | 3 |
Yesterday, news broke that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was recalling a record-breaking 143 million pounds of beef from a California meat packer. The Humane Society had caught employees at the Hallmark/Westland Meat company last month on video using a forklift to prop up sick "downer" cows long enough to pass inspection, in violation of a host of federal regs. The USDA hasn't exactly snapped into action on this one. Eating meat from sick cows can spread mad cow disease, yet most of the beef suspected of being contaminated had already been consumed by the time USDA announced the recall. And you know who ate it? Little kids.
A big chunk of the nation's poorest quality beef is routinely dumped on federally subsidized school lunch programs. Not surprisingly, beef in school lunch has caused a fair amount of food poisoning. No one knows how the mad cow problem will play out, since it takes years for the disease to show up in humans. But one thing is certain: As the Humane Society's video reaffirmed, USDA seems largely incapable of guaranteeing the safety of beef in this country. (The USDA tests fewer than 1 percent of all slaughtered cows for mad cow disease, and Bush administration, in fact, went to court to prevent one beef producer from voluntarily testing all his cattle for mad cow disease because it would make all the other companies look bad.)
Given that little kids are far more vulnerable to the effects of food poisoning than adults are, it seems to me that it's time to simply ban beef from the school lunch program. It's not like kids will suffer much. Most of them spend plenty of time at McDonalds. In fact, in light of the current obesity epidemic, there's a strong argument for banning beef solely based on its fat content. But putting school children at risk of illness and death from dangerous beef to subsidize ranchers and shoddy meat companies is criminal. Let the kids eat garbanzo beans and force the meat companies to find somewhere else to peddle their sick cows. | <urn:uuid:59d80b7c-37da-4514-8b36-c8355a16752f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.motherjones.com/blog?page=3215 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304412.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00144-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96794 | 414 | 2.6875 | 3 |
From earliest times to the present day, the necessity of sacrifice of life for expiatory purposes has persisted as an idea in the human mind. This necessity was illustrated at the first by the coats of skins which the Lord God made for Adam and Eve after sentence had been pronounced on account of their sin. That incident should convey the thought of a victim, and that the sinner was not himself able to make the necessary provision. It should also teach us that just as the Lord God provided the victims whose skins were made into robes for the sinners, so He would, and He only could, in due time provide the necessary sacrifice that would actually supply the needed covering, and would expiate the sin. In a word, the incident in the Garden illustrated the love of God for the guilty pair, and foreshadowed its grander manifestation to be made in ” the fullness of time ” on behalf of them and all their race. — Gen. 3: 2 1 ; John 3: 16; Gal. 4: 4 , 5 .
The extent of the ignorance of and alienation from God of the race is shown in the fact that most of the tribes of men are worshippers of demons or idols, not knowing the true God. As the divine likeness in them has been more and more obliterated, notions of cruelty and vindictiveness, on the part of their deities, have been introduced into their religions in connection with the still persisting idea of the necessity of expiation, in order to atonement. The fact that the sinner could not himself provide the victim, but that it must be provided by God, has been quite lost sight of. Thus the teaching concerning the relationship of the creature to the Creator has been so distorted that it might be said of some that their gods have been made by men.
Even Christendom has not escaped the bane, as is evidenced by the vindictiveness of character often ascribed to the Almighty.
Doubtless Justice must be exact and stern; but it can be both without being vindictive; in fact, vindicriveness is a beginning of injustice, for it leads to excess. On the other hand, a loving provision for the exact satisfaction of the divine penalty against the sinner is quite compatible with justice; it magnifies the divine honour, exhibits the love of both God and Christ for a lost world, and lays the foundation for a substantial benefit, which in due course will accrue to all who desire to avail themselves of it. The teaching of Scripture on this most important subject is both harmonious and convincing.
When Adam and Eve were placed in the Garden which God had planted ” eastward in Eden,” they were
perfect of their kind; ” very good ” was the word used to describe them. (Gen. 2 : 8 ; 1: 31.) Man’s estate is not the highest in the universe. There are at least two above him — the divine and the angelic. If there be grades between the angelic and the divine nature we know not; but the angelic nature is doubtless the lowest plane of spiritual nature, for of the man it is said,
” Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels.” (Psalm 8: 5.)
Man was made for an earthly habitation, and the restitution processes will bring back all the willing and obedient to the perfection originally illustrated in Edenic conditions. Angels are heavenly beings, differently constituted from mankind, and dwelling in other conditions. — Psalm 115: 16; Dan. 9: 20, 21; Matt. 18: 10; Mark 12: 25.
Such an one, ” a little lower than the angels,” but perfect on his own plane, was our father Adam, when
placed by his Maker in the garden. Being without experience, and, therefore, without established character, though their physical and mental processes were perfect, he and his beautiful companion were placed under a command which was to test their obedience and loyalty to their Creator. The point of the test was a very small one, being merely the abstinence from the fruit of a certain tree, the lack of which would in no way have interfered with their sustenance. As no law is of force unless a penalty be arranged for infractions, so a penalty was provided in case of disobedience to this command. And just here is a difficulty to some, that the penalty arranged for seems out of all proportion to the insignificance of the offence to be punished.
Men were hung in England for sheep-stealing, when sheep were sold for 2d. each, and a Bible cost £40.
But such penalties are now abolished, and capital punishment is pronounced only for a few offences, considered very heinous. In the Garden of Eden, however, we find capital punishment the penalty for eating a little fruit! If it be inquired, Why was this? the answer is that the value of the fruit was not at all the consideration, but the loyalty of the creature to the Creator. It must not be overlooked that the smaller and less significant the incident, the more severe is it as a test of loyalty; whence the principle enunciated by the Saviour.
” He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much; and he that is unjust in
the least is unjust also in much.” (Luke 16: 10.)
God had a right to require perfect obedience from His creature, man, and to declare that the disobedient
should not be allowed to live.
This is very different from the usual misunderstanding of the penalty threatened and pronounced in the
Garden. Many think that God meant to torture the transgressors to all eternity. Had He so intended. He would certainly have stated it in the plainest terms, under which no misunderstanding could have been possible.
Considering the issues involved, nothing less than the clearest possible expression of His intention could be justified by Him Who is the embodiment of Justice, not to mention Love.
Perusal of the first three chapters of Genesis reveals not a word that could be construed as implying an
eternity of pain as the threatened penalty for disobedience.
” But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil thou shalt not eat of it ; for in the day that thou eatest thereof dying thou shalt die.” (Gen. 2 : 17, margin.)
This is the only record of God’s words to Adam on this subject before he sinned, and here should be
found the straightforward teaching of eternal torture, had that been the penalty of disobedience. But God said nothing about it; instead of saying that Adam should expect to be kept alive in pain, He said that the transgressor should die.
” The soul that sinneth, it shall die;” ” the wages of sin is death.” — Ezek. 18: 4; Rom. 6. 23.
Some have found difficulty in understanding how Adam died in the day he ate the forbidden fruit. He
did not die within twenty-four hours of his sin, for we read in Gen. 5: 5,
” And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years; and he died.”
This difficulty is more apparent than real, and it resolves itself when the wide use of the word “day” is
recalled. We speak of “our day,” not meaning a period of twenty-four hours, but a number of years.
This usage is common in the Bible; two instances will suffice for the present.
“Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness, when your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. (Heb. 3: 8, 9.) ”
“But beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.”
“A thousand years in Thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the
night.” (2 Pet. 3 : 8 ; Psa. 90: 4.)
When these and similar references are considered, it is not at all difficult to understand that Adam died within the day that he sinned. The dying process began promptly, and it was completed in less than a thousand years.
If the words threatening the penalty say nothing about eternal torment, much less do those in which
the sentence was pronounced and more fully explained after the transgression.
” In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken (Gen. 2 : 7 ) ; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.” (Gen. 3: 19.)
This language is very precise. None need mistake its meaning. The sinful man was to return to the ground from which he had been taken. Did Adam, when God formed him “of the dust of the ground,” emerge from a condition of misery and woe unspeakable? Let those answer who believe that “return unto the ground” means eternal torment.
The language describing the execution of the sentence is equally clear, allowing no room for the thought
that eternal torment was intended to be understood.
“Lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat. and live forever; therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.” (Gen. 3: 22,23)
Here is the best possible evidence that the penalty was not to be a perpetuation of existence in misery,
but rather a taking away of all power to live, as indicated in the act of excluding the man from the Garden where the trees were, the eating of whose fruits would have kept him alive. In order that the sinner might die, he was driven forth into the unprepared portion of the earth, to struggle on as best he might with the thorns and thistles — which have remained and multiplied to this day, but which, with all other unfit conditions, shall be eradicated during the Kingdom Age — until, near the close of his “day,” the execution of the sentence was finished, and he returned to his dust. Had he not sinned, he would have been permitted to live on.
The sentence thus pronounced and executed has become the inheritance of the sinner’s posterity. Certain it is, we all die; and the Bible furnishes the only reasonable account why this is so. Many Christians, instead of recognising death as the wages of sin, look upon it as the gateway to glory. This is a great mistake, and has contributed much to the prevalent confusion.
The Apostle explains,
“As by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin, so death passed upon all men.”
In Adam all die,” and ” by a man came death.” (Rom. 5: 12; 1Cor. 15: 21—Rotherham—22.)
The whole of the race has entered into the results of Adam’s transgression, as it is written.
” The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge.” (Ezek. 18:
No other explanation than that of God’s Word suffices to tell why infants die. These do not bring death upon themselves, because they know not right from wrong. Yet they die. It must be as the Scripture says, that by
“one man sin entered and death by sin.”
What is true of the infant is true also of the youth, of the middle-aged and of the old; all die because of the legacy of death bequeathed to them by our first parents. All are born dying, not living, and the whole of what we call life is but a process of decay, arrested temporarily by such expedients as man can devise. This is the ” broad road ” to destruction, down which the entire! race of Adam is hastening with ever-increasing velocity. Adam completed the journey in nine hundred and thirty years; the present average length of life is only thirty-five years.
Why did God so arrange that the penalty of Adam’s sin should descend to some twenty-seven thousand millions who did not enjoy the privileges of perfection and favourable environment that he had?
Does it not seem unjust that such a vast multitude should, without being consulted, and without power to avoid it, enter into a curse which they did nothing to bring upon themselves?
Is there any wisdom in it?
Before mentioning what seems to be the Scriptural answer to these urgent and reasonable questions it might well be asked whether it is at all likely that we, in Adam’s position, would have done better than he did. Let each one carefully think it out for himself, and the conclusion must be that the most of us, if not all, would have done precisely what our progenitors in the garden of Eden did, circumstances being the same, it cannot, therefore, be alleged that God was unreasonable in not giving us an experience exactly like that of our first parents. And when the arrangements made for atonement for sin are comprehended, it will be clear that the course God took was not only reasonable, but was the most advantageous for the human race.
- The New Covenant Advocate April, 1909 pp. 3-6
Continue to read how Divine Justice requires the punishment of disobedience, and cannot allow the guilty to be cleared, and how God deals with such disobedience.
A Ransom for all 2 Corresponding price
A Ransom for all 3 Seeing Him as He is
- Coming to understanding from sayings written long ago
- Genesis – Story of creation 3 Genesis 2:1-15 Story of Adam and Eve
- Genesis – Story of creation 5 Genesis 3:1-12 Eating of the fruit-tree of knowledge
- Genesis – Story of creation 6 Genesis 3:13-24 Enmity and curse
- Creation of the earth and man #1 Planet for living beings in a pre-Adamic world
- A multifold of elements in creation and a bad choice made
- Forbidden Fruit in the Midst of the Garden 1
- Forbidden Fruit in the Midst of the Garden 2
- Forbidden Fruit in the Midst of the Garden 3
- Forbidden Fruit in the Midst of the Garden 4
- First mention of a solution against death 1 To divine, serpent, opposition, satan and adversary
- First mention of a solution against death 2 Harm or no harm and naked truth
- First mention of a solution against death 3 Tempter Satan and man’s problems
- First mention of a solution against death 4 A seed for mankind
- First mention of a solution against death 5 Evil its law of death
- First mention of a solution against death 6 Authority given to the send one from God coming out of the woman
- A solution for a damaged relationship 1 All vegetation for food except one fruit
- A solution for a damaged relationship 3 Insight and prophesies given
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #2 Beginning of mankind
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #4 The Fall
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #5 Temptation, assault and curse
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #6 Curse and solution
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #7 Promise and solution
- The 1st Adam in the Hebrew Scriptures #8 Looking for the 2nd Adam
- Trusting, Faith, calling and Ascribing to Jehovah #3 Voice of God #1 Creator and His Prophets
- Old language to confirm the promises
- The Question is this…
- Story of Jesus’ birth begins long before the New Testament
- Man’s own fault and the choice to flee from fear
- Sinning because being a sinner
- Greatest single cause of atheism
- Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked
- God receives us on the basis of our faith
- A voice cries out: context
- The faithful God
- A promise given in the Garden of Eden
- Do not be afraid. Good news because a Saviour has been born
- Days of Nisan, Pesach, Pasach, Pascha and Easter
- Gone astray, away from God
- Not trying to make the heathen live like Jews #1
- Necessity of a revelation of creation 2 Organisation of a system of things
- Necessity of a revelation of creation 3 Getting understanding by Word of God 1
- Necessity of a revelation of creation 4 Getting understanding by Word of God 2
- Necessity of a revelation of creation 5 Getting understanding by Word of God 3
- Running in the Garden
- Bible Study Notes: The Fall
- The Epitaph of Sin
- May 22, 2017 – Surrender? Genesis 22:1-2, Psalm 139:8-12
- The Jesus driven reading of God #2 (ungodly sacrifice)
- Communion Meditation 19: Communion with the Smitten Christ
- May 22 @ Exodus 29-32
- Today’s Scripture – May 22, 2017
- Loved from the First of Time
- The Finished Work
- Hallelujah! What A Saviour!
- What God Does With Our Sin
- From a Poor Thinker’s Blog… On God’s House Rules
- The Necessity of Atonement
- Gospel Terms
- St Isaac the Syrian: The Triumph of the Kingdom over Gehenna
- The Myth of Hell and Eternal Torture
- Is Hell a Myth?
- Dec 23 I feel like a boat
- Hard to Go to Hell Here!
- What Did Jesus Teach About Hell?
- Is the Hellfire Doctrine Truly Just?
- God’s Purpose for Hell – Part 7
- God’s Purpose for Hell – Part 9
- God’s Purpose for Hell – Part 10
- Eternal Torment? Not from a God of love
- Eternal Torment? Not from a loving God Part 1
- Eternal Torment? not from a loving God
- Eternal Torment? Not from a loving God 3
- Eternal Torment? Not from a loving God 4
- Eternal Torment? Not from a loving God 5 | <urn:uuid:fa21811e-881c-4710-9c62-262c48dbbc76> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://bijbelvorser.wordpress.com/2017/05/24/a-ransom-for-all-1-eternal-torment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.961088 | 3,859 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What They Do
Veterinarians care for the health of animals. They diagnose, treat, and research the medical conditions and of pets, livestock, and other animals. Some of their duties are:
- Examine animals to diagnose their health problems
- Diagnose and treat animals for medical conditions
- Treat and dress wounds
- Perform surgery on animals
- Test for and vaccinate against diseases
- Operate medical equipment, such as x-ray machines
- Advise animal owners about general care, medical conditions, and treatments
- Prescribe medication
- Euthanize animals
some specialties in this job are things like a equine vets. they work with horses. there's also food animal vets. they take care of farm animals like pigs, cattle, and sheep.
Vets can work in private clinics or they could travel around making house calls it all depends on what type of vet they are. A companion animal vet normally works in a private clinic. And equine and food animal vets tend to travel about making house calls.
When vets work with scared or injured animals they risk being bitten, kicked, and scratched. Also they risk being infected with a disease that an animal has.
Vets often work long hours. And sometimes on weekends or nights. Also they might have to respond to emergencies when off duty. In 2012 1 in 3 vets worked more than 50 hours per week.
How To Become A Vet
Vets must a doctor of veterinary medicine degree at an accredited college of veterinary medicine. Veterinary medical colleges typically require applicants to have taken many science classes, including biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, zoology, microbiology, and animal science. all states require vets to have a licence.
Vets must have compassion when working with animals and their owners. Vets must respect the animal and must be sensitive when dealing with the owner of a sick pet. They must also have decision making skills sothey can
In May of 2012 the median annual wage for a vet was $84,460. In May of 2012 the median wage for vets in the federal government was $85,170.
Employment of veterinarians is projected to grow 12 percent from 2012 to 2022.
- Agricultural and Food Scientist-work to ensure that agricultural establishments are productive and food is safe.
- Animal Care and Service Workers- provide care for animals. They feed, water, groom, bathe, and exercise pets and other non-farm animals. Job tasks vary by position and place of work.
- Medical Scientists- conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
- Physicians and Surgeons-diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.
- Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers-look after animals in laboratories, animal hospitals, and clinics. They care for the well-being of animals by performing routine tasks under the supervision of veterinarians, scientists, and veterinary technologists and technicians.
- Veterinary Technologists and Technicians-perform medical tests under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian to help diagnose the illnesses and injuries of animals.
- Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists-study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats. | <urn:uuid:ca6aa1ac-ef53-4486-976c-be270140e6a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://tackk.com/6nkxqt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00493-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947977 | 752 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Participants in research may differ systematically from the population of interest. For example, participants included in an influenza vaccine trial may be healthy young adults, whereas those who are most likely to receive the intervention in practice may be elderly and have many comorbidities, and are therefore not representative. Similarly, in observational studies, conclusions from the research population may not apply to real-world people, as the observed effect may be exaggerated or it is not possible to assume an effect in those not included in the study.
Selection bias can arise in studies because groups of participants may differ in ways other than the interventions or exposures under investigation. When this is the case, the results of the study are biased by confounding.
A study of the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) completed a door to door survey of an entire US county. They used a two-stage screening technique, first administering a comprehensive questionnaire and then referring those subjects with signs or symptoms suggestive of PD for a neurological evaluation. Over 97% of the households in the county participated. Some 15% of those screening positive in the first screen refused follow-up. Extensive efforts provided ‘valuable information on almost all the refusals which was reviewed by a neurologist to establish a diagnosis’. The authors presented convincing evidence that they had succeeded in obtaining a complete enumeration of PD cases in the county.
Of the approximately 24,000 residents on prevalence day, 1 January 1978, PD was diagnosed in 31 participants. Thirteen of those 31 had never been seen for medical care. In this survey, if another approach to the ascertainment of cases had used only the medical care system, all of those who had not received care (over 40%) would not have been identified. Furthermore, there would have been no definitive way of characterizing the bias introduced if only those identified via health records were used.
Another example is the effect of HRT on coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. Several studies showed that HRT reduced coronary heart disease (CHD), but subsequent RCTs showed that HRT might increase the risk of CHD disease. The Women in the observational studies on HRT were more health conscious, more physically active, and had higher socioeconomic status than those not on HRT. This self-selection of women (selection bias) led to confounding and a “healthy-user bias”.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled study of the use of phenobarbital for prevention of recurrent febrile seizures, adherence was not as good as hoped. The Kaplan-Meier curves for remaining free from seizures were not statistically significantly different from each other, contrary to expectation. The authors used several definitions of adherence and reanalysed the results ‘as treated’. The results based on one definition of adherence showed that adherent subjects in both the phenobarbital and the placebo groups had a higher risk of recurrence than those who were non-adherent. The results were thus conflicting and demonstrated selection bias due to attrition.
Prospective cohort studies of dietary and lifestyle factors exhibit a “healthy participant effect”, reporting lower mortality rates among participants than among the general population. This suggests that people who are interested in healthy lifestyles, and therefore have more healthy behaviours, such as low smoking rates, are more likely to sign up to take part in a prospective study than those with less healthy lifestyles. This can also be considered a sampling bias
A study of cigarette smoking and dementia found potential selection bias in the elderly. Selection bias due to censoring by death was one explanation for the lower relative rate of dementia in smokers with increasing age.
Selection bias can have varying effects, and the magnitude of its impact and the direction of the effect is often hard to determine. (Odgaard-Jensen J et al.)
As examples, a meta-epidemiological study of the Impact of Selection Bias on Treatment Effect Size Estimates in Randomized Trials of Oral Health Interventions found significantly larger treatment effect estimates in trials that had inadequate/unknown sequence generation (difference in ES = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.25). A further study to determine survival in preterm infant cohort studies found that the presence of selection bias overestimated survival by as much as 100%.
To assess the probable degree of selection bias, authors should include the following information at different stages of the trial or study:
– Numbers of participants screened as well as randomised/included.
– How intervention/exposure groups compared at baseline.
– To what extent potential participants were re-screened.
– Exactly what procedures were put in place to prevent prediction of future allocations and knowledge of previous allocations.
– What the restrictions were on randomisation, e.g. block sizes.
– Any evidence of unblinding.
– How missing data from participants lost to follow-up were handled.
Randomisation of participants in intervention studies aims to provide the fairest method of comparing the effect of an intervention with a control, and preventing selection biases is part of this aim. However, it may not be perfectly achieved. Berger and colleagues have made clear arguments for the crucial role of adequate allocation concealment and randomisation procedures to prevent selection biases.
Because anything that happens after randomisation can affect the chance that a study participant has the outcome of interest, it is essential that all patients (even those who fail to take their medicine or accidentally or intentionally receive the wrong treatment) are analysed in the groups to which they were allocated. The intention-to-treat analysis includes data from all the participants randomly assigned to the treatment comparison groups, whether or not they received the treatment to which they were assigned, even if they never started the treatment, or switched to a different one during the study. This prevents bias caused by disruption of the baseline equivalence established by random allocation.
In Observational studies selection bias is difficult to address with analytical methods, but methods for dealing with missing data are available, including last observation (or baseline value) carried forward, mixed models, imputation, and sensitivity analysis using ‘worst case’ scenarios (assuming that those with no information all got worse) and ‘best case’ scenarios (assuming that all got better). Analysing data only from participants remaining in the study is called complete case analysis.
Certain external measures can sometimes be used to calibrate the data from a study, an example being standardised mortality rates. Moreover, inverse probability weighting can be used under certain assumptions.
To improve generalisability of study findings the selection of the population should be broad and reported in the recruitment/inclusion criteria. | <urn:uuid:9175ef7c-a212-4af5-acb4-4f3d85ef3324> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://catalogofbias.org/biases/selection-bias/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358973.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130110936-20211130140936-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.95751 | 1,373 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Two people with different symptoms had amyloid-beta fibers with different shapes
Alzheimer’s disease proteins may contort differently in every patient.
In the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, a protein called amyloid-beta, or A-beta, forms fibers that congregate into plaques. A study now suggests that each person may have a distinct version of the fibers, which could affect how the disease develops.
Researchers led by Robert Tycko of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., extracted A-beta from the brain tissue of two women who had died from Alzheimer’s disease. The women had different symptoms and the disease affected different parts of their brains. Each woman had one predominant type of amyloid-beta fiber in her brain, Tycko and colleagues report in the Sept. 12 Cell. One woman’s fibers were long, thin and straight, while the other’s fibers were thicker and contained periodic twists, the researchers found. | <urn:uuid:cd98f2e3-27d1-4df2-9721-3bd85d7d7156> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/alzheimers-disease-protein-structure-may-vary-among-patients?mode=magazine&context=187368 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805761.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119191646-20171119211646-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.974868 | 206 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Psychedelic rock is one of the better known rock sub-genres. This genre’s popularity rose in the 60s and 70s, where many rock musicians and band members were experimenting with different types of drugs, and using their “high” state of minds to write songs. The genre gets its name from the meaning of the word psychedelic, which means soul-manifesting. The term was coined in 1957, in order to name the effects of LSD (which is the short for lysergic acid diethylamide).
While many bands were users, not all of them contributed to the genre. Below are two of the best known psychedelic rock bands:
Led Zeppelin was founded by guitarist Jimmy Page, who was originally the only member left from the psychedelic/blues rock band The Yardbirds. He recruited band members, including singer Robert Plant for Yardbirds concerts. After he realized his tour obligations with his tour company (as a member of The Yardbirds), he named his line-up Led Zeppelin.
Led Zeppelin released their commercially successful debut album Led Zeppelin in 1968. The band refused to get creative for the names of the following 3 albums, as they were named Led Zeppelin II, Led Zeppelin III and Led Zeppelin IV. The band released 4 more albums with their original drummer John Bonham, who died in 1980 due to massive alcohol consumption. The band broke up after Bonham died.
Coda, the final album of the band, was released in 1982 and it consisted of many of the tracks the band had recorded earlier but never released.
Page and Plant went on to have successful solo careers and they also contributed to each other’s albums. Page also collaborated with Whitesnake singer David Coverdale and they released an album together, appropriately called Coverdale-Page.
The band later performed together a couple of times after the break-up, with years in between the reunions.
Led Zeppelin is still considered one of the most influential rock bands.
English psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd (the band is also considered a progressive rock band) was formed in 1965 by Syd Barrett (lead vocals) and Roger Waters (co-lead vocals, guitarist). Barrett left the band in 1968 and Waters became (and remained) the band’s leader (music, lyrics, concepts, genre) until his departure from the band in 1985.
The band officially split up in 1996 but reunited in 2005 for a single charity gig. The reunion didn’t involve Syd, who had left the music world decades ago. Barrett died in 2006.
The band released 14 studio albums In total. Among their biggest hits were Another Brick in the Wall (from the 1979 album The Wall) and Wish You Were Here (from the 1975 album of the same name). Both of these albums are concept albums.
Wish You Were here is centered around Syd Barrett, his absence from the band and his mental state, as well as the music industry. As it is often the case with concept albums, there are few tracks. The album has 5 songs in total, with the shortest track lasting for over 5 minutes and the longest over 13 minutes.
The Wall is centered around themes of isolation and it is most famous for the song Another Brick in The Wall, as well its controversial lyrics and video. I bet right now you are tempted to sing “We don’t need no education, We don’t need no thought control, No dark sarcasm in the classroom, Teachers leave them kids alone” . Unlike Wish You Were Here, however, The Wall has 4 sides, many more songs with much shorter duration.
Pink Floyd has sold over 200,000,000 albums worldwide and continues to inspire many new alternative and progressive rock bands. | <urn:uuid:dbafdefe-4e3d-41fb-97b2-3271e4b10617> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2011/03/psychedelic-rock-genre-pink-floyd-and-led-zeppelin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645405.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317233618-20180318013618-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.983866 | 775 | 2.625 | 3 |
Drug abuse is a significant and widespread social, health and economic issue. How significant? A UN report from 2010 estimated around 230 million people worldwide took an illegal drug during that year. That equates to approximately 5% of the entire world’s population. Now just taking an illegal substance doesn’t necessarily mean someone has a personal issue with drugs or is a chronic abuser.
However, estimates from a 2015 world drug report listed 27 million as the number of people considered to have a drug abuse problem globally. The real issue though is that only about 20% of individuals that need some form of treatment or intervention are actually receiving the appropriate support.
So what is drug abuse? Simply defined drug abuse is the patterned use of drugs whereby drugs are consumed at frequencies, quantities and via methods dangerous to an individual or those around him or her.
I know that for those of you who have not had a problem with substance abuse, or perhaps have never been exposed to sufferers of long term drug addiction, it can be hard to comprehend why someone turns to drugs. More importantly it is hard to understand why they cannot simply stop what is clearly having an impact on their quality of life.
Even for a chronic drug abuse victim it’s often extremely difficult to admit they have a problem. Often it starts out as casual drug use, joining in with friends on special occasions. Unconsciously this infrequent use becomes ever more frequent… on any occasion. Before you know it they have a habit. All the while the victim convinces him or herself they could quit at any time if they really wanted.
What started out as a bit of fun is now having a pronounced impact on their health and wellbeing, as well as those that care so much about them.
So what are these harmful impacts then?
The specific impacts can vary widely depending on the particular drug or drugs in question. However, one thing that is consistent with almost all drug abuse is the influence it has on the executive functioning areas of the brain.
What do I mean by executive functioning areas? This basically refers to the parts of the brain involved in important tasks such as thinking, planning, organising, prioritising and taking action (or not taking action as the case may be).
Chronic drug use can weigh heavily on the inhibitory functions of your brain. When faced with important decisions pertaining to certain impulses or actions, an affected brain may struggle to differentiate right and wrong, or at least become delayed in its response. This can have a profound impact on ones judgement, decision making and emotions.
Excessive drug use can also lead to serious health problems including heart disease, stroke or drug overdose. Prolonged and serious drug use has also been closely linked to various forms of mental illness and psychiatric disorders. A raft of social problems are prevalent including violence or antisocial and criminal behaviour. If not sorted out, drug use also can lead to undesirable long term personality changes.
The good news is that drug abuse and addiction is treatable. Users who commit to one of the range of treatment programs are frequently successful in stopping the cycle of abuse. In many cases they go on to lead productive lives. Drug abuse victims do not need to face this problem on their own. The support structures are available for those that are prepared to admit they need help. | <urn:uuid:3203d612-52a9-461d-9dbb-b829f1941784> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.drugrehabtreatment.com/drug-abuse/understanding-the-harmful-impacts-of-drug-abuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591831.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720193850-20180720213850-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.975656 | 672 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Arts Integration Improves School Culture and Student Success
Art infuses joy and student voice into daily instruction.
By Cheri Sterman
Principal, January/February 2018. Volume 97, Number 3.
The arts are not optional. That’s the message L. Earl Franks, executive director of the National Association of Elementary School Principals, conveyed to a recent gathering of the Arts Education Partnership.
“Arts in education is an equity issue,” he told the group. “School leaders need to make a commitment to ensuring that every student has access to the arts, not as an extra enhancement when there is time, not as a luxury for the privileged, but as an essential part of well-rounded education.”
