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Better living through nature
I’ve been enjoying researching ancient herbals and learning about the historical uses for medicinal herbs during my time at The Herb Companion. I’ve always had a fascination for history and old books, and I love adding that extra new depth to my perception of an ancient culture. But this is a question that never occurred to me: Were herbs truly used in the ways classic herbalists recommend? For actual scientists and historians, there’s a difference between medicinal plants listed in an herbal and actual medicinal compounds put to practical use.
According to an article from BBC News, the first concrete scientific proof of herbs and plants’ actual use in fighting various illnesses has been discovered in the form of clay pills from an Italian merchant vessel dated to 120 B.C.E. Tests by the Smithsonian Institute have revealed that these pills (kept sealed in tin boxes and “the size of coins”) contained carrot, parsley, wild onions, alfalfa, yarrow, celery and radish. They were likely used to treat intestinal diseases on board the ship and diluted with vinegar or water to ease ingestion.
Ancient medical texts may provide scientists with promising research avenues today.
Photo by Martin Macinski/Courtesy Flickr
Professor Alain Tourwaide of the (really very cool) Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions is presenting his conclusions about these pills to an international gathering of archeological, historical and medical experts later this month. Professor Tourwaide hopes that research of ancient medicinal texts can help scientists jump ahead with disease treatments today. He cites the Native American use of willow bark as a pain killer and our use of aspirin today as an example, and also mentions that the Greek physician Galen’s use of broccoli to treat intestinal cancer in the 2nd century has led to research on the possibility of using broccoli to treat cancer in the present. Perhaps the discovery of these clay pills will open the door to further scientific support for the healing effectiveness of herbs and other plants. | <urn:uuid:1608ce9e-6a83-49be-be90-a85d51cb452f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.motherearthliving.com/Natural-Health/in-the-news-practical-evidence-ancient-herbal-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423787.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721162430-20170721182430-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.936357 | 411 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Before choosing investments, consider your investment goals. There are numerous factors that impact investment returns. You must comprehend danger and also charges, as well as what your general economic objectives are. You can straighten your investments with your financial goals if you know how to take care of risk. Below are some vital concerns to ask on your own when choosing financial investments. Maintain reviewing to learn more. Then, you’ll recognize what financial investment to make and when. Below’s a check out several of the most typical investment types.
What is a Blue Chip? A blue chip is a financial investment that has low risk and also is usually a good long-term investment. It’s originated from the casino poker term, blue chips are the most useful in a game. Furthermore, a bond is a kind of financial investment that requires a details degree of threat. The provider assures to pay off the full amount of the bond at a particular date with a specific rate of return. visit the website
Assets: These include money, oil, and steels. These are traded through asset futures, which give the buyer the right to acquire or sell certain products. There are also exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, which enable capitalists to purchase particular assets. Commodities are used for hedging threats, as well as for speculative trading. Realty: This refers to land, buildings, and various other properties. Its market value can get to $10 billion, as well as it’s an outstanding way to purchase the securities market.
Supplies and also bonds: Both supplies and bonds have different threats and benefits. Stocks are a kind of financial investment that allows you to own a part of a business and join the revenues. Some supplies also pay dividends. For this, you get a normal repayment of a firm’s earnings. Stocks, however, do not have any assurances, and also private companies might fail. Nevertheless, if you want ending up being an investor in the monetary market, bonds are a wonderful alternative.
While stocks as well as bonds may increase in value when a business problems brand-new bonds, assets, and houses can appreciate when the U.S. dollar falls in worth. In a similar way, homes can boost in value if a neighborhood has been renovated and the community becomes desirable. While stocks as well as bonds can raise in value, earnings investing is concentrated on properties that can create income. These types of financial investments can generate a high price of return, but the dangers of failing are typically better.
Spending requires a lasting monetary dedication, yet it’s also a mental commitment. A lot of Americans invest in a 403(b) or an IRA, or enroll in a retirement via their companies. You ought to create a strategy to spend your money. Figure out the amount of cash you intend to invest, how much danger you’re comfortable with, and how much time it will certainly take to reach your financial goals. Then, adhere to the strategy and also invest with confidence and a sense of threat.
As soon as you have your lasting objectives specified, you can allocate your financial savings toward details objectives. A reserve, getaway, or lasting care fund are all different from spending money for retirement. By identifying your purposes, you’ll have the ability to identify the sort of danger you fit with and what investment products are best fit for your goals. If you’re planning to invest for the lasting, you must think about shares, which are considered development investments. Shares might expand in worth over a long period of time, and you may additionally receive dividends. over at this website
Speculation as well as financial investment are 2 different activities. The former includes acquiring assets for the long-term while speculation concentrates on taking advantage of market inefficiencies to benefit in the short-term. Both types of investment require high threat, as well as professionals compare speculation to gaming. For this reason, investing is a terrific selection for those that wish to expand their portfolios. When picking a financial investment portfolio, see to it it is diverse enough to mitigate any threats. By doing this, your portfolio can grow continuously gradually.
The stock market is the most usual sort of investment, with concerning 56 percent of Americans having money in the securities market. While stocks are the most basic kind of financial investment, there are other type of investments too. Mutual funds and exchange-traded funds acquire various combinations of these possessions, giving you accessibility to hundreds of various assets. Whether you decide to invest in a single supply or a portfolio of mutual funds, you must recognize the threats and incentives associated with each type.
The annualized rate of return refers to the typical annual return from a financial investment over a period of years. It can additionally be described as the substance development rate. An additional essential factor is gratitude, or the boost in worth of a financial investment. A successful portfolio should be expanded, with a mix of different kinds of investments. Purchasing multiple types of possessions will optimize your overall returns and decrease your danger. An excellent investment profile will also have a low volatility.
When it pertains to financial investment, restricting your dangers and also maximizing returns can be essential. The method you spend can affect your returns, so recognizing the elements that affect them can aid you straighten your monetary goals with your investments. It is additionally vital to bear in mind that the monetary markets and also your financial situation can transform gradually. That’s why it is vital to regularly review your financial investment concerns. You can likewise get in touch with a financial specialist if you have any kind of issues.
Many investors follow the advice of well-known financier Warren Buffett. The popular investor rankings 2nd on the Forbes 400 listing as well as has actually said that a good investment technique is long-term. Nonetheless, when it involves buying stocks, you should also make use of due diligence. To determine whether a firm’s assets are worth buying, you can calculate its cost-free cash flow. Cost-free capital is a measure of the cash money a firm has readily available that can be reinvested in its capital investment and functioning funding. Business that have a rising complimentary capital are better to investors.
Bonds are another sort of investment. These are released by firms or federal governments to increase funding. The money you loan to these entities receives a rate of interest settlement for a particular period of time. While bonds are safer than supplies, their returns might be lower. An additional financial investment option is products. Assets can be anything from agricultural products to steels, and also they vary in rate depending on need in the marketplace. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend just how to invest intelligently in both of these. go right here
Financial investments can be either realty or economic instruments. There are many sorts of investments, yet the primary difference in between real estate and also monetary investment is that they are both sorts of purchases that require putting cash to function today in the hope of a bigger payoff in the future. There are lots of reasons to invest, however the standard meaning is to generate riches that you can utilize later on. A financial investment can aid you satisfy different objectives, such as saving for retired life, conference earnings scarcities, or meeting certain obligations. By comprehending the definition as well as interpretation of financial investments, you can choose the most effective investment tools for your individual scenario. | <urn:uuid:3db4b65f-85f3-4128-8b20-172ac78edcea> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://guiaorihuelacosta.com/2022/06/04/right-heres-what-sector-insiders-claim-about-investment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.963464 | 1,510 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Ancient Africa: Aksum, Ethiopia
Lalibela may be Ethiopia's most dramatic attraction, but it's not its only one. Stephan Faris explores Aksum, the country's ancient capital.
Aksum was the capital of ancient Ethiopia when the country was a major world power, ranked with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the greatest kingdoms in the world. Sadly for the tourist, however, while the area's history stretches back as far as 3000 B.C., most of its antiquities remain belowground, unexcavated and unknown.
What Aksum lacks in blockbusters it makes up in historical relevance, from pre-Christian ruins to towering stones from around A.D. 300-500. The peak of Aksum's power lasted from 1000 B.C. until nearly the 8th century A.D., and at one point its borders stretched up to Egypt and across the Red Sea into Arabia.
The city's main attraction is Obelisk Field, a collection of more than 120 obelisks erected in the middle of town by Ethiopia's earliest kings, King Lalibela's predecessors. From the center of the field, the tallest standing stone rises more than 75 feet, like a spear set among swords. I explored the site in about an hour, and it was worth getting up close to the central pillar to make out the detailed carvings of a door and nine floors of windows.
Earlier that day, I rented bicycles for myself and a young student who asked to be my guide. At the tourist office downtown, $6 bought me a ticket granting access to all of the city's ancient sites, and we pedaled out of town. A dusty road led to a ruin the locals call the Queen of Sheba Palace, a maze of rock walls and granite steps that some say dates back to the pre-Christian era.
Ten minutes of hiking and we reached a life-size relief of a lioness. Carved into a granite boulder in the middle of nowhere, it could hold its own in the British Museum. We walked among the boulders that stud the hills to a long stretch of granite with a deep excavated trench, the physical shadow of an obelisk. We were standing in the quarry from which kings carved their monuments, looking at the rock from which Ethiopian history was first cut.
That night, at the restaurant in the government-run Yeha Hotel, I choose a table overlooking Obelisk Field (011-251/34-775-2377, $38; it's easier to book through the Ghion Hotel in Addis Ababa, 011-251/11-551-3222, ghionhotel.com.et). The restaurant is busy, but the terrace is empty, perhaps because the air has a slight desert chill. From a hill across the valley, marked only by three house lights, come the sounds of drums and laughter. The food is hot, the beer is cold, and the obelisks are fading into the dusk. I feel like I'm dining alone with ancient African history. | <urn:uuid:c8a203d9-8aff-4d75-a359-ddbebc75de0c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.budgettravel.com/feature/ancient-africa-aksum-ethiopia,4064/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096287.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00154-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954665 | 636 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A View from Brittany Sauser
NASA's Crew Escape System Tested
The system will be vital to future human spaceflight.
Last week NASA successfully tested the launch pad abort system designed for the Orion crew spacecraft. The system is meant to allow the crew to escape should a catastrophe occur during the first few seconds of flight. Read Technology Review’s article on how it works. Here is an exert from the article:
The new escape system would separate the crew module from the launch rocket in a fraction of a second with a small, controlled explosion. Almost simultaneously, a solid rocket motor would fire, providing a million pounds of thrust to accelerate the module from 0 to 600 miles per hour in 3.5 seconds, pulling the astronauts to a safe distance before the module’s parachutes deploy.
Last week’s test, shown in the video below, took place at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. It was the first fully-integrated test for the system. The data gathered will be important for the design and development of future systems.
NASA originally intended to send the Orion crew exploration vehicle and the escape system into space aboard the Ares rockets by 2015 as part of its Constellation Program. Under President Obama’s new budget proposal, which calls for the cancellation of the Constellation Program, Orion will instead be used as an emergency crew spacecraft on the International Space Station.
I recently spoke with Antonio Elias, executive vice president and general manager of Advanced Programs at Orbital Sciences Corporation, a VA-based commercial space company providing design and development support of the system. He said that a launch abort system is vital unless we completely abandon human spaceflight, and it is very likely that Orbital will continue to build NASA’s future escape systems. | <urn:uuid:205175b2-cdd0-4dcd-854a-b9577d850ac3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418914/nasas-crew-escape-system-tested/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.917196 | 358 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Mhairi Mackenzie, Chik Collins, John Connolly, Mick Doyle and Gerry McCartney
The Policy Briefing section of Discover Society is provided in collaboration with the journal Policy & Politics. The section is curated by Sarah Brown.
We know from decades of international research that power, politics and specific social and economic policies have a fundamental role in creating health. These factors contribute very significantly to the gradient we see across income groups in terms of life expectancy and more general wellbeing.
However, many health policy researchers have identified how policies which claim to be about reducing health inequalities seldom squarely address these fundamental determinants of health. Instead, policies have a distinct tendency to focus on changing the behaviours of (mainly) poor people. The message is often that people smoke too much, drink too much or don’t make the best use of services that are available to them. These messages do not give proper consideration to why particular health damaging behaviours occur in particular places or why health is worse in certain places even in the absence of these behaviours. Even those policies which do start with a broader analysis of the problem of disparities in health are subject to lifestyle drift when it comes to putting policy into practice. Although policy documents may state that the causes of poor health or inequalities in health are to do with poverty and deprivation, the interventions which actually operate on the ground focus much less (if at all) on changing people’s material circumstances and rather more on trying to change behaviours (which are in fact heavily shaped by material circumstances).
In light of the above, it is unsurprising that research in different countries also shows that when policy makers and practitioners talk about how health is created they tend not to give due regard to these known fundamental causes. Again, the emphasis is on explanations that focus on individual lifestyles. Behavioural interventions aimed at changing the lives of poor individuals clearly have a powerful draw on the attention of policy makers. The reasons for this preference are many and varied and include the desire for quick policy wins over longer term action and the seductive appeal of short and simplistic causal pathways to health, in preference to having to deal, intellectually and practically, with the longer and more complex pathways which are actually at work.
Another reason, however, for the hardiness of the behavioural intervention as a policy tool – despite its apparent lack of success in addressing the problem – is that it fits within a broader contemporary political narrative. That narrative tells us that individuals are responsible for making and breaking their own life chances. Consequently, their health and social outcomes lie overwhelmingly in their own hands. There is, in this view, ‘no such thing as society’, or at least no wider societal determinants which individuals can’t be expected to just over-ride through their personal choices and individual acts of will. In this narrative the state’s role is to ‘nudge’, ‘activate’ or mandate individuals to do the right thing rather than to challenge fundamentally the existing power relations within society.
This kind of thinking is part of the wider set of discourses, policies and practices associated with neoliberalism. These provide both the context in which, and the mechanisms through which, the lives of some communities have become in many ways much more difficult since the 1980s – and their existence and identity much more marginalised. Research tells us that it is this fundamental part of the story of how poor health is created that is largely missing from the discourse of those in policy and practice.
In our recent Policy & Politics article: working-class discourses of politics, policy and health: ‘I don’t smoke; I don’t drink. The only thing wrong with me is my health’, we wanted to look at how people living in deprived communities – which had felt the brunt of deindustrialisation in the 1980s and had been at the sharp edge of austerity in current times – talked about how politics and policies had impacted on their health, and that of their families and their wider communities. Unlike the messages from policymakers, our sample of participants in the towns of Kilmarnock and Cumnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland, brought vividly to life how it is that power, politics and social and economic policies are indeed a fundamental matter for health – at both an individual and community level.
Here are some of the things our participants told us:
They do not feel at all valued by political elites; on the contrary they are made to feel literally surplus to requirements. An ex-miner told us: ‘I’ve heated their bums wae coal…we’ve served wur cause. If they could dae away wae you noo, they would dae away wae you, because you’re a drain on society…They want me, noo, to work til I’m sixty-seven. I’ve no chance of working to I’m sixty-seven. I’ll no’ see sixty-seven.’ Similarly, another respondent, reflecting on ‘austerity’ and so-called ‘welfare reform’, simply said, “I think they’re trying to kill folk aff”.
They sense that deliberate action was taken by government to destroy the industries on which their communities had depended, and to undermine the strong and more solidaristic community relationships which had prevailed in the past. A respondent from Kilmarnock said: “She [Thatcher] allowed a’ the work to go abroad. And oor factories in Kilmarnock…we had a great town, and it just finished. Factory after factory, well-known brands…employers went. They all went wi’ a feeling o’ sorrow but it didnae help the workers.” Another ex-miner from Cumnock, reflecting on the 1984-85 Miners’ Strike across the UK, said: “looking back you can see the preparation got made. And they really backed the union into a corner … it was to diminish the power of the unions and fragment communities”.
Where ‘negative lifestyles’ exist within these communities, they are seen as closely connected to broader social and political circumstances. Another ex-miner told us how downwardly spiralling morale and behaviours in his community were rooted in changing circumstances: ‘The factories started slimmin doon, cutting workforces. The ability for young people to get into work was becoming limited. We started to see probably drugs in our community for the first time. And probably the excessive drinking was starting to take a hold as well…’ Further, not all of our participants were able to understand their current poor health in terms of their own behavioural decisions – as we indicate in the title of our research paper – one man in poor health summed up this personal conundrum by saying ‘I don’t drink; I don’t smoke – the only thing wrong with me is my health’.
Participants are conscious of current day political strategies to set poor and struggling communities apart from the rest of society. One young woman said: ‘They are using the media…tae bombard folk wi’ … the good old ‘divide and conquer’…it’s like stigmatising full groups at a time. It comes in waves. I mean, the immigrants’ll be due a shot…it’s a’ their fault. It’s like they’re trying to deliberately create this, ‘Everybody that’s on incapacity’s a scrounger.’”
All in all, our research participants provided a vivid articulation of links between politics, policies, deindustrialisation, damage to community fabric and impacts on health. We ask: given the way in which these lay participants’ understandings of health reflect (and enrich) the views of researchers, should our participants and the many who share their stories, actually be the ones educating policy makers and practitioners, rather than being seen as the recipients of perennially failing health education messages? What might be the impact of turning the traditional health education model on its head? How would such a shift in who is doing the educating be received by policy-makers and practitioners?
Mhairi Mackenzie is Professor of Public Policy in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow. Chik Collins is Professor of Applied Social Science in the School of Media, Culture and Society at the University of the West of Scotland. John Connolly is Senior Lecturer in Public Policy at the University of West of Scotland. Mick Doyle works for the Scottish Community Development Centre. Gerry McCartney works for NHS Health Scotland. | <urn:uuid:fbf5cf82-8c58-44b7-a05a-c869401f3114> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://archive.discoversociety.org/2016/04/05/policy-briefing-how-politics-and-power-create-poor-health-i-think-theyre-trying-to-kill-folk-aff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.960318 | 1,791 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The final step in writing that students with special needs should focus on is how to proofread and publish.
In the 3rd step of the writing process, students should work on rewriting and revising. This is the stage where they should learn to be their own worst critic. Read on for tips on teaching this phase of the writing process to students with special needs.
The writing phase is the most crucial part of the writing process. Here students will need to be taught the science of writing in order to really get the writing juices flowing.
Students who struggle with writing need patience and persistence, but they can develop their skills with practice. This series goes through the five stages of the writing process to help children with learning disabilities or other special needs feel comfortable writing.
Teaching students with disabilities requires a lot of creative thinking among other things. If you are like a lot of teachers, balancing a mixture of disabilities in one classroom can present a challenge when it comes to differentiating instruction. Using Turning Point has many benefits.
Production of learned material is fundamental to student achievement. Use this plan to close out your comprehensive sight word unit!
Many learning disabilities are characterized by difficulties with production of material learned. Check out this lesson plan that guides students through written expression.
With a little bit of planning, you can turn an average lesson unit into a holistic unit that integrates many developmental skills for a class with diverse learning needs.
It can be time consuming to come up with comprehensive lesson plans for a class with diverse learning disabilities. Let us do the work for you with this week long sight word unit.
Meeting IEP standards and objectives can be a daunting task. Creating complete lesson plans that focus on improving student performance in a variety of areas can help! | <urn:uuid:e78b170b-c3e0-44e8-9469-8c5c114d57fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.brighthubeducation.com/categories/inclusion-strategies-for-mainstreamed-classrooms/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.953553 | 355 | 4 | 4 |
The average blood pressure of New Zealanders in middle life appears to have increased, an "alarming" finding that could contribute to a predicted rise in the heart attack death rate after a 40-year-long reduction.
Hypertension - abnormally high blood pressure - increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and heart-artery disease. It can also eventually damage the kidneys and eyes. High blood pressure can be caused by obesity, high intake of salt or alcohol, and lack of physical activity.
Otago University researchers have published results of the first national check of blood pressure, based on tests of 4407 people done as part of the 2008/9 adult nutrition survey.
Comparisons were made with Auckland blood pressure studies dating from 1982. Published in the latest New Zealand Medical Journal, the new study found that 31 per cent of adults had hypertension, yet only 15 per cent of the whole sample were using medication to treat the condition.
Compared with a 2002 Auckland study, average pressure when the heart was pumping (systolic) and not pumping (diastolic) had increased in most age/sex categories. One of the most marked increases was in the average systolic blood pressure for men aged 45 to 54, to 133.8mm of mercury, from 123.9mm.
The study authors, including Dr Rachael McLean and Professor Jim Mann, say in their journal paper that mean systolic blood pressure has increased since 2002 in the NZ European and other (NZEO) ethnic category for those aged 35-54 and Maori aged 35-74, reversing a downward trend observed in NZEO between 1982 and 2002.
"It really is quite alarming," Professor Mann told the Herald.
Dr McLean said the 2008/9 check was "just one data-point" suggesting blood pressure had risen and repeat checks - which the Health Ministry had indicated it was planning - were needed to confirm a trend.
"When you put it in the context of the increase in other important risk factors like the increase in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and increased prevalence of obesity ... it is quite alarming."
The research paper cites 2006 projections by Heart Foundation medical director Professor Norman Sharpe and others which suggested the heart attack death rate, despite its downwards trend since the late 1960s, may increase for men born after 1956 and women born after 1961.
Professor Sharpe said the projection was for the rates to plateau by 2015 and he expected they might then rise. The blood-pressure reversal, linked to the obesity epidemic, was "a really bad mix. This provides justification, if we needed it, for stronger preventive measures particularly for heart health and diabetes checks".
Dr McLean said the blood pressure results demonstrated the need for a return to healthy-eating policies discarded by the National Government, a reduction in GST on fruit and vegetables and the British-style publication of targets to encourage the food industry to reduce salt content.
In 2008/9 Mew Zealand adults ate 9g a day, unchanged from a decade earlier and well above the recommended maximum intake of 5.8g.
31 per cent of adults have abnormally high blood pressure
15 per cent report taking drugs to reduce blood pressure
35-54 year-old NZ Europeans and others - average blood pressure up since 2002
35-74 year-old Maori - average blood pressure up since 2002
Source: Otago University and 2008/9 Adult Nutrition Survey | <urn:uuid:518b7f6b-a098-4a36-912a-22c255ae6057> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10877548 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00069-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956579 | 701 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Q&A Open Forum
Jimmy Akin answers:
Why have Catholics come to believe that the word of God is not everything (as I do with sola scriptura)?
Can you discuss Luke 2:35 and Revelation 8:4 in regard to prayers to saints?
What are the limits of papal authority in the Church?
What do we mean when we say “And with your spirit”? Which word should we emphasize?
Was John the Baptist or Mary the first Christian?
Why was John the Baptist baptizing in the first place?
When and why did people start spelling Christmas with an “X”?
Why do we celebrate Christ’s birth on December 25?
My mother’s parish baptizes babies completely naked -- do you know where this comes from?
The Fathers Know Best: Your Essential Guide to the Teachings of the Early Church is a unique resource that introduces you to the teachings of the first Christians in a way no other work can. It is specially designed to make it easy for you to find the information you want and need. | <urn:uuid:6da74756-ccfd-46c0-ba5b-7d97c4300633> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.catholic.com/radio/shows/qa-open-forum-6589 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00202-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932121 | 225 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Hibulb Cultural Center hosts ‘The Rememberer’
TULALIP — Visitors to the Hibulb Cultural Center on Friday, June 22, were transported back in time by more than a century through the storytelling skills of the Red Eagle Soaring Native Youth Theatre group.
“The Rememberer” is a play based on the life of Joyce Simmons Cheeka, a young Squaxin Indian girl forcibly taken from her home in 1911 and placed in the government-run Tulalip Indian Training School.
While a few of the close to two dozen cast members were in their 20s or 30s, most of the actors were in their teens, carrying on the legacy of a theater group that had started in Seattle before they were born.
“This is about remembering our heritage and our connection to the land,” said Curtis Ahenakew, an adult actor with the group, before the multi-tribal company of performers depicted how the government-run schools had sought to strip the Native American students of their culture, by forbidding them to speak their own language and pass own their traditional tales. “I was worried how well these kids would pull this off, because it’s a big task, but I almost cried at their last show.”
“The Rememberer” chronicles how Joyce not only kept the memories of the stories and customs that her elders had passed onto her, but also how she survived the influenza epidemic that claimed so many other Native American students and their teachers during the early 20th century. Like her grandfather Mud Bay Sam, Joyce became “the rememberer” for her people, even in the face of government educators who believed they needed to “kill the Indian to save the man.”
Cecil Cheeka, Joyce’s son, sat in on the evening performance of “The Rememberer” at the Hibulb Cultural Center, and praised both the young actors and the families who had supported their endeavors.
“Parents, with as many young people as are part of this, just getting them to their practices is a task of no small magnitude,” Cecil Cheeka said. “When Red Eagle Soaring started performing this play 18 years ago, the 24 kids in its cast was the largest group of young Native American actors in Seattle. This play showed me a slice of my mother’s life that I never knew about, and 18 years later, it’s still very special to see play out. I’m especially impressed that such young actors can memorize 88 pages of dialogue.”
Fern Naomi Renville, one of the adult actors, explained that the students had started rehearsing in the last week of January, and made their theatrical debut at “Folk Life” on Memorial Day.
Tulalip Tribal Vice Chair Deborah Parker first encountered the Red Eagle Soaring Native Youth Theatre in 1989, when she was still a student at the University of Washington, and she passed around the drum to collect $279 in donations for the company from the audience, who gave even though it was a free show.
“I love to see our young people continuing to tell our stories,” Parker said. “I only hope we’ll see more youth here in the years to come. It’s good to learn your identity.” | <urn:uuid:7a5722bb-a8fc-45e7-93ae-159ca7f6853e> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.marysvilleglobe.com/entertainment/160558885.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115867507.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161107-00025-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976434 | 735 | 2.53125 | 3 |
UAB Medicine News
103 Million People Classified as Having High Blood Pressure Under New Guideline
An additional 31 million people are now classified as hypertensive, or having high blood pressure, according to a study that looks at the impact of the new American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association hypertension guideline. The guideline, released by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association in November, lowered the blood pressure levels used to define hypertension from 140/90 mm Hg to 130/80 mm Hg.
The study, led by Paul Muntner, Ph.D., professor of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, found that, under the new guideline, approximately 103.3 million people in the United States will be categorized as having high blood pressure. Muntner says the increase isn’t meant to scare people, but make people aware of the risks.
“The guideline represents a fundamental shift in treating high blood pressure,” Muntner said. “High blood pressure is not a disease, but rather a risk factor for heart disease, stroke and kidney disease that can be managed through lifestyle and medication.”
The guideline also changes the number of people who will be on blood-pressure-lowering medication. Out of the 31 million adults who will be newly diagnosed with hypertension under the new definition, only 4 million people will be recommended drug treatment.
“The big focus on this guideline is non-drug treatment,” Muntner said. “The majority of people who are newly diagnosed as having high blood pressure won’t be recommended medication. Instead, we recommend lifestyle changes such as weight loss if the patient is overweight, improving one’s diet and physical activity.”
Before the new guideline came out, approximately 79 million Americans were recommended medication to treat high blood pressure.
“While we estimate that many people will need a second or third blood-pressure-lowering medication to achieve the new blood pressure treatment goal, there are benefits in lowering the risk for a heart attack or stroke with achieving a lower blood pressure,” Muntner said.
The new guideline also places an emphasis on improving how to measure blood pressure.
“Clinicians need to make sure the equipment they use is validated,” Muntner added. “They also need to take the measurement after the participant rests for five minutes. The patient’s legs need to be uncrossed with their feet flat on the floor.”
Muntner says the final takeaway from the guidelines is a team-based approach to care. The guideline recommends having the doctor involved with the patient’s treatment, and includes others such as a pharmacist and a nutritionist.
The study, Potential U.S. Population Impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association High Blood Pressure Guideline, was published in Circulation and the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
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Former Resident Donates Agam to Callahan Eye Hospital Clinics | <urn:uuid:3380289b-c389-4b36-96a5-f884afaf559e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.uabmedicine.org/-/103-million-people-classified-as-having-high-blood-pressure-under-new-guideline?inheritRedirect=true&redirect=%2Fpatient-care%2Fconditions%2Fcoronary-heart-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153391.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727103626-20210727133626-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.917276 | 811 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Pluralism in the Middle Ages
Hybrid Identities, Conversion, and Mixed Marriages in Medieval Iberia
Routledge – 2012 – 218 pages
The challenges of cultural and religious diversity that face European and American societies today are not a new phenomenon. People in the Middle Ages lived in pluralistic societies, and they found highly interesting ways of dealing with religious and cultural diversity. While religious and political authorities commanded people to stick to their kind, some people explored the borderland between religious identities. In medieval Iberia, Christians and Muslims challenged the legal authorities’ prohibitions against crossing religious and cultural boundaries when they engaged in mixed marriages between Muslims and Christians or converted from one religion to the other. By examining the topics of conversion and mixed marriages in legal texts of Muslim and Christian origin, Pluralism in the Middle Ages explores the construction of boundaries as well as the reasons explaining such constructions. It demonstrates that the religious and social boundaries were not static, nor were they similarly defined by Islamic and Christian medieval cultures. Moreover, the book argues that Muslims and Christians in medieval Iberia did not constitute clearly separated groups, since various categories of people haunted the boundaries between them: false converts employing taqiya strategy (taking on an outward Christian identity while practicing Islam in secret), those engaged in mixed marriages or interreligious sexual relations (and their children), and converts, whose conversion may be perceived as sincere or insincere, total or partial.
Introduction. Culture Contact in Medieval Iberia 1. Conversion and Apostasy in Al-Andalus and Christian Spain 2. Conversion, Childhood, and Gender 3. Conversion and Concealment 4. Mixed Marriages in Islamic and Christian Laws 5. Concubines, Slaves and Illicit Interfaith Relationships 6. Reasons Explaining the Ban on Mixed Unions Conclusion: Hybrid Identities
Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo. She has published articles about Muslim-Christian encounters in medieval Iberia and beyond. Currently she is working on an interdisciplinary project about the hammam and the significance of the senses in cross cultural contexts. | <urn:uuid:685d11c7-0732-426a-9cc7-2a3650f055ef> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780415881319/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246635639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045715-00210-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92392 | 441 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The engine is like a steam engine in that all of the. Engine's heat flows in and out through the engine wall. How the stirling engine works?This is traditionally known as an external combustion engine in contrast to an internal combustion engine where the heat input is by. Combustion of a fuel within the body of the working fluid. Unlike the steam engine's use of water in both its liquid and gaseous phases as the. Fluid, the Stirling engine encloses a fixed quantity of permanently gaseous fluid such as air or helium. As in all heat engines, the general cycle. Consists of compressing cool gas, heating the gas, expanding the hot gas, and finally cooling the gas before repeating the cycle. Due to the heavy weight this engine is, its output power CAN NOT smoothly drive the Wheel-feet moving freely; instead, it "run on the ground" is not very smoothly, it is more concentrated on its "static-performance" for presentation show. In generally, it was just. In some case a couple of days may delay which is subject to your local custom-clearance process. On the heating tube, this does not means a used item, if you have concern on this issue, please skip off this item, thank you for understanding! Due to the situation that each engine are manually made piece by piece. In some case when calibration /upgrading need, the engine may come with small difference on mechanical/outlook/materials with the picture post here (but absolutely it is a very small limited difference). If you have concerns on this issue, please skip off this engine, thank you for understanding!
That may incur in your country, when incur, it would be at your own responsibility to take care of. Good for gift presentation as well! Full stainless Steel made of! Ready to run, easy to play.
Engine Dimension(mm) : 250(L) x 250(W) x 90(H). 1 x Fully Assembled Engine Unit. The item "Hot Air Stirling Engine Model Toy Micro Aircraft Engine Motor Air Plane Engine" is in sale since Thursday, July 14, 2016. This item is in the category "Toys & Hobbies\Models & Kits\Tools, Supplies & Engines". The seller is "coptel_technology" and is located in Shen Zhen.
This item can be shipped worldwide. | <urn:uuid:7df865aa-414e-4ae5-b696-394a49090aa9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://enginemotormodel.com/hot_air_stirling_engine_model_toy_micro_aircraft_engine_motor_air_plane_engine.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316150.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821174152-20190821200152-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.937361 | 491 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: Cases of Lume and Siraro districts
MetadataShow full item record
Amenu, K., Markemann, A., Roessler, R., Siegmund-Schultze, M., Abebe, G. and Zárate, A.V. 2013. Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: Cases of Lume and Siraro districts. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45(7): 1539-1548
Permanent link to cite or share this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/33293
Compared to the total water use in livestock production systems, water for livestock drinking is small in amount but is an important requirement for health and productivity of animals. This study was carried out to assess constraints and challenges of meeting drinking water requirements of livestock in rural mixed smallholder crop–livestock farming districts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley area. Data was collected by individual interviews with randomly selected respondents and farmer group discussions. Farmers ranked feed and water scarcity as the two most important constraints for livestock husbandry, although the ranking order differed between districts and villages. Poor quality water was a concern for the communities in proximity to urban settlements or industrial establishments. Water provision for livestock was challenging during the dry season, since alternative water sources dried up or were polluted. Though rainwater harvesting by dugout constructions was practiced to cope with water scarcity, farmers indicated that mismanagement of the harvested water was posing health risks on both livestock and people. A sustainable water provision for livestock in the area, thus, depends on use of different water sources (intermittent or perennial) that should be properly managed. Industrial establishments should adopt an environment-friendly production to minimize pollution of water resources used for livestock consumption. Technical support to farmers is required in proper design and use of existing rainwater harvesting systems. Further investigations are recommended on effect of poor quality water (perceived by farmers) on performance of livestock.
This is an output of the Safe Food, Fair Food project. | <urn:uuid:3ab331f1-eb25-4e32-9de8-6a9c3f14dd55> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/33293 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201996.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319143502-20190319165502-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.920601 | 425 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An Educational platform for Preparation and Practice Class 8. Kidsfront provide unique pattern of learning English with free online comprehensive study material in the form of QUESTION & ANSWER for each Chapter of English for Class 8. This study material help Class 8, English students in learning every aspect of Idioms. Students can understand Idioms concept easily and consolidate their learning by doing Online Practice Tests on English,Idioms chapter repeatedly till they excel in Class 8, Idioms. Free ONLINE PRACTICE TESTS on Class 8, Idioms comprise of Hundreds of Questions on Idioms, prepared by the highly professionals team. Every repeat test of Idioms will have new set of questions and help students to prepare themselves for exams by doing unlimited Online Test exercise on Idioms. Attempt ONLINE TEST on Class 8,English,Idioms in Academics section after completing this Idioms Question Answer Exercise. | <urn:uuid:aa21ef1e-fffd-42d1-9ac6-be81721c65f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kidsfront.com/academics/study-material/Class+8-English-Idioms-p0.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572174.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815115129-20220815145129-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.86691 | 194 | 2.96875 | 3 |
By Fred Anderson
Published: January 7, 2001
TREATY OF CANANDAIGUA 1794
200 Years of Treaty Relations Between
the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States.
Edited by G. Peter Jemison and Anna M. Schein.
Illustrated. 333 pp. Santa Fe, N.M.:
Clear Light Publishers. Paper, $14.95.
Indian land-claims cases in the federal courts typically generate substantial news coverage but little real understanding. Everybody knows that native peoples were dispossessed of lands by means that included coercion, violence, theft and fraud. And no one doubts that when courts order millions of dollars paid to Indian tribes, they compensate the descendants of Indians long dead for the misdeeds of equally long-dead whites. But many Americans find that curious. Slavery, after all, was also wrong, yet courts haven't ordered that African-Americans be compensated for their ancestors' sufferings.
The legal reason is simple enough. Long ago, the United States government dealt with Indian nations not as wards but as equals, maintaining diplomatic relations with them by treaty agreements. Since treaties represent contracts between nations, modern tribes presumably retain the right to insist that the government perform its obligations, or pay damages if it does not. The larger context to this straightforward legal relationship is, however, much more complicated.
Anyone interested in the legal and historical issues at stake in current Indian land-claims cases would do well to start with ''Treaty of Canandaigua 1794,'' edited by G. Peter Jemison and Anna M. Schein. (Jemison is a Heron clan member of the Seneca Nation and the manager of Ganondagan State Historic Site; Schein is the university librarian of the West Virginia University libraries.) Reading their book takes perseverance, though, for this is not a conventional history but an assemblage of ceremonial recitations, speeches, photographs, scholarly essays and 18th-century documents, all of which emerged from a bicentennial commemoration of the Treaty of Canandaigua, on Nov. 11-12, 1994. In place of a narrative, this volume offers a mosaic of tradition, religion, scholarship, polemic, law and history that tends to dissolve conventional distinctions between past and present and invites readers to contemplate what Indian treaties mean.
The 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua was the first diplomatic agreement executed by the United States under its new Constitution. It was by no means the first treaty negotiated by the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois League, an ancient confederacy of six nations (the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks and Tuscaroras). Iroquois spokesmen at Canandaigua were more experienced negotiators than the United States' envoy, Secretary of War Timothy Pickering, and the heirs of a far richer diplomatic tradition. Two centuries earlier, their ancestors had negotiated a treaty with the Dutch, recording its provisions in the Guswenta, or Two Row Wampum Belt. The principles embodied in that sacred object created the basis of subsequent Iroquois relations with Dutch, French, British and American colonizers.
The documents included in the appendix testify to the Iroquois's bargaining acumen. Unrepresented at the peace negotiations that ended the Revolutionary War in 1783, they found themselves, over the following decade, neglected by the British, pursued by American land speculators, invaded by squatters and besieged by the governments of New York and Pennsylvania.
Yet at Canandaigua, Iroquois diplomats induced the United States to recognize the League's sovereignty over tribal territories, define the bounds of its landholdings in New York expansively, provide a $10,000 payment, promise annual delivery of $4,500 in trade goods as tokens of a perpetual alliance and affirm that only the federal government could negotiate for future land sales. In return the Haudenosaunee promised peace with the United States, surrendered all claims to land outside New York and agreed that American citizens could pass freely through their territories. In short, the League walked away with a terrific deal.
