text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. One small step for a man?
Photo courtesy of The Project Apollo Archive
If you were alive in 1969, you were glued to a TV station as astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped off a ladder and onto the surface of the moon for the first time. While many remember his famous words as he stepped onto the moon, Armstrong actually said “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”, the statement has been a way to remember a brilliant achievement for the human race. Unfortunately, NASA cancelled the moon program not many years after this accomplishment.
2. Who created “modern” advertising?
Thomas J. Barratt was a pioneer in the field of brand marketing, and has often been called “the father of modern advertising”. As Chairman of the Pears’ soap company, Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company products, which involved the integrated use of targeted slogans, images and key messages. Barratt coined the phrase, “Good morning. Have you used Pears’ soap?” which became famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt focused on consistently associating the Pears’ brand with high culture, domestic comfort and quality. In his time, Barratt used a proprietary magazine, contests, promotions, packaging, and celebrity endorsements to market the product. Well before his time, Barratt stressed the importance of developing and maintaining a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears’ and of emphasizing the product’s availability through mass campaigns. In the process, Barratt introduced many of the concepts that guide our advertising today.
3. Who knows – just Google it!
In 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin launched Google, and in less than twenty years, the world’s dominant search engine has changed everything in the advertising industry.
The search engine helped people become more than passive consumers of media. The search process created by Google helped them search for what interested them, when it interested them. Once the transformation occurred, Google began to recognize its power in the marketplace, and began selling access to its visitors with online advertising options – changing the way the ad industry buys and plans media.
4. The “greatest forward step in baking”
That’s how it was marketed when Kleen Maid Sliced Bread was first sold in 1928. Otto Frederick Rohwedder of Davenport, Iowa invented the first loaf-at-a-time bread-slicing machine in 1912, but due to a fire destroying his prototype, the first commercial use of the machine didn’t happen until 1928. Within a year of introducing the concept, a packaging process for sliced bread had been developed and was commercially available. As it turns out, the concept of sliced bread had a significant effect on the industry. The thin pre-cut slices of bread made it easier for people to eat more slices of bread at a time, which in turn made bread a more frequent part of their diet. This increased consumption of bread, and also helped increase the consumption of spreads – like jam, jellies and peanut butter. The impact was so significant that it eventually spawned the saying, the “greatest thing since sliced bread” – as a means of praising an invention or a development.
5. Making a car in 93 minutes! (1908)
Although automobiles had been available in some form for decades, it is generally accepted that 1908 was the year the automobile became available for the mass market. That was the year that Henry Ford’s Ford Motor Company first produced the Model T (or the Tin Lizzy). The car was mass-produced on an assembly line with completely interchangeable parts – a process that influenced manufacturing in other industries as well. Little known fact – by 1914, it only took 93 minutes for Ford Motor Company to assemble a Model T!
6. The creation of the sticky note!
Contrary to popular thought, the “Post-It” note was not invented specifically for that purpose. In 1968, scientist Dr. Spencer Silver was attempting to develop a super-strong adhesive for 3M. Instead he created a low-tack reusable adhesive. Spencer tried without success for five years to promote his solution within the company. It wasn’t until 1974, when Spencer’s colleague, Arthur Fry, came up with the idea to use the adhesive to anchor his bookmark. He used that framework to develop the idea into what we know today. Now the ubiquitous notes are used throughout the world for a variety of purposes.
7. Introducing the Father of Cool
(and we don’t mean Snoop Dogg)
The term “air conditioning” is actually attributed to a textile engineer, Stuart W. Cramer, who is not in fact, credited with developing an air conditioning system. While many individuals contributed over a period of 100 years to the principals that eventually led to the development of air conditioning systems, the man known as Father Cool or the Father of Air Conditioning is Willis Carrier. Carrier started work on his concept as early as 1902. At first the technology was primarily used in industrial buildings and hospitals and it wasn’t until after WW2 that air conditioners became small enough, safe enough and cheap enough to allow residential sales to develop.
8. Apple’s 1984 Commercial
From a marketing perspective, this iconic ad has been called a masterpiece in advertising. It is in the Clio Awards Hall of Fame and is one of Ad Age’s Top 50 Greatest Commercials. While the ad is still remembered thirty years after its launch, a little remembered fact is that the ad actually only ran two times – once on December 31, 1983 and once on January 22, 1984 during the Super Bowl. The ad is a true testament to the power of a great creative concept.
9. “I have a dream!”
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
The year was 1963 and the United States was embroiled in an enormous civil rights struggle. Often referred to as the defining moment in the American Civil Rights movement, activist and leader Martin Luther King delivered his “I have a dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial – calling for an end to racism. “With a single phrase, Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who’ve shaped modern America” (Meacham).
10. Banting and Best … and Macleod??
As a child we all learned the story of Banting and Best – the two individuals that discovered insulin and won the Noble Prize. This was truly a brilliant moment in history. But the story isn’t completely as we may remember. Banting first took his idea to Professor John Macleod who gave him funding, a laboratory to test his theories, as well as a lab assistant named Charles Best. In 1923, the Nobel Committee actually decided to award Banting and Macleod the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine!
11. People swear by it, and at it!
For years, Buckley’s Cough Mixture, made in Canada since 1919, has been highlighting the fact their cough syrup tastes awful, but it works. The company embraced its one weakness in all of its communications, and in turn, made that weakness a messaging strength. When it entered the US market, Buckley’s could have altered its approach to compete with the major multi-nationals, but it held true to its brand message, and carved out a successful market for the product. Even in recent years, the company’s foray into online and social media marketing vehicles has included the “what did you expect it to taste like” positioning. The Buckley’s experience is positive proof that truth in advertising, when crafted properly can help establish the brand in the consumer’s mind.
12. Two unlikely partners change the world
There are many accounts of when and how Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak met. By Wozniak’s own account, they first met in his college years, “when a friend said you should meet Steve Jobs because he likes electronics and he also plays pranks”. However the actual meeting took place, there can be no argument that the union of Jobs and Wozniak was one of the most significant brilliant moments in history!
13. We try harder
In an era of glitz and hard sell, the focus on honesty in advertising was unusual at best. In 1963, perennial second place car rental company, Avis engaged DDB to develop a new campaign that would reposition the company in the minds of consumers. Attempting to take a piece of the massive market share owned by Hertz, Avis needed to reposition its message. Advertising icon Bill Bernbach asked the company one simple question, “why would I choose Avis” and the answer he received from the President was “because we try harder”. The line became a beacon for the company’s focus on customer service and its commitment to search for ways to improve. And it is a line that “drives” the company to this day.
14. 3 Days of Peace and Music
Woodstock – widely regarded as the pivotal moment in popular music history, was held over three days in 1969. Originally, organizers planned for no more than 50,000 people, but by the time the event happened, it had drawn over 400,000 people. The name Woodstock was given to the event because it was the initial location for the concert but booking problems eventually forced organizers to seek another, larger venue in Bethel, New York. We are sure this was a brilliant moment in history, but aren’t sure that anybody that actually attended the event can remember a thing!
15. He didn’t even like telephones!
One of the most famous moments in Canadian history is undoubtedly the moment in 1876 when Alexander Graham Bell called out to his assistant “Mr. Watson – come here – I want to see you” and the modern day telephone was born. A little known fact about the inventor is that Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.
16. Who really invented the light bulb?
It definitely wasn’t Thomas Edison, as your schooling would have you believe! In fact Humphry Davy first put an incandescent light bulb in use in 1809 – a full 70 years before Edison applied for his patent! What Edison did was create a bulb that would burn continuously (and even then he was sued by Joseph Swan for copying his design). As part of the settlement, Edison had to take Swan on as a partner in the original company called Ediswan. Edison eventually bought Swan out to form the company that became General Electric.
17. Its clunky and grammatically incorrect – and it works!
“It’s perhaps the most boring product imaginable” (Jeff Goodby, who wrote Got Milk). “It’s not new. It’s not improved. It is white.” In discussing the product with a focus group, people stated that they only thought about the product when they run out – which led to the concept of Got Milk. The final tag line, which has been used for twenty years and has been appropriated by thousands of groups for unrelated activities, became one of the most remembered lines in beverage history, which is saying a lot given that includes the beer and soft drink industries. The line, and even the font selection, has become part of our culture, although it was eventually dropped by Milk in 2014 and replaced by the new (less impressive) line – Milk Life.
18. Boldly going where no one has gone before
Incredibly, the original series that was launched in 1966; and that spawned a series of films and spin-off shows, only lasted three years on-air. In addition to creating an enormous and dedicated following, Star Trek is noted for its influence on the world outside of science fiction. It has been cited as an inspiration for several technological inventions such as the cell phone, personal computers and automatic opening doors. Moreover, the show is noted for its progressive era stances on a wide variety of social issues. In fact, the original series included one of television’s first multiracial casts. Creator Roddenberry once stated: “By creating a new world with new rules, I could make statements about sex, religion, Vietnam, politics, and intercontinental missiles”. And yes this one may have made the top 30 because we are secretly trekkies!
19. The “zipperless” zipper
Where would children be without Velcro fasteners? Nowadays, children learn to tie their shoes much later in their development because Velcro strips fasten many of their first pairs of shoes. The Velcro fastener (more specifically called a hook and loop fastener) consists of two components: a lineal fabric strip with tiny hooks that could “mate” with another fabric strip with smaller loops, attaching temporarily, until pulled apart. The term Velcro, given to the name of the company that manufactured the fasteners is a combination of the French words velours (“velvet”), and crochet (“hook”).
20. One of the greatest print campaigns of all time
VW’s “Think Small” ad campaign
Sure we know this is the digital age. We understand the power of online and social media marketing. But this is our “thirty brilliant moments” – and an opportunity to give credit where credit is due. In the early 60’s, when fast, heavy muscle cars were the norm, VW sought to enter the market with the Volkswagen Beetle – a car that was compact and strange looking. What Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB) did at the time was more than improve sales for the client, their concept “changed the very nature of advertising—from the way it’s created to what you see as a consumer today” (Ad Age). The ad campaign, which lasted in some form for years, was simple in design, featuring large white spaces and copy that focused on the benefits of that particular car.
21. Everything Forrest Gump did?
Seriously – that guy was everywhere! He helped Presley learn to dance, he met with the Black Panther party, he spoke on the war in Vietnam in Washington, he was interviewed with Lennon, he invented the smiley face, and witnessed the Watergate scandal in progress. Gump’s life was a series of brilliant moments – proving that life really is “like a box of chocolates”!
22. Netflix beats TV?
Television ads – what television ads? The resounding success of formats like Netflix have fundamentally changed the way people watch shows. In fact, studies show that as of 2015, more people view shows on Netflix than on more traditional stations. The combined influence of these new content providers is forcing agencies and their clients to rethink their old advertising strategies.
23. I can fly, I can fly!
The history of the airplane shows that a lot of other scientists had designed gliders and concepts for flight – as far back as 400 BC. But it was not until December 1903, when two American brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright attempted to fly that the concept of an engine powered aircraft came into being. The Wright brothers’ flight was the first to be adjudged by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale as sustained. The actual flight travelled a total of 120 feet at a height of 10 feet in the air and lasted a total of 12 seconds! Although they were not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright Brothers were the first to invent controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.
24. Somebody “invents” Las Vegas!
Who could have envisioned a city like this? Who could have initiated building this self proclaimed “Entertainment Capital of the World”. Who cares?! We don’t need to put a label on it – the city already has enough labels of its own. We say – just enjoy the result of that brilliant moment!
25. Zuckerberg launches Facebook from his dorm
Most people have seen the movie and know the story about how Mark Zuckerberg created the first “face book” as a social toy for Harvard students, which eventually led to the development of one of the most popular social networking tools in history. But did you know that the first banner for thefacebook.com included the manipulated image of Al Pacino, or that the first major investment in the company came from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel? Today, Facebook is now also a very effective ad media option. Who better to suggest products than people who share your interests? And along with your fans and friends, no one knows what you like better than the folks at Facebook!
26. The day that changed the music world forever!
The day was February 9, 1964, and it was the day that The Beatles first performed live on the Ed Sullivan Show. With a very simple introduction “Ladies and Gentleman, The Beatles. Let’s bring them on”, Sullivan introduced a TV audience to the most influential rock band in history and helped hype in the USA what had already become known throughout the world as “Beatlemania”. For many in the era, The Beatles appearance on Ed Sullivan was a defining life moment, and it most certainly symbolized the start of what later became known in rock circles as the “British Invasion”.
27. Four score and seven years ago…
One of the most famous introductory lines for a speech in history, Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863 on the fields where the Battle of Gettysburg had taken place. On that day, Lincoln was not the keynote speaker (it was actually Edward Everett who spoke for two hours!). In fact Lincoln’s role was simply to “formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks”. In this seven-minute masterpiece, Lincoln states that “the world will little note what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here”. Ironically, while the Battle of Gettysburg details have faded, the speech at Gettysburg continues in importance to this day – speaking volumes to the power and influence of the spoken word.
28. “KD” – enough said!
If you grew up in Canada then you have tried Kraft Dinner. The meal is a mainstay for millions of Canadian families. In fact, the meal is so well known that Pundit Rex Murphy wrote, “Kraft Dinner revolves in that all-but-unobtainable orbit of the Tim Hortons doughnut and the A&W Teen Burger. It is one of that great trinity of quick digestibles that have been enrolled as genuine Canadian cultural icons.” The idea of creating processed cheese was actually invented by a Canadian – James Lewis Kraft – and the first version of KD was introduced in 1937 when it was immediately considered a “hearty meal for families”.
Whatever the history of the product, KD has helped many a Canadian get through school, or a budget problem or a late night snack attack! In our minds, the invention of KD was truly a Brilliant Moment!
29. Bo knows advertising
Named one of the two most influential tag lines in the 20th century, “Just do it” was created in a 1988 Nike meeting with its agency Weiden and Kennedy. Dan Kennedy was speaking at the meeting about Nike’s can-do attitude in comparison to the competitors and stated, “You Nike guys, you just do it”.
To add to the mystique of the slogan at the time, Nike ads rarely focused on the product being sold, preferring to focus on the athlete wearing the product. At times, that athlete was an everyday competitor; at others, Nike used an enormous stable of paid well-known athletes.
While the campaign received mixed reaction when it was first released, the enduring value and relevance of the line and its use in a wide array of Nike programs and activities, has been proven by the lasting impact the slogan has had for the company over the last thirty years. In short Nike, the Swoosh, and Just do it are inextricably linked together in advertising history.
30 years ago – an idea sparks a company
Thirty years ago this year, two schoolmates decided they wanted to build a different kind of creative-design company, and Deschenes Regnier was born. Focusing on leading-edge design concepts and exceptional customer service, Deschenes Regnier quickly became a mainstay in Manitoba’s design and advertising community.
Over time, as other players have come and gone, or have merged, Deschenes Regnier has continued to increase the services and the expertise required to help clients in the changing world. Now a full-service firm, Deschenes Regnier offers a wide range of marketing skills, including brand strategy, communications planning, creative solutions, advertising and media campaigns, digital marketing, and web design/development.
As a result, our 30th Brilliant Moment celebrates Deschenes Regnier’s 30th anniversary in the marketplace!
Perhaps we can help your company find its own brilliant moment – the moment when you know and we know that together we have discovered the right solution to inspire your audiences and achieve your goals.
We would love to talk with you. | <urn:uuid:d59a30c4-d5aa-4704-aeaa-fbdc246a3ff9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://deschenesregnier.com/30-brilliant-moments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001105617-20231001135617-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.972291 | 4,484 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Glucose is a monosaccarie ( a simple sugar unit) C6 H12 O6
Condensation of glucose
When two glucose molecules react together, the reaction is called condensation. Maltose (a dissaccharide) and water are formed in the reaction.
A covalent bond is formed between two sugar units (disaccharides). Covalent bonds between sugar units are often referred to a glycosydic links.
Hydrolysis of maltose
Maltose splits into two glucose units when it undergoes a hydrolysis reaction with water.
Maltose is formed when glucose bonds with glucose, and sucrose is formed when glucose bonds with fructose. When lactose is formed by glucose bonding with galactose, the glycosidic links forms between different OH groups.
Sugar units build up by condensation into complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides can be joined to form:
dissaccharides: 2 units
Oligosaccharides: 3-10 units
Starch is a polymer made up of glucose monomers. It is a ploysaccharide made up of monosaccharides linked together. Starch is a storage ploysaccharide found in green plants.
Starch is made up of two polymers of glucose: anylose and amylopectin. Amylase is a chain of many thousands of glucose units. The glucose chain coils into a helix due to hydrogen bonding between OH groups. The general formula for a carbohydrate is given here as the simple formula because there is not a set number of glucose units in a molecule
Amylopectin is a branched chain of glucose molecules. The molecule contains many thousands of glucose units so the general formula for a glucose molecule is given here.
Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide found in animals and some microorganisms. | <urn:uuid:bff257f0-e25a-4c78-8a80-a635bdba6962> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/carbohydrates_24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948616132.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218122309-20171218144309-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.915319 | 397 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Wai-o-Tapu or the thermal wonderland
For those of you who might wonder how New Zealand appeared on the world map, it seems that it literally raised from the sea millions of years ago when it was part of the landmass of the southern hemisphere known as Godwana. NZ ground is full of energies that lead to spectacular geothermal activity, with active volcanoes, stem waters and different chemical reactions that paint the earth and the lakes in incredible colors.
The Taupo region is one of the most active volcanic areas in the world. We’ve seen there a small, quite newly formed geyser that erupts every 24 hours for few minutes. In addition, we walked through an immense reserve, full of multi-colored steaming lakes and smelling sulphur. The largest, “Champagne pool”, occupies a 700 years old explosion crater formed by a hydrothermal eruption. On its right, “Artist’s Palette”, with hot springs in 5 different colors: blue, green, orange, yellow and grey. Chemistry can sometimes be a real wonder! | <urn:uuid:c43f239e-4734-43f9-899d-976fe18c248c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.dreamschasing.com/new-zealand/wai-o-tapu-or-the-thermal-wonderland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572471.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916015552-20190916041552-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.94658 | 227 | 2.625 | 3 |
NICOTINE AND THE CHEMISTRY OF MURDERDEBORAH BLUM
The 1850 murder of Gustave Fougnies in Belgium is not famous because of the cleverness of his killers. Not at all. They - his sister and brother-in-law - practically set off signal flares announcing their parts in a suspicious death.
It's not famous because it was such a classic high society murder. The killers were the dashing, expensive, and deeply indebted Comte and Countess de Bocarmé. The death occurred during a dangerously intimate dinner at their chateau, a 18th century mansion on an estatein southern Belgium.
Nor it is remembered because the Comte died by guillotine in 1851 - so many did after all.
No, this is a famous murder because of its use of a notably lethal poison. And because the solving of this particular murder changed the history of toxicology, helped lay the foundation for modern forensic science. The poison, by the way, was the plant alkaloid nicotine. And it was chosen because at the time, no one - absolutely no one - knew how to detect a plant alkaloid in a dead body. During the unsuccessful prosecution of a morphine murder only a few years earlier, a French prosecutor actually started shouting about it in the courtroom: "Henceforth, let us tell would-be poisoners...use plant poisons. Fear nothing; your crime will go unpunished. There is no corpus delecti (physical evidence) for it cannot be found."
And that was certainly the idea when the Comte and his wife decided to murder her young brother for his money. That they could kill him with this very special poison. And never be caught.
We probably know nicotine best today for its role in creating the highly addictivechemistry of tobacco, a reason that so many people find it difficult to quit smoking even though the habit is so conclusively linked to disorders ranging from heart disease to lung cancer. The compound has such a potent effect on the brain that some researchers have even suggested that it provides a gateway for drugs such as cocaine. Others have wondered whether that potency could somehow be harnessed to good effect, as a treatment for disorders ranging from Alzheimer'sto depression, although its addictive nature makes such approaches obviously complicated.
But back in the 19th century, of course, there was no way to peel apart its neurochemicaleffects. What people did know was that nicotine was one lethal compound. Tobacco, a plant native to the Americas, had caught the attention of the Europeans during the 16th century. One of its strongest advocates was Jean Nicot de Villemain, the French ambassador to Portugal, who acquired plants and seeds from the Portuguese colony in Brazil and promoted their use during the 1560s. The tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum, is named after him, as is the plant's primary alkaloid.
Nicotine was first isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828 by two German chemists, Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwing Reinmann (its structure would be determined in 1893 and it would be first synthesized in 1904). Do you wonder what it's made of? Three of the most common elements on Earth - carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen - and this represents one of the things I like best about chemistry, the way nature takes the planet's ordinary ingredients and mixes them up to such varied effect. The formula for nicotine is a straightforward: C14H10N2. Of course, that underestimates its complexity. If you look at a 3D model of nicotine (frankly, these always remind me balloon art) you'll see what a clustering twist of compound it really is:
And it's that elegant arrangement that turns nicotine into such an effective poison, moving through the bloodstream with exceptional speed. When inhaled, nicotine travels from lung to brain in an estimated seven seconds. Toxicologists estimate that a fully smoked cigarette delivers about 1 mg of nicotine to the lungs; this compares to a lethal dose estimate of 30-60 mg. (For further comparison, the lethal dose range for arsenic is 70-200 mg.) The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) notes that: "Nicotine is one of the most toxic of all poisons and has a rapid onset of action. Apart from local caustic actions, the target organs are the peripheral and central nervous systems."
Obviously, again, people didn't know all that in earlier centuries. They wouldn't have called it a neurotoxin as we do today. But they did know that it was a poison that killed humans, pets and pests alike and by the 18th century, nicotine had become a very popular insecticide. That use has continued into modern times although pure nicotine pesticides have been gradually phased out due to their broad spectrum toxicity. (Their replacements, neonicotinoide pesticides, which have a chemically similar but theoretically less dangerous structure are now under fire as contributing to the widespread collapse of bee colonies). It's worth noting that because they're based on plant chemistry, pure nicotine poisons have been acceptable to the U.S. government for use by organic farmers treating insect infestations. And also that these same pesticides have occasionally turned up in more recent homicide investigations and in one unnerving2003 mass poisoning incident in Michigan.
We know about those poisonings, these successful murders and these attempted ones, because of what we learned from that bungled murder in Belgium more than 150 years ago. With the help, of course, of one completely obsessive chemist named Jean Servais Stas.
As the story goes, Comte Hyppolyte de Bocarmé rather fancied himself a chemist also. He built a laboratory in the wash house of his rambling estate, ostensibly for the purpose of brewing up perfumes. But in the summer of 1850 - according to one of the gardeners - he also bought an astonishingly large quantity of tobacco leaves and stored them in a barn. Slowly the leaves began to disappear though.
The count's wife, Lydie, was the daughter of a wealthy apothecary and she, like her husband, enjoyed an extravagant life style. The couple became famous for wild parties and hunting sprees - and for living beyond their income. They both counted on a large inheritance when her father died. But the old man left almost all his money to his son, Gustave. The brother, long-troubled by ill health, made his own will, handily leaving all to his sister. And the Bocarmés continued living on their expectations - but with increasing impatience.
By the fall of 1850, as it would turn out, the Comte had distilled two large vials of pure nicotine from his tobacco leaves. Investigators would also later discover the bodies of farm cats and birds that he'd apparently used to test his poison. If you spend any time studying poisoners, you learn that they are by nature planners and plotters and patient with it. So who knows how long he might have waited on his brother-in-law's ill health. But Gustave forced his hand - he decided to get married.
On the night of November 20, 1850, the 32-year-old Fougnies was invited to a celebratory dinner at his sister's home. As the servants testified, everything about the evening was, from the beginning, odd. The children, who usually ate with the family, were instead sent away to the nursery. The countess insisted on serving the meal herself when normally she liked to be waited upon. One servant said he heard a call for help; all heard the thump of a body hitting the floor.
And then the comte and countess poured vinegar down the dead man's throat and washed his body as well in that mild acid. They scraped the floor; the comte's clothes were sent to be washed. His shirt was burned to ash. The conspiring couple announced that her brother had suddenly dropped dead of a stroke. But no one could help but notice that the dead man's face was bruised, cut, and appeared burned by some caustic substance (pure nicotine is, in fact, corrosive). Unnerved, the chateau's servants took the unusual step of contacting the authorities - in this case, a local priest - themselves. The priest contacted a magistrate who took one look at the battered body and summoned the police.
Their investigation led the police to suspect that Fougnies had been poisoned with nicotine. But everything, the tobacco leaves, the laboratory, even the dead animals made only a chain of circumstantial evidence. At the start of the 19th century, no tests existed that could detect a poison in corpse. In the 1830s, the British chemist James Marsh had developed the first procedure for detecting the metallic poison arsenic in a body. But the Marsh testrequired that the tissue be destroyed and, as it turned out, that destructive process also destroyed the more fragile plant alkaloids like nicotine. No test had been developed by 1850 to overcome that problem.
The magistrate decided to take his problem to Jean Servais Stas, the country's best chemist, famous, in particular, for his work with atomic weights. Stas found himself infuriated by this perversion of chemistry. He retired to his Brussels laboratory with organ tissues from Fougnies' body and he began a series of experimentsthat lasted three full months. Chemists can also be patient, after all. And in that time period, he managed to figure out a method using ether, acetic acid and ethanol (for preservation), that enabled him to extract the oily liquid of nicotine from the preserved tissues. His approach has been updated since, but the Stas-Otto method remains a fundamental part of toxicology today.
It's not surprising then that Comte de Bocarmé was found guilty, executed on July 19, 1851. His last request was for a clean death; he asked that the blade be very sharp. His wife, Lydie, claimed that she'd acted solely out of fear of her husband and was found not guilty. Also, perhaps, not surprising. Little is known of her life afterwards. We barely remember her, her husband, even her poor dead brother. But perhaps we should try. They - these incompetent killers, this nicotine murder - changed our lives. This poison and this crime broke down one of the largest barriers in toxicology and helped lay the foundation for the profession of forensic chemistry that we know today.
Images: 1) Murderpedia 2)Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:a4054c23-f89e-4f06-87e1-a6b9e8aab904> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://enigmatoligist.blogspot.com/2017/09/nicotine-and-chemistry-of-murder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861456.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618222556-20180619002556-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.975611 | 2,163 | 2.78125 | 3 |
6 Dictionary Mysteries You Can Help Solve
You may think the dictionary reflects the official pronouncements of some all-knowing authority from on high, but in fact, it represents how words have been used by actual people out there in the world. Getting a word or a particular meaning of a word into the dictionary depends on documented examples being found of people using it in various texts throughout history. The Oxford English Dictionary, the most comprehensive, respected source on English, has a long tradition of collecting evidence from volunteer members of the public. In the old days, volunteers would copy down quotations from sources that contained examples of particular word usages and mail them in to the dictionary editors. These days anyone who wants to help can submit examples online at OED Appeals.
The OED Appeals page puts out calls for documented sources on the use of words and phrases of interest to the editors. Most of them involve newer expressions that have been dated to a certain year, but the editors believe they may be missing earlier examples that have not yet been discovered. Do you have a stack of old magazines? Do you like sifting through old newspapers and books? Maybe you can help! Here are six appeals from the OED. (If you see that others have volunteered examples in the OED comments, don't be discouraged. They may not be verifiable, and yours may be the one that ultimately is!)
1. Long Island iced tea
Legend has it that this highly alcoholic concoction was created at a Long Island nightclub in the early 1970s, but the earliest documented use of the name in print is from 1981. Can you find an earlier example?
Editors have traced this word for the short in front/long in back hairstyle to a 1994 Beastie Boys song ("Mullet Head"). Doesn't it seem older than that? Can you find an earlier "mullet"?
This "expression of disgust" is currently dated to 1978. Is that when it first made it into print? The dictionary considers many print sources. Even high school yearbooks!
This term for a combination manicure-pedicure treatment seems to have come from the Philippines, and the earliest verified example is from 1972. Do you remember seeing it before that? Does your salon have some really old magazines around?
When did people start using "email" (or e-mail) instead of "electronic mail"? The OED's first example is from 1979. Look through your company's old memos (or electronic mail messages) and see if you can find an earlier one!
6. Meanderings of Memory (source book)
This is a rather exciting mystery. A number of entries in the OED are documented with examples from an 1852 work called Meanderings of Memory, but no one has seen a copy of it. Have you? Was it the invention of a mischievous volunteer? Or is it hard to find because it was a work of pornography? (This is the theory that the Appeals comment thread is converging on.) Either way, exciting! | <urn:uuid:19d51994-eed8-4e72-be24-c92b16d64e54> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/50902/inthelandofinventedlanguages.com | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946688.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424115900-20180424135900-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.956713 | 622 | 2.875 | 3 |
A Student’s Guide to the National Climate Assessment
We are currently in the midst of a 90-day comment period for a defining government document on the climate, the draft National Climate Assessment. The 1,000-page report is available online for the general public to review and, importantly, to submit comments. Two-hundred-forty authors and sixty advisory committee members from all corners of the scientific community compiled the report, divided into more easily digested sections by region and topic, so you can focus on “Water, Energy and Land Use” or climate impacts in the Great Plains, for instance. The Executive Summary lists eleven general themes of the NCA, including the following:
- Human-induced climate change is projected to continue and accelerate significantly if emissions of heat-trapping gases continue to increase.
- Natural ecosystems are being directly affected by climate change, including changes in biodiversity and location of species. As a result, the capacity of ecosystems to moderate the consequences of disturbances such as droughts, floods and severe storms is being diminished.
- Planning for adaptation (to address and prepare for impacts) and mitigation (to reduce emissions) is increasing, but progress with implementation is limited.
The NCA is a premier collection of climate science that can be used to inform policy decisions, and is especially important because it’s yet another vessel (in addition to recent extreme weather events) carrying home the point that our climate is changing right now, as a result of human behavior. It is one more piece of proof that climate science is not something you can choose to “believe in” and that urgent action at all levels is vital to maintaining some semblance of normal on this planet.
The comment period for the NCA presents us with an opportunity to share with the government our own expertise and experiences—as much as the scientific studies may show us, we often know our own backyards best, and could possibly add a comment about something the NCA missed (I’m sure you’re probably asking how anything could be left out of a 1,000-page document but hey, Citizen Scientist, you never know).
In addition to writing a comment on your own, there are numerous ways you can share the NCA with your campus and community and really spread this climate science goodness around! Read on for just a few ideas from NWF Campus Ecology.
- Host a forum on your campus. View the list of the 60 Federal Advisory Committee members, or open any chapter of interest for a list of authors to find one affiliated with your college or university, or an institution nearby. Ask that person to speak about the effects of climate change on your particular region, or their topic of expertise. Organize a follow-up action with the attendees—coordinated letters to the editor of the local paper, signatures on a petition to your college president to transition from fossil fuels on campus, or agree on another educational event to hold in the future.
- Make sure you have several laptops at your event and encourage attendees to submit comments online before leaving the event. Prior to the event, write a few draft comments on various issues that attendees can personalize and submit. (Note that each person will have to create an account to submit his or her comment—but it’s quick and easy!)
- If you need help contacting a climate expert in your area, email us at email@example.com! We’re happy to help.
- Hold tabling sessions in your student union building or other high-traffic area and talk to your classes to encourage students at your university to submit comments to the NCA.
- Organize a “Climate Adaptation Work Day” on your campus—build a community garden, plant native plants along a stream, promote alternative methods of transportation—all in the name of climate science and changing our behaviors to slow climate change! This NCA is different than the previous two in that this report discusses the need for mitigation as well as adaptation—cutting carbon pollution while also preparing for the impacts from our previous climate-altering behaviors. College and university campuses nationwide are leading the way in reducing their carbon footprints. Check out our Campus Sustainability Case Study Database for ideas and inspiration.
So tell your friends and tell your neighbors about the National Climate Assessment comment period. There’s no better time for civic engagement than the present! Remember that the comment period closes April 12.
Will you host a forum or a work day on your campus? Take photos and share them with us on Facebook or Twitter, or better yet, send us an email (firstname.lastname@example.org) and maybe we’ll feature a guest blog post about your NCA event!
Join the Campus Ecology email list for the latest news on campus sustainability initiatives. | <urn:uuid:86977e6d-79c9-4e47-b781-70da1b374a27> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://blog.nwf.org/2013/02/a-students-guide-to-the-national-climate-assessment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983019893.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201019-00077-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933291 | 985 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Sports are a multi-billion dollar industry comprised of athletes, coaches, trainers and business men and women. These people, athletes more often than the rest, are role models for society. They live in the spotlight whether they like it or not and receive a variety of criticisms, especially when they make mistakes in either their professional or personal life. Mistakes punctuate the sports pages – some seemingly more forgivable than others.
How can forgiveness be better utilized in the sports?
“Apology is an important part of the mediation process in helping parties deal with conflict and resolve disputes,” wrote McGuire.
He notes that forgiveness is not meant to forget what happened and it doesn’t always lead to reconciliation. McGuire presents the question, then why forgive anyone for anything? His own response is simple but impactful. “To be happy,” McGuire said.
Due to the spotlight that many athletes are engulfed in when they do make a mistake media, fans and hecklers add additional pressure. Mistakes made can lead to additional stress for athletes and can take a toll on individual athletic performance as well as team performance.
The act of forgiving refers to acknowledging what happened and understanding where wrongs were committed. Then one can reflect and eventually learn from those mistakes in order self improvement. It can be beneficial for athletes because forgiveness can relieve stress and provide much needed support.
Asking for forgiveness, allowing others to forgive us and most importantly forgiving ourselves is vital in the process to achieve success. So how can forgiveness be beneficial for athletes like Josh Hamilton, Ray Rice and Richie Incognito?
Mayo Clinic On Forgiveness
According to research at the Mayo Clinic, letting go of grudges and forgiving can make way for happiness, health and peace. Forgiveness can lead to:
- Healthier relationships
- Greater spiritual and psychological well-being
- Less anxiety, stress and hostility
- Lower blood pressure
- Fewer symptoms of depression
- Stronger immune system
- Improved heart health
- Higher self-esteem
Not only can athletes benefit from forgiving others’ mistakes and their own mistakes, but fans can also reap the benefits. Fans have the power to forgive and allow athletes a second, just as many of them have been given second chances in their respective professional or personal lives. | <urn:uuid:12a614eb-2c7d-4b1d-959b-20ecefce97af> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://sportsconflict.org/forgiveness-in-sports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258451.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525204936-20190525230936-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.957752 | 476 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This is an excerpt from the bestselling book
Oracle Grid & Real Application Clusters. To get immediate
access to the code depot of working RAC scripts, buy it
directly from the publisher and save more than 30%.
A Web Service is an interface
that describes a collection of operations that are network
accessible. They are built on XML based technologies and messaging.
They use XML schemas to mark-up and describe services and their
operations. Web Services commonly use the Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP) as a communication protocol over HTTP- when this is
not appropriate for performance reasons, a different protocol may be
It is the GSA that pulls
together Open Grid Architecture and Web Services to form Grid
Services. Grid Services are dynamic, transient, and have state, in
other words have a finite lifetime, and are defined by a
well-defined set of interfaces and behaviors. OGSA interfaces and
behaviors describing Grid Services can be written in an XML schema
based WSDL document ? other implementations are possible.
Perception of Grid
Since the Grid Architecture
involves interoperability and sharing of resources within enterprise
and across enterprises, it is often pondered if the Grid is
synonymous with Internet or if the grid is an alternative to the
Internet. Actually, the Grid is a set of additional protocols and
services that build on Internet protocols and services to support
the creation and use of computation and data-enriched environments.
In addition, it should be noted that any resource that is on the
Grid is also, by definition, on the Net.
The Grid is perceived as a
source of free CPU cycles. However, Grid computing does not imply
unrestricted access to resources; rather it is about controlled
sharing. The CPU cycles are normally used and controlled by resource
policies defined. Usage of such resources depends on group
membership, ability to pay, and so forth.
Grid experts believe that the
Grid makes high-performance computers superfluous. The thousands of
processors that may be accessible within a Virtual Organization
represent a significant source of computational power. This does not
imply, however, that traditional high-performance computers are
Where Are We on the Grid?
As the Grid is gradually moving
into the commercial world, many of the standards are finalized and
many of niche software players are churning out software components
needed for grid integration.
There are many IT vendors, in
every aspect of the grid technology, who have released various
strategies and solutions. Figure 2.3 gives an idea of various
players in the grid technology.
Figure 2.3: Grid Universe and
the Key Players.
For the success and wide
adoption of any new technology or new orientation, commercialization
efforts are very important. For the Grid to become a widespread
technology, in the same way the Internet became a mainstream
technology and communication media, it needs to enter or penetrate
into the commercial world. Commercialization provides necessary
impetus for growth and funding.
There are many signs of Grid
commercialization, even though they are at early stages. Some of
examples of major business areas where Grid computing is seen as a
* Life Sciences ? Grid is used
for analyzing strings of biological and chemical information.
* Financial Services ? For
processing long running, complex financial models and arriving at
decisions that are more accurate.
* Higher Education ? For
enabling advanced, data and computing intensive research.
* Engineering Services ? In the
automotive and aerospace industry, for collaborative design and data
* Government ? For enabling
multi-departmental computing projects in both civil and military
* Collaborative Games ? where
many players participate simultaneously and use the computing
resources for playing online games.
The following is an interesting
case study, which shows the gradual adaptation of this new and
revolutionary grid technology into the commercial world. | <urn:uuid:28551a6d-3d36-4412-a77c-b79ad806b746> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.dba-oracle.com/real_application_clusters_rac_grid/web_service.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.907245 | 844 | 2.921875 | 3 |
1-24-2019 Boatjobsonly.com ~ James Marshall found gold at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California. This started the gold rush on this day 1848. The gold rush was a disaster for ship owners and Captains as crews jumped ship along with passengers to find gold leaving a fleet of stranded vessels. Many of the ships ended up as floating storage or made into shops being pulled ashore. Over 25,000 gold seekers arrived by sea. | <urn:uuid:925ac426-a08f-4a43-b655-420cedc9c1b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://boatjobsonly.com/gold-rush-fever-clogged-the-harbors-of-california | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531352.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520030533-20220520060533-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.977115 | 96 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Understanding how and when your students will be tested is essential. Before you plan anything for this school year, head to your state's assessment website and start digging around. You may be pleasantly surprised at what you find.
To begin your quest for testing information, simply search the name of your state and the word "assessment." (If your state is a part of PARRC, you can start your search here.)
Let's take a look at my search. With one click, I discovered a gold mine of information!
ELA and Math Blueprints list what will be tested:
Item Samplers provide sample questions:
Test dates are also posted. I see that my students will take the Applied Skills (requiring constructed responses) between March 2nd and March 11th. Then they will take the Multiple Choice portion of the test between April 27th and May 6th.
Taking a little bit of time to search assessment sites arms me with important information:
- Knowing what will be tested guides content selection.
- Knowing types and format of assessment questions provides instructional focus.
- Knowing when students will be tested drives yearlong planning.
Yes, teaching is now driven by academic standards and standardized testing. Like it or not, to succeed in today's classroom, we need to begin annual planning with information about what our students need to know and do. | <urn:uuid:f740a6e9-5cd7-4317-99b7-a11ce081aa3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://teachingseriously.blogspot.com/2014/07/hit-road-running-step-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121453.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00402-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944627 | 278 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Tech Firms Report on How to Keep Kids Safe Online
After a year-long study, a coalition of tech companies and children's groups this week released their recommendations for keeping kids safe online: a proposal that encourages the development of voluntary safety standards and a "light touch" approach from government.
"Most Internet safety efforts have been both fragmented and granulized to the local level where there is often a significant lack of coordination and resources," according to the Point Smart, Click Safe Task Force. "More coordination at the national level supplemented with adequate resource development is needed."
The task force whose members include Google, AT&T, Verizon, Comcast, Yahoo, AOL, and more joined forces in June 2008 to develop best practices that the Internet industry could adopt to keep children safe while they used the Web.
The group's final report encourages government involvement, but in a somewhat hands-off approach.
"Voluntary activity strongly supported by industry is likely to be significantly more effective than legislated or mandated solutions; and that 'light touch' regulation in this area is the superior approach for encouraging resource-rich companies to design progressive and innovative solutions, both now and in the future," the report said.
That includes the SAFE Internet Act, which would establish a $175 million competitive grant program for state and local education agencies and nonprofit organizations to promote Internet safety education.
Those grants, the study said, should be awarded in an open, competitive manner, with a periodic review of the grant process.
"It's important that kids of all ages learn what it mean to be a digital citizen and how to navigate the online world safely, and it's equally important that parents and educators have the resources and online tools to help kids make the right choices online," Jennifer Marsh, a Google policy analyst, wrote in a blog post.
To that end, the task force called on President Obama or Congress to designate one federal agency that would be responsible for coordinating online safety and Internet literacy. Education policymakers, meanwhile, should consider the adoption of national goals for online safety that would be used for a "digital literacy" curriculum.
blog comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:9f9e7e02-5bab-4467-b5b4-30a04e434c85> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2349870,00.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704590423/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114310-00066-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95543 | 435 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In 2018, a headline for an article in The Economist succinctly captured the paradox that is the global cancer industry: “Cancer is a Curse, but Also a Growth Market for Investors.” Cancer’s definitely a curse, that’s for sure, but cancer drugs, with chemotherapy drugs taking up the lion’s share, are on pace to become a $200 billion industry in the next few years, up from $100 billion in 2015.
This is serious growth, and forecasts see global cancer rates exploding in coming years. An investor’s dream, but the reality of cancer treatment is that patients are often unaware of the mortal risks of cancer drugs, especially chemotherapy. In 2017, we reported on a study from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York, indicating that chemotherapy often causes cancer to become more aggressive, and can cause tumors to spread.
Many are given chemotherapy before surgery, but the new research suggests that, although it shrinks tumours in the short term, it could trigger the spread of cancer cells around the body.
It is thought the toxic medication switches on a repair mechanism in the body which ultimately allows tumors to grow back stronger. It also increases the number of ‘doorways’ on blood vessels which allow cancer to spread throughout the body. [Source]
This notion is reflected in data in another study, from Public Health England and Cancer Research UK, which looked at 30-day mortality post systemic anticancer treatments (SACT) to determine benchmarks for surviving SACT. The results highlight a critical problem with the cancer industry, the treatment often kills the patient long before the cancer may have.
The study looked at more than 23,000 women with breast cancer and nearly 10,000 men with 9634 non-small cell lung cancer who underwent chemotherapy in 2014. Of those treated 1,383 died within 30 days.
When looking at those death rates across hospitals in the U.K., the researchers found an alarming mortality rate that was directly associated with the chemotherapy treatment.
“England around 8.4 per cent of patients with lung cancer, and 2.4 per cent of breast cancer patients died within a month,” the Telegraph reported.
“But in some hospitals the figure was far higher. In Milton Keynes the death rate for lung cancer treatment was 50.9 per cent, although it was based on a very small number of patients.”
The rates of 30-day post mortality varied significantly among various hospitals, suggesting that chemotherapy practices and procedures are subject to the quality of the facilities and providers. In general, however, it is widely known that chemotherapy is deadly to healthy cells along with tumorous cells.
In other areas including, Blackpool, Coventry, Derby, South Tyneside, Surrey, and Sussex, saw that deaths from lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy were much higher than the national average.
Cancer Lead for Public Health England, Dr. Jem Rashbass, requested the study and said, according to the Telegraph: “Chemotherapy is a vital part of cancer treatment and is a large reason behind the improved survival rates over the last four decades.”
“However, it is powerful medication with significant side effects and often getting the balance right on which patients to treat aggressively can be hard.”
“Those hospitals whose death rates are outside the expected range have had the findings shared with them and we have asked them to review their practice and data.”
“All women with breast cancer and all men and women with lung cancer residing in England, who were 24 years older and who started a cycle” of chemotherapy in 2014 were included in the analysis by the researchers of the study. [Source]
It’s a bit of a touchy subject for doctors who want the best for their patients, but are working within a system that promotes chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs as the best treatments. Perhaps, though, they are the best treatments among the field of legal options for treating cancer.
Persecution for attempting to heal patients with alternative, nutritional or holistic treatments is severely punished by the FDA, who is charged with approving treatments. There are many possibilities for treating cancer once you abandon the medical establishment, among them holding great promise is medicinal cannabis.
The original article can be found by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:8f4cd0c2-d69f-4def-a320-d10fb48ece25> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://nationaladdictionnews.com/2019/02/20/study-reveals-many-cancer-patients-are-killed-by-chemotherapy-not-cancer/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703518240.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119103923-20210119133923-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.967267 | 888 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Island||Okinawas and Sakishima|
|• Total||2,271.30 km2 (876.95 sq mi)|
|Population (October 1, 2016)|
|• Density||622/km2 (1,610/sq mi)|
|ISO 3166 code||JP-47|
|Flower||Deego (Erythrina variegata)|
|Tree||Pinus luchuensis ("ryūkyūmatsu")|
|Bird||Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii)|
|Fish||Banana fish (Caesio diagramma,"takasago", "gurukun")|
Okinawa Prefecture (Japanese: 沖縄県 Hepburn: Okinawa-ken, Okinawan: ウチナーチン Uchinaa-chin) is the southernmost prefecture of Japan. It encompasses two thirds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long. The Ryukyu Islands extend southwest from Kyushu (the southwesternmost of Japan's four main islands) to Taiwan (Yilan County). Naha, Okinawa's capital, is located in the southern part of Okinawa Island.
Although Okinawa Prefecture comprises just 0.6 percent of Japan's total land mass, about 75 percent of all United States military personnel stationed in Japan are assigned to installations in the prefecture. Currently about 26,000 U.S. troops are based in the prefecture.
- 1 History
- 2 Geography
- 3 Demography
- 4 Language and culture
- 5 Education
- 6 Sports
- 7 Transportation
- 8 Economy
- 9 Military
- 10 Notable people
- 11 See also
- 12 Footnotes
- 13 External links
|History of Ryukyu|
The oldest evidence of human existence on the Ryukyu islands is from the Stone Age and was discovered in Naha and Yaeyama. Some human bone fragments from the Paleolithic era were unearthed from a site in Naha, but the artifact was lost in transportation before it was examined to be Paleolithic or not. Japanese Jōmon influences are dominant on the Okinawa Islands, although clay vessels on the Sakishima Islands have a commonality with those in Taiwan.
The first mention of the word Ryukyu was written in the Book of Sui.[note 1] Okinawa was the Japanese word identifying the islands, first seen in the biography of Jianzhen, written in 779.[note 2] Agricultural societies begun in the 8th century slowly developed until the 12th century.[note 3] Since the islands are located at the eastern perimeter of the East China Sea relatively close to Japan, China and South-East Asia, the Ryukyu Kingdom became a prosperous trading nation. Also during this period, many Gusukus, similar to castles, were constructed. The Ryukyu Kingdom entered into the Imperial Chinese tributary system under the Ming dynasty beginning in the 15th century, which established economic relations between the two nations.
In 1609, the Shimazu clan, which controlled the region that is now Kagoshima Prefecture, invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Ryukyu Kingdom was obliged to agree to form a suzerain-vassal relationship with the Satsuma and the Tokugawa shogunate, while maintaining its previous role within the Chinese tributary system; Ryukyuan sovereignty was maintained since complete annexation would have created a conflict with China. The Satsuma clan earned considerable profits from trade with China during a period in which foreign trade was heavily restricted by the shogunate.
Although Satsuma maintained strong influence over the islands, the Ryukyu Kingdom maintained a considerable degree of domestic political freedom for over two hundred years. Four years after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han. At the time, the Qing Empire asserted a nominal suzerainty over the islands of the Ryukyu Kingdom, since the Ryūkyū Kingdom was also a member state of the Chinese tributary system. Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in 1879, even though all other hans had become prefectures of Japan in 1872. In 1912, Okinawans first obtained the right to vote for representatives to the National Diet (国会) which had been established in 1890.
Near the end of World War II, in 1945, the US Army and Marine Corps invaded Okinawa with 185,000 troops. A third of the civilian population died; a quarter of the civilian population died during the 1945 Battle of Okinawa alone. The dead, of all nationalities, are commemorated at the Cornerstone of Peace. After the end of World War II, the Ryukyu independence movement developed, while Okinawa was under United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands administration for 27 years. During this "trusteeship rule", the United States established numerous military bases on the Ryukyu islands.
During the Korean War, B-29 Superfortresses flew bombing missions over Korea from Kadena Air Base on Okinawa. The military buildup on the island during the Cold War increased a division between local inhabitants and the American military. Under the 1952 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, the United States Forces Japan (USFJ) have maintained a large military presence.
Since 1960, the U.S. and Japan have maintained an agreement that allows the U.S. to secretly bring nuclear weapons into Japanese ports. The Japanese tended to oppose the introduction of nuclear arms into Japanese territory by the government's assertion of Japan's non-nuclear policy and a statement of the Three Non-Nuclear Principles. Most of the weapons were alleged to be stored in ammunition bunkers at Kadena Air Base. Between 1954 and 1972, 19 different types of nuclear weapons were deployed in Okinawa, but with fewer than around 1,000 warheads at any one time.
1965–1972 (Vietnam War)
Between 1965 and 1972, Okinawa was a key staging point for the United States in its military operations directed towards North Vietnam. Along with Guam, it presented a geographically strategic launch pad for covert bombing missions over Cambodia and Laos. Anti-Vietnam War sentiment became linked politically to the movement for reversion of Okinawa to Japan. In 1965, the US military bases, earlier viewed as paternal post war protection, were increasingly seen as aggressive. The Vietnam War highlighted the differences between the United States and Okinawa, but showed a commonality between the islands and mainland Japan.
As controversy grew regarding the alleged placement of nuclear weapons on Okinawa, fears intensified over the escalation of the Vietnam War. Okinawa was then perceived, by some inside Japan, as a potential target for China, should the communist government feel threatened by the United States. American military secrecy blocked any local reporting on what was actually occurring at bases such as Kadena Air Base. As information leaked out, and images of air strikes were published, the local population began to fear the potential for retaliation.
Political leaders such as Oda Makoto, a major figure in the Beheiren movement (Foundation of Citizens for Peace in Vietnam), believed, that the return of Okinawa to Japan would lead to the removal of U.S. forces ending Japan's involvement in Vietnam. In a speech delivered in 1967 Oda was critical of Prime Minister Sato’s unilateral support of America’s War in Vietnam claiming "Realistically we are all guilty of complicity in the Vietnam War". The Beheiren became a more visible anti-war movement on Okinawa as the American involvement in Vietnam intensified. The movement employed tactics ranging from demonstrations, to handing leaflets to soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines directly, warning of the implications for a third World War.
The US military bases on Okinawa became a focal point for anti-Vietnam War sentiment. By 1969, over 50,000 American military personnel were stationed on Okinawa, accustomed to privileges and laws not shared by the indigenous population. The United States Department of Defense began referring to Okinawa as "The Keystone of the Pacific". This slogan was imprinted on local U.S. military license plates.
In 1969, chemical weapons leaked from the US storage depot at Chibana in central Okinawa, under Operation Red Hat. Evacuations of residents took place over a wide area for two months. Even two years later, government investigators found that Okinawans and the environment near the leak were still suffering because of the depot.
In 1972, the U.S. government handed over the islands to Japanese administration.
In a 1981 interview with the Mainichi Shimbun, Edwin O. Reischauer, former U.S. ambassador to Japan, said that U.S. naval ships armed with nuclear weapons stopped at Japanese ports on a routine duty, and this was approved by the Japanese government.
The 1995 rape of a 12-year-old girl by U.S. servicemen triggered large protests in Okinawa. Reports by the local media of accidents and crimes committed by U.S. servicemen have reduced the local population's support for the U.S. military bases. A strong emotional response has emerged from certain incidents. As a result, the media has drawn renewed interest in the Ryukyu independence movement.
Documents declassified in 1997 proved that both tactical and strategic weapons have been maintained in Okinawa. In 1999 and 2002, the Japan Times and the Okinawa Times reported speculation that not all weapons were removed from Okinawa. On October 25, 2005, after a decade of negotiations, the governments of the US and Japan officially agreed to move Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from its location in the densely populated city of Ginowan to the more northerly and remote Camp Schwab in Nago by building a heliport with a shorter runway, partly on Camp Schwab land and partly running into the sea. The move is partly an attempt to relieve tensions between the people of Okinawa and the Marine Corps.
Okinawa prefecture constitutes 0.6 percent of Japan's land surface, yet as of 2006[update], 75 percent of all USFJ bases were located on Okinawa, and U.S. military bases occupied 18 percent of the main island.
According to a 2007 Okinawa Times poll, 85 percent of Okinawans opposed the presence of the U.S. military, because of noise pollution from military drills, the risk of aircraft accidents, environmental degradation, and crowding from the number of personnel there, although 73.4 percent of Japanese citizens appreciated the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ. In another poll conducted by the Asahi Shimbun in May 2010, 43 percent of the Okinawan population wanted the complete closure of the U.S. bases, 42 percent wanted reduction and 11 percent wanted the maintenance of the status quo. Okinawan feelings about the U.S. military are complex, and some of the resentment towards the U.S. bases is directed towards the government in Tokyo, perceived as being insensitive to Okinawan needs and using Okinawa to house bases not desired elsewhere in Japan.
In early 2008, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice apologized after a series of crimes involving American troops in Japan, including the rape of a young girl of 14 by a Marine on Okinawa. The U.S. military also imposed a temporary 24-hour curfew on military personnel and their families to ease the anger of local residents. Some cited statistics that the crime rate of military personnel is consistently less than that of the general Okinawan population. However, some criticized the statistics as unreliable, since violence against women is under-reported.
Between 1972 and 2009, U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses, including 25 murders, 385 burglaries, 25 arsons, 127 rapes, 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts. Yet, per Marine Corps Installations Pacific data, U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans.
In 2009, a new Japanese government came to power and froze the US forces relocation plan, but in April 2010 indicated their interest in resolving the issue by proposing a modified plan.
A study done in 2010 found that the prolonged exposure to aircraft noise around the Kadena Air Base and other military bases cause health issues such as a disrupted sleep pattern, high blood pressure, weakening of the immune system in children, and a loss of hearing.
In 2011, it was reported that the U.S. military—contrary to repeated denials by the Pentagon—had kept tens of thousands of barrels of Agent Orange on the island. The Japanese and American governments have angered some U.S. veterans, who believe they were poisoned by Agent Orange while serving on the island, by characterizing their statements regarding Agent Orange as "dubious", and ignoring their requests for compensation. Reports that more than a third of the barrels developed leaks have led Okinawans to ask for environmental investigations, but as of 2012[update] both Tokyo and Washington refused such action. Jon Mitchell has reported concern that the U.S. used American Marines as chemical-agent guinea pigs.
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma relocation, 2006–present
As of December 2014[update], one ongoing issue is the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. First promised to be moved off the island and then later within the island, as of November 2014[update] the future of any relocation is uncertain with the election of base-opponent Onaga as Okinawa governor. Onaga won against the incumbent Nakaima who had earlier approved landfill work to move the base to Camp Schwab in Henoko. However, Onaga has promised to veto the landfill work needed for the new base to be built and insisted Futenma should be moved outside of Okinawa.
As of 2006[update], some 8,000 U.S. Marines were removed from the island and relocated to Guam. In November 2008, U.S. Pacific Command Commander Admiral Timothy Keating stated the move to Guam would probably not be completed before 2015.