In the era of tight budgets and standardized testing, elementary principals have tough decisions on what to prioritize. Yet those who infuse the arts throughout the school see a profound impact on students and culture.
People have seen arts-infused schools are struck by the palpable energy and joy. There is a bounce in the step of students and teachers. Parents report that students cannot wait to come to school. The walls radiate with displays of colorful learning. Classrooms look and sound like studios, with a productive buzz as students coach each other and collaboratively create projects.
Principals whose schools use a schoolwide arts-integration approach also report more success in attracting and retaining teachers. According to “Voices From the Field: Teachers’ Views on the Relevance of Arts-Integration,” integrating the arts into education renews educators’ commitment to the teaching profession, gives them resilience to face the growing demands of today’s schools, rejuvenates teachers on the verge of burnout, and provides pathways for teachers to use culturally responsive pedagogy. Teachers who embed arts into teaching strategies say that being able to see what students are thinking—via creative expression, rather than standardized tests—reminds them of why they chose this profession.
Not “One More Thing”
Arts integration, defined as a cross-curricular way of teaching about and with the arts, is not a burden or weighty requirement. In fact, there are many parallels among arts integration, STEAM education, and project-based learning (PBL). Each includes:
- Collaborative, creative culture in which teacher leaders share expertise with colleagues.
- Differentiated instruction, helping students with different learning styles find their voices.
- A real-world approach to problem-solving that parallels cross-disciplinary work challenges and builds career readiness.
Arts Integration Can Lead to Academic Success
Incorporating the arts throughout the curriculum can boost student success. “From 2011 to 2014, the average improvement in math proficiency across our schools was 22.5 percent, and reading proficiency improved by 12.6 percent,” reports John Abodeely, deputy director of the President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities Turnaround Arts Initiative.
Similar academic results are reported by Bobby Riley, principal of Integrated Arts Academy in Burlington, Vermont, and Debbie Broadnax, principal of Powder Springs Elementary in Powder Springs, Georgia. Broadnax reports significant increases in students’ Lexile reading and Quantile math inventory scores. The highest increases occurred in classrooms that had the most frequent use of arts integration, she says.
Riley also reports improved test scores. However, he is most excited about the behavioral changes he sees. His school serves a refugee resettlement community, so many students experienced high levels of trauma before coming to the Integrated Arts Academy. Riley shares anecdotes of students who are new to this country—some new to any formalized school setting—who have found a path to success via the arts.
“They are quickly communicating with peers using a drawing or musical instrument, since art is a universal language that levels the playing field. Art welcomes English-language learners in a nonintimidating way,” says Riley.
Arts integration has resulted in such a dramatic decline in discipline referrals at the Integrated Arts Academy—literally, none occurred during arts-infused projects—that Riley now urges faculty to do arts integration all day, every day.
Getting Started With Arts-Infused Instruction
Intrigued by the benefits of arts integration, but not sure where or how to begin? Use these four steps to get going:
- Find champions who will co-lead this initiative with you. Every school has teacher leaders who are passionate about creative teaching and want to give students more voice. Invite them to form a Creative Leadership Team that will coach others along this journey.
- Collaboratively create an arts-integration school vision. Build grassroots buy-in by asking the entire faculty to contribute their thoughts: What would make the school culture more collaborative? How can creative experiences increase student engagement and success? Listen to educators’ priorities. Usually, the desired outcomes are very similar. Hesitation to embrace arts integration may be tied to a lack of creative confidence.
- Offer professional development that builds creative capacity. Teachers’ creative confidence and arts-integration experience lies along a continuum; you can map this continuum to identify strengths and PD needs. Provide interactive professional learning experiences in which teachers immerse themselves in the cross-curricular experiences they will do with students. When teachers confront their fears, balance their priorities, and explore the parallels between written and visual literacy, they have epiphanies and see firsthand why this approach to learning deepens understanding.
- Connect with other principals who lead arts-integration schools. Crayola and NAESP have provided Champion Creatively Alive Children Creative Leadership grants for eight years. We can help connect you with former grant winners whose stories can inspire and help you as you begin adopting arts integration as a schoolwide approach. For more information about the grant program or to be in contact with a former grant winner, contact email@example.com.
Infusing the artistic approach throughout school provides essential opportunities for students and teachers.
Cheri Sterman is the Crayola director of education and vice chair of the Partnership for 21st Century Learning. She leads the creatED professional learning program, which builds creative capacity in schools.
Preparing Educators for Arts Integration: Placing Creativity at the Center of Learning by Gene Diaz and Martha Barry McKenna
Copyright © National Association of Elementary School Principals. No part of the articles in NAESP magazines, newsletters, or website may be reproduced in any medium without the permission of the National Association of Elementary School Principals. For more information, view NAESP’s reprint policy. | <urn:uuid:dfd39f6a-6d47-4b4a-a0b2-2b0418853a12> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.naesp.org/resource/arts-integration-improves-school-culture-and-student-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.946182 | 1,372 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
- a brook almost overgrown in watercress.
Watercress is native from Europe to central Asia and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables. The plant is a member of the cabbage family, related to garden cress and mustard, known for their peppery flavour. It is not related to Tropaeolum, popularly known as "nasturtiums".
Watercress grows mainly in running water, with its long creeping, hollow stalks floating on the surface. The small flowers are white or green - and like many plants in this family the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50-120 cm.
Watercress thrives in clean, running water, but can be cultivated in a garden or in a pot. The plant is immensely rich in minerals and vitamins and works fine in the kitchen. Watercress has more iron than spinach, more calcium than milk and three times as much vitamin E as lettuce. It's packed with vitamins A and C, and is low in calories. It is dealed fresh and the young shots are used before flowering. Its taste is spicy and piquante, it can be used raw or cooked in salads, soup, shellfish and as a green sprinkle; suits for Hamburg parsley, pork, champignons, chicken, grill, fish and dressing. The seeds kan germinate like common cress and the dry seeds can be crushed to a mustard. One of Britain's best known dishes, watercress soup, became very popular in the 17th century when it was claimed to cleanse the blood. Watercress was once popular as a tea, freshly made with lemon and sugar. It was drunk as a tonic to ease aches and pains.
NB: It is not advisable to gather watercress out in nature unless it is absolutely certain that no animals are upstreams, especially sheep. People can get a deadly serious infection from a liver parasite. (The parasite dies by cooking.)
The juice from watercress is used in bathing soaps, and the cooked plant in baths for soar muscles. It has a long-standing reputation as a hair-tonic, helping to promote the growth of thick hair when rubbed on the head. Watercress cooked in milk and added honey is used for a face lotion, which keeps the skin soft and brightens freckles. Victorians actually thought the plant could remove freckles, and they also used it as a cure for toothache and hiccups. Eating a bag of watercress is said to be a good cure for a hang-over.
When Hippocrates founded the first hospital on the island of Kos around 400 BC, he grew wild watercress in the natural springs and used it to treat blood disorders. As a medicinal plant watercress has been traditionally considered a diuretic, expectorant, purgative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. It has also been used as a remedy against anemia, eczema, kidney and liver disorders, tuberculosis, boils, warts and tumors. It is commonly detoxicating and strengthening by long illness. According to Pliny the smoke of burning cress keeps away serpents.
According to the book "James Cook and the Conquest of Scurvy", Captain James Cook was able to circumnavigate the Globe three times, due in part, to his use of watercress in his sailors diets. Maybe he had read about the Persian king Xerxes who ordered his soldiers to eat watercress to keep them healthy during their long marches. It was also used by soldiers in general to both prevent and cure scurvy. Irish monks were said to survive for long periods eating only bread and watercress and referred to watercress as"pure food for sages". Lord Byron was quoted as saying that watercress "doth restore the bloom to the cheeks of a young maiden". He also called it the "Herb that while young is friendly to life."
Watercress belongs to the Moon. It is connected to the water's elementary creatures, the Undines. If it is worn in a red flannelbag it protects people who sail or flies over water. It gives insight in the nature of water. If watercress is eaten by day peoples' dreams will be more provident, mysterious and visionary. The plant increases empathy and understanding.
Anglo-Saxons swore by watercress potage to "spring clean" the blood. The British vegetarian writer Colin Spencer says that the Romans treated insanity with vinegar and watercress. Roman emperors ate it to help them make "bold decisions". Watercress is believed by many to be an aphrodisiac and in Crete, islanders swear by its powers and ancient recipes are handed down from one generation to the next. The Greeks had a saying that "Eating cress makes one witty". According to Cretan legend watercress grew in the springs of the Dikton Cave on Crete where the god Zeus is said to have eaten the plant to fortify himself against his murderous father Cronos.
"When I ask for a water cress sandwich, I do not mean a loaf with a field in the middle of it.”
photo Dollerup Bæk, 25. July 2009: grethe bachmann
Sunday, July 19, 2009
Dyer's Broom is also named Dyer's Greenweed. It has pretty butter-yellow flowers and it grows all over Europe where it is found in heaths and fringes, along roads and the edges of woods and in light oak- and pine woods. All parts of the plant are poisonous.
The plant was always used for dyeing linen and wool, already the Romans knew these qualities. Dyer's broom provides a useful yellow dye which is fast, and it was grown commercially for this purpose in parts of Britain into the early 19th century. The woollen cloth mordanted with alum was dipped yellow with dyer's broom. In England linen and wool were dyed yellow with dyer's broom, then dipped into a vat of blue dye - woad or later indigo - to produce the once famous Kendal Green, which was superseded by the brighter Saxon Green in the 1770s. Kendal Green is a local common name for the plant. With an after care with iron-sulphate the dye becomes dark brown and with copper sulphate olivegreen.
In Welsh mythology Blodeuweed is the name of a woman made from the flowers of broom, meadowsweet and the oak by Math ab Mathonwy and Gwydion to be the wife of Llen Llaw Gyffes. Her story is part of the Mabinogi, the tale of Math, son of Mathonwy.
A traditional hymn from Sussex says:
Sweep the house with blossed broom in May
Sweep the head of the household away.
Despite this it was also common to include a decorated bundle of broom at weddings.
Ashes of broom were used to treat dropsy, while its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.
In folk medicine dyer's broom was used for numerous diseases like many other herbs. Besides this it was used as a coffe-substitute and a culinary herb. The plant is poisonous so they might need a treatment after a cup of coffee or a spray of broom-spice on the dish!
photo Trehøje, Mols 11. July 2009: grethe bachmann
Thursday, July 16, 2009
Naturhistorisk Museum/ Mols-Laboratory
Mols, East Jutland
Sheep have been domesticated by humans for thousands of years and used for both wool and meat. They are generally found wherever human populations have settled and are usually kept in breeding groups called flocks which consist of a few males and many females. They can, however, survive in the wild on grassland and rocky mountainsides.
The Cameroon/Cameroun Sheep is a dwarf species of domesticated sheep found in hot countries, most notably (and originally) Cameroon, but also south-west and central AfricaThey are similar to early breeds of sheep. Since this breed of sheep comes from Africa, its wool is suitable for the hot temperatures in Africa. Their colours are red/brown with patches of black or white. They do not have woolly coats, as they are adapted to hot weather, but in winter it develops an additional layer of wool. However, this can be compared with the coat of an Arabian horse and doesn’t really provide protection from the long, cold European winters. Even native animals with a winter fleece that has adapted to prevailing temperatures don’t always survive cold winters. They must have a dry shelter with no drafts in winter. Cameroon sheep graze all day on grass and any other vegetation they can find.
Information about the Mols-Laboratory: Strandkær
Cameroon/Cameroun is a Republique in central and western Africa. The name derives from the Portuguese sailors who rached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of prawns and rayfish in the Wouri River and named it Rio dos Camarões, Portuguese for "River of Prawns". Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music and for its successful national football team. English and French are the official languages.
photo Strandkær 11.July 2009: grethe bachmann
Saturday, July 11, 2009
This was really an interesting sight to see how a thatched roof is made. And when it's done its a work of art. On the second picture where the guy brings materials on a tractor some of the pretty finished roof is seen.
The latest decades many thatched roofs have disappeared in Denmark, corresponding to that one thatched roof is removed every day every year. But now there is a growing interest for thatched roofs. Newbuilt thatched houses emerge in the Danish landscape. More and more house owners remove the old roof plates and bring the country house back to its old glory with the roof it was born with. This happens in the 11. hour, since there are only a little more than 42.000 thatched houses left in Denmark.
The Living Roof is a tribute to the cultural inheritance it represents. It has a history of 5.000 years with proud traditions and many good stories about fascination and beauty, custom and renewal and the skilled craft.
The materials used for thatched roofs is Danish and Polish straw, lyme grass, heather , seaweed etc. There two principal forms ,the sewed roof and the tied roof, and there are several local variants of those two forms.
The materials used today are mostly reed, which grows in fresh- or brackish water ; formerly rye straw (long straw) was mainly used, in West Jutland and at Bornholm mixed with heather. West of Lillebælt the straw was sewed upon the laths, east of Lillebælt they were fastened by binding hazel sticks upon the straw. Upon Øerne (Ærø, Langeland Lolland- Falster-Møn etc.) the ridge was covered in oat straw, which was sewed or fastened with connected pieces of oakwood, kragtræer; in West Jutland heather and turf were often used as a ridge. A turf ridge and a ridge of eelgrass is known from Funen.
photo Thy , North Jutland, 1. June 2009: grethe bachmann
Wednesday, July 08, 2009
photo Portlandmose, Lille Vildmose 20. June 2009:
stig bachmann nielsen, Naturplan foto
The Eurasian hobby can without slowing down its speed catch a dragonfly in the air, bring the insect to its beak with the claw and eat it. Just look at a gallery with fantastic photos of the hobby. See especially nr. 7 on the first page by Mogens Hansen, where the falcon eats its "lunch" in the air. The hobby is able to catch both swallows and swifts on the wing, and barn swallows or house Martins have a characteristic "hobby" alarm call.
The hobby prefers open landscapes with small forests and wetlands. Its food are birds, insects and exceptionally bats. This pretty little flyer is the size of a kestrel, but has another plumage and flight. It is a well-proportioned falcon with long, pointed wings and a rather short tail. It has an elegant flight with fast strong strokes of the wings interrupted by a glide. The hobby does not hover like the kestrel. Adults are slate-grey above, and streaked lengthwise below, with a white throat. Close views enable the red "trousers" and vent to be seen. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are generally much browner.
The hobby is a true falcon. In falconry one of the characteristics of a true falcon is to prey on birds in the open air. They circle hundreds of feet into the air, waiting for the prey to be flushed out by beaters or dogs. In falconry in the Middle Ages only the larger female bird was properly called the falcon. The male, which is up to one third smaller than the female, was the tiercel. The long winged falcons were restricted to nobility.The hobby was considered the easiest falcon to train, it was mostly used for hunting larks.
The Eurasian Hobby is native to most of Europe and Asia and some localitites in Northwest Africa. In Europe it breeds mostly in lowlands, in general avoiding large areas without trees. In Denmark the species is especially connected to older, open forests with grazed meadows or wetlands or other open nearby biotops which are rich in insect-life.
In the 1800s the hobby was probably a common breeding bird in Denmark, but with the intensive agriculture the species declined. Environmental poisons contributed furthermore to this development. Around 1950 the breeding population were reduced to max. 20 pair. It seemed that the decline continued up to the Millenium with only 5 pair. 2005 was the best hobby-year since the start of *DOF's project Truede og Sjældne Ynglefugle (DATSY) in 1998 with at least 15 pair. In 2006 were at least 10 breeding pair in Denmark. Hobbies nest in old nests of crows and other birds, laying 2-4 eggs. Three hobby-pair have breeded in old crow-nests put up in pylons, all in Sønderjylland. The hobby overwinters in Africa.
Eurasian Hobby see : Observationer
A wonderful story about a young Eurasian hobby with a broken wing.
A hobby with a broken wing was saved. After 29 days on Aabenraa Veterinary Hospital the young hobby could be discharged. The rare falcon was found with a broken wing by a local ornitologist Jesper Tofft from Sønderjylland. The hobby was a young bird from one of the crow-nests in the pylons in Sønderjylland. Jesper Tofft keeps an open eye with the Eurasian Hobby in the above mentioned project *DATSY, and he brought the hobby to the veterinary hospital. Dyrenes Beskyttelse (Animal Protection) has a nursing station in connection to the hospital. Usually birds of prey and owls with a broken wing do not achieve a nursing place, since experience shows that hunting birds with broken wings seldom can be cured and become effective hunters in the wild again. But the veterinarian Torben Knage-Rasmussen made an exception. "The ornitologists argued for that we had to do everything in order to heal this young hobby, because the species are so rare in Denmark that each specimen is of importance to the population" And then the veterinarian said yes. There are probably only 15 hobby pair in Denmark at present.
Except the broken wing the hobby was in good condition and vigorous. It also had a good appetite. It had to be fed on the first day, but already on the next day it eat the food itself. (chickens). On the first days the falcon was in a box with straw, but it soon came to
a small volière, and three weeks later in a large volière where it trained the first flights. The falcon was calm and composed during the whole course, and the veterinarian describes it as an easy patient. He said that he had taken care of various birds of prey, but the hobby was very balanced with a calm temper. It wasn't confused although it was experiencing an unusual situation.
Fortunately it showed that the nursing was worth the try. After 29 days of nursing the young patient was ringed, before Jesper Tofft put the it out near the nest where it was born. The falcon was so fast and brisk that the ready photographer missed to sharpen the picture. It rushed out at high speed to live the life of a free bird again, and it was received by two hobbies from its own family only a few minutes later.
DOF (Dansk Ornitoligisk Forening)
Danmarks Fugle og Natur
* DATSY is a project for endangered and rare breeding birds in Denmark.
Tuesday, July 07, 2009
Orange Hawkweed/Pomerans Høgeurt is native to most of Europe, though not to the southernmost and northernmost sections. It is found in some localities in Denmark . The species is completely dependent on not getting any shadow from competing plants. It is mostly spread from gardens , but in the listed and Ramsar-protected Verup Mose in Odsherred Statsskovdistrikt (Zealand) the Orange Hawkweed is found together with i.e. Common Hair-Grass (Bølget Bunke); Sedge (Grå Star); Goose-Grass (Gåse-Potentil); Hairy Woodrush (Håret Frytle) ; Sheep's Sorrel(Rødknæ) ; Wild Strawberry (Skovjordbær) and Wild Chervil (Vild Kørvel).
Wild About Denmark
photo 14 June 2009 , Gammel Rye, Mid Jutland: grethe bachmann
Lapland cornel/Hønsebær (Cornus suecica) is a wintergreen herbaceous perennial covering the earth like a carpet. It's blooming in May-July with small purple flowers surrounded by white petal-like bracts. The fruit is a red berry. The plant spreads vigorously in underground suckers.
Lapland cornel is spread cirkumpolar which means that it is found in the northern part of Norway across Lapland, the northern part of Russia and North Sibiria to Alaska, North Canada and Greenland - the whole way around the North Pole.
It is also found in special habitats in Denmark, here in a moor in Rold skov. It grows in moist, acid soil in community with cranberry (tranebær), dward-birch (dværgbirk), bog-bilberry (mosebølle), cloudberry (multebær), rhinantus (skjaller) and Hare's Tail cottongrass (Tue-kæruld).
Observation Denmark Hønsebær
27. June 2009 Rold Skov, North Jutland: grethe bachmann
Saturday, July 04, 2009
In Mid Jutland close to Hærvejen and Øster Nykirke is Margrethediget, a low bank with a ditch to the south. It was originally longer and has once blocked Hærvejen between the moors to the east and the hillsides to the west. Rests of weapons have been found in the fields by the dike and a small massive canon ball in the bank itself. The folk legend says that it was Erik Klipping's mother Margrethe Springhest ( Sambiria) who built it, but similar banks in Denmark are archaeologically dated to Iron Age in the centuries just before Christ.
Hærvejen (the road system also in Google Earth)
photo June 2009: grethe bachmann | <urn:uuid:b6c0b9a0-9050-49bf-bdca-974f6b420938> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://thyra2005.blogspot.com/2009/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107487.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821022354-20170821042354-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.962031 | 4,311 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is celiac disease?
Disclaimer: I am not a doctor. Just a mom who prefers to put the power back in my hands through knowledge. For all the real medical mumbo jumbo, check out the links at the bottom of this page.
So, what is celiac disease? Here’s how I explain it to Nora.
Let’s start with what it is NOT.
Celiac disease is NOT: A food allergy. Contagious. Curable. A life-sentence to eat boring, gritty food.
Celiac disease IS: An autoimmune disease. Permanent, but reversible with a strict gluten-free diet (more on this gluten stuff later). An opportunity to heal and find new foods you love!
For people with celiac disease, it works something like this. You eat a delicious bowl of fettucine alfredo. That pasta is loaded with gluten, a protein found in many of your favorite foods. It tastes really good going down, but inside, your immune system sees that gluten as the enemy trying to storm the castle, so it tries to destroy it, but in the process causes serious damage to your small intestine.
For some with celiac, you might have bad stomach pains or diarrhea after eating a plate full of glutinous enemies. Others have very minor symptoms, or no symptoms at all, such as Nora. But the damage is still occurring and if left untreated can cause a host of serious complications.
But there’s good news – I swear! Unlike most diseases, it’s completely reversible through diet alone. No horrible medicines that make you ill and have their own slew of dangers. Just food. And it’s good food! Well, some of it at least. And I’ll share all of our favorites.
For more information on celiac disease symptoms, testing, and treatment the following sites are all valuable sources of information. | <urn:uuid:d04ced30-7be4-4ace-b037-02fd316fd771> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://growingupglutenfree.wordpress.com/learnmore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578633464.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424054536-20190424080536-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.943091 | 399 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Which one of these sentences are you most likely to say?
“I hope you don’t mind me borrowing your car.” Or
“I hope you don’t mind my borrowing your car.”
Notice that the only difference is me versus my. My is the possessive form of the pronoun I or me. For example, “my book” and “my idea” are possessives. The book and the idea belong to me.
The second example is correct—the sentence that uses the possessive my. Why? Because you use a possessive before a gerund, and borrowing is a gerund.
Let me explain. A gerund is a word that used to be a verb (action) and is now being used as a noun, or thing. Nouns are used as subjects and objects in sentences. Gerunds end in -ing.
We are swimming in the pool. In this sentence, are swimming is the verb, or action. (By the way, the are helps determine the tense and is called a helping verb.)
Swimming relaxes me. In this sentence, relaxes is the verb, or action word. Swimming is the subject of the sentence, or the thing performing the action (relaxes). You can tell swimming is a noun because you can substitute other nouns here and the sentence makes sense. For example: Chocolate relaxes me. In this sentence, chocolate is a noun and is the subject.
When you use a noun or pronoun before a gerund, that noun or pronoun should be possessive. Here are some examples:
Your swimming is really improving.
I enjoy your singing.(I is the subject, enjoy is the verb, and singing is the object and a gerund.)
I don’t like my son’s riding a bicycle without a helmet.
I am punishing you for your eating in the computer room.
OK. But now we hit a snag (of course).
There are some other words that look like gerunds—in other words, they used to be verbs, are not being used as verbs, and end in -ing. But instead of functioning as nouns, they are functioning as adjectives (which describe nouns). They are called participles. Here are some examples of participles:
I know the woman wearing the hat. (Wearing describes woman. Which woman? The one wearing a hat.)
I hear you singing in the shower. (Singing is an adjective describing you. I hear you. You are singing in the shower.)
There is a bunny hopping in the back yard. (Hopping describes bunny. Hopping bunny.)
See if you can tell which is a gerund and which is a participle:
I see the cat chasing its tail.
Chasing its tail is fun for the cat.
Chasing is a gerund (or noun) in the second sentence. It is the subject of the sentence and a noun. In the first sentence, chasing is a participle (or adjective) describing the cat.
RULE: Use the possessive before a gerund, but not a participle.
I know the woman wearing a hat. In this sentence, wearing describes the woman. It is the woman whom you know. Which woman? The one wearing a hat. The focus here is on the woman, the noun. Wearing the hat simply tells which woman.
I don’t like the woman’s wearing a hat inside the house. In this sentence, the focus is on the wearing. It is the wearing you don’t like. The wearing belongs to the woman. It’s not the woman you don’t like. Here, wearing is a noun, or gerund, and you use the possessive (woman’s).
Here are a few more examples to (hopefully) make this a little clearer.
I know his reading every night has helped him pass the test. (possessive and gerund – focus is on reading)
I see him reading in the library every evening. (reading, a participle, describes him – focus is on him)
I hope you don’t mind my staying with you next week. (possessive and gerund – focus on staying)
I hear you calling my name. (calling, a participle, describes you – focus on you)
As you can see, there is sometimes a fine line between the two, so do the best you can!! And let me know if you have any questions, please! | <urn:uuid:fc5c7537-01dc-4bd5-8b07-9f4dbbb44374> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://bigwords101.com/2013/blog/possessives-before-gerunds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00175-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959108 | 963 | 3.65625 | 4 |
In Nigeria, mental illness is highly stigmatized and mental healthcare is not widely available. Resources, facilities and health staff are in short supply and disorders may not be well understood at the primary healthcare level.
It’s been estimated that 80% of individuals with serious mental health needs in Nigeria cannot access care. With fewer than 300 city-based psychiatrists for a population of over 200 million, caring for the mentally ill is typically left to family members.
This situation could worsen as Nigerian health professionals emigrate.
Unattended mental illnesses can have severe consequences for homelessness, poverty, employment and safety. They can affect children’s chances of success at school and result in family and community disruption. Mental problems also add to the burden on the systems of healthcare, policing, education, criminal justice, and social services.
The COVID-19 pandemic is known to have put pressure on people’s mental health all over the world, owing to uncertainty and losses of various kinds. Nigeria is not an exception. Uncertainty diminishes how well people can prepare for the future, and thus contributes to anxiety, stress, confusion, anger and substance abuse.
We conducted a survey to assess how well people were coping in seven sub-Saharan African countries under COVID-19 lockdowns in March 2020. Nigeria was one of the countries; the others were Ghana, Cameroon, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. We looked for prevalence of mental health symptoms and negative emotional reactions.
Although COVID-19 infections and deaths are lower in Nigeria than in some countries, the prevalence of mental health symptoms in Nigeria and across sub-Saharan Africa suggested that the population might be vulnerable to emotional distress. Better care should be available.
Mental health impact of COVID-19 in Nigeria
We undertook a survey of 2,032 adults using WhatsApp, Facebook and emails between April and May 2020, a period when many African countries were under lockdown. Most African countries, Nigeria among them, responded to the pandemic with strict nationwide lockdown measures which disrupted the day-to-day lives of the public and shrank economies. Only certain groups received financial support from their governments.
Our survey included adult respondents. The majority (556, or 27%) were from Nigeria. Of these, 38% were aged 18–28, 54% were males and over half were married (55%). Most (94%) had at least a bachelor degree and 60% were employed at the time.
We asked participants to report whether they felt anxiety, worry, anger, boredom or frustration during lockdown.
Almost all the Nigerians reported mental health symptoms (500, or 89.9%). About half of Nigerians reported feeling anxious (44.9%) or worried (47.1%). Almost a third reported being frustrated (31.7%). A sixth were angry (18.5%) and almost two-thirds (59.2%) reported being bored during the lockdown.
Prior to the lockdown, the Nigerian government had said that three in 10 Nigerians suffered from one form of mental disorder or another. Our findings indicate that COVID-19 may be adding to the country’s mental health burden.
We also found that Nigerian males over 28 years, and those who were married or unemployed, were more likely to report mental health and emotional symptoms. In a country with already high rates of unemployment, the impact of massive job losses in the pandemic cannot be underestimated.
Our data revealed that 16.6% of the Nigerian respondents lived alone. Participants living with more than six people (28.2%) in the household were more likely to report feeling anxious, angry and frustrated. Participants with families of their own seem to be more likely to be emotionally burdened during the lockdown.
Our findings challenge the view that communal life is a protection from mental health issues. It is also at odds with World Health Organisation guidelines encouraging individuals to stay with friends and families to reduce isolation during the lockdown.
Access to and use of orthodox mental healthcare services is low and social opportunities are also under strain as a result of rising insecurity. This points to further mental health pressure down the line.
Our research also showed that individuals perceiving themselves or their family members to be at lower risk of infection, or of dying from COVID-19, reported lower rates of worrying about the virus. Hence, one emotional coping strategy may be to be less concerned about the impact of COVID-19. This may, however, result in less action to prevent the spread of infection.
The way forward
The Nigerian government needs to be convinced of the importance of adequate mental healthcare. It must make effective treatment and adequate facilities and resources available. Appropriate remuneration and conditions of service are needed to halt the “brain drain” of staff.
Mental health should be an integral part of public healthcare at all levels.
The mass media can be deployed to share the survivor experiences of mental health patients. Educational campaigns are needed to help the public understand mental illnesses and the benefits of seeking orthodox care.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:7e7f27f7-a3b8-40fd-9be4-a4fcd9db2ae2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://patriotnewsorganization.com/health-news/what-nigerians-told-us-about-their-mental-health-under-covid-19-lockdown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.968143 | 1,035 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The leader of a successful leader has a strong communication capability. Of course, there were leaders who went up to the highest positions and did not have such skills, but they probably did not last long. This point has been illustrated recently when I heard an NPR program on the failure of Wall Street's big banks. When Congress overwhelmed the leaders of these institutions about why it did not take the risky investments that eventually failed, their answers were just the same and very simple – we did not know. It was their job to know and no one told them or did not receive the data they had access to. They did not flag for flags; nobody asked anybody said it. This is certainly a collapse of communication that can have a wide negative impact.