Why did Pickering offer such terms? In part it was because the government needed Iroquois cooperation. Since the 1780's Indians farther west had thwarted American expansion militarily. Three years earlier, warriors of the Miami tribe under Little Turtle had handed the Army the worst defeat it would ever suffer at Indian hands, killing far more soldiers than would die a century later at the Little Bighorn. Meanwhile, Britain maintained forts in the United States' Northwest Territory; an armed taxpayers' revolt, the Whiskey Rebellion, was in progress in western Pennsylvania; foreign trade was suffering severely at the hands of the British and the Spanish; and the treasury was sliding headlong into insolvency.
But weakness alone does not explain the treaty. Washington and his fellow Federalists, who essentially conceived of themselves as a ruling class, believed that the national government could -- and should -- protect minorities' rights. Most important, they were willing to stipulate the sovereignty of native peoples, and deal with them as honorably as they would any foreign power.
In the two centuries following the Canandaigua treaty, the Indian policy of the federal government changed dramatically. The willingness to negotiate with native groups as diplomatic equals waned, and was finally ended by Congressional action in 1871. Although the United States still delivers cloth worth $4,500 annually to the Iroquois, courts and presidents have never paid significant attention to protecting Iroquois lands from encroachments. As a consequence, the Haudenosaunee have lost most of their lands to fraud and irregular sales.
This book presents a brief for the Iroquois understanding of their confederacy as a sovereign nation, not a ward of the United States. The Haudenosaunee maintain this position by refusing American citizenship, insisting on self-government according to traditional forms and issuing their own passports. Above all, they cling to the Canandaigua treaty.
The academic essays in this volume make plausible arguments for the continuing legal validity of the agreement. But in the end it is the faith -- invoked in the speeches of the confederacy's chiefs -- that the treaty represents a moral obligation as real today as it was two centuries ago that carries the greatest weight. Will the United States fulfill its promises and make reparations for its failure to abide by the terms of the treaty? Time, and the courts, will tell. Meanwhile, the Haudenosaunee wait. | <urn:uuid:3767dc98-642a-4ce7-a542-bb2392986a1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E2DF1F38F934A35752C0A9679C8B63&fta=y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661155.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00186-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954409 | 1,347 | 3.53125 | 4 |
First aeronautical messaging gateway between Europe and Africa
"If something works, don't touch it" or "experiments... better with soda" are two colloquially used expressions that perfectly define one of the basic rules in aeronautical communications. Only in this way can it be understood that at a time when we can watch a football match on our mobile phone in real time while travelling by underground, some of the information needed for air traffic management still uses a communications protocol based on the teletype technology that we once used to see in black and white films. The AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) is the name of this protocol, standardized by the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) to share aeronautical data enabling a wide range of processes; without this network, it would otherwise be impossible to travel by air as we do today, where incidents in air navigation systems, flight plan validation, meteorological information dissemination, etc.. are all reported.
It may be easier to understand how this technological dinosaur has survived to this day and age if we consider that in order to guarantee global aeronautical system interoperability, these standards are applicable to virtually every country in the world. To take one example, systems in a country like the United States, with a 20,000 billion dollar GDP and almost a billion air passengers a year, must be compatible with those in the Central African Republic, with a two billion GDP and only a few tens of thousands of passengers. These are therefore minimum standards, provided that they work and fulfil their purpose, of course.
But just because something works doesn't mean it can't function any better. That is where initiatives to improve such standards come into play, and where technological state of the art differences implemented in different air navigation service providers are made evident.
The ICAO has opted for the AMHS (Aeronautical Message Handling System) standard, thus replacing the traditional AFTN so as to offer better output in handling both the amount and functionality of message-related data. It is comparable to something like the evolution of SMS messages into WhatsApp messages. More precisely, we can compare the AMHS system with the e-mail system, which is already part of our lives and allows us to share a wide range of information beyond just the simple message.
At the end of the 1990s, ENAIRE began to lead the field of aeronautical communications, still in progress to this day and which has led, among other things, to active participation in various international work groups in order to deploy the AMHS protocol in Europe. The first link of this type, operating between Madrid and Frankfurt since February 2005, was the successful culmination of the effort made.
On the other hand, the particular geographical location of Spain and the fact that part of its airspace (the Canary Islands) lies outside the European aeronautical zone, force ENAIRE to focus on Africa and the Southern Atlantic corridor too, whose countries' economies, technologically speaking, impair them from keeping up to date. Therefore, ENAIRE’s systems must allow the coexistence of both worlds, ensuring their interoperability through gateways supported by the message switching system responsible for this type of communications: the CRAMI (Spanish acronym for Automatic Integrated Message Retransmission Center). As a result of the work led by ENAIRE in this field, the AMHS link between Madrid and Casablanca has been operating since the night of 24 May and is another important milestone in the world of aeronautical communications, as it is the first gateway of its kind between the aeronautical regions of Europe and Africa (EUR and AFI, respectively).
When talking about the strengths of the CRAMI, it is also important to mention its integration in the SWIM (System Wide Information Management) environment, a ground breaking European project currently under way to handle aeronautical information for the Single European Sky. In this environment, traditional communication based on messages will be replaced by processing information items, this being a technological qualitative leap forward in which ENAIRE, once again, is at the forefront.
Finally, it is only fair to remember the medium that allows data transfer from one place to another and enables such information to be exchanged: ENAIRE’s air navigation data network (or REDAN from its Spanish acronym), showcased at the latest World ATM Congress (WAC 2018) exhibition by the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JZN5_YDJmo. This is also a ground-breaking network of its kind, but that will be the subject of another post. | <urn:uuid:8e4b66e4-e51e-4684-b819-377d46e1ad9b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://enaire.es/en_GB/2018_08_16/blog_amhs_mensajeria_gb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529006.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210205200-20191210233200-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.931901 | 943 | 2.59375 | 3 |
On June 5, 1972, the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment opened in Stockholm, Sweden. It is widely recognized as the beginning of modern political and public awareness of global environmental problems.
World Environment Day, launched by the conference, has been celebrated on June 5 each year since 1973. This year's theme is "'Small Islands and Climate Change." The official slogan is "Raise Your Voice Not The Sea Level."
The Stockholm conference adopted a Declaration on the Human Environment, the first document in international environmental law to recognize the right to a healthy environment. The declaration sets forth "common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment."
It connects environmental issues with the needs of developing nations and the need to protect human rights, including freedom from colonialism, apartheid and nuclear weapons.
The conference was attended by representatives of 113 countries, 19 inter-governmental agencies, and more than 400 inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations.
It "represented a first taking stock of the global human impact on the environment, an attempt at forging a basic common outlook on how to address the challenge of preserving and enhancing the human environment," says Gunther Handl, Tulane University public international law.
After Stockholm, there was a dramatic increase in global awareness of environmental issues and in adoption of environmental laws.
The 1972 conference led to international efforts to address climate change such as the 1997 Kyoto Treaty and a succession of world meetings that are still struggling to reach consensus on actions to reduce global warming.
Photo: Keith Johnson, from Jamaica, left, chairman of the preparatory committee for the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, UN Secretary-General U Thant, center, and Maurice Strong, right, secretary-general of the conference, with a design for the official conference poster, at UN headquarters in New York, Sept. 15, 1971. UN/Teddy Chen | <urn:uuid:854b02c8-add3-46c1-9e9d-fed9d82abaa6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://peoplesworld.org/today-in-history-stockholm-meet-launches-global-environmental-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430455230916.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501044030-00047-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927173 | 388 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Conventional wisdom says that lightning rods are placed on buildings in order to attract lightning during a storm, but how about looking at things from a different perspective? Lightning Suppression Systems’ PDCE lightning rods will do the opposite instead – being placed right up there on top of buildings in order to prevent lightning strikes. How does it work? Well, standard lightning rods function by collecting the ground charge, discharging between the ground and the thundercloud. As for the PDCE lightning rods, those will prevent the ground charge from coming up to meet the lightning, hence preventing the lightning from striking within the area around the device. I guess Storm of the X-Men has no part in this.
The height where the PDCE lightning rod is mounted will also affect the area of coverage. For instance, if the device is mounted at a height of 1, lightning will not strike inside a cone with a radius of 5. Should the device be connected to the top of a concrete telephone pole, at approximately 20 meters, lightning will not strike within a radius of 100m, now how about that? These will not come cheap though, being priced anywhere from $25,000 and $37,500. | <urn:uuid:52d7786e-6630-4b73-8ac0-9365c185aa07> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/05/lightning-rods-that-repel-lightning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051165777.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005245-00238-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937775 | 241 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper, body or main discussion area of paper, in which you:
- Compare health systems of various countries.
- Describe approaches to connecting public health and the health care system.
- Describe lessons learned from past issues.
- Identify future trends in public health.
Include at least 3 references.
Format your summary according to APA guidelines.Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations. See grading rubric for additional guidance. | <urn:uuid:9f26df2f-1d44-4756-b38f-7688d32d8604> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://eliteacademicresearch.com/hcs-457-week-5-the-big-picture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.874376 | 107 | 2.734375 | 3 |
THE most ancient evidence of human presence in a cave has been uncovered in southwestern France. Last week the French culture ministry announced the discovery of a partially burnt bear bone in the "Bruniquel" cave in Tarn-et-Garonne. Carbon-14 dating put the age of the radius bone at 47 600 years, some 15 000 years older than all other traces of humans in caves that have been dated.
The huge cave's walls are covered with bear claw marks. In the middle of one large room is a collection of broken stalagmites and stalactites built up into a squarish structure which researchers say was made by humans, although they do not yet know its purpose. The fragment of bear bone was found among the debris.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:36bec647-2496-487a-b7d5-ea1c639ca724> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14920142.200-cave-find.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928586.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00025-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964616 | 181 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Carpathia, in full Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Carpathia, British passenger liner that was best known for rescuing survivors from the ship Titanic in 1912. The Carpathia was in service from 1903 to 1918, when it was sunk by a German U-boat.
The Carpathia was built by Swan and Hunter for the Cunard Line. Construction of the vessel began on September 10, 1901, with the laying of the keel. Following completion of the hull and main superstructure, the ship was launched on August 6, 1902. When finished the next year, the ship measured 558 feet (170 metres) in length and had a gross tonnage of more than 13,500. It could carry approximately 1,700 passengers. On May 5, 1903, the Carpathia embarked on its maiden voyage, sailing from Liverpool, England, to New York City. Although not as opulent as other passenger liners—it initially had no first-class accommodations—the ship became popular with both tourists and emigrants. During the summer season the Carpathia operated mainly between Liverpool and New York City, and in the winter it traveled from New York City to Trieste, Italy, and Fiume, Austria-Hungary (now Rijeka, Croatia). In 1905 the Carpathia underwent major renovations, increasing its capacity to 2,550 passengers and creating accommodations for first-class travelers. Several years later its service was largely limited to voyages between New York and Mediterranean cities.
On April 11, 1912, the Carpathia departed from New York City for Fiume, carrying some 740 passengers. On April 15 at approximately 12:20 am, the ship received a distress call from the Titanic, which had struck an iceberg and was sinking. Capt. Arthur Henry Rostron ordered the Carpathia to the Titanic’s position, which was about 58 miles (107 km) away, and began preparing the ship for any survivors. Despite the presence of icebergs, the ship traveled at top speed (some 17 knots), arriving at approximately 3:30 am. The Titanic had sunk more than an hour earlier, but the Carpathia rescued 705 people in lifeboats. The ship returned to New York City on April 18. The actions of Rostron and the Carpathia’s crew were credited with preventing further loss of life, and Rostron was awarded a U.S. Congressional Gold Medal.
During World War I the Carpathia transported Allied troops and supplies. On July 17, 1918, it was part of a convoy traveling from Liverpool to Boston. Off the southern coast of Ireland, the ship was struck by three torpedoes from a German U-boat and sank. Five people were killed; the rest of the passengers and crew were rescued by the HMS Snowdrop.
In 1999 the wreck of the Carpathia was discovered intact and lying upright at a depth of more than 500 feet (152 metres). | <urn:uuid:03324225-c73a-46e9-a38e-e3c2d203ede7> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpathia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661778.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00181-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980602 | 606 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Great River Bluffs State Park
Great River Bluffs State Park Minnesota State Park Country United States State Minnesota County Winona Location Winona - elevation 1,270 ft (387 m) - coordinates Area 3,067 acres (1,241 ha) Founded 1971 Management Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Great River Bluffs State Park is a 3,067-acre (1,241 ha) state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Mississippi River southeast of Winona. Originally known as O. L. Kipp State Park, it was renamed in the late 1990s to describe better its resources. The park preserves steep-sided bluffs rising 500 feet (150 m) above the river and the narrow valleys between them, which support rare and fragile plant communities. Two of the bluffs have received further protection as King's and Queen's Bluff State Natural Area.
The region lies on sedimentary rock layers deposited on the floor of a shallow sea 500 million years ago. The lower, older layer is sandstone overlain by more recent dolomite rock. Much later a deep channel was carved into this stone by the ancient Mississippi River, which 10,000 years ago was greatly swollen from the melting glaciers to the north. The softer sandstone was eroded more easily, undercutting the dolomite on both banks of the river. The dolomite fractured off along vertical joints, leaving sheer rock faces still visible today. Side streams flowing into the Mississippi cut gullies into the river banks, creating a series of bluffs capped with erosion-resistant dolomite. Located in the Driftless Region of southeast Minnesota, the area was missed by the most recent Wisconsonian glaciation, and therefore is a region of deep river valleys dissecting the upland plains.
In the 1960s a state park was envisioned on the Mississippi river bluffs in the proximity of a highway bridge which carried many westbound travelers into Minnesota. Legislation authorizing a 1,350-acre (546 ha) park was passed in 1963. The layout was a long, narrow strip along the blufftops between La Crescent and Dresbach, sandwiched between U.S. Route 61 at the foot of the bluffs and a county road atop them. To befit a roadside park, the state highway department was asked to provide a name. They suggested O. L. Kipp State Park after Orin Lansing Kipp, who had worked for them from 1916 to 1955 and helped establish the Minnesota state highway system. However when the state contacted the current private owners of the designated land, they proved unwilling to sell their river views, and none of the property was ever acquired.
However an alternative property to the north appeared which was both better shaped and already owned by the state. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' Division of Forestry had been buying up lots in the region since 1962 for what was to become the Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest. Legislation in 1971 transferred 1,073 acres (434 ha) from the forestry division to the parks division, and O. L. Kipp State Park finally came into being. Development of the modest recreational facilities was slow, and the park officially opened to the public in 1976.
Flora and fauna
European settlers had cleared much of the land for farming, but this led to significant erosion on the steep slopes. The state forestry division had been planting nonnative as well as native trees to curtail the erosion and produce harvestable timber. Under the Division of Parks and Recreation, the plantations of nonnatives like red pine went against the policy of restoring a natural habitat. As a compromise, the nonnative trees are being harvested as they reach maturity and are being replaced with more appropriate vegetation.
High up on the sides of several bluffs are rare habitats called goat prairies by locals, because they are so steep it would seem only goats could graze on them. These patches of prairie grow only on slopes between 40 and 50 degrees which face south to southwest. This orientation catches prodigious amounts of sunlight, which in winter means the ground thaws daily and freezes nightly, retarding the establishment of any woody plants.
The park also contains an isolated stand of northern white cedar on Queen's Bluff, well south of its normal distribution. It arose during glacial periods and survived the subsequent warming of the local climate.
Development in the park was limited by the steep terrain and fragile habitats. Thus the roads and trails snake along the ridgetops and are fairly level despite the varied topography. The King's Bluff Nature Trail leads out onto King's Bluff (although the far tip is still privately owned). Other short trails lead out to viewpoints, some of the Mississippi River and Wisconsin shore, and some to goat prairies overlooking a narrow valley. Queen's Bluff and certain other areas of the park are off-limits except for research, due to the rare plants and treacherous slopes (in 1976 an early visitor fell to her death from Queen's Bluff). There is a picnic area whose tables are screened from each other by trees. The campground features 31 sites and a restroom with showers and flush toilets. The separate group camp can host up to 80 tenters. There is also a 5-site campground at the base of the bluffs for bicyclists traveling the Great River Road.
- Meyer, Roy W. Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks. Minnesota Historical Society Press: St. Paul, 1991.
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Great River Bluffs State Park signage, brochures, and website.
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Great River Bluffs State Park — Parc d État de Great River Bluffs Le Parc d État de Great River Bluffs (en anglais : Great River Bluffs State Park) est une réserve naturelle située dans l état du Minnesota, aux États Unis. Voir aussi Liens internes Liste des parcs d État… … Wikipédia en Français
Parc d'État de Great River Bluffs — Catégorie UICN V (paysage terrestre/marin protégé) Pays … Wikipédia en Français
Parc d'Etat de Great River Bluffs — Parc d État de Great River Bluffs Le Parc d État de Great River Bluffs (en anglais : Great River Bluffs State Park) est une réserve naturelle située dans l état du Minnesota, aux États Unis. Voir aussi Liens internes Liste des parcs d État… … Wikipédia en Français
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Mille Lacs Kathio State Park — Kathio Site U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:f80f9733-6c30-4fa5-be35-aed3ab99fd81> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/917464 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.884848 | 1,719 | 2.75 | 3 |
A potential precision medicine approach for treating vision loss
Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) and University of Iowa scientists have used a new gene-editing technology called CRISPR to repair a genetic mutation responsible for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited condition that causes the retina to degrade and leads to blindness in at least 1.5 million cases worldwide.
The study was published in Scientific Reports, and marks the first time researchers have replaced a defective gene associated with a sensory disease in stem cells that were derived from a patient’s tissue.
“Our vision is to develop a personalized approach to treating eye disease,” says Stephen Tsang, MD, PhD, the László Z. Bitó Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and associate professor of Pathology & Cell Biology at CUMC, ophthalmologist at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia, and one of the study’s senior authors. “We still have some way to go, but we believe that the first therapeutic use of CRISPR will be to treat an eye disease. Here we have demonstrated that the initial steps are feasible.”
In the study, the researchers created stem cells from a sample of skin that was taken from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. As the patient-derived stem cells still harbored the disease-causing mutation, the teams used CRISPR to repair the defective gene. The stem cells can potentially be transformed into healthy retinal cells and transplanted back into the same patient to treat vision loss.
“The X-linked form of retinitis pigmentosa is an ideal candidate for a precision medicine approach because a common mutation accounts for 90% cases,” Tsang explains. Using CRISPR —which is easily adaptable to diverse sequences of DNA, and allows for fast and accurate editing —scientists can take a patient’s own cells and make pinpoint repairs specific to that individual’s genome.
Because the corrections are made in cells derived from the patient’s own tissue, doctors can re-transplant the cells with fewer fears of rejection by the immune system. Previous clinical trials have shown that generating retinal cells from embryonic stem cells and using them for transplantation is a safe and potentially effective procedure.
In this paper, the researchers targeted one of the most common variants of retinitis pigmentosa, which is caused by a single mistake in a gene called RGPR. The composition of RGPR—which contains many repeats and tight-binding nucleotide pairs—make it a difficult gene to edit. The researchers say that preliminary success with RGPR is therefore promising for treating other forms of the condition caused by mutations in other genes.
The current treatment for retinitis pigmentosa recommended by the National Institutes of Health—consuming high doses of vitamin A—slows down vision loss but does not cure the disease.
Other types of gene therapies for are currently undergoing clinical trials. Unlike CRISPR-based methods, these therapies introduce stretches of DNA that supplement some of the activity of the defective gene, but do not directly correct the original mutation. Follow-up studies have shown that any gains in vision from these gene supplementation therapies wane over time.
A CRISPR-driven precision medicine approach to treating retinitis pigmentosa may improve upon current therapies and restore a patient’s vision because CRISPR, with its pinpoint accuracy, can correct the fundamental genetic defect responsible for the disease. However, CRISPR technology has not yet been approved for use in humans.
The Latest on: Retinitis pigmentosa
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The Latest on: Retinitis pigmentosa
- BRITISH SCIENTISTS’ AMAZING ‘STEM CELL CURE’ FOR BLINDNESS on April 12, 2019 at 5:00 pm
There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited condition that slowly constricts vision, but a British firm has reported early success with a revolutionary procedure that helps to repair a ... […]
- AGTC Announces Reaching Enrollment Milestones in Phase 1/2 Clinical Trials on April 8, 2019 at 4:08 am
The company also completed enrollment in the expansion group, which includes pediatric patients, of its product candidate (rAAV2tYF-GRK1-RPGR) for the treatment of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) ... […]
- Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Market - Thoughtful Insights, Facts, Historical Data, and Statistical Support 2017-2025 on March 26, 2019 at 9:27 pm
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), an inherited retinal condition causing retinal degeneration and visual field loss, is a rare disease. Its initial symptoms are reduced night vision and loss of peripheral ... […]
- WHAT’S UP DOC? No effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa on March 12, 2019 at 4:24 am
Q: Retinitis pigmentosa runs in my fiancé’s family. Should he get tested before we have kids? A: Light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused onto the retina (which acts like the "movie ... […]
- Carl Arredondo. longtime WWL-TV meteorologist, stepping down due to retinitis pigmentosa on February 21, 2019 at 4:46 pm
Carl Arrendondo, WWL-TV's chief meteorologist and a fixture on the Louisiana weather forecast scene for 28 years, will retire March 1 due to vision problems, the station announced this afternoon. ... […]
- Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Market – Insights on Trending Need 2025 on February 20, 2019 at 2:57 am
Retinitis pigmentosa, in which patients usually lose night vision in teenage years, side vision in middle age, and central vision in later life because of steady loss of cone photoreceptor cells and ... […]
- What causes retinitis pigmentosa? on February 7, 2019 at 4:00 pm
More than 60 different genes can cause the different forms of retinis pigmentosa. Parents can pass the problem genes on to their children in three different ways: Autosomal recessive retinitis ... […]
- What Is Retinitis Pigmentosa? on February 7, 2019 at 4:00 pm
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a term for a group of eye diseases that can lead to loss of sight. What they have in common is a coloring your doctor sees when he looks at your retina -- a bundle of ... […]
- Untapped Medical Needs to Drive Retinitis Pigmentosa Market towards Growth – Finds TMR Research on February 4, 2019 at 10:21 pm
Retinitis pigmentosa is a medical condition inherited, which causes retinal degeneration. Since there are no treatments available for curing retinitis pigmentosa, they are much awaited and a great ... […]
- Carolyn Marshall Covington: Triangle woman serves as role model for Black History Month on February 1, 2019 at 3:47 pm
5 things to know: She is a veteran of the beauty industry. She was diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa, an incurable condition that eventually causes blindness. She was inspired to create Insightful ... […]
via Bing News | <urn:uuid:d68e4dbe-76ab-4b12-b97d-919fa972e98f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.innovationtoronto.com/2016/01/crispr-used-to-repair-blindness-causing-genetic-defect-in-patient-derived-stem-cells-retinitis-pigmentosa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578721468.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425134058-20190425160058-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.923705 | 1,514 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Cryoglobulinemia is the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood. These abnormal proteins become thick or gel-like in cold temperatures.
Cryoglobulins are antibodies. It is not yet known why they become solid at low temperatures. When they do thicken or become somewhat gel-like, they can block blood vessels throughout the body. This may lead to complications ranging from skin rashes to kidney failure.
Cryoglobulinemia is part of a group of diseases that cause vasculitis -- damage and inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body. The disorder is grouped into three main types, depending on the type of antibody that is produced:
Types II and III are also referred to as mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Type I cryoglobulinemia is most often related to cancer of the blood or immune systems.
Types II and III are most often found in people who have a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory condition, such as an autoimmune disease or hepatitis C. Most patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia have a chronic hepatitis C infection.
Other conditions that may be related to cryoglobulinemia include:
Symptoms vary depending on the type of cryoglobulinemia and the organs that are affected. In general, symptoms may include:
The doctor will perform a physical exam. There may be signs of liver and spleen swelling.
Tests for cryoglobulinemia include:
Other tests may include:
Treatment of mild or moderate cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause. Treating the cause will often treat the cryoglobulinemia.
Mild cases can be treated by avoiding cold temperatures.
Standard hepatitis C treatments usually work for patients who have hepatitis C and mild or moderate cryoglobulinemia. However, the condition can return when treatment stops.
Severe cryoglobulinemia (involves vital organs or large areas of skin) is treated with corticosteroids and other medications that suppress the immune system.
Treatment may also involve plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is a procedure in which blood plasma is removed from the circulation and replaced by fluid, protein, or donated plasma.
Cryoglobulinemia is not usually deadly. However, if the kidneys are affected, the outlook is poor.
Call your health care provider if:
There is no known prevention. Avoiding exposure to cold temperatures may prevent some symptoms.
Because so many cases of mixed cryoglobulinemia are associated with hepatitis C, prevention of hepatitis C infection may reduce your risk of cryoglobulinemia.
Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004:1193.
Rakel P, ed. Conn’s Current Therapy 2006. 58th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2006:980, 1164.
Harris ED, Budd RC, Genovese MC, Firestein GS, Sargent JS, Sledge CB. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2005:1392-1393. | <urn:uuid:9ba61f28-dd17-4902-af4f-9ea819cc976a> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.northside.com/HealthLibrary/Default.asp?Path=HIE+Multimedia%5C1%5C000540.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775083.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00101-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899524 | 673 | 3.625 | 4 |
From The Broken Tusk by Uma Krishnaswami (Atlanta, GA: August House Publishers Inc.). Used by permission of the publishers.
Hard times starve people's spirits, as well as their bodies.
(Play all instruments.)
So it was once, when the Buddha lived and famine struck the land. The rains failed, and the heat of the sun withered the harvest in the field. All around, the cries of pain and hunger could be heard. (sticks)
In the midst of this misery, some people (all instruments) grew greedy and selfish. The Buddha's followers came to him, bringing stories of sadness and shame.
"One merchant (tambourine) in town stabbed another," said one, "and all for a bag of grain."
"I heard of someone (tambourine) who sold their last goat to buy some flour. On they way home they were attacked by robbers, and the flour was stolen," said another.
"Saddest of all, Lord Buddha," said a third, "are the stories of children (triangle) dying of hunger on the poor side of town, because the wealthy have hoarded all the grain and milk and sugar."
"Call all the people together," said the Buddha (drum). "Let us see what we can do to help." (all instruments)
So the Buddha's followers called a big meeting.
Hundreds of people came. (all instruments) Rich and poor, well fed and starving—out of respect for the Buddha, they came to hear his words.
The Buddha (drum) said, "Citizens of this fair land, surely there is enough food in the storehouses of the wealthy to feed everyone. If the rich share what they have in the lean season, then you will all survive to enjoy the benefits of the next good harvest."
The poor and the hungry looked hopeful at the Buddha's words, but the rich people grumbled.
"My granary is empty," lied one. (tambourine)
"The poor are lazy. Let them work for me; then they can use the money to buy the food I have stored," said another. (tambourine)
"There are too many poor people," said a third. "Let them go somewhere else." (tambourine)
The Buddha sighed (drum) when his eye fell upon the people with hearts of stone. "Is there no one here," he asked finally, "who will take on the job of helping to feed the poor and homeless in these hard times?"
There was silence. Then a small voice piped up, "I will, Lord Buddha." (finger cymbals)
Out of the crowd stepped a child, no more than 6 or 7 years old--a merchant's child, dressed in fine silk.
"My name is Supriya," said the child, "and I have a bowl to fill with food for the hungry. When can I begin?" (finger cymbals)
The Buddha smiled. (drum) "Small child," he said, "your heart is filled with love, but how will you do this alone?"
Supriya replied, "Not alone, Lord Buddha, but with your help. I'll take this bowl from house to house and ask for food for the poor. I will not be refused. I know it." (drum and finger cymbals)
Looking at the child, with earnest face and shining eyes, even the most selfish among those present grew ashamed.
"I have a little grain in my storehouse," mumbled one. (tambourine)
"I have some pickled mango from summer's harvest," said another. (tambourine)
"My father was poor once. I'm ashamed to have forgotten," muttered a third. (tambourine)
Then Supriya took the bowl, and went every day from house to house in the rich part of town. Wherever Supriya went, little by little, the bowl got filled. (finger cymbals)
Sometimes an old grandmother would fill it with rice. (tambourine) Sometimes children would give up their sweets for the day. (triangle) Often, others would join Supriya with their bowls and help take the food to the people who needed it. (finger cymbals and tambourine)
And sometimes, it is said, when Supriya was tired of walking, the young child would rest in the shade of the banyan tree. Supriya would awake to find the bowl had magically filled itself.
"Now," said Supriya, "the hungry will eat, and the people of this town will take care of each other." And so they did. | <urn:uuid:b9cc1131-382f-45df-ba89-420f4dd260df> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.uua.org/re/tapestry/children/lovesurrounds/session12/supriyas-bowl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506045.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921210007-20230922000007-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.979886 | 996 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Glass crushers fall into an intermediate area of materials processing. They are generally smaller than rock crushers, primarily because of volume requirements. A full-scale glass beneficiation facility may process about 50,000 tons of glass per year, or about 25 tons per hour. The revenue from processing 50,000 tons of furnace-ready cullet may be about $1,500,000 per year, which could be adequate to support the operation. In contrast, a quarry or concrete recycling operation processing only 50,000 tons per year probably could not generate enough income to sustain itself.
Glass is more abrasive than many natural aggregates. This means that special alloys are needed to minimize wear on the equipment. But special materials are expensive, making the existence of reliable markets critical to capitalizing the processing. The potential revenues from processing must justify the wear and expense of specialty alloys. | <urn:uuid:218f1370-927a-4a80-a882-7ce8f3bc7615> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.break-day.com/2010/product/solution/recycling_solution/apply_113.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131304.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00054-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938906 | 178 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This is the season to make sure your thermostat is working! According to the NY State Department of Environmental Conservation, over 300,000 mercury thermostats are removed from walls each year, and almost 99 percent of them are sent to landfills and incinerators. While thermostats containing mercury are no longer sold in New York and their disposal in the trash is illegal, more than a ton of this neurotoxin ends up in New York’s landfills and incinerators from improperly discarded mercury thermostats. Proper disposal will soon get easier, with the passage of a new state law that requires manufacturers to provide recycling at no cost to the consumer.
Fluorescent lamps and CFLs contain small amounts of mercury but are exempt from these regulations.
1. Reduce. Switch to a digital fever thermometer. New York State has banned the sale of mercury-fever thermometers. Digital thermometers with changeable batteries are accurate and reliable alternatives to mercury thermometers.
Switch to programmable electronic thermostats. These do not contain mercury and are more energy efficient than mercury ones.
2. Recycle. When remodeling your home or updating your heating system, be sure to ask your contractor to carefully remove and recycle your thermostat.
Mercury thermostats can be brought to Thermostat Recycling Corporation participating collection locations.
Do not place mercury devices in your recycling bin.
3. Liquid Mercury. Liquid Mercury, that NYC residents may have stored away cannot be discarded in the trash.
Don’t forget to check out the Stop ‘N’ Swap event in Harlem on January 25th, 2014. | <urn:uuid:e6d49d69-fe71-48b7-b366-f538d1a231ab> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.harlemworldmag.com/hey-harlem-what-about-mercury-thermostat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207985.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00502-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907352 | 339 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Women in Vietnam
Eight women, all nurses, are among the more than 58,000 names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Most were killed in airplane or helicopter crashes. Only one was killed by enemy fire. First Lieutenant Sharon Ann Lane, an Army nurse listed on Panel 23 West, Line 112, was killed during a rocket attack on June 8, 1969, less than 10 weeks after she arrived in Vietnam. Assigned to the 312th Evacuation Hospital, Lane was working in the Vietnamese ward of the hospital when the rocket exploded, killing her and her patients. She was from Canton, Ohio.
Overall, more than 265,000 women served in the military during Vietnam — and approximately 10,000 military women served in-country during the conflict.
It is a common misconception that all women serving in Vietnam were nurses. Barred from combat, military women served in health care, communications, intelligence and administrative positions.
All had to be volunteers, and like their male counterparts, they volunteered for a variety of reasons: duty to one’s country, a desire to help those serving overseas, or an interest in advancing one’s military career to name a few.
Civilian women also volunteered and served as foreign news correspondents, worked for organizations such as the American Red Cross, Army Special Services, United Service Organizations (USO), Peace Corps, and various religious groups such as Catholic Relief Services, or served in other government agencies.
In April of 1956 three women arrive in Saigon to teach South Vietnamese nurses medical procedures and techniques. This was the start of American nursing during the Vietnam War. In Vietnam, nurses could be male or female, however the majority were women with the average age being 23. Tours lasted twelve months, but differences hospital size and locations made each experience unique. These young women were tasked with performing medical procedures in a radically different environment than their predecessors had in World War II. Helicopters meant that service members who would have previously died on the long haul from the battlefield could now get a medevac and be seen within minutes. The swiftness of this care meant a higher rate of survival, but also saw nurses dealing with more intense traumas. Working long shifts in sweltering and dangerous conditions, nurses ensured that service members, some in their final hours, found healing and care. More than 5,000 nurses served in Vietnam and eight women, all nurses, gave their lives. Their names are inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
The civilian women of the American Red Cross Supplemental Recreation Activities Overseas were frequently known by another name, Donut Dollies.
Distinctive in their light-blue dresses, all had to have college degrees and typically were between the ages of 21-25. Donut Dollies originally were part of The American Red Cross Clubmobile Service and originated during the Second World War. The women who volunteered with Clubmobiles were meant to bring “a connection of home” to service members during war. They eventually became known as Donut Dollies because one of their many tasks was making and serving donuts. During the Vietnam War the Donut Dollies were brought back as a morale booster, organized under a program called Supplemental Recreation Activities Overseas. In their light-blue dresses, the women in the program provided much needed organized recreation time for service members, spontaneous quiz games, and always remained a source of positivity. Donut Dollies considered always wearing a smile an important duty.
Vietnam Women's Memorial
The Vietnam Women’s Memorial was added to the Memorial Site and dedicated on November 11, 1993.
In late 1983, Diane Carlson Evans, a nurse who served in the Army in Vietnam, conceived of the idea to add a statue to the Memorial site to honor the women who served. She incorporated the Vietnam Women’s Memorial Project (VWMP) in 1984. In 2002, the group changed its name to the Vietnam Women’s Memorial Foundation (VWMF).
The memorial was established not only to honor those women who served, but also for the families who lost loved ones in the war, so they would know about the women who provided comfort, care, and a human touch for those who were suffering and dying.
Sculpted by Glenna Goodacre, the 2,000 pound, 6-foot 8-inch sculpture portrays three women, one of whom is caring for a wounded male soldier. In the surrounding site, eight yellowwood trees were planted to symbolize the eight women whose names are on The Wall.
Diane Carlson Evans recounts the effort to build the Vietnam Women’s Memorial in her book Healing Wounds, A Vietnam War combat nurse’s 10-year fight to win women a place of honor in Washington, D.C.
The Women on The Wall
Eight women, all nurses, are among the more than 58,000 names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Most were killed in airplane or helicopter crashes. Only one was killed by enemy fire.
Captain Eleanor Grace Alexander, U.S. Army had been working in a hospital in Pleiku to help out during mass casualties from Dak To when her plane crashed on the return trip to Qui Nhon on November 30, 1967. She was with the 85th Evacuation Hospital. She was from New Jersey and is remembered on Panel 31E Line 8.
2nd Lieutenant Pamela Dorothy Donovan, U.S. Army died of a rare Southeast Asian virus on July 8, 1968. Born in Ireland, she was assigned to the 85th Evacuation Hospital in Qui Nhon. 2LT Donovan is remembered on Panel 53W, Line 43.
2nd Lieutenant Carol Ann Elizabeth Drazba, U.S. Army was killed in a helicopter crash near Saigon on February 18, 1966. Born and raised in Pennsylvania, she is remembered on Panel 5E, Line 46.
Lieutenant Colonel Annie Ruth Graham, U.S. Army suffered a stroke on August 14, 1968. She was from North Carolina and was the Chief Nurse with the 91st Evacuation Hospital in Tuy Hoa. Her name can be found on Panel 48W, Line 12.
2nd Lieutenant Elizabeth Ann Jones, U.S. Army was flying with 2LT Drazba and was killed in the same helicopter crash near Saigon. She was assigned to the 3rd Field Hospital. 2LT Jones was from South Carolina and is remembered on Panel 5E Line 47.
Captain Mary Therese Klinker, U.S. Air Force was part of an on-board medical team during Operation Babylift. Her flight was carrying 243 infants and children when it developed pressure problems and crashed while attempting to return to the airport. Captain Klinker was killed on April 4, 1975, just three weeks before the Fall of Saigon. A native of Indiana, she is remembered on Panel 1W, Line 122.
1st Lieutenant Sharon Ann Lane, U.S. Army was killed by a rocket explosion on June 8, 1969, less than 10 weeks after she arrived in Vietnam. Assigned to the 312th Evacuation Hospital, 1LT Lane was working in the Vietnamese ward of the hospital when the rocket exploded, killing her and her patients. She was from Ohio and her name can be found on Panel 23W, Line 112.
1st Lieutenant Hedwig Diane Orlowski, U.S. Army was onboard with Capt. Alexander when their plane crashed on its return trip to Qui Nhon. She was assigned to the 67th Evacuation Hospital, 1LT Orlowski was from Michigan. She is remembered on Panel 31E, Line 15.
EP12 – “We Were Essential” – Nurses in Vietnam
Nearly 11,000 women served in the Vietnam War, most of them as nurses and all of them as volunteers. Guest host Callie Wright brings you personal stories from two women who experienced the war —and its aftermath —from this unique perspective.
