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Are you hearing of nelumbo nucifera for the first time? What? You have never heard of the lotus—India’s national flower? Yes! Nelumbo Nucifera is the botanical name of lotus! This beautiful flower is not only India’s national flower but is also the national flower of Vietnam. In fact, lotus has religious and cultural significance in many Asian cultures. Here in this post you will explore many benefits of lotus root.
In our country, we consider lotus as a sacred flower. Hinduism, Buddhism, and many other major religions of the world consider lotus as the sacred flower, which holds an important religious significance. The other names for lotus are ‘Kamal’ and lotus root is called as ‘Kamal Kakdi’ in in Hindi, ‘Tamara’ in Telugu, ‘Thamarai’ in Tamil, ‘Tamara’ in Malayalam, ‘Tavare’ in Kannada, ‘Motunkamal’ in Gujarati, and ‘Komol’ in Bengali.
Benefits Of Lotus Root
But the lotus is much more than its beauty! It also has several benefits to offer. Read on for more interesting information about amazing lotus root benefits for skin hair and health.
Lotus Benefits For Skin
Today, we suffer from unprecedented pollution. No wonder the skin begins to look dull and aged soon. And to make things worse, the use of cosmetics harms our skin unknowingly. The solution lies in using natural ingredients. That is the reason why more and more people are turning towards herbal products to keep their skin healthy and beautiful. Nelumbo nucifera or lotus is one of the natural ingredients that can be used to get healthy skin. Some of the benefits of lotus root for the skin are:
1. Rich in Antioxidants:
Rich in antioxidants, the fragrant Nelumbo nucifera acts as a skin conditioner.
[ Read: Best Sources Of Antioxidants ]
2. Acts as a Moisturising Agent:
Its properties intensely hydrates and moisturises the skin and helps in increasing skin elasticity and complexion, erasing fine lines, fading brown spots and wrinkles.
3. Heals Flaky and Dry Skin:
Many cosmetic and skin care products use nelumbo nucifera as their leading ingredients. It provides instant hydration to the skin. So, if you feel your skin is flaky and dry then use this herbal hydration to get that enviable glow.
4. Prevents Acne Breakouts:
Are you worried about your oily skin? Nelumbo nucifera’s external use can balance your oily skin and prevent acne and pimple breakouts.
5. If you are looking for some relief after a day filled with stress and anxiety, then try nelumbo nucifera. It is used to make perfume, and its oil is used in aromatherapy—the effective way to unwind and give your skin the time to rejuvenate.
Lotus Benefits For Hair
Today, we all are concerned about our hair—hair fall woes have become the favorite object of hate. It’s not so surprising that many of us are turning towards nature to find a cure for our hair problems. Nelumbo nucifera provides herbal hair care with no side effects!
6. Conditions Hair:
Many conditioners contain nelumbo nucifera extracts. Apply a conditioner containing nelumbo nucifera to offer your hair that natural shine and relief from split ends.
7. Adds Volume and Natural Shine:
Nelumbo nucifera helps to increase the volume, strength, and elasticity of the brittle hair. So if you have dull, limp hair then grab nelumbo nucifera extract for the health of your tresses.
8. Prevents Premature Graying:
Oh! The horrors of premature gray hair! Why don’t you try lotus essential oil? According to researchers, the oil stimulated melanin synthesis in gray hair (1), (2). Melanin is the pigment that gives hair its color.
This means that lotus essential oil usage can also prevent the occurrence of gray hair. It is because the oil can regulate the hair’s melanin content.
Lotus Root Health Benefits
Nelumbo nucifera have astringent, diuretic, emollient, antifungal, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antibacterial, and anti-steroidal, cardiotonic, antiviral, anticancer, anthelmintic, anti-obesity properties. Some of the health benefits of this plant are:
9. Ayurvedic Use:
All parts of nulumbo nucifera are used in traditional medicine. The seeds and stems are used in Ayurvedic medicine. It treats a wide variety of health issues.
10. Cures Bleeding Disorders:
The leaves of nelumbo nucifera have been used to treat excessive sweating, fever, bleeding disorders, nosebleed and blood in urine.
11. Treats Fungal Infections:
Nelumbo nucifera’s stem has been used to treat skin diseases like fungal infection and ringworm, smallpox, leprosy, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, dysentery, etc.
12. Reduces Skin Inflammation:
Rectal prolapsed can be treated by the young leaf. The leaf paste reduces skin inflammation and fever.
13. Supports Fertility Longevity:
Nelumbo nucifera improves male and female fertility.
14. Reduces Cholesterol Levels:
It helps in reducing cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
[ Read: How To Reduce Your Cholesterol Levels ]
15. Reduces Risk of Anemia:
Lotus root has a significant content of iron and copper, and they play a major role in the production of red blood cells, decrease the risk of developing symptoms of anemia and increase blood flow. Hence, this root helps in stimulating blood circulation and increases organ oxygenation (1). It also boosts functionality, vitality and energy levels because the circulation of blood is well stimulated.
16. Rich in Potassium:
Lotus root is rich in potassium, which is a vasodilator. This means that it helps in keeping blood vessels relaxed as well as aids in increasing blood flow by reducing the rigidity and contraction of these vessels. It also lowers the strain that is put on the cardiovascular system. Potassium also helps in balancing the fluids in your body properly and thwarts the effects that come with the presence of excessive sodium in your bloodstream (2).
17. Ease Bowel Movements:
You have read that lotus root has a substantial amount of dietary fiber. This makes it a great aide in bulking up stool and facilitating bowel movements. It also lowers the symptoms of constipation and enhances the absorption of nutrients through the digestive and gastric juice secretions. It provides stimulation to peristaltic motion in the smooth muscles of the intestines to ensure that your bowel movements are easy and regular. This, in turn, prevents hemorrhoids.
18. Rich in Vitamin C:
One of the vitamins that lotus root is most rich in is Vitamin C. 73 percent of your body’s requirement of this vitamin is provided by 100 grams of this root. Being a powerful antioxidant, Vitamin C benefits your body in many ways. It helps get rid of free radicals in your body and prevents the onset of dangerous conditions such as heart disease and cancer. It is an integral part of collagen that helps in maintaining the strength and integrity of blood vessels, skin, and organs. Vitamin C is also a major catalyst for the immune system.
19. Promote Brain Development:
Pyridoxine is a member of the B-complex vitamins. It has a direct interaction with neural receptors in the brain that have an influence on your mood as well as your mental state. It also controls headaches, stress levels, and irritability. While the lotus flower has been a symbol of peace and tranquility for centuries, it is the root that actually provides it!
20. Improves Heart Health:
Keeping your heart healthy is the best benefit of lotus root. Along with potassium’s vasodilating efficacy and dietary fiber’s ability to scrub away cholesterol in the body, the pyridoxine that you get from lotus root also controls homocysteine levels in the blood, which has a direct connection to heart attacks.
21. Aids in Weight Loss:
If you are looking to lose weight, lotus root is a superb food to add to your diet. It is low in calories, and as you have already read, it has loads of fiber and essential nutrients. When your body gets all the important nutrients that it needs, you feel full for a longer duration and avoid the problem of overeating, thus managing your weight effectively.
22. Good for Respiratory Disorders:
Research indicates that lotus root may have beneficial effects on the respiratory system. It is said to help in cleansing and providing strength to the respiratory system. It can be brewed as a hot tea to provide relief from cough as it can melt the accumulated mucus. It is also consumed as juice for the treatment of respiratory diseases like tuberculosis and asthma.
23. Treats Stomach Problems:
Drinking lotus root juice that is mixed with ginger can be used as a highly effective treatment for inflammation of the intestines. If you are vomiting blood, bleeding can be prevented, whether it is in your stomach or your esophagus. If there is blood in your stool, bleeding in the intestine, stomach and rectum can be prevented as well. If you suffer from any of these problems, drink this healthy juice and gain relief.
Lotus Root Nutrition Facts
In terms of 100 gms of nelumbo nucifera contain:
- Calories – 74 cal
- Dietary fiber – 13 %
- No cholesterol
- Vitamin C – 73 %
- Good amount of copper and iron
- Low in fat
- Contains Vitamins B complex
- Rich in minerals and protein
In the comments below, tell us which one of these benefits is really effective or What was your experience? If you know any other benefits of lotus root, share below. | <urn:uuid:399bd6d0-b13c-4633-8c40-1bfb1725feea> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://meticstores.com/23-amazing-benefits-of-lotus-nelumbo-nucifera-for-skin-hair-and-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.914706 | 2,191 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Essay is an opportunity for the student to explore an area of interest in Sociology, Social Policy, or politics. The topic for this term is “College Student Sexual Health” which can be seen as a current issue or a historical social problem. Put your ideas into an organized analysis. Your paper should be argumentative. It’s about how society is affected and how the members of society react to the social forces of culture, institutions and structure. You should discuss how and why? What you believe to be true and what is really true. You are not allowed to use any other sources, except your textbook (You are allowed to quote No more than three sentences!), and the survey results from the College Student Sexual Health survey administered by the SOCI/PSYC-2306 & SOCI-1301 class.
Sexual Health can be defined as: Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.
Citation: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/topics/sexual_health/en/
This is an Essay, I have given you a topic, discuss it in your own words!
1) What is the societal assumption when it comes to young people (College Students) and sexual health? Basically you are to tell if you believe College students (using ECC students as a model) are sexually healthy or not. Use the information you have been given in the links above (survey results and definition of Sexual Health) to formulate your ideas.
2) Provide opposing viewpoints; how do those who oppose your point of view see the issue?
3) apply at least one Sociological Perspective to support your argument (Conflict Theory, Structural Functionalist Theory, or Symbolic Interaction Theory.) Choose one of the defined theories (Below), and then tell why it is applicable to your perspective. Basically, you should Illustrate- to give examples in order to make (something) easier to understand. (This means to restate the theory in your own words- how it’s applicable to your perspective.) Also, this is the only direct quote you can use. You are to use what is given to formulate your own ideas/thoughts.
Structural Functional Approach: sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
Social-Conflict Approach: sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
Symbolic Interaction Approach: sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
Feminism Approach: the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men.
Citation for Theories:
Macionis, J. (2013). Society, The Basics. Upper saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education
4) Please cut and paste 1 bar graph AND both pie charts directly into your essay. (Attachment link above.)