What is communication? Communication in life is the culmination of every successful – and not so successful – relationship. According to the Webster dictionary, communication is the process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are signal-mediated interactions between at least two agents that contain the repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is usually "mediating or exchanging thoughts, opinions or information in the form of speech, writing, or signs". Though there is such a one – way communication, communication is more perceptible than a two – way process in which the exchange and development of thoughts, feelings or ideas (energy) moves towards a mutually agreed goal or direction;
Why is communication important? Often, you want to send a message or want the recipient of the message to understand our messages in the same sense as we convey it. For example, take the company's need to increase the cost of health insurance. Often, it is transmitted through a written document during the open enrollment period. The worker's reaction is generally angry with the company to get more money for healthcare. The downside is that the company does not share the amount of information it needs to help the employee understand how the costs of increasing health insurance costs affect the company and their contributions. The company must provide a full compensation statement to the employee at the time that all employees can see how much the company invests as a private individual. Each employee gives a clear, individualized picture and tells the employee that raising the cost will change the reception of the message. He will still be angry, but he will focus on the right criminal responsible for accruing costs, which is the insurance and medical companies, not the employer. Effective communication helps to let the message reach its goals and help the reader of the message to get the desired answer. Effective communication helps organizations to keep in touch with their customers and employees; the transmission of information can effectively help avoid disputes about misunderstanding.
4 types of communication. I used to work with someone I used to call "screaming". Every day he goes into the halls and knocks on the door and says, "Do you have a minute?" After an hour and a half, you're still sitting there and I learned very quickly that my body language can help prevent this activity without being rough or out of sight when Mr. Chatter appeared in the door and said, "Do you have a minute?" I started to walk in the door before I replied and I would put my hand in the "stop" mode, I would say, "I'm actually in the middle of now, can I get you to the calendar later today?" The answer always said, "Oh, no, I came to thank you. "This one movement changed the whole dynamic of conversation: there are four types of communication: verbal, non-verbal, written and visual.
Verbal Communication: Verbal communication involves voices, words, language and speeches, sound and gestures are originally spoken in many languages, the basis for language formation is: gender, class, occupation, geographic area, age group and other social elements Conversation is an effective way of communication and can again be divided into two types of interpersonal communication and public speaking Good oral communication is an inseparable part of business communication In a business, people of different ages, cultures and races A high level of oral communication is essential for business meetings Deal in Business Communication Self-confidence plays a vital role, Communication skills can lead to success. Public speech is another verbal communication in which a group of people must be targeted. Preparing for effective speech is important. In public speaking, speech should be prepared depending on the type of audience. The contents of your speech should be authentic and have sufficient information on the topic of public speaking. The main points of speaking should be highlighted and these points should be given in the correct order. A number of public speaking techniques have to be applied and these techniques must be practiced for effective speech.
Non-verbal communication: Non-verbal communication involves physical communication modes such as voice, touch, smell and exercise. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal communication features singing, music, dancing and sculpture. Symbols and sign languages are included in non-verbal communication. Body language is not a verbal communication mode. Posture and physical contact mediates a lot of information. Posture is very important when someone is speaking in word. Folded arms and criss-cross legs are one of the postural signals. Physical contact, such as shaking, pressing, knocking, and touching the hand, expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expression, gesture and eye contact are all different ways of communication. Reading facial expressions can help you better understand a person.
Written Communication: Written communication writes the words you want to communicate. Good written communication serves business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many languages. Emails, reports, articles, and reminders are a few ways to use business communications. We can often edit and modify the written message before forwarding it to the other party to whom the communication intends. This is one of the most important advantages of writing as the most important communication tool for business. Written communication not only serves business but also informal communication goals. Mobile SMS is an Example of Informal Written Communication
Visual Communication: The last type of communication between the four types of communication is visual communication. Visual communication visually displays information such as topography, photography, signs, symbols, and designs. Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual communication
What is your communication style? I come from a family where it can be considered a direct warrior. For me honesty is the best policy and the only way to be honest is to be direct. Of course, this eventually causes me, my mother and siblings to conflict, because they rather agree with the person and disagree behind the scenes. My style is straightforward and its style is harmonious (by a little passive aggressiveness, but this is a new blog!) I changed my style to reduce conflict and I learned to feather. Does it always work? No, but it has reduced stress and those around me. It is very important to know your communication style and to recognize the style of others so that you can flexibly learn in your message without jeopardizing it and drastically reduce the possibility of misunderstanding. I found an interesting article that contained some critical information about the communication style: The 21 most important English words:
The two most important words:
The three most important words: 19659002] All Forgiven
The four most important words:
What do you think
The five most important words:
The six most important words:
I want to know better for you to understand better.
The least important word:
The power of hearing: There is nothing that makes effective communication faster than one party who does not actually listen to the other. with the financial support office of the University of Michigan where the child is attending school and all the people she has been involved in at the office since her child was first involved in 2009 was a short, rough and robust federal guide to student support. Obviously, there is a budget to which they are joining, and it is not out of the box that completely eliminates him as a financial aid when he attended the West Michigan University years ago. HIs understood that the financial support office exists to help the student find a way to fund education if there is no money from his pocket to cover the full cost. The staff of the Financial Support Office of the University of Michigan clarify words and non-verbal communication that their mission is to limit the amount of funds intended for each student to meet a secret budget target. He has repeatedly tried to explain this to the head of the department and every time he turned it around and blamed him for misunderstanding the counselors or not following the guidelines or taking into account the context. She never acknowledged that she heard what my client said or was trying to help her find financial resources to help her cover the $ 26,000 annual school costs. The child asked, "How can I find more money to go to school?" The counselor replied: "The marriage, the baby, the bond with the military or the death of your parents." He said, "None of these are a remote option to which he replied:" Well, maybe you should choose a school that was more affordable to you. "The child worked hard to accept the U of Mt. The counselor actually gave him the federal guidelines of student aid, but this is the way he totally objected when my client brought it to the department manager. He was very defensive and blamed the whole problem for me because I did not accept that these guidelines, but that's not the point, but there is a good way and a bad way to say no, exactly what they told her that they were getting more and more aid and the last exchange was my client with the head of the department, he said, "Please apologize for any response you feel is inappropriate." My client did not feel the answers were incorrect, they fully understood Federa's guidelines , and repeatedly and robustly repeated them again and again, the point is missing. The wrong recall of my client and his son is clear he had shown that he never listened to what I was trying to say and did not hear my client. This is an unfortunate gap between a parent and a major institution's main function.
Conflict Management: According to my client's contradiction with the U of M Financial Aid Office, the underestimated. There was a significant breakdown of communication, one sure he would pay the price later – literally. The normal part of life, however, is a situation in which every two or more people are exchanging information, in the event of a conflict or conflict of interest. The key is how to deal with conflicts and find a successful solution. In the Financial Assistance Service, my client agreed to disagree with what they are getting and find another source to cover the tuition fees. The head of the office will never get what they told him and he can live with it, that loss. There are several effective ways to end a tense situation and a successful thing to decide – what can you live and what you do not want to move? Understanding conflict and designing weapons with tools to think through and resolve is key to developing a proper way of thinking until this happens. My client's situation was unfortunate, but not personal and I guarantee that he is not the first and will not be the last one to experience a brick wall in the U of M Financial Assistance Service. Removing emotions and resolving the situation helped to make a reasonable conclusion.
How does attitude towards communication work? Every attitude consists of a combination of emotions, convictions and evaluations. Behavior refers to the reactions or actions of an object or organization, and attitude is predicting behavior. Convincing communication alters attitudes, which then influence behavior, thereby creating a more productive environment. Convincing communication openly seeks to persuade the other to change their behavior and only works if the source is credible and reliable. Trust and credibility are important for your colleagues and other critical relationships. The key to persuading is to clearly identify learning, then to support reasoning and obtain the consensus of others.
Define and Receive Feedback: Feedback is a kind of communication we give or receive. Sometimes feedback is called "criticism," but it seriously limits its meaning.
It is a way of feedback that people know how effective they are in trying to reach or how they are affected. This gives people the ability to learn how to influence the world around them and help us to become more effective. If we know how other people see us, we can solve the problems we communicate with and interact with. Of course, there are two sides: giving feedback and receiving it.
Feedback: Some say feedback is considered pure criticism and they do not want to hear it. Others mumble spiritually; to strengthen their worthlessness. Yet others just want to hear the praise, but nothing can point to imperfection. Of course this is not the case for everyone. Some people are willing to receive and look for feedback, even if they are sometimes annoying because they believe they can grow. It will come to you to think that feedback will harm you or make a profit.
This does not mean that we always have to accept the feedback or sometimes in a given way. We all have the right to refuse the feedback and we can expect feedback in a respectful and supportive manner. But it is contradictory in all positive and open ways of accepting feedback; in a negative and closed manner that feedbacks feedback and preserves it.
Negative / Closed Style
Defensive: Protects your personal acts, often opposes feedback. Attack: verbally attacks the feedback and reverses the table. Ignores: Rejects the accuracy or fairness of the feedback. It does not respect: the loudspeaker is cushioned by the loudspeaker or the loudspeaker has the right to give feedback. Closed: ignores feedback and silently listening. Inactive listening: Do not attempt to "hear" or understand the meaning of feedback. Rationalization: Find an explanation of feedback that dissolves personal responsibility. Patronizing: watching, but showing little interest. Surface: Listen and agree, but it gives the impression that feedback will have little effect.
Positive / Open Style
Open: Watching frequently without interruptions or objections. Sensitive: willing to hear what they say without turning the table around. Acceptance: Rejects the feedback without being denied. With Your Honor: It recognizes your voice and the speaker's right to say so. Engaged: Has a good connection with the loudspeaker, if necessary, for clarification. Active Listening: Listen carefully and try to understand the meaning of the feedback. Careful: Try to understand the personal behavior that leads to feedback. Interest: you really are interested in feedback. Honest: you really want to make personal changes.
Returns the other end of the feedback. Some people give feedback with pleasure; Finally, it is easier to give advice than to buy. Some people use feedback as a weapon or offer tit-for-tat. For others, feedback is a great way to be critical. The delivery of feedback is as important as you accept because it is in a very negative way. To be effective, you must set it up, be sensitive, and be honest with your feedback. As well as positive and negative approaches to accept feedback, there are also ineffective and effective ways to do so.
Ineffective / Negative Service
Attack: Strong blow and aggressive, focusing on the other's weaknesses. Indirect: Feedback is uncertain and questions are addressed rather than directly addressed. Not sensitive: it is less concerned about the needs of another person. It does not respect: feedback is disappointing and is offensive. Rationale: feedback feedback rather than behavior, rather judgment of personality. General: It is about widespread questions that can not be easily defined. Poor timing: shortly after the incentive event or in the worst possible time. Impulsive: without thinking, with little attention to the consequences. Selfish: The feedback meets the needs of the donor, not the needs of the other person.
Effective / Positive Delivery
Sponsorship: Not delivered in a threatening and promising way. Direct: The focus of the feedback is clearly stated. Sensitive: Delivered sensitized to the other person's needs. It must be borne in mind: feedback is not violated or destroyed. Descriptive: focuses on personality instead of personality. Specific: feedback focuses on specific behaviors or events. Healthy timing: to be delivered as soon as possible to the upcoming event. Thoughtful: he thought rather than impulsive. Helpful: Feedback should be valuable to the other person.
The Importance of Feedback
Feedback is important for people who want honest relationships. The powerful and important means of communication, the feedback of feedback, connects us and our behavior with the world around us.
Communication and the Digital Age: Communication Bans are made to a variety of tools among people; SMS, Facebook, Twitter, instant messaging, voicemail and email to name a few. Stephen Covey's Time Management Program claims to be a master of technology as the technology of leasing is our master. I recently participated in a baseball game and when I looked around at the stadium, I saw a man who watched their cell phone. They wrote, photographed, uploaded them to Facebook, they talked – it was the new era of mass media blitz. I often get instant messages from customers and potential customers who ask for profound questions to change and are simple answers. It will be difficult to be an effective communicator in the digital age unless we learn how to use these tools convincingly and appropriately. My client has an employee who keeps e-mails running. My client constantly complains about the staff who feels he is fighting and abrasive. I advised her to sit down with the worker, show her copies of inappropriate emails, advise her for a 24-hour "cooling" period, and then first review the emails with someone you can trust before coming to the send key. A month later, the client reported that 9 out of 10 emails were discarded before sending. Workers have learned the ability to not respond via email to other communications that annoyed him. It is particularly important in this economic environment where we do much more with less, and tensions are great.
Ask yourself the following questions:
How would your professional and personal life change if you could successfully master these basic skills? Do you allow yourself to not invest in improving communication? You will be surprised by the shocking turn your life knows how to communicate efficiently and successfully. Did you know that the most important tool for a company or client is someone who communicates effectively, someone who can influence and persuade others? Communicate successfully and effectively to influence others or just talk
i. 2007, Stoney deGeyter; Pole Position Marketing. ii. 2009, Phil Rich, Ed.D., MSW, DCSW; Self-help magazine | <urn:uuid:ac51c102-4aee-4b34-b9c3-40d250354039> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://cufhr.org/2018/05/21/10-steps-to-effective-communication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.965185 | 3,780 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Carbon fibre has established itself as a wonder material in vehicle construction, with its mix of low weight and high strength being prized for many of the world’s most advanced vehicles of land, sea and air. Austrian company Fipofix believes that it’s identified a material better-suited to the high seas, saying that its specially processed volcanic fibre-based composite, more commonly known as basalt fibre, offers a better performance-price ratio than carbon fibre or fibreglass and can be recycled after use. The company is in the process of testing the material in some of the world’s most extreme marine conditions.
Though basalt fibre isn’t a household term like fibreglass or carbon fibre, it’s not a new composite, either. According to a 2006 article published on CompositesWorld.com, basalt fibre was originally patented in the US in 1923. Fipofix’s claimed innovation isn’t so much in the material, then, but in the processing and application of that material. The company began as a 2009 collaboration between Austrian technology group Kapsch and Yacht Construction Consulting. The parties innovated a new way of processing brittle, touchy volcanic fibres into rugged, unidirectional fabric purpose-built for nautical use. They called the processing system “Fiber Positioning Fixation” (or Fipofix), submitted a patent application in 2011, then formed Fipofix GmbH. | <urn:uuid:b0cb6272-6076-4ac8-89f8-2c3de944142e> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://carbonparts.com.au/category/basalt-fiber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402128649.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930204041-20200930234041-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.930888 | 308 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It’s higher time we all recognize the significance of lower carbon dioxide impact & suppressing dangerous exhausts & begin taking solutions straight now to conserve the globe from worldwide warming. According to a brand new record, the decrease in Carbon Footprint may be beneficial in saving up to 3 million early deaths through the year 2100.
In the USA, the emphasis of climatic modification plan is largely on environmental problems. There are some attempts being made to resolve worldwide warming, yet it is actually believed that these attempts will certainly achieve success only if there is actually a major initiative to minimize the quantity of carbon dioxide in the ambience. While co2 is thought to be the cause of almost all the temperature improvement that develops around the globe, scientists feel that the amount of these discharges released through folks in their lives are thus higher that they are possessing a serious effect on the planet’s climate body. The degree of carbon dioxide released in to the environment has actually reached out to an all time higher during the past year, along with numerous scientists alerting that the problem could possibly obtain even worse really quickly. Thus, the demand to minimize greenhouse fuel exhausts has actually become incredibly significant.
The expense of cutting down carbon dioxide emissions has come to be astonishingly important to numerous folks. If we fall short to lower carbon discharges today, the price can easily increase past our wildest dreams. reducing carbon footprint
It is actually opportunity for everybody to take action against carbon discharges trading. The The planet is actually going with a process of organic replacement and the time to address this concern has actually arrived.
In order to secure our environment, we require to be actually pro-active as well as accept carbon dioxide exhausts exchanging. It is a superb method for governments to handle their carbon dioxide exhausts and obtain a head start on the worldwide warming crisis. fiberglass vs cellulose insulation
Governments whatsoever degrees should be actually committed to acting rapidly and also aggressively to decrease garden greenhouse gasoline exhausts as well as protect the atmosphere. Carbon exchanging will definitely carry out merely that. Through reducing the present level of carbon discharges, nations may be held accountable and help in reducing international carbon dioxide emissions through as much as 20% of present degrees over the next 4 years. This could possibly well be the single crucial accomplishment in the fight versus weather modification and might be enough for it to become contacted a transforming aspect. If they are actually going to prosper in their target to restrict garden greenhouse fuel exhausts, as well as a truly international attempt is actually one thing governments have actually obtained to locate a means to perform.
It is unthinkable that the world’s largest economic situations are going to sit back and also allow co2 to pollute the environment much more. If this is approved as the rule, our team will be actually doomed. The absolute most current estimation is actually that the Earth has actually experienced its own 1st runaway greenhouse effect. The impacts will certainly be wrecking. Much more hurricanes, floods, drought as well as warm front will continue to aggravate the earth’s distress.
It is actually opportunity to make a change. Our experts need to have to cease driving our vehicles off the road.
There are thus lots of ways that our experts can easily minimize carbon dioxide impact and it is actually up to all of our company to take action! There is no means that our team are actually going to cease melting fossil fuels like oil, fuel and also charcoal in our life time. Energy Efficiency vs Energy Savings
These vehicles are created from products that were actually believed to be actually green, and also however they are actually as polluting as a regular gas powered auto. The only method to actually identify if an electricity auto is right for you is actually to test drive one as well as find just how it operates. It might be actually best for you if you may pay for the beforehand expense and also perform not mind driving around in a strange lorry for awhile. Nonetheless, if you carry out not have this form of cash on call to invest, you will desire to ensure that you have the ability to buy a power car that helps you. so the proprietor was actually going to need to take it along with him if he ever before went anywhere. Now, electricity vehicles perform certainly not need to have these batteries and also may go long distances without must be reenergized, thus there is no demand for this sort of battery whatsoever. | <urn:uuid:0b05a4dc-6b3e-46c4-8ea4-e553df0d7643> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.trashzombies.net/2020/12/04/seven-points-you-most-likely-failed-to-learn-about-reduce-carbon-dioxide-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803308.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126170854-20210126200854-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.969186 | 894 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Return to Learning Opportunities
People have been fascinated by this issue of sensory processing for a long time. Occupational therapists in particular, have studied about sensory processing and its affect on people’s everyday life. You can read a summary of interdisciplinary work in Dunn, 2001.
Jean Ayres was a prominent occupational therapist that introduced the idea that sensory processing was an important factor to consider when trying to help people perform better in every day life. She designed an assessment battery that could be used in research and in practice to identify sensory integration difficulties. The first battery was called The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests, and she also added the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus test. Other colleagues updated these tests, and called the new battery the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. All of these measures provided a means for therapists and other professionals to understand the nature of sensory integration difficulties, particularly for children with learning disabilities.
Since that time, others have designed assessments for other age groups and other disability groups, all in an attempt to characterize the sensory experiences of people, and in understanding sensory processing, creating more effective ways to support people in everyday life. A common theme was to create sensory history forms, a way to find out from family or caregivers how the person responds to sensory events in life.
We had the advantage of all of this work when we started working on the Sensory Profile measures. They began out of continued requests for more information to understand sensory processing a little bit better.
We only planned to make an assessment for children, the Sensory Profile. It
is for children 3-10 years of age. But then therapists wanted a measure for
babies and for adolescents and adults, so we have also designed the Infant/
Toddler Sensory Profile and the Adolescent/ Adult Sensory
Profile. You can
also find information about these measures on the web site www.sensoryprofile.com .
Return to Learning Opportunities | Home Page | <urn:uuid:599ffd5e-fd45-4f15-92e5-011f8dece994> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/sensory_processing/learning_opportunities/concepts/sp_measures_main.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659512.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00034-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95948 | 405 | 2.953125 | 3 |
USciences Demographics & DiversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
Racial DiversityVery High
A college's ethnic diversity is indicated by the student body's equal inclusion of students from different backgrounds . Students at USciences are predominantly White with a significant Asian population. The school has very high racial diversity. 58% percent of students are minorities or students of color. The ethnic breakdown is detailed in the following table.
The college is an Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institution (AANAPISI) and is recognized for serving Asian Americans and Native American Pacific Islanders.
|Race||Percent of Students|
|American Indian / Alaskan||
|Hawaiian / Pacific Islander||
|Two or more races||
There are 84% more female students than male students enrolled at University of the Sciences with a gender ratio of 65% women to 35% men. Compared to the US average of 56% female students, USciences has a lower gender diversity than other US colleges and is less inclusive of males.
|Gender||Percent of Students|
|Gender||Number of Students|
USciences serves a low number of students outside of Pennsylvania, with 50 percent of the student body residing in-state.
|Origin||Percent of Students|
|Out of State||
Median Household Income$72,732 per year
28% of students can be considered low-income as indicated by their receipt of Federal Pell Grant Aid.
|Segment||Percent of Students|
|Students Over 25 Years Old||2.9%|
|Part time Undergrads||0.8%|
Primary data source, U.S. Department of Education https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=215132 IPEDS survey data for University of the Sciences. | <urn:uuid:a7f3731a-7ee0-4288-9a0f-3cd8e130bd03> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/pennsylvania/university-of-the-sciences/students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396495.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528030851-20200528060851-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.864061 | 378 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Using Social Media to Prevent HIV Transmission
As AIDS research enters its fourth decade, advocates are still seeking new tools to stop the disease and help its victims. With over half of all of Americans over the age of 12 using online social networks, there is no doubt that social media plays an ever increasing role in how the population interacts. There is now mounting evidence that suggests social media has ushered in new ways to communicate with at risk groups.
A number of studies in recent years have began tracking the behavior of gay men and their social media use. In 2008, researchers at the University of Minnesota developed a sexually explicit, interactive gaming and information website called Sexpulse to educate gay men about safer sex and HIV.
The provocative tool came under fire from social conservatives, who compared it to government-supported gay porn and tried to kill its funding. Opponents failed and the data collected from educational game offered insight on how social media is used in gay communities.
What became clear was that traditional public health techniques, such as pamphlets and outreach at gay bars no longer have the desired impact. Online meet-up services such as Adam4Adam.com are available 24/7, and mobile apps like Grindr, which use location tracking, have become the "gaydar" of the digital age. Of roughly 2,700 gay men surveyed by the researchers, less than half had ever attended an HIV seminar in person.
Last month the HIV testing program at the Long Beach Gay & Lesbian Center in Long Beach, California has utilized the power of Grindr to their advantage.
"We have had success recruiting men for testing by having pop-up announcements of our services and hours as well as a banner that can link them directly to our website," Health Director Ismael Morales told EDGE. "If you have Grindr and are within a 15-20 mile radius of The Center, you will get the pop-up. I’ve had a few people visiting the city from L.A. who found out about the services through the advertisement on Grindr. It was kind of neat."
Effective Prevention Message From Facebook’s Just Us Site
Morales said that clients have reported that dating has become easier with the ability to disclose status up front via sites like Facebook, OKCupid and Adam4Adam without the true fear of rejection.
"I have used Facebook to contact clients who have tested HIV-positive through my program. We’ve followed up on care, treatment and overall well-being. I think it’s less intrusive for them to hear from their counselor in a manner that’s friendly and non-clinical," said Morales.
Recently, the November issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine published a study by the Department of Community and Behavioral Health at the Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Colorado. The study tracked sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention messages delivered by Facebook, and found they can be effective in promoting condom use among young adults in the short term.
Social media may provide a viable alternative to promote safe sex using online networks of friends, the study finds.
"The effect size from the short-term outcomes match or exceed those observed in other Internet interventions, suggesting Facebook for sexual health interventions is at least equally effective as other technology-based mechanisms, and these effects match those observed for more traditional HIV prevention programs delivered in real-world settings," observed lead investigator Sheana S. Bull, PhD.
Results also show success in recruitment of youth of color and youth living in geographic regions with high STI and HIV prevalence, and success in reaching large numbers of people with STI- and HIV-related content through Facebook. There is little evidence that youth actively seek out and engage with organizations on Facebook.
Participants and those they recruited were randomly assigned as a network to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group signed up to ’Like’ and receive news from Just/Us, a Facebook community developed to promote sexual health.
Each week a new topic such as communicating about sexual history, skills building for condom negotiation and use and how to access STI testing was discussed on the site, with updates each day from youth facilitators in the form of video links, quizzes, blogs and threaded discussions. The control page was called "18-24 News," and shared news that happened during the hours of 6 p.m. to midnight that was of interest to 18 to 24-year-olds.
Controlling the virus for people who are HIV-positive requires a strict daily regimen of medications. Research into social media has found that text message reminders can help increase adherence to medication.
"I feel that social media outlets such as Twitter have provided a platform for people living with HIV to become mini advocates and interact with others, perhaps from places where they may not have other community," said Avert International CEO Brendan Hanlon, of his experiences with social media and youth.
That type of advocacy is important; often, teenagers and young adults with HIV feel physically well, so they don’t keep up with their medications. That puts them at risk of becoming drug-resistant and makes it more likely they’ll pass the virus to other people.
From reducing stigma to boosting adherence, to fostering conversation in communities that need the support, the new social media platforms appear to be an effective method for increasing HIV prevention education. | <urn:uuid:801e27e3-137c-4ae1-87f1-9f4f78ba063c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://washington.edgemedianetwork.com/health_fitness/hiv_aids/138958/using_social_media_to_prevent_hiv_transmission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00424-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963951 | 1,099 | 2.625 | 3 |
There’s something that the people and special interests pushing to legalize “fracking” in North Carolina don’t want you to know. It isn’t about flammable tap water or carcinogens in fracking fluids. It’s about the supposed rationale for putting our air and water at risk – that is, the claim by politicians and others that fracking will create near-term jobs for North Carolinians.
If you look past the rhetoric to the economics, you’ll see that their claim just isn’t true.
So far, of course, the debate about legalizing fracking has focused almost exclusively on the environmental impacts, and it’s easy to understand why. In states where the controversial method of extracting natural gas is legal, methane has leaked into drinking water, hazardous air pollutants have fouled the air, toxic fluids have contaminated aquifers, and the injection of wastewater has caused seismic activity.
With all of the focus on environmental impacts, there has been little discussion about why we would want to put our air and water at risk in the first place. Proponents say that fracking will create short-term jobs, but what if that’s not true? With so much at stake, it’s worth looking beyond the talking points and getting to the bottom of the rationale behind the push to frack.
Here’s the hard truth: If the legislature legalizes fracking, no jobs will be created in North Carolina anytime soon.
Historically low natural gas prices are making it difficult for natural gas companies to make a profit anywhere, and since North Carolina has a relatively small resource and no infrastructure in place, it wouldn’t make any sense for a natural gas company set up shop in the state.
In large part due to increased fracking in other states, a surplus of natural gas has driven natural gas prices to the lowest they’ve been in years. Just last week the price of natural gas fell to $2.08 per thousand cubic feet, the lowest it’s been in over 10 years. With prices that low and the costs of production remaining high, natural gas companies have actually had to slow down operations in areas with well-known, rich supplies of shale gas. In fact, across the country the number of rigs drilling for natural gas has fallen by 30 percent since October.
When the price of natural gas goes back up, as it surely will, companies will resume drilling in areas that have proven to be productive and already have infrastructure in place before they will come to North Carolina. Our state’s shale gas resource is tiny compared to other places across the country.
The Sanford sub-basin, where state geologists predict there might be natural gas, covers approximately 59,000 acres. Compare that to the Marcellus Shale basin, which covers 60.8 million acres across the Northeast, or the Haynesville and Barnett basins, which cover 5.8 million and 3.2 million acres across Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
North Carolina also lacks the infrastructure necessary to support the natural gas industry. For a natural gas company to make a decision to invest in a new shale basin, there would need to be pipelines, processing centers, and suppliers available to get the gas to market. North Carolina doesn’t have any of that infrastructure.
You don’t have to take my word on this. Last December a respected energy research firm prepared a report for the American Natural Gas Alliance that projected natural gas production over the next two decades. The analysis revealed that more than 90 percent of shale gas production between now and 2035 will come from six different basins, and North Carolina was not on that list. Experts at the N.C. Department of Commerce agreed with this assessment, when they recently acknowledged that “it is not likely North Carolina’s shale play will be developed in the near-term.”
Looking at these numbers it’s evident that North Carolina won’t miss out on anything by keeping fracking illegal for now. On the other hand, there are big advantages to taking our time. Within a few years there will be a lot more information available about the environmental impacts of fracking. The Environmental Protection Agency is currently studying the impacts fracking has on drinking water, and in other states across the country, gas companies and state regulators are figuring out new ways to minimize environmental impacts.
A few years down the road, armed with lots of new information, North Carolina will be in a much better position to make a decision about fracking. But for now it’s clear that the potential economic benefits are not worth putting our air and water at risk.
Will Morgan is the Director of Government Relations at the North Carolina Chapter of the Sierra Club. | <urn:uuid:f223c044-916d-4e82-bf7a-5e381e2ea57e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ncpolicywatch.com/2012/04/26/economic-realities-makes-rush-to-legalize-fracking-a-waste-of-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951328 | 978 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Boards and Commissions
Boards, Councils and Commissions
Boards, councils and commissions do much of the work of State government. There are many different names for such entities. In this article, they are all lumped together as “boards”.
Laws passed by the General Assembly create some boards. The Governor and agency heads set up other boards. Responsibilities of boards vary widely and are set out in law, rule or agency documents. Boards may make policy or regulatory decisions on issues of statewide importance. Other boards may offer advice and policy recommendations on such issues.
The members of the State boards may be citizen volunteers appointed by the Governor or other State leaders. Other board members may serve on a board because they hold a certain position in government. For example, Secretary of State Marshall serves on the North Carolina Council of State because she was elected as Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State’s Office has responsibilities for three boards created by State laws. You will find information about them on this page.
We also have limited responsibility with regard to other boards and you will find information about those responsibilities as well:
- We receive and publish State boards’ regular meeting schedules. Click here to view the Public Meetings Calendar.