EPISODE SHOW NOTES
- VVMF Topic Page on Women in Vietnam – https://www.vvmf.org/topics/Women-in-Vietnam/
- VVMF Topic Page on PSTD – https://www.vvmf.org/topics/PTSD/
- VVMF PTSD Awareness – https://www.vvmf.org/PTSD-Awareness/
- Full Interview with Edie Meeks – https://youtu.be/aZ9qXzzqESQ
- Full Interview with Nancy Wilson – https://youtu.be/XhU77itmnMU
- The Wall That Heals – https://www.vvmf.org/The-Wall-That-Heals/
- YouTube Echoes of the Vietnam War Interview playlist – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLK63b6Cn53unMMj-yZYEch0RuYy1YN1zl | <urn:uuid:31bc1ef1-25b1-4f5b-900c-e70e430d6d4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vvmf.org/topics/Women-in-Vietnam/?landing-section=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.976653 | 1,859 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, working on a project toimprove rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromiumto lowcarbon steel gives it stain resistance. In addition to iron, carbon,and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements,such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium,and chromium enhance thecorrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is theaddition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust,or stain 'less' than other types of steel. The chromium in the steel combineswith oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer ofchrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromiumatoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on thesurface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If themetal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quicklyform and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidativecorrosion.
(Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomiciron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose ratherthan tightly-packed layer and flakes away.) The passive film requires oxygen toself-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygenand poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt willattack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in alow oxygen environment.
Types of StainlessSteel
The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic,ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by theirmicrostructure or predominant crystal phase.
Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centeredcubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimesmanganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron,18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable byheat treatment. The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainlesssteel is an austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.
Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as theirmain phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile thanaustenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.
The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was firstobserved by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steelsare low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12%chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite givessteel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle,so few steels are fully hardened.
There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened,duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a varietyof finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors.
There is some dispute over whether the corrosion resistance of stainlesssteel can be enhanced by the process of passivation. Essentially, passivationis the removal of free iron from the surface of the steel. This is performed byimmersing the steel in an oxidant, such as nitric acid or citricacid solution. Since the top layer of iron is removed, passivation diminishessurface discoloration. While passivation does not affect the thickness oreffectiveness of the passive layer, it is useful in producing a clean surfacefor a further treatment, such as plating or painting. On the other hand, if theoxidant is incompletely removed from the steel, as sometimes happens in pieceswith tight joints or corners, then crevice corrosion may result. Most researchindicates that diminishing surface particle corrosion does not reduce susceptibilityto pitting corrosion. | <urn:uuid:acf1375d-ca25-4860-8cbf-e046ca529177> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://m.sunraysteel.com/n1806303/What-Is-Stainless-Steel-and-Why-Is-it-Stainless.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.900753 | 868 | 3.4375 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 4.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the name of the grave-yard Hawthorne mentions in his discussion of his ancestors?
(a) Charter Street burial-ground.
(b) Old Church burial-ground.
(c) Salem Cemetery.
(d) Town Cemetery.
2. What color is the thread that embroiders the scarlet letter?
3. What is NOT one of the possible crimes mentioned in this Chapter 2, as a reason people might flock to the prison?
(a) Undutiful child.
(b) Religious heterodoxy.
(d) Sluggish bond servant.
4. What symbol of the United States hands in front of the Custom-House?
(a) The stars and stripes.
(b) Uncle Sam.
(c) An eagle.
(d) Apple pie.
5. How old is the baby in Hester's arms when we first see her?
(a) Three days.
(b) Six months.
(c) Three months.
(d) A week.
Short Answer Questions
1. Which minister in the book has "a border of grizzled locks beneath his skull-cap" and gray eyes?
2. The earliest parts of the colony had been the jail and what other location?
3. Whose widow is Mistress Hibbins?
4. What are the two non-Puritan sects mentioned in this Chapter 2?
5. Who is Hester's legal husband?
This section contains 200 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:5b875f44-68f6-4ca3-842a-f39daded51dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/thescarletletter/quiz8b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888894 | 365 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Acute meningitis: Introduction
Acute meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that encases and bathes the brain and spinal cord. Acute meningitis is a serious disease that can be life-threatening and result in permanent complications, such as coma, shock, and death. Acute meningitis develops very quickly in a matter of hours or days. In contrast chronic meningitis takes weeks or months to develop.
Acute meningitis can be caused by a variety of infectious pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria. Acute meningitis caused by a bacteria is called acute bacterial meningitis and is generally the most serious type of acute meningitis. One serious form of acute bacterial meningitis is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes a type of acute meningitis called meningococcal disease. Meningococcal disease has developed into scattered epidemics in Africa and pandemics in Asia. It also can cause outbreaks in places of crowded living conditions, such as college dormitories or on military bases.
Other bacterial causes of acute meningitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza. Group B streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Listeria monocytogenes.
The pathogens that can cause acute meningitis are carried by humans in the nose and throat and are spread into the air by coughing and/or sneezing. Once pathogens are airborne, they can be picked up by anyone who breathes them into their respiratory tract. The pathogens then spread from the respiratory tract to the blood stream and to the nervous system.
Symptoms of acute meningitis include a high fever and stiff neck, and serious complications can occur. In some cases death can happen in a matter of days. For more information on symptoms, refer to symptoms of acute meningitis.
Making a diagnosis of acute meningitis begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physical examination. Diagnostic tests include a lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, which involves withdrawing a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spine with a needle. The sample of CSF is tested for white blood cells and other indications of acute meningitis.
A complete blood count (CBC) is also performed is measure the numbers of different types of blood cells, including white blood cells (WBCs). Different types of WBCs increase in number in characteristic ways during an infectious process, such as acute bacterial meningitis.
Additional tests may be performed in order to rule out or confirm other diseases that may accompany acute meningitis or cause similar symptoms, such as high fever, headache, and neck stiffness. These may include a throat culture, CT, or X-rays.
It is possible that a diagnosis of acute meningitis can be missed or delayed because some symptoms, such as fever, headache, and nausea and vomiting, are similar to symptoms of other diseases. For more information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of acute meningitis.
Treatment of acute meningitis includes hospitalization, generally in an intensive care setting, and the intravenous administration of antibiotics if it is caused by some type of bacteria. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of acute meningitis. ...more »
Acute meningitis: Acute meningitis is an inflammation of the brain that presents in an acute fashion. The inflammation may be the result of infective agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungi as well as non-infective agents such as certain drugs. Acute forms of meningitis can develop in within hours or days whereas chronic meningitis develops over weeks or months.
More detailed information about the symptoms,
causes, and treatments of Acute meningitis is available below.
Acute meningitis: Symptoms
The symptoms of acute meningitis can resemble symptoms of other diseases, such as influenza. They include fever, headache, stiff neck, irritability, and nausea and vomiting. Symptoms can develop rapidly and dramatically, within minutes to hours. Fever can be very high and the headache can be intense. There may also be sensitivity to light, and a ...more symptoms »
Acute meningitis: Treatments
The first step in treating acute meningitis is preventing its occurrence and spread. A vaccine to prevent acute bacterial meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is available for children and certain persons at risk for the disease. They include travellers who go to high risk areas of the world and people, such as military personnel and college students, who ...more treatments »
Acute meningitis: Misdiagnosis
A diagnosis of acute meningitis may be delayed because some symptoms, such as headache, stiff neck, and fatigue, may initially be assumed to be related to another less serious condition. These include influenza, tension headache, muscle strain in the neck, or migraine headache. Unfortunately, acute meningitis, especially acute bacterial meningitis, can progress very rapidly and ...more misdiagnosis »
Symptoms of Acute meningitis
See full list of 28
symptoms of Acute meningitis
Treatments for Acute meningitis
- Measures to reduce pressure within the brain. If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children
- Measures to reduce fever. Medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), fluids, and good room ventilation reduce fever
- Measures to prevent seizures. Medicines such as phenobarbital or dilantin can help stop seizures
- Oxygen therapy
- more treatments...»
See full list of 6
treatments for Acute meningitis
Home Diagnostic Testing
Home medical testing related to Acute meningitis:
- Child Behavior: Home Testing
- Child General Health: Home Testing
Wrongly Diagnosed with Acute meningitis?
Acute meningitis: Related Patient Stories
Acute meningitis: Complications
Review possible medical complications related to Acute meningitis:
Causes of Acute meningitis
- The types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis vary by age group
- In premature babies and newborns up to three months old- group B streptococci Escherichia coli (carrying K1 antigen)
- Newborns- Listeria monocytogenes (serotype IVb)
- Older children- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (serotypes 6, 9, 14, 18 and 23)
- Under five years of age- Haemophilus influenzae type B
- more causes...»
See full list of 6
causes of Acute meningitis
More information about causes of Acute meningitis:
Acute meningitis: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Misdiagnosis and Acute meningitis
Mild worm infections undiagnosed in children: Human worm infestations, esp. threadworm, can be overlooked in some cases,
because it may cause only mild or even absent symptoms.
Although the most common symptoms are anal itch (or ...read more »
Undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia: BBC News UK reported on a man who
had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness
because he suffered from sudden...read more »
Sinusitis is overdiagnosed: There is a tendency to give a diagnosis of sinusitis,
when the condition is really a harmless complication of another infection,
such as a common...read more »
Whooping cough often undiagnosed: Although most children in the Western world have been
immunized against whooping cough (also called "pertussis"), this protection wears
off after...read more »
Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for
a patient to show mental decline to dementia.
Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions,
such as a stroke or Alzheimer's disease...read more »
Mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children: Because appendicitis is one of the
more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over-diagnosed
(it can,...read more »
Blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children: One known misdiagnosis issue
with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure.
The "cuff" around the arm to measure blood pressure can simply be...read more »
Mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed: Although the symptoms
of severe brain injury are hard to miss,
it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a mild concussion diagnosis.
The...read more »
MTBI misdiagnosed as balance problem: When a person has symptoms
such as vertigo or dizziness, a diagnosis of brain injury may go overlooked.
This is particularly true of mild traumatic...read more »
Brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia: A condition
that results from an excessive pressure of CSF within the brain is often misdiagnosed.
It may...read more »
Post-concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed: A study found that soldiers who had
suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return.
A variety of symptoms can occur in post-concussion syndrome...read more »
Children with migraine often misdiagnosed: A migraine often fails to be
correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients.
These patients are not the typical migraine sufferers,...read more »
Vitamin B12 deficiency under-diagnosed: The condition of Vitamin B12 deficiency
is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple...read more »
Read more about Misdiagnosis and Acute meningitis
Acute meningitis: Research Doctors & Specialists
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
- Nerve Specialists:
- Ear, Nose & Throat Specialists:
- Neurology (Brain/CNS Specialists):
- Child Health Specialists (Pediatrics):
- more specialists...»
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Hospitals & Clinics: Acute meningitis
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures
for medical facilities in specialties related to Acute meningitis:
Hospital & Clinic quality ratings »
Choosing the Best Hospital:
More general information, not necessarily in relation to Acute meningitis,
on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Acute meningitis: Rare Types
Rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories:
Acute meningitis: Animations
More Acute meningitis animations & videos
Prognosis for Acute meningitis
Prognosis for Acute meningitis:
Untreated, bacterial meningitis is almost always fatal.
More about prognosis of Acute meningitis
Acute meningitis: Broader Related Topics
Types of Acute meningitis
User Interactive Forums
Read about other experiences, ask a question about Acute meningitis, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Contents for Acute meningitis:
» Next page: What is Acute meningitis?
Medical Tools & Articles:
Tools & Services:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards: | <urn:uuid:dc90f13c-5cda-470b-9728-e97387266dbb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/a/acute_meningitis/intro.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718866.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00501-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904846 | 2,478 | 4.1875 | 4 |
COVID vaccine: is it safe?
The first authorised vaccine for the coronavirus has begun its rollout. Produced by companies Pfizer and BioNTech, it’s what’s known as an mRNA vaccine, just like another one that has passed phase 3 clinical trials: Moderna’s. With other countries close behind, we can expect many hundreds of thousands of people to have received it before 2020 is out. But a sizeable number are nervous about getting the jab. So Phil Sansom asked virologist and Naked Scientist Chris Smith to explain what an mRNA vaccine actually is…
Chris - RNA is a chemical relative of DNA; so it's a form of genetic information. And in our bodies, it is used to carry a copy of the gene that you want to use, out to the part of the cell that can decode that gene and turn it into a protein; something the cell can actually do something with. So it's a short-lived message that moves something from a gene to becoming a protein. But some forms of life, and specifically some viruses, rather than using DNA like we do, they use this form of genetic material - RNA - as their main information storage mechanism.
Phil - What RNA message then is this vaccine RNA carrying?
Chris - What they've done is to go to the virus genetic code and find the piece of that code that corresponds to the outer coat of the virus, and specifically a structure called the S protein, or spike - S for spike - protein. They've taken just that short piece of the RNA from the virus, and they've put that into a package, so it's effectively wrapped up in an oily coat. So when injected, it's picked up by cells, unwrapped; and because cells understand genetic material like that piece of RNA, they can decode the recipe on there and make the protein that it would have made if the virus was in the cell for real, and then display that protein to the immune system, showing the immune system what a cell that would be infected with coronavirus would make.
Phil - What happens to the little bits of RNA? Where do they go?
Chris - The thing about RNA is that it is a very transitory thing. It has a really short lifetime in cells, and it very quickly is degraded. There are mechanisms there whose job it is to eat it and break it apart. So when you put the vaccine mRNA into the cell, it too is terminated very quickly, which is why you need to have a big dose of the vaccine; and not just once, but twice.
Phil - Now am I right this is the first time that this tactic's really been used?
Chris - People have made genetic vaccines in the past, but they've never used them in humans. They've been used, tested and deployed successfully in animals - most recently actually for Zika virus - but this had not been done in humans. And so now the know-how from those earlier experiments which we've been learning about for a couple of decades, actually, have now for the first time been successfully deployed in humans to combat coronavirus.
Phil - What are the risks here? Because you'd expect any medical treatment come with inbuilt risks or side effects.
Chris - The risks range from the very trivial to the more serious. At the very trivial end of the spectrum, all medicines have side effects. This vaccine series is no exception. Those side effects usually are things like pain at the injection site; you're sticking a needle into somebody, it will be a bit uncomfortable. Slightly more serious: a handful of people might get some trivial side effects. By 'trivial' we mean things like: you might feel a bit fluey for a day or so. This is actually to be expected; it's because the immune system is responding to what's come into the body - that's the whole point of doing this after all - and when you have an immune response you produce various immune signals, and you feel unwell for a day or so, because that is the process that's happening when the immune system is being stimulated. The more severe end of the spectrum: very, very rarely, with some medicines you get what are called idiosyncratic reactions; and this is where, because every single person on earth, unless you have a twin or you've cloned yourself... everybody's genetically distinct, therefore they're biochemically distinct on the inside. And as a consequence of that, there is a small chance that in a very rare circumstances, some people may just overreact to some medicine or react in an unpredictable way. It's very, very rare; this is what clinical trials are designed to screen out; and so you don't license things that you think there's an appreciable chance of this happening.
Phil - What if you have some sort of autoimmune condition? Does that make a difference?
Chris - Autoimmune conditions are where the immune system attacks your own tissues. And there are lots of control mechanisms in place to stop the power of the immune system being turned on you, because it can be very destructive. The reason that this may be a problem with vaccination is that when we have a case of an autoimmune disease, it's controlled by suppressing the immune system with various drugs. These are a bit of a blunderbuss thing; they turn down all of the immune system. So when you do give people vaccines, they might not make the same robust, resilient immune response that someone would make were they to have a normally functioning immune system. It's not a given that they won't, but it's a possibility that they won't respond as well as someone with a healthy immune system. So it can be a consideration. Also, if people have an immune system that doesn't quite work properly for a range of reasons - there are inherited reasons, there are some acquired reasons, some diseases that could do this - they may overreact to certain things. But those sorts of situations are very rare.
Phil - Some people are sort of understandably hesitant, because they see a vaccine that's been developed, to anyone's eyes, remarkably quickly. Is it possible that there are unknown unknowns here?
Chris - There are always unknown unknowns in everything that we do. And unfortunately, inherent to everything there is some degree of risk, and that's a fact of life. And there is no way of getting around that. But what you do have to do is to take the greatest steps that you can to minimise that risk, to the greatest extent that you can. And that has been done here. Because what they have done is to take decades of learning about vaccines, and about actually making vaccines the way that these ones have been made; you then do trials on people to test the safety of them; you then put in place post marketing trials, so follow-up trials, so that you follow the people and you have a system in place to look for adverse outcomes. And at the same time, the approvals process has been streamlined for this new vaccine. Now what that means is to have a two way conversation between the drug manufacturers and developers, and the regulators, all the time, so that many of these things have been speeded up enormously so that there are no delays. What they haven't done is to cut the corners in the scrutiny, and they certainly haven't lowered the threshold for what that they'll accept as safe, because number one on the list is 'safe'. What we can never know is what the long term effect is. We don't have a time machine or a crystal ball; you can't see into the future. So the question we'd most like answered is: how long will I remain immune for? And we have no idea. But what we do know is: we're going to find out, and we'll find out by following up the people that get vaccinated. | <urn:uuid:f7845f4d-aad7-4765-9465-12ec6c4f7d69> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/covid-vaccine-it-safe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.975911 | 1,614 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Scientists said they have discovered a new molecule that could lead to a drug treatment to repair the damage caused by the disease.
The molecule is able to stimulate stem cells to repair myelin, the fatty material that coats and insulates nerves.
Damage to myelin can cause the symptoms of MS but there are currently no treatments to repair it.
The study, published in Nature Neuroscience, was carried out by scientists at the University of California San Francisco and the University of Cambridge, and funded by the MS societies of the US and UK.
Robin Franklin, Professor of Neuroscience at Cambridge and co-author of the study, said: "There are currently no treatments that repair damage to myelin caused by MS, which is a missing link in the treatment of the condition.
"This discovery means we now have even more credible opportunities to promote myelin repair, which is a really promising step forward.
"Our efforts will now be focused on translating these findings into treatments for people with MS."
Dr Doug Brown, head of Biomedical Research at the MS Society said: "Myelin repair holds real potential to prevent or even reverse the devastating effects of MS. We've made a significant investment in myelin repair research in recent years and are delighted to see this investment starting to pay dividends.
"We are excited to see this work moving towards clinical trials and are hopeful that this will lead to a new form of treatment for people with MS within the next 10-15 years." | <urn:uuid:8d1bca1c-ca4e-4757-9a62-9d0f0b4aae6e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/255171/Scientists-make-important-MS-find | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464876.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00014-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968892 | 298 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Combined Sewer Outfalls (CSO) are where sewage overflows occur when the combined sewer system is overwhelmed by stormwater during rainy weather and sewage mixes with stormwater and overflows or discharges into a waterbody like the Alewife Brook. CSOs are a relic of outdated Combined Sewer Systems (also known as “one pipe systems”) from the 1800s, when flush toilets were an exciting technology that was being quickly adopted. Many older systems such as in Cambridge and Somerville were built this way. Arlington’s was built later and has no combined sewers and no CSOs.
During dry weather, the sanitary sewage, which is what you flush, goes to the wastewater treatment plant (“POTW” or publicly operated treatment works). During wet weather, sanitary sewage mixes with stormwater in the same pipe and flows over a weir, or dam, and out into the receiving waterbody.
How should the sewers work?
Stormwater runoff, which is rainwater from the street, should be filtered through rain gardens or wetlands, where the water is naturally filtered and cleaned, and then it should flow through storm drains into our rivers and eventually out to sea. Sanitary sewage should all go to the waste water treatment plant.
How many CSOs are there in the Alewife Brook?
Twenty years ago, there were twelve CSOs in the Alewife Brook. As part of the landmark Boston Harbor Cleanup court case, Cambridge and Somerville closed six of the CSOs over the period of a decade or so. They didn’t close them all because they couldn’t afford to do them all at once. So they closed half of the CSOs and we now have six CSOs that discharge untreated sewage water into the Alewife Brook.
Don’t we have to have CSOs if we don’t want sewage backing up into people’s homes and businesses and roads?
We do not have to have CSOs. They are a relic of very old and aging sewer system which is begging to be upgraded. If the sewer system infrastructure is updated by being separated and possibly by adding capacity, then the sanitary sewage can be pumped out to the wastewater treatment plant and it will not end up into homes, roads, or businesses. | <urn:uuid:0794b605-0320-46cb-9927-17090b9e1993> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://savethealewifebrook.org/2021/12/26/csos-101-what-is-a-cso/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.97372 | 475 | 3.03125 | 3 |
“If I told you the ingredients for a soufflé and said go make one, you’d be in trouble if I didn’t tell you how,” Jim Warren says, while contemplating four samples of metal spread out across his desk.
There are not many visible differences between the samples, Warren points out. But how they’d perform over time could differ a lot. Two of his samples are steels that have the same exact composition or “ingredients,” but were cooled differently during manufacturing.
“Materials science is literally the exact same thing as making a soufflé,” Warren adds. “Not a metaphor, but the exact same thing. When I make a material, not only does the composition of it matter, the process and the way it is made determines its properties. Because a soufflé is a material.”
Sitting and talking with Warren like this, it is easy to see why he is often asked about The Great British Bake Off, even though he’s not a chef. From his description, inventing new materials sounds a lot like the popular television show, where contestants are given various ingredients and told to make an unfamiliar baked good with very little instruction. What often separates a winner from a loser on the show is the knowledge of how ingredients will perform in various conditions.
Likewise, what often separates the invention of a successful new material from a failure is knowledge of how the ingredients will perform when treated in different ways. Combine and cook eggs and milk one way and you get a soufflé. Combine them another way and you get scrambled eggs. Cool or “quench” steel one way and you get something strong. Quench it another way and you get something very brittle and weak.
To be certain, kitchen cooking is much less expensive and not (usually) as risky as developing something like a new and improved steel. But the comparison makes the work that Warren oversees at NIST, called the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI), easy to relate to, understand and comprehend. A chef learns, over time, how to make a complex soufflé. A scientist learns, over time, how to make a complex material.
Every “thing” is made of materials—roads, engines and medical devices, to name just a few examples. For centuries, inventing and developing new materials for industrial applications took long amounts of time and tremendous amounts of trial and error. The process also involved meticulous, laborious record-keeping. All of which could make the development of new materials expensive, and slow.
Speeding up the process could save time and money and spur a great deal of innovation across many sectors of the economy, says Warren.
“The MGI is about getting it tight, fast and integrated so that you can make those predictions and design materials with desired properties,” Warren adds.
The MGI was launched in 2011 as a multi-agency initiative, with NIST acting in a leadership role for the program, helping to create policies, resources and infrastructures that would support U.S. institutions as they worked to discover, manufacture and deploy advanced materials quickly for a smaller cost.
The general idea was to combine the best of computing, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, with the best ideas available from the world of material science to shorten development time for new products and make the U.S. more competitive in manufacturing in the most high-demand, emerging technology markets. MGI first and foremost acknowledged that developing advanced materials would be critical to meeting the challenges of the energy, supercomputing, national security and healthcare sectors.
In the beginning, when the MGI was first established, the progress was slow as its creators were building its information technology infrastructure. First there had had to be ways to gather information on the materials, and then to store and manipulate it. Computing power had to meet the needs of innovators.
One early MGI success story emerged from the world of metallurgy, when NIST scientists were asked by the U.S. Mint to work on a new formulation for the nation’s 5-cent piece. Given the world’s increasing demand for nickel as an alloying element, making nickel coins was becoming an expensive proposition, with each coin costing as much as 7 cents to produce.
“This was really a story of working backwards,” says Carelyn Campbell, the leader of the group that worked on the nickel reformulation. Instead of starting with a material and designing a product around that material’s limitations, the researchers began with a list of needs from the Mint and designed a material to meet the product need. Everything they did had to be workable using the existing machinery owned by the Treasury Department, as well.
To make the new nickel, NIST used the currently available MGI infrastructure (which includes some experimental data and a variety of advanced, relatively new computational tools) to design a different class of coinage materials in just 18 months—significantly shorter than the three- to five-year time period usually required for such materials. The team then contributed data to the developing materials-innovation infrastructure, making it easier for anyone to design new coinage materials in the future.
“One of the big goals for the MGI is to make materials data more accessible and reusable,” says Campbell. “I believe ours are the first computationally designed coinage materials.”
Coins and nickel alloys are familiar, but the MGI is also designed to encourage basic research needed for new and novel materials, such as graphene, which was discovered in 2004 using Scotch tape and a piece of the same humble stuff used for making pencil points: graphite.
Graphene is sometimes called the world’s first two-dimensional material. Although it is only one atom thick, it is incredibly strong and has a tremendously high melting point. It can also conduct electricity and is transparent. All these characteristics make the material seem incredibly promising for improving electronic devices, lighting, solar panels and batteries.
But before any large-scale application work can be done with this wonder stuff, basic information must be gathered. No one really knows the best ways to handle and transport graphene, and standards don’t really exist for its production. Also, it’s unclear how its properties might change after exposure to high temperatures.
In January of 2018, a NIST research team led by Jack Douglas and funded through the MGI set out to answer to a few of those questions in a paper written by Douglas and Wenjie Xia, which appeared in ACS Nano. By simulating a melt of graphene sheets, they discovered that, if heated above 1600 K (roughly 1327 C or 2420 F), the material would be transformed into a viscous liquid state, with the sheets themselves crumpling like paper, and that the graphene would become “foam-like” upon cooling into a glass state. Those qualities would make it an excellent lubrication material at high temperatures, and a possible filtration material at room temperature. The material may also prove to be a powerful fire suppressant.
That information could prove extremely helpful to others around the world who are anxious to use graphene in manufacturing. MGI is using artificial intelligence (AI) to help researchers discover applications that exploit the novel properties of these materials.
Although many people think of AI as the power behind robotic vacuums and other household items, artificial intelligence broadly refers to anything that machines are doing that was once accomplished only by humans. Machine learning, which is a subset of AI, is the process that seeks patterns in datasets and uses those patterns to predict or classify what is or is not important. The learning happens when the computational approach improves itself through trial and error.
That once seemed like science fiction, but machine learning has lately developed into a wide-ranging field of real-life study, as researchers have gained a better handle on the right ways to apply AI to real-world problems.
“When you are looking to design a material, you have a lot of options,” explains Begum Gulsoy, the associate director of the Center for Hierarchical Materials Design (CHiMaD), a NIST-sponsored, Chicago-based center of excellence for advanced materials research established in 2014. “It is sort of like trying to find a microscopic dot within a big box. What you are trying to do is make educated guesses which will bring you closer to the answer, so the search becomes much smaller. AI and machine learning can guide the design process such that it gets us closer to the points we’re searching for. Once we experiment we can actually work with much more accuracy than we would otherwise.”
CHiMaD brings together a wide range of industrial partners and advisers to focus on MGI goals, including companies working on structural engineering, semiconductors, software and IT services, chemical engineering and even candy making. The center is particularly interested in sharing expertise and teaching students about materials design and MGI principles that they can later use in industrial or academic settings. To date the center has worked with more than 300 undergraduates, graduates, and postdoctoral researchers and professionals, educating them about the value of exploring new materials and of sharing what they’ve learned with others in both the public and private sectors to advance the entire field of materials for the future.
“Many companies see value in being able to do materials design, which tells you something about the applicability of MGI to different concepts and industrial settings,” says Gulsoy. “It comes down to being able to pinpoint what exactly are your requirements and constraints. You are all, after all, designing a material whether you are trying to make the smoothest chocolate or the strongest metal alloy … the trail of thoughts is the same.”
But teaching computers to work with the data poses lots of challenges.
“There’s a plethora of machine learning methods available today,” says Bob Hanisch, a NIST research scientist who specializes in data storage and retrieval. “But there are lots of pitfalls. … Without context, the results of any sort of machine learning algorithm are just going to be garbage.”
Too little data can give you a false sense of confidence in outcomes. Without enough exemplars, some subtle differences might be missing, Hanisch says. “And that is often the case in materials science; there just is not that much existing data on the materials in question.”
To illustrate his point, Hanisch offers an infamous cautionary tale from biology. An algorithm was developed to differentiate dog pictures from wolf pictures with a high rate of accuracy. When humans went back and examined the photos, they realized that the wolf pics were all set in the snow, purely by coincidence. What the computer recognized was the setting, not anything really about the dogs or the wolves themselves, Hanisch explains. Both the quality of the data and the context were lacking, making the results robust, but faulty.
Similarly, images of the microstructures of materials can be labeled according to their properties and performance capabilities and then cataloged. After a while, a given machine learning system will begin to detect patterns. But that’s just a data-gathering exercise. Machine learning algorithms know nothing about the physical world unless we tell them about it, so finding contextual information to feed into the system is key. And for materials, the information can be much more complex than just “snow” or “no snow.”
For materials, that means many of the same things Jim Warren talked about with his steel samples: the list of ingredients, the manufacturing process, “that is, the soufflé recipe,” Warren says. It also means the things that Douglas’ and Campbell’s research groups discovered when working with nickel and graphene: quench time, crumpling dynamics, and stability at high temperatures.
Once data needs have been identified, materials scientists use models to narrow the knowledge gaps. The idea is to accelerate the rate of discovery by merging experiments and simulations.
Sharing all the discoveries is far more complex than just tossing information out into the World Wide Web for anyone to find accidentally. Researchers don’t always use the same terminology to describe identical topics, processes and material components.
To help, NIST has been developing a web-based materials resource registry, and publishers of data who want to submit their work must use a predefined vocabulary from a list that Hanisch and his team have developed.
NIST scientists have also been collaborating with other research institutions and private companies to develop databases. This past year, for example, a team that included researchers from NIST, the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Northwestern University and a Silicon Valley-based company, Citrine Informatics, announced it had been able to use machine learning techniques to find a shortcut for discovering and improving metallic glass at a fraction of the time and cost previously estimated for the material.
Although rarely discussed outside the worlds of applied physics and materials science, metallic glass has become a kind of holy grail for some research teams. Most metals have an ordered atomic structure, making them rigid. Glasses, whether metallic or the more familiar silicate materials that are fashioned into conventional glassware, are amorphous, with a more randomized molecular structure that resembles a liquid more than a solid. Unlike conventional glass, however, this novel material can conduct electricity, is extremely strong and may make excellent coatings for steel or other building materials.
To date, scientists have not identified a truly predictive model detailing why one mixture of elements will form a glass, while a different mixture of the same or similar elements will not. Over the last 50 years, scientists have identified and tabulated about 6,000 combinations of various materials in the quest to make the stuff, with only incremental amounts of progress. Using machine learning, the MGI-funded team was able to make and screen more than 20,000 new metals for their ability to form glasses in a single year, an accomplishment which was then detailed in a paper published in Science Advances in April 2018.
It was helpful to have a private company involved in the metallic glass project, says Warren, the MGI lead. “They own confidence in AI. They also have experience in industry and they know what industry needs.”
But having MGI exist as a public-sector venture is an important way to remove risk for companies that want to do new materials work. Just like building the internet, there’s a big return on government investment when the infrastructure is available to everyone who wants to use it.
“MGI is essentially a very similar kind of argument for infrastructure,” he says, noting that a 2018 report found that the initiative could deliver between $123 billion and $270 billion annually to the U.S. economy. “Once we’ve built it, all sorts of new business models will crop up. And that’s a good thing for growing the materials field.” | <urn:uuid:d27502d4-8e71-433c-8bba-601120db0d72> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.nist.gov/featured-stories/materials-design | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141653.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217030027-20200217060027-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.957272 | 3,113 | 2.890625 | 3 |
WHAT IS MDMA
MDMA commonly-known as ecstasy or molly is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes.
How will MDMA make me feel?
People who use MDMA describe themselves as feeling euphoric, open, accepting, unafraid, and connected to those around them.1 Typically used in social settings like festivals, concerts, and clubs, MDMA’s effects are stimulated by visuals, sounds smells and touch, leading to heightened sensations and a desire to intensify these feelings by dancing, talking, and touching.
A typical dose of 80 – 125 mg lasts three to six hours. Some people experience nausea at the outset, but after about 45 minutes, report feelings of relaxation and clarity. MDMA also causes dilation of the pupils and, often, sensitivity to light, as well as possible jaw-clenching, tooth-grinding, muscle tension, faintness, and chills or sweating.
After the drug wears off, the theory from preclinical studies is that brain levels of serotonin (a chemical responsible for maintaining mood balance) are depleted, which can lead in some cases to sadness, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems.2 If they occur, these symptoms arise in the several days that follow. Generally, they abate within a week, though the frequency of use and higher doses can slow or stop this process.3
What are the long-term health impacts of MDMA?
The long-term health impacts of MDMA are still under investigation, but several studies have found that substances like MDMA have a far lower potential to cause harm than legal drugs like alcohol.1
Some researchers suggest that slight brain changes may result from heavy use, such as impacts on memory,2 but the evidence is far from conclusive.3 In fact, MDMA use alone does not appear to cause cognitive differences between people who use it and those who do not.4 Evidence also shows that “[a]dverse effects decrease with… abstinence” (that is, the impacts start reversing themselves once you stop taking the drug).5
The main challenge of determining the long-term health effects of MDMA is that people who use it often take other drugs as well, making specific impacts very hard to isolate. | <urn:uuid:ebe4ddb4-cbd3-4067-9658-c63a01bf5b36> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://globaldispendsary.com/product-category/mdma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.954559 | 450 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|A new study confirms that doing something as simple as brisk walking can boost weight loss while trimming dangerous belly fat and overall body fat. |
Scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle followed 102 men and 100 women for a year. At the beginning, the participants, ages 40 to 75, were sedentary and unfit. They were divided into two groups: One was encouraged to do 60 minutes of physical activity a day, six days a week; the other was given no specific exercise advice. There was no diet plan.
Among the findings, presented in Phoenix at last month's annual meeting of the Obesity Society, a national group of weight-loss researchers and professionals:
"Both men and women can lose weight and body fat with exercise, which is a good start to reversing the weight-gain course that most Americans are on," says lead researcher Anne McTiernan, an internist and director of the Prevention Center at Fred Hutchinson. She has done previous research that shows regular physical activity significantly reduces belly fat, possibly lowering the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and some types of cancer.
Experts believe the fat cells deep in the abdomen are harmful because they secrete chemicals that play a role in a number of diseases. The cells produce about three times more bad chemicals than subcutaneous fat, the stuff you can pinch right under your skin, says Timothy Church, director of preventive medicine research at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge.
"Plus, the plumbing of visceral fat drains directly to the liver, allowing the bad chemicals to directly interfere with the liver's ability to metabolize blood sugar and cholesterol," he says.
In addition to lowering the risk of many serious medical conditions, regular physical activity also improves quality of life by reducing stress, depression and anxiety, and by improving bone and joint health, sex drive, sleep and memory, Church says.
News release provided by USA Today. Visit USAtoday.com for more headlines. | <urn:uuid:e64a0381-79f3-4039-8344-46b6a723fae9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://fit-pro.com/article-900-Study-Brisk-Walking-Brings-Better-Health-Lesser-Body-Fat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00501-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955526 | 400 | 2.640625 | 3 |
IBM is perhaps one of the best known technology companies out there, but do you know all of the details about Big Blue’s legacy? IBM has built itself a reputation for pursuing advances in innovation and revolutionizing the way that businesses utilize computing, all the way back to its inception 100 years ago.
In 1911, Charles Runlet Flint began by merging three companies: International Time Recording Company, Computing Scale Company of America, and the Tabulating Machine Company. The company formed would be known as the Computing-Tablet-Recording Company, or CTR for short.
CTR’s machines could perform a number of functions, such as sorting, analyzing, and running calculations based on simple punch cards inserted into the machine. These machines were built with business uses in mind, but the value of the devices started to skyrocket around the time that Thomas Watson was brought on board as the company president, a risky move that some saw as creating a monopoly and violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Watson understood that his target audience–businesses–would want these tabulating machines, but he also knew that CTR’s services could be very valuable to users through the use of a service offering, more so than an actual product. This approach proved to be successful for both CTR and its customers, as the sales team was able to properly communicate what the end users wanted to see implemented next.
1924 was the year that CTR changed their name to International Business Machines, and 1925 saw the rise of Watson as both the chief executive officer and chief operating officer of the organization. IBM would then continue in the face of adversity, especially during the Great Depression when federal agencies’ needed computing hardware to comply with President Roosevelt’s New Deal mandates.
Future demand for these machines only increased during wartime, and Watson’s son, Thomas Watson Jr., was eventually named his father’s successor in 1952. By this time, computers had grown in popularity and were more commonplace in the office environment. Organizations that had previously purchased IBM tabulators made a simple transition to IBM computers.
In 1949, IBM introduced itself to the global market, offering sales worldwide to a total of 58 different countries. During this time, IBM World Trade Corporation’s control over the global market soared everywhere but Japan and the United Kingdom, achieving only a modest 33 percent in these countries.
In 1952, history repeated itself and IBM was hit with another antitrust lawsuit from the United States government, and another from a specialized computer organization called Control Data Corporations. IBM endured these allegations and changes in leadership until the 1980s, at which point it began to falter under the duress from other competitors. This resulted in a change in their management strategy, which allowed IBM to muscle their way through many more years of business. Around 2004, their success rate stabilized once again.
There are lessons to be learned from the tumultuous history of computing’s most innovative organization. Creating the right partnerships and providing a service that’s in high demand can go a long way toward keeping your business in… business. IBM also showcases how it’s possible to overcome challenges like changes in the market, and how having strong leadership is important. Your business can use this knowledge to its advantage and perhaps become the IBM of your industry, one day. | <urn:uuid:d6019045-480d-4bb8-a185-5147c8d906d4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.k2technologies.net/the-right-place-at-the-right-time-the-story-of-ibm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.970536 | 674 | 3.15625 | 3 |
In weaving, different types of looms are used for producing fabric from the weavers beam. Rapier loom is a popular shuttle loom for producing different types of designed fabric. In most of the denim industry, rapier looms are used hugely. Rapier loom carries the filling yarn through the shade of warp yarns to the other side of the loom by finger like carriers called rapier. A stationary package of yarn is used for supply the weft yarn in the rapier loom.