Write a 200 word interpretation of a visual artifact (Graph/Chart) related to paper content (charts/graphs are in link below.) Use at least 1 bar graph and both pie charts in the link above to support your argument/perspective. Meaning, tell me what the chart/graphs are telling you.What are the numbers telling you? (Discuss all the numbers/percentages within graph/pie charts. I will take off 10 points if you do not discuss every set of numbers!) How do the percentages in the chart/graph support your argument? What are the implications-(What conclusions can be drawn from these statistics/percentages or calculations?)
Start with this sentence or state within paragraph: According to the random El Centro College student survey conducted by SOCI/PSYC-2306 & SOCI-1301 class FIELD SURVEY
5) Talk about how the issue of Sexual Health affects/or is affected by or through culture. Also talk about civic engagement within your community (your neighborhood or campus.)
Has Sexual Health been influenced throughout U.S. culture. How has it been influenced or reinforced- television, media, etc.? Speak about civic (of or relating to being a citizen, or part of a community) responsibility as it pertains to Sexual Health. Or, talk about your civic engagement-participation in an activity- such as attending a free STD/I testing at ECC, or possibly voting in regards to women’s sexual health, or attending a rally/protest.
6) This should be your conclusion!
Last page- CITATIONS
Don’t forget to cite your source- there is a link to APA format under “my college resources”(the theory citations have been given to you. Chart/Graph- should be in-text: According to the random El Centro College student survey conducted by SOCI/PSYC-2306 & SOCI-1301 class FIELD SURVEY You don’t need an abstract for the essay.
Length: 800 words (no more than 1000) typed, Saved as a Microsoft WORD document. Save file as your name, not Sexual Health! APA format- link under “more course information.” I will not accept any papers not in a Microsoft Word file, and no email submissions will be accepted! Upload your essay in the SUBMIT ESSAY HERE link. Failure to follow these instructions will lead to an “F”.
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Juvenile yellow perch. (Credit: Roger Tabor / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
For decades, commercial fishing for yellow perch was allowed in southern Lake Michigan. This persisted until 1996 when it was outlawed, giving perch stocks there some time to recover.
Scientists had for some time assumed that this fishing ban would not affect the reproduction cycles of the perch quickly and that they were going to need a long time to revert back to the cycles they relied on before commercial fishing ever started. But new research led by scientists at Purdue University finds that maturation schedules of yellow perch in southern Lake Michigan are much more resilient than had been previously thought possible.
In a span of only a few decades, researchers say, Lake Michigan yellow perch have switched from spawning earlier and at a smaller size back to reproducing later and at larger sizes. Full results of the investigation, which relied on reams of data from departments of natural resources from many states and Ball State University, have been published in the journal Evolutionary Applications.
The data analyzed came from as early as 1970, meaning that the fish represented in these datasets were born as early as during the 1960s. That starting point also means that the study covered both periods, when commercial fishing was allowed and when it was banned. Lake Michigan was not the only lake from which data came. Others include Lakes Erie and Huron, but it is Lake Michigan whose perch yielded the most surprising finds.
Much of the work centers on the idea that humans have up-ended the typical structures of how fish survive. Normally, for most any type of animal, the bigger and stronger are more likely to survive in the wild than those that are smaller and weaker.
“Under natural conditions, smaller fish are more likely to starve or be eaten, but fishing has switched around the mortality selection so that larger fishes are now more likely to die,” said Tomas Hook, associate professor of forestry and natural resources at Purdue and associate director of the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant. “In gill nets, smaller fish can swim through large mesh. In recreational fishing, you can only keep fish over a certain size.”
And so, with those sort of dynamics in mind, he and others worked with the study’s lead author, Zachary Feiner, a doctoral student at Purdue, to show how this sort of “size-selective fishing” can affect the maturation schedules of five populations of Great Lakes yellow perch.
Hook says that there has long been speculation that size-selective fishing can have adaptive effects on certain traits, but it’s difficult to differentiate adaptive versus plastic responses in a natural population. So when researchers suspected that fish might be maturing faster as a result of size-selective fishing, they had to show it using statistical models that accounted for environmental and ecological effects on growth and mortality.
“They show there have been these drops in maturation schedules, that they’re reproducing at smaller sizes at a given age,” said Hook. “We looked at populations of yellow perch where there was intensive, size-selective harvesting through commercial fishing. However, in Lake Michigan after they closed the commercial fishery, the maturation schedules rapidly recovered (over a period of decades).”
Hook says researchers have previously used simulation models to gauge how maturation schedules might change when fishing is ceased. Most such previous analyses suggest that recovery would take a very long time.
“If you just stop fishing, you wouldn’t expect maturation schedules to recover so quickly, because intensive fishing can remove genetic variation,” said Hook. “What we actually found for Lake Michigan yellow perch after size-selective commercial fishing ceased was that their maturation schedules went back up.”
The rapid recovery of this stock’s maturation schedules may be related to certain attributes. Hook says perch generally have a short generation time compared to many other harvested fishes. In addition, this area of the lake was likely infiltrated by other strains of yellow perch that might have helped stocks there recover more quickly.
“Yellow perch in Green Bay are genetically distinct, but their larvae may drift down, as well as those from yellow perch in smaller systems connected to Lake Michigan, like Muskegon Lake, Milwaukee Harbor and Kalamazoo Lake,” said Hook. “It’s possible that those perch introduced new genetic material and sped up recovery of maturation schedules.”
The results of the work are illuminating for a lot of reasons. And Hook says he and others aren’t sure if the perch are now maturing and spawning at appropriate sizes and ages, but simply that they’re spawning later and at larger sizes after commercial fishing has ceased.
“This study demonstrates how fishing can influence maturation schedules. However, it should be noted that this rapid recovery is not the norm,” said Hook. “So, I don’t think this study should be used as ammunition to allow for over-exploitation (of fish stocks). We don’t think most stocks will behave this way. There’s something particular in Lake Michigan’s yellow perch that allowed for their recovery of maturation schedules.”
Top image: Juvenile yellow perch. (Credit: Roger Tabor / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) | <urn:uuid:b52a0d51-3677-4b51-b246-7b934463a32a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.fondriest.com/news/lake-michigan-yellow-perch-bounce-back-commercial-ban.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529737.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723215340-20190724001340-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.968814 | 1,122 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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Biography of John Adams
Posted By Dennis On In Native American | No Comments
The subject of this sketch was born October 16, 1844, at Cleveland, Ohio, the second son of Ezekia Adams. At the age of seventeen years he began railroading, becoming a conductor on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad and other roads for twelve or fifteen years. He also spent eight or nine years in the eating-house and hotel business. In 1889 Mr. Adams moved to Muskogee from Eufaula, where he was located six years. Here he bought out the M. K. and T. House, which he conducted during the building of the Hotel Adams. On its completion, January 17, 1890, he assumed its management, and on this day the grand opening of the hotel was celebrated, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad running special trains at reduced rates from Missouri, Kansas and Texas, bringing in fully 350 persons, who were banqueted in a sumptuous manner. This fine hotel has a dining room with seating capacity of 185 persons, fine offices, waiting room, lunchroom, ticket office, barbershop and bathrooms. The parlor, an elegant room, is richly and tastefully furnished. There are fifty guestrooms, finished in a most tasteful manner, some with folding-beds and others in antique oak suites, and again others in the XVI Century style. There are few hotels in any of the States so thoroughly and elegantly equipped. The dining-room furniture will contrast favorably with the rest of the establishment, while the attention afforded to guests is highly satisfactory. The building is steam-heated throughout and lighted with gas, and has a fine water and sewerage connection. The former is supplied by a four-inch pipe connected with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas engine-room, which serves as a great protection in case of fire. The building is also supplied with fire escapes. Muskogee being the end of the division, the Hotel Adams feeds all the passenger train guests, and is doing a surprisingly large business.
Mr. Adams, the principal and manager, is especially adapted to that position. His long experience in the business, combined with his courtesy and affability of manner, renders him exceedingly popular, so that under his supervision the hotel will no doubt continue to be a resort of great popularity among those who visit the Indian Territory. The building cost $40,000.
Article printed from Access Genealogy: http://www.accessgenealogy.com
URL to article: http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/biography-of-john-adams.htm
Copyright © 2013 Access Genealogy (http://www.accessgenealogy.com/). All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ecbcbd39-6def-41b4-88c7-5904e7ed47fb> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/biography-of-john-adams.htm/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861305.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00200-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967885 | 583 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Fighting For Freedom: Jefferson County African Americans in World War I
In this, the centennial year of the Armistice ending World War I, the Friends of Webb-Blessing House and Jefferson County Black History Preservation Society (JCBHPS) present Fighting for Freedom: Jefferson County African Americans in World War I. Co-sponsors include the Jefferson County Historical Society, the Jefferson County Museum, the Spirit of Jefferson County newspaper and the Shepherdstown Book and Author Group. The conference recognizes the contributions of African Americans to the Allies’ fight for freedom. Emphasis will be placed on the impact of Jefferson County African-American WWI soldiers on their community over the last 100 years. The conference honors the life and legacy of James Alvin Tolbert, one of the founders of JCBHPS and a civil rights leader. Items from the Edward Dabney Tolbert Collection at the Jefferson County Museum, will be on display at the conference.
Dr. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Associate Professor of History at Duke University, author of Freedom Struggles: African Americans and World War I;
Algernon Ward, founder of the Ebony Doughboys, a national organization fostering recognition of the remarkable achievements of the all-Black 93rd U.S. Army Division fighting in World War I;
George Rutherford and James L. Taylor, co-founders of the JCBHPS, and Susannah Buckles, daughter of Frank Buckles, the nation’s longest living WWI veteran, who died in 2011 at the age of 110. They will discuss the influence Jefferson County’s WWI soldiers has had on the Jefferson County community, based on their personal experiences growing up in the county.
Schedule (one may attend either or both sessions)
Morning Session (8:45 – 12): The day opens with the viewing of a short film, “A Story of Courage, Henry Johnson,” first aired on PBS. The film highlights the achievements of the all-black Army regiments during WWI, with emphasis on the heroism of Medal of Honor and Crosse de Guerre recipient Henry Johnson. Dr. Lentz-Smith will next present an overview of the significant contributions of African-American soldiers to WWI and their reception at home. After a short break, a panel discussion will follow, comprised of George Rutherford, James L. Taylor and Susannah Buckles, who will discuss the influence of Jefferson County WWI veterans on their lives and others living in Jefferson County and take questions from the audience. Dr. Lentz-Smith will be signing her book at the end of the morning session and shortly before the beginning of the afternoon session. We encourage you to buy a copy and show your support.