In 2009, Japan's former foreign minister Katsuya Okada stated that he wanted to review the deployment of U.S. troops in Japan to ease the burden on the people of Okinawa (Associated Press, October 7, 2009) 5,000 of 9,000 Marines will be deployed at Guam and the rest will be deployed at Hawaii and Australia. Japan will pay $3.1 billion cash for the moving and for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the U.S.-controlled Northern Mariana Islands.
As of 2014[update], the US still maintains Air Force, Marine, Navy, and Army military installations on the islands. These bases include Kadena Air Base, Camp Foster, Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Camp Hansen, Camp Schwab, Torii Station, Camp Kinser, and Camp Gonsalves. The area of 14 U.S. bases are 233 square kilometres (90 sq mi), occupying 18 percent of the main island. Okinawa hosts about two-thirds of the 50,000 American forces in Japan although the islands account for less than one percent of total lands in Japan.
Suburbs have grown towards and now surround two historic major bases, Futenma and Kadena. One third (9,852 acres (39.87 km2)) of the land used by the U.S. military is the Marine Corps Northern Training Area (known also as Camp Gonsalves or JWTC) in the north of the island.
On December 21, 2016, 10,000 acres of Okinawa Northern Training Area was returned to Japan.
On June, 25, 2018 Okinawa residents held a protest demonstration at sea against scheduled land reclamation work for the relocation of a U.S. military base within Japan's southernmost island prefecture. A protest gathered hundreds of people.
On August, 11, 2018 about 70,000 protesters gathered at a park in the state capital of Naha to protest the planned relocation of a U.S military base on the southern Japanese island. Opponents of the relocation say the plan to move U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from a crowded neighborhood to a less-populated coastal site would not only affect the environment, but would also go against local wishes to have the base moved from the island entirely.
Helipads construction in Takae (Yanbaru forest)
Since the early 2000s, Okinawans have opposed the presence of American troops helipads in the Takae zone of the Yanbaru forest near Higashi and Kunigami. This opposition grew in July 2016 after the construction of six new helipads.
The islands comprising the prefecture are the southern two thirds of the archipelago of the Ryūkyū Islands (琉球諸島 Ryūkyū-shotō). Okinawa's inhabited islands are typically divided into three geographical archipelagos. From northeast to southwest:
- Okinawa Islands (沖縄諸島 Okinawa Shotō)
- Miyako Islands
- Yaeyama Islands
Eleven cities are located within the Okinawa Prefecture. Okinawan names are in parentheses:
Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district:
- Kunigami District (Kunjan)
- Miyako District (Naaku, Myaaku)
- Nakagami District (Nakajan)
- Shimajiri District
- Yaeyama District (Eema, Yaima)
As of March 31, 2008, 19 percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park; Okinawa Kaigan and Okinawa Senseki Quasi-National Parks; and Irabu, Kumejima, and Tonaki Prefectural Natural Parks.
The dugong is an endangered marine mammal related to the manatee. Iriomote is home to one of the world's rarest and most endangered cat species, the Iriomote cat. The region is also home to at least one endemic pit viper, Trimeresurus elegans. Coral reefs found in this region of Japan provide an environment for a diverse marine fauna. The sea turtles return yearly to the southern islands of Okinawa to lay their eggs. The summer months carry warnings to swimmers regarding venomous jellyfish and other dangerous sea creatures.
The island is largely composed of coral, and rainwater filtering through that coral has given the island many caves, which played an important role in the Battle of Okinawa. Gyokusendo is an extensive limestone cave in the southern part of Okinawa's main island.
The island experiences temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) for most of the year. The climate of the islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north, such as Okinawa Island, to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south such as Iriomote Island. The islands of Okinawa are surrounded by some of the most abundant coral reefs found in the world. The world's largest colony of rare blue coral is found off of Ishigaki Island. Snowfall is unheard of at sea level. However, on January 24, 2016, sleet was reported in Nago on Okinawa Island for the first time on record.
Okinawa Prefecture age pyramid, divided by sex, as of October 1, 2003
(per thousands of people)
Language and culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Having been a separate nation until 1879, Okinawan language and culture differ in many ways from those of mainland Japan.
There remain six Ryukyuan languages which are incomprehensible to Japanese speakers, although they are considered to make up the family of Japonic languages along with Japanese. These languages are in decline as Standard Japanese is being used by the younger generation. They are generally perceived as "dialects" by mainland Japanese and some Okinawans themselves. Standard Japanese is almost always used in formal situations. In informal situations, de facto everyday language among Okinawans under age 60 is Okinawa-accented mainland Japanese ("Okinawan Japanese"), which is often misunderstood as the Okinawan language proper. The actual traditional Okinawan language is still used in traditional cultural activities, such as folk music and folk dance. There is a radio news program in the language as well.
Okinawans have traditionally followed Ryukyuan religious beliefs, generally characterized by ancestor worship and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world.
Okinawan culture bears traces of its various trading partners. One can find Chinese, Thai and Austronesian influences in the island's customs. Perhaps Okinawa's most famous cultural export is karate, probably a product of the close ties with and influence of China on Okinawan culture. Karate is thought to be a synthesis of Chinese kung fu with traditional Okinawan martial arts. Okinawans' reputation as wily resisters of being influenced by conquerors is depicted in the 1956 Hollywood film, The Teahouse of the August Moon, which takes place immediately after World War II.
Other cultural characteristics
Other prominent examples of Okinawan culture include the sanshin—a three-stringed Okinawan instrument, closely related to the Chinese sanxian, and ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, somewhat similar to a banjo. Its body is often bound with snakeskin (from pythons, imported from elsewhere in Asia, rather than from Okinawa's venomous Trimeresurus flavoviridis, which are too small for this purpose). Okinawan culture also features the eisa dance, a traditional drumming dance. A traditional craft, the fabric named bingata, is made in workshops on the main island and elsewhere.
The Okinawan diet consist of low-fat, low-salt foods, such as whole fruits and vegetables, legumes, tofu, and seaweed. Okinawans are known for their longevity. This particular island is a so-called Blue Zone, an area where the people live longer than most others elsewhere in the world. Five times as many Okinawans live to be 100 as in the rest of Japan, and Japanese are already the longest-lived ethnic group globally. As of 2002[update] there were 34.7 centenarians for every 100,000 inhabitants, which is the highest ratio worldwide.:131–132 Possible explanations are diet, low-stress lifestyle, caring community, activity, and spirituality of the inhabitants of the island.[page needed]
A cultural feature of the Okinawans is the forming of moais. A moai is a community social gathering and groups that come together to provide financial and emotional support through emotional bonding, advice giving, and social funding. This provides a sense of security for the community members and as mentioned in the Blue Zone studies, may be a contributing factor to the longevity of its people.
In recent years,[when?] Okinawan literature has been appreciated outside of the Ryukyu archipelago. Two Okinawan writers have received the Akutagawa Prize: Matayoshi Eiki in 1995 for The Pig's Retribution (豚の報い Buta no mukui) and Medoruma Shun in 1997 for A Drop of Water (Suiteki). The prize was also won by Okinawans in 1967 by Tatsuhiro Oshiro for Cocktail Party (Kakuteru Pāti) and in 1971 by Mineo Higashi for Okinawan Boy (Okinawa no Shōnen).
Karate originated in Okinawa. Over time, it developed into several styles and sub-styles. On Okinawa, the three main styles are considered to be Shōrin-ryū, Gōjū-ryū and Uechi-ryū. Internationally, the various styles and sub-styles include Matsubayashi-ryū, Wadō-ryū, Isshin-ryū, Shōrinkan, Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Shōrinjiryū Kenkōkan, Shorinjiryu Koshinkai, and Shōrinji-ryū.
Despite widespread destruction during World War II, there are many remains of a unique type of castle or fortress known as gusuku; the most significant are now inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List (Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu). In addition, twenty-one Ryukyuan architectural complexes and thirty-six historic sites have been designated for protection by the national government.
Whereas most homes in Japan are made from wood and allow free-flow of air to combat humidity, typical modern homes in Okinawa are made from concrete with barred windows to protect from flying plant debris and to withstand regular typhoons. Roofs are designed with strong winds in mind, in which each tile is cemented on and not merely layered as seen with many homes in Japan.
The public schools in Okinawa are overseen by the Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education. The agency directly operates several public high schools including Okinawa Shogaku High School. The U.S. Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) operates 13 schools total in Okinawa. Seven of these schools are located on Kadena Air Base.
There are 10 colleges/universities in Okinawa, including the University of the Ryukyus, the only national university in the prefecture, and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, a new international research institute. Okinawa's American military bases also host the Asian Division of the University of Maryland University College.
- Association football
In addition, various baseball teams from Japan hold training during the winter in Okinawa prefecture as it is the warmest prefecture of Japan with no snow and higher temperatures than other prefectures.
There are numerous golf courses in the prefecture, and there was formerly a professional tournament called the Okinawa Open.
- Aguni Airport
- Hateruma Airport
- Iejima Airport
- New Ishigaki Airport
- Kerama Airport
- Kita Daito Airport
- Kumejima Airport
- Minami-Daito Airport
- Miyako Airport
- Naha Airport
- Shimojijima Airport
- Tarama Airport
- Yonaguni Airport
- Okinawa Expressway
- Naha Airport Expressway
- Route 58
- Route 329
- Route 330
- Route 331
- Route 332
- Route 390
- Route 449
- Route 505
- Route 506
- Route 507
The major ports of Okinawa include:
- Naha Port
- Port of Unten
- Port of Kinwan
- Nakagusukuwan Port
- Hirara Port
- Port of Ishigaki
The 34 US military installations on Okinawa are financially supported by the U.S. and Japan. The bases provide jobs for Okinawans, both directly and indirectly; In 2011, the U.S. military employed over 9,800 Japanese workers in Okinawa. As of 2012[update] the bases accounted for 4 or 5 percent of the economy. However, Koji Taira argued in 1997 that because the U.S. bases occupy around 20 percent of Okinawa's land, they impose a deadweight loss of 15 percent on the Okinawan economy. The Tokyo government also pays the prefectural government around ¥10 billion per year in compensation for the American presence, including, for instance, rent paid by the Japanese government to the Okinawans on whose land American bases are situated. A 2005 report by the U.S. Forces Japan Okinawa Area Field Office estimated that in 2003 the combined U.S. and Japanese base-related spending contributed $1.9 billion to the local economy. On January 13, 2015, In response to the citizens electing governor Takeshi Onaga, the national government announced that Okinawa's funding will be cut, due to the governor's stance on removing the US military bases from Okinawa, which the national government doesn't want happening.
United States military installations
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Air Force
- United States Navy
- United States Army
- Chōjun Miyagi founder of Gōjū-ryū, "hard/soft" style of Okinawan Karate.
- Uechi Kanbun was the founder of Uechi-ryū, one of the primary karate styles of Okinawa.
- Mitsuru Ushijima was the Japanese general at the Battle of Okinawa during the final stages of World War II.
- Isamu Chō was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army known for his support of ultranationalist politics and involvement in a number of attempted military and right-wing coup d'états in pre-World War II Japan.
- Ōta Minoru was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and the final commander of the Japanese naval forces defending the Oroku Peninsula during the Battle of Okinawa.
- Sato Eisaku was a Japanese politician and the 61st, 62nd and 63rd Prime Minister of Japan. While he was premier in 1972, Okinawa was returned to Japan.
- Yabu Kentsū was a prominent teacher of Shōrin-ryū karate in Okinawa from the 1910s until the 1930s, and was among the first people to demonstrate karate in Hawaii.
- Takuji Iwasaki was a meteorologist, biologist, ethnologist historian.
- Matayoshi Eiki Okinawan novel writer, winner of Akutagawa prize
- Gackt Japanese pop rock singer-songwriter, actor, author
- Namie Amuro Japanese R&B, hip hop and pop singer
- Beni Japanese pop and R&B singer
- Ben Shepherd Bassist of the band Soundgarden
- Noriyuki Sugasawa basketball player
- Orange Range Japanese rock band
- Stereopony Japanese all-female pop rock band
- Tamlyn Tomita actress and singer
- Rino Nakasone Razalan professional dancer and choreographer.
- Yukie Nakama singer, musician and actress
- Daichi Miura Japanese pop singer, dancer and choreographer.
- Yui Aragaki actress, singer, and model
- Hearts Grow Japanese band
- Aisa Senda, Japanese singer, actress and TV presenter in Taiwan
- Robert Griffin III, American football quarterback, Heisman Trophy winner
- Dave Roberts, Major League Baseball player and manager
- Rimi Natsukawa (夏川 りみ Natsukawa Rimi), Japanese female pop singers
- Nevertheless the name Ryukyu appears in the Book of Sui, it is not defined clearly if it refers to the Okinawa island, the islands east of the Sea of China except Japan, or Taiwan.
- Kanjun Higashionna introduces that Jianzhen's biography notes Ryūkyū, however he argues that the location could have been Taiwan actually, reasoned that it was not accessible in five days' voyage from mainland China to Okinawa island in the 8th century.
- Masahide Takemoto suggested in his 1972 paper that the 10th century sites he excavated were formed on hillsides suited to agriculture, where remains of Chinese celadonware were also excavated as signs of the beginning of the Gusuku period or centralized governing system.
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Okinawa-shi" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 746-747, p. 746, at Google Books
- Nussbaum, "Naha" in p. 686, p. 686, at Google Books
- Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017), Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8
- 'Under a decades-old security alliance, Okinawa hosts about 26,000 U.S. service personnel, more than half the total Washington keeps in all of Japan, in addition to base workers and family members.' "U.S. civilian arrested in fresh Okinawa DUI case; man injured". The Japan Times. July 2016.
- Oda, Shizuo (March 2003). "Yamashitachō dai-1 dōketsu shutsudo no kyūsekki ni tsuite (山下町第１洞穴出土の旧石器について)" [Paleolithic Artifacts Excavated from Cave No.1, Yamashitachō Site]. Nantō Kōko [南島考古] (in Japanese). Okinawa Archaeology Society (22): 1–19. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12.
- Taneishi, Yū (2008). "Tsukuba-daigaku shūzō no Taiwan Taipei-shi Enzan kaizuka shūshū masei sekifu-rui ni tsuite [筑波大学収蔵の台湾台北市円山貝塚収集磨製石斧類について]" [Polished stone axes from the Enzan shell mound in Taipei, Taiwan; from among the collection at Tsukuba University]. Senshigaku/Kōkogaku kenkyū [先史学・考古学研究] (in Japanese). Tsukuba University (19): 86. ISBN 9784886216717. OCLC 747328754. Retrieved 2018-02-12.[permanent dead link]
- Kokubu, Naoichi (1943). "Yūken sekifu, yūdan sekifu oyobi kokutō bunka" [Shouldered and stepped stone axes with black pottery civilization]. Taiwan Bunka ronsō (in Japanese). Shimizu shoten (1).
- Kanaseki, Takeo; Kokubu, Naoichi (1979). Taiwan Kōkoshi [Archaeology of Taiwan]. Hosei University Press. pp. 121–179. OCLC 10917186.
- "Yaeyama-gata sekifu no kisoteki kenkyū (3)" [Basic studies on Yaeyama type stone axe]. Nantō Kōko [南島考古] (in Japanese). Okinawa Archaeology Society (15): 1–30. 1995.
- Naoichi Kokubu at the 1943 excavation of Enzan shell mound in Taipei city noted the clay pottery on Yaeyama island resembled the red coloring of those found in Taiwan, while Hiroe Takamiya disapproved it by discussing the unique Yaeyama style stone axe independent from Chinese influence.
- The Dongyi. The Book of Sui. 81. 607.
- Higashionna, Kanjun (東恩納 寬惇) (1957). Ryūkyū no rekishi [The History of Ryūkyū]. Nihon rekishi shinsho (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shibundō. p. 13. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
- Takemoto, Masahide (1972). Shinzato, Keiji, ed. "Kōkogaku no shomondai to sono genjō" [Challenges in Archaeology and the Present Condition]. Rekishi-hen. Okinawa bunka ronsō (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 1. OCLC 20843495.
- Takemoto, Masahide (1972). "Okinawa ni okeru genshi shakai no shūmatsu-ki (沖縄における原始社会の終末期)". Nantō shiron : Tomimura Shin'en kyōju kanreki kinen ronbunshu (富村真演教授還暦記念論文集) [The Terminal Stage of the Primitive Society in Okinawa]. Ryūkyū Daigaku Shigakkai. OCLC 703826209.
- Asato (1990). Kōkogaku kara mita Ryūkyū-shi [History of Ryūkyū Seen from Archeological Principles] (in Japanese). 1. pp. 69–70.
- Steve Rabson, "Meiji Assimilation Policy in Okinawa: Promotion, Resistance, and "Reconstruction" in New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan (Helen Hardacre, ed.). Brill, 1997. p. 642.
- "No home where the dugong roam". The Economist. October 27, 2005.
some of the bloodiest campaigns anywhere in the second world war were fought in Okinawa, and a third of the civilian population died.
- David Hearst (March 11, 2011). "Second battle of Okinawa looms as China's naval ambition grows". The Guardian. UK.
- Wampler, Robert A. (1997-05-14). The National Security Archive, The Gelman Library, ed. "Revelations in Newly Released Documents about U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Okinawa Fuel; NHK Documentary". George Washington University. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- "Memorandum, Ambassador Brown to Secretary Rogers, 4/29/69, Subject: NSC Meeting April 30 - Policy Toward Japan: Briefing Memorandum (Secret), with attached". 1969-04-30: 1. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- "NSSM 5 - Japan, Table of Contents and Part III: Okinawa Reversion (Secret)". 1969: 22. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- "Memorandum of Conversation, Nixon/Sato, 11/19/69 (Top Secret/Sensitive)". 1969-11-19: 2. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
- Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M.; Burr, William (November 1999). "Where They Were" (PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 55 (6): 26–35. doi:10.2968/055006011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-23.
- John Morrocco. Rain of Fire. (United States: Boston Publishing Company), pg 14
- ROBERT TRUMBULL (1 August 1965). "OKINAWA B-52'S ANGER JAPANESE: Bombing of Vietnam From Island Stirs Public Outcry". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- Mori, Kyozo, Two Ends of a Telescope Japanese and American Views of Okinawa, Japan Quarterly, 15:1 (1968:Jan./Mar.) p.17
- Havens, T. R. H. (1987) Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965–1975. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Pg 120
- Havens, T. R. H. (1987) Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965–1975. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Pg 123
- Christopher T. Sanders (2000) America’s Overseas Garrisons the Leasehold Empire Oxford University Press PG 164
- Havens, T. R. H. (1987) Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965–1975. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Pg 88
- Steve Rabson. "Okinawa's Henoko was a 'Storage Location' for Nuclear Weapons: Published Accounts". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 11 (1( 6)). Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- Reversion to Japan of the Ryukyu and Daito Islands, official text. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- Steve Rabson (January 14, 2013). "Okinawa's Henoko was a "storage location" for nuclear weapons:". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- Japanese government reveals secret nuclear agreement with the US, Chan, John., World Socialist Web Site Retrieved March 24, 2010
- "News". The Japan Times. May 15, 2002. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011.
- 疑惑が晴れるのはいつか(in Japanese), Okinawa Times, May 16, 1999
- 沖縄に所在する在日米軍施設・区域(in Japanese), Japan Ministry of Defense
- "沖縄タイムス社説 2007.5.13". Retrieved June 1, 2016.[dead link]. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- one in 1959 killed 17 people
- Impact on the Lives of the Okinawan People (Incidents, Accidents and Environmental Issues) Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Okinawa Prefectural Government
- 沖縄・米兵による女性への性犯罪(Rapes and murders by the U.S. military personnel 1945–2000) Archived January 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.(in Japanese), 基地・軍隊を許さない行動する女たちの会
- 自衛隊・防衛問題に関する世論調査 Archived October 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., The Cabinet Office of Japan
- Archived May 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
- Justin McCurry (February 28, 2008). "Rice says sorry for US troop behaviour on Okinawa as crimes shake alliance with Japan". The Guardian. UK.
- MICHAEL HASSETT (February 26, 2008). "U.S. military crime: SOFA so good?The stats offer some surprises in wake of the latest Okinawa rape claim". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008.
- "Okinawa: Effects of long-term US Military presence" (PDF).
- , Marine Corps Installations Pacific Ethos Data
- Pomfret, John (April 24, 2010). "Japan moves to settle dispute with U.S. over Okinawa base relocation". The Washington Post.
- Cox, Rupert (2010-12-01). "The Sound of Freedom: US Military Aircraft Noise in Okinawa, Japan". Anthropology News. 51 (9): 13–14. doi:10.1111/j.1556-3502.2010.51913.x. ISSN 1556-3502.
- Jon Mitchell, "Agent Orange on Okinawa – The Smoking Gun: U.S. army report, photographs show 25,000 barrels on island in early '70s", The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Vol 11, Issue 1, No. 6, January 14, 2012.
- Jon Mitchell, "Were U.S marines used as guinea pigs on Okinawa?" The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Vol 10, Issue 51, No. 2, December 17, 2012.
- "Okinawa US base move in doubt after governor elections". BBC. 16 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
- "U.S. base relocation opponent elected Okinawan governor". Japan Today. November 17, 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- Steven Donald Smith (April 26, 2006). "Eight Thousand U.S. Marines to Move From Okinawa to Guam". American Forces Press Service. DOD. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- "Marines' Exit May Take Till '15: U.S.". Kyodo News. Japan Times. 9 November 2008.
- "U.S., Japan unveil revised plan for Okinawa". April 27, 2012.
- "US Okinawa Reductions". globalsecurity.orgdate=June 23, 2013.
- US Department of Dense December 21,2016
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
- "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- "Lawsuit Seeks to Halt Construction of U.S. Military Airstrip in Japan That Would Destroy Habitat of Endangered Okinawa Dugongs". Center for Biological Diversity. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- "Gyokusendo Cave". Japan-guide.com. 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- "Establishing World-Class Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring in Okinawa". Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
- "Coral Reefs". Okinawa Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
- "Heliopora coerulea". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
- "沖縄本島で観測史上初のみぞれ 名護". The Asahi Shimbun Company. 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
- Jinsui, Japan: Statistics Bureau (総務省 統計局), 2003
- おきなわBBtv★沖縄の方言ニュース★沖縄の「今」を沖縄の「言葉」で！ラジオ沖縄で好評放送中の「方言ニュース」をブロードバンドでお届けします。 Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. Okinawabbtv.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- Okinawa Prefectural reserve cultural assets center (2006). "陶磁器から古の神事（祭祀・儀式）を考える". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
- National Geographic magazine, June 1993
- Santrock, John W. A (2002). Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (4 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- "Okinawa's Longevity Lessons". Blue Zones. Admin. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
- "Okinawa Writers Excel in Literature". The Okinawa Times. Okinawa Times. July 21, 2000. Archived from the original on August 23, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- 芥川賞受賞者一覧 (in Japanese). Bungeishunju Ltd. 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- "Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu". UNESCO. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- "Database of National Cultural Properties: 国宝・重要文化財 (建造物): 沖縄県" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- Archived January 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- "Ryukyu Corazon". Ryukyu Corazon. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- Naha port. Nahaport.jp. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- (in Japanese) 運天港. Pref.okinawa.jp. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- (in Japanese) 金武湾港. Pref.okinawa.jp. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- 沖縄総合事務局 那覇港湾・空港整備事務所 中城湾港出張所. Dc.ogb.go.jp. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- 平良港湾事務所. Dc.ogb.go.jp. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- Archived January 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- Stephen Nessen (4 January 2011). "Okinawa U.S. Marine Base Angers Residents And Governor". Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- Hongo, Jun. (2012-05-16) Economic reliance on bases won't last, trends suggest. The Japan Times. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- Taira, Koji (1997). 'The Okinawan Charade' Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 28
- The Okinawa Solution Archived June 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. G2mil.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
- Eric Johnston (28 March 2006). "Okinawa base issue not cut and dried with locals". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- Isabel Reynolds; Maiko Takahashi (January 13, 2015). "Japan cuts Okinawa budget after election of Anti-base governor". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- "Gov't cuts budget for Okinawa economic development". January 15, 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- "Okinawa looks to offer more unique venues". TTGmice. September 6, 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- Camp Lester (Camp Kuwae). Globalsecurity.org (1996-12-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Okinawa Prefecture.|
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Okinawa.|
|Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Okinawa.| | <urn:uuid:fe50ef4d-2f0d-47ef-8ae0-eb66317db65f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214538.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819012213-20180819032213-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.897807 | 10,690 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A New Bed Bug in Florida
The common bed bug has come back with a vengeance. But there is also another bed bug, the tropical bed bug, which has recently been found in Florida. The tropical bed bug is almost identical to the common bed bug in most ways, but is restricted to more tropical and sub-tropical climates. Previously there had been no sightings of the tropical bed bug in Florida for over 60 years. Because it can be easily mistaken for the common bed bug, it may be in many areas, and more widespread than is currently known.
Tropical bed bugs develop faster than common bed bugs, but produce fewer eggs. Whichever bed bug is present, it may not make much of a difference in how we treat them. Other Bed Bugs: Common and tropical bed bugs live entirely on human blood, but there are other bed bugs that occasionally bite people, but can’t survive on human blood alone. These include bat bugs, swallow bugs, and chimney swift bugs. They aren’t nearly as common a problem as human bed bugs, but they sometimes migrate indoors from bat and bird nests outdoors. | <urn:uuid:9b4169d8-c2a2-4273-a95f-a2b6880cdd5b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://haltpestcontrol.com/a-new-bed-bug-in-florida/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816370.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225110552-20180225130552-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.968695 | 230 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A typically insightful post from danah boyd examines why campaigns against “bullying” and, perhaps especially, “cyberbullying” so seldom manage to accomplish much. Part of the trouble, boyd argues, is that teens are reluctant to see themselves either as victims or aggressors, and therefore define as mere “drama” much behavior that adults are prone to class as “bullying.”
On the victim’s side, even a teen who is conscious of being the victim of bullying might feel ashamed to admit it. But it’s actually more complicated than that, because once we move out of the realm of bullying as simple physical assault, the difference between psychological bullying and more innocuous types of ribbing or reciprocal verbal aggression ultimately comes down to how the teens themselves feel about it. So a teen who denies being “bullied” and appears to shrug off various kinds of social animosity as just “drama” is not necessarily in denial about the independent, objective fact that they really are being bullied. Rather, insisting on adopting the attitude that they’re on equal footing with their aggressors (and so not bullied) may be a primary determinant of whether or not this is, in fact, the case. We all know, of course, that there’s often a sharp disconnect between internal feeling and external performance: We pretend to be unruffled by remarks that, in reality, cut deep. But we also know that these are hardly totally separate domains: Telling yourself that you don’t care what those jerks say about you is often part of the process of actually ceasing to care what those jerks say about you—or at least, ceasing to care much. On the victim’s side, then, psychological bullying is hard to quantify, because “bullying” is not always an observer-independent natural fact: Denying that you are being bullied is sometimes a means of making it true that you are not (successfully) bullied—though when that gambit fails, it may prevent some students from seeking necessary help from adults. Call this the Bullying Heisenberg Effect.
On the aggressor side, as boyd observes, part of the problem is that nobody likes to think of themselves as a bully, and so the teens who are dishing it out find other descriptions that minimize the harm they do. More than that, however, because bullying is so often a social phenomenon, it may literally be impossible to evaluate whether “bullying” is happening at the level of the individual agent—even for the bullies themselves!
As regular readers know, I’m fond of invoking a thought experiment from philosopher Derek Parfit called “The Harmless Torturers.” Parfit imagines one scenario in which 10,000 torturers each torture one of 10,000 victims using an electrocution machine. Each torturer clearly inflicts terrible agony on an individual victim. In Parfit’s second scenario, each torturer’s machine is configured so as to deliver one-ten-thousandth of the same voltage—a quantity so small as to be utterly imperceptible to the victim by itself—to all of the victims who were individually electrified in the first scenario. In the aggregate, the torturers inflict exactly the same amount of pain on exactly the same number of people. But in this second scenario, each torturer can—with some justice—claim that his actions are “harmless.” Each, in other words, can claim: “If I stayed home, there is not one of those 10,000 victims who would feel any difference.”
As applied to physical torture, the scenario is fanciful. As applied to psychological torture, it describes the norm. Only a few really horrid people commit themselves to relentlessly harassing and abusing a single individual. But many teens—and not a few nominal adults—will make a handful of snarky and cutting remarks to numerous different individuals over the course of an ordinary day. It would often be overblown to characterize any particular remark as bullying: In isolation, all but the most fragile of us would shrug it off. In the aggregate, they may be intolerable to even the most self-assured.
One reason “cyberbullying” may present special problems is that the Internet and social networks dramatically increase the realistic number of people who can pile on a single victim in a short period of time. Each aggressor might rationalize their own part in the distributed bullying as just one or two comments, though the victim perceives an overwhelming assault when these are all combined. For an analogy in the physical world, we can look to street harassment, which is enabled by the high volume of anonymous, brief public interactions characteristic of urban environments. Some men, of course, engage in vulgar and intimidating speech that anyone would consider harassing in itself. But often, the harassment is a distributed phenomenon. Many of us would not particularly mind a single stranger yelling out “Hi, gorgeous” or “You look good today!” once every other month—and I’ve seen men (inexcusably obtuse, to be sure, but not obviously malicious) react with genuine surprise when such remarks are not welcomed as compliments, not realizing they’re the tenth person in as many blocks to volunteer a similar comment to the same woman.
It may be hard to stamp out bullying, then, not just because victims are often unwilling apply the label to their own experience, but because individual aggressors can plausibly—even if somewhat disingenuously—deny that their individual actions qualify. Insofar as it may be counterproductive to encourage the victims of psychological bullying—cyber or otherwise—to consciously identify themselves as such, the more fruitful strategy may be encouraging teens on the aggressor side to be better Kantians, as it were—to imagine whether each mean offhand remark would qualify as “bullying” if it were multiplied by a dozen daily interactions, day after day, week after week. | <urn:uuid:4b0bf788-824b-42f5-a41f-c2425f7ebf2e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/09/25/heisenberg-harmless-torture-and-cyberbullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957092 | 1,257 | 2.796875 | 3 |
References and Resources for Just-in-Time Teaching
General Information on Just-in-Time Teaching
- Video-based Case Stories - A series of videos from the ELIXR project on how to effectively implement Just-in-Time Teaching in your courses.
- Just-in-Time Teaching Web Site - This web site, created by the original JiTT developers, provides extensive background information on the development of JiTT, JiTT goals, resources, adopters, and impact.
- JiTT Digital Library - This National Science Foundation-supported digital library for Just-in-Time Teaching pedagogical resources includes a collection of JiTT questions from a variety of disciplines, a wiki, a listing of people who use JiTT in their teaching, and access to a hosting service for first-time users of the JiTT pedagogy. On the JiTTDL hosting server you can post JiTT assignments for your course and retrieve student responses.
Using JiTT in Different Disciplines
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics
- The WebScience Project at IUPUI includes examples of JiTT exercises (Warm-Ups), Puzzles, and "Good Fors" in biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
- Using JiTT in Economics Web site - Provides information on how to get started with JiTT, including a step-by-step example.
- Video on using JiTT in Economics (Quicktime Video 6.5MB Sep16 10) - Watch Dr. Mark Maier, Glendale Community College, explain how he uses Just-in-Time Teaching in his Principles of Economics courses.
History of Photography
- Using JiTT in a History of 20th Century Photography Course (more info) - This course portfolio describes the instructor's efforts to help students in a history of photography course improve their critical thinking skills through intensive writing, mediated through the use of JiTT exercises.
JiTT References - General (In Reverse Chronological Order)
Simkins, Scott and Maier, Mark (Eds.) (2010) Just in Time Teaching: Across the Disciplines, Across the Academy, Stylus Publishing.
Patterson, E.T. (2005) Just-in-Time Teaching: Technology Transforming Learning – A Status Report, Invention and Impact: Building Excellence in Undergraduate STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Education, American Association for the Advancement of Science.NSF-AAAS-sponsored national conference highlighting recent innovations in undergraduate STEM education.
Rhem, James. (2005). Just-in-Time Teaching Tomorrow's Professor listserv posting, originally published in the National Teaching and Learning Forum Newsletter, Volume 14, Number 1.
Novak, G. & Middendorf, J. (2004) Just-in-Time Teaching. In: Volume IV - What Works, What Matters, What Lasts. Project Kaleidoscope.This article from the Project Kaleidoscope web site describes JiTT, how it works, and the benefits of employing it in your classroom.
Novak, G.M & Patterson, E.T. (2000) The Best of Both Worlds: WWW Enhanced In-Class Instruction . Paper presented at IASTED International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education, May 24-27, 2000 Cancun, MexicoThis paper introduces Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT), a method that strives to implement a more active learning environment than lecture based classes.
Novak, Gregor M., Patterson, E. T., Gavrin, A. D., and Christian, W. (1999) Just-In-Time-Teaching: Blending Active Learning with Web Technology , Prentice Hall.
Novak, G.M & Patterson, E.T. (1998) Just-in-Time Teaching: Active Learner Pedagogy with WWW . Paper presented at IASTED International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education, May 27 -30, 1998 Cancun, MexicoThis paper presents information on Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) challenges, classrooms, web pages and parts, and assessment.
Creed, Tom. (1997) Extending the Classroom Walls Electronically. In: New Paradigms for College Teaching, eds. William E. Campbell and Karl A. Smith, 149-184. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Co.This is an early development of the use of out-of-class assignments to inform in-class teaching, mediated through the use of web-based technology. While focused on the pedagogical benefits/challenges of "electronic communication", the author's "classroom example" describes what later would be called a JiTT exercise.
Research on JiTT in the Disciplines
Multiple Disciplines (Biology, Chemistry, Physics)
Marrs, Kathleen A., Blake, R. E. and Gavrin, A. D. (2003) Web-Based Warm Up Exercises in Just-In-Time Teaching: Determining Students' Prior Knowledge and Misconceptions in Biology, Chemistry and Physics , Journal of College Science Teaching, 33 (1).
The authors show that JiTT exercises can be used to reveal students' prior knowledge and misconceptions in biology, chemistry, and physics.
Christensen, T. (2005). Changing the Learning Environment in Large General Education Astronomy Classes - The Gradual, Ongoing Transformation . Journal of College Science Teaching, 35, 3, 34.The author describes the gradual, ongoing transformation of a large general education astronomy class via JiTT and in-class, cooperative, small group exercises.
Klionsky, D. J. (2002). Constructing Knowledge in the Lecture Hall - A Quiz-Based, Group-Learning Approach to Introductory Biology . Journal of College Science Teaching,31, 4, 246.This article describes several changes the author made to his introductory biology class to improve his students' study habits and to develop a constructivist, problem-based learning environment.The author documents improved student study habits, class preparation, and greater gains in content knowledge in a biology course using JiTT.
Marrs, K. A., & Chism, G. W. (April 2005). Just-in-Time Teaching for Food Science: Creating an Active Learner Classroom . Journal of Food Science Education,4,2, 27-34.The authors describe how Just-in-Time Teaching has been used in biology education and how it can be used in food science education.
Marrs, Kathleen A., and Novak, Gregor M. (2004) Just-in-Time Teaching in Biology: Creating an Active Learner Classroom Using the Internet , Cell Biology Education, 3 (1), 49-61.The authors describe the use of JiTT in teaching biology at the undergraduate and graduate levels, to both science majors and non-science majors. Assessment results indicate decreased attrition, improved student attitudes and study habits, increases in interactivity, and cognitive gains in classrooms using JiTT.
Slunt, K. M., & Giancarlo, L. C. (2004). In the Classroom - Student-Centered Learning: A Comparison of Two Different Methods of Instruction . Journal of Chemical Education,81,7, 985.The authors compared the use of Concept Tests and JiTT in small lecture-based chemistry classes; they found that while both improved student learning the JiTT approach had a greater impact on student participation and performance than Concept Tests did.
Simkins, Scott and Maier, Mark. (2004) Using Just-in-Time Teaching Techniques in the Principles of Economics Course , Social Science Computer Review, 22 (4), pp. 444-456.This article provides an overview of Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) pedagogy and the development, implementation, and assessment of JiTT pedagogy in teaching introductory, college-level economics courses. Includes regression-based assessment of JiTT on student learning outcomes, after accounting for a variety of student-level characteristics. [Pre-publication version]
Gavrin, A., Cashman, Eileen M., Eschenbach, Elizabeth A. (2005) Special Session - Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT): Using Online Exercises to Enhance Classroom Learning, 35th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference.
This paper describes the implementation of JiTT in a large class of introductory environmental engineering and environmental science students. Feedback from the students after one semester indicated that 93% thought the JiTT approach improved their learning.
Baer, E.M., Baer, E. H., Burn, H., Gilbert, L.A., Whittington, C. (2002) Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section, 98th Annual Meeting, May 13-15, 2002, Mathpatch - a Just in Time approach to teaching quantitative skills in introductory Courses .This presentation outlines the implementation of Mathpatch, a one-credit course on quantitative skills that can be taken in conjunction with an introductory geology class. This course embodies the principals of Just-in-Time Teaching in that quantitative skills are learned in Mathpatch just-in-time to be used in the geology course.
de Caprariis, Pascal, Barman, Charles & Magee, Paula (2001) Monitoring the Benefits of Active Learning Exercises in Introductory Survey Courses: An Attempt to Improve the Education of Prospective Public School Teachers , The Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning v. 1, n. 2, p. 13-23.This article explains changes in student learning initiated by the implementation of active-learning exercises in a traditionally lecture-based geology classroom.
Grove, Karen. (2002) Using online homework assignments to implement the learning cycle in large courses for general education , Journal of Geoscience Education v50 n5 566-574.This article describes online homework assignments, named Virtual Voyages, that were designed to more actively engage students with course material in a large-sized, introductory geoscience course.
Guertin, L., Zappe, S., & Kim, H. (2007). Just-in-Time Teaching Exercises to Engage Students in an Introductory-Level Dinosaur Course . Journal of Science Education and Technology,16,6, 507-514Students in an introductory-level general education geoscience course reported increased learning and engagement in a course with required weekly assignments.
Linneman, S., & Plake, T. (2006). Searching for the Difference: A Controlled Test of Just-in-Time Teaching for Large-Enrollment Introductory Geology Courses. Journal of Geoscience Education,54,1, 18.Researchers at Western Washington Univerisity tested the effectiveness of Just-in-Time Teaching methods in introductory geology courses through an analysis of exam grades and student evaluations.
Gavrin, A.D. & Novak, G. (1999) What is Physics Good For? Motivating Students With Online Materials . Paper presented at IASTED International Conference on Computers and Advanced Technology in Education, May 6-8, 1999 Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaThis essay addresses motivation and science literacy by fostering inquisitiveness and understanding of various topics in physics, while simultaneously encouraging students to practice writing and use the Web as a resource.
Benedict, J. O., and Anderton, J. B. (2004) Applying the Just-in-Time Teaching Approach to Teaching Statistics , Teaching of Psychology, 31, 197-199.Return to the top of the page.
The authors used Just-in-Time Teaching in their statistics class. When compared to an equivalent class based on content and textbook, the students in the JiTT class performed better on the final exam and expressed satisfaction with the approach.
Henderson, C. & Rosenthal, A. (2006) Reading Questions: Encouraging Students to Read the Text Before Coming to Class, Journal of College Science Teaching, 35 (7), 46-50.This article discusses how JiTT can be used to encourage students to read prior to class by having them develop "reading questions" related to the day's readings. The questions are used to identify student learning gaps, initiative faculty-student discussions, and inform in-class instruction.
Peer Instruction (PI)
Return to the top of the page.
Crouch, Catherine H. and Mazur, Eric (2001) Peer Instruction: Ten Years of Experience and Results. American Journal of Physics, 69, 970-977.As the title suggests, the article provides an overview of the impact of Peer Instruction on teaching and learning in physics.
Fagen, Adam P., Crouch, Catherine H., and Mazur, Eric (2002) Peer Instruction: Results from a Range of Classrooms, Physics Teacher, 40, 206-209.This article shows that Peer Instruction can be used in a variety of educational environments.
Mazur, Eric., Peer Instruction: A User Manual. Prentice-Hall, 1996.The definitive resource on getting started with Peer Instruction, from the person who made this pedagogical practice so well known.
Redish, Edward F. Chapter 7: Lecture-Based Methods. Teaching Physics with the Physics Suite. John Wiley and Sons.The author discusses the use of JiTT in conjunction with Peer Instruction as a way to increase active learning in lecture-based courses.
University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group, The Physics Suite. Peer Instruction Problems.A library of Peer Instruction problems, which can also be used as the basis for JiTT exercises.
Watkins, Jessica and Mazur, Eric. Just-in-Time Teaching and Peer Instruction. In Simkins, Scott and Maier, Mark (Eds.) (2010) Just in Time Teaching: Across the Disciplines, and Across the Academy, Stylus Publishing.The authors provide a comprehensive overview about how to combine JiTT and Peer Instruction and provide evidence that adding JiTT to Peer Instruction increases student learning even more than Peer Instruction alone.
JiTT History and Development
This is the transcript of a Project Kaleidoscope interview with Gregor Novak. Discussion topics include how JiTT was developed and how JiTT uses web-based exercises to foster better personal interaction between students and faculty.
Rozycki, William (1999) Just-in-Time Teaching and its Development , Research and Creative Activity v 22, n1This article discusses the evolution of Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT), a method developed by Gregor Novak and colleagues that incorporates interactive lectures and collaborative recitation.
A Teaching and Learning Sampler
Angelo and Cross (1993) Classroom Assessment Techniques: A Handbook for College Teachers (Second Edition) Jossey-Bass Publishers: San FranciscoThis book by Thomas Angelo and K. Patricia Cross provides a practical guide to help faculty develop a better understanding of the learning process in their own classrooms and assess the impact of their teaching upon it. The authors offer detailed how-to advice on classroom assessment.
Bransford, John; Brown, Ann L. and Cocking, Rodney R. (Editors). (2000) How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition , National Research Council (U. S.) Committee on Learning Research and Educational Practice, National Academies Press.This summary of educational research stresses that students of all ages 1) come to school with preconceptions about the subjects they are learning that, if not engaged, will interfere with learning, 2) need deep rather than broad knowledge of a subject, and 3) learn differently as novices than they do as intermediate learners becoming experts.
Chickering, Arthur W. and Zelda F. Gamson. (1987). Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. AAHE Bulletin March.Mazur, E., Fagen, A., Crouch, C., & Callan, J. (2004). Classroom demonstrations: Learning tools or entertainment?. Am. J. Phys., 72(6), 835-838.This is a classic reference on effective teaching practices, based on a summary of educational research through the mid-1980s.
The authors show that students who predict the outcome of a demonstration before seeing it display significantly greater understanding than students who passively observe the demonstration.
Misconceptions as Barriers to Understanding Science (1997). In Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Redish, Edward F. (2003) Teaching Physics with the Physics Suite. Wiley.Topics covered include the role of misconceptions in the learning process, descriptions and examples of some common misconceptions in science, and methods used to identify and break down misconceptions.
This book provides a brief introduction to the implications of Physics Education Research for physics instruction and can be used as a handbook for improving physics teaching. The author reviews the cognitive basis for the current instructional consensus in PER and discusses a dozen popular active-engagement teaching methods and many various methods and tools to improve physics instruction. | <urn:uuid:966aa275-9486-409d-b808-44e01ee802e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://serc.carleton.edu/teachearth/teaching_methods/justintime/references.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542009.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00060-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851807 | 3,550 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Major Groups > Puffballs & Others > Scleroderma > Scleroderma septentrionale & meridionale|
by Michael Kuo
The only reason John David and I went across the sand dunes this year was because recent rains had created an impassable swamp on one of our usual trails through the woods in northern Michigan. Much to our surprise, however, the dunes were full of mushrooms, including Russula ventricosipes, Laccaria trullissata, and an unnamed Amanita I have called the Sand Dune Amanita. But the most curious sand-dune mushroom of the lot was Scleroderma septentrionale.
Like other species of Scleroderma, this mushroom is a puffball with thick rhizomorphs at its base, filled with blackish spore dust at maturity. Many Scleroderma fruitbodies are partially submerged in soil when they begin to develop, pushing themselves upwards as they mature in order to distribute airborne spores. However, because of its habitat in sand dunes, Scleroderma septentrionale must thrust its spore-filled ball very high into the air to compensate for shifting, wind-blown sands. Thus the rhizomorphs are bundled together and interlaced with sand to create a sort of "stem" that can reach over 10 cm in length.
Scleroderma meridionale is nearly identical to Scleroderma septentrionale; see the comments below for help separating the two species.
Ecology: Perhaps mycorrhizal with hardwoods and/or conifers, but possibly saprobic, since it is usually found far from trees (the mushrooms I collected were in a sand dune about 20 yards from a stand of Eastern White Pine); growing scattered or gregariously in sand or sand dunes; widely distributed in northern North America from Oregon to Massachusetts; summer and fall.
Fruiting Body: 2.5-6 cm across; with a more or less round structure sitting atop a well defined "stem" measuring 5-10 cm long and composed of bundled, whitish rhizomorphs that extend underground; surface yellowish and often mottled, smooth or with small and irregular scales that tend to be concentrated near the apex; bruising dark reddish; skin 1-3 mm thick; developing irregular tears and holes at maturity, sometimes with sections peeling outwards (vaguely reminiscent of Geastrum).
Spore Mass: Fleshy and white at first, becoming purplish brown, then black and dust-like.
Chemical Reactions: KOH on surface dark reddish brown.
Scleroderma macrorrhizon is a synonym for the combination of Scleroderma septentrionale and Scleroderma meridionale (below).
Differs from Scleroderma septentrionale as follows:
Demoulin & Malençon, 1970. (Guzmán, 1970; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1981; Sims, Watling & Jeffries, 1995; Guzmán & Ovrebo, 2000.)
Cite this page as:
Kuo, M. (2004, December). Scleroderma septentrionale. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/scleroderma_septentrionale.html | <urn:uuid:948a09f2-061a-4eb3-b646-30c128d23137> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.mushroomexpert.com/scleroderma_septentrionale.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805023.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118190229-20171118210229-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.87496 | 735 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Kruja (Kru-yah) town is built around the foot of its sheer Fortress rock, 610 metres high. The castle, the citadel of the national hero Skėnderbeg, is both shrine and monument to the aspiration of the Albanian nation.
It is built at a height of 548 metres on an isolated spur of the limestone mountain-wall of the Kruja range, and has spectacular views of the surrounding region. Kruja is thought to be named from the Albanian word Krua meaning a Spring. The citadel was used by the Illyrian tribes centred on nearby Zgėrdhesh as early as the 6 BC, and have become the main Illyrian castle in the area after Zgėrdhesh was abandoned in the 4th century of our era. The first Albanian feudal state, the Kingdom of Arbėr, was formed here around the year 1190, with Kruja as an important part of its defensive system.
It is mentioned as an important castle in the writing of the Byzantine chronicler Georgius Akropolitis, who in 1245 called it Kroas, and it belonged to Gulam, the lord of Abanon. At the end of the 13th century it was taken by Charles of Anjou, who repaired the walls - after which it passed to the Thopia family.
In 1396 the Ottoman Turks occupied Kruja for the first time, but soon withdrew and did not reappear for another 20 years. In 1430 an uprising started under the leadership of Gjon Kastrioti, but it was crushed by Ottomans, (Gjon Kastrioti is the father of the Albanian national hero Gjergj Kastriot Skėnderbeg).
Critiques | Translate
adamasao1 (466) 2006-11-26 21:26
The shot is nicely composed, and although I don't often like shots taken through windows and the like, I think it works in this case.
The note is informative for a history buff, too.
worldcitizen (8646) 2006-11-26 21:26
This is a beautiful cadtle, and I like your presentation, looking through the arch. I think it would have been nice to get a more complete view of the arch, but maybe you didn't have enough room. It is a nice composition, inlcuding some people visitng the castle, and a lovely sky. TFS.
pranab (5354) 2006-11-27 3:05
nice framing. good colro and contrast, you have used the light very wisely. well done.
danbachmann (1746) 2010-06-06 6:16
Wonderful framing from the house wall onto the well lit museum plus a good note. | <urn:uuid:2ef3f448-0d18-4368-8638-c83f24095193> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Albania/photo520375.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823947.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00133-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961385 | 589 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A GEOMETRIC NOTE BY RICHARD MOORE
A few years ago, Richard Moore, who is an amateur mathematician as well as a poet, sent me a reprint of the following article, which appeared in Hellas in 1990. I found it refreshing (despite the algebraic demonstrations which I couldn't follow at all - but that is precisely his point!), and of course especially of interest for its treatment of the hexagon!
Incidentally, a sort of geometric meditation had preceded the writing of "The Hexagon": I
had been assuaging the boredom of my last year in law school by making doodles that explore the
properties of this figure. In The Consciousness of Earth (ch. II) I had also written of "the small
Euclidean universe of feeling" from which modern science tends to abstract us.... which is also a
point made in Moore's article.- EC
HEXAGONS, CUBES AND PYTHAGOREANS
(first published in Hellas)
Everyone knows that purely geometric proofs are more cumbersome than algebraic ones
and that the methods of algebra are more efficient in every way. If any doubt remains about this,
just look into any up-to-date high school geometry book. Where's the geometry? It has all been
translated into algebra. As a small comment on the situation, let me present something that the
ancient Pythagoreans knew about but kept secret for two thousand years until I rediscovered it
last week. It raises some interesting questions, I think, about proofs and about what is interesting,
what is profound in mathematics.
The Pythagoreans have made us familiar with the triangular numbers :
and with the square numbers:
but they kept the hexagonal numbers (as they tried to keep the dodekahedron) to themselves:
Hexagonal numbers are "natural" because hexagons, like squares and equilateral triangles and like
no other regular figure, exactly fill plane space--as bees discovered in their honeycombs long
before man appeared on the scene. If you have a lot of pennies to play with on a tabletop, you will
come up with hexagonal numbers very quickly because six pennies fit snugly around a seventh,
twelve more pennies around these, eighteen more around these, etc.
But such hexagons have a connection with three dimensional space as well. The sum of the first n hexagonal numbers is n3 . That is,
and applying the familiar formula
which reduces to
We need now only show that
for all n - an easy exercise in mathematical induction. The problem is a nice illustration of the effectiveness of modern elementary mathematics. So now, on to the next problem, and...
"Hang on!" cries an ancient Greek, whom we have roused from the Shades by this
sacrilege. "What on earth are you doing with those wretched symbols? You juggle those ugly
little squiggles about according to a set of arbitrary, abstract rules until you get what you want,
and you say that it proves something? There is a beautiful relationship between a regular hexagon
and cube which your methods have missed entirely. Forget your numbers and symbols for a
moment and look at a revealing representation of the thing itself:
A cube may be positioned so that its outline is a hexagon. Let a cubical array of dots be positioned in this way. Then the outer layer of dots in the three visible faces forms a hexagonal number. Remove this outer layer, and a smaller cubical array (with one less dot on each edge) remains. The process may be carried out as many limes as there are dots on an edge after the first removal. By drawing this diagram and making the removals, we not only prove, but we also see that every cubical number is the sum of a corresponding series of hexagonal numbers.
"Is this not better than your arcane manipulation of symbols? Who but a student of
mathematics would even be able to follow your algebraic proof? My proof is not only profounder in its implications, but it is so clear, so simple, so sensuous, that an uneducated child (like the
uneducated slave in Plato's Meno) would not only understand it, but would delight in it. Would,
that is, if your textbooks and teaching methods had not already destroyed his capacity for delight.
"You are a poet. You ought to know that we judge anything profound and beautiful - mathematics included - in exactly the same way that we judge a metaphor in poetry: by its inclusiveness, justness, and sensuous impact. And if your educators had any sense of this, any understanding that mathematics can be a thing of beauty when our geometric methods are used to explain it, then there would be far less of the 'widespread mathematical illiteracy' among your young, about which those educators so loudly complain. Among us ancient Greeks, every educated man developed an appreciation of mathematics, and the tranquility of our souls benefitted enormously." | <urn:uuid:23e18ce8-3f33-446d-8893-0f36b0bde527> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.pointandcircumference.com/hexagon/colleagues/moore3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156780.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921033529-20180921053929-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.957389 | 1,051 | 2.578125 | 3 |
One of the best parts of summer, from the perspective of a child, is getting to play in the water on a hot summer day. Young children love playing in the water; have you ever watched how a young child can be entertained with the sink faucet for minutes on end? Even if you don't have access to a pool to take the children at your child care center to, you can still incorporate water play and water days into your child care center's weekly summer schedule.
Adding Water Days To Your Schedule
It can be helpful to have specific set water days for each classroom at your child care center. For example, the toddler rooms could have their water days on Wednesday, the three to four-year-old rooms could have their water day on Thursdays, and the 5-year-old rooms could have their water day on Fridays. Providing set days for your water days will allow your staff time to set up and prepare age-appropriate activities for each group, and will help you ensure that your staff can safely supervise all children participating in water activities.
Clothing For Water Days
If you decide to have water days at your center, be sure to communicate this to your parents. Ask that each parent brings appropriate water clothing for their child. If you are doing a water day in your playground, make sure that you let the parents know that their child will need specific shoes that they can get wet for water day. Additionally, ask each parent to send sunscreen for water day. Make sure they bring a towel as well.
When water day arrives, try to have an extra staff member on hand to assist each room with getting ready for and supervising water day. This can be a rotating summer staff member who just covers water days throughout your building. On water day, have the kids change into their swimsuits or swimwear and put sunscreen on each child before you go outside. Make sure that you bring towels with you outside as well.
Water Day Activities
There are many water day activities that you can incorporate that do not involve a swimming pool. To start with, you can move your sensory tables outside and fill them with water and toys that the children can play with. You can provide them with different items to engage in each week, such as funnels and measuring cups one week, and sponges the next week. The objective is to let them play with the water and get messy with it in a way that they can't do inside the classroom.
Next, you can set up buckets of water and provide your students with water guns. You can provide them with targets that they can shoot with the water guns. If you allow students to shoot water at each other, make sure that you stress that they should only spray water on other student's bodies and not their eyes.
Another great option that is always popular is sprinklers. You can set up different types of sprinklers or vary the location each week so that your students have a variety of different ways to engage with the sprinklers.
Finally, you can set up a kiddie slide with water going down it so that students can go down their own mini water slide.
Water days can be a great way to break up the summer at your daycare. If you decide to add water days to your schedule, make sure that you let the parents know and that you clearly communicate water day expectations to the children under your care. Make sure that you train your staff on how to safely supervise water days, and provide extra staff if necessary to facilitate this fun summer activity.Share | <urn:uuid:10f6ff0b-c1ca-4a55-a4d3-cda62fe5ecb1> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://cathedralschooljc.com/2016/07/27/how-to-safely-incorporate-water-play-into-your-child-care-center-this-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859817.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180617213237-20180617233237-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.969053 | 723 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Today many parents are happy about their family in social media. Along with these enchanting photos, they share vital data about their children, which are harvested by large tech companies.
A recent study on children's "data collection" and its potential implications suggests that these sites are more problematic than we think
At the end of November, Anne Longfield, England's Children's Commissioner, published the funding and was tasked with the protection of children's rights, a report entitled "Who Knows What About Me," which examines how large technology collects data about children and what the potential is for danger.