Working Procedure Of Rapier Loom: There are two types of rapier loom. One types of rapier loom consist a rapier in one end. A rapier is a rod or steel tape which carries the weft yarn. In the other end, the rapier connected to the control system. The rapier moves through the warp yarn by carrying weft yarn from one end to other. The rapier is then retracted, leaving the new filling in the place.
Other types of rapier also available, in which the rapier carries the weft yarn to the centre and the other rapier from the opposite side carries the weft yarn from the centre. There are two types of rapier loom. One is flexible and other is rigid rapier loom. The rigid loom takes more space than rigid loom. Flexible rapier can be coiled, if it is too flexible than it will buckle. The double rapier is used more frequently than single rapier. A rapier machines can be operate at speeds up to 1300 meters of weft per minute. This type of rapier is efficient. The noise level is high because it speeds about 200 to 260 ppm.
Advantages of a Rapier Loom: Rapier loom is a shuttle less power loom. It weaves more rapidly than other types of shuttle loom. On the other hand, weaving efficiency of rapier loom is less than projectile machine. An important advantage of rapier loom is that, it can be flexible which perm it’s the laying of picks of different colors. It is noticeable that, it can weave fabric up to 110 inches in width without any modifications.
Rapier machine is running in its own way. | <urn:uuid:9b50da80-fccb-40e9-8e5e-0eb3dae1fd81> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://textilefashionstudy.com/rapier-loom-working-procedure-of-rapier-loom-advantages-of-a-rapier-loom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948563083.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215021156-20171215041156-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.913952 | 459 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Topic: Facing inequality in Northeast Germany: Neighbourhood as a social resource?
As in many European countries, the German political and scientific discussion on the situation of rural areas aims at the identification of “hidden” resources to face the problems of changing living conditions. One key concept assumes the Anglo-American approach of “caring communities”. In doing so, it is on the one hand, acknowledged that the German Welfare system is no longer able to grant the equal living conditions in the countryside however, on the other hand, the discussion about “carers” and the need for care remains still unsolved.
For example, the concept of “caring communities” refers to an increasing responsibility for people including elderly people. Older people are now perceived as healthier, having a higher education and more financial resources compared to past decades. But is this true for all regions in the same way – or are rural areas in this respect underprivileged? At the same time, the images of ageing have changed. A higher age and the time of retirement are connected with the concept of activity and volunteering. The neighborhood in villages and small cities is still considered to be “sound” and therefore able to take over more responsibility. It seems that an old pattern of harmonious rural life conditions is assumed to continue even in scientific conceptualisations and political purpose.
Our presentation puts the social potential of rural neighbourhood under particular scrutiny referring to an empirical research carried out (by us) in 2014/15 in northeast Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommerania. Starting with the main features of the current international discussion on neighbourhood, we will refer to the fact that neighbourhood in social sciences it still a non-rural topic. Neighbourhood has been stressed on the one hand, in the context of anonymity and social alienation and on the other of “social capital” and networks, however both discussion lines are related to concepts of “modernity” and non-urban regions are seldom considered.
Our research allows for the comparison of social relationships in Northeast Germany in a more “village” and more “small town” neighbourhood. Based on large empirical material, the question concerning “neighbourhood support and caring” can be discussed on a solid base: age comparison, interest in caring, and evaluation of neighbourhood relations in general.
Our results show that the concepts of “caring communities” or neighborly help seem to be questionable, or at least difficult to implement. If such neighborly help initiatives are used as replacement for governmental or public tasks (for example, the “Bürgerbus” which replaces the public transportation especially in rural areas), volunteering becomes enforcement, because people and the local community are addicted to these services and therefore it is conceivable that “caring communities” help to create or strengthen (new) inequalities. | <urn:uuid:7e9612a7-6158-499e-8e33-cac6e675988c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://esrs2019.no/workgroup/wg-5-poverty-inequality-social-disadvantage-opportunity-structures-in-rural-areas/katja-rackow-facing-inequality-in-northeast-germany-neighbourhood-as-a-social-resource/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943484.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320144934-20230320174934-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.954273 | 597 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Did you ever wonder when your dog stops growing? Well, like human beings, dogs have different growth periods. The growth period of dogs may vary according to what breed the dogs belong to, whether it is a pure breed or a mixed breed. Other factors can also be considered, such as the nutrients the dogs are getting through the food they eat. In this article, you will know things about the growth of dogs.
In This Article:
Growth Patterns of Dogs According to Their Sizes
Here are the growth patterns of dogs depending on their sizes:
Puppies of small breeds, such as Boston Terriers, Jack Russell Terriers, Chihuahuas, Pugs, Dachshund, Maltese, French Bulldog, Pomeranian, and Shih Tzu, can reach their full-grown size between 6 and 8 months and usually gain their full weight in 12 months.
Expect that medium-size breed can reach its full-grown state between 12th and 15th month age. An Example of this type of breed is Airedale Terrier, American Pit Bull Terrier, Border Collie, Standard Poodle, American Foxhound, Australian Shepherd, Basset Hound, Border Collie, Bulldog, and Dalmatian.
Large breeds are growing slowly, and most of its large puppies won’t reach their fully-grown figure until 15 to 18 months. Examples of large breed dogs are German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Weimaraners, Akita, Bernese Mountain Dog, Boxer, Bullmastiff, Greyhound, and Golden Retriever.
Giant breed dogs like Great Pyrenees, Mastiffs, Newfoundlands, Saint Bernards, Great Dane, Irish Wolfhound, and Giant Schnauzer have the longest time to reach their full grown size. The basic framework in their growth is about 18 months, but it may take a year or two to reach their fully grown figure.
How Do Dogs Grow?
The growth plates are flexible and soft during the early days of puppyhood. The new tissue that ages will harden and calcify, becoming bone. When the growth plate stops creating new tissues and becomes completely calcified, it is considered ‘closed,’ which means it stopped growing and the bone has reached its limit to grow.
Growth plates are fragile and prone to be injured. This is why it is advisable to prevent puppies from doing a lot of exercises because it can damage the growth plates. It is important to watch and train your puppies well, avoid letting them jump into great heights, such as jumping from or to a couch.
Different Stages of Puppies Growth
- Neonatal (Newborn – 2 weeks)
- At this stage, puppies are always sleeping.
- Their weight will double within a week.
- Transitional (2 – 4 weeks)
- At this stage, the puppy will begin to open its eyes and will learn how to walk.
- Juvenile (4- 12 weeks)
- Juvenile stage comes first before the puberty and maturity stage.
- Puppies at this stage will play and run more; this will help to develop their muscles.
- Adolescence (6-12 months)
- At this stage, dogs will become interested in sex.
- At the end of this period, physical growth will slow down.
- Their adult coat will replace the puppies’ baby fur.
- Full Maturity (1-2 years)
- At this phase, your dog will stop growing bigger; though they can gain muscles, their bones will stop growing.
How to Estimate the Full-grown Size of a Mixed Breed?
Knowing the full-grown size of a mixed breed can be difficult. This is because two different breeds of dogs have so many characteristics, such as their height, skin, and behavior. It is a guessing game to which characteristics their offspring may inherit. Also, the sizes of full-grown mixed breeds will vary whether it is male or female.
These are ways how to estimate the size of a full-grown mixed breed:
- One way to estimate the size of a mixed breed is through the age of the puppy. Most dogs are at 60% of their full-grown height when they reach 4 months. Puppies experience their largest growth from birth to 6 months of their age.
- Another way of approximating the size of a mixed breed offspring is to use an online puppy size calculator. Keep in mind that it will only estimate your dog’s size; it is not 100% accurate.
- Use a puppy weight chart to determine the weight of a full-grown dog. Use information like age and the breed of the dog to estimate its weight using the chart.
- Compare the dog’s weight to another breed that has the same weight. Most especially to its parents’ breed. You must know its parents’ characteristics and growth period for you to estimate whether your dog has reached its full-grown size.
Every Dog Matures at Different Rates
The size of a dog is not the only measure to know the dog’s growth; you also need to consider their Maturity. Every dog matures in time differently. Some dogs mature at the end of their first year, while others need to mature longer than that.
An example of dogs that needed a longer time to mature is Border Collies, and dogs that are usually for herding. Most of the herding type doesn’t reach their Maturity in their second year. Another example of a dog that needs a longer time to mature is Catahoula. This type of dog may not almost be fully matured not until it reaches 3 years of age.
Signs Your Puppy is Maturing
Raising a puppy can be fun and interesting to do. While you are in the process of taking care of your puppies, you may have noticed some changes in their behavior and physical aspects. These changes might be the sign that they are maturing.
Here some signs that your puppy is maturing:
- A puppy usually likes to run towards its owner and jump, most often when the owner has just arrived. A mature dog will be happy to see its owner, but not usually in a way that it will jump on its owner.
- Puppies are usually curious and tend to bite anything they like, almost always. On the other hand, matured dogs rarely do this; it may have bitten anything they like, but not always.
- Puppies are full of energy and like to play with their owner. When dogs are starting to mature, they become calm and no longer seek attention from their owner. A mature dog loves to enjoy being with its owner, but sometimes it’s also fine spending its time on its own.
If your puppy is always chewing newspapers or other stuff in your house and is always digging holes in your backyard, these are signs that your dog is not yet matured. However, once these habits or behaviors subside, except that your puppy is maturing and is becoming a full-grown dog.
Can a DNA Test Determine the Full-grown Size of Your Puppy?
If you want to know the full-grown size of your pet dog, a DNA test can be a way to find out its size. Though genetics can be easily determined through DNA, you need to understand that it is sometimes difficult to know what traits that your dog may inherit from its parents, especially if it’s a mixed-breed. This is because various traits are possible to consider, considering that the offspring comes from two different breeds.
Factors that Affect the Growth of Dogs
Aside from your dogs’ breed, here are other factors that can affect your dog’s growth:
- Genetic Differences
Every single dog has a unique genetic code, which can influence the duration of its growth period and its adult size. Some genetic traits can be passed down from parents to their offspring.
Still, others are simply the result of the random variation during DNA recombination. This means that the offspring from large breeds may exhibit a slightly longer growth period, but this is not guaranteed. In some instances, large breeds may produce small puppies or vice versa.
Puppies that get little nutrients from what they eat may not be able to obtain the necessary minerals and proteins that are needed for them to grow healthy. Therefore, it is important to keep your puppies healthy by providing them with healthy foods that are specifically advised for puppies. Examples of healthy foods that can help to the growth of puppies are foods that are rich in protein
Other factors that can affect your puppies’ growth are when they have a certain type of disorder.
Here are some examples of bone disorders that can affect the growth of your dogs:
- Angular Limb Deformities – This is the abnormal development of radius and ulna bones in dogs’ forelegs. It is caused by damaged growth plates. It can also be inherited. Irregularities between the radius and ulna may result from short limbs, elbow joint displacement, and bowing of dogs’ bones.
- Craniomandibular Osteopathy – It is a disorder of the bone that affects the round bones in the ears and the lower jaw of growing Terrier breeds. This disorder’s signs are mouth discomfort, fever, weight loss, and pain in the lower part of a dog’s jaw due to enlargement.
- Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy – This is a disorder that affects the area where growth occurs in the bones. Giant breeds are the ones usually affected by this disorder. Signs of this disorder include pain in the bones of the ulna and radius, appetite loss, fever, and depression.
- Osteochondromatosis – It is a rare disorder of puppies, where multiple bone growth happens – that arise from the long bones, ribs, and vertebrae.
- Panosteitis – this disorder causes inflammation in the bones, usually long bones. The cause of this disorder is unknown. Even though the cause is unknown, other factors can be considered as the cause of this disorder, like stress and inherited genetic traits.
- Retained Ulnar Cartilage Cores – It is a type of bone disorder that affects the growth plate, usually in giant breeds. It is an abnormal formation of the bones that do not appropriately harden the bone. Signs of this disorder are limb deformities and lameness.
- Osteomyelitis – is a bone inflammation disorder. A bacterial infection often causes this; however, Osteomyelitis can also be the cause of fungal diseases. Some of the factors that contribute to the infection are not enough blood supply to the bone and infections that spread in the bloodstream.
- Bone Tumors – tumors can be considered benign or malignant. These can either start by spreading from other areas of the body or from the bone. Osteosarcoma of the radius, humerus, femur, or tibia is the most common bone tumor. Signs of these are bone swelling, lameness, and fractured bones that are not associated with injuries.
- Bone Fractures – Accidents are often the cause of bone fractures. Bone fractures can include single damage or multiple damages in the bones, and it can be open or close fractures. Open fractures have skin wounds near the bones, while close fractures are the damaged bones without having a wound from the skin. The damaged severity depends on the trauma type. Signs of fractures include lameness, swelling, and pain. Having an X-ray will help determine the type and extent of the fractures.
Incomplete fractures in young puppies can be treated with casts or external splints. Other injuries can be treated with devices like bone plates, screws, pins, and orthopedic wires.
Before raising a dog, you must do some research about it to know information that will help and guide you. Some owners are not considering this, making them unprepared, which leads them to experience difficult situations about their pet. Therefore, it is a huge help if you do some research about your dog.
Knowing the exact time when your dog will stop growing depends on many factors such as their breed, genetic traits, and nutrition. However, it is quite easy to make an estimate when you know the different factors to consider.
Regardless of when your dog will stop growing, it is important to do thorough research about them first before deciding to adopt or buy a dog. This is the first step to becoming a responsible dog parent. | <urn:uuid:26cf70aa-ed41-4525-b05a-744464bd62da> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.barkva.org/when-do-dogs-stop-growing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154163.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801061513-20210801091513-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.952983 | 2,586 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In addition to our first batch of books for the library, WIHI recently investing in several Virtual research databases with thousands of articles about current events, the arts and literature, science, math and history.
Students can access these databases (as well as many other research materials) at the WIHI Moodle page for Informational Literacy.
The GALE Virtual Reference Library is geared towards all facets of academic research.
The Global Issues in Context database continually adds news articles and up-to-the minute records for accurate information about global issues.
The Literature Resource Center offers thousands of articles of analysis and research for books and stories from all over the world. | <urn:uuid:43d80990-c538-4686-b47e-81222fd9cf44> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.wihi.org/the-wihi-blog/new-virtual-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890928.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121234728-20180122014728-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.904949 | 133 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A laboratory plays a very important role in learning chemistry, especially for K-12 students. It facilitates various experimental activities that support their understanding of concepts. However, various conceptual gaps often arise in a traditional chemistry lab because of multiple constraints, and one of the ways to overcome these constraints is through the visualization of elements in a virtual environment.
Technological advancements in recent times, coupled with the need to shift to a remote learning environment, owing to the pandemic, have given rise to this innovative concept of virtual chemistry labs. In this blog, we learn more about virtual chemistry labs, their effectiveness in K-12 education, and how they help students learn better.
What is a virtual chemistry lab?
The virtual chemistry laboratory is essentially an online simulation of a physical chemistry lab. It is specifically designed to help students link or make connections of various chemical computations with authentic laboratory chemistry.
Setting a new trend for educators and taking teaching to the next level, these virtual chemistry labs offer a distraction-free virtual environment in a simulated lab setting. It allows learners to conveniently perform chemistry experiments and work around different chemicals/compounds safely.
The idea of virtual chemistry labs is also gaining a lot of traction as schools and K-12 institutions try to cut down costs, expand their reach, enhance student understanding, and offer a very different kind of hands-on training for future scientists.
Are virtual chemistry labs effective?
Virtual chemistry labs or virtual laboratory simulations have been primarily designed for two main purposes in chemistry education-
- To provide students with detailed visual representations of chemistry concepts
- To better prepare students for their laboratory sessions
Keeping both the above objectives in mind, virtual chemistry labs are definitely an effective tool for gaining familiarity with the laboratory environment, especially for students studying remotely or those who do not have the opportunity to explore the laboratory physically.
These labs incorporate various pedagogical techniques proven to facilitate a better understanding of theoretical information, including visual learning, active learning, recall-based learning, gamification & storytelling. Further, virtual chemistry labs also offer students a realistic lab experience that will allow them to perform experiments and practice their skills in an interactive and risk-free learning environment.
Benefits of virtual chemistry labs in making students learn better
Unlike the physical chemistry labs where students’ access to material is restricted to particular experiments, in a virtual platform, they enjoy higher flexibility to try different experiments and perform better research that could be potentially hazardous in actual laboratories.
Further, virtual chemistry labs provide students with the convenience of altering/changing the inputs or compounds used in the experiment without worrying about any dangerous effects of these changes. It enables students to learn more, develop deep cognitive skills, and also allows them to get creative with their ideas.
When it comes to actual chemistry laboratories, the safety of students remains one of the key concerns. On the contrary, in a virtual environment, students’ safety is not put at risk. Since there is no direct contact with any kind of chemicals, virtual labs protect both students and teachers from all kinds of hazards.
With a well-designed and immersive virtual lab environment, students get easy access to labs and modules on their mobile devices on the go, irrespective of their physical location.
Apart from this, virtual labs allow students to perform the same or new experiments multiple times at their own pace, with no time constraints. This helps them better understand and master chemistry concepts that may be otherwise difficult to grasp. Also, it allows teachers and students to save a great deal of time and effort because they don’t need to adhere to the timelines to enter the lab or move from one place to another.
Offer instant feedback
Another advantage of virtual chemistry labs is that it allows students to redo experiments immediately. Since all the experiment results are recorded, maintaining communication between teachers and students becomes more efficient too.
Unlike the traditional lab setup, in virtual chemistry labs, students have unlimited options. Students can go over their mistakes, analyze what went wrong and give it another shot immediately.
Better learning experience
Ranging from interesting 2D video games which use easy-to-manage toggles to control variables to 3D simulations that aim to offer a more immersive experience, virtual chemistry labs offer it all.
They also provide students with clear objectives and step-by-step instructions, thus guiding them through the various technical steps for carrying out complex chemistry procedures.
While it is still doubtful whether virtual labs will completely replace physical labs in K-12 education just yet, they are definitely here to stay. This is simply because, unlike the traditional chemistry labs, where there are multiple concerns such as safety, lack of resources for repeated experiments, and time constraints, virtual chemistry labs come with no such limitations.
Presenting a more viable educational approach for STEM subjects, virtual chemistry labs open a world of possibilities for K-12 students and help them master even the most complex of chemistry concepts. | <urn:uuid:0b834dca-372b-4a21-b442-224fa837ebc6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.hurix.com/do-virtual-chemistry-labs-help-students-learn-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.935733 | 1,012 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The aim of this article is to present the results and conclusions of research which focused on recommending an appropriate approach for the creation and maintenance of fish stocks in various types of water elements, from small ornamental pools to formal water elements and large close-to-nature fish ponds. These elements form part of cultural monument complexes and heritage protected settlements (especially historic gardens and chateau parks, religious complexes, village and urban heritage reserves). Detailed results are described of a twoyear investigation of various types of water elements located in Kroměříž gardens, Červené Poříčí Chateau, and the former monastery in Osek, near Teplice, as examples of cultural monuments and their water elements. Issues of possible management of fish stocks, modifications of the aquatic environment to ensure stable conditions for fish farming, and the reduction of negative interaction of pollution and excessive or inappropriately chosen fish stocks and aesthetic perception of water elements are discussed. The results of the field investigations have shown an unsatisfactory state of virtually all locations due to water eutrophication, overgrowth of vegetation in some water elements, unregulated interventions in fish stocks, and uncontrolled fishing resulting in the reduction of predatory species population and the occurrence of invasive species. At the same time, a relatively low awareness of the possibilities of regulating fish stocks and of the principles of sustainable maintenance have been found.
Small water reservoirs are one of the principal elements of agricultural landscape in the Central European context. The monitoring of the quality of aquatic environment of selected ponds and small reservoirs (SWR) in areas of southern and central Moravia and the Vysočina Region was carried out in 2013 to 2015. | <urn:uuid:4c846a5a-f00a-4db4-aa59-3a301a15759b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.vtei.cz/en/author/doc-rndr-zdenek-adamek-csc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.933172 | 345 | 2.640625 | 3 |
• Other • Tour Guide/Interpretation • Visitor Information • General Assistance
Photo Courtesy of NPS
“In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever.” Beneath these words, the 16th President of the United States sits immortalized in marble. The Lincoln Memorial sits at the far west end of the National Mall as an enduring symbol of freedom.
Lincoln Memorial volunteers help visitors understand this tribute to the Great Emancipator and preserver of our nation during the Civil War. From the words of President Lincoln engraved on the walls of the chamber to the names of all 50 states found on the outside, volunteers have a wide number of elements to discuss with visitors. Volunteers may also point visitors to the Memorial’s interactive website and available cell phone talks.
National Mall and Memorial Park's mission is to manage, preserve, and maintain the monuments, memorials, and historic sites in the heart of Washington, D.C., and to provide opportunities for all Americans and park visitors to understand and be inspired by their significance. You can help advance this mission by volunteering in the park. Volunteers interact with visitors and assist Park Rangers in answering questions, giving talks, and leading tours of the monuments and memorials. | <urn:uuid:402682dc-c6ca-4585-8fee-93812da4a838> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.volunteer.gov/results.cfm?ID=10480 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274324.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00011-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917559 | 270 | 2.90625 | 3 |
|EASTERN REDBUD (Cercis canadensis)|
Height: 20'-30', Spread: 25'-30'. Small tree with rounded crown, pink to purplish flowers in
April. Likes moist, well drained soils. Full sun to light shade. Good as specimen tree or in shrub
border. Limited wildlife value.
WHITE FRINGETREE (Chionanthus virginicus)
Height: 12'-20', Spread: same. Open habit, often wider than high. Prefers moist, fertile soils and
full sun. Excellent specimen tree or in groups, borders or near large buildings. Limited wildlife
|FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus florida)|
Height: 20', Spread: 15'-20'. Small tree with flat topped crown. Place in well drained soil. Full
sun to partial shade. Has character in all four seasons. Excellent as specimen tree or used on the
corner of a house or in a woodland group setting. Fruit is an important food source for songbirds
including evening grosbeak, cardinals, robins and cedar waxwings.
|WASHINGTON HAWTHORN (Crataegus phaenopyrum)|
Height: 25'-30', Spread: 20'-25'. Broadly rounded to oval, dense, thorny tree. Plant in well
drained soil in full sun. Excellent specimen tree or for borders and hedges. Should not be used in
high traffic areas. Dense thorns make excellent nesting sites for songbirds. Fruit is used by
grouse, cedar waxwings and sparrows.
COMMON WITCHHAZEL (Hamamelis virginiana)
Height: 20-30', Spread: 20'-25'. Small tree or multistemmed shrub with yellow flowers in winter.
Prefers moist soils in full sun or partial shade. Excellent for foundations, hedges, mass plantings
and as an accent plant. Limited wildlife value.
|AMERICAN HOLLY (Ilex opaca)|
Height: 15'-30', Spread: 18'-25'. Dense, pyramidal in youth, opening up with age. Plant in moist,
well drained soil. Full sun or partial shade. Use one male for every three females. Use as
specimen plant or in groupings. Many cultivars. Used extensively by many songbirds including
thrushes, mockingbirds, catbirds, bluebirds and thrashers. Foliage provides cover for songbirds
|RED MAPLE (Acer rubrum)|
Height: 40'-60', Spread: same. Habit is pyramidal in youth and rounded with age. Tolerant of
moist soils, but prefers slightly acid, moist conditions. Naturally occurs in wet areas. Excellent
tree as specimen for lawn and park settings. Excellent fall color. Buds, flowers and leaves
provide food for many birds and mammals. Chipmunks and squirrels eat seeds and some
songbirds use stalks for nest building.
SILVER MAPLE (Acer saccharinum)
Height: 50'-70', Spread: 40'-50'. Has strong spreading branches which form a rounded crown.
Tolerant of many soil types. One of the best trees for poor soils and wet conditions. Use of this
tree should be limited to areas free of buildings and heavy human use as it is prone to internal
decay and subsequent loss of branches. Provides fast shade. See Red Maple for wildlife users.
RIVER BIRCH (Betula nigra)
Height: 40'-70', Spread: 40'-60'. Pyramidal in youth and rounded with age. Often grown
multistemmed. Best adapted to moist soils. Used in areas that are alternately wet and dry.
Handsome tree used as specimen in parks and estates. Catkins are used by redpolls and pine
siskins. Foliage is used by browsers.
|SHAGBARK HICKORY (Carya ovata)|
Height: 60'-80'+, Spread: 40'-60'. Straight trunk with an oblong crown. Bark breaks up in thin
plates. Difficult to transplant, start as seedling. Should not be used in landscaped areas because
its exfoliating bark and nuts make it a "dirty" tree. Best reserved for woodland border. Leaves
are used by browsers. Nuts are also consumed by deer, turkey, foxes, wood ducks, and squirrels.
|COMMON HACKBERRY (Celtis occidentalis)|
Height: 40'-60', Spread same. In youth weakly pyramidal; in old age the crown is a broad top of
ascending, arching branches. Medium to fast growth. Prefers rich, moist soils, but grows in dry,
heavy or sandy, rocky soils; withstands acid or alkaline conditions; moderately wet or very dry
areas; tolerates wind; full sun; withstands dirt and grime of cities. Fruit is fleshy, orange to dark
purple, ripening in September to October. Leaves are yellow to yellow-green in fall. Good tree
for park or large area use. Useful tree for adverse growing conditions. Fruit is popular with
winter birds, especially the cedar waxwing, mockingbird, and robin.
|AMERICAN BEECH (Fagus grandifolia)|
Height: 50'-70'+, Spread: same. Often has short trunk with wide spreading crown. Likes moist,
well drained soils. Does best in full sun, but tolerates shade. Should be restricted to large area
use for parks and estates. Beechnuts are eaten by birds and mammals and are important food for
chipmunks and squirrels.
WHITE ASH (Fraxinus americana)
Height: 50'-80', Spread: same. Pyramidal in youth and later developing an open rounded crown.
Grows best on deep, well drained soils and full sun. Used often as a lawn tree in parks and golf
courses. Moderate importance to wildlife. Seeds eaten by wood duck, finches, and cardinals.
GREEN ASH (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
Height: 50'-60', Spread: 25'-30'. Pyramidal in youth, developing upright, spreading habit at
maturity. Grows quickly in full sun and in a wide range of soils conditions. Naturally found on
moist bottomlands. See White Ash for wildlife users.
COMMON HONEYLOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos)
height: 30'-70', Spread: same. Usually has short trunk with open, oval crown. Fast grower.
Withstands a wide range of conditions but prefers rich, moist bottomlands. Excellent lawn tree
under filtered shade. Limited wildlife value.
|BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra)|
Height: 50'-75', Spread: same. Well formed trunk with oval crown. Prefers rich, moist soils.
Often found on bottomlands. Difficult to transplant. Should be started as seedling. Produces
toxins which are poisonous to many plants giving it an advantage in open field situations but
creating problems for gardeners. Nuts are eaten by woodpeckers, foxes, and squirrels.
EASTERN RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana)
Height: 40'-50', Spread: 8'-20'. Densely pyramidal when young and slightly pendulous in old age.
Medium rate of growth. Tolerant of adverse conditions. Prefers deep, moist soils. Will tolerate
shade only in youth. Handsome reddish brown bark. Produces small cones. Useful for
windbreaks, shelter belts, hedges and topiary work. Twigs and foliage are eaten by browsers.
Seeds are eaten most extensively by cedar waxwings. Evergreen foliage provides nesting and
roosting cover for sparrows, robins, mockingbirds, juncos, and warblers.
|AMERICAN SWEETGUM (Liquidambar styraciflua)|
Height: 60'-75'+, Spread: 2/3 height. Pyramidal in youth, rounded crown at maturity. Likes deep,
moist, acid soils. Occurs naturally on bottomlands. Excellent for lawn or park area. Gumballs
can be a problem in lawn settings. Goldfinches and purple finches eat winged seeds.
TULIP POPLAR (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Height: 70'-90', Spread: 30'-50'. Long, straight trunk with a narrow canopy. Fast grower. Plant
in full sun and a well drained loam. Use in large areas. Wood somewhat weak. Moderate
wildlife importance. The purple finch and cardinal are principal users.
BLACK GUM (Nyssa sylvatica)
Height: 30'-50', Spread: 20'-30'. Pyramidal in youth and irregularly crowned at maturity. Prefers
moist, well drained, acid soils. Full sun or semi-shade. Deep taproot. Beautiful tree when used
as a specimen. Fruit is relished by many songbirds. Users include wood ducks, robins,
woodpeckers, thrashers, flickers, and mockingbirds.
EASTERN WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus)
Height: 50'-80'+, Spread: 20'-40'. Pyramidal in youth, crown at maturity has several horizontal
and ascending branches. Fast grower. Grows best on fertile, well-drained soils, but is very
adaptable. A very handsome and ornamental specimen, valuable for lawns, parks, and estates.
Provides valuable cover and nesting sites for songbirds and mammals. Needles are used as
nesting material. Seeds are eaten by quail, chickadees, grosbeaks, nuthatches and woodpeckers.
WHITE OAK (Quercus alba)
Height: 100', Spread; 50'-80'. Pyramidal in youth, becoming broad and rounded with wide
spreading branches. Transplant as small tree. Prefers moist, well drained soils. Difficult to obtain
from nurseries. Sometimes available as seedling. Worthwhile tree for large areas. Oasis, in
general, are of major importance to wildlife. Acorns are at the top of the food preference list for
wood ducks, pheasants, grackles, jays, nuthatches, thrushes, woodpeckers, rabbits, foxes,
squirrels and deer.
PIN OAK (Quercus palustris)
Height: 60'-70', Spread: 25'-40'. Strongly pyramidal with ascending branches. One of the faster
growing oaks. Full sun. Tolerates wet soils but is adaptable to many soils types. Most widely
used oak for landscaping. Used on lawns, parks, golf courses and around commercial buildings.
See white oak for wildlife uses.
RED OAK (Quercus rubra)
Height: 60'-75', Spread: 40'-50'. Often larger in the wild. Habit is round-topped and symmetrical.
Full sun. Prefers loamy, well drained soils. Fast growing tree for lawns, parks and estates. See
white oak for wildlife uses.
WILLOW OAK (Quercus phellos)
Height: 50'-100', Spread 30'-70'. Fast growing oak with willow-like foliage. Good shade tree.
Full sun or semi-shade. Easily grown in wet soils. See white oak for wildlife uses.
EASTERN HEMLOCK (Tsuga canadensis)
Height: 40'-70', Spread: 25'-35'. Pyramidal in youth, becoming more pendulous with age. Likes
moist, well-drained soils. Plant in sheltered area. Tolerates shade. Relatively fast growing.
Excellent for screens, hedges, accent plant and foundation plantings. Provides excellent cover for
deer and songbirds. Nesting site for several warblers. Seeds are eaten by juncos, chickadees, and | <urn:uuid:117102e9-98d4-45bd-815a-580cee40ba73> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/GrowTrees/pickatree.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926964.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00270-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876932 | 2,588 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Fourth Normal Form in Relational Database (May 2012)
Amandeep Kaur, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Abstract—This report is being written to understand the concept of Fourth Normal form in context of relational database. Multivalued dependency and the rules to achieve fourth normal form are explained. The anomalies associated with the fourth normal form are discussed and the consequences of violating 4NF is explained.
HE most important issue in the design of a database is to determine the fields that should be grouped together into the records. In the relational database, fields are grouped into logical structures known as relations. Normal forms basically determines which data fields should be placed together in a relation, this process is known as Normalization which is done to minimize redundancy and dependency. The set of data fields comprising the database is organized into relations in first through fifth normal form (5NF) according to constraints placed upon the relations in each normal form. At any step in the normalization process, we may find that the relations no longer require further reorganization; in that case, we say that final normal form has been achieved. Before we move forward to understand fourth normal form, we need to understand few concepts like Multivalued dependencies (MVD), first normal form (1NF), second Normal form (2NF), third Normal form (3NF), and Boyce Codd Normal form (BCNF). All these forms are discussed briefly in the next section.
NORMAL FORMS AND MULTIVALUED DEPENDENCY
1 First Normal Form
A relational database is said to be in 1NF if each attribute of the relation is atomic i.e. each column must contain only single value. Basic rules for 1NF are as follows: --First, eliminate duplicate column from the same table. --Second, create separate table for a group of related data and distinguish each row with a unique column or set of columns.
2 Second Normal Form
A relational database is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and each attribute that is not a primary key is fully functionally dependent on the entity's primary key; that is, non-primary key attributes are dependent on the entity's entire primary key. When a 1NF table has no composite candidate keys (candidate keys consisting of more than one attribute), the table is automatically in 2NF.
3 Third Normal Form
A relational database is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no non-primary key attribute is functionally dependent on another non-primary key. A non-prime attribute of R is an attribute that does not belong to any candidate key of R. A transitive dependency is a functional dependency in which X → Z (X determines Z) indirectly, by virtue of X → Y and Y → Z (where it is not the case that Y → X).
4 Multivalued Dependency
The multi-valued dependency is said to hold for a relation R(X, Y, Z) if for a given set of value (set of values if X is more than one attribute) for attributes X, there is a set of (zero or more) associated values for the set of attributes Y and the Y values depend only on X values and have no dependence on the set of attributes Z. In other words, the multi-valued dependency relates to the problem when more than one multi-valued attributes exist. MVD is represented by a double arrow --->>. Example of a multi-valued dependency is explained in TABLE I. Because the lecturers attached to the course and the books attached to the course are independent of each other, this database design has a multi-valued dependency; if we were to add a new book to the Database Systems course, we would have to add one record for each of the lecturers on that course, and vice versa. Put formally, there are two multi-valued dependencies in this relation: course—»book and equivalently course—» lecturer. Databases with multivalued dependencies thus exhibit redundancy.
FOURTH NORMAL FORM
A relationship is in Fourth Normal Form (4NF) when it meets... | <urn:uuid:c524f303-8b78-429a-8aee-893c2db10e9b> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Fourth-Normal-Form-In-Relational-Database-994095.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542932.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00162-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922429 | 834 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Heroin use has become an epidemic, not only in our community, but across the country. In fact, drug overdoses are now the leading cause of death in Americans under the age of 50, with an estimated 59,000 to 65,000 deaths caused by drug overdose in 2016 alone (New York Times).
As alarming as these numbers are, there is a growing body of resources for parents and guardians to help prevent their pre-teens and tees from trying heroin, as well as resources for those looking for help to recover from heroin addiction.
Understanding the Opioid Epidemic in Our Community
For many people in the Allegheny-Kiski Valley and the surrounding areas, the opioid epidemic hits home. From 2014 to 2016, the number of drug overdose deaths in Allegheny County has more than doubled, rising from 300 to 640, with no end in sight (CBS Pittsburgh). According to the Allegheny County Medical Examiner, heroin isn’t the only opioid that’s contributing to the rise in fatal overdoses. Fentanyl, a rapid-release opioid pain medication, has become the drug of choice for many previous heroin users and new drug users alike.
Pennsylvania Drug Abuse Prevention Resources
If you’re looking for broader resources to prevent heroin and opioid use, taking a look at some of Pennsylvania’s statewide initiatives can be a good place to start. The Commonwealth Prevention Alliance (CPA) has developed a heroin prevention campaign called PA Stop, which provides excellent resources for parents and caretakers.
You can also find an extensive list of drug prevention and recovery centers and additional resource materials on the PA Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs’ website.
The Allegheny-Kiski Health Foundation is very passionate about providing aid to community efforts focused on preventing drug use and helping community members find the recovery help they need.
Most recently, the Foundation has donated Narcan to local police departments and first responders, and is also hosting an ongoing Drug Addiction Series featuring speakers VonZell Wade, PhD, LPC, CCTP and Laurie Johnson-Wade, CRS, CBC, CRC. Take a look at our Events Page for more information about the next FREE lecture to take place in this series.
The Foundation’s Community Nurses are also available to contact at no charge to community members for additional information and local resources. | <urn:uuid:d656921a-7c00-47f0-9d24-cd3c2940b3b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://akhealth.org/heroin-use-prevention-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.93463 | 486 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Our Academy Ethos is promoted through our school values of Love, Courage, Community and Celebration!
Our pupils have defined our school values as:
Love: "Caring and protecting each other"
Courage: "Be brave, you can do it!"
Community: "We are a team"
Celebration: "We did it, we're really proud"
The Academy aims to serve its community by providing education of the highest quality within the context of Christian belief and practice. It encourages an understanding of the meaning and significance of faith and promotes Christian values through the experience it offers all pupils’
Collective Worship is held daily across a range of Christian and multi-cultural themes to ensure that all pupils benefit from equality of spiritual, moral and cultural guidance.
How we promote Fundamental British values
Schools are required to provide for the spiritual, moral, social and cultural (SMSC) development of their pupils, including the active promotion of fundamental British values.
The government defines these as:
- The rule of law
- Individual liberty
- Mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs.
As a Church of England school, this is a priority at John Henry Newman Academy, reinforcing our core Christian values: Love, Courage, Community and Celebration.
What does this mean for my child?
Our work in promoting fundamental British values is designed, alongside our Christian ethos, to prepare children for life in modern Britain. Ultimately, we aim to help pupils understand:
- The importance of combating discrimination
- How we can influence decision-making by taking part in democratic processes like voting and petitioning through School Council opportunites; participating in whole-school decision making.
- The freedom under British law to choose different faiths and beliefs
- That the law is there to keep us safe.
How is this happening at our school?
Christian virtues and British values are reflected throughout our school in our ethos, policies and assemblies. Pupils are reminded of Jesus' words to:
"Love God" and "Love one another".
Many opportunities also occur within the curriculum, for example where pupils learn about different cultures and religions; and the importance of rules in PE. Extra-curricular activities enable pupils to vote in elections, complete questionnaires, have their opinions heard and as a result, learn about democracy.
Our Values versus Violence Curriculum develops pupils' understanding of their rights as an individual. We link this to their rights as a citizen of Britain.