- We receive and make available the annual and financial reports of occupational licensing boards. | <urn:uuid:e362b7ac-20c0-4439-b3f4-668ca792cf4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sosnc.gov/divisions/general_counsel/boards_and_commissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.96992 | 274 | 3.046875 | 3 |
In the 1940s, the American aviation market witnessed a major breakthrough when Trans World Airlines (TWA), then controlled by the famous American maverick film producer Howard Hughes, emerged as the pre-eminent competitor to Pan American World Airways’ monopoly of the country’s air travel.
During the Second World War, TWA also produced aircraft and spying equipment for the US government, according to documentaries on the secret life of the business magnate. Following the end of the war, the government was left with a surplus of aircraft.
These airplanes are now behind the success stories of some modern-day airlines, after the US decided to use them to cement partnerships with other countries while also looking to counter the expansion of the Soviet-led communist bloc.
The US government also used TWA to train pilots from across the world, while helping to establishing national airlines for countries in Europe, Middle East and Africa where it set up its air bases during the Cold War. These include Germany’s Lufthansa, Saudi Arabian Airlines, and today’s Ethiopian Airlines (known simply as Ethiopian). Ethiopian’s international flight story begins in April 8, 1946 when it flew to Cairo using one of the five surplus C-47 aircraft acquired from TWA with whom it established the joint venture, the Ethiopian Airlines INC.
The national carrier, which is now fully owned by the Ethiopian government, has since become one of Africa’s top airlines, with a total of 59 aircraft and 7,300 full time employees.
It has over the years braved a number of important challenges to remain in the skies, including pressure from the country’s former communist regime to dump the US and buy Soviet planes instead.
Over the past seven years Ethiopian’s revenue has grown by an average of 25 per cent. The airline recently announced $107 million in annual net profit for 2012/13, a 178 per cent leap from the previous year.
The profit comes as a result of transporting 5.5 million people and 174,000 tonnes of cargo, with 190 daily flights and 1,330 weekly.
It also received a record number of 14 new airplanes and set up nine new stations across the world last year.
“We’ve got new airplanes [such] as the B787, B777 which were fuel efficient so our fuel cost is managed, although our fuel cost has gone up,” said Mr Tewolde Gebremariam, the chief executive officer of Ethiopian.
Mr Tewolde Gebremariam, the chief executive officer of Ethiopian Airlines.
“Also the fact that we’ve got the airplanes, and are able to open nine new stations, that enabled us to grow the revenue, but the management was prudent in managing costs, so the cost hasn’t grown as much as the revenue, allowing us to register very good profit,” he said.
The revenue boost followed its membership to the Star Alliance last year and the arrivals of Boeing Dreamliners that are said to save up to 20 per cent in fuel consumption.
Of its total 13 orders, Ethiopian--the first airline outside Japan to own the model--has already received five Dreamliners so far. Next year it expects to bring in an additional four of these planes which are also said to cut carbon emission by 20 per cent. In addition to US airplanes, by 2016 Ethiopian also expects to get some 14 Airbuses from Europe.
As Africa’s trade and investment within itself and the rest of the world is on the rise, Ethiopian is eying this opportunity to expand its business and contribute to the continent’s growth of the continent. Currently, about 80 per cent of flights to and from Africa are operated by non-African airlines.
“We have to develop African aviation, it is our continental obligation. We (African airlines) should at least get our fair market share, which is 50 per cent,” Mr Tewolde said. Today, 46 out of Ethiopian’s 76 international destinations are in Africa.
By opening different hubs in Africa, Ethiopian is now working to increase the market share of African airlines, including by snapping up smaller rivals.
In 2010 the Addis Ababa-based carrier acquired 40 per cent of ASKY Airlines of Togo, followed by a 49 per cent stake in Malawi Air.
Passenger numbers are up
ASKY, currently plying 12 destinations in its region and transporting 500,000 people yearly is expected to turn in a profit next year, while Malawi Air is under formation.
In addition, Ethiopian is also negotiating the opening of another hub in central Africa, according to Mr Tewolde, who noted that the airline is also currently supporting Cameroonian and Cape Verde airlines.
Following TWA’s model, Ethiopian is also training pilots and technicians from different African countries. Its aviation academy now accepts 1,000 students annually, with plans to expand this to 4,000 every year.
The airline is also set to open a four-star hotel in the capital, a walking distance from its Bole International Airport hub.
Its revising its Vision 2015 to introduce seven profit centres, it hopes to increase its current $1.9 billion annual revenue to $10 billion by 2025.
These centres are Ethiopian cargo, Ethiopian aviation academy, Ethiopian maintenance and overhaul, Ethiopian international passenger, Ethiopian domestic and regional passenger, Ethiopian In-Flight Catering and Ethiopian Ground Services.
In today’s globalisation era, Ethiopian Airlines, a child of the Cold War, now flies to 194 countries, picking up several aviation awards, while its parent TWA airline was sold and merged with American Airlines a decade ago.
This analysis was filed by Andualem Sisay based in Addis Ababa for the Nation Media Group. | <urn:uuid:f36300e0-5516-4d36-be74-fb775066be1e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Inside-Ethiopian-s-plan-to-dominate-African-skies/1840340-1987498-vne63sz/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880401.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022225046-20201023015046-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.953623 | 1,200 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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Humans Are Driving 'Unprecedented' Mass Extinction in Oceans
By Nadia Prupis
People are driving marine ecosystems to "unprecedented" mass extinction, according to a new study published Wednesday in the journal Science.
Large-bodied animals will be the first to go, the study says—blue whales, great white sharks and bluefin tuna, for example. Their size is part of their vulnerability, making them more susceptible to fishing and hunting by humans, "the dominant threat to modern marine fauna," the researchers found.
Large-bodied animals like blue whales, great whites and bluefin tuna will be first to go, as their size makes them more vulnerable to hunting by humans. Screenshot / YouTube
"If this pattern goes unchecked, the future oceans would lack many of the largest species in today's oceans," co-author Jonathan Payne, associate professor and chair of geological sciences at Stanford University, told The Guardian. "Many large species play critical roles in ecosystems and so their extinctions could lead to ecological cascades that would influence the structure and function of future ecosystems beyond the simple fact of losing those species."
The study states that "The preferential removal of the largest animals from the modern oceans, unprecedented in the history of animal life, may disrupt ecosystems for millions of years even at levels of taxonomic loss far below those of previous mass extinctions ... Without a dramatic shift in the business-as-usual course for marine management, our analysis suggests that the oceans will endure a mass extinction of sufficient intensity and ecological selectivity to rank among the major extinctions" of the current era.
In fact, the researchers note, it could usher in a new one—the Anthropozoic era, meaning one created by humans. That's not to be confused with the Anthropocene, an epoch which scientists estimate is already here.
The study comes as President Barack Obama on Thursday established the first national marine monument in the Atlantic, which aims to protect almost 5,000 square miles off the southern edge of a region called Georges Bank, along the continental shelf of New England. The area is home to "many species of deep-sea coral, sharks, sea turtles, seabirds and deep-diving marine mammals such as beaked whales and sperm whales," the Washington Post explained, as well as underwater canyons and mountains.
The White House said making the area a monument would establish a ban on commercial fishing, mining and drilling, but not recreational fishing. The lobster and red crab industries would also be allowed to continue operating for seven years.
Environmental groups welcomed the news, with the Natural Resources Defense Council tweeting, "Protecting these ecosystems is essential for keeping our oceans healthy & curbing climate change."
But as Douglas McCauley, another co-author of Wednesday's study, explained to The Guardian, small protected marine parks won't stop the devastation of overfishing. The monuments need to be much larger—like the Papahānaumokuākea sanctuary in Hawaii that Obama expanded in August, which now covers just over 582,578 square miles, making it the world's largest—to have an impact.
Co-author Noel Heim, also at Stanford, boiled down the study's main takeaway:
"We see this over and over again. Humans enter into a new ecosystem and the largest animals are killed off first. Marine systems have been spared up to now, because until relatively recently, humans were restricted to coastal areas and didn't have the technology to fish in the deep ocean on an industrial scale."
This article was reposted with permission from our media associate Common Dreams.
EcoWatch Daily Newsletter
An indigenous rail blockade that snarled train travel in Canada for more than two weeks came to an end Monday when police moved in to clear protesters acting in solidarity with another indigenous community in British Columbia (B.C.), which is fighting to keep a natural gas pipeline off its land.
A Florida hiker recently stumbled across a slithering surprise — a rare snake that hadn't been spotted in the area for more than 50 years.
By Genna Reed
The EPA announced last week that it is issuing a preliminary regulatory determination for public comment to set an enforceable drinking water standard to two of the most common and well-studied PFAS, PFOA and PFOS.
This decision is based on three criteria:
- PFOA and PFOS have an adverse effect on public health
- PFOA and PFOS occur in drinking water often enough and at levels of public health concern;
- regulation of PFOA and PFOS is a meaningful opportunity for reducing the health risk to those served by public water systems.
By Kieran Cooke
Driving an electric-powered vehicle (EV) rather than one reliant on fossil fuels is a key way to tackle climate change and improve air quality — but it does leave the old batteries behind as a nasty residue.
Finance ministers from the 20 largest economies agreed to add a scant mention of the climate crisis in its final communiqué in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on Sunday, but they stopped short of calling it a major economic risk, as Reuters reported. It was the first time the G20 has mentioned the climate crisis in its final communiqué since Donald Trump became president in 2017. | <urn:uuid:7b700015-a835-4b0d-8796-ba32f06071d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ecowatch.com/oceans-overfishing-mass-extinction-2005701998.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146066.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225110721-20200225140721-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.947157 | 1,104 | 3.4375 | 3 |
ASTM International - ASTM G130-06
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a Spectroradiometer
|Publication Date:||1 June 2006|
|ICS Code (Colours and measurement of light):||17.180.20|
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of ultraviolet light-measuring radiometers possessing either narrow- or broad-band spectral response distributions using either a scanning or a linear-diode-array spectroradiometer as the primary reference instrument. For transfer of calibration from radiometers calibrated by this test method to other instruments, Test Method E 824 should be used. Note 1 Special precautions must be taken when a diode-array spectroradiometer is employed in the calibration of filter radiometers having spectral response distributions below 320-nm wavelength. Such precautions are described in detail in subsequent sections of this test method.
1.2 This test method is limited to calibrations of radiometers against light sources that the radiometers will be used to measure during field use. Note 2 For example, an ultraviolet radiometer calibrated against natural sunlight cannot be employed to measure the total ultraviolet irradiance of a fluorescent ultraviolet lamp.
1.3 Calibrations performed using this test method may be against natural sunlight, Xenon-arc burners, metal halide burners, tungsten and tungsten-halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, etc.
1.4 Radiometers that may be calibrated by this test method include narrow-, broad-, and wide-band ultraviolet radiometers, and narrow-, broad, and wide-band visible-region-only radiometers, or radiometers having wavelength response distributions that fall into both the ultraviolet and visible regions. Note 3 For purposes of this test method, narrow-band radiometers are those with 20 nm, broad-band radiometers are those with 20 nm 70 nm, and wide-band radiometers are those with 70 nm.
For purposes of this test method, the ultraviolet region is defined as the region from 285 to 400-nm wavelength, and the visible region is defined as the region from 400 to 750-nm wavelength. The ultraviolet region is further defined as being either UV-A with radiation of wavelengths from 315 to 400 nm, or UV-B with radiation from 285 to 315-nm wavelength.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. | <urn:uuid:551a4c08-b05d-41c6-be7b-096d0d0db722> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://standards.globalspec.com/std/3825436/astm-g130-06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103624904.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629054527-20220629084527-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.854694 | 569 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Static, Dynamic and Accelerated Stalls
Before discussing static and dynamic stalls we should first review some terms involving stability. Static stability refers to how something behaves in a steady state. A parachutist suspended under a normally functioning canopy would usually be said to have positive static stability. That is to say that when not changing the position of the toggles or risers, things like airspeed and heading will not change very much from one moment to the next.
Dynamic stability refers to what happens after something has been disturbed from its static state. Once a parachutist changes the position of the toggles or risers, dynamic stability comes into play as the body swings under the canopy.
A static stall refers to what airplane pilots would call a slow deceleration, approach to landing or simply a normal stall. Basically, at an altitude from which it will be safe to recover from the stall, slowly increase the angle of attack and let airspeed bleed off. Keep increasing the angle of attack, gently, until the stall happens.
Under a parachute, this is fairly simple. Slowly pull the toggles down and wait. Do not pull down the toggle so quickly that you swing forward from your normal position under canopy. Hold the toggles all the way down and wait. You should notice the sound of the airspeed decreasing, perhaps a slight rocking in the saddle and then perhaps a noticeable increase in descent rate.
This is a basic stall. For all intents and purposes it is the most genteel stall your canopy will demonstrate.
Recover from the stall by decreasing the angle of attack -- let the toggles up and resume flight.
The dynamic stall is different because of the suspended weight swinging under the canopy.
Again at an altitude from which it will be safe to recover, begin the maneuver from full flight -- toggles all the way up. This time instead of slowly pulling the toggles down, pull them down as quickly and as far as you can and hold them there.
A few different things are happening this time around.
Because your airspeed initially hasn't changed all that much, but you've increased the angle of attack dramatically, the wing is now creating a lot more lift. A function of creating lift however is also the creation of drag. Your canopy as a result will not only go up but also slow down. Your body on the other hand is following Newton's first law of motion and will continue at its current speed and direction. Unfortunately this also asymmetrically loads the front and rear risers, which continues to further increase the wing's angle of attack.
It's a vicious little circle there for a moment or two as increasing the angle of attack slows the canopy more and more. As your body swings farther and farther forward, rapidly, the wing exceeds the critical angle of attack and it stalls.
Your body may have been thrown quite a bit forward of the leading edge of the wing and even slightly upwards of your normal place under the canopy. As a result, your body may feel a much more definite falling or even backward motion than it did during the static stall.
Stalls can happen at any airspeed and at any attitude. All that is required is for the wing to exceed the critical angle of attack.
Up to this point in this discussion, we've been looking at stalls in a fairly normal manner. If you didn't know better you may have thought that the stall had something to do with the speed of the wing or its attitude in relationship with the horizon.
That's normal. Many people make this mistake. After all, we've demonstrated the stalls from a slow deceleration and with a fairly normal relationship to the horizon, earth and sky. That's about where most discussions on the subject begin and end. So, some people might make the mistake of thinking that a stall can only happen if you're flying too slow or if the leading edge of the wing is pointed toward the sky.
Unfortunately, this is just dead wrong.
To make matters worse, some maneuvers that you may perform, turns for example, create G force. Basically, your body wants to continue in a straight line but is getting pulled in another direction by lift. As the bank angle increases, so does the G force. In an airplane, maintaining altitude during a turn, the G force increases at a rate equal to one divided by the cosine of the bank angle. So, at a bank angle of 60 degrees the G force will be 2.
You might not get exactly 2 Gs under a parachute turning with a 60 degree bank though since generally you're not maintaining the altitude and the equation becomes quite a bit more complicated taking into account your descent rate, but in most cases it will definitely be greater than 1.
So what does this have to do with stalls?
As the G force increases so does the amount of lift required to offset it. With the same angle of attack, the airspeed at which the stall occurs will be increased by the square root of the G force. Airplane pilots would call this an accelerated stall.
Let's say you're pulling a sustained 2 Gs pulling out of a steep swoop, your canopy will have an accelerated stall at 1.414 times its static stall speed.
The really insidious part of this is when a person is snapping the toggles down to pull out of a too steep and too low swoop, the dynamic stall comes into play. The body continues in a straight line, increasing the angle of attack and aggravating the stall with really bad results.
It's my opinion that this could be the primary factor in some botched hook turn landings.
Paul Quade is a Certified Flight Instructor and the camera flyer for the Open Class 4-way team, Perris Lightwave.
More articles in this category:
- 4 Smart Questions That Shut Down The Spin Cycle - by Annette O'Neil (Posted: 2016-01-14)
- Wing-loading and Parachute Performance - by Brian Germain (Posted: 2015-10-19)
- Stalling For Success - by Annette O'Neil (Posted: 2015-08-06)
- It's Not Only Size That Matters - Thoughts on Canopy Upsizing - by Dave Kottwitz (Dusty Dave) (Posted: 2014-05-09)
- When Should You Upsize Your Canopy - by Melissa Lowe, Barry Williams and Jason Moledzki (Posted: 2014-02-25)
- Saved By The Beep - by Brian Germain (Posted: 2011-05-15)
- The Abort Zone - by Brian Germain (Posted: 2010-09-01)
- An Inconvenient Truth Regarding PLF's - by Jack Guthrie (Posted: 2010-03-02) | <urn:uuid:727d0e66-48a0-474d-86c1-39c0dc767155> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.dropzone.com/safety/Canopy_Control/Static_Dynamic_and_Accelerated_Stalls_20.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687740.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921101029-20170921121029-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.943598 | 1,387 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Overview of Activity
The roles of mentor and protégé are explored in this hands-on activity. Multiple documents also help in guiding leaders.
- To comprehend the roles and responsibilities of mentors and protégés.
- To elucidate the steps necessary to find and work with a mentor.
- Documents provided: Ready to Be a Protégé, Roles and Responsibilities of Protégés and Mentors, A Plan for Finding a Mentor
- Posters of well-known leaders (men and women)
- Skeletal outline of the human body
Tables and chairs arranged in a semicircle
Most successful leaders benefited from having a mentor. Some participants might have had someone who influenced them or provided coaching. Some will say their mentor was their boss. In this exercise, accept whatever experiences they have had and encourage them to review those experiences as you present this model of mentors.
One way to vary the finding-a-mentor exercise is to turn it into a creative art project. Each person needs a large and clear space at a table. Give each person a poster board and a skeletal outline of a human body. Place a pile of craft sticks (i.e., popsicle sticks) and glue sticks near each person.
Step by step (as outlined in Handout 45.3, A Plan for Finding a Mentor), participants add sticks to their mentor’s “body.”
1. Three professional goals on sticks are glued on the body’s trunk.
2. Desired characteristics are glued on each finger of the left hand.
3. Additional preferences are glued on each finger of the right hand.
4. The names of places to look for a mentor are glued on the left foot.
5. The name of possible mentors is glued on the right foot.
Participants should help one another identify barriers to pursuing these plans and suggest potential mentors. This graphic representation can be posted by participants in a place where they will be visually reminded of their plan to get a mentor.
Step By Step Instructions
- Introduce the activity by clarifying the difference between a mentor and a protégé: A Mentor facilitates the personal and professional growth of an individual by sharing the knowledge and insights that have been learned through the years. The mentor sees the potential in a less experienced person and helps to guide that individual along a professional path. The mentor serves as the protégé’s role model and champion. A Protégé is an achiever groomed for advancement: He or she is provided with opportunities to excel beyond the limits of her/his position. Identify the importance of having a mentor by pointing out successful leaders who have publicly acknowledged their mentors. Tell your own story of having a mentor.
- Talk about other examples of leaders and their mentors and the benefits that come from having a model. Refer to the posters. Ask participants about their own mentors. Then ask whether anyone has had a career mentor.
– You can move forward faster.
– You will definitely increase your network.
– You might have the opportunity to work on challenging and interesting projects.
– You will have a smoother transition into unfamiliar territory.
– Your credibility is increased because of your association with your mentor.
– You might gain a good colleague or friend.
– You can learn how to be a mentor.
– You can expand your generosity.
- Distribute Handouts 45.1, Are You Ready to Be a Protégé?, and 45.2, Roles and Responsibilities of Protégés and Mentors. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of a protégé. Use Handout 45.2. Then ask participants to complete Handout 45.1 before the next step.
- Distribute Handout 45.3, A Plan for Finding a Mentor, and go over seven steps in the process:
– Identify what you need (privately).
– Review the characteristics most frequently found in mentors and rank their importance to you (privately).
– Evaluate and select what you are looking for in a mentor. Have participants get into groups of 3 for this next step:
– Create a list of potential mentors. One by one, each person explains what he or she is looking for in a mentor. The members of the group should help her/him identify some potential mentors. After each person has at least a shortlist of potential mentors, reassemble and open up the discussion to the total group. Ask anyone who is stuck trying to create a pool of candidates to summarize what she/he is looking for so that more suggestions can be gathered.
– Participants should then apply their own list of criteria about what they want in a mentor to the list of potential mentors.
– Now have participants form pairs to learn how to approach prospective mentors and sell yourself to these prospective mentors
– One person plays the role of the mentor, while the other practices how to approach a prospective mentor using the ideas on their handout. Then they switch roles. Each provides feedback on the approach used by the other person. Take a few minutes with the whole group to summarize what was learned.
- Review the items participants identified as being important to them in this kind of relationship. They should be made a part of the mentor-protégé agreement. Then draw up a sample agreement on the flipchart, using input from participants. Explain that they should have a draft proposal ready to discuss with their new mentor. Give them time to roughly one out. Suggest that they put the final agreement in writing.
- End the session by sharing a few suggestions on how to handle the mentor-protégé relationship in case . . .
My mentor wants to date me.
The answer is “No!” Never date your mentor . . . not while you are in this relationship, at least. It will only backfire on one or both of you. My mentor is moving beyond our agreement, asking me to do personal errands for him such as getting his car washed. Be assertive and say no. Remind him of the boundaries of this relationship. My manager is envious of my relationship with the mentor. Involve your manager in setting goals. Encourage your manager and your mentor to talk with one another about you and your professional plan. My peers are jealous.
Talk with your mentor and manager to determine what you can do. Generously share what you are learning with your peers. Review with your jealous peers how they can find a mentor. Our personalities clash. We are really mismatched. Tactfully talk with your mentor about whether the relationship should be continued. You might need to end this relationship and go find another. Be sure to learn from this experience.
My mentor won’t let me go. Clarify whether or not you are really ready to move on. Talk with your mentor about your readiness to change the scope of your relationship. Point out your original goals in your agreement and indicate that you have achieved them.
Post Activity Review
Take time shortly after conducting this activity to reflect on how it went, how engaged the participants were, and what questions they raised. Then, make notes that include how much time you actually spent on the activity. | <urn:uuid:5333d381-ede0-4c24-affb-d84cd9a87045> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.workrfun.com/activities/613-Triumphant-Leaders-Have-Mentors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.943589 | 1,526 | 3.25 | 3 |
Earlier this month, Wired magazine published "How to Create the Perfect Online Dating Profile, in 25 Infographics," a large-scale statistical study of which words and phrases correlate with high numbers of responses to online dating ads. For example, mentioning "yoga" or "surfing" in your ad was found to have a positive influence on the number of contacts that will result. For men, it is much better to refer to a woman using the word "woman," but a woman's ad will do better if she refers to herself as a "girl." Most interesting to me, however, was that men who use "whom" get 31% more contacts from opposite-sex respondents.
Whoa! This changes everything. And I'm talking just to the men from this point on. First off, should you care to know the ins-and-outs of whom, here's a synopsis of the relevant linguistic principles:
- The accusative form whom should never be used as the subject of a finite clause; that is the role reserved for the nominative who.
- Whom should always be used when a preposition immediately precedes it (as in the person to whom it was sent), and, except in very informal style, the same is true when a verb immediately precedes it (You saw whom?).
- Where a relative clause modifying a noun of human gender is formed with the gap in a non-subject position, formal style requires whom as the relative pronoun: thus the person whom they hired or the person whom I told you about.
- Formal style calls for whom as the human-gender interrogative word where it has non-subject function (Whom did they hire?), though this is rare in conversation and could sound a bit pompous.
- In cases where a relative or interrogative human-class pronoun is associated with subject function in a subordinate clause that is not the main clause in which it is preposed, usage is divided, but many prescriptive authorities regard whom as incorrect; they would recommend the person who the police thought was responsible rather than the person whom the police thought was responsible, as the relative pronoun is understood as the subject of was responsible (even though it is not the subject of the whole relative clause, the police thought was responsible).
OK, so you're probably just now waking up from the nap you took after falling asleep during the third bullet point. But never mind, fellas, because here's the best part: None of this complicated crap makes the slightest bit of difference! You see, Wired didn't check the syntactic contexts. They simply counted whoms.
In other words, it doesn't matter whether you use whom correctly! In general, women don't know about the proper rules for whom any more than men do. Sure, they're interested in seeking out intelligent men to have sex with. And the idea of breeding with brainy guys who will think of creative ways to protect the offspring and carry home food is built into them by natural selection. The obvious inference, then, is that women view the mere occurrence of whom as a proxy for actual evidence of intelligence.
The fact is that incorrect uses of whom occur rather frequently. "Whom did they think was underwriting the signage …," journalist Ari L. Noonan cleverly wrote in a Culver City online newspaper recently. But to laugh at Noonan for making a grammatical error would be to miss the point. What's important is that if you and he are both using online dating services, he will get more sex than you unless you up the frequency of whom in your writing.
So screw the rules. Evolution cares only about whether you get laid. And (admit it) so do you. I certainly do. I've been throwing my life away trying to catalog the entire set of grammatical principles that characterize Standard English, but those days are over. My eyes have been opened to what's really important: attracting women by writing woman-pleasing prose.
Whom would possibly object to that? | <urn:uuid:f190105a-7060-42c0-bc1e-c5ac74ca37d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/02/19/whom_men_who_use_this_pronoun_in_online_dating_ads_get_more_contacts_from.html?wpisrc=burger_bar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827791.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00015-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973326 | 823 | 2.75 | 3 |
Seahorses reproduce in an unusual way: men pregnant. Most seahorse species from pregnancy lasts approximately two to three weeks.
Released by the female carries the eggs are hatching denizatında male bladder. Each pair of mating cues ovipositoru wrap a man's bladder and female, which makes a long tube. Egg sac man moves up the tube and the male then fertilizes the eggs. Thrive embryos of ten days and six weeks, this period depends on the species and water conditions. Men give birth until it frees all the baby seahorses. | <urn:uuid:b1f9e80e-922a-4726-864c-b881627a930b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://funnyjunk.com/youtube/4561047/Birth+of+Seahorse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00097-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905104 | 119 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Culture » January 10, 2017
What We Can Learn From the Pacifist Movement Against World War I
Although they failed to keep us out of the war, they organized effectively in conditions frighteningly similar to our own.
War Against War’s great strength is in laying out the pitfalls and fractures the pacifist movement confronted.
Everything might have been different if the United States had heeded the pacifist movement and stayed out of World War I. That’s the suggestion made by Michael Kazin, a professor of history at Georgetown University and editor of Dissent, in War Against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914-1918, a new book that traces the movement’s ultimately doomed efforts to keep the U.S. from entering the war, and to resist it once that effort failed.
The United States’ decision to take up arms on the side of the Allies in early 1917, Kazin writes, was “a turning point in world history.” It set in motion the creation of the surveillance state and a federal bureaucracy tasked with crushing dissent and disseminating government-approved versions of truth. And it may have paved the way for the fascist regimes that rose to power in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, Kazin writes, by foreclosing “the possibility of a negotiated peace among belligerents exhausted by nearly three years of fighting.” Instead, the Allies imposed their will on the broken Germans, sowing the seeds of resentment that Hitler would soon exploit.
Much of the ground Kazin covers in War Against War feels frighteningly familiar today. He describes the glimmers of fascism on the horizon; the post-truth propaganda, disseminated by a servile media; and the liberal president, Woodrow Wilson, who inspires people with his words while disappointing and dividing the Left with his actions. Most importantly, he takes us back to a crossroads in history, when the choices made would shape the nation’s future in decisive ways. It doesn’t take much imagination to hear, in the gravity of the threats we now face, echoes of 1917.
The pacifists failed in their near-term goal, certainly, but that isn’t the whole story. Kazin reminds us that the meaning of the pacifist movement in World War I is still manifesting and evolving. “A grand cause that fails may, sometimes, matter as much as one that succeeds,” Kazin writes. “That failure can mark, with a bright line, a moment when a people and their government might have avoided making a decision that fundamentally changed their society.”
The eventual failure of the pacifist movement to keep the nation out of war obscures the fact that it did succeed, from 1914 to early 1917, in delaying U.S. involvement by building a broad coalition that was firmly rooted both in electoral politics and in social movements for equality, especially the suffragist movement.
One of the most notable politicians in the fight, Robert La Follette, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, failed to persuade his colleagues but used his platform to boldly critique the buildup to the war, and then war itself, as a profiteering mission in which the only parties sure to benefit were industrialists.
The tension between that critique of war and Wilson’s high-minded rationale for entering it imbues the story of American involvement in World War I with a tragic hue and an enduring fascination. As escalating nationalism made the declaration of war all but inevitable, Wilson positioned himself—and the nation—as the redemptive forces that would bring about a just peace and prepare the soil in which democracy could take root across Europe.
That was a deeply appealing message for progressives. War Against War’s great strength is in laying out the pitfalls and fractures the pacifist movement confronted—seduction by Wilson’s idealism, along with the pull to take part in other, equally urgent causes—while showing how it created a strong enough base, and a powerful enough critique, to push back against U.S. entry for three years.
A small example of its resourcefulness is the exhibit that gives the book its name, “War Against War,” which the American Union Against Militarism staged in 1916. The exhibit, Kazin notes, “featured savagely witty cartoons, captivating speakers, and a number of imaginative displays meant to dramatize the foolishness of preparing for war in order to preserve peace.” In Brooklyn, where it opened in the spring, the exhibit drew up to 10,000 visitors per day, and it stirred up enough anger that a grand jury weighed whether to indict the creators. A jury member said that the exhibit’s “purpose [was] questionable, if not treasonable.” That effort failed, and the exhibit moved on to 10 more cities over the summer.
Yet less than a year later, the nation would be at war. Such rapid reversals of fortune are a recurring theme in War Against War. Wilson got the war he wanted but was soon humiliated by the European powers as well as the U.S. Congress, which in 1920 declined to join the League of Nations he had pushed for. Meanwhile, the pacifists were soon vindicated by public opinion, which coalesced around their critique of the war as an adventure in profiteering.