Lunch (12 to 1:30): On one’s own on the Shepherd campus or in town.
Afternoon session: (1:30 to 3:30): Presentation by WWI scholar and reenactor Algernon Ward, highlighting the achievements of the African-American 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters) of the 93rd U.S. Army Division, including those of Storer College students/graduates who were members of the same division as the 369th Regiment’s. He will also highlight key American events adversely affecting the civil rights of African-Americans at the time of WWI.
Registration: None required for general public. Staff development credit (6 hours) provided by the Jefferson County School System to its educators. Educators may register on the district’s staff development website. | <urn:uuid:f4a7ac72-9ce2-4c15-b095-45b306ff60db> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://inthepanhandle.com/local/events/details/16522 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659677.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118025529-20190118051529-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.911227 | 733 | 2.90625 | 3 |
a) Related to Plants-
Quality of the fruit and vegetables are varies from crop to crop e.g. jackfruit, bael, potato, onion, pumpkin, garlic etc. having good quality in relation to shelf life, while apple, mango, cherry, strawberry, tomato, capsicum, okra, brussels sprout, chinese cabbage, carrot, radish attract more to consumers due to their attractive appearance.
The quality of seed or plant material is an important factor that controls the quality of the fruit and vegetable produced. Several parameters of quality are controlled genetically.
- Cultural practices: All cultural practices have direct effect on the final quality of the produce.
- Planting period: Many plants are very sensitive to environmental conditions, and thus quality will not be optimized when crop is produced under adverse conditions. Producing summer plants during the winter or vice-versa will not be appropriate, unless protection practices are implemented.
- Planting density: It affects both the quantity and quality of the produce. High density planting increases competition between plants, reduces light availability, and thus may decrease quantity. Low density planting lead to large size, better coloured fruit or vegetable which may have shorter shelf life. Larger fruits are commonly more sensitive to physiological disorders.
- Irrigation: Irregular watering usually reduces fruit size, increases splitting, physiological disorders, reduces water content in the plant or plant part, etc.
- Fertilization: Poor management of fertilizers will increase physiological disorders due to deficiencies of some minerals or increase of other leading to toxicity. In both cases, quality will be negatively affected.
- Pruning: It reduces the load and increases the growth of fruit and chemical use after harvest.
- Thinning: This operation reduces the competition between fruits or plants and thus promotes a good balance between the vegetative and fruit parts and improves quality.
- Protection: Pathogens and insects have a very negative effect on quality. Poor management of plant protection programmes can lead to very poor quality and reduced yield.
b) Related to Environments-
Temperature is the most important environmental factor that affects quality, very low or very high temperature may injure sensitive crops. Adequate high intensity and quality is important for the formation of some colour. Wind and rain may cause negative effects on some crops.
c) Related to Chemicals-
Many hormones and growth regulators are used in agriculture and they can affect quality in different ways. | <urn:uuid:640d218b-c891-4fd7-8f95-614ab39ca040> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://indiaagronet.com/Agricultural-science/Pre-Harvest-Techology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649095.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323220107-20180324000107-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.90889 | 498 | 4 | 4 |
A splashdown in the Pacific Ocean concluded the first successful test flight of Europe’s reusable spacecraft technology yesterday. The car-size Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) could pave the way for a full-size reusable spaceplane. This would launch on Europe’s Vega rocket and eventually return to Earth by landing like an aircraft on a runway.
The now-retired U.S. space shuttle fleet marked the world’s first concerted attempt to create reusable spacecraft technology, which should result in cost savings. But the shuttle infamously failed to keep overall mission costs down. (Since then, NASA has developed a smaller, robotic spaceplane for the U.S. Air Force called the X-37B that can automatically undergo reentry through the Earth’s atmosphere and land by itself.) The European Space Agency’s IXV spaceplane prototype represents a way for Europe to develop the reentry expertise needed for reusable spacecraft that launch aboard rockets and land like gliders.
“Europe is excellent at going to orbit,” said Giorgio Tumino, project manager for ESA, in a BBC News interview. “We also have great knowhow in operating complex systems in orbit. But where we are a bit behind is in the knowledge of how to come back from orbit.”
The European test spaceplane—with a length of five meters and a weight of almost two tons—had no problems returning to Earth during its maiden voyage. It launched aboard a Vega rocket from Europe’s spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana on Feb. 11, reached an altitude of 412 kilometers, and reentered the Earth’s atmosphere from its suborbital flight path.
During descent, the spaceplane used aerial maneuvers to slow down from hypersonic to supersonic speed. After gliding through the atmosphere it then deployed parachutes in order to slow its descent for the final splashdown in the Pacific Ocean just west of the Galapagos islands.
The entire mission cost about 150 million euros (US $170 million) not including the cost of the Vega rocket, according to SPACE.com. It represents an “intermediate” step leading up to the Programme for Reusable In-Orbit Demonstrator for Europe (PRIDE), which would develop a full-size reusable spaceplane—if it receives funding from ESA.
Spaceplanes aren’t the only way to go for reusable spacecraft, however. The private spaceflight firm SpaceX has been trying to test reusability in its Falcon 9 rocket by having the rocket’s first stage return to Earth and land upright on a platform at sea—with mixed results so far. | <urn:uuid:a91cc54b-c000-4e85-b136-c3f2712a4845> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/space-flight/europes-reusable-spaceplane-completes-first-test-flight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.914461 | 557 | 3.375 | 3 |
softmatter:Radial Distribution Function
From NSDL Materials Digital Library Wiki
The radial distribution function, also known as RDF, g(r), or the pair correlation function, is a measure to determine the correlation between particles within a system. Specifically, it is a measure of, on average, the probability of finding a particle at a distance of r away from a given reference particle, relative to that for an ideal gas. The general algorithm involves determining how many particles are within a distance of r and r+dr away from a particle. This general theme is depicted to the right, where the red particle is our reference particle, and blue particles are those which are within the circular shell, dotted in red.
The RDF is usually determined by calculating the distance between all particle pairs and binning them into a histogram. The histogram is then normalized with respect to an ideal gas, where particle histograms are completely uncorrelated. For three dimensions, this normalization is the number density of the system multiplied by the volume of the spherical shell, which mathematically can be expressed as Ni.g.(r) = 4πr2ρdr, where ρ is the number density.
Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties
The radial distribution function is an important measure because several key thermodynamic properties, such as potential energy and pressure can be calculated from it.
For a 3-D system where particles interact via pairwise potentials, the potential energy of the system can be calculated as follows :
Where N is the number of particles in the system, ρ is the number density, u(r) is the pair potential.
The pressure of the system can also be calculated by relating the 2nd virial coefficient to g(r). The pressure can be calculated as follows :
Where T is the temperature and kB is Boltzmann's constant. Note that the results of potential and pressure will not be as accurate as directly calculating these properties because of the averaging involved with the calculation of g(r). | <urn:uuid:0f5efbb3-689c-49d0-8d1c-2cf5eafd848a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://matdl.org/matdlwiki/index.php/softmatter:Radial_Distribution_Function | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00018-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940464 | 414 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Thatch… recognizing it, and removing it!
Thatch is a communion of dead grass, roots and other matter that builds up in grass over time. Its very common and collects on most lawns at some time or another. Thatch collects above the soil at surface level and becomes intertwined in grass stems. When the cycle of decomposition is delayed for any variety of reasons, dead matter will begin to build up. As the build up increases the dead matter becomes stacked and then packs down or matts and causes healthy grass blades to become stressed and weaken. It thins, and eventually dies.
Thatch can actually choke a lawn to death! As it thickens it robs the soil of air and hinders water absorption and nutrient penetration to the soil and root system. Not only will excessive thatch kill the grass, left undeterred long enough it will damage the soil so that even if removed, new growth in that area will be sparse at best. Thick thatch levels can also become a haven for insects. Moisture rich matted thatch can be an excellent breeding ground for mosquitos and disease.
Thatch creates a water barrier, prevents new grass from growing and harbors insects. It collects quickly and before long the lawn and its entire root system is at risk.
Lawn dethatching, when performed as needed, will go a long way in maintaining a healthy, green lawn! Dethatching allows new grass shoots to grow in thick and lush.
Controlling Nuisance Thatch
A thin layer of thatch, up to a quarter inch, is common and easily controlled with a Dethatcher. Dethatchers are powered rakes. Also commonly known as turf rakes or power rakes, they grapple at the soil surface lifting dead matter to the top of the lawn so it can be removed. Dethatchers, or turf rakes utilize layers of pliable steel combs that lift thatch to the surface. The thatch can be collected and placed in the compost bin, or discarded.
When thatch levels exceed a quarter inch to about a half of an inch, you have a moderate thatch problem. By definition, turf rakes only scratch the surface. By this time the problem may have affected the upper soil level. Dethatching will help control the problem, though odds are, even if dethatched thoroughly at this point there will be bare spots left behind and the remaining grass in the area affected will be sparse and weak. Dethatching followed by seeding and fertilizing may be remedy enough for the soil and help the lawn recover.
Excessive Thatch… and the Need for Aeration
When thatch levels are a half an inch thick or higher and any new growth is weak and sparse, the root system is being compromised. In time, thatch will compact the soil and suffocate the root system. Soil aeration will be needed to loosen the soil to allow air, water, and nutrients to penetrate the root system. An Aerator would offer the starved soil much needed air and nutrients.
You Should Consider Dethatching Your Lawn if:
1. You have a lawn comprised of cool season grass or grasses, the most common of which are perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and fescue. Cool season grasses grow where the winters are colder; they spread by producing underground rhizomes.
2. Your lawn has spots where the grass is very thin where the individual grass blades are weak and far apart from one another.
3. Your lawn has large brown spots where the thatch is so thick that it has temporarily suppressed all or most of the grass plants in that area of the lawn.
4. Water runs off your lawn before it can penetrate the soil. This is especially problematic on sloping areas, where thatch prevents a barrier to water absorption.
5. Your lawn is severely compacted by heavy foot traffic, and you are planning to aerate it, or have it aerated professionally. (Thatch build-up should always be removed before aerating a lawn.)
6. You are planning to over seed your lawn this fall (which is always a good idea).
When to Dethatch Your Lawn
Depending on where you live in the country, and if you have cool-season grass or warm-season grass, you should dethatch in early fall before you fertilize, or in the spring after the grass has begun to green.