Our duty to actively promote fundamental British values means that we always present political views to children in a balanced way. We are also responsible for challenging prejudiced or extreme opinions and behaviour.
As part of this responsibility, we have put measures in place to protect children from exposure to extremist views. All Staff have had Prevent Training to ensure that we can identify signs of extremism if present.
Promoting British values will reinforce, not change, our current Church of England ethos. | <urn:uuid:ccb9ad08-f1ae-414e-8b76-623254356a18> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.jhnacademy.co.uk/website/ethos_statement/231720 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648198.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323063710-20180323083710-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.932421 | 604 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Hemifacial spasm is an involuntary contraction of the muscles on one side of the face. Botox injection is the only effective treatment. The injections have to be repeated every 3 to 4 months.
What you should know about Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial spasm usually starts with twitching of the eyelids and progresses to involve the muscles on the entire side of the face. Symptoms may vary from mild twitching to strong contractions. Very rarely, hemifacial spasm can be bilateral.
One way of differentiating hemifacial spasm from early blepharospasm is presence of symptoms during sleep. In blepharospasm the twitching stops while sleeping.
The cause of Hemifacial spasm is usually unknown. Rarely, it can be caused by facial nerve irritation inside the brain by an abnormally dilated blood vessel. In the majority of cases however, the cause cannot be identified so the treatment targets directly the muscles responsible for the spasms. This consists of botulinum toxin (Botox) injections directly into the squeezing muscles to decrease twitching.
The dose of Botox used to treat hemifacial spasm is significantly lower than in blepharospasm but the injections involve more regions of the face. The treatment has to be repeated every 3 to 4 months. | <urn:uuid:b5fe94b8-f5d5-4efc-9e2a-219b2c40cb60> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://oculofacialinstitute.com/surgical/hemifacial-spasm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986666959.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016090425-20191016113925-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.917135 | 273 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Make sure you take time next week to celebrate Grandparents Day being celebrated on September 12 and NCAL’s National Assisted Living Week September 12 – 18. Grandparents day was first officially observed in 1979 after Jimmy Carter signed a presidential proclamation, designating the first Sunday after Labor Day as National Grandparents Day. There are over 2.6 million grandparents responsible for most of the basic needs (i.e., food, shelter, clothing) of one or more of the grandchildren who lived with them in 2008. These grandparents represented about 41 percent of all
grandparents whose grandchildren lived with them. Of these caregivers, 1.6 million were grandmothers, and 983,000 were grandfathers.
Established by NCAL in 1995, National Assisted Living Week provides highlight local opportunities for residents, families, staff, volunteers, and the surrounding community to participate in events that showcase activities and interaction between communities. Look for local announcements around the country for activities celebrating this year’s theme, “Living Life”. | <urn:uuid:5257a1f3-a6bd-422c-8944-97521b8265da> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://seniorhousingnews.com/2010/09/09/grandparents-day-national-assisted-living-week-on-tap-for-next-week/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038062492.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411115126-20210411145126-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.957737 | 209 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For the past few weeks, our Year 5 and 6 students have been working hard on their Batik project.
Batik is a technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to whole cloth or cloth made material, which originated from Indonesia. Students then created a PowerPoint presentation on their Batik using Indonesian sentences.
The finished Batik artworks are currently being displayed in the library. During Week 7 and 8, students will be invited to vote for their choice of Batik.
We are inviting parents and staff to have a look at the amazing art and vote for their favourite to.
Winners will be announced in Term 3.
Mrs Ibu Jones
Here are a few sneak peeks. | <urn:uuid:39e3867b-53c8-425d-a05a-082afbaafffb> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.mundaring.wa.edu.au/articles/news/primary-cross-curricular-art-and-indonesian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347400101.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528201823-20200528231823-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.969977 | 142 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Giving Your Brass Instrument a Bath
All brass instruments must be given a bath 2-3 times a year. The whole instrument should be immersed in a warm bath. Remove all of the slides and valves (leave French horn valves in place) before immersing. French horn slides should be kept in two separate groups (top slides/bottom slides). Immerse the slides. Dip the valves into the water and swirl without getting the felts wet. After leaving all the parts to soak use a valve brush and a flexible cleaning brush to clean the awkward curves and long tubing. Remove and flush all the parts with clean water and dry with a soft cloth. Lubricate all slides with petroleum jelly and valves with valve oil and refit to the instrument wiping off all excess oil/grease from the slides.
Make sure you have the following items before beginning: (a) Polishing Cloth (b) Drying rag (c) Valve/Slide Oil (d) Slide Grease (we use petroleum jelly) (e) Mouthpiece Brush (f) Snake Brush (g) Valve Brush - trumpet only (h) Cloth Towels - not shown
Bathing the Instrument
1. Disassemble your instrument – first remove all valves, and pull all slides and remove valve cap bottoms. (Trumpet/baritone valves must be set aside and cleaned by hand. These valves are not interchangeable so we suggest using a sheet of paper to label each valve (1st/2nd/3rd) Do not disassemble trumpet valves.) *French horn slides must be divided into two groups (top and bottom slides). Use a sheet of a paper to label each slide and keep these slides separate while cleaning. If these slides are not placed back in the correct order the French horn will not produce the correct pitches*
2. Fill a bathtub with lukewarm water and add ¼ cup of mild hand soap. Place the disassembled parts in the water on top of towels or rags so the instrument does not get scratched.
3. Allow your instrument to soak for 20-30 minutes. Trumpet/baritone valves should be cleaned by hand at this time. Use the valve or mouthpiece brush with a small amount of water and a squirt of tub and tile cleanser (such as Kaboom). Valves should be inspected for corrosion or damage. Once clean, set them aside. Remember: the valve number is stamped on the brass near the spring. Valves must be put back in their valve casings in order.
4. Using the snake brush and valve brush, scrub the inside of all tubing. Run water through tubing and repeat until it comes out clean.
5. Rinse the instrument clean of soapy/dirty water. If possible attach a hose to your sink and run water at high pressure through each open slide receiver and the bell. Remove the instrument from the bath and dry off everything with a clean towel. Be sure to spin the instrument several times to ensure that all water has been emptied from the tubing (especially French horns and baritones).
6. Apply a thin layer of slide grease (petroleum jelly) to slides and reassemble them into the body of the instrument. Wipe off any excess grease. Apply oil to piston valves and reassemble them in order.
7. Polish your instrument with the polishing cloth once it is dry. This will remove any water stains you might have missed.
8. Play test your instrument and empty any excess water with the water keys. Trumpets will not be playable if the valves were reassembled in the wrong order, or not aligned in the valve casings.
Just in case you wanted to read more about cleaning brass instruments, here’s another description of giving your instrument a bath:
· Margarine bowl or other small plastic bowl
· Soft 100% cotton cleaning rag
· Dishwashing detergent
· Cotton swabs
· Soft 100% cotton towel to dry horn
· Assortment of brushes - mouthpiece brush, leadpipe brush, snake, and a valve casing brush for valved instruments. Specialized brushes or cleaning kits can be purchased from your local music store for your specific type of horn and they are a good investment. Follow these steps to get the most out of your horn:
Take your horn completely apart and clean it thoroughly. Make sure you have plenty of space to do this and it is very well lit. It is best to have a plastic bowl to keep all small parts like valves, valve springs and valve caps.
Place a towel in the bottom of your bath tub and lay the disassembled horn (minus the really small pieces) on it. The towel keeps any abrasives from scratching the finish of the horn.
Fill the tub with about 8-10 inches of lukewarm water. Next pour a couple tablespoons of dishwashing soap in the water and mix it up with your hands. The two best brands of soap for cleaning your horn are Palmolive or Joy. Other brands tend to leave a residue on the horn after it is rinsed. Let the horn soak for a few minutes to loosen any gunk, then use a valve casing brush to clean valve casings by dipping the valves in water, keeping the felt at the top of the valve dry. The snake and the mouthpiece brush should be used to clean the slides and tubes of the rest of the horn.
For smaller parts, like valve end caps, use cotton swabs to remove dirt, grease and foreign bodies. If you cannot remove dirt from end caps and old toothbrush can be used. You should avoid using toothbrushes on precision parts like piston valves and trombone slides as they may damage them.
Thoroughly rinse the horn and smaller parts to remove any soap residue. Dry the horn with a soft cotton cloth.
Check with your director or local repair shop for any special instructions for bathing your horn. Some finishes (silver) require special care.
Spend a little time going over your horn when cleaning it. This will allow you the opportunity to find any problems that need to be addressed. It is not uncommon for problems to develop with trombone slides, turning slides and water valves during the school year. If you thoroughly clean your horn at least twice a year, you should be able to identify the problems and get them fixed before they become major issues.
Clean the mouthpiece with a brush every couple days. Long hours of playing cause them to get dirty, sweaty, etc., and keeping them clean keeps the horn cleaner longer as well. A horn will collect a lot of dust and dirt over the course of a year. Small particles of dust and sand readily stick to oiled parts like trombone slides and micro close tolerance piston valves. Add a drop or two of oil each day on every piston and slide.
Take care of your case. The purpose of your horn case is to protect your horn, but if your case is damaged, it may not be able to do its job properly. Also, refrain from stuffing a lot of objects other than your horn in its case. The case your horn comes in was designed specifically for that type and model of horn. Do not carry band music or lesson books inside your case. Putting books and/or music in your case with your horn and then closing it can put pressure on your slide and cause it to bend. Putting a lot of extra items in the case with your horn could scratch the finish or worse. | <urn:uuid:4033c95f-c226-4f92-9afc-099359cbd815> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://rondoutvms.sharpschool.com/cms/One.aspx?portalId=1087856&pageId=8903937 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043062635.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002422-00004-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916987 | 1,532 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jericho is believed to be one of, if not the oldest cities in the world.
It was also the first city captured by the Israelites upon entering the land of Canaan following their 40 years of wandering in the desert after the exodus from Egypt.
Ironically, Jericho (along with the Gaza Strip) was the first territory given to the Palestinians by Israel as part of the Oslo peace agreement in 1994. Before the outbreak of the Palestinian War in 2000, the Palestinian Authority had been developing the town in hopes of making it a major tourist attraction, most notably erecting a large casino and hotel at the outskirts of the city.
Jericho sits between Mt. Nebo in the east, the Central Mountains to the west and the Dead Sea to the south. In addition to these natural fortifications, Jericho also benefited from natural irrigation afforded by the Jordan River approximately four miles to the west, and from underground tributaries from the Central Mountains which fed her famous oasis. This irrigation resulted in teeming plant life and helped to transform Jericho into a flowing sea of green in an otherwise barren desert. Besides being old, Jericho is also one of the lowest cities in the world, about 800 feet (244 m) below sea level.
Jericho's natural resources, beauty, and natural defenses caused her to become the ideal locale for trade. These attributes also made her the source of envy and a coveted possession for invaders of ancient Palestine. Given that Jericho is located in roughly central Palestine, access to her neighboring city-states was a major key to Jericho's importance to invaders and to traders alike. Jericho's location was ideal for the establishing of trade routes and for communication exchange.
According to Jewish tradition, after the Israelites' 40-year sojourn in the desert, Joshua decides the first city in Canaan he will conquer is Jericho. God tells him that he will be victorious and instructs Joshua to have his troops march around the walls of the city once a day for six days. The force is to be led by seven priests walking beside the Ark of the Covenant containing the Ten Commandments and blowing rams' horns (shofarot). On the seventh day, the troops are supposed to circle the city seven more times, then the priests are ordered to blow their horns and the soldiers to shout, and the walls of the city, God tells Joshua, will tumble down. This is precisely what happens according to the Bible (Joshua 6).
Jericho later fell to the Babylonians, but was rebuilt when the Jews were allowed to return from their exile. The city continued to be a resort during the rule of the succeeding empires. For Christians, Jericho took on importance because of its association with John the Baptist, who was said to have been baptized by the banks of the Jordan on the eastern boundary of the city (Matthew 3:13-15), and the story of the temptation of Christ (Matthew 4:1-4).
The Romans destroyed the old city in the first century, but it was rebuilt in its present location by the Byzantines. The city briefly returned to glory when Caliph Hisham Ibn Abd el-Malik built his winter palace in Jericho in 743, but an earthquake destroyed virtually the entire city just four years later. The city later fell to the Crusaders and then was recaptured by Saladin. Jericho was largely ignored and deserted for centuries afterward.
The UN partition decision allocated the area to the Arab state, but, after the 1948 war, it was controlled by Jordan. Many Arabs who left other parts of Palestine moved to the area and a number of UN refugee camps were set up. A Palestinian nationalist named Musa Alami founded an agricultural school to train refugees in 1951, which is still in operation. The territory was subsequently captured by Israel in the Six-Day War.
The main attraction in Jericho is the Tel e-Sultan, the site of ancient Jericho. In reality, little remains beyond a few piles of rocks that archaeologists now tell us were once parts of towers, staircases and other structures that date back at least 7,000 years. The oldest stairs and wall in the world are on the site. The layers of 23 ancient civilizations were uncovered here and may be as much as 9,000 years old.
Nearby is the Spring of Elisha, or Sultan's Spring, where the prophet sweetened the water (II Kings 2). This is the source of water for the oasis. During the construction of a private home north of the spring, builders discovered the mosaic floor of an ancient synagogue decorated with Jewish symbols, such as a menorah and ram's horn. A Hebrew inscription reads, "Peace to Israel." This is the Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue. A second, older synagogue, which is believed to have been built in the 5th or 6th century, was also discovered by accident. The Na'aran Synagogue was found after the Ottoman Turks shelled a British army unit camped on the spot. It too has a mosaic floor, this one with the Zodiac, the story of Daniel in the Lion's Den and pictures of sacred objects from the Temple.
Directly across from the Tel is a huge tourist complex with shops and a restaurant where every tour bus stops. A new hotel is being constructed as well. Another new addition since the Palestinian takeover is a modern cable car that whisks visitors to the Mount of Temptation. A 19th-century Greek Orthodox monastery sits on the cliff. This is where Satan offered Jesus the kingdoms of the world in exchange for his homage. Inside the monastery is a cave where Jesus is believed to have stayed during the 40 days he spent in the wilderness fasting after his baptism. At the foot of the mountain are the remains of the sugar mills built by the Crusaders in the 11th century.
Less than two miles from Old Jericho is Caliph Hisham's Palace. The building dates to the 7th century during the Umayyad period of the Muslim Empire. It was apparently designed as a winter resort from the Caliph, but was destroyed by an earthquake before he had a chance to use it. Parts of the building were preserved and some of the artifacts were removed and are on display at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem.
Jericho biggest tourist attraction at one point was Oasis casino - built in 1995 following the peace agreement signed between the Palestinians and Israelis- which was the only legal gambling establishment in the region, and a magnet for Israelis. In 1999, it made a profit of $54 million from the close to 2,900 people who visited the casino daily - 99% of them Israelis. In 2000, though, after the outbreak of violence during the Palestinian War, the casino was shut down. The juxtaposition of the casino, located directly across the street from a Palestinian refugee camp, was not lost on Palestinian terrorists who began using its high roof to shoot at nearby Israeli targets. Today the casino remains closed, despite an attempt by an Israeli businessman to reopen it back in 2005.
About four miles east of Jericho (six km.) is the Allenby Bridge, one of the two crossing points into Jordan. The bridge is named after the famous general who led British troops during World War I and helped conquer much of the Middle East, including Palestine. | <urn:uuid:1060f368-bb54-4283-a2d3-1d7c8f15d91d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jericho | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00462-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97555 | 1,480 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Yinchuan has a dry continental climate of middle latitude temperate zone. It has four distinctive seasons. The spring comes late here and summer is shorter than that of other places. The autumn comes early and winter is longer than that of other places. There is a great difference in temperature between day and night. It rarely rains or snows and there is severe evaporation. The climate is dry and sandstorms occur frequently. The annual average temperature here is around 8.5 degree Celsius and the annual sunshine hours are between 2,800 hours and 3,000 hours. It is one of the places which receive the most solar radiation and sunshine hours in China. Its annual rainfall is around 200 millimeters and there are about 185 frost-free days every year.
So between the late Spring and autumn is the best time to visit Yinchuan. In May and June, the Flower Meet (a traditional song competition) is held in Ningxia. In the middle of September, the International Yellow River Cultural Festival is held in Yinchuan. | <urn:uuid:52adf0cb-905f-46d2-a921-6d263521bd5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.chinahighlights.com/yinchuan/weather.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115858583.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161058-00058-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965906 | 210 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The book is varied between literature and philosophy, in-depth with psychology, history and other sciences as part of philosophy, and takes a two-edged curve and two sides of the same coin, and shows us that reading is the basis, and the Arabic language is the mother of languages, and it drowns us in letters of Abjad Hawwas, so that matters are based on the content and not the general meaning for the letter. The letter “A, Alif” may not mean “A” sometimes. Rather, it may be a light that illuminates the darkness and drives away oppression. And the letter “B, Baa” may not contain the letter at the end of the word (love “Hobb”), and it can differentiate it from love. And the letter “C, Jiim” may take us to the quackery, and it is in the middle of the word, it proves that the claim of knowledge is not related to knowledge itself, and knowledge takes away the spirit of ignorance. And with that comes the letter “D, Del”, it makes us see that proverbs and wisdom are only part of literature and philosophy that I see as two eyes in one head. And from HWZ we may see that space, galaxies and the universe are not related to the letter (H, Haa), and yet it is as easy as pronouncing the “H”, the beauty of the letter “H”, and that is what distinguishes it. And the “W, Waaw” when it speaks the splendor of art, delves into drawing, and mediate music to show us that beauty comes in many forms. Until we reach to the letter “Z, Zai”, we see that it is the end like death, but what if death had another side, like a coin with which to bet? We will find from here that there is another aspect of death called life, and we will see from it that the extent we see is not only what we see, but we must dive to drowning to discover that everything is connected to each other, and from here to here I chose two pages that I called a site and a reality with which I introduce myself to readers. | <urn:uuid:2be7aa74-bb76-4b64-b963-be208a631aaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://austinmacauley.ae/books/imprint-in-a-drop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522309.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518183254-20220518213254-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.968849 | 473 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Tribe was originally established in 1910 as a home for homeless, landless Native American Indians. In 1958, Rohnerville Rancheria was one of 44 tribes terminated by an act of Congress known as the California Rancheria Act. In 1983, the Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, along with 16 other California tribes, regained its federal recognition status through a class-action lawsuit known as the Tillie-Hardwick case. While the United States granted federal recognition to our tribe as a result of the lawsuit, it did not provide the tribe with compensation for the land, resources, right and heritage/culture that was taken. Tribal chairpersons lobbied Congress to get funds set aside for the Tribe for many years.
Due to the newness of the Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria as a federally recognized Indian Tribe, services provided by the Tribe to its members are limited. It is the direction of the Tribe to secure grants to develop and expand programs such as education, health, social services, housing, employment, economic development and cultural rejuvenation. | <urn:uuid:2deba7ef-84e7-4714-a7fa-f4b3e69de061> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bearriverrancheria.org/our-story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.966562 | 229 | 3 | 3 |
Brooklyn O’Connell (Year 6)
Isolation can bring out a lot of things in people, normally good things. In most cases you can learn a lot. We will be exploring how this cultivates new life and growth.
In, Holes, Stanley is the main character. He was put in a Juvenile Correction Centre called Camp Green Lake. He sees only his fellow prisoners every day, so he is pretty much in isolation. This changed Stanley for the better. At first, Stanley is unsure of himself and doesn’t want to start trouble. As the book progresses, you see that he has become more self-confident and that he is almost willing to fight at one point. He isn’t very confident in himself though, but neither is he easily depressed. This helps him not miss his family so he can focus on digging the holes and getting through the horrible situation he is in.
Stanley also develops physical strength. The exercise from digging the holes helps him get fit, and from holding the shovel a lot, the skin on his hands toughen. He also learns to do heavy exercise with not much water, since there is little supply. This heavy exercise helps Stanley save Zero’s life, near the end of the book.
Stanley develops the confidence to make his first true friend, Zero. At first, he was resentful toward Zero. He had asked Stanley to teach him to read and write, but Stanley wasn’t up for it. “His muscles and hands weren’t the only parts of his body that had toughened over the past several weeks. His heart had hardened as well.” This quote from the book, shows that Stanley’s heart hardened towards Zero, so he doesn’t really like him. Later, his heart softens after he becomes friends with Zero. This can be seen when the narrator states “As Stanley stared at the glittering night sky, he thought there was no place he would rather be. He was glad Zero put the shoes on the parked car. He was glad they fell from the overpass and hit him on the head.”
Stanley isn’t the only one who changed in isolation. His friend, Zero, changed a lot too. Zero is Stanley’s first friend, and a prisoner at Camp Green Lake. Everyone at Camp Green Lake calls him Zero because they think he’s worth nothing, but later in the book you see he is smarter than what he comes across as. Zero doesn’t talk much, but it is because he hates answering questions, and he is wary of lots of people because they mock him. Mr Pendanski teases Zero by saying, “You know why his name’s Zero? Because there’s nothing inside his head.” Zero eventually runs away from Camp Green Lake, and a few days later Stanley follows him and finds him. They become true friends, and Zero changes by stepping out of his shell, talking to Stanley a lot more and answering questions, which is something he once hated to do. Zero actually becomes very generous, because he shares something that has kept him alive called ‘sploosh’ with Stanley.
In the book, Wonder, the main character is August. He has a face deformity, and he hates going near people because of how much they stare. “I know ordinary kids don’t make other ordinary kids run away screaming in playgrounds. I know ordinary kids don’t get scared at wherever they go.” August wants to feel like he is ordinary, but knows he is really not. He is in isolation by choice, unlike Stanley who is forced to be in isolation. August has an astronaut helmet, which he wears to isolate himself from others. He learns to take off the helmet and be himself, after losing the helmet. August changes a lot and is inspiring. He brings up the courage to go to school for the first time, which is a big achievement since he is starting at a new school with a face deformity.
Like Stanley, August also finds a true friend called Summer. August learns to stand up for himself and his friends, and he also learns to forgive Jack, who insulted him behind his back, becoming friends with him. August also finds out what kindness is and how to show it. At the end of the book, August gets an award. It is called the Henry Ward Beecher medal, which is traditionally awarded to people who volunteer a lot. Mr Tushman, the headmaster, explains that he researched the award and he found that Mr Beecher, who the award was named after, displayed kindness, courage and friendship. August receives this award for showing all these qualities. By giving August this award, it shows that Mr Tushman supports August and values him as part of the community.
Isolation has a lot of impacts on people. It can build you up and help you grow. In these books, the characters are what they are at the end of the book because of the way isolation impacts them, and the setting they were in changed them. It formed new growth for most of the characters and made them better people. Being in isolation changes people in a way nothing else can do. | <urn:uuid:477cbf8f-8bea-4bc0-ae60-0345dda3567f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://thebell.broughton.nsw.edu.au/2020/12/01/isolation-and-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.987736 | 1,086 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Human exposure to neurotoxic pollutants (e.g. metals, pesticides and other chemicals) is recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that an alteration in autophagic pathways may be correlated with the onset of the neurotoxicity resulting from chronic exposure to these pollutants. In fact, autophagy is a natural process that permits to preserving cell homeostasis, through the seizure and degradation of the cytosolic damaged elements. However, when an excessive level of intracellular damage is reached, the autophagic process may also induce cell death. A correct modulation of specific stages of autophagy is important to maintain the correct balance in the organism. In this review, we highlight the critical role that autophagy plays in neurotoxicity induced by the most common classes of environmental contaminants. The understanding of this mechanism may be helpful to discover a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce side effects induced by these compounds.
Environmental Pollution – Elsevier
Published: Apr 1, 2018
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ok to continue | <urn:uuid:1b054211-a949-45ee-af56-03f7f7baa3f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/role-of-autophagy-in-environmental-neurotoxicity-Lg3rjOVs1u | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211151237-20181211172737-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.893245 | 536 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How do you in text cite a poem?
When referencing published poems, please create the reference based on the source where the poem was published (e.g., web page, book). The in-text citation of a published poem should provide the author’s last name, the year of publication, and stanza (e.g., Frost, 1916, stanza 1).
How do you cite lines from a poem in MLA?
When citing 2-3 lines of poetry, insert a “/” (without the quotes) between the lines. I remember” (11-12). When citing more than three lines of poetry, begin the quotation on a new line and indent each of the lines 1/2 an inch from the left margin.
How do you cite a poem online?
The Works Cited list should include six elements:
- The author’s name.
- The poem title in quotation marks.
- The website title in italics.
- The date the poem was posted (in day-month-year order)
- The publication medium (Web)
- The date you accessed the poem.
How do you cite a poem foundation?
For poems, cite the line(s) of the poem, rather than the page number in the in-text citation. Shakespeare, William. “Sonnet 73: That time of year thou mayest in me behold.” Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45099/sonnet-73-that-time-of-year-thou-mayst-in-me-behold.
How do you in text cite an incorporation?
The in-text citation consists of author surname(s)/family name(s), in the order that they appear on the actual publication, followed by the year of publication of the source that you are citing. For direct quotes, make sure to include page or paragraph number. eg. (Weston, 1988, p.
How do you cite lines in text?
Provide the author and specific page number (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the in-text citation, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation.
How do you reference a quote?
- enclose it in quotation marks.
- give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets.
How do you write quotes?
Proper Punctuation – Quotes
- If you start by telling who said it, use a comma and then the first quotation mark. …
- If you put the quote first and then tell who said it, use a comma at the end of the sentence, and then the second quotation mark. …
- Punctuation always goes inside the quotation marks if it is a direct quote.
How do you quote part of a sentence?
Quotation mark rules
- If you’re quoting a phrase or a part of a sentence, don’t start the quote with a capital letter:
- If you’re splitting a quote in half to interject a parenthetical, you should not capitalize the second part of the quote:
- If they apply to the quoted material, they go within the quotation marks.
Do you italicize poem titles?
Titles of individual short stories and poems go in quotation marks. The titles of short story and poetry collections should be italicized.
How do you do a work cited page?
- Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. …
- Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. …
- Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
How do you cite a sonnet in text?
Begin with the poet’s last name (comma), then the first name (period) to create a Works Cited entry. Follow it with the name of the sonnet in quotation marks (period inside) and the anthology or book title in italics (period), followed by the book’s edition (period).
What are 3 types of poems?
There are three main kinds of poetry: narrative, dramatic and lyrical. It is not always possible to make distinction between them. For example, an epic poem can contain lyrical passages, or lyrical poem can contain narrative parts.
How do you cite a play?
When citing a play with numbered lines, the MLA parenthetical citation should include the author name and the act, scene and line number(s). If the lines are not numbered, include the page number instead. | <urn:uuid:d3be39a8-3b24-4df7-86f4-64275d35473f> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.inkbottlepress.com/interesting/in-text-citation-of-poetry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194634.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127221446-20201128011446-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.881193 | 1,017 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The mother of all modern world maps
From Google Tech Talk
Toby Lester -- a longtime editor and writer for The Atlantic, and the author of The Fourth Part of the World (2009) -- will be here to talk about what may well be the greatest map ever made: the Waldseemüller world map of 1507.
A giant wall map recently purchased by the Library of Congress for the astonishing sum of $10 million, the map's main claim to fame is that it gave America its name.
But the map also represents a number of other important firsts in the history of cartography, and in the larger history of ideas.
It was the first map to show the New World surrounded by water, and thus to suggest the existence of the Pacific Ocean; it was one of the very first maps to lay out a picture of the world in a full 360 degrees of longitude; and it was the first map to present the contours of the world's continents and oceans largely as we know them today.
It was, in many ways, the mother of all modern world maps -- and yet, mysteriously, it was made years before Europeans first saw the Pacific or circumnavigated the globe.
With the help of a weird and wonderful variety of early maps and diagrams, Lester will show how the Waldseemüller map for the first time brought together elements of many different ancient and medieval cartographic traditions and used them to create a map not only of space but also time.
A map that Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired, after reading about it in The Fourth Part of the World, described as :
"The right technology at the right time can change the world. Toby Lester has written a page-turning story of the creation of what amounts to a sixteenth-century Google Earth, a revolutionary way to see the world. It inspired generations of explorers then and will inspire readers now." | <urn:uuid:01e277f3-90b5-43d6-b5d4-f84276e6c75c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://blog.geogarage.com/2010/09/worlds-upon-worlds-about-waldseemuller.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.944737 | 391 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The triumph of the First Crusade greatly impacted the early-twelfth century Christian kingdoms of Iberia. Inspired by Pope Urban II’s message of holy war, the knights and clergy of Spain began to conceive of their centuries-long struggle against the Moors of al-Andalus as a Crusade that merited spiritual benefit for its participants. A pioneer in this movement was Alfonso I of Aragon (1104-1134), a tough warrior-king deeply moved by the concept of Christian struggle against the infidel, who viewed himself as a crusading monarch in the same vein as the Latin kings of Jerusalem in Outremer.
King Alfonso appealed to France for assistance in his first proposed crusade. His target was Zaragoza, a formerly independent Moorish city, which had in 1110 fallen to the powerful Almoravid Empire based in North Africa. In 1118, Alfonso sent Bishop Esteban of Huesca to the Council of Toulouse, where the French clergy confirmed “the way of Spain” as an avenue for Crusade. Several French nobles responded to Alfonso’s appeal, Gaston IV of Bearn (who had fought in the Holy Land), his brother Centulle of Bigorre, and Bernard Ato of Carcassone all took the cross to aid the King of Aragon, as did the Iberian nobles Diego Lopez de Haro, Lord of Vizcaya, and Count Ramon of Pallars. The coalition French-Aragonese army marched on Zaragoza, and the siege began May 22, 1118.
Alfonso I of Aragon
Later that same year, Alfonso sent Bishop Pedro, already selected to rule the episcopate of Zaragoza, to meet with Pope Gelasius II, who was touring southern France. Gelasius made a definitive declaration on the Zaragozan Crusade: “If anyone receives penance for his sins and is killed in this expedition, we, by the merits of the saints and the whole Catholic Church absolve you from your sins.” -Reconquest and Crusade, p. 37. He also offered “remission and indulgence of their sins” to those laboring “in the service of the Lord,” confirming that anyone participating in Alfonso’s Crusade would gain the same spiritual benefits as if he’d fought in the Holy Land. The Pope also added a new innovation to this Crusade bull, granting an indulgence to anyone who aided in the construction of the churches in Zaragoza.
In response to Alfonso’s siege, the Almoravids dispatched a considerable army to relieve Zaragoza. Alfonso moved out with his troops to counter the Almoravid advance, and on December 6th the two forces met in battle. The result was an overwhelming victory for the Crusaders, in which the Almoravid host was shattered. This made the fall of Zaragoza inevitable: on December 18th, the Almoravid garrison surrendered. Mohammedan citizens wishing to depart were granted safe passage, while those opting to stay were free to do, provided they paid an annual tax to the King of Aragon. In early 1119, Alfonso granted privileges to Christians choosing to settle in Zaragoza. Over the next two years he captured the fortresses of Tudela, Tarazona, Borja, Calatayud, and Daroca, extending his frontier well south of the Ebro River.
In 1120 the Almoravids, eager to recover their losses, launched another army against Aragon. Alfonso met them at Cutanda, near Daroca, and once again the Christian army triumphed, with Alfonso’s cavalry smashing the Almoravid lines.
Alfonso before the defeated Almoravids at Cutanda, 1120
Inspired by the newly founded Knights Templar in Jerusalem, King Alfonso established his own order of warrior monks to defend his conquests. In 1122 he installed the brothers at Castle Belchite, some twenty-two miles south of Zaragoza. Described in the sources as a militia Christi – army of Christ, the order mirrored the Templars in most respects. The brothers took a monastic vow, with an additional oath to defend Christendom against her enemies. In 1124 Alfonso established another community of brother knights sixty miles south of Zaragoza at Monreal, a castle named after a frontier fortress in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In addition to charging these knights with the defense of Christian Aragon, Alfonso gave this order the extraordinary mission of eventually overcoming the Mohammedans of Africa and opening another route to Jerusalem. We can see how deeply Alfonso was oriented toward the concept of crusading, viewing his efforts in Iberia as working in concert with the Crusader states in Syria and Palestine.
Next Alfonso embarked on a bold campaign of raids deep into Almoravid territory. He ravaged from Valencia to Denia, Jativa to Murcia, and even threatened Granada. In March of 1126 he encountered an Almoravid army at Lucena, and there, in the heart of Moorish territory, won yet another major victory. Thousands of Christians living in Mohammedan lands rallied to Alfonso’s army, and traveled with him back to his kingdom, where they settled in the Ebro valley.
Alfonso then campaigned to capture the remaining Moorish castles in the Ebro valley. In 1133, carrying a relic of the true cross, his army seized Mequinenza some sixty miles south of Zaragoza. However, on July 19, 1134 he suffered his first and only defeat by the Moors at the Battle of Fraga. Despite this final disappointment, the long legacy of Alfonso’s many victories over the Moors had far reaching consequences. Most importantly, his conquest of Zaragoza resulted in that great city never again returning to Moorish control. Later that year, the great warrior King Alfonso the Battler died on September 7th. His efforts had established Aragon as a major power on the Iberian Peninsula. The famous chronicler Ordericus Vitalis described Alfonso and his knights as “Christi crucesignatos” – warriors signed with the cross of Christ – the medieval expression for crusaders. And rightly so, for Alfonso’s ideological commitment to crusading combined with his military successes helped solidify the Reconquista as an Iberian Crusade.
Indeed, Alfonso was so committed to the ideal of the Crusade, that in his will he bequeathed the whole of his Kingdom to the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Aragonese military orders he had established in his domain. | <urn:uuid:0d0a6b8c-f489-4fe3-9007-262a39d7b406> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://realcrusadeshistory.blogspot.com/2017/09/alfonso-battler-crusader-king-of-aragon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806615.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122160645-20171122180645-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.960847 | 1,394 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This guide to writing a book review will include the purpose of a book review If your teacher assigns a book review and you turn in a book report, your grade. Learning how to evaluate and write a review or a book is an excellent foundation for the critical thinking skills that a child will continue to draw on and refine.
This handout will help you write a book review, a report or essay that offers a critical perspective on a text. It offers a process and suggests some strategies for . How to write a book review. The Book report format, examples and guides for teachers and students. Book reviews and reports made simple.
Learning how to evaluate and write a review or a book is an excellent foundation some newspapers even include reviews by middle or high school students. By publishing the reviews you write, you can share your ideas about books with other readers . Would it be a useful addition to a school or public library?.
Middle School Book Reviews. ☺Written by kids for kids☺ For example, in one part of the book, a boy, or young man killed his own father over a piece of bread. A book review's purpose is to help people decide whether or not the book would interest them "In this middle-grade novel, a girl finds a way forward after the loss of her mother." . Would it be a useful addition to a school or public library?.
Example of an academic book review. This book review is included here with the permission of both the author, Heather Kavan, senior lecturer in Business. For this class, you are required to write a book review of a non-fiction book . showing proper page layout, sample title pages, and practical aspects of preparing book reviews. Adapted from: studiobuffery.com~slindmar/ studiobuffery.com
Reading the reviews others have done can help you get a feel for the flow and flavor of reviews. Zack joins the Sprockets Academy Explorers Club at school. Like wonderful smells wafting from a kitchen, book reviews lure readers to want to taste the The first question we usually ask when writing something is "How long should it be? . Would it be a useful addition to a school or public library?. | <urn:uuid:4d480cf7-d942-43aa-bf7e-01b8ecd8154c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://studiobuffery.com/buy-a-custom-paper/guidelines-for-writing-a-book-review-grade-9-6073qe.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672723.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017045957-20191017073457-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.940098 | 456 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Plastic is Polluting the Planet to the Point of No Return. The REBO Water Bottle is Turning the Tide.
Geneva, Switzerland -- (ReleaseWire) -- 11/19/2019 --Everywhere you look there's plastic. We use it and throw it away from the early morning when we eat a cup of yogurt for breakfast, when we eat a takeaway lunch, or drink a bottle of water. Plastic production is estimated to double in the next 20 years and quadruple by 2050(1). Water bottles are a special case. They are consumed at an alarming rate of 1 million bottles per minute worldwide. This is true even in countries like Switzerland where tap water from the Alps is of the highest quality. The problem with plastic is that when not properly disposed, it ends up polluting the planet. Plastic waste washes up on the shores of distant islands off-limits to the public. It appears in the stomachs of fish and birds. It is estimated that if we continue consuming plastic at this rate by the year 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the world's oceans (1).
"Winning the battle against plastic waste is in our hands" comments PierAndrea Quarta, Founder and CEO of REBO. "We are running out of time to stay still and wait for someone else to solve our problems. REBO puts technology in your hands to make an impact while you drink."
The REBO water bottle is the first two-pronged solution to help turn the tide on plastic pollution. First, with REBO consumers can say goodbye to plastic bottles. It's made from stainless steel and is very easy to wash and reuse. Next, every time someone takes a drink with REBO, they contribute to the collection of tossed-away plastic bottles to stop them from polluting our oceans.
How is this possible?
REBO is not just a smart bottle; it's the smartest water bottle in the market that helps the planet, helps lift people out of poverty and keeps you healthy. That's because of the interconnected technology embedded in the cap. It tracks the water drank, the plastic bottles avoided, and issues blockchain credits to pay the cost of collecting plastic bottles. An app linked to the REBO bottle tracks all the credits generated as well as how many bottles are collected thanks to the REBO owner. The cost is picked up by sponsors, not the REBO owner, and goes to reward people in extremely poor regions through the company's partner Plastic Bank. This contribution means a life changing 3-5 times income increase for the collectors. The REBO app also alerts people to stay hydrated through regular reminders to drink water.
REBO has closed its first seed round of capital from Next Generation Fund and has been co-developed in partnership with APTAR, the world's leader in innovative dispensing systems. REBO is under preliminary review for Gold Standard certification.
REBO holds 600 ml of water (roughly 20 ounces) and is available now on Indiegogo in a variety of colors at just 49 Euro (approximately 54 USD) with special early-bird discounts.