In the report, Longfield argues that parents expose their children's data at an alarming rate. The report calculates that 70,000 posts will be published on the Internet by the age of 1
"We need to stop and think about what this means for children's lives now and how that can affect their future adult lives," writes Longfield. "This only gets bigger – so let's take action now to understand and control who knows our children."
The data exchanged between parents and children is being captured to an alarming degree
. Possible dangers for children are no longer just raging cars and strangers with sweets. With the advent of intelligent technologies and data collection devices, tons of private information are being collected and disseminated in a completely new way. The full extent to which our data is captured and used is still something we are still working on to understand, let alone explain, children.
In her report, Longfield writes that today's children are at greatest risk because they have the largest digital footprint in history. Between the Nest cameras watching children at home, the kids games they target, and Amazon and Google buying preferences, their data is harvested at unprecedented speed.
And some children are already provided with data before birth. Several key reports have shown how technology companies learn about pregnant women based on the goods they buy and then use the information to target them with maternity and baby product ads. At Jezebel, a woman wrote about purchasing prenatal vitamins on Amazon when she heard an ad for a prenatal doctor on Spotify a few months later.
As soon as children are born, brands have many opportunities to gather information about them and how to get their way. According to the London School of Economics and Political Science, their parents researched Longfield for the report.
A great culprit: "Sharinging" or parents who willingly divulge their children's information such as name and date of birth. These Facebook birth announcements can be published with innocent intentions, but they can have serious consequences. According to Barclays security experts consulted for the report of the Children's Commissioner, the door to identity theft remains open. The experts cited criminal reports in which the data of children up to the age of 18 years were kept, and then fraudulent credit card and loan applications were made in their name.
Important identity traits such as the name of a pet or a maiden's maiden name are easily tracked on social media. Barclays, the report said, "predicts that by 2030, two-thirds of identity fraud involving young people over the age of 18 will be caused by" sharing. "
Site sharing is another significant misuse of data. For example, these photos for the first day of school may be tagged with the location of the school that can display the address of the school (and the child). Snapchat also has a site sharing feature where users can see where they are. Longfield points out that while this feature is only visible to users on a child's friends list, "children are often friends with online friends who they do not know in real life, and some may use the Snap-Maps "speak to."
Intelligent devices also monitor children – and collect their data
Smart toys have already been widely criticized for making child data such as location vulnerable. British researchers from Pen Test Partners have found toys such as Teksta Toucan and My Friend Cayla susceptible to hacking. They are Bluetooth enabled and their microphones and speakers connect to the Internet, but they were not built with certainty. In 2017, it became known that the smart-toy brand CloudPets kept voice recordings and photos of millions of children and that hackers had compromised that data.
Smart speakers also had security problems. Amazon has said his smart speakers do not spy on users, but those claims were questioned after a woman in Portland found out that her echo spokesman had recorded a conversation she'd had with her husband and sent it to someone had forwarded random contact. (Amazon issued a special echo to children the same month this breach occurred.) YouTube was also accused of collecting data about children.
But tech companies also collect data that is not voluntarily handed over by their parents or children. Children Derived data is based on algorithms and predictions, for example. Companies track what someone likes on Facebook, watch on YouTube, and buy from Amazon. This information is then used to predict what buyers look like, and companies can target ads with children and parents. Longfield writes in the report that "the amount of data derived from children was a real problem." Families are now being approached with products because they are basically being watched every time they are online.
"Collecting so much data about children raises important questions about their freedom and independence," the report says. "So much data from children sends the wrong message – they do not convey how valuable and sensitive personal information is and how important it is to protect it."
What does all this data about children mean for their future?
The report highlights current safety concerns about the privacy of children, but also mentions some worrying future opportunities. Longfield wonders if children's data will reappear in a few decades and harm them in the long term. There have been cases in which children have sued their parents for publishing their photos on social networks without their consent, but Longfield believes that the use of data collection could be even higher.
"It is much less known how personal information collected in childhood could be used to shape a person's experiences and perspectives in the long term – for better or for worse," the report said. "Could data on a child's language development and early educational attainment at the age of four play a role in the university's application results? … Could personal health data have an impact on insurance coverage in the future?
These are questions for which there are still no answers. Although it is highly unlikely that smart toys will disappear or technology companies are turning their kids back to creating targeted ads, there are a few steps parents and businesses can take to mitigate this mass data collection.
Longfield urges tech companies to design terms and conditions with words that can actually be deciphered so that parents and children understand what they are buying and how their information can be used. The report also recommends parents mute intelligent speakers if they do not want their children to be listened to and do not share important information about children such as their children's school address.
And most simply, the next time you publish a photo of your child on social media, you should not go ahead and think about what kind of data you could use with a seemingly innocent baby program. | <urn:uuid:400ec1af-27f0-405e-bb76-07690b8effb6> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://hitechglitz.com/report-big-tech-is-collecting-child-data-at-an-alarming-rate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578640839.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424094510-20190424120510-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.975765 | 1,436 | 2.625 | 3 |
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
1.0 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION
Recruiting and selecting the most suitable person for a job is a complex task which requires an organisation to be compliant of the relevant legal framework and good practice standards. In UK, public authorities must adhere to strict antidiscrimination laws as well as conform to the best practices in recruitment and selection. A properly conducted recruitment and selection exercise has the advantage of minimising employee’s issues that might arise in future or during the recruitment process. The opposite is also true; a poorly conducted recruitment and selection exercise will have far reaching implications to any organisation. That being the case, LBBD has every reason to ensure that the recruitment and selection is conducted in line with the laid legal framework and observe the best practices in the industry.
1.2 Legal Framework
The ultimate goal of a recruitment process is to find the most appropriate person in terms of qualifications, skills, aptitude as well as experience (Noe et al 2011; Newell, Brown, and Swain, 2012). That notwithstanding, the whole process must be fair and inclusive. As a result, every employers need to be aware of their anti-discrimination duties imposed by the legal framework. Some of the laws affecting the recruitment and selection process include the Equality Act and the protected characteristics, fixed term employment, Employment of ex-offenders, data protection, safeguarding children and vulnerable adults, criminal record checks, Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and eligibility to work in the UK laws (Proctor and Leighton, 2003).
Off all the key legislation, the most likely law to impact the recruitment and selection process is the Equality Act 2010 which harmonises and strengthens all antidiscrimination laws. For the purpose of the Equality Act, there are nine protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy and partnership. LBBD embodies these rules in its current Single Equality Scheme 2013-2016. Some of the objective of this scheme is “to ensure that the promotion of equality and human rights and elimination of discrimination and all LBBD practices through leadership and organisation commitment, and “to ensure the development of an effective and diverse workforce that is representative of the communities served by the council” (SES 2013) Every employer has to ensure that no applicant is treated less favourably on account of any of these protected characteristics. Any less favourable treatment can be interpreted to either be direct discrimination, discrimination by association, perception discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, harassment by others or victimisation.
To conform to the equality and diversity policy, LBBD has some of the best strategic aims for recruiting staff. According to its recruitment booklet, some of its strategic aims are:
(i) To achieve a workforce that reflects at all levels and in all occupations, the diversity (different backgrounds) of the community and customer it serves. This aim lies squarely with the council’s community priority which is to “promote equal opportunities and celebrate diversity” (LBBD 2014).
(ii) To give all groups of people the opportunity to apply for and secure jobs, and for individuals from minority groups to compete on equal terms. This is a noble aim for ensuring inclusivity and diversity.
Beside this critical strategic aims, the council has also developed several policies to compliment the key legislations. For instance, the Policy on the Employment of Ex-Offenders in line with the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 states that the council is “committed to achieving equality and diversity in employment, and to recruiting the right people for the right jobs at the right time and in the right numbers, in a fair, consistent and cost-effective manner”. Other important policies within the council are the Equalities and Diversity in Employment Policy and the Safer People for Safer Services Policy. To ensure that the employment and recruitment process meets the equality and diversity threshold, ever applicant must fill a “recruitment and monitoring form”. Although it might seem unethical to ask people to state their racial background, sexual orientation, or any other protected characteristics, the information gotten by filling this form helps the council in monitoring how effective the Equality and Diversity in Employment Policy is.
1.21 Positive Action and Indirect Discrimination
While LBBD has a sound policy to ensure equality and diversity in its recruitment process, it has to deal with challenges that come with act such as the provisions of “positive action” and ban on the health status of question on job applicants. According to the Equality Act 2010, employers are required to undertake positive actions to ensure that person with protected characteristics who are underrepresented in an organisation are recruited more to fill the gaps. This provision requires that if an organisation is faced with two qualified candidates, one with a protected characteristic, the organisation should settle on the one with a protected characteristic to promote its equality and diversity. In the case of disability for instance, the positive action go to an extent of suggesting that treating a person with a disability more favourably is not discrimination.
The challenge of implementing the “positive action” provision is that there is a very thin line between the provision and positive discrimination. The latter is illegal. For the Borough to implement the provisions and be without running the risk of positive discrimination, it must be aware of the elements of equal merit, reasonableness and proportionate mean. These elements are critical for justifying positive action. Beside these challenges, the council has done well in proactively promoting the recruitment of disabled people through its “Positive about Disability”. For this commitment, the council was awarded the “Positive about Disability Two Tick symbol” as early as 2002. Creating a balance between positive action and positive discrimination is what the council need if it will retain the symbol under its Single Equality Scheme 2013 to 2016 Action Plan.
Within the strict anti-discrimination laws, LBBD must strike a balance between equality and diversity and the need to recruit the most qualified candidates to match the job description. The best way to go around this is by ensuring that the council attracts the most appropriate applicants among the people with protected characteristics. With this approach, the council will ensure that even it recruits people with protected characteristics, they are appropriate for the job.
1.3 Best practices
According to the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham (LBBD) recruitment policy, “the council aims to provide quality, accessible and relevant services for the local community, and believes that the success or otherwise of this aim is dependent upon the staff who work for it” (LBBD 2014). This strategic aim appears to incorporate some of the best practices in recruitment and selection. Some of the best practices in recruitment and selection include identifying the vacancy, proper job description, and using the appropriate advertisement strategy to attract the most suitable candidates for the job (French and Rumbles, 2010). The recruitment and selection process need also to be fair (Taylor, 2002; Flynn, 2012). Apart from advertisement, an organisation can as well recruit from within or use the services of employment agencies or recruitment consultants (Martin, Whiting and Jackson 2010). LBBD has undertaken measures to ensure that its recruitment and selection process falls within these best practices. Some of the LBBD’s recruitment strategies are:
(i) To recruit the right people into the right jobs at the right time and in the right numbers, in a fair, consistent and cost-effective way.
(ii) To recruit using clear and justifiable job-related criteria
LBBD “application pack” includes an application form where applicants fill in the details of the job they are applying for, a covering letter, job specification, person specification and the details about the department being applied for. The application pack may also include the service area the job is based and the particular conditions of appointment that are relevant to the job. Such an application pack contains the relevant information for a recruitment process. As Whiddett and Hollyforde (2003), Leatherbarrow, Fletcher and Currie (2010), Martin Whity and Jackson (2010) notes, an application pack should disclose more information about the vacant position and seek the right information from the applicants to match the job specification. The job specification, personal specification, details about the department applied to, the service area in the job and the particular conditions of appointment in the LBBD pack certifies the recruitment criteria. What the council needs to do to attract appropriate applicants is to use the AIDA (concept) in its job advertisement. The AIDA concept advocates that an effective advertisement has to create Attention, Interest, Desire and Action (Martin, Whity and Jackson 2010, p.134).
Once an organisation receives application, the next stage is selection. LBBD notifies those who are selected through letters or phone call. Whether to use either of this depends with the appropriate medium to reach those who are shortlisted. The main method of selection at LBBD is interviews which always involve the line manager. Where necessary, the selection process may include a test like presentation skills, listening skills and word processing.
The interview method as applied by the council has its own strength and weaknesses. It is the best method for assessing whether the applicant has the requisite communication and social skills required for a job, assessing the applicant’s knowledge of the job, determining compatibility, it is flexible, can obtain supplementary information, and may be the best method of picking the best among the equally qualified applicants (Flynn, 2012). However, the interview method may be subjective, influenced by stereotypes, give more weight to negative information and not as reliable as tests (French and Rumbles 2010). To improve in the selection process:
ü LBBD needs to rely more on tests where necessary.
ü In case it has to rely on interview, the council needs to put up measures to validate each process (Taylor, 2002).
ü In order to get the best out an interview, LBBD should follow the WASP (Welcome, Ask, Supply, and Part) interview structure (Martin, Whiting, and Jackson 2010)
ü The LBBD recruitment guidelines does not emphasise the importance of induction. As Newell, Brown and Swain (2012) have observed, induction is an important stage in the recruitment and selection process. The best practice in recruitment and selection is to treat induction as an important activity and to devote enough resources to actualise it. According to Martin, Whiting, and Jackson “new employees who have undergone an effective induction programme are likely to be competent performers at their jobs more quickly than those whose induction was scanty or non-existent’ (2010, p.145). Induction also helps in retention of newly recruited employees.
Beside the challenges in the recruitment, LBBD will also have to devise mechanism to deal with pressures exerted by the changing labour force. The UK is experiencing a demographic change of the labour force due to age variation, more women entering the labour force and more immigrants becoming part of the UK labour force. Other pressures include the increased demand by modern employees who are demanding flexibility in contract of employments (Erickson, 2008; CMI 2008).
2.0 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
As Armstrong and Baron correctly observes managing performance is a critical focus of human resource activity (2004). Basically the role of performance management is to ensure that employees are contributing their best towards the achievement of the organisation goals (Grint 1993). It is from this background that Armstrong and Baron define performance management as “a process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance (2004, p.1). As the CIPD (2014) notes, the qualities of a performance management is that it is strategic and integrated. It includes performance improvement, development and managing behaviour (CIPD 2014). As much as this process is important, organisations experience problems in developing processes, tools and delivery mechanisms to improve performance (Armstrong and Baron 2004).
The performance management at LBBD is based on the understanding that members, staff and residents expect the council to deliver quality services. As such the council has set its priorities around what it considers as the “LBBD Core Competency Framework”:
ü Customer first,
ü Achieving Excellence,
ü Working together,
ü Taking responsibility,
ü and Fairness and Respect
To support these priorities, LBBD has put in place a robust “Performance Management and Policy Development” structure. More importantly, the council has put in place Performance Indicators (PIs) to determine how it attains these priorities (CIPD 2010). In LBBD’s Performance Score 2013-2014 for instance, the achievement is measured around 11 indicators: Inspection Performance, Tenancy Audit Performance, Capita Performance, ASB Performance, Mutual Exchanges, Complaints Performance, Complaints Justified, Members Enquiry performance, Sign Up and SIV Performance, Voids Performance and Sickness Monitoring. The measurement for each of the indicators is done each month which is the best to show consistency (Brown, 2010). Each individual performance is linked to these indicators.
Performance management has the ability to transform an organisation if performed properly, but if it fails, like Likert (1959) it can lead to “irreparable harm”. According to Baron and Armstrong (1998), performance management fails when employees view it as a “punitive, top-down control device” rather than a holistic, total approach to engage everyone in an organisation. The process fails when organisation fails to develop effective tools, processes and delivery mechanism to monitor performance (Baron and Armstrong 2004; ACAS 2012).
Some of the best practices that can be adopted for the performance management process to produce the desired outcome include:
ü Frequent reviews and reports,
ü Communicating performance
ü Considering all the aspects of performance,
ü Ensuring that performance measures do not lead to perverse or negative behaviours
ü Reporting performance, and
ü Benchmarking performance against peers
The principle that runs through the best practices is fairness and objectivity.
The observance of these best practices has been so difficult to an extent that that Coens and Jenkins (2000) writing out of North America experience recommended “abolishing performance appraisals”. However, like Armstrong and Baron (2004), argue performance management can be effective if organisations:
(i) Design performance management processes that reflect the context and nature of the organisation,
(ii) Create supportive delivery mechanism, and
(iii) Evaluate and continuously develop performance management strategies to reflect the changing business environment.
As Brown also notes organisation can move to true performance management if they practice a “true performance management philosophy, rather than a top-down-imposed appraisal approach” (2010, p.4). A genuine performance management system can be realised if the whole process is simplified and both managers and employees made part of the system (E-reward 2005, Brown, 2010). To Coens and Jenkins (2000), providing a clear link between the appraisal and the organisation goals in the midst of extensive paperwork is an effective component of performance management.
Looking at the LBBD’s Performance Score 2013-2014, the council seems to be doing well if the performance indicators are anything to go by. Apart from in the ASB performance where satisfaction level averaged between 36 per cent and 60 percent between June 2013 and March 2014 all the other PIs averaged between 80 percent and 100 percent. Arguing from the perspective that effective performance management is associated with high performance, it is easier to conclude that LBBD has an effective performance management system.
In line with the best practices, LBBD has set a performance management environment in which managers meet their employees for a formal one-to-ones at least once in a month. This conforms to the best practice of frequent reviews. In addition, the council has established a monthly performance score meaning that there is frequent report. More importantly at the council, line managers are at the forefront of the review process.
Again, the LBBD’s principles of appraisal conform to the best practices. According to the LBBD’s performance management appraisal scheme, an appraisal is:
ü A chance for managers to show that they value their staff (LBBD 2005, p. 5)
ü Supportive, open and constructive
ü About staff doing their job and developing
ü Part of on-going management, and,
ü A formal process
These are sound principles to deconstruct the notion that performance management is a top-down thing (Mohrman, and Mohrman, 1995, p 72). Some of the measures that LBBD can do to improve on its performance are to simplify the paperwork, ensure that pay progressively increases as performance goals are met, and continue to provide training for both the appraisees and appraisers.
List of References
ACAS (2012) How to Manage Performance. [Online] Available at: http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/p/0/How-to-manage-performance-advisory-booklet.pdf (Accessed August 30, 2014)
Anderson, V (2009) Research Methods in Human Resource Management. London: CIPD
Armstrong, M & Baron, A (1998) Performance management and new realities. London: Institute of Personnel and Development
Armstrong, M & Baron, A (2004) Managing Performance: Performance Management in Action. London: CIPD
Armstrong, M (2009) Armstrong’s Handbook of Performance Management: An evidence-based guide to delivering high performance (4th Eds.). London: Kogan Page.
Audit Commission (2010) Strategic Housing Services- LBBD. London: Audit Commission
Barking and Dagenham Housing Strategy 2012-2017 [Online] Available at: http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/Housing/HousingAdvice/Documents/BarkingandDagenhamHousingStrategy201217.pdf (Accessed on August 26, 2014)
Baron A, & Armstrong M (2004) Out of the tick box. People Management, July 23.
Borrill, C & West M (2003) Effective HRM and Lower Patient Mortality. New York: Aston Business School
Brown, D (2010) Performance Management: Can the practice ever deliver the policy? London: Institute of Employment Studies.
CIPD (2010) Performance Management. [Online] Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/64B9C9FD-8168-4EDC-9B71-DD3D8B5C2B90/0/performance_management_discussion_paper.pdf (Accessed on August 30,2014)
CIPD (2014) Performance Management: An overview. [Online] Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/performance-management-overview.aspx (Accessed on August 30, 2014)
CMI (2008) Generation Y: unlocking the talent of young managers. London: CMI
Coens, T & Jenkins M (2000) Abolishing Performance Appraisals and what to do Instead. New York: Berret-Koehler
Equality Act 2010
E-reward (2005) What is Happening in Performance management Today? Part 1, Survey Findings. Research Report 32.
Erickson, T (2008) Ten Reasons Generation Xers are Unhappy at Work. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing
Fincham, R and Rhodes P (2005) Principles of Organisational Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flynn, N (2012) Public Sector Management, (6th Eds.). London: Sage.
French, R & Rumbles, S (2010) ‘Recruitment and Selection’. In G Rees and R French Leading, Managing and Developing People (3rd Eds.) p. 169-190. London: CIPD
Grint K (1993) What is Wrong with Performance Appraisal: a critique and a suggestion. Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 3(3), pp61-77
LBBD (2005) Performance Management Appraisal Scheme: Guidelines for Appraisees. London: LBBD.
LBBD (2005) Performance Management: Appraisal Scheme. [Online] Available at: http://www.gmbapexb11.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Appraisal-Scheme-Guidelines-Appraisees.pdf (Accessed on August 30, 2014).
LBBD (2013) Single Equality Scheme 2013-2016 [Online] Available at: http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/CommunityPeopleAndLiving/Cohesion/Documents/SES%20formatted%20signed%20off%20version%200313.pdf (accessed on August 28, 2014)
LBBD (2014) Core Competency Framework. [Online] Available at: http://moderngov.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=29575 (Accessed on August 30,2014)
LBBD (2014) Performance and Innovation. [Online] Available at: http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/CouncilandDemocracy/Information/Pages/PolicyandPerformance.aspx (Accessed on August 30, 2014)
LBBD (2014) Positive about Disability. [Online] Available at: http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/JobsAndCareers/Awards/Pages/Positiveaboutdisability.aspx (Accessed on August 28, 2014)
LBBD (2014) Recruitment Document. [Online] Available at: http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/JobsAndCareers/Documents/Recruitment-Booklet.pdf (Accessed on August 30, 2014)
Leatherbarrow, C, Fletcher, J & Currie, D (2010) Introduction to Human Resource Management: A Guide to HR in Practice (2nd Eds.). London: CIPD:
Likert R (1959) Motivation approach to management development. Harvard Business Review July, Vol. 37
Linstead, S, Fulop, L. and Lilley, S (2014) Management and Organisation – a critical text, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan
Martin M, Whiting F & Jackson, T (2010) ‘Recruitment and Selection’. In M Martin and Whiting F Human Resource Practice (5th Eds.) (pp. 109-155). London: CIPD
Martin, M, Whity, F and Jackson, T (2010) Human Resource Practice, (5th Eds.). CIPD: London.
Mohrman, Am & Mohrman, SA (1995) Performance management is ‘running the business. Compensation & Benefits Review. July-August, pp 69-75
Newell Brown, J and Swain, A (2012) The Professional Recruiter's Handbook: Delivering Excellence in Recruitment Practice, (2nd Eds.). London: Kogan Page.
Noe, RA et al (2011) Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (4th Eds.). London: The McGraw-Hill
Proctor, G & Leighton, P (2003) Recruiting within the law. London: CIPD
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974
Taylor, S (2002) People Resourcing. London: CIPD
Whiddett, S & Hollyforde, S (2003) A Practical Guide to Competencies. London: CIPD | <urn:uuid:1d14f9dc-941c-461d-8970-90040bd2f93a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://buyessay.co.uk/samples/human-resource-management/understanding-human-resource-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057598.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925052020-20210925082020-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.911084 | 4,934 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In the last post I showed off some newly made socket chisel handles and justified the use of octagonal shaping on the back section. If you liked the finished product and wanted to see how I made them, then this post is for you. Ideally, if I were some kind of master sculptor I could just envision the shape I need within the blank, and turn it by eye and intuition, but that would not end well. I need repeatability.
I started with a pattern from a chisel handle I liked. Since I was planning to make several handles, I transferred the length marks onto a piece of thin wood scrap (cardboard works well too). The marks indicate the position of the socket tenon shoulder, the maximum rise at the hilt, the start of the flat region, and the end of the handle. I sketch in the socket tenon just so I visually remember which end is which. Each socket is different so the actual length of the tenon will be different, and can not be made part of the template. The template is just for marking the lengths, not the diameters.
Determining the size of the chisel socket
To get the maximum diameter of the inner portion of the socket, I simply use the interior measure tines on my calipers. I then use the outside measure of the calipers to gauge my work with the parting tool while I turn the widest part of the tenon.
The red line in the photo above indicates the maximum diameter of the tenon, and the blue line indicates the minimum. For my method, the minimum diameter is always the same diameter as a pencil eraser. Why a pencil eraser??? Because I use a pencil eraser to measure the depth.
I use a pencil eraser because it takes a depth measurement of a specific measurable diameter without going all the way to the pointed bottom of the socket. In designing the tenon for the socket, it is very important that neither the tip of the tenon nor the shoulder of the tenon be allowed to bottom out. If either of them bottom out, then the handle can’t be driven into the socket any deeper. If they can’t go any deeper, then they can’t get any tighter if their is any seasonal contraction of the wood or crushing of the wood fibers during heavy use with a mallet. With the length of the tenon measured with the pencil, I transfer that length to the blank and use the parting tool to turn down to the diameter of the eraser. I then use the skew chisel to cut a tapered tenon that goes from the cut shoulder to the tip. I leave it just a touch over-sized in diameter so that I can use a wood file or fine rasp to custom fit it into the socket. Sometimes the sockets are not symmetrical so some hand adjustment with a file is always needed.
Then next step is to use the parting tool to bring down the diameter of the tenon shoulder to match the outer diameter of the socket. This makes it so there is a smooth transition from the wood into the metal.
Shaping the Chisel Handle
Once the rest of the handle has been roughed down to the desired diameter, I start cutting in the overall shape that I want.
I cut in the key diameters with the parting tool, then I use a roughing gouge and a skew chisel to get the shapes I want. Once I have the shape I want, I turn to some sandpaper on the lathe to smooth out some of my transitions. Then I switch to the green and finally the gray sanding pads. Then put some shavings in my hand and hold them to the spinning handle to burnish it. I love watching the shiny smooth surface appear. Most could stop here and wipe on a finish of choice, but I wanted octagonal flats, so I wasn’t finished yet.
Making the octagonal flats
I wanted the barrel section of the chisel handle to have octagonal flats for comfort and control. In truth, I don’t need to cut octagonal flats. Since the handle is already circular in cross section, I can approximate an octagon by just cutting four flats on the circle.
I experimented with a few methods of cutting the flats. I used a block plane, a spoke shave and a card scraper. All worked just fine. Of the three methods, I favored the card scraper. It was the most forgiving of grain direction and it followed the contour of the handle along its length which made the resulting flats feel a bit more natural. I simply clamped the handle my vise with one side of the handle facing up. I always looked for any region of tear-out from the lathe and chose that to be face up. This assured the defect was removed. I would then use the card scraper to create the first flat. When the flat was the width I wanted, I turned the handle so that the flat rested firmly against the face of the vise, and scraped in another flat on the part of the handle that was facing up. Repeating those steps 2 more times results in four flats that are equally spaced around the circular handle. In a couple cases I had to sand a bit of roughness out, but usually the scraper left a smooth surface.
I then returned the handle to the lathe (I had not cut the end bits off yet) and spun the handle round while holding a grey sanding pad up to it to finish sand the flats and round over the corners just a bit. Another bit of burnishing with some shavings in my hand as I pumped the foot treadle up and down and the entire handle came back with a sheen. To finish off the handles I applied a few quick coats of amber shellac while it was still on the lathe.
After this step I remove the handle from the lathe and cut loose the handle with a flush cut saw. I use a wood file to file down any remainder of the stump on the end of the handle. Forcing the tenon into the chisel socket and turning it a bit, leaves tell tale black marks on the tenon and indicate where filing must be done. Repeat the test fits and filing until the handle seats deeply and securely but still leaves at least a 1/8th of an inch between the socket and the tenon shoulder when fit by hand. A few whacks with a mallet will quickly shrink that to 1/16th of an inch.
If by chance you over-file and end up with the shoulder snug up against the socket, use a file to cut the shoulder back a bit and take the same amount off the tip of the tenon. Again, neither the tenon shoulder nor the tip of the tenon should bottom out in the socket.
A well made chisel handle should fit securely and be comfortable to use. If I was making handles for chisels that need to stand up to heavy bashing, then I would consider putting either leather washers on the end, or a brass or iron ferule to help hold the handle together.
Safety warning: If you aren’t already in the habit of carrying your socket chisels by the socket, make it a habit (something you do without thinking). This way you can be certain the iron won’t fall on your foot while the wood handle remains in your hand.
Resources for making new chisel handles
- Bob Smalser on rehabilitating old chisels including making handles without a lathe and making a leather washered chisel handle.
- James Thompson at wkfinetools shows the process of making socket handles or tanged handles for a chisel and a lengthy post on making nice chisel handles complete with bronze ferules.
- Tanged and socket handle tutorials on the NorseWoodsmith.
- Derek Cohen re-handling an oval bolstered mortise chisel (pig sticker).
- Re-handling modern chisels at Popular Woodworking
<< 1 2 | <urn:uuid:918a3d4c-a1ef-4888-8154-cac0f6c840fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.timberframe-tools.com/tools/making-chisel-handles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00507-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933224 | 1,655 | 2.53125 | 3 |
"Today's Promise, Tomorrow's Future: The Social and Educational Factors Contributing to the Outcomes of Hispanics in Urban Schools"
A new study takes a close look at how Hispanic students in urban school systems are faring compared with their non-Hispanic white peers nationally.
The report by the Council of the Great City Schools also delves into the achievement of Hispanic students who are former English-language learners and compares their progress with that of Hispanic peers who are ELLs and those who are not.
Compared with their white and black peers, Hispanic children are less likely to be able to recognize the alphabet, count to 20 or higher, and write their names upon entering kindergarten, according to the report.
It also notes that Hispanic students achieve lower scores than their white peers on National Assessment of Educational Progress reading and mathematics exams and are more likely than their white and black counterparts to drop out of high school.
Vol. 31, Issue 13, Pages 4-5Published in Print: December 7, 2011, as Hispanic Students | <urn:uuid:f50220a7-2f09-41f1-b434-739aa28406ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2011/12/07/13report-2.h31.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210387.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815235729-20180816015729-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.964198 | 208 | 2.96875 | 3 |
dictionary.reference.com/browse/Human Nature Ethics
Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, .... Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics, Book X) suggests that the human intellect (νούς) is "smallest in bulk" but the most ..... He defined human nature as a collection of epigenetic rules: the genetic patterns of mental development.
Does the idea of “nature” provide any kind of ethical touchstone to guide and to .... He is making claims about what is species-typical for humans, but the claims ...
May 15, 2011 ... Aristotle's Ethics: Moral Development and Human Nature .... (for example, readers can look at the definition of moral virtue at 1106b36-1107a2, ...
Human nature ethics refers to a system of behavioral standards that humans are born knowing. It has no relation to ethics based on an absolute power such as a ...
Part of a four-part series of essays on human nature: ... In practice, these norms appear to arise out of a group consensus of what is and is not permissible.
Jul 11, 2007 ... (For an account of some problems associated with defining human nature, see David Hull (1986) 'On Human Nature', PSA 2: 3-13). In trying to ...
Thus, human nature is the ground or criterion for what is morally good ... practical and moral knowledge and arguments—to have ethical knowledge about killing ...
Human nature definition, the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind, especially in contrast with other living things. See more.
They read it as an answer to the question, “What is a virtuous agent?” Having already ... (2) A virtue is a character trait a human being, given her (human) nature,. | <urn:uuid:b13d77f2-3720-424c-af07-607cc5f5c741> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=Define+Human+Nature+Ethics&oo=2603&o=0&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1&qo=popularsearches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.850493 | 374 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Story of Titanic
Why was Titanic built?
In the summer of 1907, Lord William Pirrie (chairman of Harland & Wolff Shipbuilders) invited Bruce Ismay (director of the White Star Line of steamships) to his summer residence. After dining together, the gentlemen made plans for building three large passenger ships, which were to surpass all other steamers on the Atlantic by their size and luxury. The need for new ships was serious since Cunard, a competing shipping company, had used a generous support from the British Government to build two large steamships that were then called the miracles of the century. Those ships, Mauretania and Lusitania, were the biggest and fastest steamers in the world. Achieving greater speeds was rather complicated and energy-consuming, which was why the managers of White Star decided to invest in comfort and luxury instead of racing against Cunard.
Who built Titanic?
The three gigantic steamers — Olympic, Titanic and Britannic — were built in Belfast, Ireland. Harland & Wolff shipbuilders had had a long-standing cooperation with White Star Line and had built a number of innovative ships.
The construction of Olympic begun earlier. The keel of Titanic, bearing the yard number of 401, was laid on 31 March 1909. The ship had a double bottom and 15 watertight bulkheads, which were meant to keep the ship floating even in the case of a major leakage. More than 3 million rivets were used for the ship’s hull. Titanic was 269 metres long and 28 metres wide. The hull was launched on 31 May 1911 and thereafter, the entire ship was completed at a fitting-out berth and in dry dock. On 2 April 1912, i.e. two days after the completion of the ship, the sea trials began. Over the course of about twelve hours, Titanic was driven at different speeds, her turning ability was tested and a ‘crash stop’ was performed, in which the engines were reversed from full ahead to full astern. On 4 April 1912, Titanic arrived in Southampton in order to take aboard the crew and passengers and to set out for her maiden voyage. | <urn:uuid:688a0ac7-3766-4f78-8592-e88f2dac64e2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://titanic.lennusadam.eu/en/story-of-titanic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442420.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00073-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986839 | 448 | 3.703125 | 4 |
1 Thessalonians 1:1-10
1. Let’s first get to know the Thessalonians. Read Acts 17:1-10. What information is given about the city and its people?
2. Deeper Discoveries (optional): Look in the study notes of your Bible, a Bible handbook, or online website such as www.bible.org to find out about this area and its history, the people, government, commerce, religion, prevailing philosophies, etc.
3. Paul wrote this epistle only months after leaving Thessalonica and giving a sermon in Athens. Read Acts 17:22-31. What main thoughts were fresh on his mind when he wrote his first letter to the Thessalonians? You will notice similar thoughts expressed as we study this letter.
4. Read 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10. Paul often greets with the words “grace and peace.” What is the connection between these two words? See Ephesians 2:8 and Romans 5:1-2.
Focus on the Meaning: “Grace” was a common Greek salutation that meant “greeting” or “rejoice.” “Peace” is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew “shalom” meaning “favor,” “well-being,” and “prosperity in the widest sense,” especially prosperity in spiritual matters. Paul used both words when he greeted the recipients of his epistles. God’s grace is the basis for and leads to our peace. (Constable’s Notes on 1 Thessalonians, p. 5)
5. From these first 10 verses, what would you say is the tone/mood of Paul’s letter?
6. Read 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10. Although no church is perfect, there are definite marks of maturity Paul emphasizes when commending a church. What characteristics of this church does Paul commend in v. 3?
Scriptural Insight: “These three Christian virtues—faith, love, and hope—occupied a large place in early analyses of Christian responsibility. The expectation was that in every life faith would work (Gal 5:6; James 2:18), love would labor (Rev 2:2, 4), and hope would endure (Rom 5:2-4; 8:24, 25). This threefold balance probably arose even before Paul’s doctrinal stance had matured and perhaps came from the teachings of Christ himself.” (Robert L. Thomas, “1 Thessalonians.” In Ephesians-Philemon. Vol. 11 of The Expositor’s Bible Commentary.)
7. Search the passage for specific results of each characteristic and record them!
8. Reread verses 4 and 5. Discuss the assurances Paul gives to the Thessalonians. See also Acts 17:2-4.
9. So, how did this guide Paul in ministering to these young believers? After all, who is really in charge?
10. In v. 5 the Thessalonians are reminded about the character and reputation of Paul and his companions. Reread Acts 17:1-10. Describe Paul and his companions in the context of their stay in Thessalonica.
11. According to 1 Thessalonians 1:2-10, how had the Thessalonians imitated Paul and his companions?
12. Gaining Perspective: Like the Thessalonian believers:
· Of whom are we to be imitators?
· What principles should be guiding us in imitating others? See Ephesians 5:1-2 and 1 Timothy 4:12.
· What kind of example are you providing for those around you to imitate?
From the Greek: The word exechetai, translated “rang out” or “echoed” could be rendered “reverberated.” Paul saw the Thessalonians as amplifiers or relay stations that not only received the gospel message but sent it farther on its way with increased power and scope…The Thessalonians had acted as relay runners by passing the gospel they had heard on to farther places. They were a missionary church. (The Bible Knowledge Commentary New Testament, p. 692; Constable’s Notes on 1 Thessalonians, p. 8)
13. Gaining Perspective: Paul writes that the gospel had echoed forth from Thessalonica to surrounding regions. What part are you playing in the echoing forth of the gospel from your home church?
14. Read 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10. Verse 9 gives us the perfect definition of repentance—to change one’s mind. About what did the Thessalonians change their mind?
15. They turned to and encountered the living and true God. Describe how it impacted their daily lives.
Historical Insight: “The fact that God is a living Person was precious to the Jews and to Paul; this is the characteristic by which God is most often distinguished from so-called gods in the Old Testament. He is the only loving God; all other gods are not alive and therefore not worthy objects of worship.” (The Bible Knowledge Commentary New Testament, p. 692)
16. Gaining Perspective: When you first believed, about what did you change your mind?
· How has your life altered since encountering the living and true God?
· Has your life impacted others in your sphere of influence?
· Consider using a creative means (poem, song, drawing, craft) to illustrate what has happened to your life since encountering the living and true God.
17. Read 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10. Verse 10 says that another aspect of our faith is waiting for Jesus’ return. What evidence do we have that Jesus is indeed returning? See Acts 1:11 and 1 Corinthians 15:12-20.
Think About It: “Believers live anticipating a coronation (2 Timothy 4:8) rather than a condemnation.” (Constable’s Notes on 1 Thessalonians, p. 9)
18. Contrast the hope of the believers with the fate of the unbelievers when He returns. See Colossians 3:3-4; 6; John 3:18; John 3:36; and Romans 8:1.
· Hope of the believers—
· Fate of the unbelievers—
19. Gaining Perspective: How is this first chapter of 1 Thessalonians an encouragement to you? | <urn:uuid:e243dbb2-3633-4809-81fc-eb394395b95c> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://bible.org/print/book/export/html/20617 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457697.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00291-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943981 | 1,399 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Parents of young children are being reminded to make sure their child is protected from flu this winter by getting a free nasal spray vaccination.
In some areas of Nottinghamshire, flu vaccination rates are lower for this age group than this time last year and lower than the national target of 40 per cent.
The vaccine will help protect your child against flu and serious complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and also more vulnerable friends and family, county health chiefs say.
This year, the flu vaccine is being offered to:
- Children aged two and three years
- Children in reception class and school years 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Children with a health condition that puts them at greater risk of flu
The nasal spray, which is painless and easy to have, has been given to millions of children worldwide and has an excellent safety record since it was introduced in 2013, Notts County Council says.
Children aged two and three-years-old will be given the vaccination at their local GP usually by the practice nurse. Children in reception class and school years 1, 2, 3 and 4, will have the vaccination in school.
Councillor Stuart Wallace, chairman of Nottinghamshire County Council’s Adult Social Care and Public Health Committee, said: “Flu can be spread more easily by children, especially to vulnerable relatives such as grandparents, those with heart or lung conditions and pregnant family members.
“With Christmas on the horizon, grandparents are more at risk of catching the flu virus from their grandchildren if they’ve not been vaccinated. There is still time to get your child vaccinated before the flu season reaches its peak.”
Toddlers are referred to as “super-spreaders” for tending not to wipe their noses or cover their mouths when sneezing.
The nasal spray vaccine last year reduced children’s risk of flu by 65 per cent according to Public Health England. | <urn:uuid:2b632d14-1e20-4ae5-aacf-1903f588c516> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/news/local-news/make-sure-your-child-gets-851103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889574.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025154704-20201025184704-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.968083 | 395 | 2.765625 | 3 |
After years of declining rates of colorectal cancer (CRC), a study from the American Cancer Society raises the specter that not all is going as well as we would have hoped, especially among younger folks born since 1990. And that raises the question of what the future holds for this frequently preventable form of cancer, including a possible reexamination of when it is appropriate to start CRC screening for people at average risk of developing the disease.
The research, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute looked at the rates of colon and rectal cancer diagnoses from 1974 through 2013 in several parts of the country. The researchers were particularly interested in changing patterns of CRC in people 20 years of age and older who were diagnosed with invasive CRC from 1974 through 2013.
There is a lot of complexity in the published results, so let’s focus on the main messages of the study:
- After decreasing since 1974, colon cancer incidence rates increased by 1 percent to 2 percent per year from the mid-1980s through 2013 in adults ages 20 to 39. In adults 40 to 54, rates increased by 0.5 percent to 1 percent per year from the mid-1990s through 2013.
- Rectal cancer incidence rates have been increasing even longer and faster than colon cancer, rising about 3 percent per year from 1974 to 2013 in adults ages 20 to 29 and from 1980 to 2013 in adults ages 30 to 39. In adults ages 40 to 54, rectal cancer rates increased by 2 percent per year from the 1990s to 2013. In contrast, rectal cancer rates in adults age 55 and older have generally been declining for at least 40 years, well before widespread screening.
- Opposing trends in young versus older adults over two decades have closed a previously wide gap in disease risk for people in their early 50s compared to those in their late 50s. Both colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in adults ages 50 to 54 were half those in adults ages 55 to 59 in the early 1990s, but in 2012 to 2013, they were just 12.4 percent lower for colon and were equal for rectal cancer.
I think it is fair to say that these results were not expected. We had seen a decline in CRC rates for a number of years, even before CRC screening became widespread. Now, we are seeing not only an increased rate of CRC in people between 50 and 55 — the age when most people should start screening — we are also seeing an increase in CRC in people starting in their 40s, along with increases in younger age groups.
Since most recommendations for CRC screening tell us to start at age 50, that raises the question of whether we need to reconsider that recommendation. And, rest assured, the American Cancer Society is going to look carefully at all of the evidence to determine whether that starting age needs to be changed. In the meantime, these results underscore the need for everyone at average risk for CRC — that is, without a family history of CRC or other genetic abnormality or an underlying illness such as ulcerative colitis that increases risk in younger folks — to get screened as soon as they turn 50 and not delay as many people are prone to do.
Another important finding is the increasing risk of rectal cancer in younger people. A larger percentage of people diagnosed today with CRC have rectal cancer compared to years past. And although we are seeing dramatic increases in the very youngest group studied as part of this report — namely, those between ages 20-29 — we must remember that rectal cancer is still an uncommon disease in that age group.
Over time, if these trends continue, CRC will become a more important problem for younger people. As a result, it is important that we realize it can happen, and it is happening with increasing frequency. For health care professionals, they can no longer assume that abdominal signs and symptoms such as blood in the stool can be passed off as hemorrhoids. It could be an underlying cancer, and people with that medical complaint may well need a more thorough evaluation.
CRC rates for younger people are now the same as they were in the late 1800s, more than 100 years ago. Why that is happening is not clear, and could be due to a number of factors including increasing alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyles and obesity, not to mention what we eat such as increased amounts of red meat.
No matter the cause, the data is the data, and the data point us in a direction of continued research and vigilance, not to mention reinforcing that you should get screened for CRC beginning at age 50 in accordance with American Cancer Society guidelines. If the American Cancer Society does change our recommendations for CRC screening, we will be certain to let everyone know as soon as possible.
Meanwhile, let’s get past the squeamishness associated with colorectal cancer. Even saying those words leads some of us to recoil. Dealing with the C-O-L-O-N and R-E-C-T-U-M may not be something you want to deal with, however dealing with it may save your life or the life of someone you love.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:4799a91e-8740-4771-94e6-03072b7e926b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.kevinmd.com/2017/05/young-people-getting-colorectal-cancer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.977393 | 1,051 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Conservation-based study by Fermanian Business and Economic Institute to be shared at San Diego Zoo event
A conservation-based field may be the next economic trend for San Diego, according to an impact report to be released next week. The report, commissioned by the San Diego Zoo from the Fermanian Business & Economic Institute (FBEI) at Point Loma Nazarene University, works to quantify the burgeoning field of biomimicry and its effect on San Diego. Details of the report will be announced by Dr. Lynn Reaser, chief economist of the FBEI and principal author of the report, at an event at the San Diego Zoo on November 18.
Biomimicry is the discipline of studying nature’s best ideas and then applying these designs and processes to solve human problems. Notable examples of biomimicry-inspired products include Velcro, wind turbines inspired from whale flippers, bullet trains based upon a kingfisher’s beak, and many others. Companies that are currently working in this field include QUALCOMM, Proctor and Gamble, and PAX Scientific, as well as entrepreneurial startups.
“The completed report organizes many existing efforts in this field by significant companies across the globe, then develops in greater detail the potential economic and investment implications on the global, U.S., and regional economies, and finally articulates a compelling case for making the San Diego region a global biomimicry hub,” said Randy M. Ataide, executive director of the FBEI. ““Biomimicry could represent a revolutionary change in our economy by transforming many of the ways we think about designing, producing, transporting and distributing goods and services.”
The San Diego Zoo’s effort to build biomimicry as a new approach to solving technical and economic challenges arises from its mission to conserve endangered species. “The key to biomimicry is the value we place on natural systems and species,” said Paula Brock, chief financial officer for the San Diego Zoo. “Biomimicry offers an opportunity to bring successful economics together with conservation. We hope this study will inspire new companies and entrepreneurs to focus upon the development of this field.”
A key finding of the report is that biomimicry holds the potential to attract sizable capital inflows, driven by the prospects of rapid growth and high rates of return, and that venture capital potential could flow into the field at a pace at least equal to that of biotech, estimated to be about $4.5 billion in the U.S. in 2010. Modeling done by the FBEI projects that a San Diego biomimicry hub could add $325 million to San Diego’s gross regional product and $162 million in total personal income on an annual basis, with an initial 2,100 new jobs created for San Diego.
The study also analyzed the multi-year efforts of the San Diego Zoo, administered by San Diego Zoo Global, in encouraging the viability of biomimicry and concluded that this work and investment in the field has successfully positioned the region to now lead in the formation of a global biomimicry hub composed of critical regional stakeholders including for-profit and non-profit firms, government agencies, private and public universities, scientists, researchers and entrepreneurs. The study determined that “The Zoo is currently the only facilities-based provider of biomimicry services in the world” and also that “The Zoo plans to build the first biomimicry research and education network to drive major biomimicry research and commercial applications.”
Attendees at the upcoming event will receive a copy of the entire report. Registration is required to attend. To RSVP for the November 18, 2010, event at the San Diego Zoo, visit www.sandiegozoo.org/biomimicry or call 619-231-1515, extension 5477. For further information or a copy of the report, contact Helen Cheng at HCheng@sandiegozoo.org or 619-552-3927 or Cathy Gallagher at the FBEI at CathyGallagher@pointloma.edu or 619-849-2564.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE REPORT IS AVAILABLE AT www.pointloma.edu/economicreports
The 100-acre San Diego Zoo is dedicated to the conservation of endangered species and their habitats. The organization focuses on conservation and research work around the globe, educates millions of individuals a year about wildlife and maintains accredited horticultural, animal, library and photo collections. The Zoo also manages the 1,800-acre San Diego Zoo Safari Park (historically referred to as the Wild Animal Park), which includes a 900-acre native species reserve, and the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research. The important conservation and science work of these entities is supported in part by The Foundation of the Zoological Society of San Diego.
Point Loma Nazarene University is a selective liberal arts university located
in San Diego, California, and sits on a 90-acre campus overlooking the Pacific
Ocean. In addition to more than 50 undergraduate areas of study, PLNU offers
graduate program regional centers in Bakersfield, Arcadia, Mission Valley (San Diego) and the Inland Empire. Founded in 1902, PLNU serves more than 3,500 students. | <urn:uuid:8cc63277-3bca-48f2-a401-b8a49cc60fc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://fbei.wordpress.com/2010/11/11/biomimicry-may-be-major-economic-driver-for-san-diego/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689471.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923033313-20170923053313-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922608 | 1,127 | 2.65625 | 3 |
3D Animation Workshop: Lesson 2: 3D Building an Object
Lesson 2 - Building an Object - Part 3
Now another big mental step. How do we go from the points alone to a solid object? We use the points to represent the vertices (corners) of six separate squares that form the surface of the cube. The points are used to define linked polygons that define the shape of the cube. Using points, and connecting them to create polygons, we create a MODEL that can be viewed, or "rendered" by 3-D software.
Notice how the very tips of the 3 axes are visible in this rendering. This help us to understand where the cube is located in our space. To clarify things even more, we will make the cube translucent, so that the axes may be seen within.
Now that we see how a 3-D object is created by using points to create surface polygons (in this case, squares), we can return to the ideas of transformation from Lesson 1. By transforming the upper group of points downward in y (from y=1 to y=.5) and transforming the lower group upward in y (from y=-1 to y=-.5), the cube is compressed vertically. This demonstrates how scaling (resizing) is achieved by transformation of coordinates.
By transforming all the points together, we can rotate the object around the vertical axis.
And then rotate it again, this time around the z axis.
Can you see the complex effect of rotating around two different axes? Look carefully.
Finally, we translate (move) the entire object back away from our point of view.
In this lesson, we have seen how points are used to create objects by connecting these points to make flat surfaces. This is fine for a cube, or even for something as complex as a cut diamond, because these are all objects with flat, or "planar" surfaces. So how would we create curved surfaces, like those of a ball? Surprisingly enough, it is done in the same way we create the cube, out of flat surfaces. We'll explain this central mystery of 3-D graphics in Lesson 3.
|To Return to Parts 1 and 2, Use Arrow Buttons||
Created: March 4, 1997
Revised: March 6, 1998 | <urn:uuid:d608005e-bccf-4ec8-86a3-a87bf52be235> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.webreference.com/3d/lesson2/part3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915895 | 477 | 4.5625 | 5 |
An estimated 1.4bn tonnes of food intended for human consumption is wasted per year, including a great quantity of fresh produce destined for the supermarket.
The global volume of vegetable food waste, not including agricultural waste, is estimated at 400m tons per year. Up to 40% of crop vegetables can be disregarded within the supply chain because they do not meet the aesthetic requirements of supermarkets.
At the same time, public health agencies across the bloc are pushing for consumers to increase their daily intake of vegetables.
“Tonnes of vegetables never get through the eye of the needle in the shops because they have the wrong shape or colour. However, they are just as nutritious, tasty and healthy as the ‘perfect vegetables’,” said Nofima food researcher Trond Løvdal, who is leading an EU-funded research project to improve use of raw materials and food quality.
“They are just as nutritious, tasty and healthy as the ‘perfect vegetables’,” he continued. Throwing away these vegetables is a waste of good healthy food.”
Together with researchers across Europe, the InProve project is working to address this issue by developing food ingredients made from vegetable waste.
Fibre-rich ingredient made from root veggies
Not all ‘imperfect’ crops are thrown away. Some are used for biofuels and animal feed. And a growing number of start-ups, such as UK-based Oddbox, are ‘rescuing’ wonky fruit and veg for delivery to consumers in London and its surrounds.
To address what is not up- or down-cycled, the InProve research team processed vegetable by-products at the Belgian ILVO research institute.
Root pieces and other vegetable by-products were transformed into a fibre-rich ingredient the researchers believed could be used as a functional ingredient in plant-based formulations.
In a vegan burger, for example, the researchers combined their ingredient with soy-based proteins. This mixture was then blended with protein isolates and concentrates, before being extruded into meat replacers via high moisture extrusion cooking (HMEC) techniques.
According to the InProve team, the results were ‘amazing’. “The way in which the fibrous ingredients were produced made the burgers juicier and created a higher content of dietary fibre, which we know that many Europeans do not get enough of,” said Løvdal.
Making processed food healthier
Aside from the obvious sustainability angle, the research project also responds to public health concerns across the bloc.
The handful of fruit and vegetable producers involved in the project see an opportunity for greater intake of nutritious foods. “By focusing on the use of vegetable side streams in food, we try to create healthier versions, we try to create healthier versions of our favourite recipes, without sacrifice or compromise,” said Bernd Lambrechts, R&D Director at fruit and vegetable producer Greenyard Prepared.
“We see it as an easy way to add vegetables to your plate.”
Other food players involved in the project include Norwegian processed food manufacturer Fjordland and potato producer Hoff.
The innovation also addresses demand for processed foods. According to the research group, the ‘big increase’ in the processed food market ‘speaks for itself’: “It is important for consumers to have access to food that is easy to prepare, preferably in a short time and with little effort”.
InProve is leveraging a ‘simple’ biorefinery process to achieve a ‘fibrous powder’ from the vegetable by-products, which the researchers say makes for ‘great functionality’.
“It has excellent water holding capacity, making it swell during processing in a way that makes vegan burgers juicier, while simultaneously increasing their fibre content,” said ILVO senior researcher Bart Van Droogenbroeck.
ILVO researchers also tested by-products from carrots, black salsify, peas and mushrooms, and believe these could be suitable as meat substitutes or to increase the content of plant-based proteins in minced meat products.
While ‘many people’ are wary about consuming too much processed food, InProve believes there is a way to incorporate processing into diets that is good for people and good for the planet.
“We are keen to employ new technologies that can make processed food both healthier and more sustainable.” | <urn:uuid:da0d0d76-2bd7-45a3-8838-fa677102d0e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/03/03/upcycling-vegetable-by-products-into-fibre-rich-ingredients-for-juicier-burgers-we-can-make-processed-food-healthier-and-more-sustainable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.955443 | 936 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Beyond Visual Range combat ( BVR ) is a kind of aerial warfare which is foughten at a range the pilot can´t see his enemy with his own eyes, what means that he must track him using it´s radar or ther long-range detection systems. The engagement is called Visual Range combat ( WVR ), if the two aircraft are fighting at a distance closer than 18.5 km.
Beyond Visual Range tactics could be called intercepting tactics, while the pilot tries in an interception to get behind the enemy airplane at an increased range. Some aircraft, like early versions of the MiG-29 Fulcrum, were not able to fight in Beyond Visual Range, what means that they will shoot at the enemy later ( sometimes too late ).
Very important in Beyond Visual Range combat is "First look, First shot, First kill" advantage, primarly achieved by the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and at a lower grade by the upcoming F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the F-22 is this strong in BVR combat because of unsurpassed avionic and stealth capabilities.
The Russian Sukhoi PAK-FA and the Chinese Chengdu J-20 Black Eagle are expected to be very powerful in BVR combat as well, but the F-22 is more powerful, because of superior stealth performance and a more advanced long range radar and better avionics. | <urn:uuid:3a420d44-0c19-42bc-ac94-e86df3ecb017> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://aircraft.wikia.com/wiki/Beyond_Visual_Range_combat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323588.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628083538-20170628103538-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.951578 | 283 | 2.625 | 3 |
Have you been feeling tired lately, even though you have been getting a good night’s sleep every night? If so, your body may lack iron, causing you to suffer from an iron deficiency without even knowing it, especially if you are a woman. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, almost 10% of women are iron deficient and likely don’t realize it.
Iron deficiency is, fortunately, quite easy to correct with changes to diet and possibly incorporating iron supplements into your daily routine. First, you should learn to identify the symptoms when you lack iron so you know when to go see your doctor.
The Importance of Iron to the Body
While most people don’t consider iron as being a nutrient, it is actually an essential mineral to the human body. Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body. If your iron levels are low, your body will not get the oxygen it needs to function, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue.
Iron also has other important uses to your body. It is essential in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. Furthermore, iron is used in the production of several hormones in the body, meaning that if you lack iron, your mood and overall health may be affected.