Timing is very important; you can actually do more harm than good if you dethatch at the wrong time. The very best time to dethatch a lawn is early fall, at least four weeks before the end of the summer/fall growing season. An early fall dethatching can prepare your lawn for over seeding and fall feeding, giving it the best preparation for surviving the winter and rebounding quickly the following spring.
Late spring, after several weeks of green grass growth, is the second best time to dethatch. Of course, if you dethatched the previous fall, you won’t need to dethatch in the spring. There is virtually no thatch build-up during the winter.
If you are planning to overseed your lawn, you should plan to dethatch before seeding.
How to Dethatch The Basics
1. Choose a time when the turf is not too wet.
2. Remove twigs and other debris from the lawn
3. Mow the lawn if the grass is 3″ tall or taller
4. Attach your Dethatcher Attachment to your Mantis Tiller. Be sure to install the shields, and use eye protection. If you don’t yet have this attachment, visit the Tiller Attachments page now to learn more.
5. If this is your first time, start in an “out of the way” area until you get comfortable with how fast to run your tiller engine, and how fast to move the dethatcher backwards. Don’t worry you’ll quickly get the hang of it.
6. Clean up the thatch with a rake or bagging mower; it can be composted or used as mulch on the vegetable garden. (Add dry brown leaves now, if you have some, or later, when you can get some to help balance and speed the decomposition of your compost.) A quick final mowing, or the use of a lawn vacuum, can help remove a lot of the debris caused by dethatching.
The Final Step
As soon as possible, water and feed your newly dethatched lawn. While a dethatched lawn may look somewhat ragged, you’ll be surprised and delighted at how good your lawn will look in just a few weeks.
If you’ve dethatched in the fall, now is the best time to over seed the lawn, as well. You’ll be preparing your lawn for winter survival and a quick spring recovery.
If you’ve dethatched the lawn in the late spring, you may want to apply a pre-emergent weed preventer to keep weeds from competing with your grass plants for water and nutrients. | <urn:uuid:42702577-40d3-4542-953e-c70cdd6b6761> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://mantis.com/removing-thatch-from-lawns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051196108.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005316-00226-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946751 | 1,489 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Lewis and Clark County, Montana
|Lewis and Clark County, Montana|
Location in the state of Montana
Montana's location in the U.S.
|Named for||Meriwether Lewis and William Clark|
|• Total||3,498 sq mi (9,060 km2)|
|• Land||3,459 sq mi (8,959 km2)|
|• Water||39 sq mi (101 km2), 1.1%|
|• Density||18/sq mi (7/km²)|
|Time zone||Mountain: UTC-7/-6|
Lewis and Clark County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,395. Its county seat is Helena, the state capital. The numerical designation for Lewis and Clark County (used in the issuance of the state's license plates) is 5. The county was established in 1865 as Edgerton County, and was renamed "Lewis and Clark County" two years later.
Lewis and Clark County is part of the Helena, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area.
- Teton County - north
- Cascade County - east
- Meagher County - east
- Broadwater County - southeast
- Jefferson County - south
- Powell County - west
- Flathead County - northwest
National protected areas
- Flathead National Forest (part)
- Helena National Forest (part)
- Lewis and Clark National Forest (part)
- Lolo National Forest (part)
- Rocky Mountain Front Conservation Area (part)
As of the of 2000, there were 55,716 people, 22,850 households, and 14,966 families residing in the county. The population density was 16 people per square mile (6/km²). There were 25,672 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 95.21% white, 0.20% Black or African American, 2.04% Native American, 0.52% Asian American, 0.05% Pacific Islander American, 0.38% from other races, and 1.61% from two or more races. 1.51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22.6% were of German, 15.5% Irish, 10.9% English, 9.5% Norwegian and 6.1% American ancestry according to the 2000 Census.
There were 22,850 households out of which 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.40% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.50% were non-families. 29.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the county the population was spread out with 25.60% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 27.90% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $37,360, and the median income for a family was $46,766. Males had a median income of $33,515 versus $23,961 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,763. About 7.30% of families and 10.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.60% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.
In the county of the population that's 25 years old and over 91.4% of them have a High school diploma, 31.6% of that population has a Bachelor's degree or higher, 17.2% of the population is disabled, 1.6% of them are foreign born, and only 4.0% of the population can speak another language at home. According to the 2000 Census 59.7% of the population (male) is married but, now separated. For the women it is only 3% lower at 56.7%. The average family size is 2.95. In the county there are 25,672 homes, 2,822 of which are vacant.
- Helena (county seat)
- Helena Valley Northeast
- Helena Valley Northwest
- Helena Valley Southeast
- Helena Valley West Central
- Helena West Side
- Seth Bullock, sheriff of Lewis and Clark County, and later served as sheriff of Deadwood, South Dakota.
- Mike McGrath, current Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court, former Montana Attorney General, previously served as County Attorney of Lewis and Clark County.
- Johnny Miljus, major league baseball pitcher, retired to Fort Harrison in Lewis and Clark County.
- W. A. Boyle, president of the United Mine Workers of America, was born in Bald Butte, about two miles southwest of Marysville.
- Brian Knight, Major League Baseball umpire
- All of the Governors of the state of Montana, whose capital city, Helena, is in this county.
- List of cemeteries in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
- List of lakes in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
- List of mountains in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
- "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- "Montana Place Names Companion". Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman. Montana Historical Society Research Center. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
- "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
||Flathead County||Teton County|
|Powell County||Cascade County and Meagher County|
|Jefferson County||Broadwater County| | <urn:uuid:d66be604-99d1-4ae2-8bb0-cd48898e0e27> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_County,_Montana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303523.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00193-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915693 | 1,455 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In his book The Will to Lead, Marvin Bower, McKinsey’s managing partner from 1950 to 1967, urges senior managers to abandon command-and-control structures and adopt a program to develop leaders, starting with themselves. In this excerpt, he explores the attributes of leadership.
The shortcomings of command-and-control management are becoming ever more apparent. The hierarchy of bosses organized into ranks, with each superior exercising authority over subordinates who do exactly what their boss wants, has long been the dominant form of corporate organization. But recognizing that they are handicapped by their current systems, many companies are now questioning the way they manage themselves. They are striving for greater effectiveness and flexibility to cope with and capitalize on the fast-moving, ever-changing competitive conditions they see just ahead.
I believe that the old command system must be replaced. Fixing it is not good enough. My view is that authority should be replaced by leadership. By that, I don’t mean that a business should be run by a single leader, but that it should be run by a network of leaders positioned right through the organization. Leaders and leadership teams working together will, I suggest, run a business more effectively than a hierarchical, command-and-control structure.
What makes a leader?
Leadership scholars define a leader as a person who sets attractive goals and has the ability to attract followers, or constituents, who share those goals. Above all, a leader must be trusted and respected. Trust between a leader and constituents opens up two-way communication, making it possible for them to realize their common goals.
Anyone who aspires to lead must develop certain qualities and attributes. By “qualities,” I mean elements of character or personal makeup that are typically difficult (but not impossible) to learn. People usually bring their qualities with them when they join a company. “Attributes,” on the other hand, are more like skills and hence easier to learn. Fortunately, the attributes needed for leadership far outnumber the qualities.
Leadership scholars are virtually unanimous in putting trustworthiness at the top of the list of qualities required by any leader. Trustworthiness is integrity in action. Pearl S. Buck, winner of the 1938 Nobel Prize for Literature, put it thus: “Integrity is honesty carried through the fibers of the being and the whole mind, into thought as well as into action so that the person is complete in honesty. That kind of integrity I put above all else as an essential of leadership.”
Anyone seeking to be a leader should always tell the truth, if for no other reason than it is simpler. Richard Heckert, retired chairman of DuPont, put it this way: “If you always tell the truth, you won’t have to remember what you said.”
I have observed that the executives I trusted most were truthful about unimportant as well as important things. They went into detail to be accurate about small things, even correcting statements about things that did not matter. High-precision truthfulness is a good way to gain trust, the ticket of admission to leadership.
Ralph Hart, former chairman of Heublein and president of Colgate-Palmolive, spoke of an incident early in his career when he was hired to sell adding machines to small stores. He was given no training, just provided with samples and sent straight into the field. When he began his route, he was too nervous to enter the first store. As it was late in the day, he decided to wait until morning and begin fresh. But the next day he was still nervous. Finally, near closing time, he approached a store owner, who wasn’t interested:
“I asked, ‘Would you at least look at them?’ So the store owner started asking me questions, and I kept on saying, ‘I don’t know, but I‘ll find out.’ Finally the owner agreed to purchase an adding machine. I was mystified, and asked him why he finally relented. He replied, ‘Anyone who has a salesman as honest as you are must have a good product.’ That was one of the greatest things that ever happened to me. It’s something that I never forgot—be honest and tell the truth.”
In my years as a consultant, the most frequent complaint I heard (in confidence) about bosses has been about some form of unfairness. To get something done, the boss had used authority carelessly. In the eyes of subordinates, what the boss wanted done was unnecessary, too difficult, or impossible in the time given.
In America, to be called an unfair boss is damning, and even implies a flawed character. Conversely, a boss who is tough but fair is to be admired. In dictionaries, “fair” is variously defined as equitable, unprejudiced, impartial, dispassionate, and objective.
However it is defined, Americans—possibly because of their intense involvement in sports—are quick to recognize what’s fair and what’s unfair. They will forgive much, but seldom unfairness. Unfairness in a chief executive is particularly serious, because he or she sets the example for everyone else in the company.
Fairness and trust, of course, go hand in hand. Both are essential not only in the chief executive, but in all leaders throughout the company. Moreover, if fairness and trust become an integral part of a company’s culture, then these qualities will flourish, to that company’s great benefit.
Arrogance, haughtiness, and egotism are poisonous to leadership. But leaders can never be hypocritically humble. They are simply unassuming in their behavior. Unpretentiousness can be learned, and it is well suited to the examples the chief executive should set.
Robert K. Greenleaf, former director of management research for AT&T, coined a useful term for the unassuming leader: “servant leadership.” In a pamphlet, and later in his book Servant Leadership, he alludes to a German tale about a group of important men who went on a long journey into the wilderness, accompanied by a servant. They got lost and fell into deep trouble. The servant was particularly helpful and became accepted as the leader of the group. His masters came to trust him because he demonstrated attributes that helped them get out of trouble. So he, a servant, became their leader, and they became his constituents.