Join the #REBOlution on Indiegogo – https://igg.me/at/rebobottle
Access the REBO press kit
Contact – firstname.lastname@example.org
1 - Ellen MacArthur Foundation: The new Plastics Economy | <urn:uuid:b203e9f9-11e4-49ab-92bd-509ac63ceaa8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.releasewire.com/press-releases/rebo-the-worlds-first-water-bottle-that-cleans-the-planet-as-people-drink-launched-on-indiegogo-1265727.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.941647 | 691 | 2.609375 | 3 |
According to Josephus:
JOSEPHUS BROUGHT BEFORE VESPASIAN
Vespasian gave strict orders that Josephus should be guarded with great caution, intending to soon send him to Nero.
Hearing this, Josephus expressed a wish to speak with him alone. When therefore all were ordered to withdraw except his son Titus and two of their friends, he said, "O Vespasian, although you suppose you have taken captive a forsaken Josephus, I have come as a messenger of great tidings. Had I not been sent by God to you, I know the law of the Jews, and how it is fitting for generals to die.
Do you send me to Nero? For what? Will any successors of Nero endure -- until you?
You are to be Caesar, O Vespasian, and Emperor, you, and this your son. Bind me now still more securely, and keep me for yourself, for thou, O Caesar, are not only lord over me, but over the land, and the sea, and all the human race; and certainly I deserve to be punished by closer custody than now, if I fabricate anything concerning God."
When he had said this, Vespasian at that time did not believe him, supposing that Josephus came up with this as a cunning trick to save himself. But after a little while he came to have faith in this, for God was already raising in him thoughts of obtaining the Empire, and by other signs foreshadowing his advancement.
(Josephus, The Jewish War 3.8.9 399-408)
From the Roman historian Suetonius:
"In Judaea, Vespasian consulted the oracle of the God of Carmel and was given a promise that he would never be disappointed in what he planned or desired, however lofty his ambitions. Also, a distinguished Jewish prisoner of Vespasian's, Josephus by name, insisted that he would soon be released by the very man who had now put him in fetters, and who would then be Emperor. Reports of further omens came from Rome..."
(The Twelve Caesars, Vespasian 5)
The illustration above shows Josephus brought before Vespasian, depicted as Emperor, after the prophecy has been fulfilled; Josephus' chains are smashed to pieces by a worker to demonstrate he should never have been a prisoner. This woodcut is from an 18th-century edition of William Whiston's translation, courtesy of Ken West.
1. The Galilean Campaign, 67 CE
2. The Judaean Campaign, 68-69 CE
3. Emperor Vespasian
For military terminology, see: The Organization of The Roman Army
by G. J. Goldberg
Flavius Vespasian was 56 years old when Emperor Nero turned to him to put down the rebellion in Judaea. The choice was a natural one. Vespasian had gained a great deal of military experience when he assisted in the subjugation of Britain under the Emperor Claudius, and since then had engaged in a standard political career as a governor of Africa and other provinces, with command of the associated armies. Of relatively humble origins and not greatly ambitious, Vespasian was seen as posing no threat to Nero's authority, although he had for a time been in Nero's disfavor, according to Suetonius, for "either leaving the room during the Emperor's song recitals, or staying and falling asleep." (The Twelve Caesars, Vespasian 4).
Nero was touring Greece when he heard of the defeat of Cestius in Judaea, and Vespasian was conveniently at hand as a member of his touring court and also, therefore, not far from Judaea. Vespasian's elder son, Titus, was at 24 already also an experienced commander, another factor contributing to Nero's choice.
Vespasian would take command of the Fifth and Tenth Legions in Syria, and his son would gather the Fifteenth Legion in Egypt and march it overland to join up with his father.
Martin Goodman writes, in The Ruling Class of Judaea, "...the Roman commander surely knew that Jerusalem's walls would be exceptionally difficult to breach. Any technique that could avoid a direct assault with the danger of the loss of thousands of soldiers must be avoided. So he, like Cestius Gallus before him, chose a strategy of terror." (p. 182) Thus Vespasian's' first strategic goal became the subjugation of Galilee.
Josephus' men refused to face the combined legions in the field; as a result, their activities in Galilee were purely defensive. The cities Josephus had fortified waited their turn for the Vespasian's army to come to them; but several of them gave formidable resistance that infuriated the Roman soldiers.
Josephus was captured at Jotapata, under extraordinary circumstances, after a siege of forty-seven days. When brought before Vespasian and Titus, Josephus predicted that Vespasian would become emperor. He was not believed, and spent the next two years in chains in the Roman camp, during which he began to write about the war. After four emperors died in quick succession, and Vespasian became Emperor himself, Josephus was freed and adopted into Vespasian's family, the Flavians, and so became Flavius Josephus.
His unique position on the Roman side gives us one of the very few descriptions of the procedures of the Roman army (War 3.5). He also gives valuable accounts of the geography and lore of Judaea, describing each region in turn as it is subdued by the Romans.
What happened to Josephus' enemies
During Josephus' short command of Galilee he was constantly opposed by local leaders. These had various fates after the invasion by Vespasian, as shown in the following table. See Chronology of the War Part 4: Josephus in Galilee.
|Tiberius||Justus son of Pistus||Having deserted to Agrippa II, he is accused of setting fire to Greek cities and Vespasian orders him executed; Agrippa does not carry out the order. Twenty years later, Justus writes his own version of the war that is highly critical of Josephus.|
|Tiberius||Jesus son of Sapphias||Flees to Tarichaea after moderates surrender Tiberias; probably either killed or sold into slavery when Tarichaea falls.|
|Gischala||John son of Levi ("John of Gischala")||Flees when Titus takes the city; takes refuge in Jerusalem and becomes one of the factional leaders in the subsequent infighting.|
Vespasian invades Galilee (May)
Jotapata beseiged and taken (June-July)
Josephus captured; predicts Vespasian will become Emperor
Japha and Mt. Gerizim taken
Joppa pirates destroyed
Tiberias surrenders peacefully to Titus
Naval battle on the Sea of Galilee
Tarichaeae taken by Titus(September)
Gamala beseiged and taken (November)
Gischala surrenders peacefully
John of Gischala flees to Jerusalem with supporters
2. The Judaean Campaign, 68-69 CE
Jamnia and Azotus taken
Factional fighting in Jerusalem
Peraea (eastern Judaea) and Jericho taken by Placidus
Western Judaea taken by Vespasian
Emperor Nero assassinated
Operations temporarily suspended
The rest of Judaea and Idumaea taken
Jerusalem is isolated
Vespasian, 69 CE
The army in Caesarea declares Vespasian Emperor
Josephus is freed
Vespasian leaves Judaea for Alexandria
Pro-Vespasian forces in Rome defeat Vitellius
Vespasian leaves Alexandria for Rome | <urn:uuid:5d6c8881-feb4-4d10-abe4-47e427164dbe> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.josephus.org/FlJosephus2/warChronology5.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.965127 | 1,664 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Tuesdays: Young Scientists (2-4 years old), 9:15-10:00 a.m.Young Scientists taps into children’s innate curiosity about everything by using fun, age appropriate experiments to introduce basic scientific inquiry. We provide toddlers with opportunities to deepen their understanding of the world and increase their cognitive development.
March: Watch Them GrowMarch 28 – Pot a Plant and Take It Home
April: Bugs & ButterfliesApril 4 - Snails & SlugsApril 11 - Butterfly Life CycleApril 18 - Flying InsectsApril 25 - Spiders
May: The Great OutdoorsMay 2 - CampingMay 9 - Be an AnthropologistMay 16 - Creating a WormeryMay 23 - Sun Prints
June: The Coachella ValleyJune 6 - Tracking Desert AnimalsJune 13 - Native Flower BookmarksJune 20 - Experiments with WaterJune 27 - Solar Energy
Young Scientists takes place in ToddlerTown.
Cost: $50 for each 4-week series or $15 for a daily drop-in*Does not include admission to the Museum.
CDMOD Credit Statement: A refund is given only when The Children's Discovery Museum of the Desert cancels the activity. CDMOD reserves the right to cancel and/or reschedule programs. Credit is not given for absences. | <urn:uuid:c17fd2bd-6c15-478d-8d3e-9bb025ada619> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://64943.blackbaudhosting.com/64943/Young-Scientists-31Jan2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189032.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00003-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854755 | 267 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A history of personal computing in 20 objects part 1
From the 17th Century to the 1970s
The War Years...
Devised by Konrad Zuse (1910–1995) in 1941, the Z3 was the world's first programmable electromechanical digital computer. It was built in Berlin and was used to analyse aircraft wing designs. Nominally a general-purpose machine, it nonetheless featured an instruction set heavily oriented to solving engineering problems. The Z3 comprised 2000 electric relay switches to store and operate on binary numbers. Programs and data were stored on punched film, and it was able to crunch five to ten numbers a second. The Z3 continued in operation until 1943 when it was destroyed in an Allied air raid. Zuse went on to develop the Z4, a more advanced version of the Z3, and to pioneer computer design on through the 1950s and 1960s.
Colossus, the first electronic programmable digital computer, was created in 1943 by Post Office engineer Tommy Flowers (1905-1998) and others as a faster, more reliable alternative to the electro-mechanical rigs then being used to compare German coded military messages with the entire possible output of the Nazis’ Lorentz cypher machine. Flowers believed his electronic machine could don the job more quickly and more reliably, and when it was put to work in 1944 it quickly proved itself a success. It was able to compare message at 5000 characters per second, almost three times the speed of the electro-mechanical system. Flowers immediately began work on an improved model which formed the basis for nine more machines installed in code-breaking centre Bletchley Park throughout the remainder of the War. Flowers’ work remained a secret until the 1970s.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) began life in 1943 as a University of Pennsylvania project to devise a machine capable of calculating ballistic firing solutions for the US Army, though it was first used for hydrogen bomb design calculations. Conceived by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert, ENIAC was completed after World War II in 1946 and so its existence 1946 was made public in a way Colossus and the Z3 never could be. Designed as a general purpose computing machine, ENIAC contained almost 17,500 vacuum tubes, and used IBM punch cards to present results and to take in input data. Data was stored not in binary form but as decimal numbers. Like Colossus, ENIAC was programmed by setting switches and wiring. | <urn:uuid:80bd8e15-3736-4266-9e24-718a53f53323> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/01/a_history_of_computing_in_20_objects_part_one?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574018.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920113425-20190920135425-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.9667 | 512 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What Is The Meaning Of Partnership?
The limitations of sole proprietorship form of organistation led to the formation of another form of organization known as partnership.
Definition:- In India, partnership organization is formed and managed by Indian Partnership Act, 1932.
Section 4 of Partnership Act defines partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
Minimum Requirement:- Minimum of 2 persons are required to form a partnership and maximum of 10 persons in case of banking and 20 in case of others.
1. The relation of partners is based on the contract.
2. At least 2 persons are required for the formation of partnership firm.
3. There must be some undertaking of business.
4. The objective must be to earn profits and share among partners.
5. Law of agency applies.
6. Partner’s liability is unlimited.
7. Mutual trust and confidence is the basis of partnership.
8. Every partner can be a principal or agent of other partners during the course of business.
9. Consensus i.e. mutual consent is required for all important decisions.
10. Restriction on transfer of share.
11. No relation between contribution of capital and share of profits.
12. Life span of partnership depends upon the will of partners.
Benefits of Partnership:-
1. Formation of partnership is easy as it does not involve too many legal formalities.
2. Flexibility in the operations of the business.
3. Registration of partnership form of organisation is not compulsory as in the case of company.
4. All major decisions are taken by mutual trust, which results in better decision making.
5. Sharing of risk helps in formation of capital.
6. Relation of effort and reward.
7. Unlimited liability helps in more credit worthiness.
8. It protects the interest of minority as mutual consent i.e. consensus is required to take all the major decisions.
9. Easy to maintain secrecy as partnership firm is not under an obligation to disclose its annual accounts.
10. No legal formalities for dissolution.
1. Unlimited liability increases the risk; this hinders the growth of business.
2. Limited resources for generating capital.
3. No perpetual succession i.e. sudden death or retirement of any one of the partners dissolves the partnership.
4. Lack of good faith and confidence among partners causes great limitations.
5. No transfer of shares.
6. Burden of law of agency.
7. Due to non-disclosure of accounts there is always a lack of public confidence
1. For service industry:- Accounting, Medical, Legal, Transportation, Warehousing etc.
2. Medium enterprises.
3. For distribution.
Types of Partnership:-
1. General Partnership:- In this type of partnership, partners are with unlimited liabilities. It can be further divided into two types: –
(a) Partnership at Will:- Mutual trust, faith and confidence among partners are the key for the existence of this type of partnership.
(b) Particular Partnership:- It is formed for a fixed duration or for specific tasks and it dissolves automatically as soon as the fixed time lapses or the specific task is achieved.
2. Limited Partnership:- This type of partnership has been introduced in US, England and in other European countries. All the partners in this type of partnership have limited liability except one partner.Category: Business, Business & Finance, Business Law | <urn:uuid:ae82ba0f-13a8-41fb-a5b6-08b5632ecc6c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.thegeminigeek.com/what-is-the-meaning-of-partnership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009968.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00081-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930046 | 727 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Skin tags, formally known as acrochordons, are small pieces of flesh that protrude from your skin. They’re attached through a stem or stalk. Skin tags are most commonly found in folds of skin i.e, around
- your neck
- and groin area
usually, appear in people of middle age and both women and men get equally.
Causes and risk factors:
While the exact causes of skin tags are unknown.
however, the risk factor includes
- Older people
- People who are obese
- Type 2 diabetic
- Family history
- Sex steroid imbalance especially if they are changes in estrogen and progesterone.
When to see a doctor:
Skin tags are usually harmless, non-contagious and non-cancerous benign growths but when it bleeds, itches, or changes colour, contact your doctor immediately.
Small and tiny skin tags may fall off on their own.
Most skin tags stay attached to your skin. In general, skin tags don’t require treatment.
skin tags are only a cosmetic concern, not a medical problem.
Various treatment methods include:
Cryotherapy: Where freezing the skin tag with liquid nitrogen.
Surgical removal: Removing the skin tag with scissors or a scalpel.
Electrosurgery: Burning off the skin tag with high-frequency electrical energy.
Ligation: Removing the skin tag by tying it off with surgical thread in order to cut off its blood flow.
Removing skin tags at home may cause heavy bleeding and infection hence not suggested.
Dr. Krishna Priya. | <urn:uuid:a7af297b-d999-4142-8dfb-6b06dec987dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://blog.ekincare.com/2019/08/06/skin-tags/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.88969 | 348 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Common Shiner has undergone a substantial reduction in its historic range in Kansas. It once occurred through much of northern Kansas, in tributaries of both the Kansas and Missouri rivers. Most collections of Common Shiner between 1994 and 2011 have come from streams in the Kansas River basin, and from small streams in the glaciated region of northeastern Kansas. No records have been found in extreme western Kansas since 1958 except for one specimen caught and released by a Kansas Stream Survey and Assessment crew in 1995. The Common Shiner is believed to have been significantly reduced in range and abundance in Kansas. It prefers small to medium-size streams with clear, cool, weedless water, a moderate to swift current, and alternating pools and riffles (Cross and Collins, 1995). It is present only in the Kansas River system, in streams with gravel bottoms. Although the western Kansas range reduction occurred in the 1950’s the Common Shiner is still found locally abundant in 47 streams in 13 counties, but bears close monitoring. | <urn:uuid:3761d9bf-8f0f-4e26-9734-fc3ae33ec96a> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://ksoutdoors.com/Services/Threatened-and-Endangered-Wildlife/All-Threatened-and-Endangered-Species/Common-Shiner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096773.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00050-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956327 | 204 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Source: Fixr lightning rod cost
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This infographic from Flixr.com discusses the irrational fear of lightning and thunder storms. This fear is called astraphobia, but the infographic doesn’t cover how many people suffer from astraphobia. The infographic begins by stating the following:
The lightning is not confined to thunderstorms. Is a giant discharge of electricity accompanied by a brilliant flash of light and a loud crack of thunder. The current in a lightning bolt is as high as 30,000 amperes, about 150 times more than ordinary house current of 200 amps.
The infographic then asserts again that lightning is not confined to thunderstorms, and just when you think it will explain why, it goes into a completely topic. It says that the study or science of lightning is called fulminology, and someone who studies lightning is referred to as a fulminologist. Each bolt has the potential to be as strong as a billion volts with temperatures as high as 54,000.
There are a variety of other facts included in this infographic like the number of lightning deaths by state and how different household items emit different volts of electricity. All in all though, the infographic doesn’t make much sense because it is all over the map with information and doesn’t actually tell a story. Basically, this is an infographic with far too much information.0 | <urn:uuid:57ae2b00-7413-40af-9b79-d87a3544236b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://submitinfographics.com/all-infographics/the-lightening-infographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828178.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024052836-20171024072836-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.953006 | 312 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Heel pain is discomfort in one or both heels.
What is going on in the body?
Heel pain occurs when the bones, muscles, or other soft tissues of the heel are inflamed or damaged.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Some of the factors that can cause heel pain include:
- plantar fasciitis, an inflammation of the sole of the foot
- a bruise from hitting the heel against a hard object
- Achilles tendinitis, an inflammation of the Achilles tendon that runs down the back of the heel
- gout, which is a disease that causes painful joints
- inflammatory bursitis, which is a condition caused by the tendon rubbing on the back of a shoe
- medial calcaneal neuroma, a condition in which the nerve on the inside and bottom of the heel becomes irritated and enlarged
- a misshapen heel bone
- rheumatoid arthritis, a severe form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, inflammation, and, sometimes, destruction of the joints
- Reiter's syndrome, a type of arthritis that causes pain, swelling and redness in the joints
cancer involving the bone can cause heel pain.
What can be done to prevent the condition?
To prevent heel pain, one should avoid activities that can damage the heel. Also, one should choose footwear that is right for the activity being performed. For instance, it is helpful to wear a thick-soled boot when digging with a shovel and sturdy, supportive running shoes when jogging.
How is the condition diagnosed?
Sometimes a person who knows what activity is causing his or her pain and where it is coming from is able to diagnose the problem him- or herself. Some conditions are less obvious and will require the help of a healthcare professional, who can often make the diagnosis with a simple physical exam. Other times, X-rays or special studies, such as bone scans, computerized tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are needed. If the problem involves inflammation, a complete evaluation for the causes of arthritis may be necessary.
Long Term Effects
What are the long-term effects of the condition?
Most heel pain resolves quickly with treatment. But if the heel pain is an early sign of
arthritis, it could eventually affect other parts of the body.
What are the risks to others?
Heel pain is not contagious and poses no risk to others.
What are the treatments for the condition?
Treatment begins by protecting the affected area from further irritation. Other measures used to treat heel pain include the following:
- anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen (i.e., Advil, Motrin) or aspirin
- ice packs
- physical therapy
- proper-fitting footwear
What are the side effects of the treatments?
Anti-inflammatory medications can cause stomach upset and
What happens after treatment for the condition?
Heel pain from an acute injury usually clears up without further diffidculty. Heel pain chronic conditions such as gout or arthritis may require lifelong treatment.
How is the condition monitored?
Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:b277a093-8523-4901-b2d6-0a5253533e3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://www.activeforever.com/articlelist-all/a-heel-pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096287.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00178-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918955 | 664 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Today we share an article from business owner Gemma Webb from Phonic Stars Croydon. Gemma shares her blog on why we should read more books with our children.
I love a story. My 3 children have always been given books as gifts. Over 8 years of collecting, I have enough to start a small children’s library! From ‘learning to read’ books, picture books, to chapter books and poems. Yet, I still can’t help buying more!
I can remember reading “Room on the Broom” by Julia Donaldson each night to my first born from the age of 6 months. He was most likely more interested in his bottle than me reading, but it was our routine. Quiet time. Snuggles and cuddles, and just being in that moment.
What can we get as grown-ups get from reading with our children?
Well, from a very young age, they start to learn important listening skills. This is helping develop language skills from pitch, speed, emotion. We could make environmental noises such as cars going ‘beep’ or cows going ‘moo.’ This is all part of Phase 1 Phonics. Even when we sing nursery rhymes we are encouraging language. When reading, be sure to talk about the pictures, the expressions, and give extra dialogue. Point out characters or objects for example, “Look it’s the cat.” You could use description of pictures too, use of colours or shapes.
As children get older, develop this into questions: “Look it’s the cat. Where is he going?” Discuss ideas of what may happen next or why the character may be doing something. Giving this opportunity to discuss the story will help your child understand the plot but also will encourage other life skills like reading emotions, decision making and the world around them.
Your child may want to read a story repeatedly. This is a way to expand on the story. Maybe they don’t understand the story, or maybe they can relate to it. Either way, children love repetition, so try not to be discouraged (even if it is boring for you!)
As your child grows up, they will start to learn more from books. Use your finger to follow the words as you go. This way they will realise we read from left to right in English. They may start to recognise letters or short words. The biggest part is realising the words will match the pictures.
Passion for Books
Something we focus on in Phonics Stars™️ is a passion for books. Our sessions always end with a story. We like to develop knowledge of books even further and often start our story time discussing features of the book. What is the title? What does the Author do? What is the name of the person who draws the pictures? The bit of information on the back is the… blurb! (Kids love that one as you can be really silly with it!)
It’s important in our busy lives to try and make time to read with our children, even as they get older. I still read a bedtime story to my 8 year old (now chapter books) but he loves to talk about the story with me and we can stop at big words to discuss there meaning.
From child to grown ups, books are magical. They can transport us into another world. An escape from life. My children like to sit and listen to me read sometimes, so they can visualise the story. This is a great way to improve imagination.
Reading is such a wonderful and simple activity to do with any age. With so many benefits from literacy and learning about the world, down to my favourite part – cuddles with my children. Why not make it part of your bedtime routine?
Did you know Phonics Stars™️ UK, Phonics Stars™️ Croydon, Phonics Stars™️ Bexley & Greenwich and Phonics Stars™️ Blackheath & Lewisham all run bedtime story’s on a Friday on their Facebook pages. Why not check them out!
Carla is the founder of MyBump2Baby. Carla has a huge passion for linking together small businesses and growing families. Carla’s humorous, non-filtered honesty has won the hearts of thousands of parents throughout the UK.
She has previously written for the Metro and made appearances on BBC News, BBC 5 live, LBC etc. Carla is a finalist for Blogger of the Year award with Simply Ladies inc. Carla is also the host of the popular Fifty Shades of Motherhood podcast and The MyBump2Baby Expert podcast. | <urn:uuid:5677f5ad-5bb1-48a6-8428-3ddc6b1c9e9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.mybump2baby.com/why-should-we-read-more-books-with-our-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103269583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626131545-20220626161545-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.960795 | 972 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Exposure to sunlight increases risk of getting cataracts, according to a Johns Hopkins study.
"We've found there is no safe dose of exposure to the sun's ultraviolet B rays when it comes the risk of cortical cataract, which means people of all ages, races and both sexes should protect their eyes from sunlight year-round, says Sheila West, Ph.D., professor of ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute.
Cataract, a clouding of the eyes' clear lenses, occurs when proteins in the lens change their structure due to UV-B light exposure and block light coming into the eye. Cortical cataracts affect the front of the lens.
West is senior author of a report on the study, published in the August 26 issue of Journal of the American Medical Association. The study was supported by the National Institute on Aging.
The finding comes several years after the so-called "watermen's study," in which West and her colleagues showed that crab fisherman working on Maryland's Chesapeake Bay had more cortical cataract compared to people with less sunlight exposure. The current finding shows that even the general public -- those who work indoors and only get sunlight during leisure activities in the yard or on vacation -- may be at increased risk for cortical cataract if precautions aren't taken.
The Hopkins study, conducted in Salisbury, Md., determined the amount of UV-B exposure in 2,520 adults, age 64 to 84, of whom 26.4 percent were African Americans. The Hopkins researchers photographed the lenses of all participants and questioned them about their use of glasses, sunglasses and hats during work and leisure activity, as well as the geographic locations of these activities.
The team also used a special device mounted on eyeglasses of over 250 participants to measure the amount of UV-B light reaching their eyes. Then, using a "correction factor" model developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the researchers estimated exposure to UV-B the participants got when they traveled to areas outside the Eastern Shore.
The results of the study are especially important for children, according to West, because they have many years of exposure ahead of them, and the effect of sunlight exposure appears to be lifelong. "Kids get sunburned just like adults," West says. "So there's no reason to think they are more resistant than adults to lens damage from UV-B rays."
"Every time you go out into the sun, your eyes can take a hit from UV-B rays," says West. "The good news is it's never too late to start protecting your eyes, because the lens change is probably from an accumulated dose over the years. That's why everyone needs to get into the habit of protecting their eyes."
Even inexpensive, plastic sunglasses are good absorbers of UV-B, according to West, and how dark the glasses are isn't an issue, since any plastic eyewear will absorb the invisible UV-B light. For children, however, the glasses should be shatterproof to prevent eye injury in case of an accident. Dark glasses are needed to block the visible light from the sun.
The researchers calculated there is a 10 percent increase in risk for cataract for every 0.01 "Maryland sun years" of exposure. A Maryland sun-year is the amount of UV-B that falls in Maryland over one year. The eye receives anywhere from 9 percent to 18 percent of this exposure.
Other authors of the study include Donald D. Duncan, Beatriz Munoz, Gary S. Rubin, Linda P. Fried, Karen Bandeen-Roche, and Oliver D. Schein.
The above story is based on materials provided by Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:0c5433a6-6ebc-4f8f-b15e-03db666c6a26> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/08/980827074446.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909013120-00047-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958664 | 785 | 3.234375 | 3 |
In the spring of 1851, three leading women's rights activists, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), Cady's cousin, Elizabeth Smith Miller (1822-1911), and Amelia Jenks Bloomer (1818-1894), editor of the Lily, a Ladies' Journal Devoted to Temperance and Literature, wore similar outfits on the streets of Seneca Falls, New York-ensembles consisting of knee-length dresses over full trousers. In nineteenth-century America, trousers were an exclusively male garment, and women wearing trousers in public caused a sensation. The national press quickly linked this dress reform style to Amelia Bloomer, who had been writing articles about it. Soon both the costume and its wearers were popularly identified as "Bloomers."
Amelia Bloomer and Freedom Dress
Amelia Bloomer's strong association with the freedom dress, as it was known by women's rights advocates, began with an article in the Lily in February 1851. Bloomer wrote more pieces about the outfit over the next several months, particularly emphasizing its advantages as a healthful, convenient alternative to the many petticoats, long skirts, and tight corsets of current fashionable dress. In response to readers' inquiries, Bloomer described the costume in detail in the Lily's May issue, and when it sold out, repeated the description the following month, stating:
"Our skirts have been robbed of about a foot of their former length, and a pair of loose trousers of the same material as the dress, substituted. These latter extend from the waist to the ankle, and may be gathered into a band … We make our dress the same as usual, except that we wear no bodice, or a very slight one, the waist is loose and easy, and without whalebones … Our skirt is full, and falls a little below the knee. "
But however closely she was connected with the Bloomer costume by the press and the public, Amelia Bloomer did not invent the style. Bloomer's full trousers gathered in at the ankle were called "Turkish trousers" and patterned after those worn by women in the Middle East. Since the eighteenth century, European and American women had also worn such trousers for fancy dress. French fashion plates of the 1810s show similar full trousers, called pantalets or pantaloons, peeking out under calf-length fashionable dresses. Although this style was far too daring for American women, by the 1820s children of both sexes were wearing short dresses over narrow, straight-legged trousers, also called pantalets. Boys exchanged pantalets for regular trousers when they grew too old for dresses (typically at five or six), while girls wore them throughout childhood. In their late teens, girls graduated to long dresses and continued to wear pantalets as underwear beneath their skirts.
Elizabeth Smith Miller
Amelia Bloomer credited Elizabeth Smith Miller with introducing the freedom dress. There are differing accounts of how Miller came to design her outfit, but it is likely that Miller was aware of similar attire worn by women in utopian communities or sanatoriums. Beginning in 1827 with Community of Equality in New Harmony, Indiana, women in several American religious and utopian groups wore straight-legged trousers like children's pantalets under knee-length loose-fitting dresses. Variously styled similar outfits were also promoted for women performing calisthenic exercises and patients at water cure sanatoriums. These early instances of women wearing short dresses over trousers did cause occasional comment in the press, but because the garments were worn in closed societies or in women-only situations, they did not challenge the basic social order, unlike the public displays of the Bloomer costume in the 1850s.
The initial press coverage of Bloomer wearers during the summer of 1851 was not completely negative but before long the reality of women publicly wearing trousers brought out underlying fears of gender role reversals. In a society based on male dominance and female submission, men saw the Bloomer costume as a threat to the status quo and male leaders from newspaper editors to ministers decried the fashion. Satirical cartoons depicted Bloomer-clad women as crude louts indulging in the worst male vices or bossy wives holding sway over their husbands.
A Counterproductive Force
Although women's rights activists generally favored dress reform, they came to view the Bloomer costume as a counterproductive force. When activists lectured wearing the Bloomer costume, audiences focused on the controversial trousers instead of radical change in women's education, employment, and suffrage. Consequently, by the mid-1850s, most women's rights advocates had stopped wearing the Bloomer costume in public. Amelia Bloomer herself continued to wear it until 1858, when she cited a move to a new community and the newly introduced cage crinoline, which eliminated the need for heavy petticoats, as the reasons she abandoned the freedom dress and returned to long skirts.
The Bloomer costume and a similar outfit called the American costume, which featured mannish, straight-legged trousers, were viable alternatives to constrictive fashionable dress during the second half of the nineteenth century. Although the number of women who wore such attire in public was very small, there are accounts of Women wearing it in private when doing housework, farming, or traveling, especially in the west.
Yesterday afternoon, Main street was thrown into intense commotion by the sudden appearance … of a pretty young woman, rigged out in the Bloomer costume-her dress being composed of a pink silk cap, pink skirt reaching to the knees and large white silk trousers, fitting compactly around the ankle, and pink coloured gaiters…. Old and young, grave and gay, descended into the street to catch a glimpse of the Bloomer as she passed leisurely and gracefully down the street, smiling at the sensation which her appearance had created. The boys shouted, the men laughed and the ladies smiled at the singular spectacle…. Few inquired the name of the Bloomer, because all who visited the Theatre during the last season, recognized in her a third or fourth rate actress, whose real or assumed name appeared in the bills as "Miss O'Neil." During the Season, however, we learn she severed her connexion with Mr. Potter's corps of Super numeraries and entered a less respectable establishment in this city.
Richmond Dispatch, Tuesday, 8 July 1851, p.2, c.6.
Wearing Pants in Public
In 1858 Godey's Lady's Book promoted a Bloomer-style costume for calisthenics and similar clothing was worn as bathing costume. Physical training educators used the Bloomer costume as a prototype in developing garments for increasingly active women's sports programs. The full trousers themselves became known as bloomers and, by the 1880s, were an essential element of the gymnasium or gym suit; short bloomers continued to be worn as part of gym suits into the 1970s. Bloomers reappeared in public during the bicycling craze of the 1890s, now worn as part of a suit with a jacket instead of a short dress. Women wearing bicycling bloomers in the 1890s were less controversial than when Amelia Bloomer and her friends donned their famous outfits in the 1850s, but not until the mid-twentieth century did women routinely wear trousers in public without criticism.
Bloomer, Amelia. The Lily, a Ladies' Journal Devoted to Temperance and Literature. The February, March, April, May, and June 1851 issues of The Lily have articles by Amelia Bloomer related to female dress reform.
Cunningham, Patricia A. Reforming Women's Fashion, 1850-1920: Politics, Health, and Art. Kent, Ohio, and London: Kent State University Press, 2003. Comprehensive social history of women's dress reform with an excellent overview of the role of the Bloomer costume.
Fischer, Gayle V. Pantaloons and Power: A Nineteenth-Century Dress Reform in the United States. Kent, Ohio, and London: Kent State University Press, 2001. Detailed analysis of the cultural role of trousers in nineteenth-century American society.
Sims, Sally. "The Bicycle, the Bloomer and Dress Reform in the 1890s." In Dress and Popular Culture. Edited by Patricia A. Cunningham and Susan Vosco Lab, 125-145. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1991. Article about women wearing bloomers during the bicycle craze of the 1890s. | <urn:uuid:87f4f175-cd62-434a-8259-901b02842189> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/clothing-types-styles/bloomer-costume | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662550298.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522220714-20220523010714-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.964494 | 1,760 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Diabetic? Here’s how to Manage Eye Health
- Posted on: Aug 15 2016
People with diabetes are in constant management mode. They must keep blood sugar at a consistent level in order to preserve the functional operations of various parts of the body. The eyes are a particular concern for diabetics, as the tiny blood vessels in ocular tissues and structures such as the retina can sustain damage if blood sugar soars. Over time, this damage in the retina leads to fluid and fat leakage and, ultimately, it could lead to vision loss. In order to lower the risk of diabetic retinopathy, patients are encouraged to maintain certain habits.
Three Habits for Healthy Eyes
- Create a partnership with your eye doctor. More than seeing an eye doctor for routine exams, it pays to create a solid partnership with a physician who knows your history and can develop a plan around your diabetic condition. Eye care that revolves around diabetes involves specific methods of examination, and may include treatments to reduce the risk of vision impairment. Partnering with your eye doctor also means alerting the health care team of any changes to your vision, or to your diabetic condition.
- Have your eyes dilated during exams. Not all eye exams require dilation, but this is a vital step for the diabetic. Dilation is necessary for the fullest extent of observation of the retina, and it is the retina that is the structure most affected by diabetes. The normal standard of care is to dilate the eyes during the yearly eye exam. For a diabetic, a dilated eye exam may need to be done more frequently.
- Watch your levels. This is kind of an obvious tip. Diabetics seem to be always watching their blood sugar. It is also important, though, to keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels in check. Elevated cholesterol means that there is extra fat leakage occurring from damaged blood vessels in the eye. High blood pressure quite literally turns up the force of blood flow from those vessels.
Good habits go a long way in helping diabetics manage their overall health, and eye health in particular. To schedule your eye exam, contact one of our three conveniently located offices.
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Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination on April 15, 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.
In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.
Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, and was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, in which he served for eight years. Elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads.
Because he had originally agreed not to run for a second term in Congress, and because his opposition to the Mexican–American War was unpopular among Illinois voters, Lincoln returned to Springfield and resumed his successful law practice. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, which had a statewide majority in Illinois. In 1858, while taking part in a series of highly publicized debates with his opponent and rival, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln spoke out against the expansion of slavery, but lost the U.S. Senate race to Douglas.
In 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained very little support in the slaveholding states of the South, he swept the North and was elected president in 1860.
Lincoln’s victory prompted seven southern slave states to form the Confederate States of America before he moved into the White House – no compromise or reconciliation was found regarding slavery and secession.
Subsequently, on April 12, 1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party, Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans, who demanded harsher treatment of the South, War Democrats, who called for more compromise, anti-war Democrats (called Copperheads), who despised him, and irreconcilable secessionists, who plotted his assassination.
Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage, and by appealing to the American people with his powers of oratory.
His Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Scroll down for that.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Words of Wisdom
What is to be will be, and no prayers of ours can arrest the decree. | <urn:uuid:6699513a-b462-491e-80ab-8d8c20470cce> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://gratefulamericankids.org/abraham-lincoln-16th-us-president-who-led-america-through-its-civil-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00867.warc.gz | en | 0.974951 | 876 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Among growing demands for data security and encryption technologies in today’s connected world, random number generation remains a critical security element to ensure our safety and trusted communications.
Randomness, quantitatively measured by entropy, is the measure of uncertainty or disorder within a set of data. The higher the level of unpredictability, the more random the data is and the more valuable it becomes, particularly for cryptographic operations.
To that end, the QuRunner project, led by Nuno Silva (IT/UA), aims to design and integrate a fast, secure, and cost-effective quantum random number generator (QRNG) into IT’s internal network.
Quantum-based technologies rely on QRNGs for securing the communications on telecommunication networks, since these generators have proven to maintain security at the highest possible level.
However, “in typical QRNGs schemes, random numbers are generated slowly and with very expensive equipment” says Nuno Silva.
“With this project, our goal is to explore the quantum uncertainty of the quadrature amplitudes of the vacuum state, so we can use the unpredictability and unrepeatability inherent in quantum mechanics to implement a truly random number generator.
“This technique avoids having to use expensive equipment, such as single-photon detectors, and opens the door to higher generation rates of random numbers, with simple integration with classical technology”.
The QuRunner project is a joint effort between the Optical Quantum Communications and Technologies Group, at IT in Aveiro, and the Security and Quantum Information Group at IT in Lisbon. Their research is funded by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) and the MCTES (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior).
The project will implement a QRNG prototype, giving IT researchers acess to truly random number strings which they can use in computer simulations and in classical or quantum cryptography.
The research team will also make “considerable theoretical efforts to model the experimental devices, design efficient randomness extractors, and study new source device-independent protocols for the QRNG”.
As companies increase the digitalization of their business operations and virtual services expand in the COVID-19 era, new validated QRNG services are an important step towards the development of quantum computing technology. | <urn:uuid:930cf1a3-7cb6-4729-bec0-23915c1cd79f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.it.pt/News/NewsPost/4635 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.902743 | 489 | 2.921875 | 3 |
History: Cotton is included here for completeness. Not as strong as hemp, it is a poor substitute when strength is required.
However, cotton is soft and can be bleached white. It makes very attractive decorative rope for purposes such as handrails, drapery pulls, and bell ropes.
History: Before the advent of synthetic fibers, industrial, marine, and climbing ropes were made of hemp that, for durability, was soaked in pine tar. Industrial hemp fiber comes from a variety of Cannabis sativa that yields only minute amounts of any psychoactive drug. Hemp fiber is one of the longest and strongest of the natural fibers. From The Classic Yacht Symposium 2006 in his “History of Rope” Bill Fronzaglia writes “…it was known that Hemp retains more strength when the yarn is twisted to the right. This resulted in a left hand strand, and a right hand rope. It wasn’t until modern times that microscopic examination of the plant illustrated that the structure of the plant has a natural twist that causes this effect.” This explains why Left Hand Strands twisted together as Right Hand lay (“Z” twist) make stronger hemp rope. Unfortunately, Fronzaglia provides us with no link to this interesting piece of research.