Symptoms of Iron Deficiency
If you lack iron, early symptoms may be so mild that they simply go unnoticed. However, as your body becomes more and more depleted of iron and the anemia increases, the signs and symptoms will also increase. Some of the most common iron deficiency symptoms are:
- Extreme fatigue
- Pale skin
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Frequent infections
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Cold hands and feet
- Inflammation or soreness of your tongue
- Brittle nails
- Fast heartbeat
- Unusual cravings for non-nutritive substances, such as ice, dirt, or starch
- Poor appetite, especially in infants and children with iron deficiency anemia
- An uncomfortable tingling or crawling feeling in your legs (restless leg syndrome)
If you or one of your loved ones develops these symptoms and you are unsure what the underlying cause actually is, see your doctor. If you lack iron, it cannot be self diagnosed, and self treatment is, for the most part, limited to what you choose to eat. A doctor will be able to prescribe the best treatment, including diet changes and even iron supplements to return your iron levels back to normal.
Five Reasons You May Need Iron Supplements
There are many reasons why a doctor might prescribe iron supplements to you on top of making changes to your diet in order to get your iron levels back to a normal level.
1. You Are Anemic
Iron deficiency anemia is the lack of iron in your blood that prevents it from transporting oxygen to all the cells in your body. There are many causes of this condition, ranging from cancer to menstruation. While you should also investigate the cause, it is important to get your iron levels back to normal to ensure you are as healthy as you can be.
2. You Are Pregnant
Women who are pregnant need much more iron than women that aren’t as their body is producing more blood to support the fetus. The recommended daily dose of iron for pregnant women is 27 mg each day. If you cannot get this iron through your diet, doctors will prescribe supplements in order to ensure you don’t lack iron during this critical time.
3. You Experience Regular Blood Loss
Anyone who loses a lot of blood will need an iron supplement to return their levels back to normal. People who donate blood regularly need the supplements to ensure that their iron levels stay within the normal range.
4. You Have an Infant
Babies build stores of excess iron to be used during the first six months of life because their mother’s milk doesn’t contain enough iron. Most pediatricians recommend a formula that contains iron if you bottle-feed.
If your baby was born premature, the iron stores more than likely did not have time to develop. If this is the case, your doctor may prescribe an additional iron supplement.
5. You Take Iron-Depleting Medication
Some medications will quickly deplete your iron levels and cause you to lack iron in the long-term. In order to prevent this from happening, most physicians will prescribe an iron supplement alongside the medications to reduce the risk of iron deficiency.
9 Good Sources of Iron
Most people get all the iron they need from the foods they eat. By altering your diet, you can increase the amount of iron you get daily without having to take supplements. Some iron-rich foods are:
- Red meat
- Dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach
- Dried fruit, such as raisins and apricots
- Iron-fortified cereals, breads, and pastas
Before you begin any type of diet, be sure you consult with your doctor or other health care professional to be sure it is safe and the right choice for your health if you lack iron.
The Bottom Line
Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of anemia in the United States. In many cases, it can be easily treatable with the help of your diet and, if needed, iron supplements. After a few days on the supplements, you should start to feel normal again.
As always, if you don’t feel any different after taking the iron, consult with your doctor and get the help you need to take care of your iron deficiency once and for all. | <urn:uuid:11cd6770-93f5-426d-bc3f-38ae046e5c4c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://runners-essentials.com/blogs/news/signs-you-might-lack-iron-and-9-iron-rich-foods-for-your-diet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.945535 | 1,191 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- How benchmarking improves quality?
- What is the ranking method of job evaluation?
- What benchmarking means?
- What is another word for Benchmark?
- What are the benefits of benchmarking?
- How do you set a salary range?
- What are the four types of benchmarking?
- How do you write a benchmark?
- What are the four methods of job evaluation?
- What are the major decisions in a job evaluation process?
- What is an example of a benchmark?
- What are benchmarking techniques?
- Why is benchmarking so important?
- What are the job evaluation methods?
- What is a good compa ratio?
- How do you set a compensation?
- What is a benchmark job description?
- What is salary benchmarking process?
- How do you create a benchmark?
How benchmarking improves quality?
Engaging key stakeholders, standards for benchmarks can be set from within the organization, thereby defining quality.
Another good purpose for benchmarking is to unify direction and goals in a complex organization to achieve focus.
A benchmarking process in itself does not ensure a path toward quality improvement..
What is the ranking method of job evaluation?
Perhaps the simplest method of job evaluation is the ranking method. According to this method, jobs are arranged from highest to lowest, in order of their value or merit to the organization. Jobs can also be arranged according to the relative difficulty in performing them.
What benchmarking means?
Benchmarking is a process of measuring the performance of a company’s products, services, or processes against those of another business considered to be the best in the industry, aka “best in class.” The point of benchmarking is to identify internal opportunities for improvement.
What is another word for Benchmark?
What is another word for benchmark?yardstickmeasureguidelinelevelnormparspecificationbarexampleexemplar213 more rows
What are the benefits of benchmarking?
Benchmarking can allow you to:Gain an independent perspective about how well you perform compared to other companies.Drill down into performance gaps to identify areas for improvement.Develop a standardized set of processes and metrics.Enable a mindset and culture of continuous improvement.Set performance expectations.More items…•
How do you set a salary range?
How to Establish Salary RangesStep 1: Determine the Organization’s Compensation Philosophy. … Step 2: Conduct a Job Analysis. … Step 3: Group into Job Families. … Step 4: Rank Positions Using a Job Evaluation Method. … Point method. … Ranking method. … Step 5: Conduct Market Research. … Step 6: Create Job Grades.More items…•
What are the four types of benchmarking?
There are four main types of benchmarking: internal, external, performance, and practice. 1. Performance benchmarking involves gathering and comparing quantitative data (i.e., measures or key performance indicators). Performance benchmarking is usually the first step organizations take to identify performance gaps.
How do you write a benchmark?
Use these steps to practically benchmark your business against your competitors:Identify what you’re going to benchmark. … Identify your competitors. … Look at trends. … Outline objectives. … Develop an action plan for your objectives. … Monitor your results and implement an action plan.
What are the four methods of job evaluation?
See Performing Job Analysis. Four primary methods of job evaluations used to set compensation levels are point factor, factor comparison, job ranking and job classification.
What are the major decisions in a job evaluation process?
Major DecisionsEstablish purpose.Single vs. multiple plans.Choose among methods.Obtain involvement of relevant stakeholders.Evaluate plan’s usefulness.
What is an example of a benchmark?
For example, benchmarks could be used to compare processes in one retail store with those in another store in the same chain. External benchmarking, sometimes described as competitive benchmarking, compares business performance against other companies.
What are benchmarking techniques?
External Benchmarking Techniques Benchmarking is a technique for looking outside where at the practices of the own company are compared with the external practices. Comparison means that there must be a basis line of similarities. Only similar things can be compared each other.
Why is benchmarking so important?
Better performance: Benchmarking helps organizations overcome complacency. They continuously strive to improve their performance standards in order to stay relevant in the market. … Benchmarking helps organizations to identify the areas where the gap between their standard and that of the industry is the largest.
What are the job evaluation methods?
The 5 Job Evaluation Methods: Analyzing to Price CompetitivelyRanking Method.Classification/Grading Method.Point–Factor Method.Factor Comparison Method.Competitive Market Analysis Method.Goals of Market Pricing.Collecting Pay Data—Executives.
What is a good compa ratio?
What is a good Compa-Ratio? Typically you may want to see your employees between 75% – 125%. Depending on your company though, the compa-ratios could average around 86% – 90%.
How do you set a compensation?
How to Set Compensation in 5 Easy StepsDefine the job. Define the job’s purpose, essential duties and responsibilities, required skills and knowledge, experience, and educational level. … Price the job. … Determine the job’s value to your organization. … Review where a job fits within a grade/range. … Consider organizational factors, including budget.
What is a benchmark job description?
A benchmark job is one that has a standard and consistent set of responsibilities from one organization to another and for which data is available in valid and reliable salary surveys. To classify a benchmark job, data is compiled from appropriate salary surveys to determine the median salary rate for the job.
What is salary benchmarking process?
Salary benchmarking, also called compensation benchmarking, is a process by which compensation professionals match internal jobs and their descriptions to similar jobs and descriptions in a salary survey or other source of market pay data, in order to identify the market pay rate for each position.
How do you create a benchmark?
How Benchmarking works:Select a product, service or process to benchmark.Identify the key performance metrics.Choose companies or internal areas to benchmark.Collect data on performance and practices.Analyze the data and identify opportunities for improvement.More items… | <urn:uuid:d75b14f6-17b7-4f45-a60f-6a1eec07c731> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://amazoniamovie.com/qa/what-are-the-characteristics-of-a-benchmark-job.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187390.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918092913-20200918122913-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.883554 | 1,354 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a powerful technology, with proven potential to radically change the way that humans interact with the environment—and with each other. By enabling a connection between our brains and the outside world, BCI technology makes it possible for people who can’t communicate through movement or speech to express their thoughts, enables people to control devices with their minds, and could even have the potential to one day act as an extension of ourselves.
A BCI links the brain and an external device, enabling direct communication between the two. BCI technology can be invasive (implanted into the grey matter of the brain), semi-invasive (implanted inside the body and not directly in the brain), or non-invasive (such as wearables or headsets which function most commonly on EEG readings to translate brainwaves into data that devices can read). Non-invasive EEG wearables are increasingly accessible and have a wide range of current and future uses.
Future BCI Assistive Applications
The best-known application of the brain-computer interface is in medicine. BCIs enable people with very serious disabilities or illnesses to communicate with loved ones and caretakers.
MindScribe Device for ALS Patients: The MindScribe communication system powered by NeuroSky is designed to harness the power of the mind for people dealing with severe symptoms of ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) and similar diseases. Designed with NeuroSky’s trusted EEG-monitoring technology, MindScribe reads the patient’s brainwaves and translates them into messages, such as “yes” or “no”, and lets the user express feelings such as “happy” or “sad”, or type full sentences.
Healing Spinal Damage: BCI has also been used to increase neurological signals and help heal the brain from serious injuries, such as stroke and paralysis. One experiment had participants with complete spinal cord injuries wear caps with EEG sensors. The participants were fitted for exoskeletons equipped with a BCI that read their brainwaves. The patients were then able to direct the exoskeleton as an extension of their bodies, and some reported being able to feel or move their limbs for the first time since their injury occurred.
Using BCI for Entertainment
BCI applications aren’t all serious. Being able to control a device simply by using brainwaves has exciting implications for entertainment outside of medicine or research.
Sporting Events: Recently, BCI technology has been used in a drone race put on by the University of Florida. Participants’ brainwaves were monitored and translated into directions by a team of coders who then created commands to guide the drone to the finish line.
Gaming: The potential doesn’t end there—imagine being able to play video games just by thinking about what you want a character to do, or to thinking about how to get a ball it into a goal? The potential for BCI entertainment is endless.
Harnessing BCI to Enhance Daily Life
If you’ve ever wished you could add something to your to-do list simply by thinking about it, you might be in luck. By combining the power of BCI technology with the Internet of Things, you might just find that you think of something, and—as if by magic—it appears!
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnectedness of physical objects, enabling them to “speak” to each other. Devices, buildings, or vehicles can be linked with software, sensors, or electronics, and IoT enables these objects to receive, store and exchange data without requiring any human interaction. But what if humans could also connect to these devices?
Personal Assistant: IoT is already being used to control the temperature via smart thermostats, heartbeats are being controlled with enhanced pacemakers, and sensors even help prevent car accidents by sending environmental information to our vehicles, but what if it could do even more to help us on a daily basis? In the future, brain-computer interfaces could enable us to add eggs and apples to the grocery list just by remembering that we need them, or turning the air conditioning at home up or down just by thinking about the right temperature.
Access to Information: Brain-computer interfaces might also help us to access the vast amount of information available on the Internet, effectively giving us the power to have any piece of information online available at our fingertips.
The potential for BCI is endless, and when combined with powerful EEG products, such as NeuroSky’s ThinkGear AM EEG sensor or MindWave™ Mobile EEG headsets, it’s easier than ever to create—and enjoy—brain-computer interfaces that make us healthier, happier and smarter. | <urn:uuid:0987cdf5-2601-4bac-9f9d-76c0f5b71297> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://neurosky.com/2016/11/bci-what-is-it-and-where-is-it-going/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.943869 | 979 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Republic of Angola is governed by a multi-party democracy.
The first Constitution of the country was drawn up in 1975, when the country became an independent state and was first reviewed in 1992. The official document of the Constitution was updated in 2010.
After about 30 years of civil war that ended in April 2002, Angola is now one of the States of the African continent with more political stability. The country was ranked by the Business Monitor International, among 10 countries evaluated, as the 2nd African state with the best political risk index.
The Angolan government acts through 33 ministries organized into four main lines of action: State administration, infrastructure, Production and Social Sector. | <urn:uuid:dcc84145-6de3-4f38-8ebc-8a6636e5939c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://apiexangola.co.ao/?page_id=504&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.966928 | 136 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Today, Saturday 5th June, is World Environment Day and an important time to reflect on the climate and extinction crises that are having a devastating impact on our natural world. Kiama Greens recognises world environment day 2021, by highlighting the importance of protecting the unique natural environment of the Kiama Local Government Area.
Kathy Rice, current Kiama Councillor, highlights that “the Kiama LGA is home to amazing biodiversity, including at least seven endangered vegetation communities spanning Jamberoo to Gerroa; the largest area of subtropical rainforest in southern NSW; rare littoral rainforest; swamp forests; heathlands and saline wetlands. Our coastal dune vegetation is an important habitat and buffer to rising sea levels.”
Councillor Rice reminds us that “these communities are home to many animals and bird species including the endangered greater glider population at Seven Mile Beach, endangered ground parrots and bristle birds at Barren Grounds and rare oystercatchers breeding in the dunes at Seven Mile Beach.”
“Sadly, the koala disappeared in our municipality in the eighties,” she reminds us, “and development pressures and climate impacts may see more losses, so we think it’s very important to highlight these values and work to look after what remains of our unique local environment."
There is little disagreement that Kiama’s rich natural heritage provides much of the character that attracts people to the area and supports both a special local quality of life and our local tourism industry, where visitors are welcome to share our amazing natural heritage.
These and other environmental features have an intrinsic right to be protected, supported and enhanced. Kiama Greens have actively contributed to these activities over several decades, both as individuals, members of local environment groups and through the work of elected Greens Councillors on Kiama Council.
Kiama Greens members have supported campaigns to protect special areas from sandmining; to preserve the remaining vegetation along the Minnamurra River; to combat unnecessary removal of individual trees of significance and the arrogant destruction of coastal dune vegetation through vandalism. The group are constantly alert to the potential negative impacts of development on the area.
Since colonisation, more than 30 mammal species have gone extinct in Australia. That’s the same number of mammal species that were lost in the rest of the world combined.
It is important to remember the impact that the climate crisis is having on ecosystems, many animal and plant species and coastal land through erosion and to recognise the effects of excessive plastic use on sea creatures. Protecting the environment from further degradation and cleaning up the existing damage, is a massive, and sadly increasing world-wide problem.
Jodi Keast, as a member of the Greens team for the upcoming September council elections, said “Like many in our community, I’ve swum at every beach and river, and walked every trail in the local area as part of my ‘50 walks in my 50th year goal’. When you spend time in nature, it is good for your mental wellbeing and gives you an opportunity to develop a deep connection with our country".
"Greens Councillors elected to Kiama Council in September 2021 will be committed to actively protecting this valuable and unique biodiversity,” Ms Keast said. “Our team has extensive practical experience in environmental campaigning; in Landcare work and administration and in championing the changes needed to tackle the climate and ecological crisis we face. When elected, we will be encouraging and promoting Council policies which support these values”.
Feature image: Planting a tree for World Environment Day. Photo credit: BlurryMe/Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:1a43c5c6-c13f-4235-b565-a304e6fd9dda> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://newbushtelegraph.org.au/protecting-a-patch-of-paradise-kiama-goes-green-on-world-environment-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126112341-20221126142341-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.931994 | 756 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Invention of Glory: Alfonse V and the Pastrana Tapestries
In the spring of 2012, the Meadows Museum will offer its visitors the opportunity to view a set of four fifteenth-century tapestries that have been preserved since at least the seventeenth century at the Collegiate Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Pastrana in the Spanish province of Guadalajara. Known collectively as the Pastrana tapestries, these masterfully woven creations were produced in the Tournai workshops in Belgium during the last quarter of the fifteenth century. It is not known for certain how these tapestries made their way to Pastrana; the leading theory is that they were given to King Philip II of Spain by Rui Gomes da Silva (1516-73), prince of Éboli (and later the first duke of Pastrana), around the time of the union of the kingdom of Spain and Portugal. Prized for their technical execution, the sumptuous materials employed in their creation, and their monumental scale (reaching to 36 feet in length and 13 feet in height), the Pastrana tapestries are above all rare in terms of subject matter. While most tapestries of the period featured biblical or mythological subjects, the Pastrana tapestries are some of the few extant examples that depict contemporaneous events – the conquest of the North African cities of Asilah and Tangier by Afonso V (1432-81), King of Portugal.
Smarting from the fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmed II in 1453, the Christian world was rallied by subsequent papal bulls of Popes Nicholas V and Callixtus III to join in Crusades to defend the Church against the Infidel. Pope Callixtus III in 1456 granted the Portuguese Order of Christ, an order founded in 1319 to fight the Muslims, spiritual jurisdiction over conquered lands. Accordingly, in 1458, Afonso V began his exploits into the Maghreb, conquering Ksar es-Seghir, Asilah, and Tangier. As a result of his North African conquests, Afonso V effected a change in title of Portuguese kings thereafter to “Rei de Portugal e dos Algarves Daquém e Dalém Mar em África” [“King of Portugal and of the Algarves on these shores and beyond the sea in Africa”]; he himself attained the sobriquet “the African.”
Ostensibly a fight of faith, Afonso’s Moroccan invasion was also a victory for Portugal’s expansionist policies. Three of the four tapestries narrate respectively the Portuguese landing, siege, and triumph at Asilah in 1471. Once Asilah fell, Tangier—the Portuguese occupation of which is the subject of the fourth tapestry—was in no position to resist the Portuguese. This event was significant for Afonso V, who was determined to overtake the strategically positioned port city on the Strait of Gibraltar after his uncles’ prior unsuccessful attempts. By conquering Tangier, Afonso was also avenging the death of the Infante Dom Fernando, killed in captivity in Fez in 1443.
Commissioned by Afonso V, the Pastrana tapestries must have been created soon after the victorious Portuguese expeditions into North Africa from drawings based on oral or written descriptions of the events. The tapestries display in magnificent detail the multitude of soldiers, carracks, armor, cannons, and firearms. In the three Asilah cycle tapestries, ubiquitous standards pay homage to Portugal, while the banners bearing the rodízio espargindo gotas [the wheel spraying drops] are the personal emblem of Afonso V.
Recently, the Fundación Carlos de Amberes supported the two-year restoration of the tapestries at the Royal Manufacturers De Wit in Belgium, which has returned the four woven tableaux to their original splendor. To expose the tapestries to a wider audience during the renovation of their exhibit rooms at the Collegiate Church of Pastrana, the tapestries have been traveling since January 2010 to museums in Brussels, Lisbon, Toledo, and Madrid. The tour continues in the United States, where the Meadows Museum will be the first American venue after the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., to exhibit these fifteenth-century masterpieces.
The exhibition is organized by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, and the Fundación Carlos de Amberes, Madrid, in association with the Embassy of Spain, the Spain-USA Foundation, and the Embassy of Portugal and with the cooperation of the Embassy of Belgium and the Embassy of Morocco in Washington, D.C. Generous financial support from The Meadows Foundation has helped to make the Dallas venue possible.
The conservation of the tapestries was undertaken at the initiative of the Fundación Carlos de Amberes, with support from the Belgian Inbev-Baillet Latour Fund, the Spanish Fundación Caja Madrid, the Region of Castilla-La Mancha, the Provincial Council of Guadalajara, and the Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara / Church of Our Lady of the Assumption.
The conservation of the tapestries received the European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage/Europa Nostra Awards 2011 https://www.europanostra.org/projects/65/. | <urn:uuid:028be1c1-cc44-4129-8159-6041b6f1f808> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://meadowsmuseumdallas.org/exhibitions/past/past-exhibitions-pastrana/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887224.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118091548-20180118111548-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.934931 | 1,136 | 3.3125 | 3 |
It can be challenging to get kids interested in sports, especially if they don’t seem to have a natural inclination toward them. However, there are ways that you can encourage your kids to be more engaged with sports and ultimately help them develop a lifelong love for physical activity.
Being physically active is vital for kids of all ages, and participating in sports is one great way to encourage this. Sports are beneficial for kids in many ways, including helping them develop coordination, strength, and teamwork skills.
Encouraging your kids to play sport
If you’re looking for ways to encourage your kids to be more engaged with sports, here are a few ideas:
It’s never too early to start introducing your kids to sports. You can take them to local sporting events or even play catch in the backyard if you have young children. The important thing is to get them started early and expose them to different types of sports.
Make it fun
Kids are more likely to be engaged with something if they’re having fun. When introducing your kids to sports, emphasize the fun aspects. Play games with them, or let them loose in the backyard to just run around and explore.
One way to get kids more engaged with sports is to encourage their participation. Sign them up for a bit of league, or help them join a youth soccer team. If you have the time, be their coach. Ask them to invite their friends over so that they can play together. If you know how to play baseball, teach your kids and their friends. However, you will need to buy baseball items like radar guns for baseball, bat, ball, and helmets.
Find their niche
Every kid is different, and they’re interested in various sports. It’s crucial to find the right sport for your child. If they’re not interested in team sports, try individual sports like swimming or tennis. Or, if they’re not a fan.
Make it a family activity.
Another great way to encourage your kids to be engaged with sports is to make it a family activity. Go for family hikes, play catch together, or join a local sports team yourself. If you’re active and enjoy sports, your kids are more likely to follow suit.
Benefits of sports for kids
As mentioned, playing sports is beneficial for kids in many ways. Here are some of the benefits of sports for kids:
The most obvious benefit of sports for kids is that it gets them physically active. Physical activity is vital for kids of all ages, and participating in sports is a great way to encourage it.
Playing sports can help kids develop coordination. This is important for kids as they grow and can help them in other areas of their life like school and extracurricular activities.
Sports can also help kids develop strength. This is especially beneficial for young kids, as it can help them avoid injuries later on in life.
Playing sports can help build confidence, as kids learn to set goals and achieve them. This is an essential skill that will benefit them in all areas of their life.
Participating in sports can teach kids self-discipline, as they learn to stick to a schedule and practice regularly. This is an essential skill for all aspects of life.
Playing sports can be an excellent way for kids to relieve stress. It’s important to encourage kids to find healthy ways to cope with stress, which is one of them.
Playing sports can help kids develop social skills to interact with other kids and adults. This is an essential skill for all aspects of life.
Lastly, playing sports can help kids develop teamwork skills. This is an important skill to have and will benefit them throughout their lives.
Sports for kids
Here are some sports you can teach your kids:
Basketball is an excellent sport for kids of all ages. It’s a relatively easy sport to learn, and it’s a lot of fun. Basketball can be played indoors or outdoors, making it an excellent option for all weather conditions.
Soccer is another great sport for kids. It’s a bit more challenging than basketball, but it’s still a lot of fun. Soccer can also be played indoors or outdoors.
Tennis is an excellent sport for kids who are looking for something a little more challenging. Tennis requires coordination and precision, making it ideal for kids who want to develop those skills.
Swimming is a great sport for kids of all ages. It’s a great workout, and it’s also a lot of fun. Swimming is an excellent option for kids who want to stay active but aren’t interested in team sports.
There are many benefits to encouraging your kids to be engaged in sports. Sports can help kids physically, mentally, and socially. Finding the right sport for your child is essential, and making it a family activity is a great way to get them started. There are many sports for kids to choose from, so there’s sure to be one that’s perfect for your family. | <urn:uuid:20b04fdc-e19e-4be0-8104-027ad95d948d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.universeofsuccess.com/encourage-your-kids-in-sports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.959576 | 1,093 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Berkeley Lab scientists are studying a watershed site near the Upper Colorado River where early snowmelt could impact how much water is available to millions of Americans who need it downstream. For now, like many other researchers studying environmental processes, this team lacks access to timely detailed data about when changes like snowmelt or rainfall might occur at remote research sites. This can make it difficult to plan on-the-ground monitoring.
Yuxin Wu, EESA research scientist, is leading an effort to establish integrated networks of multiple sensors capable of remote telemetry to help bring the data environmental scientists need to their desktops on a more timely basis. These solutions will advance new approaches to measure and connect sensors in soils and plants, and use machine learning and advanced data analytics for interpretation. They are being designed not just to speed up the process of receiving data obtained from autonomously derived field measurements, but to ‘watch’ interactions between above- and below-ground processes as they occur. The approach of using above-and-below ground data to observe these interactions has recently been described by Baptiste Dafflon.
To improve understanding of soil-plant interactions, a SMART (Sensors at Mesoscale for Autonomous Remote Telemetry) Soils Testbed is being developed near Building 83 at Berkeley Lab. SMART Soils will be part of EcoSense, which is related to the lab’s Microbes to Biomes initiative.
Lab researchers are currently establishing advanced sensors and sensor networks to quantify biological-environmental feedbacks across scales, such as from individual plants to entire watersheds or from nanometers to meters. Under EcoSENSE, they will also develop ways to synchronize and provide virtual connections between laboratory, controlled mesoscale and field experiments. This will help research scientists gather insights about ecosystem function, translations from microbe to biome and the potential to control biome behavior.
With the SMART Soils Testbed, Wu and other scientists at Berkeley Lab will replicate a hydrogeochemical setting similar to what you’d find in terrestrial ecosystems, which could include a mountainous watershed site and agricultural field, or a contaminated region. Plans are to establish a mobile ecosystem on wheels that can be relocated if necessary. Tilted to represent the hydrological gradient, the testbed will allow Wu and others to measure the quantity and rate of evapotranspiration from plants using multiple sensors, such as load cells. Another objective is for SMART Soils to evaluate how capable sensors are at measuring not just physical properties, but also chemical and biological properties, such as the nitrate or phosphate concentration of soils.
Most important is for the SMART Soils testbed to help measure how well integrated networks of multiple autonomous sensors can gather diverse data and quantify how these various data relate to one another and enable real-time analysis by environmental scientists.
“We want to leverage advanced data analytics so scientists don’t have to look at environmental data in isolation,” Wu says. “Autonomous and telemetric sensors can measure the soil’s moisture or nutrient concentration, for example, and we can design the analytics so that a researcher can evaluate that information to understand how those measurements relate to one another. The telemetry capability is critical in providing real-time measurements that can trigger field-sampling efforts, which often times happen in very remote locations.”
Yuxin Wu is leading a workshop at Berkeley Lab related to this subject on December 1. Please contact him if you are interested in attending. | <urn:uuid:d96e3771-d035-4cfa-8968-8b53167943eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://eesa.lbl.gov/scientists-developing-smart-testbed-help-improve-access-important-environmental-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.935484 | 719 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Denis Diderot: A Portrait of the father of Encyclopaedia
Om Prakash is a Ph.D research scholar at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He can be reached at ommeister[at]gmail.com.
Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest, so argued the pre-eminent 18th Century European Enlightenment philosopher, writer and art-critic Denis Diderot (1713-1784) in one of his writings, whose birth tri-centenary falls today, on the 5th October.
Seldom could Diderot have realized the prophetic import of these words when he penned them that very soon they would not only resonate with the masses but they would also inspire thousands of his fellow French nationals who were living under the tyrannical rule of the then French emperor Louis XVI (successor of Louis XIV, who had once famously declared that I am the State) to unite, revolt and finally put an end to his absolutist rule during the French Revolution, an event that irrevocably changed the future course of history of the mankind forever. Although European monarchy was to live for some more time since this historic event, this was undoubtedly the beginning of the end of the ancien regime. Diderot, who died five years before the French revolution did not live to see it himself like other prominent contemporaries of him viz. Jean Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesquieu, who all had died before the historic event started but whose works were immensely inspirational for the revolutionaries.
Diderot was born at Langres in the Champagne province of France. He was schooled at Jesuits in Langres. Later he attended the University of France in Paris where he completed his master’s degree in Philosophy in 1732. During this time, he decided to settle down in Paris and try his luck as a writer, a decision that angered his father so much that he disinherited his son, whom he wanted to choose a career in medicine or law. It is here in Paris that he befriended Rousseau and other intellectuals of his time. He wrote many literary pieces, translated certain works from English in French and wrote commentary on art.
Diderot: his work as the Chief Editor of Encyclopédie
Diderot’s major breakthrough came in 1747 with the assignment of compiling an Encyclopédie in French on the basis of Chamber’s Universal dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Diderot took charge of the project as its chief editor and foremost contributor along with Jean dÁlembert, who later dropped out of the project. It was going to be a mammoth project involving more than two decades (1747-1772) of hard labor which would result in 28 volumes of Encyclopédie, on a range of topics to be covered under more than 72,000 articles contributed by various scholars and subject experts, including the greats like – Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesquieu. Diderot introduced major changes in the said project – such as, he expanded the scope of themes by including the topics related to each branch of knowledge by encompassing all fields of life that would include – sciences, arts, history, religion and engineering. His involvement of hundred of subject experts (a total of 142) as contributor of different articles to be compiled in his project, was the first effort of its kind without any parallel in human history. This laid to the foundation of collaborative project, which has become the hallmark of any academic exercise in the modern age. This however does not fully capture the labour of Diderot, who alone contributed more than 2,000 articles in the said multi-volume project. It was the intellectual pre-cursor of Wikipedia of our time.
Diderot argued that the aim of the project was “to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, and to transmit it to the people who will come after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow”. The underlying philosophy behind his effort and the project was to unify all the knowledge available to the mankind for their use that would promote scientific ideas and rational thinking. The project, itself became the manifestation of the Enlightenment thinking of the time, which challenged the orthodox biblical worldview of human existence and the divine right of King. Thereby it significantly contested the authority of the church on the one hand and the State on the other and finally succeeded in undermining the influence of the both in the life of the common man. It is therefore no surprise that Diderot came under the attack of the retrograde forces on many occasions. Despite various obstructions and challenges, he continued working for the Encyclopédie project, the first volumes of which were published in 1750s. It was undoubtedly, one of the most important works of the academic rigor of the 18th Century. Its reach and impact could be measured by the fact that by the 1789, more than 25, 000 copies had been distributed in France and across Europe.
Diderot who remained an inspiration for the French revolution, died of emphysema in a state of poverty on 31st July, 1784 in Paris.
Diderot’s relevance for our time
Diderot envisaged a world, where the mankind would not simply rely on orthodoxy and merely be guided by belief but rather have a system in place to which would make it possible to accumulate and organise the knowledge produced in the past for their use by the larger masses for the betterment of their lot. The present time of information technology in which we live today may be seen as the extension of his ideas behind his Encyclopédie project.
On his 300th birth anniversary, it would be worthwhile to ask ourselves the question, whether we have really moved beyond the obscurantist ideas that have no scientific basis and that have caused human race so much misery. The sad truth is that even in the 21st Century people like Narendra Davolkar are attacked and killed in the broad day light by the reactionary forces that see their influence eroded and their existence threatened by the spread of scientific temperament. Remembering his emphasis on human reason and his idea behind the monumental effort of compiling the knowledge of all time would, therefore, be a real tribute to this great soul of the European Enlightenment who famously said that the first step in the direction of philosophy is skepticism and who lifelong strove to provide the mankind a basis for rational thinking. | <urn:uuid:a5c6ba00-051e-4f0e-a2b3-84a55faaceb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://bargad.org/2013/10/05/denis-diderot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608686.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526222659-20170527002659-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.976659 | 1,359 | 2.75 | 3 |
Nutrition is a very important aspect of everyone’s life. Everyone has access to it. You either choose nutritious habits or bad habits. This article can help boost your nutrition without simply sticking to water and salads.
Make sure to consume a lot of protein during the day. Lean meat is the best protein. Two other good sources are pork and chicken. Protein will make you more full and helps your muscles to grow, and this is why you need it as a building block of your diet.
Proper nutrition includes eating plenty of vegetables and fruits each day. Nine to thirteen servings of fruits and vegetables a day is the USDA recommended amount. This sounds like a ton, but its not hard to do. Have fresh-squeezed OJ at breakfast time, or make your own pasta sauce out of real tomatoes and other vegetables.
Nutrition for pregnant and lactating women is a top priority. During pregnancy, women need to eat more protein, although issues like morning sickness may prevent them from wanting to eat at all. One great way to make sure those protein needs are met is to blend egg whites into a morning smoothie. Egg whites have a good amount of protein that can help pregnant women! You should choose pasteurized eggs to make sure you don’t get salmonella.
To maximize the nutritional content of the foods in your diet, reduce the number of microwavable dinners that you eat. The reason is that such items often contain excessive quantities of sugar and fat. Buy fresh meats and vegetables and prepare them yourself for the best health benefits.
When eating meals, pace yourself. Many people are busy and they have started eating faster. Take some time to experience your food as you eat. Enjoy the aromas and taste of your food. Also, this will reduce the cravings that you have for more food. This will get you full quicker, so you do not eat more calories.
To make sure your body is making enough red blood cells, you need to be getting enough vitamin B-12. Vegetarians often don’t get enough. Additionally, people who have anemia do not usually get enough B12 from their diets. There are supplements, but lots of breakfast cereals can provide enough vitamin B-12, too.
Avoid too much salt. Most fast foods and other junk foods are full of salt. If you eat less salt on a daily basis, you may notice the salty flavor more easily. Foods that aren’t good for your health are going to become too salty tasting suddenly. Before you know it, the cravings will lessen.
Eating healthy is great, but eating too much, even healthy foods, can cause problems. Your body doesn’t need too many nutrients. It will turn them into fat. This can interfere with normal body processes and can be detrimental to your health.
This can interfere with normal body processes and can be detrimental to your health.
Deprivation is not fun. A healthy diet should involve reducing the amount of unhealthy foods and making healthier choices. The important thing to remember is that there are many small changes you can make in your everyday life to improve your nutrition. | <urn:uuid:5198a12b-6919-42a7-b22a-e0150a163645> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.fatburn-weightloss.com/articles/healthy-diet-and-nutrition-tips-for-you-and-your-family-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817123129-20190817145129-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.960662 | 645 | 2.6875 | 3 |
USDA – Preparing and Canning Fermented Foods and Pickled Vegetables
Nearing the end of the gardening season you find that you have a great number of vegetables that need to be harvested and preserved for winters dinner table. Of course you may decide to freeze or can much of your garden surplus but pickling vegetables is also a good choice and so easy to do.
Everyone knows about pickled cucumbers, but what about pickled asparagus, broccoli, okra, peppers, radishes, or zucchini? Or maybe fermenting and canning a few jars of cabbage(sauerkraut). Almost all vegetables and many fruits can be pickled using the same basic recipe and procedure.
Hint Pickling salt is highly recommended and can be found in most supermarkets. However fermented and non-fermented pickles may be safely made using either iodized or non-iodized table salt. Be aware that the non-caking materials added to table salts may make the brine cloudy. Flake salt varies in density and is not recommended for use in canning or fermenting vegetables.
10 lbs asparagus
6 large garlic cloves
4-1/2 cups water
4-1/2 cups white distilled vinegar (5%)
6 small hot peppers (optional)
1/2 cup canning salt
3 tsp dill seed
Wash asparagus well, but gently, under running water. Cut stems from the bottom to leave spears with tips that fit into the canning jar, leaving a little more than 1/2-inch headspace. Peel and wash garlic cloves. Place a garlic clove at the bottom of each jar, and tightly pack asparagus into hot jars with the blunt ends down. In an 8 quart saucepan, combine water, vinegar, hot peppers (optional), salt and dill seed. Bring to a boil. Place one hot pepper (if used) in each jar over asparagus spears. Pour boiling hot pickling brine over spears, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed.
Wipe rims of jars with a dampened clean paper towel. Adjust lids and process in a boiling water bath for 10 to 15 minutes.
PICKLED DILL BEANS
4 lbs fresh tender green or yellow beans (5 to 6 inches long)
8 to 16 heads fresh dill
8 cloves garlic (optional)
1/2 cup canning or pickling salt
4 cups white vinegar (5%)
4 cups water
1 tsp hot red pepper flakes (optional)
Wash and trim ends from beans and cut to 4-inch lengths. In each hot sterile pint jar, place 1 to 2 dill heads and, if desired, 1 clove of garlic. Place whole beans upright in jars, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Trim beans to ensure proper fit, if necessary.
Combine salt, vinegar, water, and pepper flakes (if desired). Bring to a boil. Add hot solution to beans, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed.
Wipe rims of jars with a dampened clean paper towel. Adjust lids and process.
7 lbs of 2- to 2-1/2-inch diameter beets
4 cups vinegar (5%)
1-1/2 tsp canning or pickling salt
2 cups sugar
2 cups water
2 cinnamon sticks
12 whole cloves
4 to 6 onions (2- to 2-1/2-inch diameter), if desired
Trim off beet tops, leaving 1 inch of stem and roots to prevent bleeding of color.
Wash thoroughly. Sort for size. Cover similar sizes together with boiling water and cook until tender (about 25 to 30 minutes).
Caution Drain and discard liquid.
Cool beets. Trim off roots and stems and slip off skins. Slice into 1/4-inch slices. Peel and thinly slice onions. Combine vinegar, salt, sugar, and fresh water. Put spices in cheesecloth bag and add to vinegar mixture. Bring to a boil. Add beets and onions. Simmer 5 minutes. Remove spice bag. Fill hot jars with beets and onions, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Add hot vinegar solution, allowing 1/2-inch headspace. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed. Wipe rims of jars with a dampened clean paper towel. Adjust lids and process in boiling water bath 10-15 minutes.
For pickled whole baby beets, follow above directions but use beets that are 1-to
1-1/2 inches in diameter. Pack whole; do not slice. Onions may be omitted.
2-3/4 lbs peeled carrots (about 3-1/2 lbs as purchased)
5-1/2 cups white vinegar (5%)
1 cup water
2 cups sugar
2 tsp canning salt
8 tsp mustard seed
4 tsp celery seed
4 pints jars
Wash and peel carrots. Cut into rounds that are approximately 1/2 inch thick.
Combine vinegar, water, sugar and canning salt in an 8-quart Dutch oven or stockpot. Bring to a boil and boil 3 minutes. Add carrots and bring back to a boil. Then reduce heat to a simmer and heat until half-cooked (about 10 minutes). Meanwhile, place 2 teaspoons mustard seed and 1 teaspoon celery seed into each empty hot pint jar. Fill jars with hot carrots, leaving 1-inch headspace. Fill with hot pickling liquid, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed. Wipe rims of jars with a dampened clean paper towel. Adjust lids and process in boiling water bath 10-15 minutes.
PICKLED CAULIFLOWER OR BRUSSELS SPROUTS
12 cups of 1- to 2-inch cauliflower flowerets or small Brussels sprouts
4 cups white vinegar (5%)
2 cups sugar
2 cups thinly sliced onions
1 cup diced sweet red peppers
2 tbsp mustard seed
1 tbsp celery seed
1 tsp turmeric
1 tsp hot red pepper flakes
9 half-pint jars
Wash cauliflower flowerets or Brussels sprouts (remove stems and blemished outer leaves) and boil in salt water (4 tsp canning salt per gallon of water) for 3 minutes for cauliflower and 4 minutes for Brussels sprouts. Drain and cool. Combine vinegar, sugar, onion, diced red pepper, and spices in large saucepan. Bring to a boil and simmer 5 minutes.
Distribute onion and diced pepper among jars. Fill hot jars with pieces and pickling solution, leaving 1/2-inch headspace. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace if needed. Wipe rims of jars with a dampened clean paper towel. Adjust lids and process in boiling water bath 10-15 minutes.
Hints on spices Feel free to experiment. Add spices you like. Things like red pepper flakes, celery seed, dill seed and so on. Use as much or as little as you like to each jar before packing and pouring hot vinegar to fill your canning/pickling jar.
Not from the USA. Please leave me comment about your home town and country.
If you see or read something you like Please Share By Re-blogging, Twitter or Email To A Friend
Why is Common Sense so Uncommon?
Don’t be Shy. Leave me your Comment(s) | <urn:uuid:e734925e-a4b1-43aa-80c9-10f9b728dd69> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://survivalfarm.wordpress.com/2016/08/01/pickling-vegetables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109670.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821211752-20170821231752-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.841682 | 1,579 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A common question asked by pet bunny owners is “how long do rabbits live for?” Fair enough…if you’re planning on getting a pet rabbit, this is possibly one of the more important rabbit facts for you to have a solid understanding on. The answer to this question depends on a number of factors, but most importantly pet rabbit lifespan boils down to how well a pet bunny is cared for during its life. The lifespan of rabbits that have been well cared for is likely to be much higher than the lifespan of a bunny that has not been well cared for.
How long can I expect my pet rabbit to live?
A pet rabbit lifespan will depend on the care and attention your rabbit gets during its life under your care. A well cared for rabbit that has been housed indoors and has been spayed or neutered can live for between 8-12 years – a domestic rabbit lifespan can even extend into the teens in some cases.
The oldest rabbit documented lived to the record age of 18 years old.
What are the factors determining how long do rabbits live?
The lifespan of rabbits is effected to a certain degree by a number of factors:
The lifespan of smaller rabbits is generally longer than larger rabbits, therefore a dwarf bunny lifespan will typically be higher than a large pet rabbit lifespan.
The average lifespan of a bunny that lives indoors tends to be higher than the lifespan of rabbits that lives outdoors, as they are naturally more protected indoors. Outdoor rabbits are more vulnerable to extreme weather conditions, predators, and to bacterial infections and disease, which can end a bunny life prematurely.
The lifespan of rabbits from mixed descent tends to be longer than the lifespan of pet rabbits of pure breeds.
Spaying and neutering increases the lifespan of domestic rabbits, particularly female rabbits, which are prone to cancer if not spayed.
Correct rabbit care will greatly increase a pet rabbit lifespan. By handling your bunny correctly, and gaining knowledge on the signs of illness and disease so that you can seek veterinary advice when necessary, is likely to increase the domestic rabbit lifespan. In addition, providing a nutritionally balanced diet is essential to increasing the lifespan of pet rabbits.
We hope this has helped answer the question “how long do rabbits live”. Till next time, love those bunnies… | <urn:uuid:490b3147-7dad-4628-b651-792e9b24d971> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://smallpetselect.com/rabbit-guide/how-long-do-rabbits-live | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138770.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00160-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955803 | 468 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Bridge Design is a vital topic of study in Civil Engineering. In the Bridge Design Workshop, participants will design and
fabricate their own bridge. The bridge model made by participants can take up to 1000 times the self-weight.The
workshop includes instruction on the key structural components of Structural engineering and bridge construction –
beams, arches, trusses, suspensions, and test for maximum load.
- The program is designed to take the participants through the technical concepts involved in Civil Engineering
- This workshop is a unique opportunity to avail hands-on experience of Civil Engineering projects.
- Students learn about different bridges and how they work.
- Introduction to Bridge Design through interactive lecture sessions with good multimedia content
- Interactive practical session on CAD based Bridge Design, Fabrication and Testing
- Bridge model is self-fabricated and tested model by each team
- Exposure to current industry methods used in bridge design
- Discussion about implementing the knowledge gained to develop good B.Tech/M.Tech Project
Course Structure and Topics Covered
- Lecture andamp; Design: Participants would be taught various concepts involved in ‘Bridge Design’ and are made to perform CAD based analysis of their respective bridges
- Fabrication: Each team will fabricate their own bridge according to their design with the raw material provided by us
- Testing: This session is the most interesting part of this workshop where the participants bridge is tested for maximum load to judge the maximum efficiency of the bridge. Teams with maximum efficiency will be given Best Design Award
- Introduction to different types of bridges.
- The basic concepts involved in designing of different bridges.
- Structural Response of bridges to different types of moving loads
- Load calculation in various truss using CAD model
- Modeling/analysis of sample bridges
- Designing and analyzing the bridge using CAD model
- Fabrication of a bridge and testing for the maximum load taken to measure efficiency
- Bridge design issues arising during practical sessions
- Case studies for better understanding of Bridge Design concepts
• Bridge Engineering
Design concepts involved in different types of Bridges
• Modeling and Analysis of sample Bridges using Industry grade software
• Structural responses due to different loads
• Case studies for better understanding of Bridge Design concepts
- Lecture – 4 Hrs
- Design – 5 Hrs
- Fabrication – 4 Hrs
- Testing and Competition – 2.5 Hrs
- Certificate Distribution – 0.5 Hr
• Design, Fabricate and Test your own Bridge
• Exposure to new technologies involved in Bridge Engineering
• Understanding the concepts of different Bridges with case studies
• Competition to measure efficiency of the fabricated Bridge
• Certificate of Participation from RoboFeast-2017 In Association With EDC IIT-Roorkee.
• Certificate of merit from RoboFeast-2017 In Association With EDC IIT-Roorkee.
• Certificate of Coordination from RoboFeast-2017 In Association With EDC IIT-Roorkee.
Program Agenda for Bridge Design Workshop
1st Day: Session 1: Lecture Session: 2 hrs.
- An Introduction
- Design concepts involved in different types of Bridges
Session 2: Software Session: 2 hrs.
- Introduction to the Bridge Design Software
- 2D modelling of a truss Bridge
- Analysis of Loads
Session 3: Software Session: 2 hrs.
- Introduction to the software, SAP2000
- Setting up different load cases
- 3D Modelling of a Truss Bridge
- Designing of a Truss bridge considering the Problem Statement
2nd Day: Session 4: Design and Fabrication Session: 4
- Finalizing the truss design
- Fabrication of the Truss Bridge using Balsa Wood
Session 5: Load Testing Session: 4 hrs.
Appeal For Make Your College as a Zonal Center
In case of any queries | please feel free to contact
Phone : +91 -8505838080
(M), (011) 65544708(O)
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
- Free Software Toolkit CD/DVD (Containing E-Books, Software, Video’s, Tutorials, projects).
- Full Version Software CD/DVD To each Student.
- Wooden Sticks for Bridge Design
Benefits of association with us
• Name and Logo including website link will be published on our official website mentioning that “You are
our Official Zonal Partner”.
• Authorized Team will visit your College to organize the entire event.
• Chance to get associated with nationally acclaimed engineering Institute of India.
• An email will be sent to more than 1 lack users of our web partners about your college publicity.
• Posters and Flexes will be sent to you for effective regional publicity.
• All India publicity through SMS will also be done.
Benefits to the Participants
- Certificate of Participation from RoboFeast-2017 In Association With EDC IIT-Roorkee.
- Certificate of merit from RoboFeast-2017 In Association With EDC IIT-Roorkee.
- Best Design Award
- Best Fabrication Award
- Best Innovation Award
- A Bridge Design Contest provides participants with a realistic introduction to Civil engineering in a fun and interesting way
- Free Software Toolkit CD (Containing E-Books, Software, Video’s, Tutorials, projects)
- Full Version Software CD To each Student
Prerequisite for Workshop
• Passion to learn new creative things.
• Basic Knowledge of Structure Analysis & Design
• Having basic knowledge of Computers.
Who Could Attend?
- Students willing to take up projects in Structural engineering like Bridge Design
- Structural Engineering aspirant
Requirements for Zonal Center
• Seminar hall/classroom having the enough capacity to conduct hands-on-session for all participants.
• Good Quality public address system ideally two cordless mikes will be required.
• Projector/ Screen along with black/white board for teaching and presentation purposes.
• One small stereo jack cord connect to laptop for its sound system.
• This Zonal center can only be arranged for a minimum of 60 students
Responsibility of an Organizer
• Hospitality (2 days) for a team of 1-2 members.
• Pick and Drop facility from the nearest railway station/bus stop/ airport.
2-Days (7-8 hours each day)
• RS.1200/per participant only.
• The fee includes all tax, training, certification, and Event registration.
Please be free to contact us for any kind of discussions related to RoboFeast-2017
Dept. of Education & Training Development
Finland Labs(Unit of Revert Technology Pvt. Ltd)
NWTP-2017 | AppsFluxus-2017 | RoboFeast-2017
Contact No. +91-8505838080 | 011-65544707
Email: email@example.com | http://finlandlabs.com/nwtp/ | <urn:uuid:d182ac99-944f-4b78-b25a-772217e49a64> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.finlandlabs.com/bridgedesign/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195417.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128095617-20201128125617-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.847599 | 1,473 | 3 | 3 |
Electromagnetic wave router could ease the traffic of cellphone signals
January 10, 2017
Mobile phones and computers use electromagnetic waves to send and receive information—they're what enable our devices to upload photos and download apps. But there is only a limited amount of bandwidth available on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Engineers have envisioned that enabling wireless devices to send and receive information on the same frequency would be one way to overcome that limitation. But that approach posed its own challenge, because incoming and outgoing waves on the same frequency typically interfere with each other. (That's why, for example, radio stations that use the same frequency disrupt each other's signals when a radio is close enough to both of them.)
A new design developed by UCLA electrical engineers could solve that problem. The researchers proved that a circulator—a tiny device that sends and receives electromagnetic waves from different ports—that shared the same antenna could enable signals to be sent and received simultaneously. Sending signals on the same frequencies that they are received could essentially double the space on the spectrum available for chips to transfer data.
A paper about the work was published in Scientific Reports, an open-access journal published by Nature.
Previous generations of circulators used magnetic material, which cannot be incorporated into current microchips and doesn't have enough bandwidth for today's smartphones and other devices. The UCLA prototype uses coaxial cables to route the electromagnetic waves through non-magnetic material, but the device would ultimately be likely to be built with silicon-based or other semiconductor materials.
The key to the design is an approach called "sequentially switched delay lines," which is similar to the way transportation engineers route passenger trains from one track to another, to allow multiple trains to enter and exit train stations at the same time and avoid collisions, even if there are only a few available tracks.
"In a busy train station, trains are actively switched onto and off of tracks to minimize the time they might be stopped to get into and out of the station," said Yuanxun "Ethan" Wang, an associate professor of electrical engineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science who led the research. "This is the same idea, only with electromagnetic waves of the same frequency carrying information inside a chip."
Lead author Mathew Biedka and co-author Rui Zhu are UCLA doctoral students advised by Wang, and co-author Qiang "Mark" Xu is a postdoctoral scholar in Wang's laboratory.
The team demonstrated its concept using commercially available parts, and is now testing it on specially fabricated chips.
The design includes six transmission lines, all of equal lengths, connected by five switches. The switches are turned on and off sequentially to distribute electromagnetic waves and allow simultaneous transmission and reception of data-carrying signals.
Previous studies have demonstrated that signals could be sent and received simultaneously using the same electromagnetic frequency, including one led by led by Wang in 2014, which modulated the signals. But, according to the researchers, the new design is the first one that offers unlimited bandwidth.
It could easily be incorporated into current chip manufacturing processes and within almost all industry-standard designs. Previous concepts would have required the use of components that don't align with current industry standards, or have only worked in a narrow band of the spectrum. Wang said the new UCLA circulator works from the lowest of frequencies up to radio frequencies, and might even work in the visible light part of the spectrum.
"Just like a capacitor or a resistor, a device capable of routing electromagnetic waves is a fundamental building block in almost any circuit," Wang said. "Making it available with unlimited bandwidth would trigger a revolution in design of mobile phones, automobile sensors or even quantum computers."
Mathew M. Biedka et al. Ultra-Wide Band Non-reciprocity through Sequentially-Switched Delay Lines, Scientific Reports (2017). DOI: 10.1038/srep40014
Provided by University of California, Los Angeles | <urn:uuid:fe2730bd-1d4b-4718-ba53-bd82d74974b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://techxplore.com/news/2017-01-electromagnetic-router-ease-traffic-cellphone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170875.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00592-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953471 | 810 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) was king of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and then the first king of Italy until 1878. He worked to free Italy from foreign control and became a central figure of the movement for Italian unification.
Victor Emmanuel II
The son of Charles Albert, Prince of Savoy-Carignano, Victor Emmanuel was born at Turin on March 14, 1820. His education was not thorough or varied, its content being restricted largely to military and religious training. In his youth he took little interest in affairs of state, preferring to spend his time in the study of military strategy and tactics. In 1842 he married Adelaide, the daughter of Archduke Rainer of Austria.
Throne of Sardinia
During the War of 1848 with Austria, Victor Emmanuel fought courageously at the head of a division. Notwithstanding bravery and zeal, the Piedmontese forces suffered defeat at the battle of Novara, and in March 1849 Charles Albert abdicated as king of Sardinia in favor of his son rather than face the humiliation of the peace terms. The new king was immediately confronted with a most difficult and important decision. The Austrians offered to refrain from occupying Piedmont and to give Victor Emmanuel more territory if he would renounce the constitution granted the Piedmontese a year earlier by his father. To his great credit, Victor Emmanuel rejected this offer, suffering as a result the loss of substantial territory and a considerable reduction in the size of his army. His stubborn insistence that amnesty be granted to all Lombards who had engaged in the revolt against their Austrian rulers was rewarded, and his refusal to yield on this point—along with the sacrifices made in order to retain the constitution—caused him to become a hero in the eyes of all Italians.
The peace treaty with the Austrians was ratified in January 1850. In the same year Victor Emmanuel appointed Camillo di Cavour to the office of minister of agriculture. Acquiring the services of this political genius was one of the most important acts of the King's career. Two years later Cavour was named prime minister.
During the 1850s these two able men worked on internal reforms, modernizing especially the financial structure of the kingdom and circumscribing ecclesiastical privileges in favor of civil power. When the Crimean War began, Victor Emmanuel and Cavour thought it prudent to join forces with France and England against Russia in order to gain the attention of the Great Powers. In 1855, during the hostilities, the King visited London and Paris, where he won much favor if not concrete goals.
Conquest of Italy
With a goal of ousting the Austrians from northern Italy, Victor Emmanuel made contact with revolutionary groups throughout the country. In 1859 Napoleon III was persuaded to ally France with Sardinia, albeit at a high price. Victor Emmanuel agreed to cede Savoy and Nice to France and to marry his daughter Clothier to Napoleon's cousin if France joined Sardinia in war against Austria. He concluded these careful preparations for war by conferring on the great soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi command of a newly recruited and eager volunteer corps called the Cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps). War was declared by Austria in April 1859, and at first the course of events favored the Piedmontese and French forces. But Napoleon had second thoughts and unexpectedly signed a separate peace with Austria at Villa-franca di Verona. Over the bitter objections of Cavour, who resigned over the matter, Victor Emmanuel signed the compromise Treaty of Zurich on Nov. 10, 1859. By this agreement Sardinia received Lombardy, but Austria retained Venetia.
Subsequent events proved that in this instance Victor Emmanuel was right and Cavour wrong. Time and diplomacy won for the King what continued fighting without the aid of France might have lost irrevocably. To prevent the reinstatement of the petty princes of Central Italy, Victor Emmanuel maintained contact with the revolutionaries. When Garibaldi took the bold step of invading Sicily, the King aided him secretly. Garibaldi's startling success in Sicily and his subsequent victories on the mainland raised the hopes of Italian liberals and made Victor Emmanuel's ultimate success easier. The King decided to participate in the conquest of Naples and marched south through the Romagna. Its people greeted him with cheers, joyfully agreeing to the annexation of their entire province to his kingdom. He occupied the Papal States, accepting with equanimity the excommunication imposed upon him by Pope Pius IX, and he met Garibaldi in Naples. On Oct. 29, 1860, Garibaldi formally surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel, and on Feb. 18, 1861, Parliament proclaimed him king of Italy.