Having a servant leadership viewpoint helps any chief executive focus on company performance and on the needs of constituents rather than on his or her own performance or image. The chief executive knows that he or she will get credit for good corporate performance as well as blame for poor performance. So the chief who is a leader can plunge wholeheartedly into leading other company leaders in improving overall company performance, knowing that chief executive performance is always being carefully watched by everyone in the company.
Successful leaders are as unassuming in the surroundings they create—or tolerate—as they are in their behavior. Casualness and informality contribute to a leadership culture. In some successful high-tech companies, everyone dresses and behaves informally; it’s integral to the company culture.
Let me add a few more examples:
Unassuming leaders surprise visitors and company people with their offices: pleasant, inviting, and functional, but completely unostentatious in size and decor. And they leave their desks to sit with visitors.
General Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of Operation Desert Storm, was offered a villa by the Saudis, but he chose instead a small room tucked away behind his office.
I know several executives who have “chairman” on their business cards and letterhead but not “chief executive officer,” even though they hold both titles.
I know two chief executives who often stand in line at headquarters cafeterias and then join a group at one of the general tables.
The McKinsey research on excellent companies, which ultimately became In Search of Excellence, found that unassuming executives walk around rather than holding meetings in their own offices.
If all company leaders have an unassuming manner—with the casualness and informality that it produces—the resulting behaviors of people will fit naturally into a leadership culture.
Listening may seem like an unimportant activity, but my experience convinces me that the reverse is true. In a survey, one of the participants said: “Frankly, I had never thought of listening as an important subject by itself. But now that I am aware of it, I think that perhaps 80 percent of my work depends on my listening to someone, or on someone else listening to me.”
I have observed that a high proportion of CEOs in command companies don’t listen very well. They may even turn off people who have valuable information to provide; and one turn-off may discourage the person from coming forward the next time with even more valuable information. In fact, chief executives of command companies are generally such poor listeners that they can signal their change to leading simply by beginning to listen. The shift from telling to listening can be startling to subordinates—and I guarantee they will receive it well. Indeed, at first, they will be flattered. And emerging leaders will be surprised by how much of importance they will learn.
In meetings, chief executives often close off opportunities to learn by expressing their own views too early in the discussion. I know one chief executive of a world-class overseas company who does this constantly. His colleagues have concluded that he is subconsciously showing off his brilliance. That habit, together with the awe in which he is held, cuts him off from important facts and useful opinions.
Active listening helps assure the other person that he or she is being heard and understood. That involves not only paying close attention, but also asking brief, nonleading questions. These convey interest and understanding without necessarily implying agreement.
But a word of caution: listening customs vary around the world. One American executive I know went to England to negotiate an alliance. He was successful, but the affiliation proved worthless. His rueful afterthought: “I wish I had known then that when most Britons nod their heads, it means ‘I understand you,’ not ‘I agree with you.’”
Listening was cited as playing an important role in the election by Fortune in 1994 of six new members of the National Business Hall of Fame, each of whom was “blessed as much with forehearing as foresight”:
“Of all the skills of leadership, listening is one of the most valuable—and one of the least understood. Most captains of industry listen only sometimes, and they remain ordinary leaders. But a few, the great ones, never stop listening. They are hear-aholics, ever alert, bending their ears while they work and while they play, while they eat and while they sleep. They listen to advisers, to customers, to inner voices, to enemies, to the wind. That’s how they get word before anyone else of unseen problems and opportunities.”
This seemingly simple attribute—along with open-mindedness—can have enormous importance and contribute to competitive advantage for any company.
A leader is open-minded
Over the years, I have encountered many chief executives whose minds were closed or only slightly ajar. As a consultant, I admit to being sensitive to this failing. What’s the use of hiring consultants if your mind is too closed to consider their findings?
I’ve thought a lot about why chief executives are not more open-minded, and I lay much of the blame on the command-and-control system. The all-powerful chief executive sits at the top, managing mostly from there. People don’t question chief executives much, and they seldom disagree with them. So CEOs become self-believers and commanders of others. That’s pretty heady stuff, and it feeds on itself.
Self-assurance can be a plus, but excessive self-assurance leads to egotism and even arrogance; it certainly closes minds. I’ve seen it happen.
If a leader gets an idea—say, an acquisition—he or she keeps an open mind about its good and bad features. People in the organization then feel free to come forward with both positive and negative information. By contrast, a CEO in a command company who gets an idea about an acquisition might not want to hear any negative information about it, and if that CEO doesn’t have a reputation for being open-minded, people are not likely to come forward with such information. When in doubt, people in a command company tend to keep quiet.
Any leader with an open mind makes better judgments, learns more of what he or she needs to know, and establishes more positive relations with subordinates and constituents. In a leadership company where there is no hierarchy and where people are free to speak their minds about company performance and how to improve it, people can be more productive. Consider the great competitive advantage of having an open-minded chief executive and other open-minded leaders throughout a company, all ready to receive and consider ideas and put them to work if their judgments stamp them as useful.
As constituents come to learn that their leader does indeed listen with an open mind, they’ll gain confidence in offering their opinions and in engaging in those full, free exchanges of thought that can turn into useful brainstorming sessions. Even the small ideas that emerge can be valuable, and sometimes they can be developed into ideas of real importance. The leader can easily control the time devoted to such sessions: constituents will sense when he or she wants to end the discussion and get on with other business.
It isn’t hard to keep an open mind once you accept its value. However, for anyone who is learning to be open-minded, the following guidelines may help. Never say no immediately. Of course, you have to give a response of some sort, and it should be “I’ll get back to you.” After you have taken time for thought, at least overnight, your decision in all likelihood will be better for not having been made on the spot. Whatever you decide, don’t fail to get back to those to whom you’ve promised to respond. Particularly, be meticulous in responding to anything submitted in writing.
Sensitivity to people
Most leadership scholars call this attribute “skill in dealing with people.” To me that smacks of managing or even manipulating people, as though the leader should develop mechanical approaches or a studied synthetic style. Moreover, treating this attribute as a skill focuses the mind of the leader inwardly in a self-centered way, instead of outwardly on helping or persuading constituents.
The reality is that a leader can’t motivate or persuade constituents or others effectively without having some sense of what’s on their minds. So unless they are always forthcoming about what is on their minds (which is unrealistic to expect), the leader must try to discern what they’re thinking and feeling. That’s why I prefer to call this important attribute “sensitivity to people.”
I believe a leader can develop competence in guessing what’s on people’s minds. Once my late partner Zip Reilly had convinced me to give up commanding and try persuading, I knew that I could persuade people better if I could tell what was going on inside them. It seemed to me, however, that I had to start paying attention to everyone I dealt with every day. I had to stop taking them for granted and exercise insights, intuition, perception, empathy, or some combination of these in the guesswork of trying to find out what was on their minds. Eventually I got the hang of it; I suggest that nearly anyone with the will to lead can do the same.
There is a stereotype that women have more intuition than men; my own experience backs this up. At McKinsey, we work extensively with teams. I have observed that when I have worked for some time with an all-male team and then add a woman, the team becomes more imaginative, has more and better ideas, and is more sensitive to what’s on the minds of client people. It is well to keep this in mind in making up leadership teams.
Sensitivity to people also means that leaders are sensitive to their feelings. Leaders are polite, considerate, understanding, and careful that what they say to someone is not dispiriting unless criticism is intended. Leaders, especially chief executives, must also be careful not to be overheard discussing someone’s job performance with another person. There’s nothing new in that but it’s frequently overlooked.
Sensitivity to situations
Situations are created by people and must be dealt with by people. Any company leader who is called on to resolve a dispute or disagreement must combine a careful analysis of the facts with an acute sensitivity to the feelings and attitudes of the people involved.
Consider the case of a food manufacturing conglomerate that developed a strategy of acquiring other food companies to increase its share of market and profits. A small taskforce scoured the country looking for acquisition candidates. Eventually, a fast-food chain became available. The taskforce studied it carefully and recommended to the president and chief operating officer that it be acquired.
The acquisition was made. After several years, however, poor results created a drag on the conglomerate’s profits. On closer examination, its chief executive realized that a fast-food chain was an entirely different type of business from a food manufacturer. Key factors for success were proper selection of sites and the selection and training of people to make and serve the products—as contrasted with manufacturing products in volume and packaging, distributing, advertising, and promoting them effectively. The conglomerate sold the fast-food chain (ironically, to another food manufacturer) and took a large charge against earnings. The president was fired.
This disaster could have been avoided if the people involved had conducted a more searching, sensitive, and intuitive investigation. In that conglomerate, managed by command and control, members of the taskforce expected a successful outcome to mean advancement for them—and the president expected the acquisition to clinch his promotion to chairman. Thus the objectivity of the taskforce and the president were undermined by personal ambition. And poor judgment by the president cost him his job. He failed to sense intuitively that he should have challenged the taskforce’s objectivity more rigorously before authorizing the acquisition. But the chief executive was really the one at fault.
Initiative, initiative, initiative
Initiative is one of the most important attributes of any leader. It is also easy to learn. Just think a bit, use judgment, and act. The important thing is to keep alert for opportunities.
American chief executives seldom lack initiative; their boards wouldn’t have elected them if they did. Every board knows that the chief executive has responsibility for getting things going and keeping them going. Even so, command-and-control managing inhibits initiative, especially down the line.
But consider the dynamics of a leadership company run with a network of leaders. All leaders stationed strategically throughout the company are alert to taking initiatives at every opportunity. And constituents as well as leaders can suggest initiatives.
My late friend Bob Greenleaf once said “Nothing in this world happens except at the initiative of a single person.” His observation points up the opportunities for action that are open to every leader and constituent in a leadership company. These can make an important contribution to competitive advantage.
John Gardner gives this definition of judgment, of which every leader would do well to memorize the first sentence:
“Judgment is the ability to combine hard data, questionable data, and intuitive guesses to arrive at a conclusion that events prove to be correct. Judgment-in-action includes effective problem solving, the design of strategies, the setting of priorities, and intuitive as well as rational judgments. Most important, perhaps, it includes the capacity to appraise the potentialities of co-workers and opponents.”
Following fads in running companies often reflects bad judgment. Adopting Japanese manufacturing ideas provides an example. Some American manufacturers have found that this approach is nowhere near as effective at lifting productivity in their own plants as it seems to be in Japan. I can also think of many cases of bad judgment in making acquisitions of new types of business to shore up weak earnings (and weak management) in the core business. Too many acquisitions are based simply on the chief executive’s wish to make the company larger, a prime cause of bad judgment.