Nylon®, Perlon® (Polyamide):
History: The Polyamide 6,6 (Nylon® – by Dupont) and Polyamide 6 (Perlon® – IG Farben) were developed in the late 1930’s. Nylon® was first introduced in 1939 in the form of stockings. They were an overwhelming success. Almost immediately, however, the requirements of World War II consumed the available supply and Nylon® stockings vanished until 1946. The name Nylon® embraces a number of related compounds. The variants usually used for manufacturing rope are Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6. Their properties are almost indistinguishable except for a small difference in melting temperature.
- Progress: The introduction of Nylon® rope represented a huge advance: dock lines never wore out and nor did the lashings between shroud and the shroud plate; splices merely required one or two additional tucks; and, melting a rope’s end provided a quick, temporary “whipping” which was at least good enough to get the customer to take his new purchase out of the shop.
- Properties: Of course Nylon® stretched (about 10% elongation at 30% of breaking strain) – but then so did the natural fibers – and for many purposes this was acceptable, even an advantage, e.g., for yacht anchor rodes, dinghy painters, and dynamic climbing ropes. And, although soaking weakened Nylon® rope by 10 – 20%, this was reversible and seemed unimportant because Nylon® didn’t deteriorate with age and was about twice as strong as the natural fiber it replaced. Nylon® has a relatively high density; it melts before it carbonizes and the end of a rope can be fused using heat. It exhibits some creep under high loads and has good resistance to ultra violet light.
- Mooring Line Hazard: Elasticity appears to be an attractive property for mooring lines on small yachts but presents a major hazard on large ships. The end of a broken Nylon® hawser recoils with enough contained energy (“snapback”) to maim or kill (several deaths are on record). In addition, Nylon’s high density makes it sink – a hazard to a ships’ propellers. For these reasons, HMPE (below) is now preferred for mooring lines on large ships.
Dacron®, Terylene® (Polyester):
History: The Polyester, Terylene®, was developed by Imperial Chemical Industries in 1941. The rights were purchased by duPont in 1946 who subsequently developed the related similar fiber, Dacron®. The introduction of Dacron® rope in 1953 changed things again. The practical benefits of Nylon® were retained with the critical difference that elasticity was markedly reduced. In 1957 Samson introduced the Double Braid construction, and Dacron® ropes were rapidly adopted for halyards, sheets, and static climbing ropes.
- Properties: Dacron® ropes stretched much less (about 3.5 – to 5% elongation at 30% of breaking strain) and were not weakened by water. Like Nylon®, Dacron® has a relatively high density and does not float. It also melts before it carbonizes and the end of a rope can be fused using heat. It exhibits negligible creep under load and has excellent resistance to ultra violet light.
A chemical group which includes both polypropylene and polyethylene. When describing rope, polyolefin may refer to a mixture or to either one of these fibers.
History: Polypropylene was first synthesized in 1954 and produced commercially from 1957 onwards.
- Properties: It has a low melting point and is degraded by ultra-violet light. However, it floats, absorbs no water, does not shrink when wet, and is inexpensive. It is widely used as a light-duty pulling rope by contractors and as a rope for recreational purposes such as water-ski towropes. It is usually made of large diameter fibers that are easily damaged by abrasion. Melting the ends is easy but provides limited protection from fraying because damage readily separates the fibers from the melted end.
History: Polyethylene was first synthesized in 1933 and produced commercially from 1939 onwards.
The fiber used in rope is similar to Polypropylene but slicker with better abrasion resistance and a lower melting point. It also floats and is most commonly found in small diameters. e.g., as a water-ski towline. It is used to make nets and is widely used in the fishing industry.
First described in 1968, carbon fiber exhibits very high tensile strengths – but has not proved suitable to make rope: the high theoretical strength is lost during manufacture into rope and braiding has not proved satisfactory. It has been used as a high-tech sail fabric, to reinforce concrete, and in support stays for cranes and towers but not for the crane’s running cables.
Kevlar®, Twaron®, and Technora® (Aramid):
High Modulus Polyamide was introduced as Kevlar® (1973), Twaron®(1978), and Technora® (1976). These heat resistant fibers have long chain molecules highly oriented in the axis of the fiber. They are best known for their use in body armor fabric.
- Properties: Aramid fiber ropes are also used in the heaviest marine applications, e.g., 6-1/8″ (156 mm) diameter Technora® with a breaking strain of 3,000,000 lb (13,300 kN). They are unaffected by water, exhibit some creep under continuous load, and are about three times stronger than Nylon®or polyester of the same weight. Typical elongation is about 1.2% at 30% of breaking strain. Melting cannot be used to fuse the ends and these fibers sink in water with a density (1.43) similar to that of Nylon® or Dacron®.
Spectra®, and Dyneema® (HMPE):
Introduced as Spectra® (1975) and Dyneema® (1979), the HMPE (High Modulus Polyethylene) fibers are composed of exceedingly long molecules with a molecular weight in the 2 to 6 million range.
The fibers are tough (excellent abrasion resistance) and slippery (very low coefficient of friction), but kinking or compression damages them relatively easily.
- Properties: Melting point is relatively low (144 to 152°C or 291 to 306°F) and operating temperatures should not exceed the boiling point for water. HMPE fibers are very resistant to water, moisture, most chemicals, and UV radiation (retaining 60% of its breaking strain after five years). Ropes are typically 40% stronger than Aramid fibers of the same weight and, with a specific density around 0.97, HMPE ropes float in water.
- Problems: The strength of HMPE rope is its distinguishing feature. The challenge is to maximize this strength safely and effectively. HMPE fibers dislike compression and kinking, and the rope is strongest when the fibers are almost parallel to the rope’s axis. These constraints explain the widespread use of un-sheathed, loosely woven, hollow braid ropes with 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 strands running in pairs. This construction delivers most of the fiber’s inherent strength but it also exposes the problems. Sharp angles and knots can weaken the rope by 70% to a mere 30% of its breaking strain and usually trusted knots slip undone easily – at loads as low as 15% of the breaking strength.
- Solutions: The Long Bury and Locked Brummel both create secure eye splices that achieve 90 – 95% of the ropes’s breaking strength. When a knot must be tied it should be stitched for security. Some knots work better than others: the Double Fisherman’s or, even better, the Triple Fisherman’s, can be used to join two ropes and the Buntline Hitch makes a secure attachment to a sail or shackle. HMPE rope has excellent abrasion resistance but, if more protection is required, a segment of the rope can be slid over itself as a sleeve.
This High Modulus Polyester, LCAP (Liquid Crystal Aromatic Polyester), was introduced as Vectran® (1990). Vectran® is somewhat similar to the Aramid ropes but has a high melting point.
Vectran® exhibits no creep even at high temperatures loaded to 50% of its breaking strain. It tolerates kinks, bends, and knots better than the HMPE ropes and exhibits good knot holding properties.
- Properties: Melting point is 330°C). LCAP fibers are very resistant to water, but poorly resistant to ultra-violet radiation. Typical elongation is about 0.77% at 30% of breaking strain. With a specific density around 1.4, LCAP ropes sink in water.
Properties of Rope Materials
The values below were mostly obtained from Barry Cordage’s Document # 080315E (Technical Properties of Synthetic Fibres) and were obtained from each manufacturer’s data in the public domain. Like Barry, we make no representation as the exactness of the data. If you have additional or updated information, please Contact Us.
|360||265||310 *Est||330 *Est||100||115||60 *Est||40 *Est|
|3.4%||3.8%||3.3%||2.8%||18 – 24%||10 – 17%||13 – 17%||20 – 24%|
|250 – 400||360||230||400||90 – 95||110||50 – 75||? ? ?|
|Carb*||140 – 150||280 – 330||Carb*||215 – 260||225 – 240||165 – 175||135|
|*Est = Estimate derived from comparable values – especially for Polyethylene.|
*Carb = Carbonizes before melting | <urn:uuid:0c7a3828-c68a-47c7-8693-9ef9d16de1a8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.animatedknots.com/rope-materials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.920769 | 2,370 | 2.75 | 3 |
- The definition of a plot is a marked off area that is intended for a specific use.
An example of plot is a space designed to be used as a community garden.
- A plot is defined as a secret plan to achieve something illegal or evil.
An example of plot is a conspiracy to assassinate a politician.
- The plot is the main story of a tale.
An example of plot is the love story of Romeo and Juliet.
- Plot means to plan something.
An example of plot is a man scheming how he'll take another man's girlfriend.
- a small area of ground marked off for some special use: garden plot, cemetery plot
- a chart or diagram, as of a building or estate
Origin of plotshort for complot a secret, usually evil, project or scheme; conspiracy
- the arrangement of the incidents in a play, novel, narrative poem, etc.
Origin of plotMiddle English ; from OE, piece of land: some meanings influenced, influence by complot
- to draw a plan or chart of (a ship's course, etc.)
- to mark the position or course of on a map
- to make secret plans for: to plot someone's destruction
- to plan the action of (a story, etc.)
- to determine or mark the location of (a point) on a graph by means of coordinates
- to represent (an equation) by locating points on a graph and joining them to form a curve
- to draw (the curve thus determined)
- a. A small piece of ground, generally used for a specific purpose: a garden plot.b. A measured area of land; a lot.
- A ground plan, as for a building; a diagram.
- See graph1.
- The pattern or sequence of events in a narrative or drama.
- A secret plan to accomplish a hostile or illegal purpose; a scheme.
verbplot·ted, plot·ting, plots
- To represent graphically, as on a chart: plot a ship's course.
- Mathematics a. To locate (points or other figures) on a graph by means of coordinates.b. To draw (a curve) connecting points on a graph.
- To conceive and arrange the action and incidents of: “I began plotting novels at about the time I learned to read” (James Baldwin).
- To form a plot for; prearrange secretly or deviously: plot an assassination.
Origin of plotMiddle English, from Old English.
- The course of a story, comprising a series of incidents which are gradually unfolded, sometimes by unexpected means.
- An area or land used for building on or planting on.
- A graph or diagram drawn by hand or produced by a mechanical or electronic device.
- A secret plan to achieve an end, the end or means usually being illegal or otherwise questionable.
- The plot would have enabled them to get a majority on the board.
- The assassination of Lincoln was part of a larger plot.
- Contrivance; deep reach thought; ability to plot or intrigue.
- Participation in any stratagem or conspiracy.
- A plan; a purpose.
(third-person singular simple present plots, present participle plotting, simple past and past participle plotted)
- To conceive (a crime, etc).
- They had plotted a robbery.
- To trace out (a graph or diagram).
- They plotted the number of edits per day.
- To mark (a point on a graph, chart, etc).
- Every five minutes they plotted their position.
- (intransitive) To conceive a crime, misdeed, etc.
- They were plotting against the king.
From Middle English plot, plotte, from Old English plot (“a plot of ground"), from Proto-Germanic *plataz, *platjaz (“a patch"), of uncertain origin. Cognate with Middle Low German plet (“patch, strip of cloth, rags"), German Bletz (“rags, bits, strip of land"), Gothic [script?] (plats, “a patch, rags"). See also plat. See also complot for an influence on or source of the "secret plan" sense.
plot - Computer Definition
To create an image by drawing a series of lines. In programming, a plot statement creates a single vector (line) or a complete circle or box that is made up of several vectors. | <urn:uuid:ebe169c8-61dd-465f-b6cb-20e8a75acea1> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/plot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125857.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00114-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898487 | 945 | 3.375 | 3 |
In my work as a security engineer, I’m often asked which is more important: network security or application security. My answer is they’re both critical. In this tip, I’m going to focus on why network security is important, how it differs from application security and ways to strengthen network security. In a second tip in this series, I’ll follow up by demonstrating why application security is also a critical component in your overall...
The difference between network and application security
Network security is considered the traditional element of modern information security, because most security breaches started out at the network layer. To illustrate networking and application security, consider a private home with high-value targets. The access to the home (front gate, long driveway, wide lawns, and surveillance cameras) is a crucial element to protecting the home. Physical security engineers will spend significant resources designing the home such that no one can approach it without detection and such that they can only approach the home by overcoming challenging obstacles. A web application is the same concept -- protecting the data confidentiality, integrity and availability of the application starts well before a hacker has reached the database. If you can prevent the hacker from ever reaching the application, or force the hacker to access the application in the same limited way a valid user can, you have significantly reduced your scope of coverage.
The goals of network security are to:
- Protect network resources (devices, appliances, servers, workstations, etc.) from unauthorized access.
- Ensure network resources are available to accomplish organizational purposes.
- Protect the confidentiality and integrity of data traveling across networks.
- To detect and proactively respond to attempted and actual network attacks.
In 2002, SecureIT Consulting Group created a presentation for ISSA-NE. That presentation included a step-by-step illustration of why network security is so critical, and it has been adapted for this tip:
Network security is so critical here because it prevents access to applications and data, preserves the availability of network resources, and ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data travelling within the network. To put it another way, your application can be built more secure than the strongest fortress, but if a hacker can pull your network down, the application is still useless.
Back to basics
Network security analysis shows most attacks on networks are due to poor system and administrative controls. (In an analysis of the Spiderslabs 2010 report, one journalist discovered that 84% of breaches occurred where no firewall was in place!) In other words, everything necessary for a secure network is available to the administrator, but it’s not configured correctly. The takeaway here is that network security isn’t about doing the advanced things, it’s about ensuring the basics are done, and done right.
Start with a firewall
This tip is more about the why and less about the how, but a brief overview of network security might help. Network security is built around the concept of defense in depth, or redundant layers of security. A good network security strategy begins with a firewall in place -- a firewall which is programmed to detect inbound traffic, to inspect that traffic, and to only route traffic to valid destinations (IP addresses and ports). This is the equivalent to a guard house at the intersection of a driveway and a public street. The guard stops inbound visitors, verifies their destination, and ensures they are routed correctly.
Another good strategy for network security is network segmentation. This is the concept of dividing network traffic into like “groups.” For instance, production servers should always be isolated from corporate desktops. Applications supporting production Web servers should be hosted on servers segmented from both. Some traffic may be allowed to pass between segments, but it’s limited by IP, content and destination.
Another network security strategy is to encrypt transactions to and from important shares or servers. For instance, personal health information is required by United States law to be protected with encryption at rest and in motion. An insurance company which stores and analyzes patient transactions must store that information in an encrypted database, and any connection to the database to pull down data must take place over an encrypted path. Leveraging network encryption technologies such as IPSec or L2TP can enable the system administrator to secure data in motion and at rest within the corporate network -- and ensure the company stays in compliance with numerous international laws regarding data privacy.
An oft-overlooked key to network security is the use of logging -- both the act of logging traffic details as well as reviewing logs real-time to discover potential threats. A critical situation for this is the relatively new “Advanced Persistent Threat.” This threat is generally a piece of malware which resides undetected within a corporate network, most often on a workstation. The malware gathers important data, a little bit at a time, and sends that data home to a server somewhere on the Internet. Looked at individually, each piece of outbound traffic appears innocuous, but when reviewed in aggregate in a log analysis tool, the APT provides a clear signature and can alert the security administrator to a potential threat.
Network security is not the only necessary approach to securing a company’s information. Once the network has been secured, the next important step (and the subject of a subsequent tip) is to secure the applications hosted on the corporate network. Network security and application security are the yin and yang of an information security -- you cannot have one without the other. | <urn:uuid:acdfb99f-d0f9-49a1-a925-09cc0013f21b> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/tip/The-importance-of-network-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009295.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00018-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932699 | 1,118 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Villajoyosa - the chocolate city
It was the Spaniards who brought the chocolate to Spain and Europe. Until the Civil War, chocolate was an equally important drink for Spaniards as tea was for the Englishmen. Villajoyosa was a pioneer town in the production of solid chocolate. Here you can visit three chocolate museums.
The chocolate that the Mexicans drank, was spiced with chili pepper and was therefore bitter and spicy. When the Spaniards added sugar and heated it, it became tempting also for European palates.
The first transport of chocolate from South America to Spain was shipped in the 1520s, but regular transportation was first established in the 18th century. It first covered the demand in Spain and eventually also in the rest of Europe.
It was the royal family that first began to drink hot chocolate, and it is believed that the custom was spread to other European countries through marriage and royal visits. Until the end of the eighteenth century, chocolate was only consumed as a liquid hot drink.
Villajoyosa was a pioneer village and one of the first in Spain to produce chocolate in solid form as we know it today. The first factories were established in the 1870s, and in 1937 there were 29 factories in this small fishing village. Today there are three factories left and they all have their own museum.
Chocolates Pérez is the oldest and the only one who has preserved the craft of chocolate production. In the original factory building, the chocolate is still produced as it was in the past. In the museum you can see the equipment they used in the beginning of chocolate production and later when the machines came.
Pérez currently produces mainly for the Spanish market. In addition to the original factory which today also serves as a museum, the factory has a modern production facility. In the museum section you can meet the grandchild of the founder of the factory, he is the guide sometimes.
It was the Spaniards who developed the art of making chocolate in solid form. Later, the Swiss developed the chocolate by adding milk. Traditionally, milk has not been an ingredient in Spanish chocolate.
Chocolates Valor, founded in 1881 by Valenciano López Lloret, is the largest factory. This is also a family business, and today is the fifth generation of the López family who owns and operates it.
Valor established its own chocolate museum in 1998, and has since opened its doors to the public every weekday all year round.
The tour takes place in groups and is professionally organized. You first enter a meeting room where you will see a film about the company's history, and you will see production equipment and other utility items from the beginning of the chocolate production, and then you get a little view of today's production.
Finally, visit the factory store where you can buy chocolate in bulk or in ready-made gift packages.
The precursor of Chocolate's Clavileño was founded in 1882 by Valenciano López Lloret, the same one who founded Valor. In 1960, three of his grandchildren (brothers) established Clavileño named after Don Quijote's wooden horse. It is now the fourth generation of Lloret who runs the company.
In August there are guided tours to all three museums in what is called "Xocolatíssima". However, you can visit the museums at any time for the rest of the year, but then you make an appointment (applies to Clavileño). All three museums are free.
More excursions: www.turideer.com.
Adress: Pianista Gonzalo Soriano, 13
Telephone: +34 966 810 451
Only guided group tours. The tour takes 45 minutes.
Monday to Friday: 10.00, 12.00 and 13.00 and 17.00, 18.00 and 19.00
Saturday: 10.00, 12.00 and 13.00
Monday to Friday: 11 am and 4 pm
Get to the museum well in advance of one of the times for guided tours. The guided tour is free, but you have to take a ticket from the machine outside. The ticket serves as a ticket. They only release groups of 50 at a time. If you are too late, wait until the next tour time.
You are allowed to take pictures in the museum, but not in the factory. If you can't manage to join one of the English speaking groups, try one of those Spanish guided tours. The guides are very service minded and will do whatever they can to make sure you get the benefit of the tour anyway.
Adress: Partida Mediases, 1
Telephone: +34 965 890 573
Monday to Friday: 10-13 and 17-20
Groups must book time, but otherwise you are free to meet up within the opening hours.
Adress: Calle Colon 187.
Telephone: +34 965 890 778.
Call or e-mail to arrange visits to the museum. | <urn:uuid:6f83b9f2-1895-4db0-992a-6825df52224a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://en.turideer.com/post/villajoyosa-sjokoladebyen-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363515.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208144647-20211208174647-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.963815 | 1,134 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Low carbohydrate diets have become very popular for those who are trying to lose weight. After all, we are a society that tends to overindulge on processed carbohydrates laden with sugars and white flour. It’s no wonder that removing these items from one’s diet would result in losing a few pounds. The problem is, most people tend to gain the weight back as soon as they reintroduce carbohydrates. Additionally, cutting out healthy carbohydrates isn’t necessarily good for you long-term.
Two recent publications explored this issue in greater depth. An article entitled “Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis” was published in the September 2018 volume of the highly respected medical journal, The Lancet. This was a review of the dietary habits of over 15,000 adults, and demonstrated a roughly 20% increased mortality over 25 years in those consuming low (<40%) and high (>70%) carbohydrate diets, with the sweet spot being around 50-55%.
There was a second publication at the European Society of Cardiology meeting in August, 2018. See the press release here. This study evaluated dietary histories from nearly 25,000 patients. Compared to those with the highest carbohydrate consumption, those with the lowest intake had a 32% higher risk of all-cause death, a 51% increase in death from coronary heart disease, a 50% increase in death from cerebrovascular disease, and a 35% increase in death from cancer.
While a short-term low-carbohydrate diet may help you to jumpstart your weight loss, consider these findings carefully before you consider this as a long-term solution. | <urn:uuid:ceef673a-f4bb-4ca2-94a6-0dcf7b2e1428> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.vibrantbeat.com/do-low-carbohydrate-diets-increase-mortality-and-cardiovascular-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672723.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017045957-20191017073457-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.946251 | 338 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Article at a glance:
Feline hip dysplasia is a progressive and chronic orthopaedic condition that affects cats of all breeds.
- Signs can include a reluctance to move about and your cat may be in pain when touched.
- X-rays are required to confirm the diagnosis. These will be carried out under a general anaesthetic.
- Most cats can live relatively normal lives once on the right treatment plan.
Hip Dysplasia is a disease we tend to associate more with large breed dogs such as German Shepherds. Indeed, it is much less common in the cat than it is in the dog. This is because cats have not been inbred as intensively as their canine cousins and are naturally a lot smaller.
What Is Hip Dysplasia in Cats?
Hip Dysplasia in cats occurs when the ball and socket of the hip joint are not in alignment. Over time, this causes the bones to rub against each other and will lead to arthritis. Cats experience both pain and mobility issues.
While it is uncertain how prevalent hip dysplasia is, this paper published by Keller et al found that 6.6% of their study population were affected.
This is a condition that is passed on in the genes from a parent cat. Some breeds appear to be more susceptible, such as the Maine Coon. A study conducted by the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in the Indiana School of Medicine found that about half will be affected in both hips.
Signs and Symptoms
Unsurprisingly, hip dysplasia frequently goes unnoticed. Cats are masters at masking their symptoms and owners will miss the subtle signs of early hip dysplasia. Signs can include:
- A reluctance to run and jump
- An expression of pain if the hip joint is touched. Cats may hiss or even bite if in a lot of pain
- Muscle wasting, whereby the muscle around the hip shrinks and the bone becomes more visible
- Limping or an uneven gait
- Excessive grooming over the joints
These signs are often confused with other conditions, such as generalised arthritis or a muscle strain. Thus, an x-ray of the hip joints is needed to confirm the suspicion. Typically, this disease is easily recognised by an experienced radiographer.
How to Treat FHD?
Unfortunately, treatment options are quite limited when it comes to hip dysplasia in cats. Advanced cases can be treated surgically. The two options available are a Femoral Head and Neck Excision or a Total Hip Replacement. These are specialised surgeries usually performed by an orthopaedic surgeon. As such, they can be costly.
Most cats are managed medically. Long-term, anti-inflammatories and pain relief can help to keep symptoms in check and allow a cat to live a relatively normal life. The aim is to provide a good quality of life. Affected cats should be able to move about with relative ease and their pain should be under control. Some owners may find it difficult to medicate their cats. This is a great read which discusses how to medicate your kitty orally.
Adjunctive therapies such as acupuncture, massage, hydrotherapy and physiotherapy are an option for some. Of course, not every cat will tolerate these therapies!
While we cannot cure hip dysplasia, there are lots of things we can do at home to alleviate signs. It may even be possible to slow down progression of the disease.
Keeping your cat slim is an excellent way to reduce pressure on their joints. It may also prolong the time it takes for hip dysplasia to progress. Ensuring your cat keep active is equally important. Similarly, keep your kitty warm in the winter to prevent their joints from seizing up.
We should also offer joint supplements which contain active ingredients such as Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate in sufficient amounts. These ingredients have been clinically proven to prevent cartilage loss and reduce joint inflammation.
How to Prevent Hip Dysplasia in Cats?
Ultimately, the only real way to prevent hip dysplasia from occurring is to stop breeding from affected felines. This means screening breeding parents with x-rays and neutering those who are found to have hip dysplasia. As this can be costly, it is not commonly done in practice.
Why we Recommend This Hip ‘n' Joint Vitalize Support
The Scruffy Paws Hip ‘n’ Joint Vitalize 5 in 1 Full Spectrum Support is a product aimed at those with joint disease. The tasty beef-flavoured liquid can be squirted into your cat’s mouth or added to their food. As it is so delicious, most cats think they are being given a treat.
As well as the joint supportive Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate discussed above, this liquid contains MSM, Hyaluronic Acid and Taurine.
- MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) has been proven to reduce inflammation within the body. It contains sulphur which helps contribute to healthy bones and joints. It is generally accepted that MSM works best in conjunction with other nutraceuticals such as Glucosamine.
- Hyaluronic Acid helps to lubricate and cushion the hip joints. It is well-recognised as a treatment of arthritis in human medicine and is often injected into painful joints.
- Taurine is an essential amino acid that cats are unable to manufacture themselves. It supports your cat’s overall health and is required for optimal immune protection and heart muscle function.
Cat hip dysplasia can be a debilitating condition but owners have many options for managing the disease. As signs are not easily detected, any mild symptoms warrant a vet visit. If hip dysplasia is suspected, an x-ray can quickly rule it in or out. Remember, if your cat has hip dysplasia, they should not be used for breeding. Contact the breeder to make them aware, so they can have all related cats tested.
- We should take a multi-modal approach to the treatment of hip dysplasia. This involves keeping your kitty trim and the use of daily pain relief and anti-inflammatories. We should also provide joint supplements such as Scruffy Paws Hip ‘n’ Joint Vitalize 5 in 1 Full Spectrum Support from an early age.
Dr. Linda Simon, BVMS, MRCVSVeterinary surgeon,
Dr. Linda Simon MVB MRCVS is a locum veterinary surgeon who has worked in London for the past 8 years. She graduated top of her class in small animal medicine from UCD, Dublin. She is currently a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. | <urn:uuid:b9a54868-b938-4a81-bf8d-5e34866b2dfc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://scruffypawsnutrition.com/blogs/joint-health/cat-hip-dysplasia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057039.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920131052-20210920161052-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.951761 | 1,390 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The thyroid gland reproduces thyroid hormones. Produced hormones circulate in body and bloodstream in order to generate metabolic energy. Thyroid hormones produced in thyroid gland are T3 and T4 (triodothyronine and thyroxine) and T3 is in charge to boosts up the metabolism and fabricates F4. While TSH, which is short for thyroid stimulating hormone or simply thyrotropin sorts out the generation of T3 and T4. And TSH hormone is generated in pituitary gland. Normal level of TSH indicates normal function of the thyroid gland and that can be done with simple blood test.
HypothyroidismHypothyroidism usually indicates low thyroid. And symptoms of hypothyroidism or abnormal thyroid or when/if hormone levels fall under normal level should be: constipation, depression, dry, thick skin, slow pulse, over sensibility, often bruising, slackly wound healing, headaches, bad memory, hair thinning, charge up panic, over sweating, fluid retention, low body temperature, irregular periods, concentration fall, puffy eyes, cold hands and feet, itching, unhealthy nails, too high cholesterol, weight gain, loss of eyebrows, sleepy during the day, acid indigestion, hypoglycemia, cold/ heat intolerance, tiredness, ear ringing, often colds, anxiety, migraines, memory problems, low blood pressure, painful muscles and joints, chronic sinus infections and reduced libido.
A hypothyroidism may happen due to an underlying cause, for instance due to a food allergies, celliac disease, adrenal fatigue, metal poisoningetc... But certain food intake may get you a low thyroid. It is a goitrogenic foods broccoli, kale, soy, cauliflower cabbage, turnips, rutabaga, sprouts, millet, and radishes. Such food has inhibiting substances that gets to be annulled with cooking.
Hypothyroidism Natural HerbsThere are natural supplements that may aid a low thyroid to be taken with some multivitamins and here is the list:Coconut Oil may help the thyroid and weight loss. Bladderwrack, seaweed has a plenty of iodine and it is given for hypothyroidism and weight loss because it has zinc, minerals, potassium, iron, magnesium and calcium. Bladderwrack works as stimulation to metabolism. Tyrosine -amino acid produces thyroid hormones out of iodine. Selenium, lack of selenium may cause hypothyroidism. Selenium has enzyme type-I-iodothyronine-deiodinase that turns T4 to T3. And lack of selenium cuts down the thyroid hormones. Iodine can be taken via food and kelp. Kelp has plenty of iodine. Iodine can be taken in a form of 225 mcg pill. Using sea salt also can help. As well as taking fish, eggs, yogurt, meat, radish, potatoes, oatmeal, seafood or bananas. There are also thyroid glandular to be taken but only with doctor prescription although there are some non prescribed drugs good for thyroid glandular available in the pharmacies. | <urn:uuid:a4fa5342-a7da-42dd-8e31-75bc853fef49> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://ic.steadyhealth.com/natural-cure-low-thyroid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529745.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211021635-20191211045635-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.879525 | 653 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When did vaccine first become available for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis?
The first inactivated toxin, or toxoid, against diphtheria was developed around 1921, but it was not widely used until the 1930s. In 1924, the first tetanus toxoid (inactivated toxin) was produced and was used successfully to prevent tetanus in the armed services during World War II. The first pertussis vaccine was developed in the 1930s and was in widespread use by the mid-1940s, when pertussis vaccine was combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to make the combination DTP vaccine. A series of 4 doses of whole-cell DTP vaccine was quite (70–90%) effective in preventing serious pertussis disease; however, up to half of the children who received the vaccine developed local reactions such as redness, swelling, and pain at the injection site. In 1991, concerns about safety led to the development of more purified (acellular) pertussis vaccines that are associated with fewer side effects. These acellular pertussis vaccines have replaced the whole cell DTP vaccines in the U.S.
In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. These vaccines are the first acellular pertussis-containing vaccines that make it possible to vaccinate adolescents and adults against pertussis.
How are vaccines made that prevent diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis?
These vaccines are made by chemically treating the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxins to render them nontoxic yet still capable of eliciting an immune response in the vaccinated person. They are known as “inactivated” vaccines because they do not contain live bacteria and cannot replicate themselves, which is why multiple doses are needed to produce immunity.
What's the difference between all the vaccines containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine?
It's like alphabet soup! Here is a listing of the various products:
The DTaP and DT preparations are all given as an injection in the anterolateral thigh muscle (for infants and young toddlers) or in the deltoid muscle (for older children and adults). Tdap and Td are given in the deltoid muscle for children and adults age 7 years and older.
Who should get this vaccine?
All people need protection against these three diseases—diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Routine booster doses are also needed throughout life. Older children and adults without documentation of ever receiving the basic series of shots should receive a primary series of three doses, properly spaced. A single dose of Tdap is recommended for people ages 11 through 64 years in place of one of the Td doses, preferably the next one needed.
In October 2010, ACIP voted to recommend a one-time dose of Tdap for the following groups if they had not previously received a dose:
How many doses of vaccine are needed?
The usual schedule for infants is a series of four doses of DTaP given at 2, 4, 6, and 15–18 months of age. A fifth shot, or booster dose, is recommended between age 4 and 6 years, unless the fourth dose was given late (after the fourth birthday). For people who were never vaccinated or who may have started but not completed a series of shots, a 3-dose series of Td should be given with 1 to 2 months between dose #1 and #2, and 6 to 12 months between dose #2 and #3. For people younger than age 65 years, one of the doses, preferably the first, should also contain the pertussis component in the form of Tdap. Adults ages 65 years and older may also get Tdap (see answer to preceding question).
Because immunity to diphtheria and tetanus wanes with time, boosters of Td are needed every ten years. Older children and adults who haven't received a pertussis-containing vaccine between the ages of 10 through 64 years should substitute a one-time dose of Tdap (with acellular pertussis) for one of the booster doses of Td.
When adolescents and adults are scheduled for their routine tetanus and diphtheria booster, should they get vaccinated with Td or Tdap?
Immunization experts recommend that the first dose of Tdap be given to all adolescents at age 11–12 years as a booster during the routine adolescent immunization visit if the adolescent has finished the childhood DTaP schedule and has not already received a dose of Td or Tdap. If a child age 7–10 years did not complete a primary series in childhood, a one-time dose of Tdap may be given earlier as part of the catch-up vaccinations.
All adults younger than age 65 years should receive a one-time dose of Tdap as soon as feasible. Then, subsequent booster doses of Td should be given every ten years. Adolescents and adults who have recently received Td vaccine can be given Tdap without any waiting period.
If someone experiences a deep or puncture wound, or a wound contaminated with dirt, an additional booster dose may be given if the last dose was more than five years ago. This could be a dose of Td or Tdap, depending on the person's vaccination history. It is important to keep an up-to-date record of all immunizations so that repeat doses don't become necessary. Although it is vital to be adequately protected, receiving more doses than recommended can lead to increased local reactions, such as painful swelling of the arm.
What side effects have been reported with these vaccines?
Local reactions, such as fever, redness and swelling at the injection site, and soreness and tenderness where the shot was given, are not uncommon in children and adults. These minor local and systemic adverse reactions are much less common with acellular DTaP vaccine; however, a determination of more rare adverse effects can only be made when additional data are available following extended use of DTaP.
Side effects following Td or Tdap in older children and adults include redness and swelling at the injection site (following Td) and generalized body aches, and tiredness (following Tdap). Older children and adults who received more than the recommended doses of Td/Tdap vaccine can experience increased local reactions, such as painful swelling of the arm. This is due to the high levels of tetanus antibody in their blood.
How effective are these vaccines?
After a properly spaced primary series of DTaP or Td/Tdap, approximately 95% of people will have protective levels of diphtheria antitoxin and 100% will have protective levels of tetanus antitoxin in their blood. However, antitoxin levels decrease with time so routine boosters with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids are recommended every 10 years. Estimates of acellular pertussis vaccine efficacy range from 80% to 85%—a level believed to be far more efficacious than the previously-used whole cell pertussis vaccine.
Can a pregnant woman receive Tdap vaccine?
Tdap is not contraindicated during pregnancy. It should be given to a pregnant woman who is in contact with an infant younger than age 12 months, is in a community experiencing a pertussis outbreak, or is a healthcare provider who sees children. A discussion of the risks and benefits of pertussis vaccine in pregnancy should occur between provider and patient. If there is no risk to the pregnant woman of acquiring or transmitting pertussis during pregnancy, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that Tdap vaccination be deferred until the immediate postpartum period. The new mother should receive Tdap before hospital discharge, even if she is breastfeeding.
Who should not receive these vaccines?
Generally, any person who has had a serious allergic reaction to a vaccine component or a prior dose of the vaccine should not receive another dose of the same vaccine. People who had a serious allergic reaction to a previous dose of DTaP or Tdap vaccine should not receive another dose.
Certain rare adverse events following pertussis vaccination usually serve as a precaution against receiving further doses. Such events include a temperature of 105°F or higher, collapse or shock-like state, persistent crying for more than three hours, or convulsions within three days. Even if one of these precautions exists, there may be occasions when the benefit of immunization outweighs the risk (for example, during a community-wide outbreak of pertussis). A person who developed one of these adverse events after pediatric DTaP vaccine may receive Tdap as an adolescent or adult.
A person with a recognized, possible, or potential neurologic condition should delay receiving DTaP or Tdap vaccine until the condition is evaluated, treated, and/or stabilized. Although DTaP vaccine does not cause neurological disorders, receiving the vaccine can cause an already-present underlying condition to show itself.
Can the vaccine cause the disease?
Adapted from www.immunize.org. We thank the Immunization Action Coalition. | <urn:uuid:f405c881-c938-41a8-8e7c-b5494fcbb5fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.nextvac.org/tdap.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267876.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00461-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955936 | 1,945 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Chestnut Sparrow (Passer eminibey) - HBW 14, p. 806
French: Moineau d'Emin
Spanish: Gorrión Castaño
Other common names: Emin Bey's Sparrow
Taxonomy: Sorella eminibey Hartlaub, 1880, Lado, northern Uganda.
Formerly placed in a monotypic genus, Sorella. Has been placed in the superspecies formed by P. luteus and P. euchlorus, but this arrangement considered doubtfully valid. Monotypic.
Distribution: W, SE & S Sudan, S Ethiopia, N & NE Uganda and much of Kenya S to NE, C & E Tanzania.
- Least Concern Enlarge map
ventral view of a bird in a tree Locality Amboseli National Park, Kenya
ANTHONY VILLAUME 6 April 2013 1 year ago 17 sec 4.3
A bird in non breeding plumage drinking from accumulated rain water Locality Yabelo, Oromia Region, Ethiopia (Monotypic species)
Ron Hoff 8 December 2007 6 years ago 47 sec 3.4
A male in non-breeding plumage. Locality Genale Valley, Ethiopia (Monotypic species)
Josep del Hoyo 9 December 2005 8 years ago 21 sec 3.3
male in breeding plumage perched
Locality Samburu-Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya (Monotypic species)
Nik Borrow 6 November 2008 31 weeks ago 4.4
Non-breeding male perched in a tree
Locality Maanzoni Lodge, Machakos, Kenya
James Kashangaki 9 September 2014 1 week ago ADDED LAST MONTH 4
Female,early mornig light.
Locality Soda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Fran Trabalon 17 November 2012 1 year ago 3.8
A bird perched in a bare tree
Locality Samburu-Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya
Robert Wynands 22 December 2002 4 years ago 2.7
- No sound recordings available yet | <urn:uuid:0d56f857-43e7-4aeb-bf85-474a4c537301> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/chestnut-sparrow-passer-eminibey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133564.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00145-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.790469 | 441 | 2.75 | 3 |
During the first part of your check up your dentist will look at your face and neck. Your dentist will check for anything that looks out of the ordinary, like a bump or swelling. Next, your dentist will check your bite, jaws, lips, cheeks, tongue and gums. They will also check to see if sealants will be helpful to you.