Venetia was added to the new kingdom in 1866 through an alliance with Prussia against Austria, but complete unification of the peninsula could not be achieved as long as Rome remained in the hands of the Pope. A French garrison stood between Victor Emmanuel and this final conquest. Napoleon III, needing the support of the clergy, did not wish to abandon the Pope, although he had been Victor Emmanuel's ally in the expulsion of Austria from northern Italy. But this last bulwark of the papal territories was withdrawn in 1870, when—under the threat of total defeat by Prussia—Napoleon ordered his soldiers out of Rome. On Sept. 20, 1870, the Italian army marched into the city, and on July 2, 1871, Victor Emmanuel himself entered Rome, from that time the capital of the kingdom of Italy. The Pope, who had lost the last vestiges of his temporal power although the Vatican and his freedom were guaranteed to him, refused to recognize the new kingdom, and Victor Emmanuel died on Jan. 9, 1878, unreconciled to the Church.
Further Reading on Victor Emmanuel II
The best biography of Victor Emmanuel in English is Cecil S. Forester, Victor Emmanuel II and the Union of Italy (1927). A readable and thorough account of Victor Emmanuel's role in the unification of Italy is contained in Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity (2 vols., 1899; new ed. 1967). An excellent recent study of the period is Edgar Holt, The Making of Italy, 1815-1870 (1971). | <urn:uuid:8a29ff93-c1c4-4f41-bc6e-c7e718f39feb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://biography.yourdictionary.com/victor-emmanuel-ii | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150129.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724032221-20210724062221-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.969069 | 1,287 | 3.296875 | 3 |
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
We are so accustomed to glorify the achievements of modern medical science that we sometimes seem to lose sight of the fact that great discoveries generally are the direct outcome of a gradual development which can be traced far back into the past. To many the discovery of antitoxins and the birth of the idea of a specific etiologic therapy of infectious and toxic diseases, so splendidly realized in the practical use of diphtheria antitoxin, probably appear to have little or no connection with the therapeutic conceptions and efforts of the past, whereas, in reality, in this particular instance, an objective point was reached toward which men had been striving with varying clearness of purpose for centuries and often, no doubt, in despair as to the desired outcome.
In the first place, it is of importance to note that the diseases now known to be infectious appear to have been
THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIFIC THERAPY.. JAMA. 1906;XLVI(26):2000–2001. doi:10.1001/jama.1906.02510530020005 | <urn:uuid:3e72ec18-bd71-4df1-bd59-eace48b35d15> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/458631 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.943097 | 246 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In the old days we gathered sacred roots and berries. We fished the Chehalis, Black, Cowlitz, Satsop, Wynoochee, Elk, Johns, Skookumchuck, and Newaukum rivers. Our people fished and hunted from the mountains, across the prairies, to Grays Harbor and in the lower Puget Sound. In the old days the baskets carried and stored our foods. We relied upon the baskets, the rivers, the land, the roots, the berries, the fish, and the animals. Our lives were tied together by the Creator.
-Liichaat, “Just These Few Words”
For many centuries, two large groups of Salish-speaking people lived along the Chehalis River. They lived in cedar longhouses with one end open to the water from which they received a bounty of salmon and other river-based sustenance.
These two groups were the Upper and Lower Chehalis, and they thrived for a long time, until the encroachment of white settlers forced them to give up their ancestral lands. Rejecting the unacceptable terms of the treaties offered by the US Government, the Chehalis were regarded as a “non-treaty” tribe. This meant financial aid from the government would be limited and unpredictable.
Despite these challenges, the Chehalis people have endured through self-reliance and determination. Today, the Tribe operates thriving enterprises such as the Lucky Eagle Casino and Eagles Landing Hotel, and has recently built new community and wellness centers that have dramatically enhanced the quality of life for our people. | <urn:uuid:31d863b2-ad1c-44e1-a9d2-3654bb5815cc> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.chehalistribe.org/our-story/people-of-the-sands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527907.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722092824-20190722114824-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.971141 | 336 | 3.046875 | 3 |
We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to download it, please recommend it to your friends in any social system. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you!
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
supports HTML5 video
Published byAshley Bradley
Modified over 6 years ago
The United Kingdom There are 4 different countries in the United Kingdom: England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
Where is the United Kingdom?Can you see Figueres? Can you see the United Kingdom?
England The English flag Capital City: London Population: 51 millionLanguage: English Famous Places: Big Ben, Stonehenge
Scotland The Scottish flag Capital City: EdinburghPopulation: 7 million Languages: English, Scottish Gaelic Famous Places: Loch Ness
Wales The Welsh flag Capital City: Cardiff Population: 3 millionLanguages: English, Welsh Famous Places: Snowdon
Northern Ireland The Northern Irish flag Capital City: BelfastPopulation: 2 million Languages: English, Irish Famous Places: Giant's Causeway
The United Kingdom
London London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom.
Big Ben Big Ben is a famous clock. It is in London. What time is it?
Stonehenge Stonehenge is more than 4,000 years old!
Edinburgh This is the castle in Edinburgh.There are many castles in the United Kingdom.
Loch Ness In Scotland there are many lakes – they call them 'lochs'.
The Loch Ness Monster? No. I can't see the Loch Ness Monster!
Cardiff Cardiff is the capital city of Wales.
Snowdonia There are mountains in Wales. This is Mount Snowdon.
Belfast Belfast is the capital city of Northern Ireland.
Giant's Causeway Giant's Causeway is in Northern Ireland.It looks like stairs big enough for a giant.
What can you tell me? What do you know about the United Kingdom?
Welcome to the Great Britain
The British Isles. The flag: Union Jack or Union Flag (since 1801) Cross of St George (England) + Cross of St Andrew (Scotland) + Cross of St Andrew.
United Kingdom and geography Great Britain is an island nation in Western Europe, the British Isles, and several smaller islands. The United Kingdom is.
Countries, Flags and Nationalities. The United Kingdom Irish Canadian Australian Welsh Scottish English Irish + British American British.
FILES on BRITAIN 6 “a” class students. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Laili Kalev Merilin Randmaa Carl Robert Jakobson Gymnasium 11c Tiia Pukk Marje Maasen Viljandi 2002.
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
INTERESTING PLACES IN GREAT BRITAIN. NAME The United Kingdom is the short word for “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”. It is often.
United Kingdom FACT FILE Area: km Population:
The United Kingdom The UK is a state in northwest Europe. It is made up of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Why/When Did The U. K. Join E. U. Quick Facts On The U. K
Vypracovali: Janka Gurínová Ivana Janoušková. There are several names for Britain: Britain, Great Britain, United Kingdom (UK) There are four countries.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland. London Edinburgh Cardiff Belfast Edinburgh Belfast CardiffLondon.
British Culture Review: Geography Review by Ruth Anderson.
United Kingdom United Kingdom form in four different countries: Scotland in the Nord, Wales in the south-west, Northern Ireland and England. The capital.
I can label the map..
Большаниной Светланы. Ученицы 8 «Б» класса. Школы №13.
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND.
England or Britain?. What’s the full name of Britain? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
© 2021 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:f278322a-8f83-457e-9124-ff973b4ee2c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://slideplayer.com/slide/6064930/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057479.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923225758-20210924015758-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.820833 | 912 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Early Detection and Prediction of Lung Cancer using Machine-learning Algorithms Applied on a Secure Healthcare Data-system Architecture
Early cancer detection is critical for successful cancer treatment and in most cases, early detection increases chances for positive treatment outcomes. Traditionally, early detection consisted of education for early diagnosis and screening although, with increasingly available data, machine learning approaches are being adopted to improve the detection. In specific 12 supervised machine algorithms, namely kNN, Logistic Regression, Neural Network, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Random Forest, ID3, CHAID, CRT, Support Vector Machines, Ada Boost, and Stochastic Gradient Descent were applied on a prognosis survey data to develop a framework for early detection without screening. Using both symptoms and predisposing factors in developing the framework provided a basis for identifying possible lung cancer incidences based on the information that the individual provided to the doctor. Most of the cancer types are detected at advanced stages and there is a need to detect them as early as possible. The machine learning approach can assist doctors in predicting the likely cancer status of an individual based on symptomatic descriptions and exposure to predisposing factors. Based on the findings, doctors can recommend further screening and early treatment to the individual. | <urn:uuid:a25f0517-10d1-4dd4-ae9b-9ff4223321e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429504044/chapters/10.1201/9780429504044-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.913237 | 252 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Soap a commercial chemical product used for cleaning purpose, obtained from a simple chemical process. Making of soap is best option for a small entrepreneur as a start. With simple considerations, regular cleaning soaps are manufactured with less number of equipments. Now in market we come across wide variety of soaps. Each classified for a particular purpose. Due to it demand in textile manufacturing, sanitation, food processing etc, it is a product with no loss business. For a consumer to select and use soap depends on its functional technique. Not all soaps are like or made in same way. Some general consideration can help to know and practice soap making.
Raw Materials in Soap Making Process:
Glycerides are the raw materials obtained from the natural substances that are hard oils with slow lathering property like whale oil, fish oil, tallow oil and lard oil. Some are quick lathering and hard oil like palm oil, coconut oil, and kernel oil. Finally soft oils like vegetable oil, cotton seed oil, soya bean oil and inedible olive oil. Rosin a faster lather-forming source of glycerides.
Caustic soda solution, flake or blocks are available with concentrations 90.32% NaOH, 92.9% NaOH or 95.48% NaOH as commercial grades 70o, 72o, 74o respectively. If the soap is meant for high foam formation than caustic potash of 18-20% concentration is enough.
Common salt or sodium chloride about 12.5gm per 100gm oil is used general and its function is for salting the soap out.
Fillers like pearl ash, starch with 2%, glauber salt or talc with 5-10% are used as weight providers of soap.
Binding materials improve the cleaning action of soap. Sodium silicate of 5% concentration, soda ash, trisodium phosphate or borax acts as good binding materials. Soda ash of 58o grade is used commonly or 1-2% borax is preferred.
Perfume and fixatives of perfume provides the necessary fragrance to soap. Sandal wood oil, clove oil, lemon grass oil, lavender oil, cinnamon oil and bergamot oil are used as natural perfumes. Synthetic perfumes like benzyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, terpeneol and benzoate give smell of jasmine, rose, lilac and musk respectively.
Colouring matter like methyl violet, bismark brown, rhodamine, zinc oxide, chrome green, cadmium yellow, ultramarine, eosin and vermilon are add to give a pleasant colours of violet, brown, red, white, green, yellow, blue, pink and rose shade respectively.
Disinfectants are the extracted added from the neem derivatives or natural source plant extracts are used. Some of the compounds like sulphur a preventer of dandruff and pimples, mercuric iodide or hexa chlorophene are used as germicides. | <urn:uuid:ebc365ed-429e-4224-94d7-deab16898536> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/general-consideration-of-raw-materials-in-soap-making-process/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.91406 | 629 | 2.625 | 3 |
A new exhibition at the Vancouver Holocaust Education Center reveals what members of the Canadian military encountered when they fought in Belgium, Netherlands and Germany in the final years of World War II, coming to the aid of survivors, helping prisoners and orphans, and documenting what they saw.
Through photos, artifacts, newsreels, radio, oral testimony and documents, viewers of Canada Responds To The Holocaust get a better understanding of the expectations, relationships and challenges that came with liberating Europe from Nazism and coming to the aid of the survivors from September 1944 to May 1945.
“To the best of our knowledge, it’s the first time the story of the earliest Canadian encounters with survivors of the Holocaust and the evidence of the devastation of European Jewish life is being told in a public forum,” said Richard Menkis, a Vancouver historian who researched, directed and wrote material for the exhibition with Ronnie Tessler.
The idea started as a 2005 CD-ROM to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the end of the war. “Ronnie and I applied for funding for a CD-ROM that teachers could use on this topic,” Menkis said. Last year they approached the VHEC about turning the CD-ROM into a larger exhibit, now on display through March 2017. The project’s second stage took significantly more research and funding, and included hiring researchers in The Netherlands.
Menkis and Tessler strove to challenge their viewers to acknowledge the complexity of the relationship between Holocaust survivors and their “liberators.” For example, after Canadian forces liberated Westerbork, they were shocked because the survivors they saw looked nothing like the images they’d seen from Bergen-Belsen. Quotes by a survivor and a Canadian chaplain, Rabbi Samuel Cass, describe their confusion at encountering relatively healthy people at Westerbork.
A diary excerpt from Hans Bial, dated April 17, 1945, mentions that Canadian soldiers were trying to romance the women there. “When the weather is nice, the Canadians are lying in the grass…They are only interested in the girls,” he wrote.
Many prisoners wanted to leave Westerbork in the weeks after liberation, but were told they had to stay for a while longer, particularly stateless Jews, mostly German Jews who had come as refugees. Naturally, some resented the “liberators” who kept them at the camp.
But there were also moments of hope. Cass, a Toronto-born rabbi who worked in Vancouver before joining the Canadian army in 1942, conducted Shabbat services for 500 newly liberated prisoners at Westerbork on April 20, 1945, in Yiddish and English. “For them, my presence and my address was the final evidence of their liberation,” he wrote in a letter to his wife.
Canadian soldiers also assisted at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after its liberation in April 1945. There they encountered some 60,000 prisoners and 10,000 unburied dead. Members of the Canadian Army film and photography unit documented the crimes to provide historical evidence for use in postwar trials and to reveal the atrocities.
John Proskie, a squadron leader from Edmonton, wrote how there was “apparently no marked line drawn between the living and the dead. A certain proportion of the population is beyond any hope of being saved.”
Later, Bergen-Belsen became the largest displaced persons camp in Germany, and another Canadian squadron leader, Ted Aplin, was on hand to help deliver clothes, food and supplies, and arrange transport of orphans to England. “Our national conscience cannot rest easy until this is done,” he said.
Visitors can use an iPad and headphones to listen to oral testimonies of Canadians and Jewish survivors as they view various panels. The first-person accounts bring to life the confusion of the period, as survivors struggled to reconcile themselves to a new life without their family members.
“Our hope is that this exhibit will travel across the country,” said VHEC executive director Nina Krieger. She said it was designed to travel, and the travelling version will be bilingual. “It has national resonance, because it features testimonies and interviews with Holocaust survivors who settled in communities across Canada.” | <urn:uuid:3bd06d84-5e56-467e-b6b1-5c90782b3b4f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.cjnews.com/news/canada/bc-exhibit-canadas-response-shoah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.97122 | 881 | 2.8125 | 3 |
No hard copy available.
|Publisher||Federal Office for the Environment FOEN|
|Series||The environment in practice|
Basic principles for engineers, architects, building owners and authorities
For a long time earthquake risk was considered unavoidable. It was accepted that buildings would be damaged as a result of an earthquake’s ground shaking. Although measures related to construction methods had already been proposed at the beginning of the 20th century, it is only during the last decades that improved and intensified research has revealed how to effectively reduce the vulnerability of structures to earthquakes. The objective of this document is to present recent knowledge on earthquake protection measures for buildings in a simple and easy to understand manner.
Last modification 01.07.2002 | <urn:uuid:7c674268-1ab0-4940-9c12-d56837d2ad67> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/natural-hazards/publications-studies/publications/seismic-conceptual-design-of-buildings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525627.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718104512-20190718130512-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.95041 | 146 | 3.125 | 3 |
In The Subjection of Women (1869) J.S. Mill (1806-1873) argues that, just as with trade between different nations, men and women will have different comparative advantages and that both will benefit if one side is not favoured by the government with unfair "bounties and protective duties in favour of men":
One thing we may be certain of—that what is contrary to women’s nature to do, they never will be made to do by simply giving their nature free play. The anxiety of mankind to interfere in behalf of nature, for fear lest nature should not succeed in effecting its purpose, is an altogether unnecessary solicitude. What women by nature cannot do, it is quite superfluous to forbid them from doing. What they can do, but not so well as the men who are their competitors, competition suffices to exclude them from; since nobody asks for protective duties and bounties in favour of women; it is only asked that the present bounties and protective duties in favour of men should be recalled. If women have a greater natural inclination for some things than for others, there is no need of laws or social inculcation to make the majority of them do the former in preference to the latter. Whatever women’s services are most wanted for, the free play of competition will hold out the strongest inducements to them to undertake. And, as the words imply, they are most wanted for the things for which they are most fit; by the apportionment of which to them, the collective faculties of the two sexes can be applied on the whole with the greatest sum of valuable result.
About this Quotation:
In a rather daring analogy, Mill asks for the legal “bounties and protective duties in favour of men” to be removed in order that there be the social and legal equivalent of “free trade between the sexes”. Note that, unlike many in the modern feminist movement, he is not asking for “protective duties and bounties in favour of women” but to see what kind of relationship between the sexes might develop if one gave “their nature free play.” On another matter, it is interesting that the editor’s of the University of Toronto Press edition of Mill’s works which are very pleased to now have online at the OLL website, did not think that the writings of Mill (and his associate Harriet Taylor) merited a separate volume in their collection, but Mill’s writings on India did. We think that scattered throughout the collection there is sufficient material on women to merit a single volume. Since such a physical volume does not exist, we have created a “virtual” volume of [their writings on women[(/pages/mill-and-taylor-on-women) instead. | <urn:uuid:a71f3cc7-183d-4f08-833a-d0ee027d31f5> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://oll.libertyfund.org/quote/202?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=quotes.php&Itemid=275 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450559.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00266-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966937 | 580 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Total economic value
Total economic value (TEV) is a concept in cost–benefit analysis that refers to the value derived by people from a natural resource, a man-made heritage resource or an infrastructure system, compared to not having it. It appears in environmental economics as an aggregation of the (main function based) values provided by a given ecosystem.
The value of an ecosystem can be distinguished as:
Use Value – Can be split into Direct and Indirect use values:
- Direct use value: Obtained through a removable product in nature (i.e. timber, fish, water).
- Indirect use value: Obtained through a non-removable product in nature (i.e. sunset, waterfall).
Non-use value – Values for existence of the natural resource. For example, knowing that tigers are in the wild, even though you may never see them.
Option value: Placed on the potential future ability to use a resource even though it is not currently used and the likelihood of future use is very low. This reflects the willingness to preserve an option for potential future use.
Bequest value or existence value: Placed on a resource that will never be used by current individuals, dervied from the value of satisfaction from preserving a natural environment or a historic environment (i.e., natural heritage or cultural heritage) for future generations.
Total economic value is the price of the customer's best alternative ( the reference value) plus the economic value of whatever differentiates the offering from the alternative ( the differentiation value).
- Plottu, Eric; Plottu, Béatrice (2007). "The concept of Total Economic Value of environment: A reconsideration within a hierarchical rationality". Ecological Economics. 61 (1): 52–61.
|This ecology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:edcfb0b8-7d3c-49de-b51c-0205a046eb4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Economic_Value | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607998.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525044605-20170525064605-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.876836 | 406 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Dogs are quite often found to have taken in poisons from the environment. Below is some common poisons and their effects and management on dogs.
Defender is the green snail bait. It is a 'metaldehyde' chemical. Affected dogs show signs 30 minutes to 4 hours after ingesting the poison. Initially affected dogs become anxious and have an elevated body temperature. Panting is usually seen. Progressively they become worse and staggery. They will vomit and start tremoring, and eventually start convulsing uncontrollably. They may bring up green vomit and/or have diarrhoea.
In cases where it is known the dog has ingested Defender but is showing no signs (e.g. recent exposure to Defender), vomiting can be induced to prevent the effect of poison from developing as long as the poison has not yet been absorbed. The dog is required to be observed for the next 6 hours to ensure no clinical signs develop.
We can also induce vomiting and place the dog on intravenous fluids to flush the system if the dog presents with early signs such as anxiety, panting and elevated body temperature but is able to stand. However, vomiting cannot be induced if the dog is unable to stand or is convulsing as vomit may be aspirated into the wind pipe during vomiting. The need to wash the stomach content out via a stomach tube is required then. In cases where the body temperature reaches 410C or above a blood test is necessary to ensure the clotting factors are normal. Fresh plasma transfusion is performed if the quantity of clotting factors is below normal. Antibiotic is usually required for treatment as well.
Most cases have good chance of survival as long as they present early enough.
Baysol is the blue form of snail bait. It is a 'methiocarb' chemical. The presenting signs are similar to those affected by Defender and the basic management process is very similar. Atropine can be administered to manage the convulsant signs, but care must be taken to ensure not too much atropine is given, as atropine may slow down the gut movement causing prolonged exposure to the poison. The heart and breathing rates are also closely monitored as Baysol may suppress both of them.
Pyrethrins and Pypethpoids
These chemicals are found in several common animal insecticides and have an effect on nerves. Due to some ingredients in some insecticides, the harmful effects may be potentiated. Dogs are affected but not as commonly as cats seen after treatment with the dog 'Spot-On' preparations.
Signs seen in such poisoning are initially a tingling sensation on the skin or mouth lining which causes the dog to rub or scratch at the area. Further, the dog will salivate, vomit, become extremely excited, tremor, and possible seizure. In severe cases, the dog may become weak, have difficulty in breathing and may die.
Treatment is aimed at reducing contamination by bathing in a mild dish washing detergent or keratolytic shampoo, followed by drying and keeping the dog warm.
Seizures, if any, are controlled with muscle relaxants or barbiturates. The dog is also placed on intravenous fluids. Generally the chance of survival is good with quick and accurate care.
The most common cause is fresh cookies/cakes. Dogs with low toxicity show behavioural changes, dissociation, increased activity, anxiety, hallucination, incoordination and vomiting. With more severe signs the dog will become depressed, weak and start to tremor or seizure.
Management involves removing the posion from the dog and giving the dog supportive fluids. Teatment is continued until all signs cease. If it is a recent ingestion, vomiting can be induced with sodium carbonate to reduce absorption.
The component of chocolate in causing toxicity is 'theobromine'. It is present in its highest concentration in cooking chocolate and dark chocolate. The signs of toxicity are increased heart rate and hyperactivity leading to seizures in severe cases.
Management is symptomatic. It includes stomach washing via stomach tube and placing on supportive intravenous fluids. Any abnormal heart rhythms are required to be stablised, respiration must be supported and seizures controlled. In cases where signs are very noticeable a urinary catheter is usually placed through the urethra to the bladder to ensure the 'theobromine' is excreted in the urine and prevents its reabsorption. | <urn:uuid:ec910f8e-563c-4092-8a98-f793569b2db7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.roxburghparkanimalhospital.com/poisoning.pml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.951963 | 929 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The problem with driving at night in the raining or snowing conditions is that your headlights work too well. They light up the rain and snow as much as they illuminate the road ahead, sometimes more so. In a novel approach using cameras, computers and DLP projectors to replace conventional headlight bulbs, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have developed a “smart” headlight system that essentially shines light between the rain drops.
It turns out that less really can be more, at least in terms of night driving. By selectively reducing the amount of light projected, by not shining light on the computer predicted path of the rain drops or snow flakes as they enter the critical 3-5 meter space in front of the driver, there is significantly reduced glare.
Theoretically in a perfect system with minimal latency, illuminating 100% of rain drops would come at a cost of only a 2% reduction in total light projected. Precipitation is only a small fraction of the total visual field. So far in lab tests with real water drops falling at normal precipitation levels and slow (30KPH) travel speeds, they can reduce the visibility of rain almost 70% at a cost of only 5% loss of light. The system is less efficient with snowflakes, because they are larger and move more slowly, so there’s about about 15% loss of light, but it can still keep from illuminating more than 60% of the snow. At higher speeds it’s less efficient but lead researcher Srinivasa Narasimhan says that continued development for highway speed use is worthwhile, while stressing that the current system cannot account for wind, turbulence and that it needs to be more compact. Though the researchers stress the data capture and processing parts of the system, it couldn’t work without a DLP projector, one of our age’s unappreciated wonders. The microminiature mirror array in a DLP device can be precisely controlled as to where it shines light.
Ronnie Schreiber edits Cars In Depth, a realistic perspective on cars & car culture and the original 3D car site. If you found this post worthwhile, you can dig deeper at Cars In Depth. If the 3D thing freaks you out, don’t worry, all the photo and video players in use at the site have mono options. Thanks for reading– RJS | <urn:uuid:dc5554d4-ff47-4356-a142-cebbf60aa70b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2012/07/carnegie-mellon-researchers-invent-smart-headlights-that-see-through-rain-snow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098196.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00249-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938974 | 486 | 3.171875 | 3 |
||Reactive solute transport models (RTMs) in porous media collaborate considerably to distinguish the biological processes in environmental issues. Such models are now progressively carried out in engineering projects addressing water pollution problems. A slow sand filter (SSF) can be accomplished either in centralized water treatment facilities.These systems can be as simple to operate water with also hooked up to a pumping system. The filter is merely a bed of bio-sand supported by a layer of the Sewage Sludge Bio-Chars (SSBC) with appurtenances to deliver and remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) . The SSBC, biosolids coal, have been prepared under an oxygen deficient environment at different temperatures. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge is implemented using laboratory-scale equipment at temperatures between 750 and 900°C. The biosolids coal carbonized at 900 °C, has more the abundance of micropores, and higher an aromatic heterocyclic inorganic compound as compared with those of carbonized at 750 °C. | <urn:uuid:6ff9f9d0-571b-4b6e-a231-d934c6e88eb0> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.research-school.rub.de/test2.html?tx_feuserlisting_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=4775 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660529.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118193139-20190118215139-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.918496 | 209 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?
by Thede Kahl*
At the latest
since the existence of the so-called "Aromanian question" are the Aromanians
split into different factions concerning their identity, i.e. those who consider
themselves as being Romanian, those who consider themselves as being Greek and
those who consider themselves as being "purely" Aromanian. Due to increasing
contacts to the Greek language as an important commercial language and by the
influence of Greek culture, a growing number of Aromanians identify themselves
as Greek. While activities for a specifically Aromanian identity and language
can be observed mainly in the Aromanian diaspora, Aromanians in Greece refuse
the classification as a minority and do not use their language in schools and
the media. In Greece the national identification of most Aromanians takes place
through modern Hellenism. But to belong to the Hellenes does not automatically
mean being Greek. The article discusses the different meanings of the pairs of
terms "Vlach/Aromanian", "Minority/Vlach-speaking Greek", "Hellene/Greek". It
tries to describe the aspects which hindered the evolution of an Aromanian
nationhood and analyses the contemporary situation of a minority that behaves
like a majority.
* First published in
Minorities in Greece - historical issues and new
perspectives. Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas (History
and Culture of South Eastern Europe), Vol. 5. (2003). Publ. by
Slavica Verlag, Dr. Anton Kovac, München
(Munich) 2004, pp. 205-219. Our thanks to Thede Kahl and Dr. Kovac for
permission to republish.
"Vlachs" and "Aromanians"
Even experts on Greek issues or Southeastern Europe
have often never even heard of Vlachs or Aromanians because they
appear as Greeks, Romanians, Albanians, Serbs etc.
But if somebody begins to study them and to trace their footprints, he will
quickly observe that there is hardly any part of the Balkan peninsula where they
have not played a role.
The non-uniform use of the terms
Vlachs and Aromanians requires a short definition.
The term Vlachs is not only the more widely used of the two, but it can
refer to varied groups like the so called Meglenoromanians, the
Istroromanians, the Timok Vlachs, the ancestors of the Romanians or
the Vlach Roma. In Greece there can be found Aromanians (known also as
Aroumanians, Aromunians, Cincars, Kutsovlachs, Macedoromanians), a small number
of Meglenoromanians (known also as Meglenite Vlachs) and small groups of Vlach
Roma – all of them called Vlachoi in Greek popular speech. Further, in
all over Greece Vlach may simply mean shepherd. So we can find regions
where even the Greek-speaking Sarakatsans are called Vlachs. In
central Greece, south of the Agrinio-Karpenisi-Lamia line one may find so called
Vlachs, who do not speak Aromanian but who call their regional Greek dialect
Vlach. Most inhabitants of Athens associate the term Vlachos with
rural, lesser civilised and uncouth people. For others, they are nothing more
than good cheese-makers or lamb-producers. In other regions, Vlacha,
Vlachos or Vlachikos is the name of a dance,
so on many Aegean islands (esp. Naxos, Samos, Rhodes, Carpathos) and in Cyprus.
is the ethnonym used by the surrounding societies, while Aromanians define
themselves - depending on which dialect group they belong to - as Armâńi
or Rrămăńi, the self-characterisation, which was the base for
the scientific term Aromanian.
Speakers of Aromanian define themselves as belonging to the "fara armāneascā" (Aromanian
tribe), or, more rarely, to the "populu armānescu" (Aromanian people). In
Aromanian there is no modern word for nation or ethnic (and, of
course, neither for minority), but when trying to describe this term in
their own language, they have quite a lot of possibilities, adopting similar
words from other languages like "miletea armāneascā" (from Turkish millet),
"laou armānescu" (from Greek laos, i.e. people), "ginsā armāneascā" (from
Turkish cins, i.e. genus or "ghimtā armāneascā" (from Albanian gjint,
Only a few Aromanians use the neologism "naţie" (nation).
Most Aromanians live in northern
Greece, further important settlement areas can be found in southern Albania, the
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the Rhodope Mountains and the Dobrudja. The
geographical concentration of Aromanians in Greece is in the Pindos mountains,
its ridges and the surrounding plains in Epirus, Thessaly and Macedonia, the
Vermion mountains and Mount Olympus.
From first Aromanian Movement to the "Ullah millet"
The emergence of a
consciousness which can be characterised as national probably did not
occur among the Aromanians before the beginning of national movements of the
peoples of Southeastern Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
In the Byzantine and Ottoman period, orthodox Christians defined themselves,
regardless of language and culture, as Romans: in Greek Romaioi,
later Romioi, in Latin Romani, later Români and Armâńi.
Before Aromanians began to develop their own consciousness or to orient
themselves in respect to other peoples and their national movements, the most
important aspect of self-identification was mainly as belonging to a millet
(orthodox Christians) and secondarily to a professional group (shepherds,
craftsmen, merchants etc.). Due to traditional work as nomadic herders and due
to persecution (especially by Turkish-Albanian troops), Aromanians are dispersed
all over the Balkans. When at the beginning of the 19th century an
Aromanian movement could be observed especially in the Aromanian diaspora in
Buda and Vienna, large numbers of Aromanians were already assimilated into the
societies of many regions or were in the state of being assimilated. Thus we
have to distinguish between the "national Aromanian movement" as such on the one
hand, and their participation in other national movements on the other hand.
Most common streams of national orientation among
Aromanians were and are pro-Greek and pro-Romanian.
The Greek-Romanian conflict on the so called "Aromanian question" split the Aromanians into different factions, i.e. those who consider themselves as being
Romanian, those who consider themselves as being Greek and those who consider
themselves as being Aromanian. Since the Aromanians belonged to the Greek
Patriarchate and their cultural and economic activities were bound to the Greek
especially the wealthy urbanised Aromanians have been active promoters of the
Greek language and Greek culture for a long time. Greek was already in the 17th
and 18th century a lingua franca
in large parts of Southeastern Europe. The knowledge of Greek was the key to
education and to a higher social status and in this process it did not play any
role if Greek was spoken as a mother or as a foreign language.
A Greek was above all a peddler or merchant,
so that men of wealth (also of Albanian, Vlach, Macedo-Slav and Bulgarian
origin) in the 18th century normally identified themselves as such.
The first written documents in Aromanian were written with the Greek
alphabet and did not have the intention to teach Aromanian, but to spread the
Greek language. The success of the Greek language among the Aromanians was not
only caused by a few individuals promoting Greek culture, but mostly by
increasing contacts with Greek neighbours and the Greek language as the most
important commercial language. A lot of settlements in central Greece became
hellenised without the influence of political or church activists.
The development of a
specifically Aromanian identity can be observed in the early Aromanian diaspora.
Especially Aromanian grammars and language booklets document a clear
consciousness of latinity/romanity;
in 1815 the Aromanians of Buda and Pest asked to have their language used for
emphasises that "this Aromanian movement cannot be reduced to activity of
Romanian propaganda in Turkey", but has characteristics of a "typical national
movement for the 19th century". In the 1860s, soon after the
establishment of independent Romania, the Romanian national movement and its
extensive educational policy in Macedonia, Thessaly and Epirus began to
influence Aromanian activities. Since then, Aromanian activities were
automatically bound to Romania.
After the establishment of a Macedoromanian committee in 1860 in Bucharest,
Romania began to train teachers for Macedonia and in 1864 the first Romanian ("Aromanian")
school was established in Macedonia by Dimitrie Atanasescu in the village of
Trnovo. Soon other Romanian schools followed, and at the beginning of the 20th
century there already existed 100 Romanian churches, 106 Romanian schools with
more than 4 000 pupils and 300 teachers in the regions of Macedonia and Epirus.
At these schools only initial instruction was given in Aromanian, more advance
lessons were in Romanian. Aromanian patriots such as Apostol Mărgărit,
originally a Greek teacher from Avdella, and Constantin Belemace from Malovište
show us that most active participants of the Romanian movement were not
Romanians, but Aromanians.
I suggest characterising this movement as
It culminated in the recognition of the Aromanians by decree (irade) as Ullah
millet (in Greek vlachiko mileti, often interpreted as Aromanian
nation). With the support of the Great Powers
May 1905 they
Sultan Abdul Hamid
all the rights of a millet with the
exception of a religious head.
"millet" to "nation"
The range of different forms of identity and the
resulting dilemma of the division of fundamental alignments within the Aromanian
communities was conditioned on the one hand by their cultural and mental
proximity to the Greeks and on the other hand by the proximity of their language
to the Romanian. The recognition of the "Ullah millet", the influence of
different national movements, especially those of Greece and Romania, and the
influence of foreign powers in the southern Balkans, led to further division and
clashes. The Greek-Romanian conflict achieved its climax in the last and most
violent phases of the Macedonian Struggle (1903-1908), when most Aromanian
groups fought on the pro-patriarchate side, while others took sides with the
pro-Bulgarian exarchists. Confrontation between differently oriented Aromanians
led to bloodshed.
The increased tension between the different groups in
1906 led to the breaking-off of diplomatic relations between Romania and Greece.
Since then, the "Ullah millet" has been called a "Romanian minority" and the Aromanians were no longer divided into pro-Greeks and pro-Romanians, but into
Greeks (Neo-Hellenes) and Romanians.
A different orientation began in
1917, when Italian troops advanced via Albania into Epirus
and founded, with the help of Alkiviadis Diamantis, the "Principate of Pindos"
in the area of Aromanian settlement. Italy undertook attempts to convert the
pro-Romanian Aromanians into pro-Italian, which succeeded to a small degree.
Similar attempts were undertaken during the Second World War, when the Aromanian
members of the "Roman Legion" fought on the side of the Italian troops.
On the other hand, a large number of Aromanian villages were destroyed by
Italian and German troops. In May 1941, Diamantis demanded a Vlach state with
the support of the Italians and suggested putting the Romanian schools under
Italian authority. With the sympathy for the Italians grew the number of
philocatholics among the Aromanians, but the traditional identification with the
Orthodox Church kept the majority of the Aromanians closer to modern Hellenism.
The Romanian education policy
ceased to be in most Balkan countries before the Second World War, whereas most
Romanian schools in Greece continued to exist until the late 1940s.
Can "chameleons" build their own nationhood?
In the case of the
Aromanians there has been a significant discrepancy within their communities in
terms of education and wealth. The traditionalism and backwardness of rural
groups and the greater progressiveness of their urban counterparts, completely
different settlement forms and ways of life were elements that divided the
community. The Aromanians live, for historical and socio-economic reasons, on
the community perimeters of peoples of other ethnic origin and thus merge with
these, leading to either a form of double identity or complete assimilation.
Usually Aromanians who had economic success as tradesmen or caravan leaders
assimilated very fast to other nations, whereas the many semi-nomadic Aromanian
peasants, perceived as a lower class, have not developed a national elite. The
most powerful Aromanian elites, those who had the means to be a crucial element
in the promotion and dissemination of a national consciousness preferred to
engage in the projects of various other national movements, and thus the elites
of Aromanian culture tended to play key roles in the national formation of
ethnic groups other than the Aromanian.
which founded an administratively coherent Ullah millet, encouraged Vlach
national identity in the Ottoman Empire of the early 20th century but
it did not result in the creation of a widespread national Aromanian
consciousness or the development of an Aromanian nationality. The assimilation
of the upper class and their involvement in other national movements was already
too advanced. Not even the support from their linguistic relatives in Romania
helped in their unification since few Aromanians looked to Romania as a patron.
characteristics of Aromanian identity are probably behind Nicolau
calling the Aromanians "les caméléons des Balkans", which in turn led Balamaci
to say that the Aromanians were "born to assimilate" and Gavrilović
that their identity is "able to melt with Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian,
Christian-Albanian or Romanian identity". Exactly this shifting of
identities, this "chameleonic" flexibility, made the Aromanians not only one of
the most polyglot groups in Southeastern Europe but also an economically and
politically very strong one. Thus, when asking for the characteristics that have
hindered the formation of Aromanian nationhood, we have to observe their
participation in the nation-building of their neighbouring peoples first.
Economically and politically, Aromanians had the possibility to develop their
own nation, but the high level of geographical dispersion and ethnic intermixing
were hindering and made these national aspirations quite difficult. I suggest
that their economic superiority even prevented them from developing their own
nationality and accelerated their national absorption. Improving their economic
and educational wealth, they adopted the languages of the majorities (especially
the Greek one) and renounced their own language. Not even their religion could
hinder this absorption (as in the case of the Jews) since they were Orthodox
like their neighbours.
the absorption of the Aromanians by other nations was strengthened additionally
by the fact that important members of their intelligentsia and elites had
emigrated; predominantly the economically weaker groups remained in the
homeland. Thus, since the 18th century the Aromanian diaspora outside
of the Balkans has played a decisive role in the development of Aromanian
identity. Even today, attempts to improve the standing of Aromanian identity,
language and culture is mainly undertaken by those of the diaspora in Germany,
France, the United States and Australia.
"Vlachness" and other national orientations in the Balkans
The Aromanians have
been able to reconcile the peculiarities of their ethnicity with the national
identities of the states in which they live, and as a result, have not forgotten
their separate Aromanian/Vlach co-national consciousness. In general, it
is possible to say that pro-Greek orientations have been the most strongly
represented among Aromanians; Weigand reported, already in 1897, that most
Aromanians were not only "indifferent but even showed hostility to their
While the Aromanian tradesmen and craftsmen were incorporated into Greek culture
on the basis of their urban way of life and their constant contact with Greeks,
we find that those Aromanians whose forefathers worked in agriculture had above
all a tendency towards assimilation by agrarian Slavs (or agrarian Greeks or
agrarian Albanians). Those Aromanians who until today belong to pastoral
communities, represent the most closed Aromanian societies and have retained
their specific Aromanian identity and the best knowledge of their language and
survived predominantly in south Slavic surroundings, i.e.
in the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. A large community in Albania consider
themselves to be a coherent people. In Romania, the groups that immigrated in
1940 preserved their Aromanian identity while those that immigrated earlier were
for the most part assimilated. Aromanians who stress their separate Aromanian
identity usually dissociate themselves from any affiliation to any other nation.
In Greece, most of these groups inhabit the regions of Veria, Grevena and
Athens; in Albania, they live in the southwestern part of the country; and in
the Republic of Macedonia, east of the Vardar River especially. In some cases an
Aromanian identity survives even if no Aromanian is spoken, as among the Cincars
of Serbia. In present-day Greece most Aromanians have Greek identity and
identify themselves with the Greek culture and nation. Outside Greece many
Aromanians in south Albania have Greek identity as well, shaped in the last
decade by the hope of economic advantage based on this relationship with Greece.
Additionally, pro-Greek-oriented families and individuals can be found in
various municipalities all over Southeastern Europe. Most Greek-oriented
individuals emphasised their distance from Romanian culture. The strongest
Romanian identity and orientation towards the Romanian culture and nation
can be found among the Aromanians in Romania but also in communities outside
Romania, above all where Romanian schools had been built. Most Romanian-oriented
Aromanians dissociate themselves from Greek culture and consider themselves to
be a part of the Romanian people speaking a Romanian dialect.
Aromanians and Modern Hellenism
The image of Aromanians as a wild, pastoral people,
which still prevails in Greek society as well as in neighbouring countries, is
also supported by the media.
Phrases such as "Oh, this Vlach" (re ton
Vlacho), "Vlach behave" (vlachika
fersimata) or "Even a civilised Vlach smells
vlachness" (o Vlachos ki an politevtei pali Vlachia myrizei) can
still often be heard in Greece. Their identification with Hellenism as an
ancient culture makes it easy for the Aromanians to ignore this image. Two
totally different self-images survive due to the described discrepancy in
education and wealth within Aromanian society: the "uncouth bumpkins" and the
"national heroes and maecenas".
The Aromanians’ role in the
history of Greece, represented in their numerous patrons, national heroes,
politicians, intellectuals and clergy,
is of great importance for their identity as a part of the modern Greek people.
Especially their numbers among Greek benefactors is often emphasised by
and historians. Indeed, the list of examples of Aromanians in Greek history is
quite impressive: Aromanians are to be found among the independence fighters,
(1757-1798, forerunner of the Greek independence movement), Georgakis Olympios
(1772-1821, member of "Filiki Etaireia", fought in the revolution of 1821), Theodoros and Alexis Grivas (1797-1862 and 1799-1855 respectively, leaders of
armed bands of revolutionaries); they were some of the best known maecenas,
Baron Georgios Sinas (1783-1856, hereditary baron and senior officer of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, founder of the Academy of Athens), Simon Sinas
(1810-1876, banker, railway magnate, baron of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, first
Greek ambassador in Vienna), Nikolaos Stournaris (1806-1853, founder of the
Metsovio Polytechnic School in Athens), Georgios Stavrou (1785-1869, co-founder
and first governor of the National Bank of Greece); and were also among the
important politicians Ioannis Kolettis (1773-1847, Minister and later
Prime Minister 1844-47), Stergios Doumbas (1794-1870, banker in Vienna),
Konstantinos Zappas (1814-1892, endowed the Zappeion Hall and the surrounding
gardens), Georgios Averof (1818-1899, founder of the Military Academy, restorer
of the Panathenian Stadium), Nikolaos Doumbas 1830-1900 (banker), Spyridon
Lambros (1851-1919, historian and politician), Athinagoras I. (1886-1972,
Patriarch from 1948 to 1972), Evangelos Averof Tositsas (1910-1990, Minister of
Foreign Affairs 1958-1963, Minister of National Defence 1974-1981).
All these names are often used
by Greek politicians and historians to demonstrate the Greek consciousness of
the "Vlach-speaking Greeks".
Unfortunately, when speaking about their much-admired Greekness, Greek
Aromanians and Greeks often forget that such examples of well-known Vlach
personalities can be found in the other Southeastern European countries too.
In Greece, the national identity
of most Aromanians takes place without a doubt through modern Hellenism. From
the perspective of the Greek Aromanians all monolingual populations which only
speak Greek belong to the Greeks (Greţ),
while the Vlach-, Slav- and Albanian-speaking people can also belong to the
Hellenes (Elini, in Greek Ellines). Thus, the two terms Greek and
Hellenic cause problems. While almost every Aromanian considers himself to
be Hellene (Ellinas, fem. Ellinida, pl. Ellines) when speaking Greek, he
would not consider himself Greek (Grecu,
fem. Greacā, pl. Greţ)
when speaking Aromanian. To demonstrate this fact, let me quote Maria K. from
Kleisoura. "Of course I am proud to be Vlach, but I am much prouder to be
were her first comments when speaking about the Vlachs in Greece. Only a few
minutes later, when we switched over to Aromanian, she told me about her
daughter "You can´t imagine my shock when our daughter wanted to marry a
Greek! Who wants to marry their own children to the Greeks?".
To be a Hellene does not mean automatically to be Greek. Further problems are
provoked if a language is used that does not differentiate between Greek
and Hellene. Obviously, most Aromanians in Greece will more willingly
call themselves Greek when speaking English than Grecu
when speaking Aromanian.
Things are quite different in
the case of pro-Romanian Aromanians and those who consider themselves to be a
separate people. They do not only identify themselves as Vlachs by culture and
language, their Aromanian identity does not allow the parallel existence of
another national identity. These tendencies can still be found in Greece,
especially in those villages in which strong Romanian communities were accepted
by the Greek authorities, above all in Avdella, Perivoli, Samarina, Vovousa,
Krania, Edessa, Veroia and the surrounding areas, as well as in a few
settlements in the districts of Kastoria and Ioannina. On the whole they
represent a minute and dwindling number of Aromanians.
The idea of "Hellenism" unites
most Aromanians in Greece
much more than their "Vlachness"
so that the following comment by the mayor of a large Vlach village probably
represents the opinion of most Greek Aromanians: "How is it possible that
someone calls us minority? We made the Greek state!"
Greece today: Save your folklore, forget your language!
Intimidation and repression of Aromanians by local Greek
politicians, teachers, priests as well as the nationalist press in the period
between the civil war and the military dictatorship has led to a tabooing of
minority topics in Greece. I have heard about Aromanian children who were
punished for speaking Aromanian at school well into the 1970s and 1980s.
Aromanians with such experiences usually maintain a strong antipathy towards the
Greek policy and preserve, until today (especially in the Balkans and the
diaspora), feelings of belonging to an Aromanian minority.
In the last few years optimistic
activities for the preservation of Aromanian culture in Greece as well as
serious indications for insufficient tolerance in Greece have increased.
situation of the Vlach population in Greece as "the worst when compared with
other countries", but it is not clear which situation she means (obviously not
the economical) and whether the Vlachs in Greece are of the same opinion. Claims
that "the Vlach community wants to have education and church services in Vlach"
and "Greece refuses to give the Vlachs any cultural rights",
do not necessarily represent cultural demands made by the Aromanians of Greece.
Especially politicians of Aromanian descent in Greece emphasise that they do not
even want to be recognised as a minority and are not at all interested in
Aromanian language education.
Aromanian is still learned today in the villages,
but only within the families, never in associations or schools. This continued
survival of the language might show that identification with Aromanians "continues to confer advantages in diverse contexts".
But the consciousness of belonging to the Vlachs does not depend only on being
able to speak the Aromanian language. The most impressing examples of this fact
are the many activists in Vlach associations who do not speak any Aromanian at
all! Even without speaking Aromanian, belonging to the Vlachs may have
advantages. Approbation and disapprobation of Vlachness strongly depends on
image: in surroundings where Vlach means "uncouth bumpkin", Hellene is
emphasised, when speaking about maecenas and heroes, Vlachness becomes
more important. Many Aromanians in Greece even seem to feel disturbed by their
language, because it hinders them in identification with Hellenism. Many
Aromanians in Greece thus do not even regret the loss of their language and
would prefer to themselves rid of their "mixed idiom". Most of them are
convinced that it is absolutely impossible to write Aromanian. In the Balkans
and the diaspora there are about ten Aromanian magazines,
and radio stations
using Aromanian, but none of them in Greece. A large part of the Aromanian
community living in Greece is not interested in any initiative aimed at the
preservation of the Aromanian language apart from its use in the family.
Initiatives taken to protect the Aromanian culture are looked upon with mistrust
(i.e. Minority Groups Research Centre, KEMO).
In Greece there is no newspaper using the Aromanian language. Contemporary
Aromanian periodicals can be divided into those that deal with Aromanian topics
and occasionally print texts written in Aromanian
and those local newspapers that hardly write about Aromanian subjects and are
only published in Greek.
None of the more than 200
in Greece has an Aromanian name and the majority do not even have the word
"Vlach" in their names; none of them have declared their support for the
preservation of the Aromanian language as an important goal. Local associations
recently founded Aromanian cultural museums in Veria, Serres and Naousa.
The largest Aromanian organisation in Greece - and thus world-wide - is the
Pan-Hellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs (Panellinia Enosi
Politistikon Syllogon Vlachon Ellados) which apart from Salonika has branches in
Drama, Grevena, Metsovo, Athens and Agrinio. It currently (2003) has about 80
member associations. Apart from these associations, there is a small
organisation for the Aromanian/Vlach Culture (Etaireia Aromanikou/Vlachikou
Politismou) in Athens, which is the only one active in the effort to protect and
promote the Aromanian language and distributes books with Aromanian songs as
well as small information pamphlets in Greek. In the last years Vlach Students
in Salonika initiated activities and events on Aromanian subjects and founded
the "League of Vlach Students". In Salonika there exists further an
of Helleno-Vlach Albanians (Syllogos Ellinovlachon
Albanias stin Ellada), whose members are Albanian-Aromanians who have recently
immigrated to the country. Between 1994 and 1999 beginner and advanced
linguistic courses for "Koutsovlach" have been offered at the Aristotelis
University of Salonika. Finally, documentary films about Aromanians are very
rare on Greek television; their language is never heard.
In contrast to the language, the
maintenance of Vlach folklore in Greece is excellent. In Metsovo and other
Aromanian villages, festivals have been taking place over the last 20 years and
are, with over 40 000 participants, the largest Aromanian happenings of their
kind in the world. Recently, people of neighbouring countries and of the
diaspora have begun to attend this event with growing interest. Even if some
publications carried the occasional opinion that might have been seen by the
governments of the states in which Aromanians live as politically dangerous,
none of the Aromanian organisations desire to achieve any form of independence
for Aromanians. Because of their extremely loyal Neo-Hellenic consciousness, the
Aromanians of Greece do not represent any "danger" for Greek national concerns
and are thus used to demonstrate Greek progress in handling its linguistic
the "Recommendation on the Aromanian culture"
June 15th 1999 the Council of Europe adopted recommendation 1333
on Aromanian culture and language. According to the recommendation, Balkan
states with Aromanians populations are encouraged to ratify the European Charter
of Regional or Minority Languages and to support the Aromanians in terms of
providing education, religious services in the churches, newspapers, magazines,
radio and television programmes in Aromanian and support for their cultural
associations. The decision met with extreme criticism from the largest Aromanian
organisation in Greece,
whereby the Council of Europe repeated its decision in 1998.
Positive attitudes were only expressed by NGOs such as Greek Helsinki Monitor
and Minority Rights Group
In 2001, no fewer than 31 Vlach-speaking mayors and
heads of village signed a protest resolution against the US State Department
Report on the human rights situation in Greece. They complained "against the
direct or indirect characterisation of the Vlach-speaking Greeks as an ethnic,
linguistic or other minority, stating that the Vlach-speaking Greeks never
requested to be recognised by the Greek state as a minority, stressing that
historically and culturally they were and still are an integral part of
Hellenism, they would be bilingual and Aromanian would be secondary".
On 2nd February 2001,
the trial of the Aromanian activist Sotiris Bletsas in Athens revived again the
discussion about the Aromanians’ rights in Greece. Bletsas was accused of
distributing maps printed by the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages
which showed the minority languages in Greece, at a Vlach festival in 1995. The
witnesses for the prosecution against Bletsas included an Aromanian mayor.
On 18th December 2001 he was acquitted as innocent. Bletsas’
acquittal paved the way for the EBLUL meeting on 26th January 2002 in
Salonika, which was arranged for representatives of the linguistic minorities of
Greece. The 1st International Conference of the EBLUL has been held
in Salonika on 15th November 2002.
During the conference more than 100 persons demonstrated against the intentions
of the conference.
On 28th May 2002, an
incident occurred at the Book Exhibition of Salonika involving around 100
right-wing militants who stormed the stands where publications from Balkan
countries were being displayed. They exercised their own variety of censorship
by removing and burning books from those Balkan countries, the content of which
was considered by some persons to be insulting. A large number of these books
were Vlach literature from the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).
Another example of insufficient tolerance is the publishing (or non-publishing)
of books with Aromanian subjects. It is typical that most classical scientific
literature on the Aromanians has yet to be translated into the Greek, whereas
there are translations in nearly every other Balkan language. The Greek edition
of M. D. Peyfuss’ thesis "Die Aromunische Frage" has to date not been possible
although the translation has been finished for time. My own Greek translation of
Gustav Weigand’s "Die Aromunen" has been edited and commented on in the most
by the right-wing secretary of the "Information Center of Ethnic Problems," Achille Lazarou.
Most recently, on 18th
August 2003, the Pan-Hellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs
issued again a strong protest
on the occasion of the direct or indirect characterisation of the Vlach-speaking
Greeks as an ethnic, linguistic or other type of minority, a position expressed
in the latest report issued by the American organisation "Freedom House".
The classification as belonging to a minority may for some people be a
compliment or a privilege, for others it is disturbing and suspicious. As the
term minority in Greece is officially used only when speaking about
Muslims in Western Thrace, this expression has a negative undertone for
Christian groups. Furthermore, Greece’s minority policy often interpreted the
linguistic and cultural otherness of Aromanians, Arvanites and Slavomacedonians
as not-Greek, anti-Greek or disloyal towards the Greek state. Most Aromanians in
Greece will for these reasons continue to refuse being called a minority. If one
describes them as a minority in Greece, regardless of their protests against
this classification, one has to call them a minority in the Balkans too; if one
calls them Greek one has to call them at least partially Albanian, Serb,
Romanian etc. in other countries. And everybody who uses the term Vlach-speaking
Greeks should realise that they became Greek-speaking Vlachs some
Due to this fact, to the lack of
older data and to different census methods, estimating the Aromanian population
is nearly impossible. The last Greek national census that differentiated between
different orthodox groups, showed 26 750 Vlachs living in Greece in 1940 and 22
736 in 1951. The Lausanne convention of 1923 mentioned between 150 000 – 200 000
Vlachs in Greece. Today’s estimates are as high as 600 000 Aromanians living in
Greece. If one takes into account all potential speakers who consider themselves
belonging to the Vlach/Aromanian nation, we should perhaps speak of a maximum of
300 000 Aromanians in Greece and a number of fluent Aromanian speakers as not
above 100 000. For further estimates see: Bogdan Banu, The Aromanians in the
Balkans, at: www.aromanian.net; Sevold Braga, Die Rechtslage der romanischen
Minderheit in Griechenland, Noul Album Macedo-Român 2, (1965), S. 37-136; Birgül
Demirtaş-Coşkun,: The Vlachs. A Forgotten Minority in the Balkans. London,
Portland 2001; Thede Kahl, Ethnizität und räumliche Verteilung der Aromunen in
Südosteuropa. Münstersche Geographische Arbeiten 43. Münster 1999; Tache
Papahagi, Aromînii. Grai, Folklor, Etnografie. Cu o introducere istorică [The
Aromanians. Language, Folklore, Ethnography. With a historical introduction].
Bucureşti 1932, 79-81; Gustav Weigand, Die Aromunen.
Ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen über das Volk der
sogenannten Makedo-Romanen oder Zinzaren, Bd. 1, Land und Leute. Leipzig 1895,
281-283; Tom Winnifrith, The Vlachs of the Balkans: A Rural Minority Which Never
Achieved Ethnic Identity. In: Roots of Rural Ethnic Mobilisation: Comparative
Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe 1850-1940. Vol.