In my opinion, the chief executive of a leadership company is more likely to make good judgments than the chief of a command-and-control company, simply because constituents—recognizing the leader’s open-mindedness and willingness to listen—will be more willing to volunteer their candid opinions. I also believe that multiple first-among-equals leaders in a leadership company will make decisions of a consistently higher quality because many leaders and constituents will be involved in much of the decision making.
People whose judgments have been tested and usually found to be sound are an invaluable resource. Any company can strengthen the quality of its decision making by seeking out people with good judgment among its network of leaders. Moreover, in a leadership company where constituents can speak up, their judgments, too, can make important contributions.
My dictionary defines the term “broad-minded” as “tolerant of varied views” and “inclined to condone minor departures from conventional behavior.” This attribute is closely related to being open-minded, adaptable, and flexible. Other aspects of broad-mindedness are being undisturbed by little things, willing to overlook small errors, and easy to talk with.
This is probably as good a place as any to bring up sense of humor. It’s hardly an attribute, but it can serve everybody well. A leader with a sense of humor will certainly get along better with everyone, and he or she should nourish it constantly and be thankful for having it.
Flexibility and adaptability
Flexibility and adaptability go hand in hand with open-minded listening. The chief executive and other leaders thereby show their readiness to consider change and their willingness to make changes when most agree they are needed.
When competitive circumstances call for change, I’m convinced a leadership company will always be more ready for it. From the chief executive down, all leaders will keep their minds open and alert to the need for continuous improvement in all segments of the enterprise. In doing so, they will learn how to spot the need for change faster, how to initiate change, and how to adapt to it.
The capacity to make sound and timely decisions
A sound decision by an individual chief executive in a command company depends largely on his or her ability to think and to seek advice from others. In a leadership company, there will be fewer individual decisions, even by the chief executive. Most decisions will be checked by others, at the CEO’s request or at the initiative of others. In fact, all decisions should be of higher quality because so many people are free to speak up and to disagree.
The late Charles Mortimer, chairman of General Foods, was unusual in that he was openly trying to improve his own performance. In one of our sessions, he gave me a pamphlet by Robert Rawly entitled Time Out for Mental Digestion. He told me that he followed the message faithfully and found that his decision making improved substantially. Ever since then, I’ve followed it too, and with surprising success. Perhaps it will work for others.
The key to the approach is “mental digestion”; these words have more meaning for me than the old phrase “mulling it over.” “Mulling” connotes turning over the same thought, whereas “mental digestion” implies putting the original thought out of mind for a time. Mental digestion, at least overnight, almost always brings new options from which to choose. For something of real importance, however, one night will usually not be long enough for new options to emerge. Then I may wait a week or two; again, I put the thought out of mind, and again, new options suggest themselves each time I go back to it. That’s the “mental digestion.”
All leaders—particularly the chief executive—must recognize that the speed as well as the quality of their decisions will set an example for others. I’ve observed a number of busy chief executives who appear to be indecisive, but are not. They can make up their minds all right, but they simply do not realize that delaying a decision (or failing to communicate it) not only erodes effective performance, but also irritates those waiting for the decision. They could correct this simply by setting priorities and asking their assistants to remind them to follow up.
Some make decisions too quickly. One chief executive I worked with surprised me with his rapid-fire decision making. It turned out that he had been a baseball umpire in college and had carried the habit over into business. Once he was aware of the reason, it was easy for him to slow down—and the quality of his decisions went up.
In a leadership company, it might not have taken an outsider (me) to help that executive improve his decision making. In such a culture, people are more likely to help each other learn how to decide. Competition among individuals to get ahead will likely be replaced by mutual support among people helping each other to improve company performance.
The capacity to motivate
John Gardner puts it well: “More than any other attribute, this is close to the heart of the popular conception of leadership—the capacity to move people to action, to communicate persuasively, to strengthen the confidence of followers.”
Too often, in so-called modern managing, motivations take the form of monetary rewards for the individual, or promises of advancement within the company. Both are characteristic of command-and-control managing and should not be carried over into a leadership company. In a leadership company, people will be motivated by example and the daily satisfaction they get from making valuable contributions to the company, and from being treated fairly, with dignity and consideration. These are motivations they can take home every day. And since everyone should participate in profit sharing and be owners of stock, they will have financial incentives as well.
In the longer term, people in a leadership company derive satisfaction from being involved in work that produces products or services that customers buy with increasing satisfaction. And for everyone, simply belonging to a leadership company will be satisfying in itself.
A sense of urgency
One of the ways currently advocated for improving the command system is to use time (that is, speed) to provide a competitive edge. Bring new products out on time, deliver orders promptly, get things done faster than competitors. All are useful practices if carried out without harming quality.
Early in my McKinsey career, I observed that many outstanding companies had a sense of urgency underlying everything they did—a refreshing difference from companies where every response is either slow or erratic. I also noticed that the chief executive invariably set the pace, which was promptly followed throughout the company.
When a sense of urgency has spread right through a company, it can make a substantial difference in both effectiveness and efficiency, and also makes it easier to speed up activities further when necessary. Moreover, people like to work in a company where “things happen.” A sense of urgency is a useful ingredient in a leadership culture.
And a sense of urgency is easy to establish in a leadership company. With the chief executive setting an example, every leader throughout the company can, in turn, set an example for his or her constituents.
Whether or not the ultimate plan is to convert the business from a command-and-control company to a leadership company, I suggest that the CEO take immediate steps to become a leader. No matter how the company is run now, this change—from managing to leading—will, I am sure, increase the CEO’s effectiveness in running the business.
The CEO will already have the trust of the board—and probably of his or her direct reports. The challenge will be to convince bosses throughout the company that they can trust the CEO. To achieve this trust and become leaders, some CEOs may need only to become more consistent in the way they currently behave; others may find that they will have to undergo a major behavioral overhaul, a prospect that may prove too daunting for them to undertake.
My experience has been that most CEOs will fall between these two extremes. They will be natural learners and eager to try what works. I’m convinced they should expend effort in three areas: learning to listen to people actively with an open mind, demonstrating high-precision truthfulness in all dealings, and becoming unassuming and approachable in behavior. Combined, these basic changes are likely to be so surprising to constituents that they will respond favorably almost immediately. And as the CEO makes these changes, he or she will be able to judge the difficulties that others may have in changing their behavior to become leaders in their turn. | <urn:uuid:328d15ac-e7ab-4463-9963-c3bdc46c3c53> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/leadership/developing-leaders-in-a-business | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00456-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976632 | 6,041 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The history of native americans essay
Free native american essay
Natives knew best how to effectively use resources and wild game in turn they used it as their best means of trade with the waves of settlers. They were here before the European colonists. Does the symbol chosen as a mascot have any impact on whether a team wins or loses. For instance, when she almost forces Honus to fight the chief of Kiowa horsemen, he is aware that this may be the only way for them to survive. I find Native American culture interesting. As for other ethnic groups, they were foreign to the new soil in Northern America. Such team names as the Redskins, Seminoles, Braves, Indians, and Apaches are now facing criticism over team names and they represent the Native American culture. One thing f that my grandma, who is the great-granddaughter of a Cherokee Chief, instilled in me is the importance of my beliefs in God When this was announced, the news spread like wildfire and it was not soon after that, other countries began to send their own explorers.
Ironically, throughout the history of the development of relations between white Americans and Native Americans, the biased attitude to Native Americans emerged and white Americans had grown accustomed to view them as a threat but, in actuality, Native Americans were rather victims of white Americans, who oppressed Native Americans and forced them from their land causing numerous deaths and destruction of the traditional lifestyle of Native Americans.
To better understand and identify with these minority groups we must identify the common themes within their day to day life. Among this group of people fall the Native Americans. Europeans did what they wanted with the Native Americans, and when a group of Native Americans would stand up for themselves, the European would quickly put them down.
Never able to settle down nor were they able to make peace with the Europeans as they took their land and killed off their tribes. They aim to show how they lived, interacted, and gave thanks. Each book focuses on the history, culture, and pride of Native Americans. For example, Rindels n.
White settlers were highly interested in gaining Native American land and urged the federal government to allow them to obtain it.
Native american culture
Examples of Native American mascot range from names like the Indians, Chiefs, and Braves, which are some of the more generic ones, to Seminoles, Fighting Illini, and Chippewas to name some of the tribal based names He views them as villains, although he does not even know him. Teachers abused their students and beat their native ways out of them Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects. Europeans could not tolerate the practice of non-Christian religions in their newly conquered lands and began to oppress the ethnic groups and destroy the cultures of the conquered. In American history Native Americans were treated unfairly. Such team names as the Redskins, Seminoles, Braves, Indians, and Apaches are now facing criticism over team names and they represent the Native American culture. The main ideas represented in these books is to teach about who Native Americans were, all across America. The Native Americans are just one particular example to analyze. Each society and their culture were comprised of various aspects including: creation stories, morals, beliefs and overall ways of living.
This lead to Native Americans being methodically pushed off their land, deceived multiply through a broken treaty, and most of all, not being completely recognized as citizens by the rest of American society. The way that Native Americans across America use the land, resources, and create a sense of community has some similarities and some differences between tribes
based on 35 review | <urn:uuid:c14a91c7-362c-4359-ae31-1118aafbff7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mizyjesydu.carriagehouseautoresto.com/the-history-of-native-americans-essay220311300ov.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573242.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818154820-20220818184820-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.978107 | 739 | 3.34375 | 3 |
3. Newspapers and magazines, books and toys used by an infectious patient, should be burnt. A pack of cards has been known to spread infectious disease to a dozen people. A letter, again, will carry infection to the recipient.
5. Blankets and woollen garments must be baked in an oven of 2000 before washing.
The strength of carbolic disinfectant for flushing drains is one in sixty of water. But many doctors do not care for this strong poison to be used, and each doctor should be asked to recommend the one of the patent disinfectant fluids he prefers.
The nurse, however, must remember that heat, sunlight, and fresh air are natural and safe disinfectants at her command. Pure fresh air will dilute infected matter, and in many cases destroy the microbes of disease. Microbes also die on exposure to sunlight, and if a liberal allowance of fresh air and sunlight is provided in the sickroom and house generally, the risk of infection is enormously reduced. Then, if everything possible used in the sick-room is boiled, safety is largely ensured. For example, all feeding-cups, basins, plates, etc., should be disinfected with boiling water. Bed-linen and cotton or linen under-garments can also be boiled, as also can any instruments used in the sick-room.