The pacifists lost their war against war, but “their legacy is not simply one of failure,” Kazin writes. “By warning, credibly, about the consequences of American intervention, they were transformed from ‘traitors’ into something akin to prophets.” As Donald Trump prepares to hand over key areas of U.S. policy to a clique of generals known for their rabid militarism, it’s worth studying both the failures of the pacifists and the alternative vision they successfully kept alive. We’ll never know what a 20th century would have looked like without an imperialist United States. But as we face a new crossroads, we can imagine what could have been, and what the 21st century might yet be.
Theo Anderson, an In These Times writing fellow, has contributed to the magazine since 2010. He has a Ph.D. in modern U.S. history from Yale and writes on the intellectual and religious history of conservatism and progressivism in the United States. Follow him on Twitter @Theoanderson7 and contact him at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:94ad2918-34d7-4c7e-859d-6242247b6842> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://inthesetimes.com/article/19790/war-against-war-world-war-i-pacifist-movement-kazin-woodrow-wilson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688671.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922055805-20170922075805-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.961772 | 1,336 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Permeable pavements is a porous substance which can get hold of the water droplets or the surface runoff which them preserves the water in the reservoir and also filters the water in the layers of the soil. It generally consists of concrete, asphalt and open pore pavers. Permeable paving is generally used in parking lots, sidewalks, low traffic roads, driveways, etc. These generally help to improve the quality of water and lower the condition of urban runoff. You can use permeable block paving, and porous asphalt and high-quality concrete to decorate your driveways. The seepage of rainwater will not be the same for asphalt driveways and for concrete varieties so you need to choose the porous materials like limestones, sand and gravel accordingly.
Permeable paving is beneficial in many ways. Some of them are as follows:
Standing water is always very irritating especially when it stands for a long time in the driveway. It is really difficult to get away with puddles from a flat area until and unless a permeable surface is used. This is the reason why the permeable surface is installed so as to reduce the number of puddles as much as possible.
These surfaces help in the filtration process of the rainwater which is stored in the underground. It helps in the removal of the impurities and the pollutants in the water. Thus, this can act as a restraint to water pollution. If you install permeable paving, there will be no pollution depending on natural pollutants and the components will not affect the type of paving even through years.
Not all floods are caused by the overflow of the rivers; some of the floors are also caused because of the overflowing of surface water because it raises the level of the storage of the drainage system. Here, the permeable paving acts a barrier. These pavements can absorb the excess water which can then prevent flooding. This is a type of paving that can also be used for houses all across deserts and also beside the rivers. Permeable paving is always better than traditional paving and it also costs less.
Decreased The Heat Island Effect
Heat islands have become quite popular in the cities and towns. This generally happens because a large portion of the land of the cities is covered by asphalt paving. This happens because they have a tendency to absorb heat and thus this leads to the increase of temperature. This is the reason why permeable paving is used which allows the soil with the passage of air. This can decrease the level of temperature. It is completely safe to be used during all seasons, and it provides you the required durability.
Sustainable and Natural Materials
Permeable paving is generally made up of natural materials, mostly the recycled ones. Even some of the pavements are made of plant extracts. They are quite aesthetic in nature.
These installations are generally low priced. Asphalt and concrete surfaces are not required in the installation process. The process is very easy; you just need to clean the surface where it is intended to be installed. After this, the grids are laid and then covered on the entire area.
Permeable paving last longer than the other kinds of surfaces. It can also hold heavy equipment like backhoes, dump trucks, loaders, 18 wheelers, etc. The joints make them more tensile and flexible. They are also not prone to cracks and fissures and thus less likely to get damaged. They do not form potholes like asphalt.
These are some of the reasons why permeable pavements are widely used nowadays. Some of the common areas where these are used are lawn parking, permanent parking, driveways, etc. They are also used to prevent soil erosion. | <urn:uuid:4238f2d9-278a-4f6f-a3fe-823391375971> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://guide2.com.au/2019/03/14/how-beneficial-is-permeable-paving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525974.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719032721-20190719054721-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.960135 | 753 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Genrikh Antonovich Leer
Leer, Genrikh Antonovich
Born Apr. 4 (16), 1829, in Nizhny Novgorod, now Gorky; died Apr. 16 (29), 1904, in St. Petersburg. Russian military theorist and historian; general of the infantry (1896); corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Leer graduated from the Chief Engineering College in 1850 and the Military Academy in 1854. From 1858 he was adjunct professor of the subdepartment of tactics at the Academy of the General Staff and simultaneously gave a course on military history at the Engineering Academy. From 1865 he lectured on strategy at the Engineering Academy and the Academy of the General Staff. Leer directed the reorganization of the Serbian Army in the early 1870’s. He was chief of the Academy of the General Staff from 1889 to 1898. He became a member of the Military Council in 1896.
Leer wrote several major works on tactics, strategy, and military history and did research on contemporary combat experience (for instance, the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71). His main works on strategy were the Essay on a Critical and Historical Investigation of the Laws of the Art of Warfare (Positive Strategy), published in 1869, which was a course on strategy original and progressive for its time that ran to six editions and was translated into several foreign languages, and Strategy (Tactic of the Military Theater), published in three volumes in 1885–98. In these works Leer sharply criticized the major propositions of linear tactics and the cordon strategy and advanced a streamlined theory of the “strategy of annihilation,” which was based on the experience of the 19th-century wars (the Napoleonic wars, the Franco-Prussian War, and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78). Leer recognized the unity of politics and strategy, with the primacy of the former. He divided strategy into two parts—pure (in the broad, philosophical sense) and applied strategy. He viewed war as a social phenomenon governed by its own specific laws. Leer tried to discover the laws and principles characteristic of the armed struggle in his era; he formulated the concept of the strategic operation as part of a campaign or a war and showed the effectiveness of actions on the outer operational lines.
Leer’s works on military history (mainly Russian) were aimed at drawing general conclusions from military and historical experience and were of an applied nature. Leer made a great contribution in arranging and editing the eight-volume Encyclopedia of Military and Naval Sciences (1883–97) and the four-volume Survey of Russia’s Wars From Peter the Great to Our Days (1885–96). Leer also made a great contribution concerning questions of the methods and methodology of military science, on which he presented his views in the works “Theoretical Scope” (Voennyi sbornik, vol. 65, 1869), The Method of Military Science (1894), and Fundamental Questions (1897).
Leer’s scholarly work had a great influence on the nature of the military reforms of the 1860’s and 1870’s and the introduction of new armament into the army. In his world outlook Leer was an idealist and a Kantian, but in the solution of practical questions of strategy he drew many valuable conclusions from the military experience of many centuries and the facts of military practice. He was an honorary member of the Swedish Academy of Military Sciences.
WORKSPrikladnaia taktika, 2nd ed., issues 1–2. St. Petersburg, 1877–80.
Zapiski taktiki dlia voennykh uchilishch. St. Petersburg, 1866.
REFERENCESRusskaia voenno-teoreticheskaia mysl’ XIX i nachala XX vv. [sb. st.]. Moscow, 1960.
Beskrovnyi, L. G. Ocherki voennoi istoriografii Rossii. Moscow, 1962.
Strokov, A. A. Istoriia voennogo iskusstva, vol. 2. Moscow, 1965. Pages 624–35.
V. G. KLEVTSOV | <urn:uuid:c8f2e7c6-756d-4d30-81cc-b7af20c893fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Genrikh+Antonovich+Leer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.945932 | 903 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The history of the chastity belt is quite difficult to prove. With little documentation and evidence available until the 15th century, any myths, legends and stories before that time can only really be considered as conjecture.
All that we have so far are stories. For instance, one of them suggests that Roman female slaves were locked into chastity and were only granted release for the sexual pleasure of their masters and mistresses. Legends and myths of Medieval ladies being locked within chastity belts until their Knights and Lords returned from fighting in the Crusades to free them.
Unlike female chastity belts, the development of male chastity belt or device has been much easier to follow. Its history is much more recent and can be traced through patient records. Below are examples of male chastity devices. The Timely Warning is an American chastity device of 1905 and is similar to the Kali’s Teeth Bracelet, an anti-erection device.
Between the 1850s and the beginning of the Second World War male chastity devices were developed for the purpose of preventing masturbation, which the Victorians believed was a cause of insanity. At this point, the main difference between the male and female chastity device is clear.
The Victorian view of the female chastity belt was to protect the wearer from rape. Thus, they were considered as a method of protection and security. On the other hand, male devices were developed to prevent “self abuse” and “insanity, imbecility and feeblemindedness”, which were considered to be the natural fate of any young man with doubtful moral attitudes.
Today’s modern stainless steel chastity belt, such as the one in the photo below, was developed by improving upon the Florentine design by Hal Higginbottom in the late 1950s. Since 1958, Hal produced male and female chastity belts from his workshop in Sheffield, England, under the brand name of Tollyboy. His craftsmanship was of excellent quality and his belts were considered to be the Rolls Royce of chastity belts. It is Hal Higginbottom who was credited with bringing the chastity belt into the 20th century.
Male chastity devices are now readily available from many specialist online shops. Should you wish to purchase a chastity device, you should look for those and web sites that know something about chastity. | <urn:uuid:07e4f224-c591-4413-8c08-cfe7dfb8b585> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.malechastity.net/category/male-chastity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127285.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00293-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981742 | 482 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The children have been enjoying solving maths story problems so much that we decided to create our own! In an integrated maths/language lesson, students worked in small groups to create their own story problems using the concepts of addition and number bonds. We drafted our stories and self-edited, checking for correct spelling, punctuation, and, of course, correct addition. We also created an answer page, including a variety of different solutions. Our Story Problems book is now available for use in our maths games basket.
As an invitation activity to our unit about the imagination, Grade 1AC was given a big open-ended activity: Create something using your imagination! We used the art studio as a space to imagine and create using fabrics, dress-up items, leaves, flowers, rocks, building blocks, construction pieces, and arts and crafts materials. Some of us role-played, some created symbol alphabets, some created imaginary playgrounds and other environments . Every child created something different!
In each unit of inquiry, learners have the opportunity to:
An inquiry cycle guides the learning. There are many different versions of the inquiry cycle, but my favourite is developed by University of Arizona College professor Kathy Short. In Short's "Authoring Cycle", children become protagonists of the learning process. They construct meaning about themselves and the world beginning with issues that are significant to them.
The picture below shows what questions students might ask themselves during each phase of the inquiry cycle:
For more information about each phase of the cycle, open the file below:
From: Taking the PYP Forward, "Chapter 1: Inquiry as a stance on curriculum", Kathy G. Short (2009)
We are beginning a new unit in mathematics called "Making Shapes and Designing Quilts". This geometry unit focuses on two-dimensional shapes and the relationships among them. Students will observe, describe, compare, classify, represent, and build with 2D shapes. They will also also combine triangles and squares to make quilt patterns. Students will continue to engage in math problems and activities and share how they solve problems.
During our Literacy block, we've been investigating the common elements of fairy tales and how stories can be told in different ways from different authors' and illustrators' perspectives. We've also been practicing retelling stories in sequential order and organizing our stories into beginning, middle, and end. Our Goldilocks and the Three Bears work spanned several lessons over the course of a week.
First we read the traditional story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Then we read an alternative version called Goldilocks and the Other Three Bears. We compared the two stories using a Venn diagram. We also completed a beginning, middle, end organizer for each story.
Finally we made a unit connection, and used our imaginations to create another alternative version of the story. We came up with some very inventive ideas! After planning the story in our organizers we wrote and illustrated our stories.
Yesterday we started our new unit of inquiry. It is under the transdisciplinary theme "How we express ourselves". We are exploring the central idea "Imagination is a tool for extending people's ability to think, create, and express themselves."
Our lines of inquiry are:
So far we have done a lot of thinking about how imagination connects to our lives. We are sharing common understandings and being introduced to new perspectives.
Stay tuned to our blog for more updates on our new unit!
For a few weeks now we've been working on understanding and solving maths word problems. We've even created a few of our own!
Here is our story problem routine:
This routine has helped us to make our thinking visible. The materials we are using, including number lines, cubes, and counters, support us to solve problems with accuracy and build concept of number.
Over the course of our first unit of inquiry, Grade 1AC documented the connections we made between important topics, ideas, and concepts. Our mind map made our thinking visible to other members of the school community and we received lots of comments about what a talented group of thinkers we are!
Jack B. was unable to do PE this week due to an injury. Click here to see a PE lesson through his eyes on the ISS PE blog. | <urn:uuid:06a9ea80-61e1-4caf-bfbe-82f6910af905> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://g1ac.weebly.com/home/archives/09-2012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998339.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617002911-20190617024911-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.955236 | 873 | 4.25 | 4 |
Andrea Blain's 8-year-old son Joshua came home during the last school year with a note that's familiar to most parents of school-age children. The note said there had been a case of strep throat in Joshua's class, and warned parents to seek immediate medical treatment if any family member presented such strep symptoms as a sore throat, high fever, headache, abdominal pain and/or vomiting.
With children starting to head back into classrooms, concerns about strep will soon be an issue for many parents. The Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide states that although viruses cause most sore throats, bacteria also infect the throat. The guide says that the best known bacterial infection is strep throat, and is caused by streptococcus bacteria.
"If a classroom full of healthy children with no symptoms of strep have their throats cultured," says Dr. Robert Tanz, director of medical education, Department of Pediatrics at Northwestern University Medical School and Children's Memorial Hospital, "somewhere between 8 to 25 percent of the children in that class will test positive for strep."
In Joshua's case, he got sick but not with the symptoms of strep. Nevertheless, a strep test came back positive. He was treated with antibiotics, his mother said, and recovered quickly.
So what does it mean to "test positive for strep"? Is it possible to have strep throat without any symptoms?
"The way I explain it to parents," Tanz says, "is that if you have an infection from strep, it will make you sick and show up in a test. Strep causes symptoms such as sore throat, swollen glands and high fever."
Tanz adds that if there is a rash with the illness, it's called scarlet fever. But a runny nose, diarrhea and/or laryngitis are not strep symptoms, doctors say, adding that a positive strep test accompanied by those symptoms-commonly associated with colds and flu-is purely coincidental.
Left untreated, a person with strep will develop a significant antibody response, Tanz says, which is the body's attempt to fight the illness. The Harvard Medical School guide says that untreated strep can lead to nephritis, a kidney disorder, or rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can attack the body's connective tissue of the heart, joints, skin and, sometimes, the brain.
So what if a child frequently has positive throat cultures showing strep, but never shows the symptoms? Physicians call such people "strep carriers."
"If they're carriers, this can only be shown with a culture when there are no symptoms," says Tanz. "It's like dirt behind your child's ear-if you don't see it, it does no harm. If you see it, you get grossed out and want to get rid of it. Carriers cause little or no harm to others; therefore it's usually unimportant to know that someone is a carrier. Testing a person without symptoms is unnecessary and usually makes them worry unnecessarily."
Vicki Denstaedt of Grayslake says that all three of her children tested positive for strep within a two-month period. The only significant symptom among the three was a fever for Isabelle, who was about 16 months old at the time.
First, daughter Taylor, 8, had cold symptoms and sinus drainage that gave her a red throat. The emergency room doctor who examined her said it was most likely viral, but tested her for strep. The doctor and Taylor's parents were surprised when the test came back positive.
A short time later, Taylor's twin brother, Trevor, had allergy symptoms. By their third visit to the doctor in as many weeks, Trevor was found to have a sinus infection. On their second doctor's visit, Trevor had beguna preventive round of penicillin, which didn't help. Strep was diagnosed on the third visit, at the same time the sinus infection was diagnosed. Trevor was well after a course of amoxicillin.
Soon after Trevor's illness, Isabelle developed a fever for three days. With no other symptoms, Denstaedt attributed the fever to teething. Back at the physician's office, the doctor told the Denstaedts, "We normally don't test for strep in children this young." During the exam, the doctor noted sinus drainage. At her mom's insistence, Isabelle was tested for strep; the results were positive.
Tanz, who is not the Denstaedts' pediatrician, said that Taylor and Trevor could be strep carriers, bouncing the infection among other family members and weakening everyone's resistance. Tanz added that sinusitis is different from strep; if there is strep in a child's throat, there is no scientific evidence that it's related to sinusitis, although it is possible to have both infections at the same time. | <urn:uuid:a756ef6b-cfbe-47bf-a353-d2fcaab2db8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-08-20/features/0008200494_1_strep-throat-streptococcus-bacteria-sore-throat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824931.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022003552-20171022023552-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.975645 | 1,016 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Posted by mysterychicken on Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 11:29am.
Need help with these---
30. Suppose the area of a square is x^2 - 6x + 9. What is the perimeter of the square?
33. Factor the expression: k^2 + k^f - 2f^2
38. Find the final amount of an investment if $2,000 is invested at an interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly for eight years.
- Algebra - Jazzie, Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 11:36am
30. If we factorise x^2 - 6x + 9, we get (x-3)^2.
So the perimeter is 4(x-3) = 4x -12
I'll need to figure out the others yet in a minute.
- Algebra - Jen, Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 11:37am
Wouldn't the perimeter be 4(x-3)^2?
- Algebra - Jazzie, Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 11:44am
Why? x-3 is the length of ONE side. To calculate
the perimeter of a square, the 4 identical sides are added. But maybe I'm wrong, I dunno....why do you want to square it?
- Algebra - mysterychicken, Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 12:11pm
Jazzie, you're correct. Thanks
- Algebra - Reiny, Saturday, June 12, 2010 at 5:26pm
30. 4x-12 is correct
33. You probably meant to type
k^2 + kf - 2f^2 which is
Amount = 2000(1.02)^32
Answer this Question
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The study, published in Infection and Immunity, finds that reintroducing normal microbial diversity to the guts of mice infected with antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria can help to restore microbial balance and eliminate the pathogens.
Led by researchers from Spain and the USA, the research team explain that taking antibiotics causes a reduced diversity of the microbiota which allows antibiotic-resistant pathogens - such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) - "to invade and thrive in the intestine."
The new study, however, finds that repopulating the intestines of mice with bacterial species Barnesiella can help to promote the clearance of the antibiotic-restistant strains and thus restore a healthy microbial balance.
"The presence of Barnesiella in fecal samples was associated with protection against VRE, suggesting that in humans, Barnesiella may also confer protection against dense VRE colonization," explained Carles Ubeda from the Centro Superior de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Spain - who led the study.
"The findings could be very useful for development of novel probiotics," said Ubeda.
"Scientifically, this is a major finding that will help us to understand how the microbiota confer resistance against intestinal colonization by pathogens, an important question that remains incompletely answered."
Ubeda and his colleagues treated mice with antibiotics before giving the mice either faecal transplants from untreated mice, or an aerobic or anaerobic culture from the faecal transplants.
The team found that mice receiving the faecal transplant or an anaerobic culture were able to clear the VRE, while those receiving the aerobic culture failed to do so.
After this, the team compared the microbiota in each group. The big difference: the mice that had cleared the VRE contained bacteria from the anaerobic genus Barnesiella, while those that had failed to clear the VRE did not.
The team suggested that their findings may present an opportunity for the development of novel probiotic cultures that contain the Barnesiella genus.
The Pre- & Probiotics Online Event
The global pre- and probiotic markets are in good health, with an unparalleled number of studies backing the beneficial effects of the guy-friendly ingredients. Yet Europe’s 2012 ban of all pre- and probiotic claims – and even use of the terms ‘prebiotic’ and ‘probiotic’ – has led to big challenges in the global marketplace.
Taking place on March 26th, NutraIngredients presents Pre-and Probiotics 2013, an online conference to tackle the big issues in pre- and probiotics.
Source: Infection and Immunity
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1128/IAI.01197-12
"Intestinal Microbiota Containing BarnesiellaSpecies Cures Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Colonization"
Authors: Carles Ubeda, Vanni Bucci, Silvia Caballero, Ana Djukovic, et al | <urn:uuid:dc28da6c-f3c1-4a16-83ce-913b328df2b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Good-bacteria-may-wipe-out-antibiotic-resistant-pathogens-Study?nocount | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00005-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912288 | 628 | 3.25 | 3 |
Behind the pomp and circumstance of the State opening of Parliament lies a long history of plots, power and protocol.
Before the Queen arrives at the Palace of Westminster today the Yeoman of the Guard — the oldest of the royal bodyguards — will search the cellars of the building armed with lanterns. The practice dates back to Guy Fawkes’s Gunpowder Plot of November 5 1605. Police then carry out a forensic search of the area.
Next, the Government whip is held “hostage” at the Palace to ensure the Queen’s safe return. The custom dates back to centuries when the monarch and | <urn:uuid:02ab8d0d-431b-4e2f-bddd-70b9d0cbd21a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article2524819.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118551401.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124165551-00218-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.846553 | 129 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The RCA Berkshire Line
High Fidelity for the Wealthy
BY NORMAN S. BRAITHWAITE
In 1947, RCA entered the high-end market with its Berkshire line of radio-phonographs and TVs. In this article, Norman Braithwaite describes these sets and how RCA introduced the Berkshire line to the public. (Editor)
During the Depression years most radio corporations relied on mass production of low- to mid-priced receivers for their success. Some radio companies such as E.H. Scott Radio Laboratories and Capehart thrived on marketing radios to the wealthy. Others, including Philco, RCA, Stromberg-Carlson and Zenith, also marketed to the wealthy by offering custom-built and elaborate receivers in addition to their main product lines. At least one company specializing in elaborate and custom receivers, McMurdo Silver, Incorporated, did not survive the Depression due to the pressures of competition.
Although faced with competition in a limited market, RCA decided to enter the high-end radio game. The story behind this decision and a description of some of the products are the focus of this article. One model, the Berkshire Breakfront, a combined radio/phonograph/TV is shown in Figure 1.
As the United States became more involved in the war in Europe, the supply of materials used for manufacturing radios was diverted to manufacture of war products. Production of radios for civilian use came to a halt. Radio manufacturing facilities were retooled and electronic engineers and assemblymen were reassigned and retrained to produce war products. Tremendous advances in electronic circuit design and manufacturing processes resulted from the war effort. When the war ended late in 1945 and contracts for military products were abruptly terminated, radio manufacturers faced many challenges reestablishing a position in the civilian market.
Figure 1. This reproduction 18th century cabinet housed the Breakfront model that contained a radio, phonograph, and projection-type TV. It was big and measured 94"h x 75 3/4"w x 22 1/2"d. It sold for about $4,000.
The postwar economy was driven by a very substantial demand for new products by returning military servicemen, as well as the general public. Because of this demand and the cost of retooling for civilian products, the cost of new products had approximately doubled since before the war. When it came to radio receivers, there was a demand for receivers that were capable of receiving the new noise-free FM transmissions. Those that could afford one wanted a television receiver. Companies in the business of manufacturing radios increased their market share by offering receivers with the new FM broadcast band, television, and full-featured consoles.
After the war, Scott Radio Laboratories, formerly E.H. Scott Radio Laboratories, and Capehart under the ownership of Farnsworth, continued to offer their top-of-the-line combination consoles to the wealthy. Scott Radio Laboratories also continued to offer custom-built installations designed around their chrome-plated Model 800B chassis. New companies also entered the custom-built market for the wealthy. Among these were the Fisher Radio Corporation, offering an elaborate high-fidelity console comprised of components that could be purchased individually, and Radio Craftsman offering chrome-plated tuner, amplifier, and television chassis for custom installations.
Figure 2. This front view of the receiver shows its clean lines and symmetrical layout. The front panel was designed by John Vassos. The meters indicate signal strength and FM station centering. Audio bandwidth is graphically indicated on the white line below the bass and treble thumbwheels below the meters.
RCA Surveys the Market
At RCA, Frank Folsom, vice-president in charge of operations at the Victor Division and one time vice-president of Montgomery Ward, proposed the idea that RCA develop and offer a sophisticated custom-built radio as a way to apply considerable experience gained from wartime electronic research.
Seeing a potentially significant market and not wanting to overlook an opportunity, RCA conducted a survey to identify the market for an "ultracostly," full-featured, true high-fidelity receiver/phonograph/television combination in designer consoles, or for custom installation. The survey indicated two groups would buy such an offering: the wealthy and the music lovers "willing to spent a disproportionate portion of their incomes on a super deluxe music maker." Further, another survey indicated that almost three-fourths of purchases would be made by or directly influenced by women.
This latter survey justified RCA's selection of Harriet H. Higginson, formerly in charge of Montgomery Ward's fashion merchandise program, to be head of the ultracostly receiver program. Marvin Hobbs, formerly chief engineer responsible for development of FM receivers at E.H. Scott Radio Laboratories, was retained in a consulting capacity as the chief engineer of the Berkshire project.
RCA's ultracostly receiver concept was to design and build an easy-to-use, full-featured, designer receiver using the best possible parts regardless of whether or not the parts were manufactured by RCA. Features were to include full AM coverage from the broadcast band through 22.5 megahertz, bandspread on foreign shortwave broadcast bands, FM broadcast band coverage, a high quality automatic record changer, a powerful high fidelity amplifier, a high quality speaker in a true high fidelity enclosure, and, for those who could afford it, a large screen television receiver. The receiver was to be designed with the capability of remote operation in the future. The combination would be offered in designer consoles for custom installation.
Figure 3. A rear view of the tuner chassis with the bandswitch tuning mechanism at the top left of the photo, the rotating dial scales top center, and the tube layout at the bottom.
To attract the attention of the wealthy and music lovers willing to spend a disproportionate portion of their income, it was believed that introduction of such a receiver should not be understated. RCA chose the famous Berkshire Music Center (now called the Tanglewood Music Center) in Lenox, Massachusetts, for the unveiling. RCA did, indeed, introduce the receiver in style! To an all-expenses-paid crowd of 80, a third of whom were press agents, RCA unveiled the receiver on July 29, 1947, in a very lengthy presentation with full theatrical pageantry.
The highlight of the presentation occurred when Serge Koussevitzky, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra playing Beethoven's "Egmont," held up his hand and stopped the orchestra. To the astonishment of the audience, the selection seamlessly continued from a recently recorded version by Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra (recorded earlier at Tanglewood) being played on the new receiver. In exchange for the use of the Berkshire name, RCA committed the profits from the first 200 "limited edition" sets for scholarships to the Berkshire Music Center. If the initial offering was a success, RCA would offer additional models with more features during future years.
The high fidelity speaker for the set was selected from a field of five high quality speakers by a group of acoustic engineers and Leopold Stokowski, the famous conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra. One of RCA's own speakers, the Model MI-11411, better known as the LC-1 or LC-1A, designed by Harry Olson, was selected in a blind listening test. All speakers were previewed in identical cabinets.
Phonographs offered with the combination included the Thorens CD-40 or Garrard RC-65, and an RCA 45-rpm record changer as an accessory housed in an attractive wood "treasure chest" cabinet. No LP record changer or turntable was offered. The LP was a competitor's product.
Design and construction of the receiver was contracted to ARF Products, Incorporated, of River Forest, Illinois. ARF Products was a small firm best known for research, development, and production of sophisticated military electronic equipment from the 1940s through the 1970s.
The receiver control panel, shown in Figure 2, was designed by John Vassos well known for the design of Chrysler vehicles from the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Although well presented and in designer consoles, from a technical perspective, the Berkshire was unusual, but not revolutionary. To a great extent, the receiver and amplifier chassis were built in a manner similar to military equipment. A top and rear view of the chassis is shown in Figure 3. The receiver chassis included several sub-chassis assemblies one of which was a Collins Auto tuner. This was a motor-driven tuner with notably accurate and repeatable preset capability designed for aircraft transmitters by Arthur Collins of Collins Radio Corporation during the late 1930s. A close-up of the motor-driven bandswitch mechanism is shown in Figure 4 (see print version).
Figure 7. The bottom shield has been removed to show the complexity and component density of the tuner chassis. Maintainability was not high on the designer's list of features.
Both the AM and FM receivers included two stages of RF amplification. The AM receiver contained four stages of intermediate frequency amplification, and the FM receiver contained three stages of intermediate frequency amplification. The FM receiver included a ratio detector to avoid patent infringement of Armstrong's superior discriminator circuit.
Figure 5 (see print version) provides a look at the FM tuner portion of the chassis, while Figure 6 (see print version) shows the 4-gang tuning capacitor used for AM tuning. The complexity of the tuner chassis is shown in Figure 7.
In blatant defiance of Armstrong's patent, however, and much to the discouragement of Armstrong, RCA used the discriminator circuit in the television receiver chassis for detecting the FM sound carrier. The filaments of all tubes on the radio tuner chassis were operated on direct current. The 85-pound audio amplifier/power supply was designed to develop 40-watts "undistorted" and 50-watts maximum output from four Type 6L6G tubes in conventional, fixed bias, push-pull parallel pentode operation.
A total of 33 tubes was used in the radio receiver, and 35 additional tubes were used in the projection television receiver. Power required for radio or phonograph operation was 400 watts and for television operation, 900 watts. The receiver was designed to be operated from 110- or 220-volts AC, 50 or 60 hertz.
Figure 8. The Modern model was used at the now famous demonstration at the Berkshire Music Center. It too was a radio-phonograph.
Customers were offered a choice of five designer consoles. The most elaborate were the eighteenth century "Breakfront" console weighing 720-pounds and a "Secretary" console, both designed by William Millington of Baker Furniture, Incorporated. The Breakfront console is shown in Figure 1 earlier in this article.
The "Modern" and "Contemporary" consoles were designed by T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings and a "Regency" console was designed by Edward Wormley. The Modern, shown in Figure 8, bears a strong resemblance to the low, wide television combinations offered 20 years later. Other cabinet styles included the "Contemporary" model and the "Regency" model, shown in Figure 9 (see print version). These models were radio-phonographs.
Figure 10. The Clubman was housed in a custom cabinet and included a projection TV. It was especially designed for the Knickerbocker Club in New York, according to a sales brochure.
In addition to these standard models, the Berkshire line offered custom cabinets, such as the "Clubman," also including a projection television set, shown in Figure 10.