7. Ed. David Howell. New York, Dartmouth 1992.
Unfortunately some authors use
these terms as synonyms, e.g. Demirtaş-Coşkun [fn. 1]; Tom Winnifrith, The
Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People. London 1987.
Alkis Raftis, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια του
ελληνικού χορού [Encyclopedia of the Greek Dance]. Athens 1995, 92-95.
The immense diversity in
defining the word "Vlach" can be seen in the following excerpts from my
"Everybody who has animals is a Vlach."
"Vlachs are the persons we go to at Easter to bye some lamb."
"There are no Vlachs anymore. They have gone."
"My parents were Vlachs."
"They are Romanians. But we have Vlachs here too."
"A Vlach is a bad major."
"They are the purest Greeks, the proudest race!"
"We do not have any Vlachs here. We are pure Greeks."
Αll examples in Tache Papahagi,
Dicţionarul dialectului aromân. General şi etimologic [Dictionary of the
Aromanian dialect. General and etymologic]. Bucharest 1974.
For details on distribution see
Vasilis Gounaris, Asterios Koukoudis: Από την Πίνδο ως τη Ροδόπη: αναζητώντας
τις εγκαταστάσεις και την ταυτότητα των Βλάχων (From Pindos to Rhodopes:
searching for the settlements and the identity of the Vlachs],). Ίστωρ 10(1997),
S. 91-137; Kahl [fn. 1]; Johannes Kramer, De Aromoenen in Griekenland. Tetradio
- Tijdschrift van het Griekenlandcentrum 11, Universiteit Gent 2002, 55-72;
Rudolf Windisch, Die lateinisch-romanischen Aromunen auf dem Balkan. In:
Europäische Regionalkulturen im Vergleich. Eds. Eva Leitzke-Ungerer, Andrea
Pagni. Frankfurt a.M. 2002, 123-141.
Because of their pejorative
meaning I would like to avoid terms like "graecoman" and "romanising" used in
Southeastern European languages.
Max D. Peyfuss, Rom oder Byzanz?
Das Erwachen des aromunischen Nationalbewußtseins, Österreichische Osthefte 12/6
1970, 337-351, here 338.
Angeliki Konstantakopoulou, Η
ελληνική γλώσσα στα Βαλκάνια 1750-1850. Το τετράγλωσσο λεξικό του Δανιήλ
Μοσχοπολίτη [The Greek language in the Balkans 1750-1850. The dictionary in four
languages of Daniel Moschopolite]. Ioannina 1988, 11.
Ioannis Zelepos, Die
Ethnizisierung griechischer Identität 1870-1912. Südosteuropäische Arbeiten 113.
München 2002, 56, 267.
Ulf Brunnbauer (ed.):
Umstrittene Identitäten. Ethnizität und Nationalität in Südosteuropa. Frankfurt
a.M. 2002, (Einleitung, 11-29, here 19).
For some Greek scholars this
identification with the Greeks is enough to draw the conclusion that they are of
Greek origin, see Christos Zafeiris, Βαλκάνιος πραματευτής. Οδοιπορία μνήμης σε
ελληνικές κοινότητες και παροικίες [The Balkan merchant. Tracing the Greek
communities and colonies], Athens 1998, 25, 139-141.
E.g. Konstantinos Oukoutas,
Νέα παιδαγωγία ήτι αλφαβητάριον εύκολον του μάθειν τα ρωμανο-βλάχικα γράμματα
εις κοινήν χρήσιν των Ρωμανο-Βλάχων [New easy fible for learning the Romano-Vlach
writing for the common use of the Romano-Vlachs]. Vienna 1797; Gheorghe
Constantin Rosa, Untersuchungen über die Romanier oder sogenannten Wlachen,
welche jenseits der Donau wohnen. Pest 1808; Mihail G. Boiagi: Romanische oder
Macedonowlachische Sprachlehre / Γραμματική ρωμανική ήτοι μακεδονοβλάχικη.
Radu C. Miron, Kirchliche
Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungen der Aromunen. Dacoromania. Jahrbuch für östliche
Latinität 4 (1977/78), 135-145, 136.
Max D. Peyfuss: Die
Aromunische Frage. Ihre Entwicklung von den Ursprüngen bis zum Frieden von
Bukarest (1913) und die Haltung Österreich-Ungarns. Wiener Archiv für Geschichte
des Slawentums und Osteuropas, Vienna 1974, 21.
Exact data varies; for
details see the map in Marius Z. Ţigoiu, Şcoli şi biserici româneşti în
Macedonia [Romanian Schools and Churches in Macedonia]. Bucureşti 1938, and the
following sources: Teodor T. Burada, Cercetări despre şcoalele românesci în
Turcia [Survey on the Romanian School in Turkey]. Bucuresci 1890; Lena Divani,
The Vlachs of Greece and the Italo-Rumanian Propaganda. Thetis. Mannheimer
Beiträge zur Klassischen Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands 3, Mannheim
1996, S. 195-206; Mitu Dona, Cum s'au înfiinţat întâile şcoli naţionale în
Albania [How there were the first national schools in Albania made], Graiul
Românesc 2/9, Bucureşti 1928, S. 156-162; I. Goschin, Şcolile româneşti din
Peninsula Balcanică [The Romanian schools in the Balkan Peninsula], Graiul
Românesc 5/1, Bucureşti 1931, S. 3-10; Ion Ordeanu: Şcoli româneşti în peninsula
Balcanică [The Romanian schools in the Balkan Peninsula], Graiul Românesc 2/6,
Bucureşti 1928, S. 101-105; Peyfuss [fn. 15], 106; Gustav Weigand: Die Aromunen.
Ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen über das Volk der
sogenannten Makedo-Romanen oder Zinzaren, Bd. 1, Land und Leute. Leipzig 1895,
On Mărgărit see Theodor
Capidan, Macedoromânii. Etnografie, istorie, limbă [The Macedoromanians.
Ethnography, history, language]. Bucureşti 1942, 232-234; on his intentions see
Evangelos Averof-Tositsas, Η πολιτική πλευρά του κουτσοβλαχικού ζητήματος [The
political aspects of the Aromanian question]. Reprint Trikala 1992 (1st edition
Athens 1948) and Peyfuss [fn. 15]; on Belemace see the autobiography by
Constantin Belemace: Dimândarea pârinteascâ [Dimand of the parents]. New York
Or Vlach-Romanian as does
Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908.
Wiesbaden 1979, 220.
R. V. Bossy, Un succes
diplomatic românesc: "Iradeaua" din 1905 [A Romanian diplomatic success: the
irade of 1905], Noul Album Macedo-Român 1 (1959), S. 167-169.
On discrimination,
persecution and other conflicts between pro-Greek and pro-Romanian Aromanians
see Adanir [fn. 18], 217-222; C. A.
Bratter, Die kutzowlachische
Frage. Hamburg 1907, 61, 65-76, 111-120; Demirtaş-Coşkun [fn. 1], 17-22, Divani
[fn. 16], 200; Constantin Papanace, La persecution des minorités aromounes (valaques)
dans les pays balcaniques. Le probleme macedonien. Biblioteca verde 3. Bucureşti
1951; Peyfuss [fn. 15], 90.
Bratter [fn. 20].
Nicolae Zdrulla, Mişcarea
aromânilor din Pind în 1917 [The movement of the Aromanians in Pindos in 1917],
Revista Aromânească 1/2, Bucureşti 1929, S. 162.
See Divani [fn. 16], 196,
Stauros A. Papagiannis: Τα
παιδιά της λύκαινας. Οι ‘επίγονοι’ της 5ης Ρωμαϊκής Λεγεώνας κατά την διάρκεια
της Κατοχής 1941-1944 [Wolf children. The ‘descendants’ of the 5th Roman Legion
during the occupation 1941-1944]. Athens 1998, 21-31.
Details: Thede Kahl, The
Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like
a Majority, Ethnologia Balkanica 6 (2002), 145-169.
Irina Nicolau, Les caméléons
des Balkans. Civilisations En Quete d'identité XLII/2 (Université Libre de
Bruxelles), 1993, 175-178.
Nicholas Balamaci, The Balkan
Vlachs: Born to Assimilate?, Cultural Survival Quarterly, Summer 1995 (also at
Ljiljana Gavrilović,
Kir-Janja - Stvarnost ili stereotip [Kir-Janja - Reality or stereotype].
Belgrade 1998 (unpublished), 2.
Gustav Weigand: Die nationale
Bewegung unter den Aromunen (Rumänen der Türkei). Globus 71/4, Braunschweig
1897, S. 53-55.
Ilias G. Kostopoulos, Η
Εθνική συνείδηση των Βλάχων και ο ρόλος τους στη συγκρότηση του Νέου Ελληνισμού
[The national consciousness of the Vlachs and their role in the unity of Modern
Hellenism], Trikalina 8 (1989), 207-240, here 205.
See Giannis Papathanasiou,
Ιστορία των Βλάχων [The history of the Vachs]. Salonika 19942.
For example Salonika’s mayor,
Vasilis Papageorgopoulos, emphasised in 2000 that "almost all the great
benefactors of modern Greece [...] were Vlachs"; see Community of Nymfaion
(ed.), Armani - Distinguished Greeks Vlachs. Catalogue of the Nymphaion Museum
of Gold and Silverkraft exhibition. Nymfaion 2000, 11-12.
The following names are given
in their Greek form; outside of Greece some of them are better known by their
Vlach forms: "Dumba" instead of "Doumbas".
For example the deputy mayor
of Larisa, Panos Sapkas, emphasised in 2000: "When modern Greece came into
being, Vlach benefactors filled Athens with buildings, enduring evidence that
their hearts and minds were wholly Greek"; see Community of Nymfaion [fn. 33],
" Βέβαια είμαι περίφανη που
είμαι Βλάχα, αλλά πιο περίφανη είμαι που είμαι Ελληνίδα, καυχιέμαι!"
"Lele, cātā γinati āń γinea
cāndu feata noastrā ş-aflā un grecu! Cari di noi va s-da cilimeańĺi la greţ? "
"Πώς τολμούν κάποιοι να μας
βγάλουν μειονότητα στην Ελλάδα αφού εμείς κάναμε την Ελλάδα! "
Demirtaş-Coşkun: [fn. 1], 29.
ibid., 53.
ibid., 54.
Muriel D. Schein, When is an
Ethnic Group? Ecology and Class Structure in Northern Greece, Ethnology 14
(1975) Pittsburgh, 83-97, here 93.
Some of them can be read
online, i.e. Bana Armãneascã at http://www.geocities.com/armaneasca/, Farsarotul
at http://www.farsarotul.org, Zborlu a nostru at http://www.geocities.com/zborlu/
Broadcasting from Bucharest
(see http://www.rri.ro), from Skopje
(see http://www.maccinema.com/makedonija.asp) and Kruševo
Pan-Hellenic Federation of
Cultural Associations of Vlachs (Panellinia Enosi Politistikon Syllogon Vlachon
Ellados): Ύποπτα αλλά κερδοφόρα σεμινάρια για Βλάχους [Suspect but Lucrative
Seminars on the Vlachs]. Apogevmatini tis Kyriakis, 9th August 1998, Athens.
Such as Armanika Chronika,
Pigi Kefalobrysou, Mnimes, Amerou - Miliotika Nea, Niagousti.
Such as Avdela, I oraia
Samarina, I Nymfi, Gardiki, To Greveniti, Kallarytes, Kleisoura, Metsovo,
Flambourioika Nea, Laistina Nea, Livadiotika Nea, Pindos, Palmoi tis Kranias, Το
Syrrako, Pisoderitika, Vovousiotika, Zagoriaka, Koutsoufliani.
When speaking about Aromanian
"organisations" in this section, one has to consider that a lot of them are not
officially registered; none of the mentioned Aromanian "newspapers" has an
official ISSN number.
For Naousa see http://www.museumsofmacedonia.gr/Folklore/Laografiko_Blaxvn.html,
for Veroia http://www.vlahoi.gr/index.asp, for Serres http://users.otenet.gr/~vlah-ser/olymp.htm,
for Almyro http://www.geocities.com/lsvea2001/, for Livadi http://www.dynamiki.gr/livadi/lao_mousio.htm,
for Nymfaio http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Museums/Folklore/Mouseio_Nymfaioy.html,
for Kefolovryso http://www.geocities.com/mentis2s/, for Metsovo http://www.epcon.gr/metsovo/,
for Samarina http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/C3.8.html.
Divani [fn. 16], S. 198.
Council of Europe,
Parliamentary Assembly AACR 18.97, 1403-24/6/97-1-E and AS (1997) CR18 Doc. 7728
provisional edition, ordinary session report, eighteenth sitting, 24 June,
appendix: Recommendation 1333 (1997) on the Aromanian culture and language (see
www.coe.fr/cm/dec/1999/674/71.htm and http://fargo.itp.tsoa.nyu.edu/~mihai/aromanians1333.html.
Pan-Hellenic Federation of
Cultural Associations of Vlachs (Panellinia Enosi Politistikon Syllogon Vlachon
Ellados): Letter from 5th March 1998 for the Council of Europe Concerning the
Resolution 1333 about Aroumanian Language and Culture, Drama (copy in the
possession of the author).
Council of Europe: Draft
Opinion of the Steering Committee of Human Rights (CDDH) on Parliamentary
Assembly Recommendation 1333 (1997) on the Aromanian Culture and Language. 1st
meeting 17-20 March 1998, Human Rights Building, Strasbourg 1998.
See respectively http://www.greekhelsinki.gr
Resolution of protest by 31
Vlach-speaking mayors and heads of village at http://www.mpa.gr/article.html?doc_id=174455;
cf. US Department of State at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/769.htm
See http://www.eblul.org/gp/resolution-en.zip.
See details in Minderheiten
in Griechenland. Pogrom - Zeitschrift für bedrohte Völker 31/209 2001; also at
Details at http://www.mhrmc.ca/news/02/eblul3.html
See http://www.mpa.gr/article.html?doc_id=306693
Greek Helsinki Monitor 2002,
"Serious Allegations about Burning of Books at the Book Exhibition of Thessaloniki by Extreme Right-Wingers Following Incitation by a Television
Program, see press release from 30 May 2002" at http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html.
Thede Kahl, Gustav Weigand in
Griechenland von den Schwierigkeiten einer Rezeption. Südostforschungen 61/2002,
1-13; Thede Kahl: Οι Βλάχοι και η ιστορία τους. Η έκδοση ενός βιβλίου και
μερικές απορίες από τον μεταφραστή του [The Aromanians and their History. The
Edition of a Book and some Remarks by its Translator]. Eleftherotypia, 5th
August 2002, 35.
See http://www.mpa.gr/article.html?doc_id=366995
or in Greek 366991.
See http://www.freedomhouse.org/. | <urn:uuid:91eff397-2f00-4302-b3a2-55d34f961af0> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691830.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925130433-20170925150433-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.865368 | 13,653 | 2.625 | 3 |
HONOLULU (HawaiiNewsNow)- Dr. V from Oceanit and Taizo are joined by a very smart, and brave little helper on Sunrise. It takes some work to show how pressure can cause smoke to appear out of thin air!
Dr. V Show: Cloud-in-a-bottle
November 16, 2010
Things you need:
- Empty 2-liter bottle
- Rubbing alcohol
- Bike pump
- Rubber stopper
Please do this and all experiments with adult supervision. Pour a little bit alcohol into your empty bottle. You want to get some particles in the bottle, so roll the bottle around to let the alcohol evaporate. Using the rubber stopper, have an adult have you create an attachment for your pump that will plug into the mouth of the bottle. Put the plug into the mouth of the bottle and give it ten good pumps. Then take the plug out quickly. What do you see? Try putting the plug back in and pump up the bottle again. What happens?
How does it work?
In your bottle you have water vapor, air and alcohol particles. When you pressurize the bottle by pumping air in, the air in the bottle squeezes together or compresses. When you release the plug, the pressure drops, letting the air expand. When that happens, the temperature of the air becomes colder. This cooling procedure allows the water molecules to stick together more easily, forming tiny water droplets, or in other words, a cloud. The alcohol particles help this to occur. Most water droplets are created when water vapor condenses around a condensation nucleus, a tiny particle of smoke, dust, ash, or salt. Clouds in the sky form when the unseen water vapor in the air condenses into visible water droplets or ice crystals.
Why do clouds sometimes form over the mountains?
What is fog? What is the weather like when it's foggy? Cold or warm? | <urn:uuid:c42ce91c-c9a4-4d08-b321-3e707cf7e2cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/13520840/we/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512592.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020055317-20181020080817-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.896646 | 401 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Saving your teeth and preserving its health is what we ideally aim for before considering procedures such as a tooth extraction. A root canal is a simple treatment that helps to preserve and protect your teeth that have suffered from either injury, internal decay, and other means of damage.
An endodontic therapy is generally considered for patients who have suffered severe infection or decay of the dental pulp. The cause of such internal decay could be a minor crack that progressed into deeper ones, paving the entry of bacteria into the internal dental pulp thereby infecting its fresh and healthy tissues. Such an infection would not only put your jawbones at risk but can affect the entire oral cavity.
What is a root canal?
A root canal is an endodontic treatment of the tooth's internal structure. The procedure removes infected tissues of the dental pulp thereby saving the tooth from severe infection and decay. The dental pulp is a mass of tissues that nurtures the tooth from the inside. It rests within the deeper layers of the tooth's enamel. It is surrounded by connective nerves that blood vessels that bring in nutrition for your teeth. Any damage inflicted externally can put these tissues in risk of damage and infection. Before considering an extraction to save your damaged teeth, an endodontist may be able to help you to preserve them.
Who are the ideal candidates for a root canal?
The ideal candidates for a root canal would be those who:
- Experiences a severe toothache
- Suffers from prolonged tooth sensitivity and pain while chewing
- Notices severe teeth discoloration
What is the process involved?
A root canal procedure would be performed by an experienced dentist or an endodontist who has prior skill and knowledge working with cases related to endodontic conditions. An endodontist specializes in the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the dental pulp.
The procedure begins by numbing the area of the infected tooth. To ensure that other areas of the tooth are dry and free of saliva, the dentist would place a rubber dam around the tooth. An access hole would be drilled into the tooth to remove infected pulp tissues and debris from the canal chamber. After a thorough cleaning session, the tooth the sealed. The sealed tooth is then protected with the help of a restoration to keep it safe from the entry of food particles and bacteria.
Request your appointment with MAK Dental today for your root canal procedures! Book online or call us at (707) 554-2600. | <urn:uuid:f19c64da-6a7e-44ed-b4bb-19efd13a7159> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.makdental.net/specialty/root-canals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658988.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117143601-20190117165601-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.946077 | 514 | 3.015625 | 3 |
An autonomous region in China equivalent to a province, whose population is mostly composed of an ethnic minority. The Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is also known as East Turkistan, Chinese Turkistan or Uyghuristan, but not by the Chinese (for political reasons). The population is 21 million split between Hans, Uighurs, Kazakhstan, Hui, Mongols, Russians and several other ethnic groups, with Islam being the main religion in the region. Mosques are common to find around here.
The Chinese government encouraged colonization in this region by the Hans from 1949, a strategic region rich in oil and ore. A region where 90% of the inhabitants were Uighur ethnic groups, today represents less than 50%, Uighur (45.2%), Han (40.6%), Kazakhs (6.7%), Hui (4.6%) and other ethnic groups. The Hans Chinese always end up having the best jobs and holding good positions in government. One more reason for the enmity between Hans and Uighurs.
The Uighurs, as well as the Tibetans, Mongols and others, are oppressed by the Chinese government. In China, the poor Uighur children and teenagers end up committing minor crimes and they are easy to be identified, as they look like Westerners. There is a lot of them in Xian, I saw some of them getting into a police truck.
Many nuclear tests were conducted in the deserts of Xinjiang, as a consequence, cases of death from cancer, deformities in sheep and newborns began to appear, which motivated the protests in 1986.
In the past decade several separatist movements in the cities of Kashgar and Ürümqi have taken shape, some through acts of terrorism. The Chinese government has severely suppressed any hint of these moves by sending army and air force troops, executions, curfews in Kashgar and torture. With the September 11, 2001 bombing in the U.S., the fight against terrorism gained momentum and served as an excuse for the Chinese government to act with even greater intolerance. | <urn:uuid:493f008a-2fd0-43d4-a917-ea51718a0aab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://travelerni.com/tag/uyghur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.96764 | 429 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This year we will celebrate three weeks of visual arts, culture and literacy.
Celebrating Colours of Nature by connecting with generations and diversity of cultures within Redbridge, significant to different cultures and communities.
We will be running art competitions for three weeks and by the end of each week, we will announce a winner.
Week 1: Plants & Human Culture
Historically, plants serve an intimate role in human culture. They influence language, art and literature, performing arts and modern mass media, politics and world events. Plants serve as symbols in many celebrations and rituals such as holidays, weddings, and funerals. Some plants symbolically represent a country as its national symbol.
Let’s celebrate the diverse community of Redbridge by painting, drawing or creating 3D form of your cultural plants and flowers.
Let’s celebrate their significance through visual art.
Week 2. Art & Language
Connecting across generations through the celebration of Bilingualism.
Create art and promote, the mother tongue you speak at home.
Write “Art” in your mother language and paint around it. For example One word in Robert Indiana style.
Week 3: Art & Literacy
Change a story or recreate a book cover.
1. Choose your favourite book and write an alternative ending(s) for it.
2. Choose your favourite book and re-design its cover.
Let’s celebrate change through books and the way how we all are different; have different lifestyle and different way of thinking and understanding the world around us.
Children can submit art on the above themes or create whatever pleases them.
To support sen children with extra needs, we have created packs which parents or carer might find it easier to engage them with and help SEN children to take part.
Please email us if you want your child to participate; we will post the pack with instructions and materials.
We only have 20 packs, so it is on a first come first serve basis.
Parents or guardian can contact us; we can give guidance on how your child can participate.
Please email us at email@example.com
Families of children under the age of 5 years old can create art together and submit as a family.
As lockdown is lifting, we will have an exhibition opportunity with Redbridge libraries celebrating by giving exhibition opportunity.
We will confirm when the exhibition will take place and how you will be able to participate.
Each week, visit our website where we will be posting prompts as video tutorials and PDFs to support you.
To take part to send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.org
This event is open to the public. | <urn:uuid:9e7d3b9c-ddd7-4c46-ad33-f962c329e49e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://engage.org/happenings/big-little-exhibition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363217.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302034236-20210302064236-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.923858 | 560 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Reviewed by Jennifer
Robinson, MD on
February 19, 2020
IMAGE PROVIDED BY:
AIM: "Asthma and Obesity."
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology: ���Is Your Asthma Allergic?” “Asthma and Exercise: Tips to Remember,” “Asthma Triggers and Management: Tips to Remember.”
American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology: “Asthma and Exercise,” “Asthma in Children,” “Asthma Symptoms.”
American Lung Association: “Reduce Asthma Triggers,” “For Parents of Children with Asthma,” “Asthma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.”
Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America: “Asthma in Infants,” “Asthma Overview.”
CDC: “Common Asthma Triggers,” “FastStats: Asthma,” “Asthma and Obesity.”
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: “How is Asthma Diagnosed?” “So You Have Asthma.”
News release, CDC.
Ohio State University: “Asthma and Exercise,” “Triggers for Asthma Attacks.”
Piippo-Savolainen, E. Acta Paediatrica, 2008.
Piippo-Savolainen, E. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2009.
Rance, K. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 2011.
This tool does not provide medical advice.
See additional information.
THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is intended for general informational purposes only and does not address individual circumstances. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the WebMD Site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, immediately call your doctor or dial 911.
© 2020 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:1f3b9088-8ff7-4b3a-84c8-b286ae714d46> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.webmd.com/asthma/rm-quiz-asthma-iq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368687.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304082345-20210304112345-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.896151 | 471 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Image of the day
Air quality in Europe on 22 March 2022
Credit: European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-5P imagery
Almost all of continental Europe is under persistent atmospheric high pressure. In addition to causing record barometric pressure values in Denmark, it has also negatively affected air quality, due to the reduced atmospheric circulation.
In fact, as shown in this visualisation of the nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) measurements acquired on 22 March 2022 by the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite, the concentration values diffusely reached 0.1 mmol/m2 over Northern Italy, Germany, Northern France, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Denmark. These values are comparable with the values measured by the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite in March 2021 and confirm the trend of a return to pre-pandemic levels of NO2 pollution. | <urn:uuid:8622babd-191f-4f7f-a94e-77816bdbb212> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.copernicus.eu/en/media/image-day-gallery/air-quality-europe-22-march-2022 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.90709 | 181 | 3.546875 | 4 |
In the previous post under Analytics Pane we discussed about the constant line and its use. Today we are going to continue our discussion with the Average lines
To see how a average line work lets build a view using out Sample superstore data.
Drag region and Order Date to columns. Drag sales to rows and bring region to the colors mark. Your view will now be like this:
The above view shows the sales across four region for all the year. Lets try adding a Average line to this. When we drag the average line to the worksheet the following screen appears :
We can see three options over here : Table , Pane and Cell. We will discuss the first two ( Table and Pane in this article and the last Cell in the next article.
Drag this average line to the worksheet and place it on ‘Table’ option. We can see that a average line comes across the sheet ( this is average value of all the bar values in the worksheet).
Right click on the average line and we will same options ( Edit , Format and Remove as we saw in Constant line in the earlier post. Select edit and the following window will appear.
Notice we can change the average line to be applied on Table , Pane and Cell from here as well in the Scope area.
The value of the average can be changed from the Line area. We can change the average value to total , sum , maximum , minimum etc from here.
From the formatting options we can change the format of the average line.
Next lets try to add another average line and this time drop it to the Pane area. We will have the following view now:
Our view has now two average one average for the entire table (Country) and the other for each pane ( Region in our case )
I hope you guys found this article informative.
In the next article I will discuss adding average line with a case study in or next article. | <urn:uuid:2d066a1b-36fa-444c-8ee6-60bc8d4a4490> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.vizzingdata.com/analytics-pane-part-2-average-line/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.915783 | 400 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Dust effect on PV modules
conference contributionposted on 10.06.2011, 11:42 by Hassan Qasem, Tom Betts, Harald Mullejans, H. AlBusairi, Ralph Gottschalg
This paper investigates the effect of dust on photovoltaic (PV) modules with respect to dust concentration, wavelength and spectral transmittance. Dust samples were collected from Kuwait in the form of raw dust and accumulated dust on sample glass at different tilt angles. The spectral transmittance was measured in the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) laboratory with a spectrophotometer. Spectral transmittance variation was identified for samples at different tilted positions, where the worst case was presented at a tilt angle of 30o with a non uniformity of 4.4% in comparison to 0.2% for the 90o tilt between the top, middle and bottom. The effect of this on PV is investigated by calculating a modified spectral response for different technologies using spectral response data measured by the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI). The measured data showed a faster rate of decrease in transmittance at wavelengths <570 nm. This affects wide band-gap technologies more than crystalline silicon technologies and especially amorphous silicon which showed a 33% reduction in the spectral photocurrent when a dust concentration of 8.5 mg/cm2 was applied. In comparison, the crystalline silicon and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) technologies showed 28.6% and 28.5% reductions at the same dust density.
- Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering
- Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) | <urn:uuid:d18c8f8f-b466-4a37-942b-39b8be58f224> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/conference_contribution/Dust_effect_on_PV_modules/9557366/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350706.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225012257-20210225042257-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.893735 | 345 | 2.640625 | 3 |
According to new reports released by the U.S. Border Patrol, the surge in Central Americans crossing into the United States is dropping at an alarming rate—approximately 60% fewer unaccompanied minors were apprehended during the month of August, in comparison to the summer months, a time when the migration crisis was in full effect in Central America. These unaccompanied minors make the perilous trek north from their Central American countries due to the violence they have encountered right at home.
The report suggests that the primary reason for the sudden drop is owed to the Mexican government’s crackdown on Central American immigrants. According to the report, increasing pressure on Mexico to instill effective deterrents has resulted in increased arrests and deportations of thousands of Central Americans, making it harder for such migrants to reach the American border.
Bowing to American pressure, the Mexican government recently announced a plan to militarize the southern border by placing federal forces along it. As part of these plans, the government will be setting up interior checkpoints, whereby authorities can inspect buses and vans carrying passengers into northern Mexico. Setting up checkpoint will also allow the authorities to ID passengers and question them. Additionally, Mexican authorities have forbidden migrants to board the infamous lumbering freight train known as ‘La Bestia,’ or the Beast in English. Many Central Americans and children have died while attempting to board such freight trains bound for the United States border. What does this mean for Central American immigrants journeying north? A longer and more dangerous journey ahead of them. According to the Mexican interior ministry, since the crackdown, approximately 30,000 Central Americans have been apprehended and sent back home; 20,000 of which were minors. Central Americans who have sought shelter from authorities in Mexico say that they are afraid of being turned in by Mexican authorities, according to news reports by NPR. Pro-immigrant activists argue that the work being done by Mexican authorities should be done by United States authorities which are better staffed and have better resources. Moreover, they argue, that despite the crackdown, nothing has changed in Central America. Central American countries remain impoverished, and innocent children are left to suffer the consequences of living in a country where impunity and violence run rampant. These critics argue that much more must be done and the issue is much more complex than the American and Mexican government are admitting. Critics insist that the issue is bilateral and humanitarian in nature. Congressional oversight will be necessary to tackle the issue. | <urn:uuid:a555c82d-87f3-44d9-a1ea-6b13c997d749> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.visalawyerblog.com/cbp-reports-decline-unaccompanied-minor-crossings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256571.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521202736-20190521224736-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.968173 | 486 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Americans are some of the healthiest individuals in the world. The country is experiencing relatively high rates of life expectancy and low infant mortality rates. However, the health of Americans is not perfect. The country faces significant challenges in obesity, mental health, and other chronic diseases.
It’s pretty common to find an American with diabetes and heart disease. Although not everyone in the population has this, they are prone to such diseases. But there is one disease that almost every American adult has a good chance of experiencing. That disease is arthritis.
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is a condition that affects the joints and causes pain and inflammation. It can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in adults over 65. There are many different types of arthritis, but the most common type is osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is a condition that has been around for centuries. It is believed to have originated in ancient China, referred to as “dampness of the joints.” However, the first written record of osteoarthritis is from a medical text written in India in the 6th century AD. The text referred to it as “gout of the joints.”
Over the years, osteoarthritis has been called many different names. In the 1800s, it was known as “rheumatic gout.” In the early 1900s, it was referred to as “degenerative joint disease.” And in the 1950s, it was called “wear and tear arthritis.”
Today, osteoarthritis is one of the most common joint diseases in the world and the United States. It affects millions of people in both developed and developing countries. The exact cause of osteoarthritis is still unknown, but researchers believe it is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
The most common symptom of osteoarthritis is pain. The pain can range from a mild ache to severe and debilitating pain. Other symptoms include:
- Stiffness: This is usually worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
- Swelling: This can occur in the joints, as well as in the surrounding tissues.
- Loss of range of motion: This can make it difficult to move the affected joint through its full range of motion.
- Grinding or creaking: This may be heard when moving the affected joint.
- Weakness: This can make supporting your body weight on the affected joint challenging.
These symptoms can grow worse over time if left untreated. The worst forms of osteoarthritis can lead to immobility among seniors.
The diagnosis of osteoarthritis is a pretty complicated process. First, medical professionals must conduct tests and examinations to rule out other conditions causing the symptoms.
Blood tests are relatively standard when diagnosing this kind of disease. However, imaging tests are also crucial for an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, MRI tests are some of the most common imaging tests for this kind of disease.
It’s good to ask for an MRI scan to check the overall state of your body and rule out other diseases that might not be osteoarthritis. However, if you’re claustrophobic or are already experiencing a lot of pain from the condition, consider getting an upright open MRI scan instead. This MRI scan is just as effective but won’t require you to be enclosed in a small space. You don’t even have to lie down and stand up, which can be problematic for your overall health.
Your doctor will conduct a physical examination once other conditions have been ruled out. The doctor will check for swelling, redness, and warmth in the joints. They will also check for any deformities in the joints.
After all of these tests have been conducted, the doctor can give you a definitive diagnosis.
Treatment for Osteoarthritis
There is no cure for osteoarthritis. However, some treatments can help relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life.
The most common treatment for osteoarthritis is pain relief. Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen can help reduce the pain associated with the disease. If these over-the-counter medications are ineffective, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain medications.
Other treatments for osteoarthritis include:
- Exercise: Exercise can help strengthen the muscles around the affected joint and improve the range of motion.
- Weight loss: Losing weight can help reduce the amount of stress on the joints.
- Heat and cold therapy: Applying ice or heat to the affected joint can help to reduce pain and swelling.
- Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the affected joint.
These are just some of the most common treatments for osteoarthritis. Your doctor will be able to create a treatment plan that is tailored to your specific needs.
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease that affects millions of people all over the world. While there is no cure for this condition, there are treatments available that can help to relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life. Make sure to keep fit and healthy to avoid this chronic disease. | <urn:uuid:a41814f0-efd6-4a9b-809c-cb29304209ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.schomehealth.org/osteoarthritis-deal-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103646990.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630001553-20220630031553-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.952061 | 1,103 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Architectural Conservation , Software Division
" Software is the heart and soul of today's array of gadgets—and, the way it is written is crucial to their operation. The problem is, however, there is no one manual dictating how it should be written. In essence, programmers now simply string together commands to make devices do what consumers expect them to do. There are no rules for software developers to follow, such as those that guide most engineering disciplines, and there is no historical frame of reference code writers can study to determine which approaches work and which do not." notes Scientific American.
It relates that IBM fellow Grady Booch,a self-styled 'Software Archaeologist' ,
"approached the board of trustees of the Computer History Museum [in Mountain View, Calif.] and told them they should also have a museum of software. It would be a sad thing…[for]…future generations if we didn't have access to the original source code for, say, Word. I can't find the original source code for [IBM's mainframe operating system]; not even IBM has it. It's hard to get access to some of this software because it's proprietary and businesses don't want their competitors to see it. We're conducting an archaeological dig for software so that future generations can study it and improve upon it.
How will the software define and use the different data it encounters? These are questions that must be answered before the software is written in the first place. In civil engineering, if you ask someone to build a Victorian house, there is an inherent understanding of what that looks like. If you ask different programmers to design software for a high-throughput system [such as one that processes financial transactions], there's no general agreement of how that software should be built." | <urn:uuid:c95c4a2b-4f99-4423-b666-c9c3aa48a625> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://adamant.typepad.com/seitz/webtech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701168076.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193928-00026-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957346 | 366 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Translated by Bill Leibner The first day of the war between Poland and Germany, most people fled the city for fear of the war repercussions. Slowly the people started returning to the city and here they saw a terrible spectacle. Many of the Jewish homes were robbed and then torched. Far worse was the lot of those Jewish families that did not leave town or did not find good hiding places. They were simply killed by the Germans and their local helpers. The general appearance of the township was desolate. The burned homes resembled human skeletons staring at the sky. Everywhere there were traces of dried bloodstains that were spilled by the German murderers. The smell of dead bodies was ever present. Even the twisted handle of the water pump in the center of the market where one could still pump a pail of water, could attest to the terrible pillage and fire that took place in this town.
|Only ruins remained from the Jewish Township of Zloczew|
When we saw these scenes, we became apathetic to life. Life became meaningless. Still, we had to accustom ourselves to the sad and tragic situation for we had children. Everybody thought to himself that perhaps he would survive this cruel period. People started to look for living quarters where they could sleep the night. Our family located two small rooms at a home of friends whose place was intact. Here the entire family tried to restart life. Everywhere there was destruction. Still we started life from scratch. No one could get a regular job in order to sustain himself. Everybody tried to survive the day. My husband managed to get a job whereby he would smuggle some slaughtered geese to the city of Lodz and exchange them for other items of merchandise that he would resell in Zloczew. Here, he would sell these items for food to keep us going.
His dealings were very dangerous because the Germans and their local helpers were constantly looking to rob Jews. But we had no choice and the late Fall with the cold weather was already at the doorstep. This required winter preparations. Everybody knew that the prevailing conditions would make these preparations very difficult. People started to plan to acquire some potatoes for the winter. They also went to the burned homes and removed all the coal and wood for heating their places in the winter. German ordinances appeared daily. Each one was harsher than the previous one. The Jewish population was terrorized daily, but was determined to survive in spite of the German determination to break their spirit. They hoped to survive and see the defeat of Germany.
The Jews did not see the approaching black clouds. They did not even think about the Germans plans of extermination.
Meanwhile, the winter advanced and with it the cold weather. One morning, I entered the pharmacy to buy a prescription and the druggist told me in secret that the Jews would be expelled from town within a few days. He added that he debated with himself whether to reveal the information to me. He decided to reveal it in the hope that I might benefit from it. I came home totally devastated. Still, I informed the family of the situation. Of course, many doubted the news. But within three days the news was officially confirmed. All Jews were ordered to appear in the market on Monday. On that day, old and young assembled at the market. The Germans informed the Jews that they must leave town by Monday. They could take with them some items and 100 zlotys in cash. The rest of the money must be deposited with the office of the German Police. The same applies to all jewelry and gold possessions. Jews that refuse to abide by the order will be forcibly expelled and will lose all privileges. The Jews were in total disbelief. How do you leave town and wander about under German occupation? People lost their heads. They had the feeling that everything was lost. Pessimism and hopelessness overtook the Jewish population.
Following many meetings and discussions, it was decided to send a delegation to the city of Sieradz to ask for a postponement of the execution of the order. It was hoped that the delay could be postponed until after the harsh winter for the sake of the children and old people. The delegation consisted of Nathan Dawidowicz, the prosperous landowner Israel Majerowicz, Hawa Bresler who spoke fluent German, and myself who had good contacts with the Volks Deutschen [native Poles but of German origin who decided to become Germans] at the municipality of Sieradz. We arrived at our destination Monday morning and went directly to the municipality in the hope of delaying the implementation of the order following the winter.
Our mission immediately encountered bureaucratic obstacles, we were sent from office to office. We soon realized that these clerks could not help us and we must meet the highest official who was out of town. He was due to return next day but we had no permits to stay in town. Furthermore, we were not certain that we would be successful in view of the events. Besides, the Jews of Zloczew were waiting for an answer since they had to leave town. The delegation decided to return and report to the community as to what transpired.
|Black clouds overshadow the township|
The coachman insisted on an exit pass without which he could not leave the town. We did not have such a document. We therefore returned to the municipality to obtain such exit.. I approached the official that I knew and asked him for the document. He asked for identification and claimed that he did not know me. All my implications did not help the delegation. He refused to grant an exit paper and we were stuck in town. The official used to be such a fine person and now he refused to listen to our pleas. Of course, he knew our situation and us, but played stupid. Suddenly, a German official that sat quietly at the table asked my former acquaintance, Do you know that woman? He did not wait for an answer, signed an exit paper, and gave us the document. We left the office and headed to a coach. We gave the coachman the paper and left town.
The Jews of Zloczew did not wait for our arrival, they saw the day advancing and decided to leave town. As we headed to Zloczew, we encountered the Jews leaving the city. What a spectacle - old bearded men, women with covered heads, children and old sick people, all their faces were frozen. Pots, pans and teakettles hanging on the sides. The people were beyond description and their faces remained with me forever.
Translated by Herman Taube Zloczew was close to the German border. As soon as the heavy pre-war campaign began, the Jews of the town started to tremble fearfully. The ones who remembered WWI were already familiar and knew well what it felt like to live close to a border during such a period. Not taking into consideration the circumstances of the fighting parties, a border town can pass from hand to hand several times. Since the local Jews already heard about the barbaric behavior of the Germans towards Jews, it was clear that we must leave this area to survive this critical time somewhere else. We knew that we must go to a more secure place, until the situation cleared up.
Therefore, the Jews of Zloczew began packing, fussing and busied themselves with liquidating businesses. It was most important to transfer worthwhile objects to acquaintances and relatives in the two adjoining cities, Warsaw and Lodz. Also, my father traveled to Warsaw for this purpose. It is interesting to share with you why he made this decision. For many years, we owned a sawmill in town. As usual, we had a great variety of lumber, a load of resources of timber in our storage spaces that belonged to us. In this connection, the Mayor and police commandant of our town came to my father a few days before the outbreak of the war and he shared with him a 'great confidential secret' that the hostilities, a war with Germany, would start one day soon. In order not to make the enemy have an 'easy life' by acquiring such a substantial possession of timber, they suggested that it must be set on fire.
The visit of the Mayor and the police commandant made a deep impression on the whole town. Adding to all the other rumors, it caused such a situation that on Thursday, just one day before the war started, it was not possible to find any means of transportation. It was decided that first of all we would evacuate the women and the men would remain temporarily to liquidate all businesses and other important matters. So we women and girls left - my mother, grandmother, sisters, aunts, and I. We moved in the direction of the town of Sieradz, because we had relatives living there. Next morning, they started bombing the roads and we were met by an avalanche of refugees coming from all directions running away from the front lines.
In the meantime, the men-folk from our family arrived. When they saw what was happening, they realized that staying in the area was not the right thing to do, so they decided to travel to Lodz, a voyage that would last several days. Because they did not want to travel on Saturday, we decided to stop for a while at the home of relatives in Zdunska Wola.
During our far-flung travel, we came across unusual characteristics of a war situation: thousands of refugees were flooding the roads, children were lost from their parents, people are suffering from the overload of baggage, no day and no night rest, worried, depressed, heartache, pain, despairing and aimlessly driven in all directions, hungry and thirsty, because the little food supplies we carried became fewer and fewer. Beside all this, rumors circulated, one more malignant than the other. They frightened and terrified the people.
When we reached Lodz, we heard the news that the Germans were closing in on the city and they were arresting all men, marching them off to concentration camps. The result was that young men and women, scared to face the Germans, started to run in all directions. This ghostly specter was a terrible scene to watch and I will always remember it. Among them were also my family and friends. They were running without a direction, like lost sheep without a shepherd, just to get away wherever their eyes would lead them. The rest of us just accompanied them with tears...
Now, when the situation changed and the whole area was occupied with the Nazi pest, there was no reason to sit in a place away from home, and my mother returned to Zloczew to find out what was happening there.
After several days she came back with dreadful news: The whole town center and other parts of the town were destroyed, burned down. She heard that many people perished in the flames. Our house, by pure chance, was still standing, but was inhabited by strangers. It hurt us even more to find out that the man who moved into our home with his family used to be employed in our sawmill. When he saw my mother, he started cursing her, warning us not to think of returning to the home that he 'annexed' from us.
My mother returned from Zloczew upset, but to remain in Lodz was no solution and we decided to return home. After much haste and strenuous efforts we were able to secure one room in our former home. Without any other alternative, we settled down in that room which was an exceptional situation.
My father was still in Warsaw and our daily sustenance became critical, more meager and crucial. The Germans appointed a trustee for our sawmill. They confiscated all our possessions, except a small part of the merchandise still remaining in our storage spaces, which they allowed us to sell. Beside this, we were forced to sell out different household items in order to survive. We were lucky as it did not take long and my father and my uncle returned from Warsaw. They told us what was happening in the capital, the terrible war days and what the population was enduring.
The situation in our home became very harrowing. Nothing was left of our furniture, all our household utensils disappeared, were pilfered, stolen. It became necessary to find a few dishes and pots to be able to cook something. Close to Zloczew, there was a German colony, a settlement of Polish citizens of German origin. My father was in close business relations with them for a long time. As the war started and the Germans occupied the whole area, many of the local Germans became: 'Volkdeutsche' - Poles of German ancestry. They became close followers of the Nazi functionaries. As I mentioned above, the German terror against Jews became more brutal with every passing day, one of their actions was to kidnap people as ransom-objects.
One day a uniformed German came to us with a civilian of the 'Volkdeutsche' from the German colony, with the aim to take away my father. But the civilian German had known my father for many years, so he tried to protect him from the dangerous situation. Entering our home with the uniformed man, he called out loudly: The owner of the house is not at home? He motioned to us to say: No. My father was in a nearby room; we secretly gave my father a note that he should 'sneak out' through the side door. He was able to escape to the German colony and found shelter in the home of a friendly Polish 'Volkdeutsche.' After a week in hiding, he realized that the place was not secure and he escaped to Warsaw.
This was in late fall, close to winter and the cold weather crawled into our bones. It was a difficult voyage. It exasperated all of my energy to a point that I fainted...The 'voyage' inscribed itself in my memory forever. Food supplies on the road were not available. We lived on the meager ration that we took with us from home. The roads were full of refugees and there was no place to rest for any price.
After four days of wandering, we finally reached Warsaw and moved in with our relatives. They gave us a room. After a while, we found our father and we were together.
But the situation in Warsaw worsened from day to day. Many houses were destroyed in the first month of the war.
We started to get hungry and different epidemics spread all around us. For the moment, we were able to exist from selling off what we were able to bring with us from home. Seeing that our reserves were slowly running out, my father started to engage himself in business. But he was not very successful in his enterprises because the economic situation in Warsaw deteriorated and it became critically miserable. We felt that the ground under us was shaking, so we decided to leave Warsaw for a smaller place and try to settle there.
Our resolve to leave became more urgent when we heard that they were going to create in Warsaw a ghetto for the Jews. So we left for Otwock, a country spa resort. When we arrived there, we found many people from Zloczew, among them, the family Majerowicz. Here we did not hear talk about a ghetto, but Jews were forced to wear an armband with a Star of David on it. Also, Jews were forbidden to use public transportation, like tramways, trains, etc.
When we were transported, we hid the merchandise in specially made girdles that were attached to our bodies. While traveling on the train, we took special methods of secret precautions so as not to be arrested. There was already a ghetto in Warsaw, but the Christian population was able to move freely, in and out from the ghetto. This gave us the opportunity to sell the meat to the ghetto Jews, without anyone being suspicious.
When the Germans entered the town of Aleksander, they searched for the Rabbi. As it turned out later, this was not by accident, but a planned Nazi policy, the murderous plan to destroy the leadership of the Jewish communities every place where the Germans entered. They concentrated on the spiritual leaders and intelligentsia elements and killed them in order to prevent any possible organized resistance. Following this criminal policy, the Nazis used different dirty tricks and false accusations. In the anti-Semitic, hateful, trashy magazine: Der Sturmer, edited by the infamous sadist, Julius Streicher, they published a picture of the Aleksander Rebbe and an appeal that they were searching for him, accusing him with a
blood-libel. The Rabbi was able to escape thanks to devout followers who found him a hiding place. Only a small group of people knew where the Rabbi was hiding, my father being one of them. Since entering and leaving the ghetto was forbidden, my father was anxious to use the opportunity of my travel to send some needed things to the Rabbi.
The house where the Rabbi was hiding was on Dzielna Street. When I arrived there, I was greeted by one of the Rabbi's sons. I gave him the small package sent by my father and I waited for an answer. While sitting in the room waiting, the door opened and the Rabbi entered, dressed in his distinguished rabbinical attire. He said, I wanted to see the daughter of Reb Joseph. When he saw me, he asked some questions and he blessed me that I should succeed.
In the meantime, Otwock was hit by a typhus epidemic and many people lost their lives. My parents also became sick. We were fortunate that there were some good Jewish doctors who tried to save the sick people. Simultaneously, the season for grabbing people in the streets for all kinds of forced labor began.
The Germans ordered that in each house where there was someone sick with typhus, the door had to have an announcement declaring that there was a typhus patient inside. Many did it to protect themselves from being grabbed for forced labor. A little while later, the food situation in Otwock became very critical. The opportunities for 'contraband' of meat became very limited due to the epidemic and we faced small prospects of surviving 'above water'...
Fortunately, our Uncle Solomon, who lived until 1937 in Zloczew, and moved to Sieradz, came to us. When the war started, seeing the nearing danger, he got Aryan papers for his family and himself. He changed his name to Stefan. Also his Christian looks helped him to identify himself as a Christian. Thanks to his papers he was able to acquire a home in the Aryan part of Warsaw. My uncle used his Aryan documents and freely moved around the city and occupied himself with various business activities. Among them, he established a sawmill in the Warsaw suburbs, and was doing pretty well, so much so that he was able to help us. Of great importance was the fact that he possessed Aryan documents and thanks to them he was able to move around freely to all places, to hear all kinds of news, important for the situation of the Jews, because none of the Gentiles kept secrets from him.
One day, my uncle found out the Germans were planning to deport all Warsaw Jews to concentration camps. No one at that time understood what that meant. Having received this information, my uncle did not wait. He went to the train station and came in a hurry to Otwock and shared with us the terrible news. We realized that what was happening today to the Jews of Warsaw, would happen tomorrow to us everywhere. This meant: The ground was burning under our feet. The consequence of it was that we had to disappear immediately from that place and we decided to move to Czestochowa because we heard that Jewish life there was still bearable.
At daybreak, we left Otwock. We walked all day and in the evening we arrived in the town of Polanica, not far from Czestochowa. We were hiding in an attic at the home of a friendly Polish family for several days.
The crossing from Polanica to Czestochowa was a very complicated task because Jews were not permitted to use the trains. We needed to have a convoy of Gentiles accompany us, in order to disorient the enemy. After many difficulties and complications, we finally came close and went inside the ghetto.
In the ghetto, we saw that the conditions there were much better that in other places. Yes, there were many incidents of brutalities against Jews, but the general situation was bearable and we all hoped that, perhaps, we would survive this tragic period. We just knew that we had to try not to lose faith. During these days, we even were able to receive letters from our hometown of Zloczew. I remember that my father received a letter from our uncle, Cohen (or Kon). I remember him saying: It seems that his hand was shaking when writing this letter. We can imagine that the situation there is not good, and they suffer great pain. My sister arrived with us together at Czestochowa, but she did not enter the ghetto. She returned to Warsaw to live together with our uncle, Stefan.
In the ghetto, they divided the Jews into different groups. We worked in ammunition factories, or at the Mobellager Werke. My father also joined one of the groups. After strenuous efforts, he managed to get the proper document. So time passed with very hard work and lack of food, but we were satisfied that in comparison with other places where we had been, this place was bearable. We lived with hope that perhaps we would survive.
As it turned out, all our hopes were an illusion. One day my Uncle Stefan found out that Czestochowa was also in line, that the Germans were planning an 'action' in the ghetto, with the goal to transfer the Jews to a concentration camp and liquidate them. He decided to inform us of the upcoming 'action' and told us that he was coming from Warsaw to Czestochowa.
As I was close to the gate, I noticed my Uncle Stefan walking back and forth, hoping that we would notice him in order that he could give us proper instructions. He wasn't able to enter through the gate because Ukrainian guards watched the gate. So he kept waiting for someone to notice him. In case he would not be able to contact us, he prepared a written note, outlining instructions for us. When he saw me at the gate, he wrapped the note in a stone, throwing it to me. I hurriedly picked it up and read it, so that no one would notice me.
Our uncle informed us in the note of the forthcoming German action. He also said that he contacted the Polish owner of a house close to the ghetto. My uncle gave us instructions on how to escape from the ghetto and enter the neighboring Polish home. Since the note mentioned children, I took my brother and we left the ghetto in a market place where there was an opening in the gate. We crawled over and went to the Polish home. Our arrival at the home did not draw any special attention because they knew that we were coming. Half an hour later, a man sent by our uncle came and asked us to follow him. We walked secretly through the side streets and entered the home of a Polish family. They took us to a cellar room. The transfer was needed because the Germans were seeking Jews who escaped from the ghetto, and they would suspect the house near the ghetto of hiding Jews.
We did not sleep all night, shivering from cold and fear. We heard the scratching of rats running around the cellar floor. My brother, only eight years old, was very scared, but the most terrible was still awaiting us.
In the meantime, we became hungry. We noticed a food stand, so we walked over to buy something to eat. As we looked around, we noticed that close by was the famous Polish monastery of Jasna Gora that I recognized by its magnificent tower and remembered from my geography class in school. I started to think that if I could enter the church it could be a good hiding place. My brother and I entered the vestibule and to our surprise no one stopped us from going inside. Maybe they were thinking that we were Christian children, or perhaps because of the stressful times no one paid attention to us.
Our worries did not end. Because we never in our lives had visited a church, we did not know how to behave. My brother did not know that he should take off his hat, how to pray and how to kneel. We looked at the other people and did the same things as they did. Slowly we entered the main church and were able to stay there until the evening. At nighttime, we left the church and went to look for our uncle's place. This time we were lucky. As we got there, a man was already waiting for us and accompanied us to a Christian home where some Czestochowa Jews who had escaped from the ghetto were hiding.
The home belonged to a Christian widow whose daughter belonged to the Polish underground. They were concerned with the fate of the Jews, and arranged that the Jews from her home be resettled to permanent, secure places. My Uncle Stefan was also associated with the illegal underground movement, but he did not let his children be settled in this home. He sent his children to a home run by the Church.
At this Christian widow's home, we lived for several weeks or perhaps months. During this period, the Germans liquidated the general ghetto. They left the so called: Small Ghetto with five thousand people, from a population of forty thousand Jews. The people remaining in town were employed in different vocations at the local factories, producing goods for German war industries.
My sister arrived from Warsaw to Czestochowa in order to find out what was happening to us. Since she looked like a Christian and had Aryan papers, she was able to move around freely. She was the contact-person for all our family, spread all over many ghettoes.
Arriving here, she discovered that all my family members were sent to Treblinka... Just our uncle, his sister in-law, Pola, my brother and I were the only survivors. With great self-sacrifice, my sister saved Pola from the Czestochowa ghetto and took her to a hiding place. But something happened and she was forced to bring her to us, and I was able to find her another hiding place, according to her instructions. Since we were now orphans, our uncle became our guardian. He cared for us and provided for our needs as much as he was able to. He had many acquaintances in Christian circles and thanks to his financial means he was able to find secure places to save us. One of his accomplishments was the securing for us of German Kennkarte (Identification card). It is worthwhile to describe how he was able to pull this off.
My Uncle Stefan knew a well-known priest in a small town who was in charge of the registration of all inhabitants in his area - native-born children and deceased citizens. It is possible that the priest knew that my uncle was Jewish, but he pretended that he did not know it. Maybe he did know, but he wasn't sure. In any case, he never let it be known that he knew with whom he was dealing. When my uncle appealed to him to register us and supply us with proper documents, he pulled out the list of deceased people, he destroyed some individual documents and entered our names, compared our ages to the deceased, to their height, age, gender and looks. In this way, the deceased was resurrected, continued to live, but the 'corpse' had to leave town and find another, far away place, so that God-forbid, someone would not meet the 'deceased' on the street and, God-forbid - faint. Still, even when armed with needed documents, our problems were not fully solved. Our appearance in a new, strange place would attract attention and people would be suspicious of us. Therefore, we needed to find places where the appearance of strangers would not raise suspicions of the local population. It was then that he had a brainstorm: We should go to a spa resort where many of the people were visitors who came to recuperate.
We must also add that in the occupied areas of the General Government (that was what the Germans called the area where we were), it was not allowed to change one's place of residence. The local governments did not allow registration of new arrivals. Only in resort areas people were allowed to stay temporarily. So these were our plans, to follow the local orders, and we moved to a small village, Mszana Dolna, near Zakopane.