The nurse must be very careful to guard against infection herself. She will require to
The floor and furniture should be wiped with a clean cloth wrung out of a disinfectant fluid. For this reason cushioned chairs are out of place in a sick-room wear a short washing dress and large white apron. She must try and avoid unduly coming in contact with the patient's breath. She should, for example, sit between the patient and the open window, so that the fresh air passes over her before reaching the patient, not vice versa. She should always wash her hands in some disinfecting solution after attending to an infectious patient, and take a warm bath with a disinfectant soap every evening, washing her hair regularly also. If the hair is worn plainly braided and covered with a white cap, the risk of infection is diminished. Remember that it is when the vitality is lowered that everybody is most liable to infection. It is specially important, therefore, in nursing a fever patient, for the nurse to attend to her health. She must have her meals served regularly. She must have special hours off duty, and get sufficient exercise out of doors. Everything should be done methodically and in order. When she has swept and dusted the room in the morning, for example, the collected dust should be burnt. The floor and furniture should be washed over with a cloth wrung out of the disinfectant solution recommended by the doctor. The patient should be covered up carefully, and the room flushed with fresh air several times daily. If the window is kept open day and night, this will ensure proper ventilation.
Special precautions have to be taken in typhoid and scarlet fever, in diphtheria and measles, so that the nursing of the commonest types of infectious fevers will be considered in a later article. Afterwards the disinfecting of the sick-room will be described in detail, so that the amateur nurse may know exactly how to care for her patient and at the same time prevent the spread of infection to other people. No one who is easily alarmed about infection should ever try to nurse a case of fever. Fear of infectious disease will increase the liability to contract it. When we are in good health, strong in mind and body, we are not susceptible to infection. If we take proper hygienic precautions, the risks of contracting it from a patient are inconsiderable. At the same time it is wise to have someone in physically good condition in charge of a fever case, as continual attention and care are necessary, and the strain cannot be ignored. In some cases relapse during convalescence, if the nurse is in the least degree careless in her work, is very apt to occur; and it is in fever cases especially that strict obedience to the doctor is called for, and a trustworthy nurse is absolutely essential.
Common disinfectants used for nursing infectious cases are:
1. Chlorinated lime for flushing drains. Add two ounces of this to a gallon of water, and use it liberally for pouring down the drain.
2. Certain proprietary disinfectants made from coal tar are useful and safe. The doctor will always recommend one of these.
3. Carbolic acid is an excellent disinfectant, but very poisonous, especially in the pure state. The most useful strength is one in sixty of water. If, for example, a teaspoonful of carbolic acid is stirred up in a basin containing about eight ounces of water, a useful solution is obtained. This can be used for washing linen, dishes, etc. A stronger solution is one in twenty, which is generally used to keep the carbolic sheet moist.
4. Permanganate of potash is a safe but not very strong disinfectant. The usual strength is one ounce of the crystals to three pints of water.
5. Carbolic and other disinfectants can be purchased from any chemist.
6. Use plenty of sunlight, fresh air, and boiling water for disinfecting purposes. | <urn:uuid:35d48fa9-30a5-4de4-8346-9588f3af14fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://chestofbooks.com/food/household/Woman-Encyclopaedia-2/Home-Nursing-Nursing-Infectious-Ailments-Continued.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.950137 | 1,086 | 2.984375 | 3 |
whose largest river in india and where?
Ganga river lenght 2525 km in india(gangotri ke pas gawmukh se)
Longest is ganga(in length)
Largest is bharamputra(in vol. Of water)
Ganga is the longest river of the country but volume wise bhramputra.(largest) | <urn:uuid:6469f0b8-3753-4da1-834b-5f885419b7db> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://gradestack.com/whose-largest-river-in/23395-wqsq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171900.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00627-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.67817 | 81 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Researchers at Manchester University have demonstrated that membranes can be directly ‘written’ on to a graphene surface using Lipid Dip-Pen Nanolithography (L-DPN).
The researchers at Manchester University – led by Dr Aravind Vijayaraghavan, and Dr Michael Hirtz at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) – describe their work in Nature Communications.
The human body contains 100 trillion cells, each of which is enveloped in a cell membrane that have a plethora of proteins, ion channels and other molecules embedded in them, each performing vital functions.
Understand these systems will enable their application in areas such as bio-sensing, bio-catalysis and drug-delivery. Considering that it is difficult to accomplish this by studying live cells inside the human body, scientists have developed model cell membranes on surfaces outside the body, to study the systems and processes under more convenient and accessible conditions.
Dr Vijayaraghavan’s team at Manchester and their collaborators at KIT have shown that graphene is a suitable new surface on which to assemble these model membranes, and is claimed to bring many advantages compared to existing surfaces.
In a statement, Dr Vijayaraghavan said: ‘Firstly, the lipids spread uniformly on graphene to form high-quality membranes. Graphene has unique electronic properties; it is a semi-metal with tuneable conductivity.
‘When the lipids contain binding sites such as the enzyme called biotin, we show that it actively binds with a protein called streptavidin. Also, when we use charged lipids, there is charge transfer from the lipids into graphene which changes the doping level in graphene. All of these together can be exploited to produce new types of graphene/lipids based bio-sensors.’
Dr. Michael Hirtz (KIT) said: ‘The [L-DPN] technique utilises a very sharp tip with an apex in the range of several nanometres as a means to write lipid membranes onto surfaces in a way similar to what a quill pen does with ink on paper.
‘The small size of the tip and the precision machine controlling it allows of course for much smaller patterns, smaller than cells, and even right down to the nanoscale.
‘By employing arrays of these tips multiple different mixtures of lipids can be written in parallel, allowing for sub-cellular sized patterns with diverse chemical composition.’ | <urn:uuid:396409e2-7584-471b-b1db-2c8488374a66> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/issues/october-2013-online/graphene-has-potential-as-cell-membrane-modelling-surface/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591718.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720154756-20180720174756-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.931163 | 515 | 3.25 | 3 |
Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram started out as a way to connect with friends, family and people of interest. But anyone on social media these days knows it’s increasingly a divisive landscape.
Undoubtedly you’ve heard reports that hackers and even foreign governments are using social media to manipulate and attack you. You may wonder how that is possible. As a professor of computer science who researches social media and security, I can explain – and offer some ideas for what you can do about it.
Bots and sock puppets
Social media platforms don’t simply feed you the posts from the accounts you follow. They use algorithms to curate what you see based in part on “likes” or “votes.”
A post is shown to some users, and the more those people react – positively or negatively – the more it will be highlighted to others. Sadly, lies and extreme content often garner more reactions and so spread quickly and … | <urn:uuid:e96018c6-4ff6-41dd-afc9-00139d7ad52c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://vlog.mondoplayer.com/fake-accounts-are-constantly-manipulating-what-you-see-on-social-media-heres-how-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517159.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118220236-20210119010236-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.945516 | 202 | 2.890625 | 3 |
As DRAM manufacturers shrink their dies and/or increase their yields of DDR3L, they soon reach a point where the majority of their DRAM output becomes DDR3L or dual-voltage, handling 1.5V or 1.35V voltages. At that point, they just produce DDR3L DRAMs and sell it at the same price. We have just reached that point, and Kingston is about to release server memory modules with DDR3L DRAMs, making them dual-voltage; the new server modules will be noted with an “LV” suffix, but can be used in older DDR3 servers.
Voltage refers to the power consumed by a module. In the past, most DDR3 memory voltage ranged from1.5 - 1.65v. More recently, dual 1.35/1.5 voltage modules came available at Crucial.com. While the lower voltage memory has some advantages over high voltage (namely lower power consumption), your system must support it in order to realize the benefits.
Will the dual voltage 1.35V/1.5V parts work with my original memory?
If your original installed memory is 1.5V and you are adding a dual-voltage 1.35V/1.5V module to an open DIMM slot, the dual-voltage module will operate at 1.5V, not 1.35V. In order to run at 1.35V, all installed memory modules must be dual-voltage 1.35V/1.5V and the system must support DDR3L (1.35V low voltage) to enable the module to run at 1.35V.
Which is better; 1.35V/1.5V or 1.5V?
Generally, lower voltage is optimal as it consumes less power and in turn, may generate less heat. However, it is important to note that the overall system must support DDR3L (1.35V low voltage) to enable the module to run at 1.35V. If the system does not support DDR3L (1.35V low voltage), the module will run at 1.5V.
Which one should I buy; 1.35V/1.5V or 1.5V?
Purchase whichever of memory your system supports, but keep in mind the dual-voltage module will run only run at 1.35V if your specific system supports that voltage, otherwise the memory will run at 1.5V. | <urn:uuid:9d94ca5c-e62c-4563-a30c-d6d659568c85> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.hkepc.com/forum/viewthread.php?fid=61&tid=2241975 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00221-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887622 | 525 | 2.75 | 3 |
With more and more laws being passed prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving, smart phone developers are adapting their devices. Among these developments is the news that Apple is blocking texting while driving.
At a leader in the smart phone market, Apple was one of the first to release technology disabling communication apps while driving. This month, Apple revealed a program that automatically shuts off phone texting capabilities when the user is driving. The program is designed to help decrease the potential for phone related traffic accidents.
In an effort to support hands free phone use, and in cooperation with Apple, many cars are now incorporating technologies designed to sync with smart phones. Apple Car Play and Siri Eyes Free are two of these programs, and as a result, Apple has put focus on boosting their car-friendly technology.
Although most of their hands-free perks have been designed for future operating systems, development began long before the latest iOS 7 release. Under the United States Patent No. 8,706,143, Apples “Driver Handheld Computing Device Lock-Out” incorporates two components: one based on motion and visual input sensors and the other based on vehicle communication.
Motion and Visual Sensors
The first of these components is designed to detect speed and disable the device accordingly.
By receiving signals from an onboard motion analyzer, the future Apple devices will be able to monitor speed, and when certain thresholds are met, determine whether the user is walking, running, or riding in a moving vehicle.
A scenery analyzer has also been designed for future iPhone models. This feature relies on the acquisition of imagery to determine whether or not the user is in a safe or unsafe location to be utilizing the device. So, if the user is alone in the car, the device will determine that he or she is in an unsafe location and certain communication features will deactivate, thus eliminating the ability to send and receive texts or make calls while driving.