Ease of Operation
As promised, the radio receiver was designed for ease of operation. Controls included a volume control, noise suppressor control, selectivity control, manual tuning control, radio station keyboard and band keyboard. Instructions for the controls were clearly and simply written for a nontechnical owner. Switching between the AM bands, FM, television and phonograph operation was accomplished from push buttons using a motor driven bandswitch and drum dial indicator. A second motor was used to operate the tuner and station indicator when selecting a station using push buttons.
Other indicators included a signal strength meter, FM tuning meter and "calibrated tone scale" for indication of bass and treble cutoff. A total of 10 presets was available for user programmable AM or FM radio stations. Both the bandswitch and tuning motors are engaged when selecting a station using push buttons.
Mechanical and Electrical Shortcomings
In spite of the military style design, the Berkshire had its share of problems. As is often the case with mechanical and electrical items built to architectural designer specifications, and much like the Vassos designed automobiles of the late 1950s and early 1960s, serviceability was not a priority. As a consequence, replacement of some dial lamps requires removal of the front panel (a substantial effort).
Deviations from usual military construction practices also contributed to difficulty servicing. The wiring harness was installed below the subassemblies instead of next to the chassis. This construction practice, along with the fact that the wiring harness was of plastic insulated wire, makes servicing nearly impossible without damage to the wiring harness.
Component board subassemblies were constructed with components on both sides. However, instead of routing leads of backside components around the end of the component board to solder posts, the leads were routed through the "eyelet" holes of solder lugs wrapped around the solder lug and soldered to the lug through the eyelet. This makes removal and replacement of components on the backside of circuit boards very difficult. More annoying was the requirement of removing the entire push-button assembly in order to service the audio circuits of the receiver.
In addition to poor serviceability, the shortcomings of the Berkshire receiver included poor tracking on the FM band (disparity between frequency of received FM signal and dial indication), narrow ratio detector bandwidth (less than one-half of the IF bandwidth rather than twice the bandwidth generally considered necessary), inefficient receiver audio output circuit, and a short-lived selenium rectifier used for the filaments on the tuner chassis. Although the audio amplifier of the Berkshire was capable of developing up to 50 watts RMS of audio power, the LC-1 speaker was designed to handle only 20 watts RMS. The LC-1 is shown in Figure 11.
The Berkshire Amplifier
The Berkshire amplifier, shown in Figure 12, was designed with three 15-ohm resistors in series-parallel with the speaker. These resistors were included to limit the power reaching the speaker and to allow the easy addition of accessory speakers by substitution of resistors with the additional speakers. Given this design, the actual power reaching the speaker is 10 watts "undistorted" or 12.5 watts peak, and 3/4 of the audio power developed by the amplifier is dissipated by the resistors as heat.
Additional inefficiency can be attributed to the use of a selenium rectifier for rectifying the filament power for all tubes on the tuner chassis. As the selenium rectifier aged, the efficiency of the rectifier would decrease resulting in reduced voltage supplied to the filaments. The replacement of this rectifier was straightforward when the correct selenium rectifier component was available. However, today, replacement of the rectifier with diodes requires the addition of a substantial size series resistor or some clever rewiring of the transformer circuits supplying the tuner filaments. With the possible exception of FM tracking, the purchasers of the receivers were largely unaware of these problems.
RCA was able to sell substantially all of an initial run of 500 receivers contracted from ARF Products. Profits from the sales did not recoup project development costs, and the project fell out of favor with RCA management in Camden. Apparently, there was enough interest in the receiver, however, for RCA to inquire about another run of chassis from ARF Products. If RCA could sell more of the receivers at a better profit margin, they could recoup their development costs, establish the company as the market leader for the product, continue the line of receivers, and turn a profit on the receivers.
Figure 11. The LC-1 loudspeaker designed by Dr. Harry F. Olson. These speakers are selling for about $500 and are still in demand.
RCA entered discussions with ARF Products for a second run of chassis to be provided at a lower cost. ARF Products had not profited from its contract for the first run, and, even if the cost of constructing the chassis were covered, RCA's lower offer for the second run did not allow ARF Products a satisfactory return. Consequently, no new contract was entered and no more "ultracostly," full-featured receivers were built by RCA.
Among the general public, including "music lovers willing to spend a disproportionate portion of their income," interest in the elaborate, full-featured combination receivers was waning due to the introduction of high-fidelity components. The high-fidelity components and component television chassis allowed consumers great flexibility in assembling an entertainment system to meet their particular interests. In a short time, the RCA Berkshires, E.H. Scott 800 Series, Capehart 400 Series, and a few other top-of-the-line, full-featured combination receivers were replaced by Brook, Fisher, Radio Craftsman, H.H. Scott (not related to E.H. Scott), and a few other manufacturers' components.
Although wealthy consumer interest supported limited production of an ultracostly, full-featured receiver, RCA's Berkshire failed on an economic basis. Neither ARF Products nor RCA was content with its profits, and RCA did not believe it could maintain sales if it were to raise the prices of the receivers enough to make the project profitable. The military practices of design and construction that allowed manufacture of large quantities of serviceable, high reliability receivers for the military, understandably, were not cost effective for small runs of consumer receivers.
Since RCA had wisely implemented the project using contracted services and minimal staff, with the exception of the project cost, the economic failure of the project did not reflect substantially on the company's image. RCA did not feature the receiver in advertising as many companies are prone to do with their benchmark products, and no mention of the receiver was included in the recently published RCA history His Masters Voice in America.
Figure 12. This view of the power supply/power amplifier chassis shows plenty of iron on a chrome-plated chassis. Four Type 6L6G tubes are used in push-pull parallel.
Today, the RCA Berkshire receivers are very difficult to find, especially in an original cabinet. Most surviving chassis have some degree of cosmetic distress, and all will require electronic service if not previously conducted. Given the very congested circuit and complex electro-mechanical systems, the tuner chassis is not a good candidate for replating. In addition to repair of specific problems as required, rebuilding of the push-button assembly, replacement of wax-paper capacitors, and alignment are required for reliable operation of the receiver.
Even if not working, the Berkshire is considered very collectible. Nonworking Berkshire chassis set in fair to good condition offered on eBay during the past few years have commanded prices around $1,000 for the tuner chassis and approximately $500 for the LC-1/LC-1A speaker.
A complete Berkshire in a breakfront console with a matching dining table and six chairs (table and chairs by a different furniture maker), all in excellent unrestored condition, recently changed hands for many thousands of dollars in a private sale. While these prices may appear high for a postwar receiver, very few opportunities exist for purchasing a Berkshire receiver, and the value of these receivers is not likely to go down.
Albuquerque Journal, June 16, 2000.
Barnum III, Frederick O. His Masters Voice in America, First Printing. Camden, NJ: General Electric, 1991.
Braband, Ken C. First 50 Years, A History of Collins Radio and the Collins Divisions of Rockwell International. Cedar Rapids, IA: Rockwell International Publisher.
"Golden Ears and Tin Ears," Newsweek, August 11, 1947.
Hobbs, Marvin. E.H. Scott, Dean of DX, Second Edition. Mendon, N.Y.: Radio Daze Press, 2002.
Lewis, Tom. Empire of the Air, The Men Who Made Radio. New York: T. Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.
RCA Berkshire Series, RCA, undated (large sales book).
RCA Victor Berkshire, AM-FM Tuner Unit TU-1, Phonograph Pre-Amplifier PPAU-1, Audio Amplifier and Power Supply Unit AAPU-1 Service Data, First Edition, First Printing, Publication Number CCP-2, RCA, 1948.
RCA Victor Berkshire "Breakfront" Models B1-A, B1-B, B1-C Radio-Phonograph-Television Combination Service Data, First Edition, First Printing, Publication Number CCP-1-49, RCA, undated.
"Super Radio Set," Business Week, July 26, 1947.
Special thanks to Marvin Hobbs and John Baldwin for information about the relationship between RCA and ARF Products.
In 1975, Norman Braithwaite, a civil engineer, began collecting antique radios, especially those manufactured by E.H. Scott and its competitors. His collection includes representative sets from 1917 to 1960, the prize being a rare Scott 48-tube custom receiver. | <urn:uuid:3919b6da-00b1-4752-be55-6b76529a9732> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.antiqueradio.com/Dec07_Braithwaite_RCABerkshire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461864953696.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428173553-00023-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960164 | 4,487 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Thanks to the driest winter for years and very hot summer temperatures, fires have started on the islands with the most dangerous on Tenerife which is threatening the UNESCO world heritage site of the Teide National Park which surrounds the majestic Teide volcano in the centre of Tenerife. According to Euronews
, the cause of the fires is suspected to be arsonists.
reports on July 17 that 200 people have had to be evacuated from their homes as the fires spread out of control. The fires have been burning since Sunday but high winds and the mountainous terrain have made fighting them very difficult.
website says that around 800 firefighters, helped by planes and helicopters are fighting the blazes with more arriving from the Spanish mainland. The site reports that all roads into the Teide National Park have been closed. Around 150 people have had to be evacuated from their homes on the island of La Palma where around 500 hectares have so far been burnt.
Fires are a yearly hazard in Spain and fire fighting teams are well prepared to go into action instantly. The problem with the islands is access, with each island being based around at least one volcano, with ravines, tight curving roads and high winds making things very difficult. The main tourist areas tend to be clustered along the coastline and at this time, none are in any danger. The airports are continuing to function as normal.
The Teide national park
is a popular tourist destination. The scenery around the base of the volcanic cone is like something you would see on Mars and in fact has been used as a testing area by scientists studying the red planet. There is a cable car that takes tourists to the top. The last eruption was in 1909 and some scientists believe that another eruption is already overdue. | <urn:uuid:6b001e52-c356-49c2-8805-c5f3af4c7c02> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/328809 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974188 | 356 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The human face is unique yet universal, mechanical yet expressive, modern yet ancient. For over 4 million years, our features have slowly morphed into what we see today in the mirror, a brief stop on the way to who knows what.
From early hominins to modern Homo sapiens, a new review written by leading experts traces the history of the human face across millions of years, as landscapes, climates, and cultures come and go.
Like many before them, the international team agrees that diet and climate were important factors in shaping the human face. Still, there’s another element they think is too often overlooked: social necessity.
“We know that other factors such as diet, respiratory physiology, and climate have contributed to the shape of the modern human face,” says anatomist Paul O’Higgins from the University of York, “but to interpret its evolution solely in terms of these factors would be an oversimplification.”
Using facial skin, bones, and muscles, modern humans can signal more than 20 different categories of emotion to one another. And that’s not something we could always do.
As the human face evolved over millennia, it went from a stiff mask to an easily-manipulated mug: “a short-faced cranium with a large globular brain case,” as the authors put it.
With the dawn of a smooth forehead, our eyebrows were officially unleashed with plenty of room for movement; at the same time, our faces grew smaller and more slender, allowing for subtle emotions like recognition and sympathy.
Suddenly, there were more opportunities than ever before for gestures and non-verbal communication – a vital step if humans were to establish and maintain large social networks.
“We think that enhanced social communication was a likely outcome of the face becoming smaller, less robust, and with a less pronounced brow,” says one of the authors, Rodrigo Lacruz, a craniofacial biologist at New York University.
“This would have enabled more subtle gestures and hence enhanced non-verbal communication.”
It’s doubtful that social communication could have reshaped the modern human face all on its own, but the authors think it should at least be included in leading theories.
Diet, for instance, is one of the most cited factors in explaining our facial shape. Unlike modern humans, early hominins ate tough plant foods, tearing through them with their teeth alone. As such, they needed large jaw muscles, and these massive attachments required broad and deep faces.
In the past 2 million years, however, humans have started using tools to break down and cut our food. And as we’ve learned to process and cook it, our faces have begun to shrink.
“Softer modern diets and industrialised societies may mean that the human face continues to decrease in size,” says O’Higgins.
“There are limits on how much the human face can change however; for example, breathing requires a sufficiently large nasal cavity.”
It’s a trend that’s been going on for some 100,000 years, and with climate change becoming an ever-growing problem, it too could be affected.
With temperatures increasing, the authors say it could change our appearance. If climate predictions are correct, they argue we might expect changes in our nasal cavities, which help warm and humidify air before it enters our lungs.
“We are a product of our past,” says human evolution expert William Kimbel from Arizona State University.
“Understanding the process by which we became human entitles us to look at our own anatomy with wonder and to ask what different parts of our anatomy tell us about the historical pathway to modernity.”
This study has been published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. | <urn:uuid:5043893a-9797-4b8e-9c74-d38f4d22c558> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sciencenewslab.com/humans/a-new-paper-reveals-the-amazing-evolution-of-the-human-face/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.956354 | 794 | 3.9375 | 4 |
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. — Urban areas modify thunderstorms that can eventually get stronger and more violent as they leave the cities and move to downwind areas, according to a Purdue University study.
Using 10 years of data from storms around the Indianapolis metropolitan area, Dev Niyogi, an associate professor of agronomy and earth and atmospheric sciences, observed how storms altered as they approached an urban area.
“About 60 percent of the daytime thunderstorms seem to change their characteristics,” said Niyogi, lead author of the findings.
“Before the storms approach the urban area, we see them as a more organized line of storm cells. As the storms get past the urban area, there are smaller but more cells, signifying splitting. So, quite often, we see storms approach the city, split around it and come back together on the other side to create a more intense storm.”
Niyogi, who also is Indiana’s state climatologist, said most of the storms that followed the pattern occurred during the daytime and preceded or came with a cold front.
He and his team analyzed the storms’ changing characteristics on radar, as well as on a time lapse statistical analysis that measured the size and number of cells present as a storm passed over the Indianapolis urban area.
Niyogi’s graduate students, Patrick Pyle and Lei Ming, used a weather model to run simulations of the conditions that preceded the storms. In some simulations, the Indianapolis urban area was removed, changing the weather patterns.
“Interestingly, the storms only appeared in the model simulations when the Indianapolis urban area was present,” Niyogi said. “This shows that the urban area can help create an environment that can at times trigger storms.”
Contributing factors. Niyogi said a number of factors are at play — tall buildings alter wind patterns, and heat and pollution can affect the creation of storms.
“What the storm is really responding to is those changes in the environment,” Niyogi said. “All three of those — the change in landscape from rural to urban, heat and particulates — in some way affect the environment around the city.”
Niyogi also analyzed storms about 46 miles away from Indianapolis and did not see the same patterns that formed when storms passed through the urban area.
Niyogi believes understanding how land use could affect storms would lead to better weather and flood predictions. He said it might be possible to use data on land use and weather when planning construction to lessen the impacts storms might have on the surrounding areas.
“While we cannot control a large thunderstorm, our research does bring up the possibility that the impact of these thunderstorms can be affected by land-use planning,” Niyogi said.
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Up-to-date agriculture news in your inbox! | <urn:uuid:aaac4cbe-e8d9-419f-8159-1d4a9b6e0176> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/study-finds-storms-get-stronger-after-leaving-cities/25624.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864795.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622201448-20180622221448-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.945096 | 606 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The first documents about Comănești date from 1409, during the reign of Alexandru cel Bun. In an ancient document it is mentioned a village " where there is a Coman", in the District Tazlăul de Sus, as a village of peasants with customs rights upon merchants transiting Trotuș Valley area and for defense purposes. After some research in the archives, the oldest document on the town of Comăneşti would be a letter of June 23, 1606, from Captain Ioan Matireş to Captain Ion Pettky, stating that the safest route from the Danube to Transylvania is through Comăneşti .
The first cartographic map about Comănești is compiled by geographer Sanson on the Danube map, printed in 1696.
In 1864- through the Law of Local Government Comăneşti Village was established. It comprised 7 hamlets with 3486 inhabitants. According to the gazetteer from 1895 five Orthodox churches used to exist in Comăneşti, one Catholic church, two mixed schools, a steam sawmill, more water saws, four springs of mineral water, coal and wax.
An important role in the development of the city, for a century and a half, was played by a strong family called Ghika, that became in the middle of the nineteenth century "Ghika from Comăneşti". Ghika family land was created between 1800-1804 on the land acquired through various forms or from royal donations. The ambitions of this family, its economic power and the links with other noble families were beneficial for the development of Comănești area. These initiatives resulted in the Comăneşti railway extension and further towards Palanca and the building of Comăneşti Railway Station.
An important event in the life of the village occurred in 1952, by declaring Comănești as a town. Raising the status of Comănești to that of a city took into account its economic strength, the population density and the development prospects of the region. On this occasion the former surrounding villages: Lăloaia, Șupan, Leorda, Lunca de Jos and Șipoteni became quarters of Comăneşti and Vermești and Podei-Podina acquired the quality of localities.
As a size, Comăneşti city is within the IV th category with a population of 23.924 inhabitants in an area of 6387 ha out of which, 1168.10 in the town and 5218.90 out of the town . | <urn:uuid:3e1ec598-5d7a-4fac-a250-e74ca334cdc6> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.comanesti-turism.ro/en/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575513.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922114839-20190922140839-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.96977 | 573 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Within geologic blink of eye, hardy plankton were swimming in toxic waters above site
The University of Texas at Austin Jackson School of Geosciences
SAN FRANCISCO — The first post-apocalypse tenants of ground zero of the dinosaur extinction didn’t waste much time moving in.
Drilling into the crater left by the dino-devastating Chicxulub impact in Mexico, researchers uncovered the fossilized remains of pioneering microbes. These “disaster species” colonized the harsh waters above the crater within hundreds of years of the impact, the researchers reported December 12 at a news conference at the American Geophysical Union’s fall meeting. The finding helps illuminate how life bounces back following cataclysmic events.
“This was a hostile, stressful environment for these organisms,” said Oleg Abramov, a planetary scientist at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Ariz., who was not involved with the work. “It’s interesting that life came back so quickly to the site of the impact.”
The impact itself was one of the worst calamities in the history of life on Earth, releasing around 2 million times as much energy as the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated. It helped wipe out three-quarters of animal and plant species worldwide.
Not surprisingly, devastation was worst at the impact site, said Joanna Morgan, a geophysicist at Imperial College London who co-led the drilling project. Any life within around 1,500 kilometers of the impact site was probably fried with thermal radiation, she said.
Returning to the Chicxulub crater last April off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Morgan and colleagues drilled into a now underwater ring of mountainous peaks that rises from the crater floor (SN Online: 11/17/16). Stacked on top of this peak ring are hundreds of meters of sediments laid down over the tens of millions of years since the crater formed. Fossils within these sediments offer a long-term history of life in the area.
Within hundreds of years of the impact, fossilized remains of two types of hardy plankton appear in the sediments. This is “at a time when the ocean is toxic and not very suitable for life,” said Timothy Bralower, a geoscientist at Penn State. The plankton, members of Thoracosphaera and Braarudosphaera, probably settled in the area to capitalize on the lack of competition. A third type of plankton from the same time period wasn’t an opportunist like the other two, but rather a native species that recolonized the area following the impact, Bralower said.
Analyzing Chicxulub rock samples for other signs of returning life continues. The impact generated hydrothermal systems in the ground that could have served as prime real estate for organisms that generate energy via chemical reactions, Abramov said. Similar impacts billions of years ago may have even fostered the emergence of life on Earth, he said.
S.P.S. Gulick et al. IODP/ICDP Expedition 364-Drilling the Cretaceous-Paleogene Chicxulub impact crater: insights into large craters formation and their effect on life. American Geophysical Union annual fall meeting, San Francisco, December 14, 2016.
T. Sumner. How a ring of mountains forms inside a crater. Science News Online, November 17, 2016.
T. Sumner. Most of Earth’s impact craters await discovery. Science News. Vol. 188, July 25, 2015, p. 5.
T. Sumner. Mega volcanism indicted in dinosaur demise. Science News. Vol. 187, January 10, 2015, p. 12. | <urn:uuid:8515a68c-eb1e-4243-95cd-2c8237d0ee2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fossil-microbes-life-dinosaurs-chicxlulub?mode=topic&context=76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.924511 | 783 | 3.53125 | 4 |
There’s a lot of media and political attention focused right now on the devastation Hurricane Maria brought Puerto Rico — and for good reason. The US territory is facing humanitarian and public health crises, with serious shortages of food and potable water, and homes and most hospitals still without power.
But it seems many of us have lost sight of, or entirely forgotten, the fact that Hurricane Maria, and Hurricane Irma before it, walloped several other islands in the Caribbean. From Barbuda, which had to be evacuated and remains uninhabitable, to Dutch St. Martin, where 90 percent of the buildings were damaged, this hurricane season has been brutal. (Dominica, the US Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands, and Cuba were also seriously banged up in the storm.)
With their white sandy beaches and turquoise waters, Caribbean islands are travel magnets for tourists from around the world. But they’re also difficult to reach and often poverty-stricken places, where even the wealthiest islanders (in the Bahamas) have a per capita GDP of only $27,000 per year. That’s what makes the islands particularly vulnerable to severe weather events — and what makes their recovery prospects after Irma and Maria worry-inducing. In the conversation about the US government’s woefully slow response to Puerto Rico’s 3.4 million citizens in need, we shouldn’t forget these other islands, too. Here’s a roundup of how the some of the worst-hit islands are faring after the storms.
- Barbuda’s 1,600 inhabitants still can’t return home after Hurricane Irma forced them to abandon the island: It’s not an overstatement to say that Hurricane Irma annihilated Barbuda, the Caribbean island with 1,600 inhabitants that forms a country along with Antigua southeast of Puerto Rico. “The damage is complete,” Antigua and Barbuda’s Ambassador Ronald Sanders told Public Radio International. “For the first time in 300 years, there’s not a single living person on the island of Barbuda — a civilization that has existed on that island for over 300 years has now been extinguished.” Some 95 percent of the islands homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed by Irma, prompting islanders to flee. According to the minister of information and broadcasting, the island may not be habitable for at least another two weeks.
- Hurricane Maria killed 27 people in Dominica — where even the prime minister was left homeless: An island to the east of Puerto Rico, Dominica was also shredded by Maria. Its prime minister, Roosevelt Skerrit, said there’s not a single street that wasn’t damaged by the storm, according to the BBC, and 27 of Dominica’s 73,000 inhabitants were declared dead as a result of the storm, with dozens more missing.
“We have no running water, no electricity, no power, we have very limited communication services,” Skerrit told ABS TV/Radio, who also lost his home in Maria, CNN reported Thursday.
- 48,000 people are still without power in the US Virgin Islands: This group of islands — and another US territory — in the Caribbean have been devastated by the one-two punch of Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Maria. The islands’ governor, Kenneth Mapp, told Here and Now that three of his islands — St. John, St. Thomas, and Water Island — were decimated by Irma, and he had been using St. Croix as a base for their recovery. Then Maria came along and hammered St. Croix, too, wrecking 70 percent of the buildings there. The power was knocked out, and people there were left to rely on generators, Mapp said. As of September 26, FEMA said there were seven shelters with 621 occupants across the islands — and 48,000 people without power (and 44 percent are without potable water).
The four main islands were also under a 24-hour curfew, according to CNN. Mapp estimates the cost to repair the damage and rebuild the island’s electrical grid will ring in at $200 million, and he’s been out pleading for help.
- Irma left 10 Cubans dead and destroyed many of Havana’s fragile buildings: The US State Department is warning Americans to avoid travel to Cuba right now because the country is in major recovery mode following Irma. In Havana, roads were destroyed, buildings collapsed, and power and water services were down. Other parts of the country are still without power and running water, the State Department warned, while the official death toll from Irma stood at 10. There’s an ongoing worry among Cubans that the fragile buildings in Havana will continue to collapse because of the damage left behind by the storm, CNN reported.
- Irma and Maria collapsed the infrastructure, electricity, and communications lines of the British Virgin Islands: The British Virgin Islands were also beaten by both Hurricanes Irma and Maria (though Maria caused less damage than some feared). Still, the collapsed infrastructure and knocked out electricity and communications lines were enough to inspire Virgin Group founder Richard Branson to call for a Marshall Plan to help rebuild the British territory. (His own private island, Necker, was not spared by the storms.) “These hurricanes are causing unimaginable destruction,” Branson wrote on his website.
- A third of Dutch St. Martin’s buildings were ruined: The Island of St. Martin, which is split into two sides overseen by French and Dutch control, was also destroyed by Irma. A third of the buildings on the Dutch side of the island were destroyed, and 90 percent were damaged, according to Reuters. So far, more than a dozen people died as a result of the storm, with hundreds registered as missing.
All of these places will be looking to the United States, the United Nations, and international relief organizations to recover and rebuild after this brutal hurricane season. Want to help? Here’s Vox’s guide to donating to the relief efforts. | <urn:uuid:f03ab1b5-af37-4b43-a175-f8081e868fbd> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://wmda.mobi/science-health/its-not-just-puerto-rico-6-other-caribbean-island-nations-are-in-crisis-after-the-hurricanes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648003.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322205902-20180322225902-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.9698 | 1,249 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When a person’s teeth begin to erode, their gums also often deteriorate as well. One way of managing the problem would be to remove or reposition the teeth that are showing. Know more about Can You Fix Receding Gums?
Strictly following a healthy diet is also beneficial to keep the gums healthy. However, there are some natural remedies offered for many problems including that of their gums.
How To Fix Receding Gums At Home?
The very ideal way to preserve the gums healthy is to maintain a proper diet and prevent too much sugar and wheat. The application helps to start the gums.
There are also measures that could be obtained as a way to stop erosion from occurring. In this case, special attention needs to be fond of keeping one’s teeth clean. The teeth should be brushed regularly to maintain them tidy.
While brushing, it’s best to prevent using electric toothbrushes as the abrasiveness can wear down the enamel on the teeth. Brushing is the primary line of defense against disease, but with an excessive amount of brushingthat the teeth become stained teeth are not good for the health. Therefore brushing is one of the most important things you can perform. The minerals in the acidic foods may well not have the ability to permeate through the enamel. In cases like this, toothpaste and saliva could be needed.
Foods that have no or little acidity, like vegetables, berries, and veggies, help prevent dental erosion. Cider, vinegar, and veggies are favorable in this regard. Drinking water also helps flush out toxins from your system.
How To Fix Receding Gums Without Surgery?
If there’s no tartar buildup, an infected solution may be used to rinse mouth. The optimal solution for cleaning one’s teeth would be your hydrogen peroxide solution. This could be used either by gargling or entirely on the teeth.
Gingivitis, a disease at which the gums become inflamed, is caused by harmful bacteria from the moutharea. Utilizing a antibiotic tablet twice a day is an effective means to deal with the problem.
Collagen, which can be located in the epidermis, is a good cure for receding gums since it helps prevent damage to the cells, and therefore prevents infections. The decorative benefit is that collagen encourages healthy skin. It’s possible to earn collagen ointments which can be applied to skin on the lower and upper teeth.
Eating a balanced diet, and steering clear of overly stubborn and acidic foods is also a good method to help to keep the gums healthy.
Ways To Fix Receding Gums
If you are searching for that Remedy For Receding Gums, then you are in luck because there are a lot of natural remedies which will help . Some are more safe to use while some others are not. Once you read this article, you will be able to know those are harmless and those that are not.
We all understand that gum disease is not very enjoyable and it’s painful. It can lead to lots of different problems involving pain, discomfort, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and also cancer. They cannot open their mouth for dental surgery and the only real option they will have will be to give up.
However, if you are brave enough, you can do to do your best to take care of the problem. You may discover that in the event you give up eating a great deal of sugar, then your gum problem will evaporate. But when you really don’t, you then might need some different kind of treatment.
How Fix Receding Gums?
One very effective natural remedy for gum disease is baking soda. It contains calcium and works like an antiseptic. Make sure that you have some baking soda once you brush your own teeth and it’ll make your gum problem go away.
Should you find that you might be having a hard time having your teeth clean, you can test baking soda. You can use the clear answer in your own teeth as soon as you’ve been cleaning up them.
Another terrific real cure is toothpaste. Consider mixing two tsp of baking soda with half tsp of salt and rub it softly onto your teeth two times per day. Vitamin E is also a very good remedy. It’s possible to useit on your toothpaste. Add one teaspoon of it into a toothpaste and you will truly feel the gap.
Vitamin E can also be applied in your teeth in the form of a paste. This is a really good remedy and you’ll be astounded at how fast it is possible to have your gum disease cured.
You will find nutritional supplements that are very helpful in curing the disease. There are also minerals you can take which can treat your condition.
How Do I Fix Receding Gums?
All these are the usual remedies which people use for gum disease. If you want something more specific, you can always mix it with baking soda. You won’t ever run out of options when it comes to getting rid of gum disease. However, it is going to be best in the event that you’re able to mix it together with some natural remedies. | <urn:uuid:28ffa967-9fd5-4aea-b3e4-86908b71e5b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://bodyhealthsolutions.com/can-u-fix-receding-gums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.958457 | 1,087 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Essay on Charles Darwin 's Theory Of Evolution
Charles Darwin had a major influence on the idea of functionalism. His theory of evolution by natural selection was the key component of sparking functionalism. Functionalism was an idea brought to the United States created in opposition of structuralism. John Dewey and James Rowland Angell were the most prominent advocates for functionalism. The writings of these great thinkers of the functionalism movement were both influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin was a Naturalist and Geologist from England. His ideas and studies paved the way for future evolution studies and many discoveries in science. Darwin believed that all species were linked by a common ancestor. He formulated this idea in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 (Darwin, 2003). The main idea of the book was centered on the theory of evolution. This is the idea that explains how species diverged from each other through adaptations thus causing them to vary by trait characteristics. Ways that species diverge from one another are through migration, environmental factors, geographical barriers, reproductive barriers, and also predation. His ideas were rejected by many and it was not until years later when his ideas were finally accepted.