When we arrived by train, we immediately went to the registration office and registered as 'spa patients'. We knew exactly to whom to turn. The person was the one with whom our uncle made all the arrangements. Naturally, the contact-functionary received a substantial gift from my uncle so everything went without complications. He also rented a room for us in a house that rented rooms to vacationers, so it did not awaken any suspicion. All three of us settled in one room: our uncle's sister-in-law, Pola, my sister and I. My brother remained in hiding in a home close to Czestochowa. After a while, my uncle brought his daughters and admitted them into a children's home.
Naturally, on the outside, we played the role of good Christians. When the Christmas holidays came, we decorated a Christmas tree and sang Christmas carols in loud voices. But, often, all these 'cosmetic' decorations did not help much. Maybe some Jews did not absorb properly their new 'national belonging.'
The local Christians slowly discovered the whole 'affair' and rumors started to spread that among the newly arrived people there were Jews hiding behind false documents. There were incidents when Christians argued between themselves; they threatened each other that they would report their foe for hiding Jews. I also was upset when one of the neighbors made a remark that I had a long nose, like a Jew.
The person who lived through this dark period could understand the panic and fear upon hearing such a remark. Rumor and remarks of that type spread around, until one day posters appeared on all streets that the authorities ordered all vacationers to leave town within the next twenty four hours. For ignoring the order, people would be punished with the death penalty. When we found out about the posted orders, we were overcome with fear. We had no place to go. We ran to a phone to get in touch with our uncle, to share with him the sad news.
But our uncle was not scared about the news, as he already knew about the new order. He tried to calm us down and told us not to worry. He was coming over and would try to find a solution. It did not take long. Several hours later, our uncle arrived at Mszana Dolna and after a short visit with us; he went to the same official he dealt with when we arrived. He arranged with him that we would remain two more weeks in the same place, until he would arrange for us another hiding place. When our uncle gave the official a substantial amount of dollars, the whole transaction was conducted as an action of the underground movement. The word 'Jew' was not to be mentioned, not even as a hint.
Our uncle returned to Warsaw, planning a permanent solution. Our situation was temporary, limited for only two weeks. After the 24 hours given to all vacationers to leave the town passed, the Gestapo arrived, entering into all spas and vacation places and started to remove the Jews, who were denounced by the locals. They interrogated the Jews and marched them off in an unknown direction. In the house where we lived, there was a Jewish woman with two children. Sometimes we met her in the hallway and exchanged eye greetings, just glimpses at each other. We never exchanged two words of greeting. Suddenly, the Gestapo arrived and arrested the woman and her two children. This caused curiosity and drew attention among the neighbors. We pretended not to care, but inside, we were terribly shocked and dejected.
On another thought, we were reasoning, if they came to our house and did not bother with us; it was a sign that they did know about us. This put our hearts at ease. Two days later, we received a phone call from our uncle. He informed us that any day soon my sister would come from Warsaw and pick up the children. He asked me to come with the same train. On the route I would be given an address where to go. He requested that I pay a visit to the home where his children were staying and tell the woman-owner that the children were leaving and she should prepare them for the voyage.
Our landlady was also the proprietor of another guesthouse, where rooms were rented to Jews. One day she came to us with the news that the Gestapo came and arrested the Jews. Naturally, her information made us tremble with fear. The documents in our possession originated from the same source as the papers of the people living in the other house of our landlady. We feared that after the Gestapo would investigate the arrested Jews, they could lead them to us... The landlady, sitting with us and sharing the news about the arrest of the Jews, kept looking at us with suspicion, as if suspecting us of some criminal activity. We told her that we would leave in the evening. We acted very calmly, but inside our bodies, we felt increased heartbeats, feeling the ground burning under us.
The winter was already in full force. A frosty wind was pinching the ears and deep snow covered the rooftops and the streets. It was impossible to travel on wheels, only riding with sleighs. We planned how to arrive in the home where the children were waiting for us and take them to the railroad station. It was still early, but we wanted to take care of all outstanding matters and disappear from the place before any surprise, ill-omened 'visit'.
Per our arrangement, we were supposed to first pick up the children because it would take some time to dress them and prepare them for the long train-ride. In the meantime, we ordered a sleigh to take us to the railroad station. But this time destiny wanted something else: I was left alone on the road. Pola was a very brave woman, a strong character; she did not fear any dangerous situations. But this time, she had a premonition that upset her. I suggested to her that we go together, but she refused, saying that we should walk together only in an emergency. If we could avoid going together it would be better. I thought that she was right and I left by myself.
We agreed that we would meet at four o'clock in the afternoon at the home where the children were living. While walking on the street I was thinking about our destiny that was forcing us again to wander, while wild hound dogs lurked around us, and we had no idea what we would face next.
I reached the place of the rental sleigh station and ordered one for the hour he would come to the appointed place. When we reached the children's home we dressed them, packed their belongings and conversed with the proprietor while waiting for the sleigh. But the entire time I was thinking about our future... For the people in the home, I pretended that I did not care about anything, that there was nowhere a happier, more satisfied person in the whole world. In the meantime, the clock was moving forward. It was already four o'clock and Pola did not arrive.
Suddenly, I heard bells. The sleigh arrived. In a hurry, I looked out the window and I saw the sleigh, harnessed with two horses, but from where I was standing I wasn't able to see who was sitting in the backseat. I waited until the sleigh reached the front of the house, hoping to see Pola. Before I was able to turn around to see who had arrived, I saw three Gestapo officers walking toward the entrance. For a moment I was in shock, stupefied.
But, I regained strength from my trauma and cried out to the children: RUN OUTSIDE!
I myself crawled out through a window into the back yard and started to run all through the yard until I reached the street. I kept running, not even looking back to see if anyone was following me. I didn't want to lose even a minute. I kept running for some time until I reached a street corner. I was short of breath. I looked around: Where am I? I looked in the direction of the children's home and saw that the sleigh was still standing at the entrance and the driver was walking around his sleigh. This meant that the Gestapo was still in the home. I was thinking that if Pola had not arrived yet, perhaps she was still in the home where we lived and for some reason she was late. But, if she would arrive now, she would fall into a 'trap of fire' - into the claws of the Gestapo. I realized I had to run back and alert her to the danger.
But I also had to run and save the children. I stayed and worried what to do first. Both Pola and the children were in danger. I was 'between a rock and a hard place.' I stayed and looked to the road from where Pola was supposed to arrive, and I looked to the house where the children were hiding. Time was passing, every minute felt like a year...
The Gestapo was still inside. There was nothing I could do now, but run to find out what had happened to Pola and try to save her.
I became desperate and did not know what to do and where to go. I was thinking that in an hour my sister would arrive. If she would not find us at the railroad station, she would go and search for us in both houses where we were living, or she would go to the children's home. Both were dangerous places, and this could cause a new calamity.
I decided to go to the railroad station to warn my sister of the peril awaiting her. I returned to the sleigh station and asked to be driven to the train station. On the road, I noticed that the Gestapo was controlling passersby. I was thinking, maybe they are looking for me? Naturally, I was tense and depressed. It got dark and this helped to cover my worried face.
The driver did not notice the change because the Gestapo control got his attention. In the middle of the road was a mountainous area and we stepped off the sleigh to help the horses on the snow-bedecked road. The driver used the occasion to start a conversation with the passenger. He started to 'jabber' about the latest news: At the railroad stations the Germans are controlling the documents of all people entering the station, something must have happened, they are searching for Jews.
He said it in a tone that required a response. Keeping silent would be suspicious so I answered him with an astounded question: How come they are looking for Jews? Didn't they already remove them all?
But he immediately remarked that I was mistaken, that I was very naïve that I could not understand what was happening around and around. So he took the opportunity to enlighten me, that the Jews are very refined, sophisticated, they know how to crawl out from any tangle. Today two women ordered my sleigh to take them from a home to the station, and guess what? Both of them were Jews. The Gestapo arrived before me and took them away.
Listening to him I started to shiver, thinking that perhaps in his words there was a hint about me, remembering that when ordering the sleigh, I said that three women would travel to the railroad station, Pola, my sister and I. If they caught me, this could be catastrophic for many people, because all our false documents were issued at one place. I started to tear up my papers on the way, before we reached the station. I told the driver that my train was due later in the evening, and I wanted to use the extra time to drive around in the fresh air, as that was my hobby.
I told him to let me off at a little distance from the station to stroll around and enjoy the fresh air. To my luck, no one controlled my documents. I went to the ticket window and asked the clerk when the train from Warsaw would arrive. I was told that the train was already there and would leave again in ten minutes. I started to search for my sister, but was not able to find her. I was disappointed and mixed up with all the tragic happenings of the day. The Gestapo was in the home of the children, Pola found herself in great danger and here - I could not find my sister. What could I do? Where shall I go? I went to the cashier's window and asked for a ticket to Warsaw, changed my mind and asked again. The cashier looked at me like at a crazy woman. Finally I got on the train, did not travel to Warsaw, but only two stations. When I stepped off the train I remembered an address of some people who would perhaps be able to help me in my situation.
In the time when we were still in Mszana-Dolna, my sister met a young Polish man while traveling on the same train. He recognized that she was a Jewish girl. He tried to entrust his 'discovery' to her, but she denied, did not admit, for understandable reasons, that she was Jewish. Quietly, he whispered into her ear that he knew who she was and there was no reason for her to fear him. He added that he was willing to help her and as a sign that he could be trusted and his offer was serious, he told her that he was active in the Polish underground, that he was living on false documents and was being sought by the police.
It seemed like from that encounter, a friendship and trust developed between my sister and the young Polish man. The new friend lived together with another close friend, also a member of the underground, in the village where I now stepped down off the train. They lived in a house away from suspicious neighbors' eyes. Leaving the railroad station, I just walked aimlessly on the street of the village, not knowing any address and not even knowing any names. I just asked several people if they knew any young men living alone somewhere in the village.
For a while I rambled around the village. It was pitch dark and already the 'Sperstunde' (curfew). People who found themselves on the streets then were threatened with the death penalty. But I had nothing to lose, so I kept walking, with the little information I was able to collect. Suddenly I noticed from a distance a pale lantern light shining in the darkness. That was the house of the two illegal Polish men. Naturally they were surprised and bewildered at my appearance.
Leaving The Cellar In the beginning, the food rations were bearable. As time passed by, hunger became a force, as there was less and less food because we were running out of things to sell. To leave the cellar to inhale some fresh air was a luxury that we were able to enjoy very seldom. Once a month we were able to leave the cellar, one at a time, for a little while. While we were 'upstairs', all doors were locked and the window shutters closed, so that no one could see or hear us.
Our proprietor was a drunkard who liked to drink very often and when he was drunk, he started to jabber, 'whatever was on his lung was babbling on his tongue'...On these occasions we often heard that it was his great wish and desire that we disappear, that he was scared to keep us. Once he came home highly inebriated, he started to assault his wife, screaming, throwing utensils. His screaming was so loud that we heard it in our cellar-hiding place. He wasn't satisfied with his shrieking and violent behavior, but insisted that he had to go down to the cellar. His wife blocked him from entering.
We were alone in the cellar listening to the commotion, not paying attention to his wild behavior. But later, when he went to sleep, one of his grandchildren who seemed to have been sent by the owner's wife told us that when the house owner got drunk, he talked too much to strange ears about our existence...
The news was a great shock for us. We considered our situation catastrophic and we understood that to stay was very dangerous, so we decided to escape.
Again we faced a decisive moment on our sad martyrs' road. We had lived in the cellar over a year, from 1943 to 1944. We were already reconciled to the distressful and miserable afflictions. It was already the time when spring was approaching. We noticed a spark of hope, a light in our deep darkness. The Germans suffered one defeat after another on all fronts and constantly found themselves in orderly retreat. So we believed that if we tried to hold on a little more, we would live to see Hitler's downfall. And here, suddenly, such a calamity! Again we were facing a terrible reality, naked, lonely, facing the question: Where could we go?
The decision to escape was not a problem; it was easy. But, what should we do? Not one of us knew. In any case, we decided for all of us not to wander in the same direction, because if they arrested someone of our group, not all of us would be lost. I myself, my uncle and the other Jew went one way and the others went on another track. We started going in the direction of Polanica, where we hid some time earlier when we were close to Czestochowa.
We were very hungry. We begged that he should allow us to enter his home. He became softhearted and allowed us to enter his stable and stay overnight. Late in the evening he brought us some bread. We were thinking that perhaps we found a place where to rest, but this was an illusion. Early in the morning, the homeowner came and ordered us to immediately leave his premises, because he had no place to hide us. Not having any other alternative, we returned to our former hiding place, the home of the old drunkard... The one we escaped from, because of the danger of his irresponsible chattering... Late at night we returned to the cellar where we had hidden for a whole year. We knocked on the window. Responding to the question: Who is it? we gave our names.
Contrary to what we were expecting, the owner of the house came out and greeted us in a friendly manner. He was happy to see us and glad that we came back because after he had awakened from his drunken stupor, he was sorry that we left. He realized that this was his mistake. He knew that we were at his home in hiding, arranged by the underground where our uncle was active. Our uncle used to come, from time to time, to visit us. The homeowner was under the impression that we were in very close relations with the underground and because he treated us in an unfriendly way, it could have had some unpleasant consequences for him... Now, when he saw us coming back, he was happy, gave us a warm welcome, courteously invited us into the house, saying: You are welcome to stay here, without fear...
One day, an activist, dressed like a nun, came to visit us and I got her attention. She was interested in my background, and said that she would like to take me out from that hiding place. I thought that she was only saying this as a 'wishful thought', but it did not take long and she came again and asked me to leave with her...
On the way, she told me to continue pretending that I was a Christian but at the place to which she was taking me, they knew that I was Jewish. She brought me to a town close to Warsaw, called Piastow and she placed me at the home of her relatives. I lived with her family for two months, until one summer day in June 1944, after a battle, the Germans escaped and we could welcome freedom.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
Zloczew, Poland Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page
Copyright © 1999-2021 by JewishGen, Inc.
Updated 13 Jun 2007 by LA | <urn:uuid:fffc4743-c2a5-48ef-b452-c93a6a076e6e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/zloczew/zlo286.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154356.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802172339-20210802202339-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.991137 | 10,131 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Plutarch (Plutarchus), ca. 45–120 CE, was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece, studied philosophy at Athens, and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. He was married and the father of one daughter and four sons. He appears as a man of kindly character and independent thought, studious and learned.
Plutarch wrote on many subjects. Most popular have always been the 46 Parallel Lives, biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs (in each pair, one Greek figure and one similar Roman), though the last four lives are single. All are invaluable sources of our knowledge of the lives and characters of Greek and Roman statesmen, soldiers and orators. Plutarch's many other varied extant works, about 60 in number, are known as Moralia or Moral Essays. They are of high literary value, besides being of great use to people interested in philosophy, ethics and religion.
The Loeb Classical Library edition of the Moralia is in fifteen volumes, volume XIII having two parts.
What people are saying - Write a review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - tungsten_peerts - LibraryThing
When I first received this volume of the Moralia from my local library and looked at the contents, I groaned a little, inwardly, because it sounded dull. It isn't. Most of these "sayings" of famous ... Read full review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - gmicksmith - LibraryThing
Roman Questions. Greek Questions. Greek and Roman Parallel Stories. On the Fortune of the Romans. On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander. Were the Athenians More Famous in War or in Wisdom? This ... Read full review | <urn:uuid:36cfd1dc-1b08-4549-9ee9-6c9f122773cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://books.google.com/books/about/Plutarch_s_Moralia.html?id=4ofWAAAAMAAJ&hl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867841.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526170654-20180526190654-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.957991 | 384 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Industrial drying is an operation that lets you make a wet solid surface dry in just a few minutes. In the industrial sector, there are different types of dryers that dry objects and surfaces in different ways, according to the nature and characteristics of the surface to be dried. Here are the different types of industrial dryers and their advantages in the cleaning field specifically.
As an individual or as an entrepreneur, you may be wondering when you might need industrial drying – that is, different ways of drying surfaces. Always arriving without warning, it’s during water damage, water leakage, or a flood that we ask ourselves who to turn to in order to recover our soaked floors and equipment. If this happens to you, you can call directly on a cleaning company specializing in post-disaster cleanup and cleaning mold. The drying must be carried out by professionals who are available in an emergency and who have the right equipment to effectively dry your various soaked surfaces and equipment. The teams called in for a water damage emergency identify the areas to be dried, dry all the surfaces and materials with water extraction machines, neutralize the odours left behind by the water, clean the dirty surfaces and objects, dehumidify the premises, and clean the mold before it spreads in your interior.
The Types of Industrial Dryers
An industrial fan is a type of durable and highly effective industrial dryer that offers the advantage of rapid drying through air diffusion. Industrial fans usually have several speeds and positions, the choice of which will determine the drying time and the level of heat sent to the surface to be dried. An industrial fan works a little like a household fan or a hairdryer. Larger than these household appliances, an industrial fan can quickly dry carpets, hard floors, fresh paint, or concrete sealer.
Dual-Purpose Cleaning Machines for Hard Surfaces
Certain cleaning machines for large surfaces also have an additional drying function that lets them not only clean but also dry hard surfaces. Their system lets them recover the dirty water released during the cleaning phase and ventilate the surfaces to dry them perfectly afterwards. These machines have the advantage of being very useful for performing cleaning tasks, since you only need to use a single device, and ensuring all the nooks and crannies are dry.
Truck-Mounted Units or Portable Water Extractors
When a surface is fully submerged in water and drying is insufficient, it’s possible to solve this problem with a portable water extractor or by bringing in a truck-mounted device that can absorb all the water while preserving the rest of the floor or the materials. After using a water extractor, professional cleaners then use a dehumidifier, which lets them thoroughly dry the surface to make it like new again.
Depending on your needs, whether it’s water damage that requires rapid drying, a surface cleaning, or a surface drying after a big cleanup, trust a qualified company that specializes in these tasks. Since water can do a lot of damage to your property, it’s best to prevent the risks by relying on industrial dryers. | <urn:uuid:e82dcfae-0b11-4b83-8efe-c8c5a4123bee> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://nettoyeurdelacite.com/en/what-are-the-different-types-of-industrial-dryers-and-their-advantages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422135010-20180422155010-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.935876 | 631 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Briefly introduce the importance of expressing condolences in cross-cultural contexts. Highlight the significance of SMS referrals as a medium of communication. Section 1: Understanding Cross-Cultural Sensitivity Discuss the need for cultural sensitivity when communicating condolences. Highlight the diversity of mourning practices across different cultures. Emphasize the importance of respecting cultural differences. Section 2: Crafting Ethical Condolence Messages Explain the role of ethics in expressing condolences, especially in SMS referrals.
Provide guidelines for crafting sensitive and respectful messages
Acknowledge the loss directly. Express sympathy and support. Avoid clichés and platitudes. Customize the message based on the recipient’s cultural Image Manipulation Service background. Section 3: Recognizing Cultural Nuances Explore how different cultures approach grief and mourning. Offer examples of cultural differences in expressing condolences. Stress the need to research or inquire about specific cultural practices. Section 4: Language and Tone Discuss the impact of language choice and tone in SMS condolences. Provide tips for selecting appropriate words. Highlight the significance of using a tone that conveys empathy and respect.
Importance of Timing Explain the role of
Timing in sending condolence messages. Discuss how different cultures perceive timing differently. Offer advice on when and how often to send EF Leads messages. Section 6: Avoiding Pitfalls Address common mistakes to avoid when expressing condolences. Insensitivity due to lack of cultural awareness. Use of inappropriate humor or language. Offering unsolicited advice or opinions. Provide tips on navigating these pitfalls effectively. Section 7: Case Studies Share real-life examples of successful cross-cultural SMS condolences. Analyze how each case demonstrated cultural sensitivity and ethical communication. | <urn:uuid:e85c3320-d39b-4c5a-80d4-7ef75483b1a4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://efleads.com/the-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.80741 | 338 | 3.375 | 3 |
The word “fusion” sounds so scientific, doesn’t it? The dictionary defines “fusion” as the merging of different elements into a union. When the word “fusion” walks side-by-side with the word “spinal,” we have a unique medical procedure designed to alleviate spinal pain and other back problems many people regularly experience.
Everyone is born with joints that are brand new, lacking in the daily wear and tear that, over time, can lead to joint pain. The spine is no stranger to such pain, particularly pain associated with movement. When non-surgical options fail to respond in a positive manner, patients may want to consider certain surgical procedures that may serve to eliminate their consistent pain.
The Web site for the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, www.orthoinfo.aaos.org , describes spinal fusion as “a surgical procedure used to correct problems with the bones (vertebrae) of the back (spine). The spine is stabilized by fusing together two or more vertebrae, using bone grafts and metal rods and screws.”
For what reasons would one consider speaking to his or her physician about spinal fusion surgery? This procedure is used to treat injuries to the vertebrae in the spine. It can be used to stop abnormal spine curvature, resulting from scoliosis or kyphosis. It is also used to address any protrusions or degenerations of the cushioning disc that sits between the vertebrae. Finally, if one’s spine has been weakened or made unstable due to an infection or a tumor, spinal fusion may be an option.
What this procedure essentially does is eliminate the motion between the vertebral segments, which are typically the area of pain in some patients. This procedure can also stop the progression of a spinal deformity, such as scoliosis. While most spinal fusion procedures will reduce some flexibility in the spine, most only involve small segments of and do not limit motion to a great extent.
According to the AAOS web site, bone grafting is the most commonly used material to promote the fusion of the vertebrae. Surgeons will typically use smaller bone pieces placed into the space between the vertebrae to be fused. | <urn:uuid:162849e8-9db8-4fb4-8517-b4f2a9e276c0> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.empowher.com/bones-joints/content/spinal-fusion-look-your-back-move-forward | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.942964 | 474 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The support resources provided give you background knowledge of the concepts as well as concrete actions that can be taken to help your child improve in that area. We provide two resources for each topic.
We suggest that you or a tutor read through the resources and use the activities with your child.
(1) Math Background
This provides a big-picture view of the topic, providing a background understanding of the related concepts.
(2) Remediation Chart
This provides a chart that outlines common misconceptions, and actions you can take to remediate them. There are also some exercises that you can have your child complete, with an answer key.
Let us know how you are using the resources! | <urn:uuid:8cede544-7781-4bf0-8444-4facd04d4df7> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://support.knowledgehook.com/en/articles/2829028-how-to-use-the-support-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.941617 | 141 | 3.265625 | 3 |
As a child, the first time death hit home for me was when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. And even though more than 50 years have passed, I still distinctly remember two things about the event.
First, I remember the shock and sadness expressed by my parents when they heard of the president’s death. My parents were Kennedy democrats, and they were enthusiastic about the young president. I’d seen my mother cry before, but I was unprepared for my reserved father’s emotional reaction to the president’s death. The World War II veteran didn’t weep, but I could tell he was stunned and hurt by the news.
Second, watching the president’s funeral on television left a deep impression on me. Seeing the First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, veiled in black, walking behind her husband’s flag-draped coffin as it was pulled by white horses was a gripping image. It may be difficult for young people today to understand, but for the generation that lived through the president’s assassination, the event was every bit as shocking and agonizing as the events of September 11, 2001.
Through the years, I’ve read many books about President Kennedy, covering his life, administration, and his assassination. I’ve wondered why his death had such a deep and abiding impact upon the people of the time. Certainly, a part of the answer is found in the fact that he was not just America’s president, but also the leader of the free world during the dangerous Cold War in which half of the world lived in freedom and the other half under tyranny. Thus, Kennedy was seen as a living representative of freedom and democracy to millions of oppressed people. His death was mourned by people outside the United States as much as those within it.
Recently, I was watching the 1966 documentary John F. Kennedy: Years of Lightning, Day of Drums. In the film, narrator Gregory Peck said that the 3 billion people then living on planet Earth learned of Kennedy’s death fairly soon after his assassination. The documentary’s profound explanation for the great expression of sorrow exhibited upon Kennedy’s death was that people were compelled to face their own mortality. The busyness of daily life can often cause us to lose sight of our ultimate mortal end. But to see a world-famous, wealthy, and successful man, who had a young wife and small children, cut down in midlife reminds all people of their inevitable death.
Even those of us who believe that Jesus Christ conquered death through his bodily resurrection from the dead (John 11:25–26) can benefit from reflecting upon our present physical mortality. Should the Lord tarry in his promised second coming, all of us will inevitably face death. There is prudence in living life purposively and seizing each day the Lord has given us through his providential grace. May we face our mortality with courage and faith and model for others how to brave the big and challenging issues of life and death. | <urn:uuid:606bb560-eda7-43be-98a4-76491a8df2e1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/reflections/memento-mori-facing-our-mortality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474659.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226094435-20240226124435-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.981802 | 622 | 2.765625 | 3 |
If you ask your child what makes him or her successful at our school, he or she will probably tell you about our excellent teachers. What students take away from a successful education usually centers around a strong connection with teachers who inspire them to achieve their dreams.
Here are the top 5 reasons our educators are top notch:
- Our teachers have clear objectives.
How do you know if you are driving the right way when you are traveling somewhere new? You use the road signs and a map (although nowadays it might be Siri or a GPS). In the world of education, our objectives for your students act as road signs to their destinations. Their lessons are the map. A clear and concise map is the framework that helps our students flourish.
- Our teachers have a sense of purpose.
We can’t all be blessed with remarkably great days all the time. Sometimes, life feels mundane and tedious. Since our teachers have a sense of purpose, they are able to see the bigger picture and rise above the difficult days by delivering engaging lessons and maintaining a productive classroom atmosphere.
- Our teachers have a positive attitude.
Negative energy zaps creativity and establishes a breeding ground for failure. Since our teachers are consistently upbeat, they convey a sense of vitality and energy, seeing past momentary setbacks to the end goal. Positivity breeds creativity.
- Our teachers expect their students to succeed.
This concept is similar for parents as well. Students need someone to believe in them. We set the bar high while also allowing room for mistakes. This motivates our students to keep trying until they reach goals they’ve set for themselves.
- Our teachers practice consistency.
Being consistent is not to be confused with being “stuck in your ways.” When teachers practice consistency, they do what they say they are going to do without changing rules or standards, so students can rely on them. This models responsible and trustworthy behavior. | <urn:uuid:836d9a15-8deb-4e34-8b83-0ba9fbc99659> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://hesarizona.org/williams-charter-school/giving-teachers-pat-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.956163 | 396 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Talk about skeletons in the closet! For centuries, experts believed that the ancestors of Native Americans were the first to colonize the New Continent. Their theory was backed up by ample genetic evidence, and yet new findings come to throw some doubts on that established knowledge. While studies on DNA reveal that only one population of individuals settled the continent thousands of years ago, physical discoveries, including well-preserved skeletons, seem to tell a different tale. Researchers now believe that America was settled once before, by an entirely different group, ScienceNow reports.
In an extensive series of scientific investigations, it was revealed that two waves of colonization set out from Asia to the Americas. This conclusion is based on the most accurate and up-to-date analysis of skulls discovered throughout the United States, experts say, and there seems to be only one conclusion – that another group came before the ancestors of modern Native Americans. The study was conducted by an international team of experts, featuring members from Germany and the United States.
The researchers cross-referenced data on the skulls of 20+ Paleoamericans (paleo means old) with those belonging to about 300 Amerindians. The “members” of the first group were estimated to have arrived in America from Asia some 11,000 years ago, whereas the skulls in the second group dated back to 1,000 years ago. As a reference point, the investigations team took 500 East-Asian skulls, which also had their properties measured. Even at a superficial glance, the experts discovered marked differences between the Paleoamerican and Amerindian skulls. Details and full conclusions appear online, in the June 14 issue of the open-access scientific journal PLoS ONE.
“The story of the peopling of the New World was most likely more complex than is commonly thought,” explains researcher Katerina Harvati, a study team member based at the Tubingen University, in Germany. She believes that the new work does not prove for certain that there were two migration waves, but it does raise some very serious doubts as to whether things are as clear cut as experts thought they are. According to University of Pennsylvania molecular anthropologist Theodore Schurr, the new investigation is “perhaps the most sophisticated analysis of craniofacial traits undertaken to date.” He says that he is “willing to accept that there were pulses of migration into the Americas from Northeast Asia at different times,” even if his own work with ancient DNA definitely proves a single migration wave took place.
America May Have Been Settled Twice
New skeletons were unearthed recently | <urn:uuid:ae159c5c-ff63-4425-aef8-0e065f2bf42a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://archive.news.softpedia.com/news/America-May-Have-Been-Settled-Twice-144639.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378233.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00062-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976052 | 527 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Eating fish on a regular basis offers a number of health benefits, including a reduced risk of heart disease. Almost half of America, however, fails to consume fish on a weekly basis, according to the Harvard School of Public Health. If you have limited access to fresh or frozen fish, or you'd simply prefer a more convenient way to eat your fish, making tuna sandwiches with canned tuna helps you integrate more fish into your diet.
Benefit of Protein
Eating tuna sandwiches benefits your health due to the protein content. Tuna contains complete protein, which means it provides every amino acid your body needs to function. Making your sandwich with half a can of tuna adds 21 grams of protein to your meal, or approximately 35 percent of the daily protein requirements of an average 150-pound individual, according to the Iowa State University Extension. Your body uses this protein to maintain tissues throughout your body, support new cell growth and help maintain cell function.
Benefit of Whole Grains
Tuna sandwiches made on whole-grain bread boost your intake of whole grains, a food important to good health. A diet rich in whole grains appears to prevent disease -- it correlates with decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and might also decrease your risk of some cancers, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. Whole grains also provide a source of fiber, so they help keep you feeling full after a meal, promote stable blood sugar levels and prevent digestive issues such as constipation. A tuna sandwich made with two slices of whole-grain bread provides two ounce-equivalents of whole grains, helping you reach the 2 to 3 ounces of whole grains recommended daily by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Tuna Sandwiches and Mercury
One of the primary health concerns about eating tuna is the fish’s mercury level, although some types of tuna are low in mercury, reports U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Some fish contain high levels of mercury due to bioaccumulation -- an increase in the levels of mercury for fish high in the food chain, because they absorb the mercury present in every fish they eat. Mercury can stay in the human body for years and act as a toxin, causing nerve damage, rapid heart rate and profuse sweating. If you’re concerned about mercury levels in your tuna sandwiches, select light tuna over white tuna, and limit any white tuna consumption to less than 6 ounces per week, recommends the FDA.
Making Healthier Tuna Sandwiches
Despite its potential health benefits, some tuna sandwiches also have nutritional drawbacks. Adding lots of mayonnaise to your sandwiches boosts your fat consumption, while making sandwiches on white bread increases your intake of refined carbohydrates. Make healthy tuna sandwiches by using bread labeled "100 percent whole wheat" or "100 percent whole grain" to avoid refined carbohydrates, and use non-fat mayonnaise in your sandwiches. For an even healthier alternative, use cottage cheese in place of mayo -- not only does this cut your fat intake, but it also provides a source of protein and calcium.
Articles For Your Diet
- USDA National Nutrient Database: Fish, Tuna, Light, Canned in Water, Drained Solids
- Iowa State University Extension: Protein
- Linus Pauling Institute: Whole Grains
- ChooseMyPlate.gov: What Counts as an Ounce Equivalent of Grains?
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration: What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish
- Utah Department of Environmental Equality: Mercury in the Environment
- tuna sandwich image by Ramon Grosso from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:69db5ce3-4339-48f7-ade6-867acc2c2bef> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/tuna-sandwich-health-3684.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00480-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916155 | 745 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Maidenhair Woods of the Eternal Mountains of the Eastern Continent has the following indigenous tree and fern species of essential importance to the Gwaelic Elves who still live there (Stone Heart and Elf Killers) and to the Jutish Elves who fled to the Northern Continent with starts of each of them one thousand years ago
blue maidenhair – Ginkgo cyanophyllum R. is a twenty to sixty foot tall broad leaved
evergreen gymnosperm with chalky blue-green leaves, living on the mountain tops up to the tree line of the Eternal Mountains of the Eastern Continent. It is amongst the oldest living things, with some trees having been found with over 16,000 annual rings. The wood is so dense that trees felled next to water have been known to sink as though their trunks were made of stone. The dried leaves, which are drunk as a tea by the Elves, contain ginkeine, an alkaloid complex which includes caffeine and other phytochemicals, some of which may induce DNA repair.
fringed maidenhair – Ginkgo fimbriflabella R., is a deciduous gymnosperm that lives in waste and burnt over areas where woods meets grassland. It seldom grows taller than 35 to forty feet. Its leaves are deeply lobed with closely spaced fingers, scarcely broader than one mm, giving the tree its name. Its wood is almost white and very soft, and it seldom lives more than 65 to 75 years. Along with plums, crabapples and hawthorns, it is amongst the first woody species of trees to invade after a section of forest is completely burnt off by fire.
maidenhair tree – Ginkgo biloba ingentissima R. (The Sacred Maidenhair of Oilean Gairdin is a G. biloba ingentissima) are broad leaved deciduous gymnosperms. These are the tallest living trees on earth with mature specimens towering from 375 to over 400 feet. The largest individual known, living near the bottom of the slopes of the
Pitmaster Gorge in the Maidenhair Woods, measures 427 feet and is estimated to be well over 7000 years old. They are indigenous to the Maidenhair Woods of the western Eastern Continent where they are the dominant tree, forming the canopies in the deep valleys and steep slopes of the Eternal Mountains up to about 6500 feet. They are amongst the oldest living things on earth with some trees having nearly 10,000 annual rings, though the record for age is held by the very much smaller blue maidenhair, Ginkgo cyanophyllum R., of the mountain tops and tree line.
red maidenhair – Ginkgo erythrofolium R. is a deciduous broadleaved gymnosperm living throughout the Maidenhair Woods in the Eternal Mountains of the Eastern Continent where it overwhelmingly predominates at elevations below 8000 feet. It ranges in height from sixty to ninety feet, the taller trees occurring in low places. It has the interesting ability to thrive under the canopy of the maidenhair trees, Ginko biloba ingentissima R. where the two species overlap. The red bottom surfaces of its leaves are thought to enable it to thrive in low light conditions. Its dried leaves bear alkaloids, which when chewed by the Elves like tobacco, steadies their nerves.
silver maidenhair – Ginko genetrex-argenteus R. also called “mother tree” by the Fairies and Gwaelic Elves, its leaves and stems are covered with a silver colored cuticle, hence its name. It lives in symbiotic association with the mycelia of Fairy ring mushrooms, and whilst its leaves, stems, fruit, bark and roots are each said to have potent medicinal properties, the tree’s great rarity has prevented substantial empirical study.
maidenhair fern – Adiantum capillus-veneris R. is the commonest of all species of fern occurring in the Maidenhair Woods of the Eternal Mountains of the west coast of the Eastern Continent, where it forms rank growths along streams, in deep loamy gorges and blankets the north-facing slopes of hills and sandstone bluffs. Its fan shaped leaves resemble the leaves of the maidenhair tree. It grows from six to eighteen inches in height from creeping rhizomes, six inches to six yards long. It is a major part of the diet of the maidenhair red deer, Odocoileus rufi-ginkgus R., and is the likely reason for the animal’s meat having its renowned woodsy flavor.
Carol Marrs Phipps & Tom Phipps | <urn:uuid:aa1b69c7-f39a-493c-9a9e-108dd7af763a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.niarg.com/category/elven-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.946123 | 984 | 3.109375 | 3 |
I tried to use GET_WHEEL_DELTA_WPARAM like in the document, but it only returned 120 and -120. I also don't understand the difference between WM_MOUSEWHEEL and WM_MOUSEHWHEEL. How do you implement this in your code?
It is explained in the page you linked:
The high-order word indicates the distance the wheel is rotated, expressed in multiples or divisions of WHEEL_DELTA, which is 120. A positive value indicates that the wheel was rotated forward, away from the user; a negative value indicates that the wheel was rotated backward, toward the user.
You simply divide by 120 to get how many scroll wheel rotations it moved up or down.
DWORD zDelta = GET_WHEEL_DELTA_WPARAM(wParam) / WHEEL_DELTA;
That said, there is way to opt-in into higher precision rotations if you want. Not all mice support it, but when it supports then windows can give you more fine-grained rotation numbers. This usually is available on high-end gaming mouse where you can disable wheel notches where it rotates with fixed intervals. To do so, you need to adjust your exe manifest - see
ultraHighResolutionScrollingAware elements in https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sbscs/application-manifests.
In such case you probably need to divide number in floats, to get partial scrolls:
float zDelta = (float)GET_WHEEL_DELTA_WPARAM(wParam) / WHEEL_DELTA;
WM_MOUSEHWHEEL message - H there stands for "horizontal". Some mice have two wheels - your normal one for scrolling up&down (WM_MOUSEWHEEL message) and secondary for scrolling left&right (WM_MOUSEHWHEEL message). Here's example of such mouse:
Also laptop users with touchpad can "scroll" horizontally. When you move fingers up&down on touchpad that is vertical scroll with WM_MOUSEWHEEL message, but when you move fingers left&right on touchpad, that is horizontal scroll with WM_MOUSEHWHEEL message. | <urn:uuid:6b031d31-7888-46ba-9e07-690ede3e3250> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hero.handmade.network/forums/code-discussion/t/8266-how_to_get_the_mouse_wheel_value | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.865668 | 515 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Labradoodles have captured the hearts of pet lovers worldwide with their adorable looks and affectionate personalities. As proud Labradoodle owners, we often find ourselves charmed by their playful antics and lovable nature. However, there’s one aspect that some might not find so endearing – their drooling! If you’ve ever wondered why do labradoodles drool and what causes this behavior, you’ve come to the right place. In this blog post, we’ll delve into the five surprising reasons behind their slobber and explore the essential aspects of Labradoodle ownership, care, and grooming. So, let’s get started on this delightful journey into the world of Labradoodles!
Labradoodle Saliva: Natural Cooling Mechanism
As charming as Labradoodles are, they, too, have their own way of staying cool and comfortable – through their endearing drooling behavior. Like several other dog breeds, Labradoodles don’t possess sweat glands like humans do. Consequently, they’ve evolved to cope with heat in a different, yet equally effective manner. When the mercury rises and their furry coats trap the warmth, these delightful canines employ a natural and ingenious cooling mechanism – panting and drooling.
Imagine yourself on a scorching summer day, perspiration forming on your forehead as your body attempts to regulate its temperature. Humans release heat through the evaporation of sweat, cooling the skin and dissipating warmth. However, dogs, with their thick coats and absence of sweat glands, can’t cool down the same way we do. Instead, they pant and drool, cleverly using their mouths as nature’s own cooling system.
Panting is a process that allows dogs to breathe rapidly and continuously, expelling warm air while drawing in cooler air. This action helps them regulate their body temperature and avoid overheating. But that’s not the only way they cool down. Here comes the adorable part – the drooling! When Labradoodles are feeling hot or engaged in vigorous physical activities, their saliva production increases significantly. The excess saliva serves as a coolant, moistening their mouths and facilitating the cooling process.
Excitement and Anticipation
If you’ve ever had the joy of sharing your life with a Labradoodle, you might have experienced one of the most heartwarming sights – their slobbery expressions of excitement and anticipation! Labradoodles are masters of showing their emotions, and when they’re thrilled about something, their enthusiasm becomes evident through increased salivation.
Picture this: you’re getting ready for a walk, and as soon as your Labradoodle sees the leash, their tail starts wagging uncontrollably, and their eyes light up with pure excitement. But that’s not all – you’ll notice their adorable furry face turning a bit slobbery as well. It’s almost as if they can’t contain their happiness and it spills out through their endearing drooling!
This lovable display of slobber isn’t limited to just walks; it can happen during playtime, mealtime, or even when they catch a glimpse of their favorite human walking through the door. Labradoodles wear their hearts on their sleeves (or should we say, their drool on their chins?), and their increased salivation is their way of communicating their sheer delight.
Labradoodle Mix Breeds and Saliva Production
Labradoodles, those charming and affectionate canine companions, are the delightful result of crossing two beloved breeds – the Labrador Retriever and the Poodle. This unique combination brings together the best qualities of both breeds, resulting in a furry friend that’s intelligent, friendly, and non-shedding.
However, when it comes to drooling tendencies, Labradoodles are not all created equal. Depending on the percentage of each breed in their lineage, some Labradoodles may have inherited the Labrador Retriever’s trait of being a bit more slobbery than others. Labrador Retrievers are known to be enthusiastic droolers, while Poodles generally exhibit minimal drooling.
Therefore, understanding your Labradoodle’s specific mix is essential, especially if you have a preference for a less drooly companion. Knowing the percentage of Labrador Retriever and Poodle in their heritage will give you insights into their potential drooling variations. While it’s impossible to predict the exact drooling behavior of any individual dog, knowing their lineage can provide some clues.
If you’re considering bringing a Labradoodle into your home, it’s a good idea to discuss the breed’s characteristics with a reputable breeder or adoption organization. They can provide valuable information about the parents’ traits and the potential drooling tendencies of the litter. Additionally, interacting with the puppy’s parents can give you an idea of their drooling tendencies, as some traits can be hereditary.
For those who don’t mind a little extra slobber or find it endearing, a Labradoodle’s drooling tendencies may not be a concern at all. In fact, many Labradoodle owners find their slobbering expressions adorable and a testament to their canine charm.
Dental Health and Saliva Composition
Just like humans, a Labradoodle’s dental health plays a significant role in their overall well-being, and surprisingly, it can also impact their slobbering behavior. Yes, you read that right – healthy teeth and gums can have a positive effect on how much they drool!
Just like any other breed, Labradoodles can be susceptible to dental issues, such as gum disease and tooth decay. When these oral health problems arise, it can cause discomfort and pain in their mouths, leading to increased salivation. Think of it as their way of expressing discomfort, much like how we might produce more saliva when we have a sore throat.
That’s why regular dental care is not only crucial for their dental health but also for managing their drooling tendencies. Implementing a dental care routine that includes brushing their teeth regularly can go a long way in preventing gum disease and other oral problems. Just like with human teeth, brushing helps remove plaque and bacteria, keeping their pearly whites in tip-top shape.
Apart from brushing, providing appropriate chew toys and dental treats can also contribute to their mouth hygiene. Chew toys help in reducing plaque buildup by encouraging them to chew and gnaw, which naturally cleans their teeth. Additionally, dental treats formulated to promote oral health can be an enjoyable way for Labradoodles to maintain a fresh and healthy mouth.
Regular check-ups with your veterinarian are also essential to keep track of their dental health and address any concerns promptly. Your vet can conduct dental examinations and provide professional cleanings when necessary.
By paying attention to their dental health, you not only contribute to their overall well-being but also may notice a positive effect on their drooling tendencies. A happy, healthy mouth will keep your Labradoodle feeling comfortable and content, making your bond even stronger as you share countless slobbery smiles together!
Labradoodle Health and Stress
Labradoodles, despite their jovial and carefree demeanor, are not immune to stress and anxiety. Just like us humans, they can experience these emotions, and interestingly, they might express them through a familiar sign – excessive drooling.
When your Labradoodle encounters situations that are unfamiliar or overwhelming, such as changes in their environment, routine, or exposure to new people or pets, they may react with stress-related drooling. It’s as if their mouths are telling us that they need a little extra comfort and reassurance during these times.
As loving pet owners, it’s essential to be attentive to your Labradoodle’s emotional well-being and identify signs of stress or anxiety. Alongside increased drooling, you might notice other behavioral changes, such as restlessness, panting, pacing, or even decreased appetite. Providing a calm and nurturing environment can be incredibly beneficial in managing their overall health and drooling behavior during these challenging moments.
Creating a safe space for your Labradoodle that includes familiar toys, bedding, and routines can help alleviate stress. Gradual introductions to new experiences and individuals, combined with positive reinforcement and patience, can also build their confidence in uncertain situations.
Additionally, incorporating regular exercise and playtime into their daily routine can help reduce stress levels. Physical activity is an excellent outlet for pent-up energy and can contribute to a more balanced and relaxed demeanor.
In some cases, if your Labradoodle’s stress or anxiety seems to be persistent or severe, it’s essential to consult with a professional veterinarian or animal behaviorist. They can provide expert guidance and potential solutions to help your furry friend cope with their emotions in a healthy way.
Labradoodle Ownership, Care, and Grooming:
Now that we’ve explored the reasons behind Labradoodle drooling, let’s delve into some essential aspects of owning and caring for these lovable companions.
Labradoodles boast a hypoallergenic coat, making them a popular choice for individuals with allergies or sensitivities to pet dander. While their coat might be a blessing for allergy sufferers, it does require diligent grooming to keep it in top-notch condition.
To ensure their hypoallergenic coat remains a delightful feature and not a source of frustration, regular grooming is key. Their unique fur texture, which is a blend of Labrador Retriever and Poodle characteristics, can be prone to matting and tangling if left unattended. Regular brushing, ideally on a weekly basis, will work wonders in maintaining their fur’s health and appearance.
Beyond the aesthetic aspect, regular brushing serves a crucial purpose in managing their shedding. Despite being hypoallergenic, Labradoodles do shed, although minimally. Regular brushing helps to remove loose and dead hairs, preventing them from accumulating around your home.
In addition to brushing, occasional baths are necessary to keep their coat clean and fresh. Be sure to use a dog-specific shampoo that suits their skin and fur type. Over-bathing can strip the coat of its natural oils, so it’s best to bathe them only when necessary.
Apart from maintaining their coat’s health, grooming sessions present an excellent opportunity for you to bond with your Labradoodle. Many dogs find the experience relaxing and enjoyable, especially when approached with patience and gentle handling. Turn grooming into a positive and rewarding experience, and your Labradoodle will likely look forward to these moments of pampering.
Training and Socialization
Setting your Labradoodle on the path to becoming a well-behaved and well-adjusted pet starts with early training and socialization. These fundamental aspects of raising a dog are pivotal in shaping their behavior and temperament as they grow and interact with the world around them.
Socialization, in particular, plays a vital role in ensuring your Labradoodle is comfortable and confident in various environments and with different people and animals. Introducing them to a diverse range of experiences, such as meeting new friends at the dog park or encountering various sights and sounds during walks, helps build their self-assurance and reduces the likelihood of fear or aggression later in life.
Positive reinforcement is a key element in training your Labradoodle. Rewarding good behavior with treats, praise, or affection reinforces their understanding that certain actions lead to positive outcomes. This form of training creates a bond of trust between you and your furry companion, making them eager to please and receptive to learning new commands.
Consistency is paramount when it comes to training methods. Setting clear boundaries and expectations and consistently enforcing them will prevent confusion and help your Labradoodle understand what is expected of them. Regular practice and reinforcement of learned behaviors will solidify their training and instill good habits that will last a lifetime.
As you embark on the journey of training and socializing your Labradoodle, remember that patience and understanding are essential. Every dog learns at their own pace, and while some may grasp commands quickly, others might require more time and practice. Stay committed to the process, celebrate their successes, and be forgiving of any setbacks.
Enrolling in puppy training classes or seeking guidance from a professional dog trainer can be beneficial, especially if you’re a first-time dog owner or if your Labradoodle exhibits challenging behaviors. A qualified trainer can provide expert advice and tailor a training plan to suit your Labradoodle’s unique personality and needs.
Exercise and Play
Labradoodles, being a delightful mix of Labrador Retrievers and Poodles, possess an abundance of energy that fuels their playful and lively nature. To keep them at their happiest and healthiest, it is crucial to meet their exercise needs through regular physical activities.
These energetic canines thrive on staying active and engaged, both mentally and physically. Daily exercise not only helps them burn off excess energy but also ensures they maintain a healthy weight, strong muscles, and robust cardiovascular health. Without proper outlets for their energy, Labradoodles may become restless or display undesirable behaviors, such as excessive barking or destructive chewing.
Engaging Labradoodles in physical activities offers more than just a tired pup at the end of the day. It also serves as an excellent way to channel their exuberant energy in positive and constructive ways. Whether it’s going for a brisk walk or jog, playing fetch in the backyard, or enjoying a game of tug-of-war, these activities provide both mental stimulation and physical exercise.
Incorporating variety into their exercise routine keeps things exciting for your Labradoodle. Mixing up activities, such as hiking on nature trails, going for a swim, or participating in agility training, will keep their curious minds engaged and prevent boredom.
Moreover, exercise serves as a fantastic opportunity for you and your Labradoodle to bond. It creates a shared experience that strengthens your connection and reinforces the trust between you and your furry companion. These moments of active play and companionship become cherished memories that deepen the bond you share.
Regular visits to the veterinarian are essential to monitor your Labradoodle’s health and address any potential concerns promptly.
Owning a Labradoodle is a rewarding experience filled with love, joy, and sometimes, a little bit of drool. Understanding the reasons behind their slobber and addressing their specific needs will make the journey even more delightful. Embrace their endearing slobber as a part of their unique charm, and you’ll have a loyal and affectionate companion for life. Happy Labradoodle ownership!
Frequently Asked Questions about Labradoodles and Drooling
1. How can I manage my Labradoodle’s drooling tendencies?
Answer: Managing your Labradoodle’s drooling tendencies involves regular grooming to prevent matting and tangling of their hypoallergenic coat. Providing appropriate chew toys and dental treats can also contribute to maintaining their mouth hygiene and potentially reducing excessive drooling.
2. Can Labradoodle drooling be influenced by their dental health?
Answer: Yes, a Labradoodle’s dental health can influence their saliva production and, consequently, their drooling tendencies. Gum disease or oral health issues can lead to increased drooling, making regular dental care vital to their overall well-being.
3. Are Labradoodles prone to shedding?
Answer: While Labradoodles are considered hypoallergenic, they do shed minimally. Regular grooming, such as weekly brushing, will help keep their fur healthy, minimize shedding, and prevent matting.
4. How can I train my Labradoodle effectively?
Answer: To train your Labradoodle effectively, utilize positive reinforcement and consistency in training methods. Reward good behavior with treats, praise, or affection to create a bond of trust and encourage desired actions.
5. What is the importance of exercise for Labradoodles?
Answer: Exercise is essential for Labradoodles to stay happy and healthy. Engaging them in regular physical activities helps burn off excess energy, maintain a healthy weight, and prevent undesirable behaviors. Exercise also serves as a way to channel their energy positively and provides an opportunity for you to bond with your furry companion. | <urn:uuid:5a6fb30a-7e17-4457-a15c-b5641fb5a8ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://retrievershub.com/why-do-labradoodles-drool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.937521 | 3,428 | 2.90625 | 3 |
by Rosalind O’Brien
This Landsat 7 image of clouds off the Chilean coast near the Juan Fernandez Islands on September 15, 1999 shows a unique pattern called a "von Kármán vortex street." Study of this classic flow past a circular cylinder has been very important in the understanding of laminar and turbulent fluid flow that controls a wide variety of phenomena, from the lift under an aircraft wing to Earth's weather. Photo/NASA
“Turbulence is the graveyard of theories,” according to the renowned physicist Hans W. Liepmann, but scientists haven’t given up yet. Based on a turbulence lecture given by Prof. Mark Rast at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics last Wednesday, it’s at least going to be a full and interesting graveyard.
Turbulence, in this context, is a specific physical phenomenon that describes the chaotic motion that can occur in fluids—both liquids and gases—when their molecules collide. Although many of us are unaware of it, turbulence occurs all around us, all the time.
The air behind an airplane and the water in an eddy are turbulent; they move chaotically at many scales, from those that humans can see and feel, all the way down to individual molecules.
Why does this matter? Rast provided plenty of reasons. Turbulence is why your car uses more gas when you go faster. When you’re driving, your car is slicing through the air in front of it. The faster you drive, the more difficult it is for air to converge immediately behind your car. This creates a sort of vacuum near your bumper, where air is moving chaotically, sucking your car backward ever so slightly. In other words, turbulence causes drag. Turbulence is therefore a very relevant concept in the automotive industry—it has literally shaped our cars. Read more
Neil deGrasse Tyson has a simple message for people hung up on his ruling that Pluto is not a planet: Get over it. Tyson spoke to a packed house at Macky Auditorium on Wednesday, Feb. 15, 2012. (Photo/Beth Bartel).
by Brendon Bosworth
U.S. space exploration has atrophied and something needs to be done about it. This was the message from famed astrophysicist, and director of New York’s Hayden Planetarium, Neil deGrasse Tyson who delivered a scathing appraisal of the current state of space research to a packed house at CU-Boulder’s Macky Auditorium Wednesday night.
Since the Saturn V rocket launched the Apollo crews into space more than 40 years ago there has been very little progress in the space arena, explained Tyson, who padded around the stage quite comfortably on shoe-less feet and induced much laughter with his trademark blend of scholarly wit and stand-up comedian charisma.
“I call it Apollo necrophilia,” said Tyson, referring to the reverence people still hold for the antiquated technology that sent Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the moon in 1969.
“As long as this continues to look awesome we have not advanced,” he said, pointing to a picture of the Saturn V on the screen behind him. There is no spaceship sitting on the next launch pad ready to take off, he said.
One reason that space exploration has failed to progress is that the space community can be considered a special interest group comprised of a few companies and organizations with a total membership of about 700,000 people, according to his calculations. The Sierra Club, Hanna Montana fan club and National Rifle Association each have more members than the space community, he said.
A solar flare bursts from a sun spot. Aug. 9, 2011. (NASA).
By Sydney Kaufman
On a November night, when most of the world was sleeping, scientists and engineers at NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado, were watching live satellite pictures of the sun, looking for a bright flash that would tell them a strong solar storm was on its way, the effects of which could have been dramatic and expensive.
At that point, a tangled magnetic field on the sun’s surface was spinning towards the “kill zone,” the geographical location on the sun where an eruption would send energy and charged particles on a direct path to earth.
Luckily, the effects of this particular solar event on November 1, 2011, were minimal, resulting in only a brief radio blackout the following day. However, these NOAA scientists watch the sun 24/7 to ensure that when a blast of solar wind comes our way, we’ll be as ready as possible for the potential effects on communication signals, electrical power and the GPS systems many industries rely on. While the storm last November had little effect, a solar spot erupted last week and a minor geomagnetic storm is expected to peak today.
“The sun doesn’t give a hoot about where we are,” said Joe Kunches, an aerospace engineer at the Space Weather Prediction Center, during an interview in November. “It just goes about its business throwing off stuff and sometimes we happen to get in the way.” | <urn:uuid:8624a1af-fe66-4e1e-b4f1-44575f501faf> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.theboulderstand.org/category/space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448949970.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025549-00051-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95178 | 1,065 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is a high ankle sprain?
A sprained ankle is the stretching or tearing of ankle ligaments, which support the joint by connecting bones to each other. A sprain occurs when your ankle is forced to move out of its normal position, which can cause one or more of the ankle’s ligaments to stretch, partially tear or tear completely.
Dr. Tony Taylor, MD, EMBA, Emergency Physician, discusses treatment of ankle injuries.
Dale Harris discusses orthotic options for bracing ankle injuries.
Larissa Roux, MD FRCP Dip Sport Med, MPH, PhD, discusses ankle sprains, a common sports injury.
Ankle Sprains and Orthopaedic Surgery
Sports injuries happen often in ankles and feet and there’s lots of soccer players and almost every athlete in the province at some point has sprained their ankle.
Most of the time these sprains can be treated by bracing, physiotherapy, ice and 99 percent of them get better. On occasion, they don’t get better and there’s reasons within the ankle or around the ankle that that might happen.