After checking your bite, your dentist will check inside your mouth. First, they start by gently checking your teeth for any cavities or other problems. Your dentist will also check on how you are brushing and flossing your teeth at home and give you some tips on correct brushing and flossing techniques.
X-rays are used by your dentist to see things inside your mouth that your eyes alone can’t. Your dentist may use x-rays to view your baby and permanent teeth to watch their growth, or to check for cavities that are harder to see. Your dentist may also use x-rays to check your gums and jaw bone. Not everyone needs x-rays, so your dentist will decide whether they are necessary and how many should be taken.
Pediatric Office Cleaning
Your dentist or a certified staff member will use what’s called a rotating toothbrush to clean the plaque from your teeth. After your teeth have been brushed your dentist may floss to remove any and all remaining plaque between your teeth. If necessary, to help harden your teeth and help fight future cavities, your dentist or dental staff member may apply a fluoride foam, solution or paint.
Pediatric Oral Hygiene Instructions
Obviously you can’t go to the dentist everyday to have your teeth cleaned, so here are some tips on how you can keep your teeth strong and healthy at home. First, you should start by flossing your teeth to remove any food particles and plaque that may get stuck between them. The right way to floss is to wind the floss around both of your index fingers and gently push it in between each of your teeth in your mouth. Make sure to freely move the floss upwards, downwards and even sideways to get out any food that might be stuck.
After flossing you should then brush your teeth. You should put a small amount of toothpaste on a soft toothbrush and hold the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to your teeth. Then gently rotate the bristles across your teeth and under your gums with a backward and forward circular motion. Be sure to also get the top surfaces of your teeth where you chew. Lastly, it’s important to brush the inside surfaces of your teeth with the same rotating motion. | <urn:uuid:f6201a8b-aee3-41dc-b87f-942d59fc7eca> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://manhattan.dental/pediatric-first-visit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946412 | 553 | 3.265625 | 3 |
You will find a number of piano chord diagrams here.
Learn how to form major, minor, diminished, diminished seventh, augmented, suspended fourth, seventh suspended fourth, dominant seventh, minor seventh, major seventh, minor sixth and major sixth piano chords.
More advanced players can learn how to form jazz piano chords. These include a variety of ninth, eleventh and thirteenth piano chords.
In this free piano lesson we take a look at major sixth and minor sixth chord diagrams. We shall start with major sixth chords.
How do you form a major sixth chord? You combine the root, third, fifth, and sixth of the major scale. What is the symbol for major 6th? It’s M6 or 6. For instance, F major sixth is written FM6 or just F6.
Major sixth piano chord diagrams
Here are all 12 major 6 chords and the notes that form them.
- C major sixth – C, E, G, A
- C sharp major sixth – C sharp, E sharp, G sharp, A sharp
- D major sixth – D, F sharp, A, B
- E flat, major sixth – E flat, G, B flat, C
- E major sixth – E, G, sharp, B, C sharp
- F major sixth – F, A, C, D
- F sharp major sixth – F sharp, A sharp, C sharp, D sharp
- G major sixth – G, B, D, E
- A flat major sixth – A flat, C E flat, F
- A major sixth – A, C sharp, E, F sharp
- B flat major sixth – B flat, D, F, G
- B major sixth – B, D sharp, F sharp, G sharp
How do you form a minor sixth chord? To build a minor sixth chord, combine the root, flat third, fifth, and sixth of the major scale. What is the symbol for minor sixth? It’s mi6 or -6. For instance, G minor sixth is written Gmi6 or G-6.
Minor sixth piano chord diagrams
Here are all 12 minor 6 chords and the notes that form them.
- C minor sixth – C, E flat, G, A
- C sharp, minor sixth – C sharp, E, G sharp, A sharp
- D minor sixth – D, F, A, B
- E flat, minor sixth – E flat, G flat, B flat, C
- E minor sixth – E, G, B, C sharp
- F minor sixth – F, A flat, C, D
- F sharp minor sixth – F sharp, A, C sharp, D sharp
- G minor sixth – G, B flat, D, E
- A flat, minor sixth – A flat, C flat, E flat, F
- A minor sixth – A, C, E, F sharp
- B flat, minor sixth – B flat, D flat, F, G
- B minor sixth – B, D, F sharp, G sharp
For other piano chord diagrams and to learn how to form other types of chords go to the free piano chords section.
I highly recommend Piano For All piano lessons for those interested in learning to play the piano without having to go through traditional, tedious, boring methods. To learn how to play piano chords check out Piano For All piano lessons. | <urn:uuid:06c7f77f-c540-4ce7-8ab3-d85dc1771dbd> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.piano-keyboard-guide.com/piano-chord-diagrams.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00592-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907751 | 713 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has warned that the deadly bird flu virus, H5N1, could arrive in Africa and the Middle East within weeks, carried by birds migrating from Asia.
Following yesterday's (19 October) statement from the organisation's chief veterinary officer, Kenya, Sudan and Tanzania have all imposed restrictions on poultry imports.
Charles Nyamrunda, a senior official at Tanzania's Water and Livestock Development Ministry, told the Reuters news agency that the ministry was teaching people in wetland areas to keep domestic and wild birds apart, and report any dead ones.
East African countries plan to meet later this month in Rwanda to discuss a regional strategy to deal with the threat of bird flu.
In his statement, Joseph Domenech of the FAO said, "The close proximity between people and animals and insufficient surveillance and disease control capacities in eastern African countries create an ideal breeding ground for the virus."
"The countries urgently need international assistance to build up basic surveillance and control systems," he added.
He warned that veterinary services in eastern Africa will find it difficult to run efficient bird flu campaigns based on slaughtering infected animals and vaccination.
Domenech said that if H5N1 were to become entrenched in the region, this would greatly increase the risk of the virus turning into a form that can spread from person to person — a development that could spark a flu pandemic, potentially killing millions (see Time to prepare for bird flu pandemic 'running out').
Birds migrating from regions where bird flu has broken out will begin arriving in East Africa in the coming weeks. | <urn:uuid:7240a7b6-ca6c-468b-9547-cc5d9851af33> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.scidev.net/global/disease/news/bird-flu-is-heading-for-africa-and-middle-east.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00392-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948886 | 329 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Around a third of refugees (around 360,000) are located in the Bekaa Valley, often living in small makeshift or unofficial camps. Large camps are not permitted by the Lebanese government and as a result, informal settlements of 50-100 families have become commonplace. Across the country, refugees in the Bekaa Valley (and Akkar) face the most poverty, with parents often forced to take their children out of school and into full time work to earn a living. Many of the camps are still without basic services for children, including education.
The Lebanese Government has been working with the UN to provide education for all. The main policy has been to enrol refugees into the existing public education system, creating a 2nd shift provision for refugees and encouraging integration.
This has not been without its problems. In many areas, refugees vastly outnumber the Lebanese students and there is not the capacity to provide for everyone who needs it. Within the rural Bekaa Valley, public schools are sporadically placed, meaning that access is difficult, and it is estimated that there are more than 250,000 refugee children out of school.
There have also been reports of safety issues, harassment, violence and discrimination, which has led to a high dropout rate. Refugee children that do continue to attend struggle with the new and different curricula, language barriers and lack of appropriate infrastructure. There is low teacher capacity, overcrowding, lack of adequate sanitation facilities and limited catch up programmes.
All of these factors, faced by children who are also coming to terms with their own trauma and distress, are continuing to create barriers to education. Consequently there is a need for the provision of informal education for children living within the camps. | <urn:uuid:dc0fdd12-2b31-4ca2-b726-a672ac109101> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.childrenontheedge.org/latest-stories/the-edge-in-lebanon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735833.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803195435-20200803225435-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.974404 | 346 | 3 | 3 |
CHP systems for data centers are gaining traction in the market as using such plants as source of data center power leads to energy efficient and substantial cost reduction benefits. However, another technology commercially available for powering data centers includes fuel cells. Although CHP systems are less efficient than fuel cells but requires lesser fuel to generate the same amount of power and has a win when its ability to supply chilled water is factored.
Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 03/13/2018 -- Cogeneration (also known as combined heat and power systems (CHP)) is a cluster of technologies primarily used for the concurrent generation of electricity and useful heat. This combined generation of heat and electricity is much more effective than separate generation of electricity and useful heat in a way that CHP systems offers improved energy efficiency, reduced managing cost, low CO2 emission and others. Growing data center capacity as business operate more processes, handle complex analytics with increasing storage requirements for customer data and employing rich media. Handling of such large data requires continuous supply of reliable power making cogeneration systems of primary importance. Efficiency level for cogeneration systems can reach up to 80 % against separate generation of heat and electricity which provides combined efficiency of 40-50 %.
For more information about this Report visit @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/combined-heat-and-Power-systems-market.asp
CHP systems for data centers are gaining traction in the market as using such plants as source of data center power leads to energy efficient and substantial cost reduction benefits. However, another technology commercially available for powering data centers includes fuel cells. Although CHP systems are less efficient than fuel cells but requires lesser fuel to generate the same amount of power and has a win when its ability to supply chilled water is factored. Some of the major benefits offered utilizing CHP systems for data centers are limited reliance over external power supply, increased energy efficiency, low site carbon emission and others.
Regions with high electricity cost are readily adopting CHP systems primarily to save on their energy cost to provide base load power and using such systems to provide absorption cooling for the facility. Moreover, government initiatives to install CHP systems in data center facilities due to low CO2 emissions is also expected to increase its adoption rate thereby increasing the adoption of CHP system in data centers.
Low economic life of data center IT equipment results in consumer reluctance towards adoption of CHP systems for data centers since these systems have equipment life of around 10-15 years in comparison to economic life of IT equipment which is only 2-3 years.
The global CHP system market for data center can be segmented on the basis of data center types, facility size, installation type and region. By Data center types the market can be segmented into Telecoms, ISP's (internet Service Provider), CoLos (Co-located server hosting facilities), server farms, corporate data centers, university/ national laboratory and others. Based on facility the market can be segmented into less than 200 sq.ft, 200-700 sq.ft, 700-1,200 sq.ft, 1,200-6,000 sq.ft and more than 6,000 sq.ft.
Based on installation type global cogeneration systems market for data center can be segmented into newly installed systems and retrofit systems. By region global CHP system market for data centers can be segmented into seven key regions namely North America, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Asia-Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ), Middle East and Africa and Japan.
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Some of the major players identified across CHP system market for data center includes ENER-G, Korea Electric Power Corporation, National Grid plc, Exelon Corporation, NextEra Energy, Inc., Chubu Electric Power Company, American Electric Power Company, Inc. and others. | <urn:uuid:995c1de5-62ba-4fc3-a253-dc18b3e0ac6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/new-opportunities-to-fuel-the-expansion-of-combined-heat-and-power-chp-systems-market-947918.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.931174 | 819 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Summer’s here. The getaways, outdoor adventures are all planned. The summer wardrobe is also ready along with tubes of sunscreen to guard the skin from harsh sunlight.
But this isn’t where safety ends this summer.
Along with skin, the harmful Ultra Violet (UV) rays of the sun can damage the long-term health of the eyes and the delicate skin surrounding them.
UV radiation can play a contributory role in the development of various disorders including age-related cataract, cancer of skin around eyelids and photokeratitis.
In fact, the eye may be at a greater risk from the sun than the skin.
The skin has the capacity to adapt to UV radiation by producing melanin (tan) that protects against UV exposure.
The eye does not develop a tolerance to UV rays, but becomes more sensitive with repeated exposure.
So, the importance of protecting eyes from UV exposure should not be overlooked.
According to Dr Ritika Sachdev, additional director, Medical Services, Centre for Sight, “Other UV damage to the skin around eyes, otherwise known as ‘photo ageing’ manifests itself as dryness, sagging or loss of elasticity and mottled pigmentation. WHO estimated that 20 per cent of cataracts are primarily due to sun and excessive UV exposure which results in the development of skin cancers, of which 10 per cent occur on eyelids.”
One should also focus on the kind of eyewear they wear.
“Appropriate eyewear and hats are not just fashion accessories but are essentials. It is important to ensure that one invests in good quality eyewear that blocks 100 per cent UV radiation. People who wear prescription glasses need not fret. UV rays blocking eyeglasses provide the most complete and convenient eyewear to shield the eye from harmful effects of the sun. While most prescription lenses offer some UV ray protection, not all are equally effective,” says Dr Ritika. | <urn:uuid:0083c7a5-9e7b-4836-b66f-9c5bbb808c41> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.deccanherald.com/content/398206/protect-eyes-harsh-sunlight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00863.warc.gz | en | 0.949095 | 411 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Does strict discipline build strong character? Not really. Before you demand your 2-year-old drop and give you 20 for refusing to pick up his blocks, remember that rigid discipline often backfires. Demanding compliance — rather than encouraging the development of self-control — usually turns out kids who are totally submissive to their parents but often totally out of control once out of reach of parental authority (and we've all seen those types on the playground!). Overly permissive parents aren't doing their kids any favors either. Their offspring are often selfish, rude, unpleasant, quick to argue and slow to comply. Plus, kids may subconsciously perceive permissive parents as apathetic (and thus uncaring).
So what's right? The most effective discipline is neither rigid nor permissive. It's a more nurturing style that falls somewhere in between by setting limits that are fair and enforcing them firmly but lovingly. Here are some dos and don'ts for setting limits with your child:
- Pick your discipline battles. If you take on your toddler every time he slams a door or wipes his nose on his sleeve, you'll be clashing all day. Safety limits (no running into the street, no touching a hot stove, for instance) are, of course, imperative. But the rest of the rules depend on your priorities (and how much energy you've got). Maybe "no shouting in the house" is paramount, but you can live with allowing shoes on the sofa. And maybe being courteous and saying "Please" and "Thank you" are primary expectations. Set rules you feel strongly enough about to enforce fully, but keep them to a reasonable number.
- Be direct (and consider distraction). If your first "no" is ineffective, gently but firmly pick up your toddler and — face-to-face, with a voice and body language that says "I mean business" — repeat your instructions: "Don't touch the electrical outlet. It's dangerous." Then turn to distraction: Move your child into another room (and on to another activity). Redirection works well at this age when tots have little control over their impulses and might not grasp why you're saying "no."
- Be consistent. If hand washing before dinner was compulsory yesterday but overlooked today, the only lesson learned is that rules are confusing or meaningless. So make sure you stick to the rules you establish, or you'll lose credibility. When you do make an exception, explain why ("Your cousins are visiting so — just for tonight — you can stay up an extra hour to hang out with them").
- Be patient. Toddlers have limited memories, so don't be surprised if they repeat a misdeed over and over and over ("I know Mommy said not to play with her cellphone…but she's upstairs…and I love pushing all these neat buttons…"). Be prepared to repeat the same message, whether it's "Please don't touch the computer" or "No eating the dog food" over and over every day for weeks — even months — before it sticks. If you choose to use time-outs for your toddler, you may have to use them often until your little darling finally gets the message.
- Stick to your guns. While it's tempting to give in to an adorable tot who flashes an impish grin in response to your "no!" — don't waiver (or giggle). Let him know that you're serious and there will be consequences if his behavior doesn't change. And no empty threats. If you say you'll take away his truck if he whacks his cousin with it one more time, you've got to follow through so he knows you mean business next time.
More In This Series
- Be the family dictator. Toddlers (and everyone else) feel better when they get to call some of the shots. Give your tot a sense of control over his world by providing a few acceptable choices — a graham cracker or an apple, the swing or the slide, the T-shirt with the elephant or the one with the spaceship. Remember, giving your tot a sense of control over his world minimizes the cause of many, many meltdowns.
- Criticize your tot. Telling your little one that he is "bad" can damage his young ego (and bruise his self-confidence), so criticize the action — not the child: "Hitting is bad" not "You're bad" or "I don't like what you're doing" never "I don't like you."
- Overuse "no." Say the word too many times and "no" will soon lose its effectiveness. Save it for situations that threaten the wellbeing of your toddler, another person or your home. And with each "no," try to offer a "yes" ("You can't pick the roses, but you can make a big dandelion bouquet for the kitchen table").
- Lose your cool. Uncontrolled anger clouds your thinking, teaches poor coping skills and can be downright frightening. Take time to calm down when your child sets you off, then explain why what he did was wrong ("You threw Mommy's dish and broke it. Now I'm sad"). Remember, your long-term goal is to teach correct behavior — screaming or swatting does just the opposite. When you do lose your cool (hey, you're only human), apologize and tell your tot that even parents make mistakes. | <urn:uuid:83ba55ca-5064-470a-8b17-3f411d4382ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/behavior-and-discipline/discipline-that-works/set-loving-limits.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488289268.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621181810-20210621211810-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.961393 | 1,109 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Germany’s cabinet has backed a proposed to levy a charge on the self-consumption of solar power in the country’s commercial and industrial sector, as it plans to reform its Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz) or EEG. Although the move is aimed at reducing the electricity bills of end customers and funding the country’s energy transition to renewables from a broader base, it could result in the scaling back of new solar installations in the country.
Background of the German Renewable Subsidy and Surcharge System
Germany’s electricity industry has been undergoing a transition of sorts over the past several years. The government has been pushing for the adoption of solar and other renewables in order to meet its objective of cutting down cutting carbon dioxide emissions by about 40% from 1990 levels by 2020. Additionally, renewables are also expected fill up some of the void that will be created as the country phases out its fleet of nuclear power plants by 2022.
The EEG legislation was initially set up to encourage installations of renewables such as solar power by providing a subsidy, known as a feed-in-tariff, to compensate for the higher cost of electricity generated from renewable sources. These subsidies are then funded through surcharges on the electricity bills of end consumers who buy power off the grid. The surcharges, which currently stand at roughly 6.24 euro cents per kilowatt-hour, have resulted in Germany having one of the highest electricity rates in Europe. While some industrial customers have been exempt from paying these surcharges, many others have chosen to generate power themselves rather that consume from the grid given the burden of the additional surcharges, and this has resulted in close to a quarter of power consumption by companies in Germany coming from self-generation.
Details Of The Plan
Under the reformed Renewable Energy Act, consumption of self-generated solar power would no longer be exempt from this tax. New commercial and industrial installations that exceed a peak capacity of 10 kW in capacity would have to pay roughly 70% of the renewable energy surcharge beginning from August, which would work out to roughly Euro 0.044 (about $0.06) per kilowatt-hour of self-generated energy consumed. While the outline of this plan has been approved by Chancellor Angela Merkel’s cabinet, many of its details are still to be worked out. The cabinet is expected to sign the draft in April after which it will be voted on by the German parliament.
While some policies along these lines have been implemented or proposed in other parts of the world, we believe that the impact of the German taxes could be more pronounced. In the United States for instance, the state of Arizona approved a fixed monthly charge of about $0.70 per kilowatt of installed system capacity for rooftop solar systems, in order to compensate for their usage of the grid infrastructure for net metering. However, in Germany’s case, the surcharge is proposed to be levied on a per unit of consumption basis rather than on an installed capacity basis, with the per unit rate also being relatively high.
Move Will Impact Solar Installations And Demand
While the German solar market is likely to have seen a decline in 2013, with installations expected to have fallen to roughly 4 gigawatts down from a peak of about 7.6 GW in 2012 owing to subsidy cuts, it still figures as one of the world’s 5 largest solar markets and remains an important market for high-end solar products. We believe that the plan to tax self-consumption could hurt new solar installations since it would increase the cost of solar generated electricity and lengthen the payback period of investments.
Additionally, the new regulations are expected to cover a bulk of the market for solar self-consumption, as the German Solar Energy Industry Association estimates that only about 17% of self consumers have capacities of below 10 kWp. Overall, we believe that large solar panel manufacturers such as First Solar, SunPower and Yingli Green Energy could see an impact to their German businesses as the regulations come into effect.
Like our charts? Embed them in your own posts using the Trefis WordPress Plugin. | <urn:uuid:b1842847-fa26-4a4d-8999-ecde0f758de8> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/29/germanys-proposal-to-tax-self-consumption-of-solar-power-could-hurt-panel-demand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928757.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00158-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96595 | 853 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Raj Bhavan (Tamil Nadu)
The earliest official residence of the Governors of Madras were in Fort St. George, the first one built in the 1640s on what is now the Parade Square. This was pulled down in 1693 and a new one built eastwards where, in later years, it became the core of the Secretariat. When the Governor’s garden house, was destroyed by the French in 1746, a new garden house was acquired for the Governor after the French withdrawal in 1749. A house, which belonged to Antonia de Madeiros, a member of perhaps the richest family of the time, became the core of Government House around which developed what is now called Government Estate. It was in the 1820 that Governor Thomas Munro (1820–1827) made Government House the official residence and now it called as Raj Bhavan and was once Guindy Lodge, the Governor’s country house.
Guindy Lodge, it is believed, was built by Governor William Langhorne (1672–1678) in the early 1670s in garden space carved out of the Guindy Forest that had helped make St. Thomas’ mount a salubrious place for rest and recreation. When Langhorne left in 1678, he sold the property to the then Chief Merchant of Madras, Beri Chinna Venkatadri, the younger brother of one of the founders of the city, Beri Thimappa. When Chinna Venkatadri had problems with the East India Company, he gifted Guindy Lodge to the Company’s Madras Government.
Area of Raj Bhavan
Raj Bhavan is situated in the Guindy Park Reserved Forest Area. The blackbuck, a near-threatened species of antelope, was introduced to Guindy Park by Lord Willingdon in 1924. The present area of the Raj Bhavan Estate is 156.14 acres (0.6319 km2), after large areas of land adjoining Raj Bhavan were made over for other public purposes, as shown below:
- 1958: transferred to the Union Education Ministry for locating the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
- 1958: transferred To the Forest Department for Deer Park and Children’s Park at the instance of the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru
- 1974: transferred for Rajaji Memorial
- 1975: transferred for Kamaraj Memorial
- 1977: transferred to the Forest Department to become a national park
There are also two pieces of land near the Adyar River Bed and in Ikkadu Thangal respectively, totalling 8.63 acres (34,900 m2), belonging to Raj Bhavan. Here is located water pumping stations for supply to Raj Bhavan.
In and around Raj Bhavan, it has deer (spotted deer, black buck and albino), mongoose, jackals, many varieties of reptiles and a large number of birds like partridges, pheasants, parrots, quail, paradise fly-catcher, etc. Bird watchers have noticed migratory birds here. Used as a government ‘country house’ till the area was ravaged by the French and Mysore in the 18th century, Guindy lodge then passed into private hands at the beginning of the 19th century. The first private owner mentioned is Mr. Gilbert Ricketts of Madras, who in 1813, was seeking a loan from the government bank. When Ricketts died intestate in December, 1817, with the property heavily mortgaged to the Bank and one Mr. Griffiths, the estate devolved on the Registrar of the Supreme Court as administrator. Protracted legal proceedings favoured the Bank which, thereafter, in 1821, offered the property to the Government for a sum of 10,000 pagodas (or Rs.35,000). Government also acquired a adjacent property for Rs.8,750 from the merchant Joseph Nazar Shawmier. Between 1821 and 1824, Government linked the two properties with a third purchaser and the Raj Bhavan property as it existed at Independence came into being.
- Government Houses of the British Indian Empire
- List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures | <urn:uuid:8f775a5a-0263-4cb0-9e55-4d1ea4613b2a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan_(Tamil_Nadu) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707437545/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123037-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962227 | 887 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is NFC and how is it related to Bluetooth?
Bluetooth and near field communication (NFC) are similar in that they allow two devices to transfer data quickly, with a high level of security, over a short distance. NFC’s data range is usually less than 2 inches (4 cm) – you must hold the devices very close together, or they may even have to be touching. Bluetooth’s range is on average about 30 feet (30m). Bluetooth also transfers data at a faster rate.
Bluetooth may appear to be the better technology, having an advantage in both sped and distance, both each has advantages and disadvantages, and can work together to meet users’ needs.
NFC consumes little power when compared to standard Bluetooth technology, and in fact may consume no power at all. For example, unpowered NFC tags may be found in clothing or any number of consumer products, while the tag is unpowered, the NFC reader must use power to collect data from the tag, though Bluetooth Low Energy is close to NFC in its power efficiency.
NFC is also very easy to use. Where Bluetooth requires users to manually set up connections between smartphones and takes several seconds, NFC connects automatically in a fraction of a second, almost instantaneously. Even though NFC devices must be very close to each other to use NFC technology, it is faster and easier to set up than a Bluetooth connection. NFC is also very effective in crowded locations to prevent interference caused when other devices are present and trying to communicate.
The latest development in Bluetooth technology, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), also known as Bluetooth Smart, is targeted at low power consumption and uses even less power than NFC. As the technology increases, Bluetooth and NFC technology may continue to work together, relying on each other to help users meet their data transmission needs.
In the real world we don’t have to choose one over the other but can enjoy the benefits of both working synergistically and seamlessly in the same device!
Many Bluetooth device manufacturers are incorporating both NFC and Bluetooth technology in a single device, sometimes using NFC to setup the Bluetooth connection. For example, you simple touch two NFC enabled devices and a Bluetooth connection is established – touch your phone and Bluetooth speaker and then continue playing music from your phone even though the speaker may beep to 30 feet (10 m) away. | <urn:uuid:b0521c43-c527-42eb-898e-ea6146d2a144> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://bluetoothbargains.com/nfc-and-bluetooth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583792784.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121131658-20190121153658-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.949239 | 479 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Soup makes for a quick and easy comfort food, especially when it's chilly outside. But beyond the convenience factor, soup may really do a body and soul good. Read on to find out more about the "soup"er powers of your favorite hot meal.
A bowl of thick soup is certainly heartwarming. If you struggle to stay comfortable in cool weather, though, the trick to warm fingers and toes might lie in a bowl of soup. According to nutritionists, hot soup can increase your core body temperature to warm you from the inside out.
Unlike many entrées, a hearty soup is one of the few main courses that will allow you to toss its ingredients into a Dutch oven and walk away until dinnertime.
The high water content of soup means it can satisfy your appetite in a healthy and hydrating way. According to a study cited on BBC News, people who are well hydrated with soups are more satisfied with their meals and less likely to consume unnecessary calories when they eat.
A study out of the Netherlands found that toddlers who were given veggie- and herb-packed soups for seven weeks showed an improved tolerance for vegetables of all kinds when compared with toddlers who didn't eat soup. Take that, youngsters.
Chicken soup can't exactly make an illness go away, but there's a reason it's known as a natural home remedy during cold and flu season. The Mayo Clinic states that chicken soup works as an anti-inflammatory, and it can clear up mucus too. The result, of course, is the alleviation of nasty symptoms.
Unlike other methods for cooking, soups retain the vitamins and minerals of cooked vegetables because you don't dispose of the water when you're done. That vitamin-packed water just becomes part of the savory and delicious broth.
Do you struggle to pull off a palatable meal each evening? Soups are notoriously difficult meals to mess up. If you're not pleased with your first attempt, just add more of something, and it'll turn out fine.
Unless you go for a cream-based soup, most soups are full of beans, lean meats and vegetables. All these ingredients are known for their low-fat and high-fiber composition, which makes soup a wonderfully healthy meal option.
Since ratios and measurements aren't a strict science for soup recipes, you can play around with adding vegetables to the meal. Purée squash and root vegetables into your soup for a creamier and heartier version without added fat or unnecessary calories.
Is there anything better than the aroma of savory herbs and veggies filling your home in winter? Nope.
As if you're not yet convinced, soups transition well from the stove to the freezer and then to the microwave. Make a giant pot of soup one evening, and you can turn it into a tasty lunch for days to come.
Updated by Bethany Ramos on 2/10/16
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SheKnows is making some changes! | <urn:uuid:63628161-877b-4297-b301-da9bbd78b625> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.sheknows.com/food-and-recipes/articles/1076907/benefits-of-soup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.963782 | 625 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Color words are key vocabulary in any language, at any age. Being able to describe something by its color is something we do every day.
Teaching colors to a beginning English learner can be challenging. They may not have enough vocabulary for you to be able to describe things to them in order to teach colors. In this article, you will find 8 activities to teach colors even to someone at the most primary level, no matter what age. The first six activities require no writing and little to no reading. The last two activities do require minimal writing and reading skills. Let fun color your world with these great activities!
Check Some Fresh Ideas to Teach Colors
First Thing’s First
First, the vocabulary must be introduced. This is best done with a card that has the target color on it along with the written name of the color. Showing one card at a time, it is good practice to pronounce the color clearly to the class, and then have them repeat it as a class back to you. Do this with several colors and then review just those colors. Then do that with another small set of colors, reviewing as you go. Eventually, mix up all of the cards and review them with the students. After this initial presentation, you may start playing games and doing other activities to reinforce the color words.
This game will keep everyone hopping, even adults. To start, review what the colors are and point out what colors people are wearing. Put chairs in a circle, enough so that each student has his own chair. Hold up a color card, and have all those who are wearing that color swap seats. After the students become comfortable, take one seat away after calling the color so that someone will not have a seat after swapping. That person is then out. Play until there is a winner. Students of all ages enjoy this engaging game.
It’s All in the Bag
This is another fun game for reinforcing colors. This one requires some prepping ahead of time for you. You will need to gather various small items of different colors and put them in a large canvas bag. You will also need either a color wheel which you can spin and have it land on a certain color or a small deck of cards with the colors on them. In class, explain to the students that they will be hunting for a certain color. Have one student spin the wheel or pick a card to choose a color. Have the other students each blindly pick an item from the bag. They must tell you what color it is. If it matches the target color, they get a point. This continues until all of the items are gone from the bag. Whoever has the most points at the end of the game, wins.
The traditional game of “I Spy” is great for teaching colors. You should start by saying explaining the meaning of the phrase “I spy.” Then say, “I spy something __________ (name of color). The students need to guess what you are thinking of in the classroom. Try to be mindful of the fact that some students may not have the vocabulary to name their intended item. First, have them try to describe it, but if you see frustration setting in, you may let them point to it and give them the word. This game can help not only with color words, but with general vocabulary as well. You’ll see how determined to use their vocabulary a student can become if they want to guess that item!
Playing Color Bingo will help enliven any classroom! Students of all ages enjoy playing bingo, and Color Bingo will help them put to use all of their vocabulary. If you have or can find a Color Bingo game, that is great. If not, you can easily make one. Print out a blank one (easily found on the internet), get something for them to use as markers or chips on the board, and hand out one card to each student. Also, give them markers, crayons or colored pencils in the colors that you want in your game. Put up color cards for all of the colors you want to include in the game, and tell the students to color in their boxes using the colors on the board in whatever order they choose (be sure to have them mark the center box as a free space, if appropriate. Next, start calling the colors. Students need to mark each color as it is called, and call out, “Bingo!” when they have it. Then they need to say the colors as they check them with you. You may want to have small prizes available for the winners.
Another fun game for learning colors is concentration. In this game, there are two sets of cards: one with the colors in word name, and one with the colors right on them. Again, this game may be found commercially, but you may also make it yourself. Either way, you place all cards out on the table, face down. Students must turn over two cards and either read them or say what color it is. If they have a match, they take them. The person with the most matches at the end wins. If you are making it yourself, there is a way to vary the degree of difficulty. The easier way is to make the back of the word cards one color, and the back of the color cards another color. This way, students know to take one of each color every time, and they will not pick two word cards at once. The more difficult way is to make the backing of all cards the same color. This will make the memory portion of the game even more challenging. If you only have a few students you can all play together and you can be a part of it. Otherwise, set the games up and walk around the room to supervise all groups. If you have volunteers, this would be a great way to use them.
Which Color is Your Favorite?
This activity is best for students who can sit and interview each other. Each pair of students will get a sheet of paper with 5 (or more) questions on it, each of which can be answered with a color. For example, “What color is your favorite snack?” or “What color is your favorite shirt?” Students take turns asking each other these questions. They must be answered in a complete sentence, such as, “My favorite fruit is red.” This activity promotes oral communication among students which is important to foster their confidence in general. When they are done, each partner introduces the other. For example, “My partner is ____________. (name) His favorite fruit is blue. His favorite ice cream is white,” and so on. Students bond during this activity which reinforces colors. Forming relationships in an ESL classroom is essential because as the student’s comfort level rises, so does his desire to communicate in that classroom.
Riddle Me This
This activity is for students who can write and have some English vocabulary. Have the student think of a color and then think of three objects that begin with that color. Have them fold a piece of paper in half, to make a card shape. On the inside, have them write the name of the color the others will try to guess. On the outside, have them write the name of the three objects which are that color. Have them take turns coming up to the front of the room and reading their three clues to the class. See if someone can guess the color they are thinking of. This activity reinforces general vocabulary as well as the color words.
All of these activities will provide great practice in learning colors for your students.
Use them sporadically throughout your sessions, or focus on colors for a class or two by playing several games in a shorter period of time. However you decide to teach your students their colors, they will be thankful you have these fun activities to help them on their way!
P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English. | <urn:uuid:1aaca16e-a7ad-4270-a779-017308c786cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://busyteacher.org/17918-how-to-teach-colors-in-english-8-ways.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317516.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822215308-20190823001308-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.966227 | 1,676 | 3.96875 | 4 |
I’ve been to the main Museum of London site several times but this was my first trip out to Docklands. It’s well worth a visit – entrance is free and it’s great for families (I went on a Sunday afternoon and there were lots of family friendly activities taking place). For adults, many of these activities take place away from the main galleries so there aren’t too many kids under your feet!
The ten free galleries begin from the third floor taking you through in a sequential order from 1600 to the present day (like a less stressful version of Ikea). I specifically went to visit the London, Sugar and Slavery gallery but spent time in all of the galleries. For anyone who like the Victorian Walk at the London Wall site, Sailortown is similar, a recreation of the area around the docks in the mid nineteenth century.
The museum is housed in No.1 Warehouse at West India Quay which was built during the period of the slave trade and would have stored the sugar from the plantations who prospered from slave labour. As well as looking at the slave trade, black presence in Britain generally is examined, contradicting the common perception that there was no black community in the UK until the 1940s. There was a known community in Seven Dials, and the port area was a key entry point for merchants, traders etc. The painting May Morning by John Collett which shows a street scene. Here a black servant is shown joining in a traditional London festival in the 1770s. No one looks surprised to see him there, despite this being at the height of the slave trade, showing that he wasn’t as unusual a sight as many might suppose.
At the entrance to this section is a large black board, names and figures inscribed in stark white. These are the names, captains, owners and destination of the slave ships that set sail from London. I noticed that a lot of people stopped here for a while, I suppose just to think about the numbers of people transported on those ships in shocking conditions. There is a diagram of a slave ship showing how 609 men, women and children were crammed in and transported in horrific squalor. They were seen and talked about as goods, not people, and so their living conditions were not a concern.
From my own research I know that slavery existed in Africa long before the Europeans got involved. Slaves were often traded to settle debts or captured during wars. Crucially these slaves had rights and could even rise to positions of power and wealth. It was the European influence that resulted in the dehumanisation of slaves.
The slave trade was nicknames the ‘Triangular Trade’ after the route the ships took. First they would sail from Europe to Africa laden with goods such as guns, iron bars, alcohol and copper and bronze bracelets known as manillas). Enslaved people would be marched to the coast, those who survived what could be hundreds of miles of walking would be stored like goods in a warehouse while they waited to be sold. Once purchased they would be transferred to the ships, but even then they could face a wait of up to several months in the ship’s hold whilst waiting for the captain to purchase the numbers he wanted. To pay for the food and water needed to keep the slaves alive the ships also loaded gold, ivory and cloth to sell in the Caribbean or back in Europe.
Conditions on the ships were as awful as the warehouses, and it was said that a slave ship could be smelt from as far away as five miles. Some captains looked after their cargo, protecting the slaves from abuse and letting them have exercise (this could be for moral reasons, or for the purely financial aim of selling healthy slaves on arrival). Others played a numbers game and just crammed as many as possible into the ships. Revolts were violently stopped, and there were many cases of suicide and infanticide by mothers desperate to save their young children from the life ahead.
The third side of the triangle was the return journey. The revenue from the slaves purchased goods such as sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton and tobacco which could then be sold back in Europe.
It was the Quakers who first began the British movement towards emancipation, forming the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787. This society was supported by leading African abolitionists such as Olaudah Equiano who bought himself out of slavery. It is worth noting that many of the factors which led to the ending of slavery arose from the actions of the slaves themselves. They were not a passive and helpless people relying on the help of wealthy whites. After the successful slave revolt in Hispaniola, Haiti in 1791, and several failed attempts in Jamaica, it became clear that relying on enslaved labour could be unstable and expensive, and that paid labour could be more profitable.
Freetown in Sierra Leone was founded by British abolitionists in 1787 and populated by both rescued Africans, and also black Londoners who wanted to escape poverty. The British public came on board and in 1792 the West Indian sugar boycott began, with up to 300,000 people giving up sugar leading to the decimation of sales. In 1807 the Abolition of the Slave Trade bill was passed but this was only the first step as it only banned the trade of slaves and so slave owners were free to continue on with those they already owned.
The belief had been that the abolition of the trade would lead to a gradual decline in slavery. This did not happen though and so the Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1823. They weren’t keen on women though and so the Birmingham Ladies Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves was established in 1825. On the 1st August 1834 slavery in British territories became illegal, slave owners receiving £20 million in compensation for the loss of property. Many slaves were left without housing or clothing and had to leave their homes in order to find work.
This is a great gallery giving an objective view of the facts surrounding British involvement in the slave trade and its legacy. There is also an exhibit commemorating the Caribbean voluntary service in World War I, showing the names of the fallen. The museum as a whole represents all of the docklands communities well, and I would highly recommend it.
Museum of London Docklands, No. 1 Warehouse, West India Quay, London, E14 4AL. Free entry. Open 10am – 6pm daily. http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk | <urn:uuid:9fb08334-6b7e-4511-9fa2-1d30deb42f17> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://louisehare.com/2016/06/16/london-sugar-and-slavery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.984196 | 1,338 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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