According to the Evolution Library (2001), in 1835, Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands to study and gather information about species; little did he know his finds would have a great impact on science. He called his… | <urn:uuid:942d0643-8c17-449e-b688-404ac93a95de> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.cram.com/essay/Charles-Darwin-s-Theory-Of-Evolution/P3E4UYLUR4EX | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313428.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817143039-20190817165039-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.976562 | 295 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Temples of India
India is known for its temples – beautiful, serene places of worship - significant religious and historic landmarks. A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of divinity. It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together, using symbolism to express the ideas and beliefs of Hinduism. The symbolism and structure of a Hindu temple are rooted in Vedic traditions, deploying circles and squares. India has more than 2 million Hindu temples recorded during the 2001 census, whose number has substantially increased by now.
This collection of handicrafts is inspired both by the majestic temples at Hampi, Gujarat and Bhubaneshwar as well as the wealth of arts in terms of the sculptures, dance and architecture that abounds there. It is a tribute to the superlative architectural brilliance of craftsmen of India! | <urn:uuid:a6a47c34-4df4-4338-9d15-83addb399c17> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.indicinspirations.com/collections/temples-of-india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.966186 | 171 | 3.125 | 3 |
Mold growth occurs inside homes and apartments when leaks create a damp, humid environment. Left unchecked, mold can lead to serious health issues, especially for people who already have asthma, allergies, lung disease or another chronic illness.
Review the symptoms of mold exposure and the possible health effects so you can seek help for this serious medical issue.
Symptoms of mold exposure
If your home has a mold problem, you may experience:
- Red, swollen or itchy skin
- Itchy or red eyes
- Stuffy or runny nose
A severe allergic reaction to mold can cause shortness of breath and fever. See a doctor right away if you have trouble breathing. Infants, toddlers and senior citizens are also more likely to become sick from the effects of mold.
Health problems caused by mold
The World Health Organization says that young children exposed to mold have a higher risk of developing asthma. People who have weakened immune systems are more likely to develop a skin rash or lung infection after mold exposure.
People who have asthma and other types of chronic respiratory disease may experience difficulty breathing with exposure to mold. Treat this as a medical emergency.
If you live in a New York City Housing Authority building and you suffer from health issues related to mold exposure, you may have legal recourse. If the NYCHA knew about and did not fix a mold infestation, the agency could have to pay for your medical bills and other costs related to the illness. To file a premises liability lawsuit against public housing in New York City, you must give the NYCHA at least 90 days’ written notice. | <urn:uuid:921ea182-f65d-438b-a312-67107d63f597> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.godoskygentile.com/blog/2020/11/what-are-the-health-effects-of-mold-exposure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195929.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128214643-20201129004643-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.952964 | 324 | 2.984375 | 3 |
An airline pilot, also known as an aviator, transports passengers, loads and navigate aeroplanes or helicopters. When thinking of pilots, we often think of the people that fly for SAA or other passenger airlines. A pilot, however, can work in a number of different areas. They can fly aircraft for charter flights, rescue operations, firefighting, aerial photography, and crop dusting. So, there are more jobs as a pilot than you were maybe thinking of. The industry is one of the largest contributors to the country’s economy. It brings in tourists, deals with importing and exporting goods and services and employs a number of people in various different roles.
Unlike other careers such as Accounting and Marketing, becoming a Pilot does not require you to follow the traditional route of having to get a university degree or qualification. You can start training from as young as 16 years old, however, you a required to accumulate a certain amount of hours before you can qualify.
What are the tasks and duties of a Pilot?
A day in a pilot’s life includes monitoring the weather throughout the flight path and confirming flight schedules. They also have some pre-flight duties which include checking the load and how the weight will affect the aircraft.
The Course: Do you qualify?
The admission requirements for a Pilot programme vary according to local regulatory requirements and training location.
The Johannesburg School of Flying offers a Student Pilot Licence (SPL), Private Pilot Licence (PPL) and Night Rating (NR) training to become a Commercial Pilot. The basic requirements for admission are as follows:
You should have completed your Matric with English, Mathematics and Science on a higher grade level 6 (70-79%).
Candidates must pass an aviation Class 1 Pilot Medical exam, which includes testing your eyesight, general physical check, hearing, heart rhythm, lung function, as well as blood and urine tests.
To enter the SPL programme you must be at least 16 years old. To get the licence you must finish the training, pass a technical examination of the aircraft you trained on and pass the student pilot exam. You should also accumulate 10 hours of flying time. After passing and obtaining an SPL, students can move on to the PPL training.
A PPL is generally seen as a learner’s licence in order to obtain a Commercial Licence. A full-time PPL training takes 12 to 16 weeks and a part-time takes 6 to 9 months to complete. The PPL entry requirements include:
You must meet the basic requirements (Matric and Medical)
You must be 17 years old.
You must hold a valid SPL.
To get a PPL you will need to accumulate a minimum of 45 hours of flight training, of which a minimum of 25 hours must be dual flight instruction. You will also need to:
Successfully pass 8 online PPL examinations with an average pass mark of 75%.
Pass a Restricted Radio Licence training.
Pass two practical flight tests. The first being a General Flight Test (GFT) which will focus on your ability to handle the aircraft in any situation. The second test is a cross-country Navigation Test which will focus on your ability to navigate safely.
Once you have a PPL, you can move on to becoming a Commercial Pilot.
To complete a Commercial Pilot training course takes 15 to 18 months full-time and 24 to 30 months part-time. The requirements for entry are as follows:
You must meet the basic requirements as before.
You must be 18 years of age.
You must hold a valid PPL and Night Rating.
To get a Commercial Pilot Licence you will need to:
Accumulate a minimum of 100 hours as Pilot in Command (PIC), of which at least 50 hours must be cross-country flight time.
Accumulate a minimum of 200 hours of flying, of which: 40 hours must be instrument flight training.
You must successfully pass 8 online CPL examinations at The South African Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) with an average mark of 75%.
You must complete a CPL General Flight Test in an Advanced Type aircraft.
Once you have accumulated all required flying hours in your logbook, completed your instrument rating and passed all examinations and tests, all your training documentation will be checked and sent to The South African Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). You can then get an Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATP) which allows you to captain larger passenger aircraft.
Are there other institutions of learning to study this course/programme at?
There are various institutions that offer Pilot Licence training such as:
The Air School Next Generation Training
Aviation Institutions such as Border Aviation Club & Flight School
Progress Flight Academy
Are there learnerships available in this industry?
To become a Pilot is quite expensive, very few people can afford to complete their qualification and required hours. An alternative is to do your pilot’s training with the South African Air Force (SAAF), before going on to commercial piloting. The training is part of joining the airforce.
South African Airways (SAA) offers aspiring pilots the chance to participate in the SAA Cadet Pilot Development Programme. SAA will cover the training and training costs. However, being part of the Cadet Pilot Development Programme does not guarantee employment at SAA. You do not need any previous flying experience to enter the programme.
To qualify for the Cadet Pilot Development Programme candidates must meet the following requirements:
Have a Matric Certificate or relevant tertiary qualifications (SAQA accredited).
Your compulsory subjects must include: Mathematics or Statistics 101, Physical Science and English.
Subjects are to be passed by D symbol on Higher Grade, C symbol on Standard Grade or Level 5.
Be willing to relocate for the duration of the training.
Have good communication, judgment and decision-making skills.
Have a Class 1 Pilot Medical Certificate.
Have a good hand-eye coordination
Be technically orientated
Show ability to work under pressure
Be confident and assertive
Are there any other related jobs in aviation?
Other related career paths in the aviation industry include being a Flight attendant, According to StatsSA flight attendants make up almost 20 percent of the employees in the aviation industry. There is also Airline Administration Support which deals with the administrative side of the airline, such as secretaries, data entry workers and communications officers. Operation Agent deals with receiving and transmitting information from and to pilots, ground crew and other personnel. Aviation Technicians specialise in working on the electronic equipment of the aircraft; their jobs include installing avionic equipment, troubleshooting and repairing. Another career is an Aviation Meteorologist; they provide weather information for pilots and airline dispatchers. They determine the forecast and the speed of the wind. All of these are some of the career paths or jobs in the aviation industry.
Is this the right job for you?
With every career path/job, a particular character trait is required in that field. You must have an understanding of maths and physics. As a Pilot, it is important to understand technical information and comprehend how the aircraft functions. It is also vital to have excellent communication skills and team working skills when working with other crew. The ability to think quickly in stressful situations and good spatial awareness and coordination
What salary do Pilots earn?
Airline pilot’s salaries vary according to the type of airline they work for and whether they travel internationally or locally. According to PayScale SA, average pay for an Airline Pilot or Co-pilot is (R389, 581 to R1, 339,546). This also depends on experience, number of hours and level of training as a pilot in the field.
How many people are employed after taking this course?
A lot of pilots find employment in the aviation industry after finishing their hours and getting their pilot licence. However, becoming a qualified Commercial Pilot takes time and requires patience. You must start at an entry level, working for lower- paying flying jobs until you move up and make more money. It also depends on the experience and level of training as a pilot. With further studying pilots may also be aviation engineers who are highly skilled in dealing with the electronic equipment found in aircraft.
Choosing to become a Pilot is an exciting and adventures path, but the process can be confusing and long. You need to know all the important aspects of its training in order to grow in this field. Obtaining your Pilot certificate is rarely enough, for you to do hired as a Commercial Pilot, you must have a minimum number of hours required in order to qualify. | <urn:uuid:c740937f-5e2e-4ae9-b9ee-7f605a4261bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://jobstarter.co.za/inform/article/25c6bee6-33b1-11e8-9c06-6d1b67387800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210408.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816015316-20180816035316-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.951419 | 1,772 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Read 1 Kings 7, Hosea 10, and 2 Timothy 1 today. This devotional is about 1 Kings 7.
The last verse of 1 Kings 6, which we read yesterday, told us that Solomon spent seven years building the temple of the Lord.” The first verse here in chapter 7 says, “It took Solomon thirteen years, however, to complete the construction of his palace.” The chapter and verse divisions in the Bible are not inspired and were long after both the Old and New Testaments were complete. Someone decided to end chapter 6 with the statement that the temple took seven years. The same person decided to start chapter 7 with the contrasting statement that Solomon’s palace took thirteen years to build. That was an unfortunate decision because the original author meant for these two statements to stand back to back as contrasts. He wanted us to know that Solomon spent much more time on his home than he did on the Lord’s house.
I guess Solomon’s house could have been beset by construction delays but that’s probably not why his house took so much longer to build. If we compare the dimensions that are given in chapters 6 and 7, we will see that Solomon’s house was much larger than the temple. Notice:
- 1 Kings 6:2 says the temple was 60 cubits by 20 cubits by 30 cubits.
- 1 Kings 7:2 says the palace was 100 cubits by 50 cubits by 30 cubits.
So the two buildings were the same height but Solomon’s house was much bigger–longer and wider–than the temple he built for worshipping the Lord.
Solomon’s house wasn’t just a residence; it was a government building where he also lived. We can see that in verse 7 where we read about “the throne hall, the Hall of Justice, where he was to judge…” and then verse 8’s statement, “…the palace in which he was to live, set farther back, was similar in design.” But the human author of 1 Kings wanted us to see that Solomon’s palace was much larger and took much longer to build than the temple did. The point is that Solomon did an incredible job building a house for the Lord but he spent even more money building a house for himself. He was self-centered, materialistic, and showed poor priorities in the contrast between these two buildings.
Do our lives reflect the same struggle with priorities or self-centeredness? Do we give our best energy to our career or our hobbies but give leftovers to serving the Lord? Do we spend money lavishly on ourselves while being stingy when it comes to financially supporting the Lord’s work? | <urn:uuid:00954705-c3d9-45bd-b0cc-b5fdd8e1a371> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://pastorbrianjones.com/2019/10/04/1-kings-7-hosea-10-2-timothy-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540564599.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213150805-20191213174805-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.987177 | 570 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The 16th Summit of the Francophonie, organised by the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), ended in Antananarivo, Madagascar, on November 27th. During the summit, French President François Hollande had the opportunity to meet up with 30 heads of state, as well as representatives from over 80 countries, including many African nations.
Since his presidency started in 2012, François Hollande has made numerous trips to Africa, visiting more than 20 African countries over the last four years. Using a multi-pronged approach, Hollande has significantly intensified France’s engagement in Africa to stem its declining influence over the continent, causing many to wonder whether this heralds the revival of ‘FrançAfrique’.
France and Africa share a long and convoluted history that goes as far back as the early Middle Ages. Even after France gave independence to its former African colonies in the 1960s, it maintained a very close and personal relationship with Africa.
FrançAfrique, a term coined by former Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1955, was originally meant to describe the good relationship between France and Africa.
However, it has come to symbolise everything that went wrong with the French neocolonial relationship that meant keeping its former colonies in Africa on a tight leash, shown in political interference and protecting France’s political and economic interests: organised coups to remove African leaders who attempted to go rogue; covert military interventions to secure natural resources; and corruption and illicit outflows.
According to Eurostat, in 2014 trade between the 28 countries in the European Union and Africa was slightly more than €300bn. Oil and gas imports from Africa, mainly from Algeria, Nigeria and Libya, represent 20% of the total energy imports of the EU28 countries.
At €90bn, France, by itself, represented 30% of the EU28-Africa trade. The top three trade partners of France in Africa are the Maghreb countries, which are also its former colonies: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
These three countries represent about half of France-Africa trade. Of Algeria’s exports, 96% are in oil and gas. Europe and France represent 63% and 10% respectively of Algerian exports. Besides energy and natural resources, Africa is of strategic importance to France and the European Union, since it represents about 6% and 9% of their respective global trades.
According to the World Bank, the average economic growth of Africa is 4.4% over the last 16 years, while France grew on average at 1.3%. Moreover, during that period of time, developing countries like Brazil, China, India and Russia grew at an average rate of 2.9%, 9.5%, 7.0% and 4.1% respectively. These fast-growing developing countries, including those in Africa, are outperforming the average global growth rate of 2.9%.
Furthermore, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the gross domestic product (GDP) of emerging market and developing economies, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), represents a significant 58.1% of the world economy. Hence, developed countries, like France, cannot afford to ignore the economic potential of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, France’s growth rate has stagnated at an average of 0.4%, while Africa grew at an average of 4.1% during the last 8 years. Moreover, with the growing economic influence of Asian countries like China, France is seeing its political and economic influence over Africa dwindle, so much so that many African leaders, even those from the francophone region, prefer to go to Beijing looking for economic assistance, rather than to Paris.
In addition, over the last decade, China-Africa trade has steadily increased and eventually far exceeded the France-Africa trade. China even has significant trade relationships right in the backyard of France, trading about US$16bn with Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in 2014.
Facing a stagnating economy and a double-digit unemployment rate in France, President Hollande announced a new African economic strategy in 2013, aimed at doubling its trade activities, while also doubling its aid for Africa to €20nbn until 2018. Increasing trade with Africa is primarily meant to stimulate and spur job creation, economic growth and investment in France.
As a result, France has intensified its bilateral and multilateral engagement with Africa through its international agencies, including the Agence Française de Développement (AFP) and the OIF as well as regular events like the Africa-France Summit.
Since its inception in 1973, the Africa-France Summit has been held 26 times, with the last one held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2013. The 27th edition will be held in Bamako, Mali, this coming January 2017.
The OIF currently encompasses more than 80 countries seen to embrace the French language and culture. Of the more than 80 countries, 31 out of the 54 African countries are part of the OIF. Moreover, Africa has the biggest francophone community in the world, with more than 120 million French-speaking people, representing about 55% of the global francophone community.
Besides Michaëlle Jean, the current secretary general of the OIF, who is Canadian, the two previous secretary generals are from Africa. The first secretary general of the OIF was Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the former Egyptian foreign minister and former secretary general of the United Nations. Subsequently, Abdou Diouf, the former president of Senegal, held the helm of OIF for 11 years. President Hollande attended the 2012 and 2014 OIF Summits, held in Kinshasa, Congo and Dakar, Senegal respectively.
Hence, through the African francophone community and through agencies like AFD and OIF, as well as events like Africa-France Summit, France exerts significant leverage and influence over the francophone region, as well as the greater Africa.
France also has significant economic control over 14 former colonies in Western and Central Africa through the currency CFA franc. This originally meant ‘franc des Colonies Françaises d’Afrique’ (franc of French Colonies of Africa), but has subsequently been renamed ‘franc de la Communauté Financière d’Afrique’ (franc of the African Financial Community).
The CFA franc was pegged to the French franc and now is pegged to the euro, at a rate of 656 CFA franc to the euro. Through the CFA franc, the Banque de France – the central bank of France – directly controls 50% of the currency reserves of these 14 countries. This amounts to about $20bn, yielding a tiny interest of 0.75%. This fund could have been put to better use for the development of these 14 countries, if they had not been tied up with the CFA franc.
Last but not least, France has a huge and influential network of businessmen, as well as French multinationals, operating in Africa. For instance, French oil major Total is not only present in most African countries, but a significant amount of its oil production also comes from Africa.
Bolloré Group is present in 46 African countries and is the number one port operator in Africa, controlling 16 major ports in West Africa – from Port de Nouakchott in Mauritania down to Port de Pointe Noire in Congo. Moreover, the Bolloré Group has significant control over land and sea transport and logistics operations all over the continent. French industrial group Bouygues is present in 19 African countries, mainly for construction and infrastructure development. As for the French telecommunication multinational Orange, it is present in 21 countries, with more than 80 million subscribers.
In December 1993, Houphouët-Boigny, considered as the father of FrançAfrique, passed away. In October 2012, President François Hollande declared in Dakar, Senegal: “Le temps de la FrançAfrique est révolu: il y a la France et il y a l’Afrique” (FrançAfrique is over: there is France and there is Africa). Despite these events, it is not seem to be the end of FrançAfrique.
Indeed, with the rise of other developing countries, Africa has now more choices of who to partner with, but France will definitely not let go of its political and economic grip on the continent. Through all these webs of influence, built over centuries, FrançAfrique is just undergoing a major transformation, that will lead to a new form of partnership in the future.
In conclusion, there is only one thing left to say: “La FrançAfrique est morte, vive la FrançAfrique!” (FrançAfrique is dead, long live FrançAfrique!)
The author, Richard Li, is a partner of Steel Advisory Partners, Singapore. This article was written specifically for NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies, a trilateral platform for government, business and academia to promote knowledge and expertise on Africa, established by Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore Business Federation. | <urn:uuid:0ed3e5a8-1f8e-46c9-b2f7-1fbe19990c60> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/francafrique-rising-ashes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.950988 | 1,905 | 2.6875 | 3 |
4 Key Stage 1 R.E. interactive teaching resources for Primary/Elementary Schools.
Religious Education interactive kids games & resources for your IWB, PC or Mac. Learn about Harvest festival, Church features, Jewish terms and Seder Plate.
This application consists of a drag and drop labelling exercise for some notable features commonly found inside a church.
By clicking on each photograph, pupils can access a summary information panel about that particular item. Labels can then be dragged to the corresponding photograph.
matching lesson outline
This is an electronic book to support teachers in delivering the QCA RE Unit on Harvest. A selection of photographs are used to introduce the idea of harvest words and a Harvest Festival. Audio support is given and the book provides a simple navigation system that the pupils will normally be able to use by themselves.
HarvestBook lesson outline
Jewish Beliefs - Matching
Integrated with the Glossary (also available separately) this activity challenges pupils to match pictures against the Jewish term. This resource will support independent learning and the integrated use of ICT.
match lesson outline
Jewish Beliefs - Seder Plate
By clicking on different food items on the plate, pupils can find out about the food and its symbolic significance at the Seder meal. This resource will support independent learning and the integrated use of ICT.
Seder Plate lesson outline | <urn:uuid:48ef9b15-b5fa-4546-92c7-a2ce41384412> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.crickweb.co.uk/ks1re.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915114318-20190915140318-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.886019 | 280 | 3.578125 | 4 |
L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University,
World War II
President Thomas S. Monson
Thomas S. Monson, now president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, joined the United State Naval Reserve and within a few weeks time, the war ended in Europe. A few months later the war also saw an end in the Pacific. Through important, his time in the service was short, being less than a year from the beginning of active duty.
"You hold the Melchizedek Priesthood, Tom. Give me a blessing, please."
At the San Diego Naval Training Station, Thomas S. Monson knelt by the side of his suffering shipmate and heard his plea. Tom had been ordained an elder at 18, just before he left to serve his country in the Navy during World War II. In great humility he laid his hands on the young man's head, and with 200 sleepy-eyed recruits looking on he gave him a blessing. The next day the young many was able to go about his normal duties.
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," page 365)
Elder Neal A. Maxwell
The future member of the Quorum of the Twelve served as an infantryman in the United States Army. He fought in the battle of Okinawa and was part of the occupation force in Japan after the war.
"My only surviving aunt said that sometime in May of 1945, she doesn't remember the day, Mother had told her the next day that she and Dad had prayed their usual vocal prayer and included me, of course, and my sisters. Then they got into bed and began to go to sleep, and Mother said, 'Clarence, we've got to get out of bed and pray again; Neal is in grave danger.' And so they got out of bed and prayed again for me. I don't know which day that was, but I rather imagine, given time zones and all of that, it would have probably been when Japanese artillery shelling occurred at its worst stage. The phrase that comes to mind from the Book of Mormon is about some other young men who went off to war and (what) they (said) was, 'We do not doubt our mothers knew it.' I don't have any doubt that my mother knew intuitively that they needed to pray. Such parenting … is what I hope our young men and women experience, because they will be at times in great danger, too."
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," page 358)
President Boyd K. Packer
A young Boyd K. Packer, now president of the Quorum of the Twelve, enlisted in the United States Air Force in the spring of 1943. He was trained to fly bombers and was assigned as a pilot in the Pacific. Boyd was stationed with the American occupation forces in Japan for nearly a year. During that time, he was instrumental in baptizing the first Japanese family that joined the LDS Church after the war.
Boyd K. Packer's brother, Col. Leon C. Packer, was a much decorated pilot who became a brigadier general in the Air Force. Before Boyd left for the war in the Pacific, he visited with his brother in Washington, D.C. He asked his brother how he kept himself together in dangerous situations. His brother replied that he had a hymn he would sing to himself, and the hymn would sustain him and help him stay on the course. In the following account, Boyd shares a time when his brother's advice helped him through a dangerous situation.
"In the spring of 1945 I was able to test that lesson Leon had taught me those months before. The war in the Pacific ended before we reached the Philippines, and we were ordered to Japan. One day we flew out of Atsugi airfield near Yokohama in a B-17 bomber bound for Guam to pick up a beacon light. After nine hours in the air, we flew down through the clouds to find ourselves hopelessly lost. Our radio was out. We were, as it turned out, in a typhoon. Flying just above the ocean, we began a search pattern. In that desperate situation, I remembered the words of my brother. I learned that you can pray and even sing without making a sound. After some time we pulled up over a line of rocks jutting out of the water. Could they be part of the chain of Mariana Islands? We followed them. Soon Tinian Island loomed ahead, and we landed within literally seconds of fuel in the tank. As we headed down the runway, the engines one by one stopped."
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," pages 373-375)
Elder L. Tom Perry
Six weeks after returning from his mission, he determined that he would volunteer for the U.S. Marine Corps. The current member of the Quorum of the Twelve was with the first occupation troops that entered Japan.
"I was among the first wave of Marines to go ashore in Japan after the signing of the peace treaty following World War II. Entering the devastated city of Nagasaki was one of the saddest experiences of my life. A large part of the city had been totally destroyed. Some of the dead had not yet been buried. As occupation troops, we set up headquarters and went to work.
"The situation was very bleak, and a few of us wanted to give more. We went to our division chaplain and requested permission to help rebuild the Christian churches. Because of government restrictions during the war, these churches had almost ceased to function. Their few buildings were badly damaged. A group of us volunteered to repair and replaster these chapels during our off duty time so they would be available for the holding of Christian services again.
"We had no command of the language. All we could accomplish was the physical labor of repairing the buildings. We found the ministers who had been unable to serve during the war years and encouraged them to return to their pulpits. We had a tremendous experience with these people as they again experienced the freedom to practice their Christian beliefs.
"An event occurred as we were leaving Nagasaki to return home that I will always remember. As we were boarding the train that would take us to our ships to return home, we were teased by a lot of the other marines. They had their girlfriends with them saying good-bye to them. They laughed at us and indicated that we had missed the fun of being in Japan. We had just wasted our time laboring and plastering walls.
"Just as they were at the height of their teasing, up over a rise near the train station came about 200 of these Japanese Christians from the churches we had repaired, singing 'Onward Christian Soldiers.' They came down and showered us with gifts. Then they all lined up along the railroad track, and as the train started down the tracks, we reached out and just touched their fingers as we left. We couldn't speak; our emotions were too strong. But we were grateful we could help in some small way in reestablishing Christianity in a nation after the war."
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," pages 379-381)
Elder A. Theodore Tuttle
The future general authority and member of the Seventy was involved in the invasion of Iwo Jima and in the raising of the American flag at Mount Suribachi. The following is his account of the flag raising.
"On D-Day we watched the naval bombardment of the island the last four of five hours from our ship and later from the LST (landing ship tank), we were changed to. It seemed no more than a practice problem, and sailing around in the rendezvous area, we could see the whole drama right before us. I had a feeling of expectancy of something big yet undesirable, this being my first actual battle where an enemy would be shooting at me; yet I wasn't nervous physically.
"All I could see was smoke and exploding bombs. Hard to image that there could be anything alive on the island. There were no shells coming our way, and it looked as though it was all in our favor.
"A 90-millimeter mortar hit our alligator (amphibious tractor) and tore off or bent the track. The right track still functioning pulled us a little farther, but we were still in the water. We had trouble in getting the ramp down in the rear of the boat. I stepped out in about three feet of water, turned around the side of the boat and started for the shore just as a huge breaker hit me and sent me down under the weight of my pack.
"The beach was loose, volcanic ash sand and it was like trying to run uphill through a wheat bin with a 50-pound pack and other gear on my back. I struggled ahead and though it was difficult to walk, I finally gained a more suitable position by jumping in one shell hole after another whenever there wasn't too much mortar and machine gun fire. There were men all along the beach doing the same thing. …
"D-plus four we had practically all the resistance settled. Lieutenant Shrier took his platoon up the hill. In his backpack he had a small American flag, I will never forget the cheer Colonel Johnson gave when he saw Old Glory raised on that hill. He lifted his hat and cheered, and we all joined in with him. It was a small flag, not easily seen. The colonel turned to me and said, 'Tuttle, go down to the ship and get a large battle flag.'
"I made my way to one of the ships, went abroad and asked an ensign for a large battle flag. Since I had no identification or insignia showing, he wondered who I was. I said, 'If you want to be able to see a flag on the top of that mountain you will bring me one.' When he went for it, I found the galley and filled my jacket with apples and sandwiches. One can imagine I was immediately popular with the men on my return. … In a few minutes, I returned with a large battle flag.
"On returning to the field, I asked the colonel whether I should take the flag up. He said yes, and I started up when he called me back and said, 'No, I will send it with a runner who is taking fresh batteries up for the walkie-talkies.' I gave the flag to Cpl. Gagnon. He was one of the men who helped raise it on Mount Suribachi. Joe Rosenthal was on hand to take a picture which became famous. …
"After the island of Iwo Jima was secured and we were all sailing to Kwajalein, we received a radio message, read by the communications officer, to the effect that if there were any survivors of the flag-raising picture they were to get off and go to Washington. Consequently, they were taken off and returned to the States to sell war bonds. I discovered no atheists in foxholes."
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," pages 401-404)
Elder Robert L. Backman
Drafted on June 10, 1944, Robert L. Backman was assigned to the 43rd Division in the U.S. Army after it had taken severe losses. This future general authority and current emeritus Seventy served as a Latter-day Saint group leader during the war.
"I did not know how many Latter-day Saints there were in the 43rd Division. I had no way of finding out from my position. One day the chief chaplain of that division, a Catholic, came to our particular sector and visited. His assistant was a Latter-day Saint from Salt Lake City, Keith Wallace. I told him I had been appointed a group leader and did not know if there were any Latter-day Saints in the group. Keith arranged for me to meet with the chaplain who said, 'Let's find out. I'll help you organize a meeting so your people can have their religious service that they need to have.' That dear man really helped us. He publicized the meeting throughout the division, reporting that there would be an LDS service held on Easter morning at the rear command post.
"Easter morning came, I did not know what to expect, how many men we would have, or if anybody would come. I arrived at the rear command post and found a bombed-out house. The only thing standing were the walls. But it gave us a little bit of privacy. I scrounged some ammunition boxes and formed a pulpit and sacrament table from those. I found some spent shell casings and some little wild flowers that had survived all the battles, and set them up for a little bit of atmosphere. We had a field organ, which I played. I waited impatiently to see how many would come.
"Then trucks started coming in. By the time we had our service, they had come directly from combat and their foxholes. They were dirty and unshaven. They had their combat gear, ammunition belts, canteens, steel helmets and their rifles. They got off those trucks and rather than have them carry their weapons inside the house, we had them stack them outside the walls. They sat on their steel helmets, because that was the only thing they had to sit on. We enjoyed one of the most spiritual services I have ever attended in my life.
"Some of those men had not been in a Latter-day Saint service since they left home. A number of them had gone astray. I will never forget, as we partook of the sacrament, the priests knelt at the table and could not get through the prayers because they were so emotional about it. I watched some of the men who acted as deacons, tears coursing down their cheeks as they passed the sacrament in our mess gear to the congregation and those receiving it feeling the same spirit, tears in their eyes. After singing some hymns, praying, and partaking of the sacrament, we turned it into a testimony meeting. I do not know when I have heard more fervent testimonies. Men who on the spot repented of things they had done and said, 'This is going to change my life just by having this association, singing these songs and feeling this fellowship, an renewing my covenants with the Lord.'
"It was one of those experiences I will never forget. I think that was the highlight of anything that happened to me in the war."