If you look at the ankle, there’s a number of places that can get injured after a sprain or sports injury. When the ligaments on the outside of the ankle get torn or broken, the ankle becomes unstable and these may need to be repaired.
Within the joint, however, if you have recurrent sprains, the joint surface can get damaged by the sprains and as a result, there can be holes within the cartilage that can cause a lot of discomfort.
After an ankle sprain, you can end up rupturing the tendons that are on the outside of the ankle that go between the fibula and the talus or the fibula and the calcaneus. And this can cause ongoing instability in your ankle but each time you roll your ankle, you can damage the cartilage within the ankle joint.
Sometimes these can repair, sometimes they remain unstable. The cartilage damage, however, often needs surgical treatment and the cartilage damage affects the talus either on the top side on this shoulder or on the top side on this shoulder there.
On occasion, it’s beneficial to put a scope into the joint and clean up those areas of damage so that they hopefully stop hurting you. If you have one of these holes however with an unstable ankle, it’s a good idea not only to look inside the joint with the arthroscope, but also to try and repair the ligaments on the outside of the ankle to make sure that the ankle is stable and that you don’t continue to roll it and damage the cartilage within the joint.
So with these types of injuries, you may need to talk to your physiotherapist or your coach or your family doctor to see how you can make sure that you’re getting the best treatment for your foot injury.
And on occasion, your family doctor may choose to send you onto an orthopedic surgeon who may be able to help you with an operation to try and improve the function of your foot for sport.
Local Practitioners: Orthopaedic Surgeon
Ankle and Lower Leg Bracing and Injuries
If you’ve got a fracture in your foot, or your lower leg, you have to determine what type of walker boot you need.
If you’ve got a fracture that’s in the forefoot, be it fifth metatarsal fracture, a stress fracture, maybe a bunion surgery recovery, the ankle walkers are a great product for this.
There’s a variety of different models that are available. We really like this one because it’s got a nice rocker profile on the bottom, three straps, and a nice wide base for support.
If you’ve got a lower leg fracture or a rear foot fracture, malleolar fracture, talus fracture, one of the things you want to look for is a longer boot that offers more support through the rear foot or leg, with the three straps on the front, again a nice wide base on the bottom and a great rocker profile.
When you’re ready to try on a walker boot, it’s really important to try some different ones on, they range in price quite dramatically, go to an experienced store and let them help determine what type of walker boot.
Local Practitioners: Bracing & Equipment Specialist | <urn:uuid:b227afc1-0d3d-40b1-8933-92d9cc391f35> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://orthopedics-now.com/ankle-sprains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.942245 | 938 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Another popular festival traditionally celebrated by Nepalis is Maghe Sankranti, it is called by different names, such as Makar Sankranti, Maghi, Maghe Sankranti, etc., which falls on the first day of the month of Magh. That day is a public holiday in Nepal. On the day of Maghe Sankranti, it is customary to go to various rivers, seas and Triveni in Nepal to bathe and worship.
Since the Sun enters Capricorn from Sagittarius and descends from the day of Maghe Sankranti, it is said that it is called “Capricorn Sankranti”. Since the sun enters the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere, it is believed that the day will get longer and the night will get shorter. It is mentioned in Bhavishya Purana, Vishnubachan and Dharma Sindhu that after bathing on the day of Maghe Sakranti, one can get special benefits by bathing in ghee, knife, sesame laddu, vegetables, yam, cloth, water and Makal.
This festival is celebrated by everyone in Nepal where there is a majority of different castes and communities. In the Terai districts, Maithili celebrates Tila Sankranti. In the Terai, on this day, khichdi, sesame and Chiura laddu are prepared and eaten. Maghi is considered to be the biggest festival filled with the original culture of the Tharus. The Magar people celebrate this festival with special pomp for three days. On the first day, it is customary to bathe and worship the ancestors and Kulayan and to worship the sisters with “Nisho”. Read more
On the second day, Magh Khan goes away as a picnic, and on the last day, it is customary for men from all over the village to shoot taro together. Nowadays, the practice of celebrating Maghe Sakranti is increasing everywhere in the country and abroad. Maghe Sakranti is celebrated with various dishes like sesame laddu, knife, tarul and celeriac. The use of food items to help keep the body warm during this winter festival also seems to be beneficial in terms of health.
It is believed that by purifying the body during this winter solstice, eating ghee knife and sesame and khichdi will increase the amount of heat in the body and give energy to the body and rubbing freshly cooked oil on the body will get rid of cold and destroy skin related diseases and other ailments. | <urn:uuid:ad25b21b-6459-437a-b1f3-83f5d934bea6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.notesnepal.com/archives/7110 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303845.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122103819-20220122133819-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.943457 | 537 | 2.703125 | 3 |
While cigarette use has dropped, the littering of tobacco products remains a problem. Smokers often drop cigarette butts onto the ground, place them in planters, and dispose of them in ditches or waterways. Keep America Beautiful (KAB) estimates that the overall littering rate for cigarette butts is 65% and that tobacco products comprise 38% of all U.S. roadway litter.
According to KAB, 63% of cigarette butt littering is attributable to individual motivations. Many smokers lack an awareness of the environmental impact brought on by tobacco litter. Littered cigarette butts are unsightly, costly to clean up, and harmful to waterways and wildlife. Most cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate, a form of plastic which degrades slowly and can persist in the environment.
As cigarette butts gather around entrances to public buildings, stores, bars, and restaurants, near bus stops, in storm gutters, and along roads and sidewalks, they often invite other forms of littering. Before long, these areas might also be littered with coffee cups, wrappers, and other trash, all of which are left behind for business owners, parks maintenance crews, and street cleaners to pick up.
If you’re ready to make a difference, find out more about preventing cigarette butt litter. To help reduce all litter in your community, plan or take part in a litter cleanup program this spring.
Credit: JLFCapture | E+ | Getty Images | <urn:uuid:6a2fce69-0613-4632-b6ce-878a38a1c36e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.ecopartnersinc.com/2017/03/07/no-ifs-ands-or-butts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.931249 | 302 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Save This Word!
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a method of life support used to oxygenate the blood in newborn babies with lung failure, using a machine incorporating membranes that are impermeable to blood but permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide
SPRINT TO THE FINISH WITH THIS OLYMPICS QUIZ!
Compete in our Olympics quiz to see if you can take home the gold medal in Olympics knowledge.
Question 1 of 10
Where was the Olympics first held?
Words nearby ECMO
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 | <urn:uuid:24e49255-6e28-4634-8092-1264cc355d6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ecmo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.787148 | 153 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Health and fitness is a subject not commonly talked about in the realm of college planning and student success, but it is an important, foundational area in a student’s overall success game plan. Research has shown that there are significant benefits to eating a nutritious diet and incorporating a regular exercise regimen into a student’s life. In fact, not adhering to a healthy diet and leading a sedentary lifestyle has been shown to have many negative success performance outcomes. And it is how students intentionally approach the success roadmap by making health and fitness an essential part of their lives that makes all the difference. In this article, we are going to show you what the hard facts are–what the research has shown about how incorporating a healthy diet and regular exercise is crucial, and a game changer, to the success of a student, and his/her ability to reach his/her full educational potential.
There has been a lot of research done on how health and fitness is linked to negative performance outcomes. It’s important that students understand the advantages and consequences of what they put into their mouths, and how being active, or inactive, plays a role in student success.
First, research has shown that students who have poor eating habits experience more than just increased weight. Poor eating is associated with lower grades, a higher incidence of illness, and increased fatigue. Poor eating also leads to a higher risk of depression, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, menstrual problems, and sleep disturbances. All these negative effects ultimately lead to an overall poor academic performance, an increased dropout rate, and a higher incidence of disciplinary problems. Just by not being intentional in what a student puts into his/her body, an abundance of negative attributes is correlated—all of which do nothing to help a student get ahead in life. Therefore, learning how to eat well is a crucial foundational strategy that every student must learn if he/she wants to maximize his/her educational performance.
What students need to know is that what they eat does more than provide fuel, or lack of fuel. The food choices they make directly determine the level at which their bodies will perform. Lackluster energy can almost always be traced back to poor food choices. Simply, we are what we eat. And you better believe the higher quality, cleaner, and the more nutritious the food choices students make, the higher the energy levels, cognitive and overall brain function and performance the student will experience.
Second, the more active a student is, the better a student can expect to perform in school. Physical activity is good for more than just conditioning and strengthening the body. It also plays a key role in a student’s ability to concentrate, remember and process information. Exercise also gives increased energy, stamina, and focus. As a result, students who exercise have been shown to study more effectively, score higher on tests, and have an overall higher academic performance than those who don’t. Simply, engaging in regular exercise is a direct indicator and a contributor of the student success formula. Therefore, this is another important “tool” a student has to put in his/her “toolbelt” if he/she wants to be serious about succeeding in school.
What is the recommendation for health and fitness?
So, what is the recommendation for health and fitness, and how should students incorporate these success habits into their lives? Let’s start with healthy eating.
Healthy eating involves many different factors, but the one key factor that all healthy foods have in common is that they all come directly from nature. Good, healthy foods are grown, produced, and sold to you without added chemicals and without being processed in manufacturing plants. If a food has to be chemically altered while being grown, is taken through a multi-step manufacturing process or has been packaged to preserve it for the next decade, then that food is probably not the healthiest choice. In a nutshell, healthy foods are whole foods that come directly from nature, such as fruits, beans, nuts, grains, fish, eggs, and oatmeal.
Your body is 100 percent natural, so what it needs for energy is 100 percent natural foods—it’s really as simple as that. If you’re wondering what you need to eat to create a healthy body, think natural foods because food that comes straight from nature are the foods that are guaranteed to give your body energy that doesn’t come at a compromising price.
However, there’s a lot more to healthy eating than just concentrating on healthy foods. There are many resources available to help students understand the foundational building blocks of what healthy eating is all about. These include health-related books, scientific publications, and health courses students can take. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has compiled the most up-to-date information about healthy eating, has made it easy to understand, and has made it available 24 hours a day/ 7 days a week! You can find this information at www.choosemyplate.gov. This is a government website that helps individuals eat healthy by breaking down the five food groups that are the building blocks of a healthy diet using a familiar image—a place setting for a meal.
There are 10 healthy eating tips that are taken directly from the www.choosemyplate.gov website.
These 10 healthy eating tips are the following:
1. Find your healthy eating style
Creating a healthy style means regularly eating a variety of foods to get the nutrients and calories you need. MyPlate’s tips help you create your own healthy eating solutions—“MyWins.”
2. Make half your plate fruits and vegetables
Eating colorful fruits and vegetables is important because they provide vitamins and minerals and most are low in calories.
3. Focus on whole fruits
Choose whole fruits—fresh, frozen, dried, or canned in 100% juice. Enjoy fruit with meals, as snacks, or as a dessert.
4. Vary your veggies
Try adding fresh, frozen, or canned vegetables to salads, sides, and main dishes. Choose a variety of colorful vegetables prepared in healthful ways: steamed, sauteed, roasted, or raw.
5. Make half your grains whole grains
Look for whole grains listed first or second on the ingredients list—try oatmeal, popcorn, whole-grain bread, and brown rice. Limit grain-based desserts and snacks, such as cakes, cookies, and pastries.
6. Move to low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt
Choose low-fat or fat-free milk, yogurt, and soy beverages (soymilk) to cut back on saturated fat. Replace sour cream, cream, and regular cheese with low-fat yogurt, milk, and cheese.
7. Vary your protein routine
Mix up your protein foods to include seafood, beans and peas, unsalted nuts and seeds, soy products, eggs, and lean meats and poultry. Try main dishes made with beans or seafood like tuna salad or bean chili.
8. Drink and eat beverages and food with less sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars
Use the Nutrition Facts label and ingredients list to limit items high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars. Choose vegetable oils instead of butter, and oil-based sauces and dips instead of ones with butter, cream, or cheese.
9. Drink water instead of sugary drinks
Water is calorie-free. Non-diet soda, energy or sports drinks, and other sugar-sweetened drinks contain a lot of calories from added sugars and have few nutrients.
10. Everything you eat and drink matters
The right mix of foods can help you be healthier now and into the future. Turn small changes into your “MyPlate, MyWins.”
Next, when it comes to exercise, it’s important that students understand that eating the right foods only gets them so far in attaining optimal health. Sure, students can eat extremely healthy every day and feel fine, but they still won’t be able to achieve the level of health and well-being that a regular exercise program will give them. Scientific research continues to prove how crucial regular exercise is to optimal well-being.
So, what is a good exercise program, and how much do you need to exercise? The core of a solid, comprehensive exercise program comes down to two key components: aerobic training and resistance training. Any regular fitness regimen should include both of these types of exercise, as each offers entirely different benefits to your body. Combined, they comprise an overall workout that will give you strength, flexibility, endurance, cardiovascular conditioning, and improved brain function.
Aerobic training is simply a way to improve your health through moderate-to-intense activity that increases your heart rate over a designated period of time. To promote good health, psychological well-being, a healthy body weight, and reduced risk of chronic disease in adulthood, the USDA recommends that you engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity three to five days a week. The activity you choose is up to you, but it’s recommended that you choose one you enjoy. Whether it’s basketball, swimming, jogging, or playing with the family dog, it’s important to get your body moving by taking part in an activity that increases your heart rate above its normal resting state for at least 30 minutes.
If you want to achieve even greater health benefits, it’s highly recommended that you engage in physical activity that lasts longer than 30 minutes and is more vigorous than a moderate-intensity workout. To help manage your body weight, especially as you reach adulthood, the USDA recommends at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity on most days of the week, while not exceeding your recommended daily consumption.
To achieve the full benefits of physical exercise, you must also incorporate resistance training, the second component to a good exercise program into your weekly exercise regimen. Resistance training helps you build strength, maintain the integrity of your bones, and improve your balance, coordination, and mobility. Overall, it allows you to keep a toned, healthy body that’s more resistant to fatigue. Resistance training usually involves weights or resistance bands. You can easily do resistance training exercises in the comfort of your home. But if you like going to the gym, using machine weights or free weights are great ways to tone and strengthen muscles.
Some examples of resistance training exercises are push-ups, pull-ups, and sit-ups—all of which you can do at the gym using weights or at home using only your body. For other types of resistance-training exercises, including biceps and triceps curls, shoulder lifts, and back exercises, it’s recommended that you use some weight to aid in toning your muscles and increasing your strength. A good goal to work toward is eight to twelve repetitions of six to eight strength-training exercises at least twice per week.
We hope this article has helped you understand the importance that both health and fitness play in the overall formula of student success. What students are putting in their mouths and how seriously they are taking exercise directly impacts the level of success they will ultimately experience. Therefore, it’s important that students learn how to eat well daily, and how to effectively incorporate regular exercise into their weekly schedules. Simply, students need to take health and fitness seriously if they want to be successful in school and in the college admissions process.
Dr. Jeff and Dr. Brian Haig | <urn:uuid:6432420f-4dba-46ee-b774-c2b65e977f86> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://strategiccollegeconsulting.com/blog/the-importance-of-health-and-fitness-in-college-planning-and-student-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.956184 | 2,368 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Open gallbladder removal is surgery to remove the gallbladder.
In gallbladder removal surgery, a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in your belly to open it up and see the area. The surgeon then removes your gallbladder by reaching in through the incision and gently lifting it out.
Surgery is done while you are under general anesthesia (unconscious and unable to feel pain).
The surgeon will make a 5 to 7 inch incision in the upper right part of your belly, just below your ribs. The surgeon will cut the bile duct and blood vessels that lead to the gallbladder. Then your gallbladder will be removed.
A special x-ray called a cholangiogram will be done during the surgery. This involves squirting some dye into your common bile duct. This duct will be left inside you after your gallbladder has been removed. The dye helps locate other stones that may be outside your gallbladder. If any are found, the surgeon may be able to remove these other stones with a special medical instrument.
Open gallbladder removal surgery takes about an hour.
Why the Procedure is Performed
Your doctor may recommend gallbladder removal surgery if you have gallstones or your gallbladder is not functioning normally (biliary dyskinesia).
You may have some or all of these symptoms:
- Pain after eating, usually in the upper right or upper middle area of your belly (epigastric pain)
Nausea and vomiting
- Infection (cholecystitis)
The most common way to remove the gallbladder is by using a medical instrument called a laparoscope. See also: Gallbladder removal - laparoscopic
Other reasons for this surgery may be:
- You have had many surgeries in this part of your belly in the past
- Severe liver problems
- You are in your third trimester of pregnancy
Talk with your doctor about any of these risks.
The risks for any anesthesia are:
- Reactions to drugs you are given
- Heart problems
Blood clots in the legs or in the lungs
The risks for gallbladder surgery are:
- Injury to the common bile duct
- Injury to the small intestine
Pancreatitis (inflammation in the pancreas)
Before the Procedure
Your doctor may ask you to have these medical tests done before you have surgery:
- Blood tests (complete blood count, electrolytes, and kidney tests)
Chest x-ray or electrocardiogram (EKG), for some patients
- Several x-rays of the gallbladder
Always tell your doctor or nurse:
- If you are or might be pregnant
- What drugs, vitamins, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription
During the week before your surgery:
- You may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), vitamin E, warfarin (Coumadin), and any other drugs that make it hard for your blood to clot.
- Your doctor may ask you to "clean out" your colon or intestines.
- Ask your doctor which drugs you should still take on the day of your surgery.
On the day of the surgery:
- Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before your surgery.
- Take the drugs your doctor told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Shower the night before or the morning of your surgery
- Your doctor or nurse will tell you when to arrive at the hospital.
Prepare your home for after the surgery.
After the Procedure
People usually stay in the hospital for 2 to 6 days after open gallbladder removal. During that time:
- You will be asked to breathe into a medical device called an incentive spirometer. This helps keep your lungs working well so that you do not get pneumonia.
- The nurse will help you sit up in bed, hang your legs over the side, and then stand up and start to walk.
- At first you will receive fluids into your vein through an intravenous tube (IV). Soon, though, the doctors and nurses will ask you to start drinking liquids and then eat other foods.
- You will be able to begin showering again while you are still in the hospital.
- You may be asked to wear pressure stockings on your legs to help prevent a blood clot from forming. These help keep your blood circulating well.
If there were problems during your surgery, or if you have bleeding, a lot of pain, or a fever, you may need to stay in the hospital longer.
Most people do very well and recover quickly.
Cholecystectomy - open
Comment «Gallbladder removal - open» | <urn:uuid:3f02a35d-de54-4776-aa93-7975a15af96d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://drugster.info/ail/pathography/83/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202642.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322094932-20190322120932-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.927295 | 1,004 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Zivia Lubetkin (1914-1978) was one of the leaders and fighters of the Jewish underground in the Warsaw Ghetto and a founder of the Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organisation; ZOB). Born in Beten, in eastern Poland, Lubetkin at an early age joined Freiheit (Dror), a Zionist pioneering youth movement. When World War II broke out she was caught in the Soviet/Russian-occupied part of Poland, but in 1940 she made her way to German occupied Warsaw to take part in her movement’s underground work.
Lubetkin was one of the central figures in the Jewish underground movement in Poland. In 1942 she was one of a small group of Jewish underground members who established the Antifascist Bloc, the first organisation to be established in the Warsaw ghetto that aimed to physically resist the Germans. Later that year, during the Great Deportation from Warsaw, Lubetkin took part in the establishment of the ZOB (the Jewish Fighting Organisation) in the Warsaw ghetto, and played a prominent part in determining its operations and direction.
Lubetkin fought in the first armed resistance action launched by the ZOB in January 1943, and in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April of that year. In the aftermath of the rebellion, while the ghetto was being burned by the Nazis, she served as a courier undertaking dangerous journeys to different locations in the ghetto. The remnant of the ghetto population, as well as the fighters of the underground resistance had dug themselves into bunkers. Lubetkin travelled between the bunkers maintaining communication between the leaders of the rebellion, and the fighters who continued to oppose the Germans. She was among the remnant of the ghetto fighters to make it to the Polish side of Warsaw, by way of the sewers. | <urn:uuid:374ca041-5fbe-4c54-8dec-7c83ef62efe7> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.holocaust.com.au/resources/supplementary-material/zivia-lubetkin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991553.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510235021-20210511025021-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.970865 | 374 | 3.21875 | 3 |
It is once again harvest season! Although combines recently started to roll, it will not be long before most Illinois fields will be cleared of crops, and farmers will start operations to prepare for the next growing season.
Nitrogen application is one of the many decisions to be made at this time of year, and it is an important one. Proper nitrogen management is critical to sustainable corn production, and what is done in this regard can impact farmers' profitability and the environment in which we all live. For these reasons it would be wise to review important guidelines developed through years of research and experience.
I acknowledge that a given recommended practice may not work very well every year--mostly because of environmental conditions beyond our control--but these guidelines, if followed, will ensure the best chance for protecting your nitrogen investment and at the same time enhancing environmental protection.
What to Apply
While many inorganic nitrogen sources are available in the marketplace, for fall application the only recommended sources are anhydrous ammonia (NH3) and ammonium sulfate ([NH4]2SO4). Ammonia transforms quickly to ammonium (NH4+), and nitrogen in ammonium sulfate is already in the ammonium form. Ammonium is adsorbed onto the exchange sites in soil particles and organic matter, and thus it is protected from leaching. By contrast, nitrogen sources containing nitrate (NO3-) should not be used in the fall because nitrate does not become adsorbed onto exchange sites in the soil and can be easily leached or denitrified long before corn plants are ready to use it. Common fertilizers that contain nitrate include ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN).
Another common nitrogen source is urea (CO[NH2]2). Urea converts to NH3 and then to NH4+ within a few days of application. However, research results indicate that this fertilizer should not be used in the fall because it has a greater risk of loss compared with anhydrous ammonia before rapid nutrient uptake by the crop the following spring. The same can be said of polymer-coated ureas. While the coating protects urea for a while, often urea starts to diffuse out of the granule too early, and the loss potential is higher than for anhydrous ammonia.
One of the benefits of anhydrous ammonia is that it kills nitrifying bacteria (which are responsible for the transformation of ammonium to nitrate) at the point of application. In addition, as ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium, the reaction creates an alkaline (high pH) environment in the ammonia retention zone. This high pH also inhibits activity of nitrifying bacteria for a while, but the effects are temporary.
To lengthen the period of bacterial inhibition, it is always a good idea to include a nitrification inhibitor with the application of anhydrous ammonia. Many years of research have indicated that nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and N-serve, can protect fall nitrogen against loss and increase the amount of nitrogen present in the ammonium form the following spring.
As with most practices, the use of a nitrification inhibitor might not pay every year. For example, if the following spring is dry and cool, the inhibitor might not be as beneficial in enhancing ammonium recovery. However, as I mentioned earlier, this practice will overall ensure the greatest chance to both protect your nitrogen investment and enhance environmental protection.
From the standpoint of production profit, in times when nitrogen prices were low, it was cheaper to buy additional nitrogen rather than the nitrification inhibitor. As nitrogen prices increase and the cost of nitrification inhibitors remains relatively constant, using an inhibitor is becoming more profitable. Still, while an inhibitor represents an added cost, it is important to realize that a reduction in nitrogen efficiency due to losses plus the environmental degradation linked to nitrogen loss also represent added costs. Farmers must carefully consider all these factors when deciding to apply nitrogen in the fall.
Ammonium sulfate is an excellent nitrogen source for no-till fields where broadcast applications are preferred. It is always best to apply it before soils freeze so the fertilizer can be dissolved and incorporated into the soil by rain. In fields with minimal slope (less than 5%) and where the potential for runoff is very low, it is feasible to apply ammonium sulfate on frozen ground because there is no concern of volatilization loss. An important point to remember is that ammonium sulfate is more acidifying than other nitrogen sources, so make sure to keep an eye on soil pH. As a general rule, 5 pounds of lime is needed to neutralize 1 pound of nitrogen from ammonium sulfate compared with 2 pounds of lime needed per pound of nitrogen from anhydrous ammonia.
Last but not least, organic fertilizers derived from animals (manure, poultry litter, etc.) are good for use in the fall. These products supply nitrogen as well as phosphorus, potassium, and other crop nutrients. Often these organic fertilizers represent a less expensive source of nutrients compared with inorganic fertilizers.
When to Apply
This fall, just as in the fall of 2010 to a certain extent, harvest is happening earlier than is typical. In years like this, it is critical to keep in mind that soil temperature can significantly impact the efficiency of fall nitrogen applications and the effectiveness of nitrification inhibitors. Nitrifying bacteria are active until soils freeze (32°F), but their activity is greatly reduced once soil temperatures go below 50°F. For this reason, it is recommended that the start of fall nitrogen applications be directed by soil temperature and not by date, when harvest is complete, or any other consideration.
The temperature guideline applies equally for anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulfate, and manure/organic fertilizers that can be used in the fall. As I mentioned earlier, the efficiency of nitrification inhibitors also decreases with warm temperatures. Higher temperatures result in faster breakdown of the molecule responsible for inhibition of nitrifying bacteria. The cooler the temperature, the greater the efficiency of the inhibitor, and the greater the chance that ammonium does not convert to nitrate.
While I realize that every year anxiety levels rise when soil temperatures are not getting down to 50°F and falling steadily, I would remind readers that in most years, the 50°F temperature allows for nitrogen applications before soils become too wet or frozen. There is no need to increase the risk of nitrogen loss by starting applications too early. Also, applying once temperatures are 50°F does not automatically ensure no nitrogen loss, though it does provide a better chance to protect your investment. Air temperatures in Illinois can vary substantially during the early fall. Even if temperatures are getting to 50°F, historically the chance that they will continue to decline without a significant bounceback to warmer levels are very rare before the second week of October in northern Illinois and the third week in central Illinois. On average, soil temperatures reach 50°F and continue to go down the first week of November in central and northern Illinois. Daily maximum 4-inch bare-soil temperatures for Illinois this week have been bouncing between the 60s and the 70s.
Up-to-date soil temperatures can be accessed on the web. However, these values should be used as a reference. Since soil temperatures can be influenced by a number of factors (such as residue cover, soil color, and drainage), it is always best to monitor temperatures in individual fields prior to nitrogen application.
Where to Apply
Because temperatures do not stay below 50°F long enough during the winter in all of Illinois, fall nitrogen application should not be done south of a line roughly parallel to Route 16. In areas near this boundary, evaluate soil characteristics to determine whether fall application is appropriate. Soils with high potential for nitrate leaching in the fall or early spring (sandy soils or those with excessive drainage) should not receive fall nitrogen applications. Also, regardless of location in the state, do not apply nitrogen in the fall to soils with high potential for nitrate leaching or soils that are very poorly drained.
Given the length of time between application and utilization by the crop, application of manure and other organic nitrogen sources should be done as far as possible from environmentally sensitive areas, such as on steep slopes and near bodies of water. If the application cannot be accomplished in late fall, do not apply on frozen soils in the winter; it is better to wait until spring.
How to Apply, and How Much
When applying anhydrous ammonia, make sure soil conditions are fit for the application. Soils that are too dry or too wet can result in ammonia loss to the atmosphere because the application knife tracks may not seal properly. When soils are dry, increasing depth of application or reducing application rates typically can help minimize volatilization loss. When soil is wet, little can be done to minimize loss through volatilization. If you use manure, poultry litter, or other animal-derived fertilizers, incorporate them into the soil to avoid volatilization.
To determine the economically optimal nitrogen rate at various corn and nitrogen prices, use the corn nitrogen rate calculator at extension.agron.iastate.edu/soilfertility/nrate.aspx. While the calculator is designed to help you make the most profitable decision for nitrogen management, it does not account for carryover nitrogen that might not have been used by a crop if conditions were dry. Also, if you applied manure or the soil has high potential for nitrogen mineralization (as in the case of a field coming off of alfalfa), you will need to adjust the values derived from the calculator to reflect what will be available next year.
Once you determine how much nitrogen you will need, remember that you don't have to apply the entire amount in the fall. If you don't like taking big risks, but a fall application makes sense, it may be better to apply some nitrogen in the fall and the rest in spring. A portion of the total nitrogen requirement applied in the fall can provide all of what the corn crop will need to get started in spring. Applying the remainder closer to when plant will need the most nitrogen can increase use efficiency because there is less chance for leaching or denitrification. Also, research has shown better efficiency of nitrification inhibitors when lower nitrogen rates are used in the fall. Splitting the total application thus might produce benefits on several fronts.
Finally, be aware that anhydrous ammonia is under a lot of pressure inside the nurse tank, and when released it reacts quickly with water. If ammonia comes in contact with your skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, it will cause dehydration and burns, so please use extreme caution when handling it. Remember that "it is better to lose a minute in life than life in a minute."
Weigh Your Options
While nitrogen does not have to be applied in the fall, this timing has both economic and logistic advantages. Soil conditions are typically more conducive to application, there is more time available than during the busy planting season, equipment and labor are better distributed, and often there are price incentives to buy anhydrous ammonia. The spring typically is wet, and soil compaction is of greater concern, especially for manure application. Waiting until spring to apply fertilizer also can delay planting, damage crops, and delay application of fertilizer to meet the crop's early nutrient uptake needs.
Unfortunately, though, because spring weather conditions greatly influence nitrogen efficiency, it is impossible to know in any given fall how safe or how risky it is to apply nitrogen. If the following spring is dry, there is little risk of loss from fall application (assuming nitrogen was applied correctly). On the other hand, if the spring is wet, the chance of loss increases. If after considering your options you decide fall nitrogen application is right for you, following the guidelines outlined here will certainly help protect your nitrogen investment and at the same time enhance environmental protection.- | <urn:uuid:4ccd8593-8449-4dbe-97d2-2c23296212a3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.agprofessional.com/resource-centers/crop-fertility/nitrogen/news/Fall-N-Application-What-when-where-and-how-130534213.html?view=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006064.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00034-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938491 | 2,452 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Parents' Review
A Monthly Magazine of Home-Training and Culture
"Education is an atmosphere, a discipline, a life."
Nursery Examples of Fractions
by Mrs. Boole
At the risk of seeming monotonous, I must preface my present paper by repeating what I have already said in this journal:--The intellectual work of learning arithmetic belongs to the schoolroom; it should be done as work, and by methods devised by competent teachers. No amateur can improve upon the plans already in use to give children facility in the manipulation of arithmetical expressions. There is nothing in arithmetic that need prove an undue tax on the powers of any average child, were not the real difficulties complicated by being entangled with others which are imaginative, or one might almost say moral. If, just when a child has to face in class a new intellectual problem, it is also confronted with one of different order, which puts a strain on some other part of the nature, neither difficulty can engross the whole attention; and the result is the setting up of an irregular double action of the mind, an uneven sort of cross-strain, which is unfavourable both to proper comprehension of the subject in hand, and to the general mental health. Those who have charge of the child in the nursery, and later on in vacations, can obviate beforehand the evils of this imaginative interference with intellectual action, not by attempting to teach arithmetic, but by confronting him with questions which can be solved by his natural common sense without any special mental effort, and yet will accustom his imagination to situations similar in kind to those which will necessitate mental effort later on.
The chief imaginative difficulties which entangle themselves with that department of arithmetic known as "fractions" are of three kinds:--First, an apparent arbitrariness in the answers admitted and in the amount of accuracy required. For instance, one seventh of one pound five and sixpence may be variously expressed as "three shillings and sevenpence and five-sevenths of a farthing"; or "three and sevenpence halfpenny and six over." There is not the least intellectual difficulty in understanding that these three answers are arithmetically equivalent, provided that the child is free to attend to the arithmetical demonstration; but many children feel vaguely (what is quite true, though teachers sometimes forget it) that the three answers correspond to different ways of treating the financial fact, different attitudes towards it, different conceptions of its nature. Nothing in mathematical philosophy is more beautiful than the way in which a set of equivalent arithmetical expressions reflect various possible conceptions of the same action; every child should be free to soak in this marvel, in silence and at his own pace. But he cannot do that while some one is explaining "divisions of money" to him; if he is confronted with the spiritual revelation and the intellectual problem at the same moment, he will miss the enjoyment of the one, and his facility in mastering the other will suffer also; if he has previously been accustomed to perceive the relation between fractional and residual treatment of remainders, he will have nothing to attend to when the need for choice between them occurs in class, except the demonstration of formal equivalence in the particular case.
The second difficulty is that caused by the distinction between "proper," "improper," and "mixed" fractions. The third is due to the apparent anomaly that multiplying a quantity by a (proper) fraction diminishes that quantity, and dividing it by a fraction increases it.
We have to prepare the child's imagination for all these metaphysical complications. The following experiences, or others like them, would meet the requirements of the case:--
A cake is to be divided equally between two children; each will have half a cake. Next day the cake is rather larger; the amount available for each will be really larger; but the process of dividing and the name of the share (one half) will be exactly the same as before.
Another day four cakes are to be shared, weighing about as much as one of the former cakes. The process is now different; we have to count instead of cutting. The expression has also changed; we say "two cakes," not "half-a-cake." But the amount is the same as before.
Four apples are to be divided between the children; each has two apples. Five apples are to be divided; then each receives two, and the remaining apple must be cut. (Here we have a combination of both modes of division.) Suppose that the five apples are cooking apples; and are to be shared between two "little cooks" (who will probably not be the babies who are being initiated into the mysteries of fractions, but older children whom the babies are eagerly watching). The dish in process of preparation may be one that requires the fruit to be cut in halves; each cook will then have five half-apples to deal with; but the cutting has not altered the amount of apple material. Another day the apples may be cut into quarters; and another day into thirds.
Two little cooks have been given leave at a farm to take home all the eggs they can find; they have found five eggs. Minnie shall make a pudding with two to-day, and Beckey shall use two to-morrow in a cake. But what shall we do with the fifth egg? We might break it to-day and divide it in two, and each child would then have two eggs and a half. But it would be inconvenient and messy; we had better leave one egg "over." It can be given to someone from the two children in common, or it can be left over till more eggs come in and can then form a part of a new distribution.
Finally, a single lily bulb may be given to two children, with the suggestion that it is to be shared between them. They may thus be led to see that a live thing cannot be divided; the only thing that can be shared is the pleasure of watching it grow--a possession which is not dimished by being enjoyed by more than one person participating in it.
One point to bring out in this series of object lessons is that such a question as "What is one-half of so-and-so?" may involve either one of several questions. It may mean "What weight (or bulk) of cake is half the weight of five cakes?" Answer:--"Twice the weight of one cake plus half the weight of one cake." Or, "What number of eggs can each of two persons use out of five eggs?" Answer:--"Two eggs; and there will be one over for some other purpose." Or, "What advantage will come to each of two persons, when each receives half of what was a living healthy bulb weighing five ounces?" Answer:--"Each will receive two and a half ounces of useless, dying vegetable material." The mother who has furnished her children's mind-chambers with clear images of the various kinds of halving, will have done more to facilitate their future study of fractions than she could have done by any amount of premature explanation of numerical processes.
Before a child begins to work fractions in school, it should be practically familiar with the fact that the larger the denominator the smaller the fraction. It is easy to call the attention of a very tiny child to the principle that one-sixth is smaller than one-fifth; he ought to recognize that the word "sixth" in one-sixth" represents the number of parts into which something is to be divided. If something is divided into six parts and then shared between three children, they will see that "sixth," in the expression "two-sixths," represents an act of division, whereas "two" represents the number of sixths that falls to the share of each child; also that such share is essentially equal--in weight, bulk, value--to the one piece which each would have received had the original object been divided into only three. It may be also made clear that if the object be originally cut into seven pieces, there will be no possibility of equally distributing those pieces among three persons without further cutting; the seventh piece must be either left "over," or else cut into three; it can be shewn, without reasoning or arguing, that two-sevenths plus one-third of a seventh comes to the same value as one-third of the whole..
The meaning of such expressions as "one-half of a third," "one-fifth of one-fourth," etc., may be further illustrated by dividing a party of children into groups of three or four, each under a captain, and sharing something between the little captains, to be divided by them among their respective groups. In all this work explanations should be avoided; the aim should be to familiarize the children with actual processes, and to link those processes in their minds with the terms which they will afterwards use in connection with arithmetical operations. But in order that this may be done in the right sequence and with good effect, it is, of course, necessary that the person who directs the sequence of processes should mentally connect them with clear conceptions of arithmetical operations.
We have still to deal with the third source of difficulty which I have mentioned in connection with fractions: the fact that the operation called multiplication has a diminishing effect when the multiplier is a proper fraction. Nothing in mathematics is more important to get clear than the inversion of the effect of many operations when the line is crossed which separates from each other the two conceptions:--More-than-one and less-than-one. It would simplify this whole subject if children were accustomed occasionally to use the expression "half-a-child" instead of "one hand" in little problems connected with "handfuls," e.g., "If each child can get six walnuts out of a bag by dipping with his hands, how many will be got out by four children? three children? two children? one child? half-a-child?" Children easily get into the habit of treating grotesque questions of this kind as fun, see through them and answer them correctly, and thus gain the habit of leaping the metaphysical fence in play, before it occurs to them to think of it as an obstacle.
I think if teachers realized how many of the difficulties of arithmetic are due to our faulty terminology, they would try to devise a better one. The words "multiplication" and "division," as names for arithmetical operations, are unsound and misleading. If the operation called "multiplying" be performed by means of one number larger than unity (the so-called multiplier) on another (the multiplicand), the effect is indeed to multiply the latter; but if the "multiplier" be either unity, zero, a proper fraction, a geometric line, or a transcendental expression, its effect is quite different from multiplying. It is a pity that we have not some name for the operation, suited to characterize it truly throughout and cause no misconceptions. The operation has been well defined as "doing to the second of two expressions what, if done to unity, would have generated the first." This definition applies equally to all forms of the operation miscalled multiplying (whether numerical, fractional, negative, geometric, or transcendental), and I wish some name could be agreed on which would not tend to confuse the passage from one branch of mathematics to another.
Something may be done, however, with our present terminology, bad as it is, to diminish the difficulty of passing from units to fractions. Attention might be called to the fact that when a little captain receives half a cake, and then shares it between three children, he diminishes the size of the pieces but does really multiply the number of parts into which the cake was originally cut.
A set of play-questions which I have found useful is of this kind:--"Suppose there are three ponies in a field, how many heads, eyes, tails, legs, feet, hoofs, hands? And how many bits of mischief do you think would be done in that field in the day? Suppose a boy came into the field; then how many heads, eyes, tails, . . . bits of mischief? Suppose two boys came in; how may heads, eyes tails, etc? Suppose one of the boys had a monkey on his shoulder; how many heads, eyes, . . . bits of mischief?" This kind of exercise gets children accustomed to realize which elements in a statement are relevant to the special question asked (e.g.: the addition of a boy to the group of ponies alters the number of heads, but not the number of hoofs). Many children, clever at actual calculations, fail miserably in algebra examinations (and in many more important crises of life), for lack of agility in detecting what is, and what is not, relevant to the special point under consideration.
It is also necessary that children should learn early to distinguish between questions which can be exactly answered (the number of heads or hoofs) and questions which only appeal to one's imagination and one's general sense of probability (the amount of mischief that two boys and a monkey would be likely to do). Direct instruction on the limits of the knowable should of course not be attempted in childhood; but by the two kinds of questions being mixed together in play, the children will gain the habit of discriminating.
The questions about the ponies and monkey do not properly belong to the domain of fractions, but I have introduced the topic here, because what I have said about it may help to make clear a few remarks I have to offer upon the psychology of such a lesson as the mock-proposition to fractionalize a lily-bulb. Such a proposition should be made simply as a bit of fun; in the same spirit in which the mother asks whether she shall throw baby over the wall into the neighbour's garden. It should take its place as a stock nursery joke, which strikes the imagination of the elder children by its obvious absurdity, and which the little ones laugh at (and therefore remember) because they see the elders laughing. What we need to produce, in relation to such a matter, is not intellectual conviction, but a vivid and abiding mental picture, an "unconscious constant factor" in the mind, a crystallizing thread round which future wisdom may gather and organize itself. What ails mathematicians (the whole history of political economy is there to prove that something ails them very badly) is not that any of them doubt the existence of a boundary line beyond which mathematical formulae no longer apply,--all of them, when the question is mooted, acknowledge that such a boundary exists,--but that their knowledge of it lies too far back in their minds and does not crop up readily enough into consciousness. A politician might be saved from many an error, by a picture cropping up at the right moment to the surface of his thoughts: his mother proposing to distribute the future flowers by cutting the bulb into bits, or asking him to find out by the multiplication-table how much more mischief two boys can do together than either would be likely to invent alone.
I am well aware that many people, while acknowledging that appliers of mathematics to life sorely need to be more aware than most of them are of the exact limits of their science, suppose that lack of clear consciousness of those limits does not affect the actual business of learning to use the arithmetical formulae. I am convined that this is a grave mistake. Practical contact with lines of demarcation traced by nature should precede, not follow, the acquisition of knowledge of humanly-devised formulae intended to facilitate the classification of facts; experience has forced me to recognise that this is as true in arithmetic as in any other department of study. It may be said of arithmetical formulae as of all other implements of human devising:--The best preparation for understanding their use is to be well trained to perceive the precise limits of their usefulness. Some teachers object to all such preparation, on the ground that it makes class-work dull by forestalling the main source of its attractiveness. But no preparation can possibly discount the legitimate influence of the teacher who knows his business; what we can discount is that non-legitimate influence which is won by suddenly throwing a flash of light upon an imagination hitherto darkened. The more one sees of the effect of such irregular illumination on neurotic young people, the more one desires to arm them against it, by enabling them to perceive truth gradually, as it presents itself before them, in the steady light of a sound mathematical philosophy.
|Top||Copyright © 2002-2014 AmblesideOnline. All rights reserved. Use of these resources subject to the terms of our License Agreement.||Home| | <urn:uuid:87234d5f-e5bc-4407-a5c1-1b09ffed1399> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.amblesideonline.org/PR/PR08p076NurseryFractions.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00230-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970583 | 3,460 | 2.859375 | 3 |
270 metres long train running at the speed of 120 kmph crosses another train running in opposite direction at the speed of 80 kmph in 9 seconds. What is the length of the other train?
Answer with explanationAnswer: Option A
Relative speed = (120 + 80) km/hr
Let the length of the other train be x metres.
Then,(x + 270)/9=500/9
x + 270 = 500
x = 230.
Discuss about the question | <urn:uuid:18bed383-bb06-4ec3-a2b9-5641ac8c2075> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://exams.recruitmentindia.in/question/270-metres-long-train-running-at-the-speed-of-120-kmph-crosses-another-train-running-in-opposite-direction-at-the-speed-of-80-kmph-in-9-seconds-what-is-the-length-of-the-other-train/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.833171 | 129 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We often overlook the significance of indoor air quality and its impact on our overall health and well-being. As we spend a considerable amount of time indoors, the quality of the air we breathe directly affects our comfort, energy levels, and long-term health.
In this informative and educational blog post, we will delve into the intricacies of indoor air quality and its connection to HVAC systems. We will explore common air quality issues, such as excessive humidity, allergen buildup, and poor ventilation, and examine how HVAC components like air filters, air cleaners, humidifiers, and heat recovery ventilators (HRV) can address these concerns. Additionally, we will discuss routine maintenance practices and the role they play in maintaining optimal indoor air quality and preventing respiratory issues, allergies, and fatigue. A
Identifying Common Indoor Air Quality Issues and Their Causes
Understanding the most prevalent issues affecting indoor air quality is essential for addressing them effectively. Some common indoor air quality concerns include:
1. Excessive Humidity: High humidity levels can lead to mold and mildew growth, creating an unpleasant living environment and potential health concerns. An improperly sized HVAC system, inadequate ventilation, or a lack of humidity control equipment can contribute to this problem.
2. Allergen Buildup: Dust mites, pet dander, and pollen can accumulate within your home, leading to aggravated allergy symptoms and respiratory issues. Inefficient air filtration or irregular cleaning and maintenance of HVAC components may be the culprits in this scenario.
3. Poor Ventilation: Insufficient ventilation can result in stale, stuffy air that feels heavy and uncomfortable. A lack of fresh air circulation can also trap pollutants and allergens inside your home. The absence of appropriate ventilation solutions, such as a heat recovery ventilator (HRV), can exacerbate this issue.
HVAC Components That Improve Indoor Air Quality
To counter the challenges posed by humidity, allergens, and poor ventilation, the following HVAC components can play a crucial role in maintaining excellent indoor air quality:
1. Air Filters: Upgrading to high-quality, high-efficiency air filters in your HVAC system can effectively capture airborne particles, including dust, pet dander, and pollen. Regularly replacing your air filters also helps maintain optimal airflow and prolong the service life of your HVAC components.
2. Air Cleaners: Installing an air cleaner as part of your HVAC system can further enhance air purification by neutralizing airborne contaminants, such as bacteria, viruses, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Air cleaners come in various types, including UV lights, ionizers, and HEPA filters, each targeting specific pollutants.
3. Humidifiers: Whole-home humidifiers work in conjunction with your HVAC system, adding moisture to the air when necessary to maintain optimal humidity levels. This helps prevent dry air-related issues such as respiratory problems, dry skin, and static electricity.
4. Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs): HRVs are especially beneficial in residential new home construction, as modern homes tend to be tightly sealed, which can result in insufficient fresh air circulation. HRVs exchange stale indoor air with fresh, outdoor air while recovering heat from the outgoing air to minimize energy loss.
Regular Maintenance Practices for Optimal Air Quality
Routine maintenance is crucial for sustaining good indoor air quality and promoting the long-term effectiveness of your HVAC system. Consider adopting the following practices:
1. Air Filter Replacement: Regularly replace air filters, ideally every one to three months, to maintain optimal performance and prolong the life of your HVAC components.
2. Duct Cleaning: Have your ductwork professionally cleaned every three to five years to eliminate accumulated dust, allergens, and contaminants, which can hinder airflow and diminish air quality.
3. Annual HVAC Inspections: Schedule annual professional maintenance checks to ensure your HVAC system, including air quality-enhancing components, operate at peak efficiency.
4. Regular Cleaning: Maintain a clean living environment by regularly dusting, vacuuming, and washing surfaces to minimize allergen buildup.
The Long-Term Benefits of Improved Indoor Air Quality
By addressing common indoor air quality concerns and incorporating HVAC components designed to enhance air quality, you can enjoy numerous long-term benefits:
1. Healthier Environment: Improved air quality contributes to a healthier environment, reducing the risk of respiratory illnesses, allergies, and other health concerns.
2. Enhanced Comfort: A well-ventilated home with balanced humidity levels and reduced allergens will be more comfortable for you and your family.
3. Increased HVAC Efficiency: Properly maintained, clean HVAC systems function more efficiently, resulting in lower energy bills and a longer service life for your equipment.
Indoor air quality plays a vital role in your overall health and well-being. Understanding the importance of air quality, common issues, and the HVAC components that can address them is invaluable in creating a comfortable, healthy home environment. With the expertise and support of Legacy Heating, you can navigate the complexities of HVAC systems and indoor air quality management, ensuring a satisfying and eco-friendly living space for you and your loved ones.
At Legacy Heating, we specialize in comprehensive HVAC solutions for residential new home construction. Our expert team of HVAC contractors are committed to providing you with the knowledge and resources needed to make informed decisions about your HVAC systems and their role in preserving your home’s air quality. Trust us to be your partner in achieving excellent indoor air quality. Contact us today to schedule an appointment and take the first step towards a happier, healthier home!
HVAC Brands We're Proud to Carry
Legacy only uses the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC products. We pride ourselves on putting quality and customers first! We will equip your new home with the best HVAC system and offer the most reliable residential heating service in Edmonton and Calgary.
Contact Us Today
We’ll help you find the right heating and air conditioning system for you and your budget. | <urn:uuid:e4feaee3-f686-460a-b317-becd7e6a32ca> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.legacyheating.ca/hvac-systems-impact-health-and-comfortcument/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948234904.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305092259-20240305122259-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.897352 | 1,272 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The night a river of whiskey ran through the streets of Dublin
The 1875 Chamber Street fire claimed many victims - each died from alcohol poisoning
At William Smith’s inquest, his father, James, spoke to confirm he was a labourer, unmarried and 21 years old when he died.
That was on Tuesday evening. The previous Friday, William met his neighbour John McGrane at the corner of Bow Street in Dublin’s north inner city. Word was quickly spreading of a huge fire engulfing the Liberties. It was 10pm on June 18th, 1875, and the two young men decided to cross the city to take a look.
Earlier, at 4.45pm, Malone’s malt house and a bonded storehouse on Chamber Street, where some 5,000 barrels of whiskey and other spirits were being stored, were checked and all was in order. At 8pm, the alarm was raised, according to a report in The Irish Times.
The fire spread quickly. As the flames reached the wooden casks holding the liquor, they burst open, sending a burning river of whiskey flowing through the streets. By the time William and John set out for the blaze, the flow measured 2ft wide, 6 inches deep and stretched more than 400m down one side of Mill Street.
Livestock was common in the city at the time and the squeals of fleeing pigs added to the chaos as the tenements rapidly emptied of residents. Amid the “frightening” bustle, crowds gathered along the stream of alcohol; for many, the inferno presented a rare opportunity.
“It is stated that caps, porringers, and other vessels were in great requisition to scoop up the liquor as it flowed from the burning premises, and disgusting as it may seem, some fellows were observed to take off their boots and use them as drinking cups,” reported The Irish Times on June 21st.
“What was the result? Eight men were carried in a comatose state to Meath Hospital; twelve to Jervis Street Hospital; three to Stevens’ Hospital; and one young man to Mercer’s Hospital. And even these numbers do not represent the entire of the persons put hors de combat by the drink.”
In all, 13 people are understood to have died as a result of the fire. None of the deceased perished in the flames, nor did they die of smoke inhalation - each succumbed to alcohol poisoning from drinking “freely of the derelict whiskey”.
Among them was Mr Smith.
Victims: Interactive map
Mr McGrane described how William drank from the flow near the Coombe, “scooping it up with his cupped hands. He drank a great deal. What I drank was out of a jug. Nearly everyone was drinking it”.
“(The) deceased suddenly fell down, and became insensible. Two men, strangers, helped me to bring (William) part of the way home as far as Meath Street. We then met some other men, neighbours, who helped to bring him the rest of the way.”
William arrived home shortly before midnight and was brought to Richmond Hospital the next morning in a state of “profound coma”. He improved slightly under treatment, even regaining consciousness at one point, but died on Sunday night as a result of alcohol poisoning.
Some of those hospitalised in the aftermath had better fortune: “In the other cases the patients were treated in the usual way and having recovered were discharged on Saturday morning, perhaps sadder and, it is to be hoped, wiser men,” says the report.
Hundreds of police officers, soldiers and firefighters, led by the first chief of Dublin Fire Brigade, Capt James Robert Ingram, attended the scene within 15 minutes of the alarm being raised. They were later commended for their bravery in quelling the fire and moving residents out of harm’s way.
However, the damage to the Liberties was extensive. Of the 5,000 barrels of liquor, 61 were recovered, and some went missing under suspicious circumstances: “Three casks were rolled into the Coombe, and the result was that six men were arrested in a beastly state of intoxication, several more being conveyed to hospital.”
Tightly-packed tenement buildings on Mill Street, Ardee Street, Chamber Street and Cork Street were destroyed, along with nearby businesses, displacing many families. Members of Ingram’s brigade were deployed to prevent people trying to re-enter the charred ruins to seek shelter.
A number of pigs were destroyed, while The Irish Times also reported “a case of canine suicide” in the aftermath of the fire. On Tuesday night, a dog ran through the open door of the home of William Eyre on Dominick Street Upper. The animal was “foaming at the mouth and evidently either rabid or suffering from delirium tremens,” at the hands of the lapped-up whiskey.
The dog dashed madly about the house, knocking over furniture and attacking the homeowner. When Mr Eyre fended the dog off using an iron bar, the animal ran upstairs, jumped from a top floor window and “terminated its existence in the road below”.
At a meeting in the Mansion House the following Monday, lord mayor Peter Paul McSwiney, said it was “amazing” the death toll wasn’t higher.
“The time given for escape in some places during the progress of the fire was so short, I was apprehensive that some people should be left in danger in the garrets and cellars of the district. But on inquiry I was happy to learn that no life was lost during the great conflagration.”
The “unhappy” overdose deaths would probably have happened in “any city where there was a tendency to indulge immoderately in drink,” he said.
“In the present case the unfortunate victims apparently could not restrain themselves, as I understand, from the burning fluid.”
The above story is part of the ‘Lost Leads’ series - a re-visiting of lesser-known stories that have made the pages of The Irish Times since 1859. What can you find? Let us know @irishtimes. For more information on subscribing to the archive,click here.
What is this?
We suggest this article for you based on what others who have read this article have also read | <urn:uuid:730b3854-004c-4801-9f40-4e26c506ea6c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.irishtimes.com/news/offbeat/the-night-a-river-of-whiskey-ran-through-the-streets-of-dublin-1.2743517?mode=amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202007.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921175057-20200921205057-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.980297 | 1,358 | 2.875 | 3 |
This Book Will Make You Think
An informative and accessible guide to all of the great philosophers' best-known theories, explained through their most famous quotes. We may have heard of Socrates, Plato, Descartes and Nietzsche, but what did they believe? What were their famous aphorisms? And what did these actually mean? This Book Will Make You Think: Philosophical Quotes and What They Mean explains as simply as possible the ideas behind the world's most highly regarded philosophers, examining their beliefs and presenting choice quotes that succinctly distil their most famous theories, such as: 'No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience.' Locke 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.' Voltaire 'Whereof one cannot speak thereof one must be silent.' Wittgenstein Written in an accessible and informative style, this book will help readers get to grips with the complex concepts of philosophy through the ages, and help match the theories to the names.
An informative and accessible guide to all of the great philosophers' best-known theories, explained through their most famous quotes.
"Informative and accessible." iGood Book Guide/i"
Alain Stephen is a freelance writer and teacher and is the author of several books on history and popular culture. He is a Master of Philosophy and is the founder and editor of the Samizdat Literary Journal. He lives in Brighton with his wife and daughter. | <urn:uuid:e011a8de-c994-4622-a437-94065e7247e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.beaufortstreetbooks.com.au/p/gift-humour-this-book-will-make-you-think | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.951316 | 291 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Elizabeth Tudor faced dangers all her life. She was frequently ill, had rival claimants to the throne, was afraid of assassination by English Catholics or foreign powers and suffered rumours of sexual intrigues, even of producing illegitimate children. Her ladies, the ‘bedfellows’ of the title, were constant companions, serving her but also protecting the queen’s reputation and being the last line of defence against a physical attack. They slept in her bedroom, even, at times, in her bed.
As well as describing these ladies and their duties, Whitelock gives a detailed survey of Elizabeth’s reign. The book is copiously researched, with the notes and bibliography occupying 82 pages. I would have liked more details of the ‘bedfellows’, but it was nevertheless an easy, fluent read. It does not, however, resolve the question of Elizabeth’s virginity. Unwise in paying attention to her favourites, she was adept at deflecting suggestions of dynastic marriages. A very useful book.
The Queen's Bed
462 (UK), 480 (US) | <urn:uuid:5757b223-9a45-42c5-8a9a-73af2da5eac6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://historicalnovelsociety.org/reviews/elizabeths-bedfellows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111612.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00113-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965215 | 226 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.