("Saints at War: Experiences of Latter-day Saints in World War II," pages 250-251)
Elder F. Enzio Busche
Elder F. Enzio Busche was born April 5, 1930, in Dortmund, Germany. His parents were not members of the LDS Church, but they were great examples of honesty, righteousness and integrity to Enzio and his four sisters. Though occurring during desperate conditions, his childhood was full of love. He was drafted into the German Army at the age of 14. The experiences of his early life and the war left him a deep and burning desire to know the true meaning of life. This desire and yearning did not solve his dilemma; in fact, it made both his wife and him rather frustrated since it was not all they thought it could be. When American missionaries from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints knocked on his door, he couldn't turn them away. Elder Busche and his wife were baptized in 1958. He was soon called as the Dortmund branch president and later served as a district president and regional representative. He was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1977 and is now an emeritus Seventy.
"One must understand that in Germany everyone was invested in a new future, a new view of the future. We had an organization; it was called the Hitler Youth. We were educated to believe we were building a perfect world, that the corruption would be taken away, that all of the promiscuity would be taken away, that the family would become the center of life, and that the people would care for each other.
"After World War I, Germany had the feeling that they were not treated right … Everything looked like chaos, and then came the chaos of an inexperienced democratic government … And finally the chaos of hunger came. Eight million people, without resources, were just walking through the streets shouting with hunger.
"People were just looking for something to hold onto, something to look forward to. And there came along an organization that said, 'We will build a new society, which will be righteous and honest and decent and it will give you employment and you will have a decent salary so you can feed your family.' It was not difficult to understand that people liked the idea of to have order and a system back in place.
"Therefore, when I was drafted at 14, I felt honored! I could do something to protect the Fatherland and to establish this order of righteousness, honesty and decency. I was ready to go and march and do whatever it took to make it happen. It was the last weeks of the war, and there was a group of about 30 of us. Our leader was maybe two years older, but he looked like an adult to us. … We got all the guns and ammunition that was all new. We never shot them — we could hardly even carry them, they were so heavy. Then, of course, the reality sank in, because as we left our training, we were chased. We saw the burnings and the destruction and the pain of people dying and people being hurt and the cities being burned. It was chaos, and suddenly we no longer had the same feelings of wanting to defend, but of how we could get out of the mess. … I could see that things were not exactly how I dreamed them to be and that the people who were our leaders were sometimes as wicked as anyone.
"Especially one thing I have not forgotten. We were marching, always running away. We did not want to be shot at, and we didn't want to shoot, so we were just running. We stayed overnight in a barn in a little village. One of my buddies was not there in the evening. Nobody knew where he was, but we knew his grandmother lived in this same village, and so we thought he might have escaped to see her.
"The next morning I awoke to a terrible scream from a little boy. I will never forget that scream. We found out that it was my buddy who had been hanged from a tree in front of his grandmother's house by the SS for desertion. This cruelty brought me to a state of awakening, and I began to see and understand what was happening. There was such panic in my soul that yes, these things were real, not like a novel or poetry, but were real. I didn't know where my father was. I didn't know what happened to my mother and my sisters. I was all by myself. I had no money or resources, and I had no idea what my future would be. I was realizing I needed help, and at this time, though I was not religious, I began to feel like someone was putting his arms around me and helping me make it through another hour and another day. With all the dangers that came later, with being captured and becoming a prisoner of war, I always had that feeling, not to worry, that everything would be okay.
"I was finally captured by Americans, and I could see immediately that I loved Americans. And this was true of all the Germans; they wanted to be captured by the Americans. … I had always felt, even in my childhood, that America was a different country. I smelled something of agency. I have always had a deep love for agency, for freedom of expression, for freedom from any false influence. I saw it confirmed with the Americans that took us prisoner.
"I was in the camp for three weeks, and then they let us come and raise our hand and swear we would never fight again. We were so ready to swear that. They gave us a sheet of paper as a group of about 30 or 40 and told us we could go home. Since I could speak a little English, I was the spokesman for our group. I asked some American soldiers for help in finding us transportation. They looked at us and told us they would see what they could do. They stopped a truck driving by and told them to take us on their way. My desire to learn more of their country was growing as I saw their openness, the light, the friendliness, the kindness, and that they had no prejudices against us. They looked at us as human beings as they were themselves. I was interested in learning about the people who had raised them like this. This later was a strong motivation for me when American missionaries came to our door. I could not send them away, because I wanted to learn more from them, from their country. … It took me two years to study this all by myself, taking the time to really learn and understand. When I really got the feeling that it could be true, then the change in my own life began."
("German Saints at War," Pages 5-8)
Elder Russell M. Nelson
The future apostle served in the U.S. Army during the Korean Conflict. For much of the war, Elder Nelson was assigned to Walter Reed Medical Center. He also made a tour of all mobile army surgical hospital (MASH) Units in South Korea during the summer of 1951. In addition, he made recommendations for improved medical care for injured soldiers. His tour of MASH units took him right to the battlefront. He is now a member of the Quorum of the Twelve.
"As I came to one mobile army surgical hospital one of the doctors who knew I was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints asked me if I would be willing to see a Mormon boy who'd been hit in the spine with a missile. He was a paraplegic; wouldn't ever use his legs again and so as I was introduced to this young man, he could see that I didn't know what to say. I greeted him and expressed condolences and love as best I could and he said, 'Oh don't worry about me, Brother Nelson. I know why I am here. And I don't use my legs to work out my salvation. I do that with my faith.'
"I learned a lot from that young man. He was under age. He was not even old enough to be an elder, but there he was with great faith facing a future of inability to use his lower extremities. I often wonder what ever happened to that wonderful young man who taught me a lot about faith."
("Saints at War: Korea and Vietnam," pages 120-121)
Elder Lance B. Wickman
Elder Wickman served in the U.S. Army from 1964-69. During that time he completed two tours of duty in Vietnam as an Army Ranger officer assigned first as an infantry platoon leader and next as an advisor to the South Vietnamese Army. For his service he was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart medals. He served in the First Quorum of the Seventy and is now and emeritus Seventy.
"It is difficult to describe the emotions associated with service in the infantry in the jungles and rice paddies. Potential danger lurked in every tree line, stand of bamboo and around every turn in a jungle trail. These dangers were exacerbated by the heat, humidity, snakes, insects and the green tapestry that enveloped and entangled us. Although the standard tour of duty was 12 months, the infantry soldier quickly learned that it might just as well have been forever. He learned rather quickly that for the infantryman the only time that matters is here and now. Even tomorrow often seems far distant.
"It was early November 1966. I had been in country for nearly 10 months. Our battalion had spent several weeks in the field and had just returned to our base camp for a period of rest and relaxation. It was Saturday night and having just taken our first shower in many days, we were sitting on our bunks cleaning our weapons and listening to music on the Armed Forces Radio Network. Suddenly, an urgent message was received at our battalion headquarters in the jungle. Our battalion was needed to go to the rescue immediately.
"In my case, that feeling of anxiety that is more or less one's constant companion in the combat zone ripened into a dark sense of foreboding. However, there was no time for reflection or a kneeling prayer. We had to grab our weapons and equipment and go. As we moved out through the entrance to our base camp, I uttered a silent prayer in my heart. As I did so, there came to my mind — literally — a still small voice. It was as clear as crystal, and it spoke the words to a passage of scripture that I had first memorized as a seminary student and then later as a full-time missionary. It is found in Proverbs 3:5-6: 'Trust in the Lord with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths.' No sooner did that voice come into my mind than the sense of foreboding vanished. In its place was a warm reassurance of peace.
"Our battalion's night rescue mission lengthened into another extended operation that took us far from our base camp, almost to the Cambodian border in Tay Ninh Province. As the days and weeks went by, that experience with the Spirit was crowded to the back of my mind. Finally, it was the day of Thanksgiving 1966 — the last day we were to be in the field on that particular operation. I was riding in an armored personal carrier through a lightly forested area of jungle. Suddenly, there was a tremendous explosion beneath the vehicle that seemed to lift it into the air. We had rolled over an enormous enemy land mine!
"The force of the explosion was so great that it blew the engine apart. It blew the tracks and all of the road wheels off both sides of the vehicle. The driver was blasted from the vehicle, landing some 15 or 20 feet in front of it. Everyone inside was wounded, including me, but no one was killed.
"No sooner did that land mine explode, than there again came to my mind the same voice and that same passage of scripture: 'Trust in the Lord with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths.'
"There was no question that my life was spared that day by divine intervention. More than that, this experience serves as one of the most profound in my life in testifying of the reality of God and His Beloved Son, Jesus Christ. Now, as a Seventy and a general authority, I stand as an 'especial witness' (Doctrine and Covenants 107:25). I testify that I received an essential element of that witness on a jungle battlefield far from home on that November day in 1966."
("Saints at War: Korea and Vietnam," pages 451-454)
'Saints at War'
The "Saints At War" project invites veterans and civilians to share wartime accounts from any of the modern conflicts. To make a submission, visit Saintsatwar.org or call 801-422-2484.The LDS Church during World War II
860,000 members worldwide
Membership of the LDS Church in Germany ranked third.
Approximately 100,000 Latter-day Saints served
More than 5,000 Latter-day Saints died
The SS Joseph Smith and the SS Brigham Young were World War II Liberty ships named for latter-day prophets.
Latter-day Saint soldiers often wrote or painted gospel terms or symbols on planes, vehicles or equipment in an effort to meet other Mormons.
'Saints At War'
The "Saints At War" project invites veterans and civilians to share wartime accounts from any of the modern conflicts. To make a submission, visit Saintsatwar.org or call 801-422-2484.
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The Gospel According to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They are the four different accounts of the life of Jesus. Why do we have four accounts and not just one, especially when they sometimes don’t agree? Actually, this is something that confirms the authenticity of these texts rather than challenges it. Why didn’t they amalgamate them all into one document when the early church fathers put the books together to form the Bible we have today? Because they believed each one of them was inspired by God and therefore important in its own right. If four people witnessed the same event, each one would tell about it differently because they each witnessed it from a different perspective. At the same time, where they most agree will show the most important facts about what actually happened. You would expect them each to tell the same story with a different emphasis, which is exactly what we have.
Matthew is all about how Jesus was the promised Messiah. It’s the most Jewish of the four (where we find out all about the scribes and the Pharisees). Mark is the shortest and most stripped down version. “Just the facts, Ma’am…” — that’s Mark. Luke is the longest and most detailed about the humanity of Jesus and of the people he affected. Luke was a physician; he looked at things from a distinctively human perspective. John is concerned about showing us that Jesus was the full expression of God’s love for the world. John is the gospel of salvation. Together, they tell us more than just one, or even a combination of them all, could tell.
Now, here’s where we come in. The story is still being told, and it’s being told by you and me. Each one of us has encountered Jesus in a different way. Our versions will be similar, but different. Similar in that they will each tell us how God got our attention when we heard about His Son and what He did for us on the cross, how we believed it, and how our lives have been impacted ever since. But how we came to know that story and what we are experiencing of Him now will be different, because we are different people and we have different perspectives. Yet all are important; all are necessary to tell the whole story. This is not an amalgamated gospel; it’s a personal gospel.
This is why you and I are important. We are here to interact with God through Christ and tell the story of what we are finding out. It’s the gospel according to you and me.
In fact, this is what it means to “witness” or more accurately “be a witness”: it’s simply to tell your story — the story of you and God — the gospel according to you. It’s your perspective, and it’s important because it’s true. It’s what happened to you, and what is still happening every day. This is not a stock story you memorize and give out. It’s personalized. It’s your story, and that’s why people want to hear it. They want to know you, and what’s important to you. So when you tell someone about Jesus, that’s what you’re doing; you’re giving them the gospel according to you — even if you’re only in the process of believing, it’s still your story, and that’s the one you tell.
That makes you just as important as Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. No one else has your story. | <urn:uuid:2cbb53d6-a485-452a-ac21-25eea69cc5e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://catchjohnfischer.wordpress.com/2015/02/03/the-gospel-according-to-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865181.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623190945-20180623210945-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.971921 | 756 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is fire alarm for?
A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other fire-related emergencies are detected. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.
What is fire alarm and its types?
This type of fire detection equipment can be used to protect large areas with the light source and photocell positioned some distance apart. Carbon monoxide detectors are known also as CO fire detectors are electronic detectors used to indicate the outbreak of fire by sensing the level of carbon monoxide in the air.
What are the 4 basic parts of fire alarm?
What Are the Basic Components of Fire Alarm & Detection Systems?
- Fire alarm initiating devices.
- Fire notification devices.
- Fire alarm control panel.
- Primary power supply.
- Backup power supply.
How do you detect a fire?
- Heat detector.
- Smoke detector.
- Flame detector.
- Fire gas detector.
What are the 3 main types of fire alarm?
This is the British standard for fire alarm installation, set out in a governmental code of practice. Each category falls under three different types of systems – manual, life protection and property protection.
What are the 2 types of smoke detectors?
Generally, there are two types of home smoke alarms: photoelectric and ionization.
What are the components of a fire alarm system?
A fire alarm system consists of many components, including:
- Fire alarm control panel.
- Initiation devices.
- Pull stations.
- Smoke detectors.
- Duct detectors.
- Heat detectors.
- Beam detectors.
- Air aspirating or air sampling smoke detectors.
How does a smoke detector look like?
Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization).
What do you need to know about fire alarms?
E. COORDINATION FOR NECESSARY 120 VAC DEDICATED CIRCUITS FOR POWER TO ALL ASSOCIATED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM PANELS AND SUPPORTING PANELS. F. INSTALLATION OF CIRCUITS FOR FIELD DEVICES AND SYSTEMS INTERFACES, PROGRAMMING, TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE FOR A COMPLETE AND OPERATIONAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. 2.
How are fire alarm system visual notification appliances set?
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM VISUAL NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES SHALL BE SET TO THE CANDELA RATING ASSIGNED ON IN CONTRACT DOCUMENTS, AS A BASE SETTING. CANDELA SETTINGS MAY BE ADJUSTED IN THE FIELD AS PART OF ACCEPTANCE TESTING FOR COVERAGE.
Where do fire alarms come from in an auxiliary system?
Fire alarms from an auxiliary fire alarm system are received at the public fire service communication center on the same equipment and by the same methods as alarms transmitted manually from municipal fire alarm boxes located on streets. Central Station Fire Aarm System.
How does a municipal fire alarm system work?
A system connected to a municipal fire alarm system for transmitting an alarm of fire to the public fire service communication center. | <urn:uuid:c02e859c-0da0-4414-816a-84ebf3f88e7e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://diaridelsestudiants.com/what-is-fire-alarm-for/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.813634 | 718 | 3.1875 | 3 |
African grey parrot
Northern saw-whet owl
Asian Glossy Starling
Northern Royal Albatross
Birds beginning with A
- A Lovebird is one of nine species of the genus Agapornis .
- The Yellow-faced Parrot , also known as the Yellow-faced Amazon, is the only species of the genus Alipiopsitta.
- The king parrots are three species of medium-sized parrots in the genus Alisterus; the Australian King Parrot , the Papuan King Parrot , and the Moluccan King Parrot .
- Amazon parrot is the common name for a parrot of the genus Amazona.
- Anodorhynchus is a genus of large blue macaws from open and semi-open habitats in central and eastern South America.
- Aprosmictus is a genus of parrots in the Psittacidae family.
Great Green Macaw
- ARA or Ara may refer to:
- Aratinga is a genus of American parakeets.
- Barnardius barnardi
- The Guaiabero was first described as Psittacus lunulatus by Tyrolean naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1786.
- Bolborhynchus is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- Brotogeris is a genus of small parrots endemic to Central and South America.
- Cacatua is a genus of cockatoos found from the Philippines and Wallacea east to the Solomon Islands and south to Australia.
- The name Gang-gang comes from a New South Wales Aboriginal language, either Ngunnawal or Wiradjuri.
- Described by French naturalist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1826, the genus Calyptorhynchus has five species.
- The four species of the Chalcopsitta genus are about 31 – 32 cm long.
- Papuan Lorikeet
- Psittacus carolinensis Linneaus, 1758 Conurus carolinensis Lesson, 1831
- There are two species and several subspecies:
- It is mainly found in Argentina.
- Spix's Macaw is 55–57 cm long.
- Cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to New Zealand and islands of the southern Pacific Ocean.
- Cyclopsitta is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family found in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and tropical Australia.
- The Red-fan Parrot possesses elongated neck feathers that can be raised to form an elaborate fan, which greatly increases the bird's apparent size, and is possibly used when threatened.
- The Red-shouldered Macaw , is representative of two distinct subspecies: Noble Macaw or Hahn's Macaw.
- The parrot genus Eclectus consists of two species, the extant Eclectus Parrot and the extinct Oceanic Eclectus Parrot .
- Enicognathus is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- The Greek worship of the dawn as a goddess is believed to be inherited from Indo-European times.
- Eunymphicus is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- Forpus is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- Geoffroyus is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- There are three species:
- The closest relative is the Yellow-faced Parrot and the members of the genus Pionus.
- Its plumage is mostly bright yellow, hence its common name, but it also possesses green remiges.
- Hapalopsittaca is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- The Swift Parrot is endangered with only about 1000 pairs remaining in the wild, and its population is declining.
- The Golden-plumed Parakeet is a Neotropical parrot species within the Psittacidae family, belonging to the monotypic genus Leptosittaca.
- It was a large, heavy-set parrot, with strong males similar in size to the Palm Cockatoo.
Sri Lanka Hanging-parrot
- The hanging parrots are birds in the parrot genus Loriculus .
- Lorius is a genus of lorikeet in the parrot family Psittacidae.
- The budgerigar is closely related to the lories and the fig parrots.
- Pygmy parrots are the smallest members of the parrot family.
- Psittacus monachus Boddaert, 1783 Bolborrhynchus luchsi Finsch, 1868 Myiopsitta luchsi but see text
- A prehistoric relative, Nandayus vorohuensis, was described from Late Pliocene fossils found in Argentina.
- Nannopsittaca is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- There are 6 or 7 species:
- Wildtype Bourke's Parakeet display a basically brown overall colouration with pink abdomen, pinkish breast & a blue rump.
- The genus Neopsittacus contains two species and several subspecies:
- A fictional character:
- This species grows up to 27-35cm in length and the sexes are similar in appearance.
- The Cockatiel , also known as the Quarrion and the Weiro, is the smallest and genuinely miniature cockatoo endemic to Australia.
- The Yellow-eared Parrot nests and lives among wax palms in a few areas of Western and Central Cordillera of Colombia; were it inhabits cloud forests about 1800 – 3000 meters above sea level.
- The Plum-faced Lorikeet is a mainly green small parrot about 15 cm long with a long pointed tail.
- It is a resident bird in tropical Amazonian South America, from Colombia and Trinidad south to Amazonian Peru and Bolivia, and central Brazil as far as the northwestern cerrado of Brazil.
- Adult birds are around 20 cm long and exhibit slight sexual dimorphism.
- They are endemic in the Amazon Basin in South America, with the Black-headed north of the Amazon River, and the White-bellied south.
- The Pileated Parrot , also known as the Red-capped Parrot , is a medium-small species of parrot with a total length of about 22 cm .
- Pionus is a genus of medium-sized parrots native to Mexico, and Central and South America.
- A rosella is one of five to eight species of colorful Australian parrots in the genus Platycercus.
- They are stocky birds with short broad tails and relatively large heads and beaks for their size.
- The genus Polytelis of the family Psittacidae consists of three species long-tailed parrot endemic to Australia.
- Primolius is a genus of macaws comprising three species, which are native to South America.
- The following nine species and several subspecies are recognized in the genus:
- The Palm Cockatoo , also known as the Goliath Cockatoo, is a large smoky-grey or black parrot of the cockatoo family.
- The shining-parrots, Prosopeia, are a genus of parrots .
- The genus Psephotus has five species of parakeets from Australia.
- The Dusky Lory is short tailed parrot about 25 cm long.
- Psilopsiagon is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family.
- Psittacella is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family, all of which are endemic to the island of New Guinea.
- Members of the parrot genus Psittacula or Afro-Asian Ringnecked parakeets as they are commonly known in aviculture originates found from Africa to South-East Asia.
- Psittaculirostris is a genus of parrot in the Psittacidae family found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
- There are two subspecies universally accepted:
- The Psitteuteles genus contains three species:
- It is the only member of the genus Psittinus.
- Pesquet's Parrot is a large parrot with a total length of approximately 46 cm and a weight of 680–800 g .
- First described by German naturalist Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, from a collection in Albany, Western Australia,
- All are relatively short-tailed parrots that are restricted to forests in the Neotropics.
- Pyrrhura is a genus of parrots in the Arini tribe.
- The thick-billed parrots are members of the parrot genus Rhynchopsitta.
- Kakapo are critically endangered; as of February 2010, only 123 Two large Fiordland islands, Resolution and Secretary, have been the subject of large-scale ecological restoration activities to prepare self-sustaining ecosystems with suitable habitat for the Kakapo.
- Tanygnathus is a genus of parrots of the Psittaculini tribe.
- Touit is a genus of Neotropical parrots in the Psittacidae family.
- The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms tricho- "hair", and glõssa "tongue".
- It is a relatively long-tailed parrot with a total length of c.
- Vini is a genus of birds endemic to the islands of the tropical Pacific.
Animal of the Day
Animal of the day
Pictures and facts of the family Psittacidae | <urn:uuid:a8b49f42-ee21-491c-b79a-065b183e6d36> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/birds/Psittaciformes/Psittacidae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300441.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00003-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86133 | 2,070 | 3.328125 | 3 |
It was a particularly windy day in late July when my cousin and I sat down to make a pinwheel. The paper was folded into a wheel, the pin inserted at the heart of it and the entire structure fixed to the broomstick.
As our pinwheel took shape we ran out braving the sun and the hot wind. The pinwheel caught the wind and rotated. Seeing it, our hearts pin-wheeled as well.
Energy from wind
A few days later we happened to see the photograph of a windmill in a magazine. “Don’t these windmills look exactly like the pinwheels we made?” my cousin shouted. And what did we find? That they are actually similar! Like the pinwheel, the windmill also uses the wind’s energy to turn the blades on a large wheel. This movement of the blades is used to pump water, generate electricity or pound grain.
The land of windmills
Of course many others have recognised the strength of wind power. It is clean and it does not create pollution. Countries, which have abundance of wind power, have derived large benefits from wind energy.
Take Holland, for example. Why is it called the land of windmills? Because most of its land lies below sea level, and windmills are used to pump water into canals from low-lying areas that are filled with water. In the 17th century there were over 8,000 windmills in use in Holland!
No wonder, as pollution rises, people in other parts of the world are slowly realising the power of simple solutions such as windmills. The pinwheel, too, has great power. | <urn:uuid:4dd7ba72-7327-4ff3-93f0-d24e5e2bb8e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.pitara.com/science-for-kids/5ws-and-h/what-is-the-secret-of-the-windmill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370519111.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404011558-20200404041558-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.97373 | 349 | 3.359375 | 3 |
If an event is sure, then it will always happen. No other event (even events with probability 0) can possibly occur. If an event is almost sure, then other events are theoretically possible in a given sample space, however as the cardinality of the sample space increases, the probability of any other event asymptotically converges toward zero. Thus, one can never definitively say for any sample space that other events will never occur, but can in the general case assume this to be true. In this respect, the concept is similar to that of a mathematical limit.
Next, consider the event that "the dart hits the diagonal of the unit square exactly". The probability that the dart lands on any subregion of the square is equal to the area of that subregion. But, since the area of the diagonal of the square is zero, the probability that the dart lands exactly on the diagonal is zero. So, the dart will almost surely not land on the diagonal. Nonetheless the set of points on the diagonal is not empty and a point on the diagonal is no less possible than any other point.
The same may be said of any point on the square. Any such point P will contain zero area and so will have zero probability of being hit by the dart. However, the dart clearly must hit the square somewhere. Therefore, in this case, it is not only possible or imaginable that an event with zero probability will occur; one must occur. Thus, we would not want to say we were certain that a given such event would not occur, but rather almost certain.
The infinite sequence of all heads (H-H-H-H-H-H-…), ad infinitum, is possible in some sense (it does not violate any physical or mathematical laws to suppose that tails never appears) but it is very, very improbable. In fact, the probability of tails never being flipped in an infinite series is zero. Thus, though we cannot definitely say tails will be flipped at least once, we can say there will almost surely be at least a single tails flip in an infinite sequence of flips.
However, if instead of an infinite number of flips we stop flipping after some finite time, say a million flips, then the all-heads sequence has non-zero probability. The all-heads sequence has probability 2−1,000,000, thus the probability of getting a tails is 1 − 2−1,000,000 < 1, and the event is no longer almost sure.
Colts' dirty laundry overshadowing big game ; Manning is almost surely finished as a Colt. The sooner he and Irsay come to terms with that, the better
Jan 29, 2012; Indianapolis opens its doors to the world this week. The Super Bowl is in town. Make yourself at home. But be careful when you...
Maine schools' shift to tougher standards will come with costs ; As the state joins others in a transition to 'Common Core,' experts warn it will almost surely mean lower test scores.
Jul 21, 2013; Noel K Gallagher ngallagher@mainetodaycom Staff WriterPortland Press Herald (Maine)07-21-2013Maine schools' shift to tougher... | <urn:uuid:71aa649b-b0f4-4fde-9218-47aac0a7c073> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Almost_surely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345766127/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054926-00000-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942819 | 657 | 3.140625 | 3 |
This book covers, in a broad perspective, research on spinal cord injury, beginning with human spinal cord injury to experimental studies in animals, to molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.
Every year 12,000 will suffer spinal cord injury leading to permanent disability. In the last five years enormous progress has been made in the understanding of spinal cord injury, and in ways to elicit repair in animal models of spinal cord injury. The scope includes animal models of spinal cord injury, strategies for neuroprotection and regeneration, and possible roles of axon guidance molecules in injury and regeneration. Topical reviews are presented as well as new data on timely issues in spinal cord injury research. | <urn:uuid:39e19253-57c9-4e22-94bb-fac171eb271f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.elsevier.com/books/spinal-cord-trauma-regeneration-neural-repair-and-functional-recovery/mckerracher/978-0-444-50817-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889379.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00032-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945344 | 132 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Black women are criminally unrepresented in the publishing world. Despite this, Black women have written some of the most influential works of literature in American history. Here are five classic books by Black women that you’ve got to read or reread before the end of Black History Month.
Passing by Nella Larsen
Nella Larsen’s Passing follows Irene Redfield and her childhood best friend. Both women are mixed and can “pass” as either Black or White. Readers will be captivated by Larsen’s captivating novel, as both characters use their ability to pass as a conduit that helps them move in and out of White spaces, while the question of how long they can maintain the ruse looms all the while.
Continued on the next page. | <urn:uuid:4b13245f-dfd9-4bf6-abd0-474cc737cf37> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://rollingout.com/2021/02/19/5-classic-books-that-explore-race-and-feminism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.951716 | 164 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Frequently Asked Questions|
What is a local and world transformation?
A transformation is a term used to represent the offset and rotation of a bone. In figure 1 the bone is centered at the origin, and the x-axis (in red) is aligned towards the global x-axis. Thus, it has no rotation and no offset. The idea of a transformation is that if you had a set of points associated with a bone (like p1 and p2), and rotated them with the bone's rotation (around the origin for the bone), then move them with the bone's offset, this would be transforming the points by the bone (figure 2).
The difference between a local transformation and a world transformation is just where the origin is considered to be for that bone. Bones that have world transformations all share the same origin, and the bones are all positioned and rotated in the world. An analogy would be if you had a pile of bones all at one point, and you had to assemble a skeleton, the transformation you apply to the bones to position them where they rightfully belong, is a world transformation.
A local transformation can be more difficult to understand. The idea is that the origin for the transformation is relative to the parent bone. The local transformation for Bone B, in the figure to the right, is a rotation of –90 degrees, and an offset in the positive x-axis. By comparison the world transformation for Bone B, would be the parent bone's rotation (15 degrees), then the local bone's rotation (-90 degrees) so (15 degrees - 90 degrees = 75 degrees). And the offset would be from the origin labeled "world origin".
Local transformations are useful because they allow for bones to be manipulated without risk of breaking the bones apart at the joints. This makes them very useful for rag-doll physics and for interpolating any bone between two poses. Local transformations, however, are not always the best thing to use. For example, transforming a point by a bone. If you want to achieve the proper result with local transformations, you'd have to start with the root node and traverse down the hierarchy to the bone, applying the transformation of each bone along the way. So ideally, you'd want to use world transforms when you're talking about transforming points and deforming a mesh, but you'd use local transformations for calculating poses.
© Copyright 2006 John Butterfield.
All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:4a97f965-10b0-4f1f-99bd-b3041f1c20c2> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://animadead.sourceforge.net/faq.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380948.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00195-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91961 | 494 | 3.4375 | 3 |
As part of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Assessment, an evaluation is being made of the impacts of climate variability and potential future climate change on forests and forestry in the Mid-Atlantic Region. This paper provides a brief overview of the current status of forests in the region, and then focuses on 2 components of this evaluation: (1) modeling of the potential impacts of climate change on tree species' distributions, and (2) a survey of how extreme weather events affect forests and forest land management in the region. The tree distribution modeling indicates that climate change may result in large increases in the amount of forest dominated by oak and pine, and large decreases in maple/beech/birch forest, assuming that trees are able to migrate in pace with climate change. The forest management survey results suggest that the major impacts of severe weather on forest operations currently are related more to extreme precipitation and high wind events than to temperature extremes. The implications of these results for future climate change are discussed.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Environmental Chemistry
- Environmental Science(all)
- Atmospheric Science | <urn:uuid:c555f8e3-2760-4602-bbd2-d721abf8d195> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-potential-impacts-of-climate-change-and-variability-on-forest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141515751.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130222609-20201201012609-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.909648 | 221 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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