However, if the phone takes a picture detecting someone in the passenger seat or in the back of the vehicle these features will remain accessible. Additionally, an accelerometer will be able to detect whether or not the driver is attempting to pan out of the picture to avoid device deactivation.
Vehicle Communication Features
The second of these components is much more straight forward. It relies on Apple’s Car Play and Siri Eyes Free features. When the phone is in communication with the car via radio frequency identification (RFID), active radio signals, or a Bluetooth connection, the car can send a blocking signal to the phone disabling distracting communication features such as texting.
Other smartphone companies have begun to develop similar safety features in their devices, but Apple is far ahead of the game. Although they have yet to release if and when these features will be a part of future operating systems, they do create a strong selling point and will probably be incorporated in the near future. | <urn:uuid:e6bd846d-104f-4060-834b-60757410e054> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.nwinjurylawcenter.com/apple-announces-new-technology-to-safeguard-against-distracted-driving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.942258 | 583 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For the first time this year, the drought of 2012 has now touched all of Wisconsin.
In its latest report, the US Drought Monitor says the entire state is now rated as abnormally dry or worse. It marks the first time the entire state has been under some sort of drought designation since extended dry periods started in June.
The drought map of the Badger State now shows abnormally dry conditions in the entire Northwoods area, in a line running from Manitowoc to Turtle Lake. The rest of the state is still in a moderate or severe drought, despite scattered showers and thunderstorms that have swept across Wisconsin in recent weeks.
The drought has eased somewhat in southern parts of the state. Racine and Kenosha County are no longer part of the list of counties under an extreme drought, and the map of impacted areas does continue to shrink. As of now, Lafayette and Green counties are the only full counties considered to be completely under an extreme drought designation. | <urn:uuid:96bdf9a9-730f-4a86-9fd9-46c7166b1218> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.wrn.com/2012/09/drought-impact-now-statewide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171463.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00040-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960348 | 198 | 2.625 | 3 |
Get four complete and original sermons for Parshat Kedoshim (or purchase them individually)
1. What’s Love Got To Do With It?
Who is more religious? One who keeps all 612 mitzvahs, except one: “love your fellow as yourself” – or someone who fulfills only this one mitzvah? The fascinating answer addresses the sad reality of some who in the name of their piety are judgmental and condescending to those unlike themselves. A moving and definitive story about unaffiliated Jews, a brilliant explanation from the Tanya of Hillel’s answer to the would-be convert and several fascinating anecdotes – all demonstrate the true, and surprising, meaning of Torah and love.
2. Timeless Jewish Parenting Advice
How do we deal with conflicts between parents and children? We find surprising insights to this dilemma in this week’s Torah portion, which juxtaposes two mitzvot: respecting parents and observing Shabbat. Which takes precedent?
3. Are We All Strangers?
What should our response be when strangers die in a far-away place? We usually think of compassion as a righteous act of mercy, as being sensitive to those less fortunate. Yet, in this week’s Torah person, which bids us to love the stranger we learn the meaning of true compassion.
4. Do You Ever Lie About Your Weight?
Usually, we associate honesty to the right way of dealing with others. Do not steal, do not lie, do not cheat another person. But how about being dishonest with yourself? In this Torah chapter we learn about honest weights and measures, which teaches how not to deceive ourselves. | <urn:uuid:df776e50-628f-4fbd-a3d5-a68fa0bf9252> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.meaningfullife.com/product/acharei-kedoshim-sermon-package/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00762.warc.gz | en | 0.927106 | 351 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Evaluation of student facing web-based services: Studyit (CORE Education)
The document provides a final service report on the Studyit website as part of a larger evaluation of web-based learning services for children and young people in New Zealand. The report is complemented by similar reports relating to the AnyQuestions and WickED websites.
Author(s): Ann Trewern and Derek Wenmoth, CORE Education Limited.
Date Published: August 2008
This report is available as a download (please refer to the 'Downloads' inset box, top right). The "Where to Find Out More' inset box (right) has links to related publications/information that may be of interest.
Section 7: Learning for providers, teachers and schools
Impact on school and teacher practices
It is not the aim of the Studyit service currently to provide professional direction for schools or for teachers although this is a service and new direction that Studyit could explore in the future and still keep to its central aims of providing help and support for students working towards New Zealand NCEA qualifications. Its innovative and educative role is to provide personalised and individualised learning for students who may not be able to access this within their schools for a variety of reasons.
While the place for Studyit as a resource for the classroom is limited, there is no doubt a role for teachers to introduce the site, and particularly the forums, to students as a class activity. There is some evidence to suggest this sometimes happens but the main purpose of Studyit is to support students with individual and independent study, not to integrate the site into classroom activities.
Positioning as learning environments by teachers and schools
The key role of schools is to act as a recommender and reminder to students that the resource exists. Listing the resource on the school intranet or learning management system for those students who may stay to complete homework in the information technology or computer lab during lunchtimes and after school, and including information about Studyit and the web address in school newsletters that go home to parents should be widely encouraged.
The senior secondary school is rapidly developing a very different look for many students who are facing a range of teaching and learning options that are muddying the distinctions between schools and some tertiary institutions. Student involvement in Star and Gateway programmes, and the increasing take up of virtual teaching across groups of schools, mean that some schools are beginning to need to include learning and study facilities to support students who have flexible timetables and locations for study. Studyit has an obvious role to play in the context of more flexible senior school teaching and learning landscapes.
It is suggested that other teachers could learn a great deal from the Studyit site even if they only visit and look. Perusing the discussions reveals the kinds of questions that are being asked and just what students are encountering difficulties with.
This is also a programme where teachers could participate. There is nothing to stop other teachers from becoming involved from time to time in the discussions. More specialist expertise available to support students, would be ideal. One mentor suggested the need for including scientists involved in fieldwork. Another mentor suggested the idea that to begin to train student-mentors to help students on the site might be a worthwhile innovation.
Mentor teachers found they gained considerable benefit from their involvement with Studyit. Mentors indicated they enjoyed it when students clarified some knowledge demonstrating they had ‘got it’, getting to know these students with their aliases through their messages, and when students answer each others questions – something that is not seen in classrooms. One teacher mentor said,
This site is a lifeline for many kids in schools where there is a high turnover of staff– particularly teachers coming in from overseas half way through the year and don’t know anything about NCEA. (Mentor teacher interview)
Learning for front line service providers and the partnering organisations
Although the net of potential students that could be included in this site is quite large, involving about three – fifths of the current secondary school population, the site remains used by a relatively small group of committed and active users who are themselves only a small percentage, 14% (Ingrey & Marlow, 2006), of the total number who are registered1. This level of involvement in online text-based forums is not unusual.
Current website design and development, devised with input from student groups, aims for active student involvement in Studyit and is undoubtedly a successful one for the largely high achieving group that are currently involved. This can be clearly observed throughout the site and is highlighted in the earlier findings and analysis section of this report. The original Studyit focus on elements of interactivity, language, tone and design is mentioned in the literature review accompanying this suite of reports (Nielsen Gorman report, 2005 in Coogan, 2006, p35), as important factors that attract teen users who have a greater tendency to target particular sites for particular purposes than do younger children. The centrality of a website’s useful for schoolwork and communication with peers was among a list of attractants for teens that highlighted by the Nielsen Gorman report.
This research team believe that Studyit is one of the most successful online forum sites they have observed in terms of the frequency of interaction and depth of learning evident from contributors and the level of inquiry that is supported by the teacher mentors.
Teacher mentors were aware of the changed pedagogical approaches in Studyit and several mentioned that approaches were completely different from those they used in the classroom. They enjoyed working with students in co-constructing knowledge where they could concentrate on knowledge building rather than issues of management; and support and improve the quality of collaborative thinking for students through both explicit pedagogical processes (that is the way interactions in the forums are structured and encouraged) and through setting tasks for students to try out. Effective teaching could be observed in the forums with examples of reciprocal teaching, cooperation, negotiation, hints, feedback and prompting for questions and elaborations.
Effective teaching through task setting could also be observed with setting instructions, suggestion of domain specific formats of task representation particularly evident in many of the mathematics and physics problem transcripts, re-tailoring tasks so that students can co-perform them in slightly different ways, and modelling of strategies that scaffold student‘s domain knowledge construction, as well as developing understanding and acquiring skills.
This group of student users and teacher mentors are very happy with the service and see enormous value in it. There is clearly a level of customisation and personalisation in Studyit, which for many students, was unavailable in their instruction at school. Users tended to see possible improvement in terms of providing more of the same, for example more detailed notes, faster responses, more subjects covered and other refinements. At one level it would be recommended that new directions would involve a slow and gradual expansion of the Studyit service into a broader range of NCEA subject areas and also possibly a more specialised teacher area that would offer help and assistance to teachers needing to know or check up about NCEA rules and regulations for students but also as first level checking service for NCEA moderation issues and other concerns teachers may have around NCEA. On another level changes to the group size and composition, incentives for involvement and currently successful process and task structures may impact negatively on key success elements such as the support structures, dialogue and interaction and maintenance of the joint problem space. This is a successful but also extremely complex and fragile learning environment.
Currently, the reach of the service, and the breadth of involvement, appears to be limited. Several mentor-teachers commented on the fact that the site ‘was not widely known about’ and ‘needed more promotion’. To what extent Studyit had been previously marketed at the time of data gathering is not clear to this research team but it is recommended that more extensive marketing be considered. Lifting the profile of Studyit for specific target groups such as rural students and teachers, students who may be taking a non offered subject in the school by correspondence, and international students seems appropriate.
The group of students unable to be recognised in this report are those who are registered users and who visit the site to look and learn but who never participate openly. It is recognised that this non-participant group can, as is the case in most online text-based forums, be of significant size and that it cannot be assumed that no less learning is taking place for them than for those who are active. Key feedback ideally needs to be gathered from this group about what it would take to get these interested but non-active students involved. It may be that this group need more of those features which attract teenagers to websites generally especially, personalisation, careful use of visuals and interactivity whereby content is delivered through, for example, games and a greater social element. Any marketing of the service to a potentially larger group that is wider than the group currently engaged in Studyit needs to be carefully considered. It is recognised there is also the possibility that involving this group may be beyond what can be practically resourced. How to actively engage a greater number of users is one that is faced by online learning environments everywhere. | <urn:uuid:215121a7-5f26-46e1-85a3-9b1e433f467f> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ict/23917/27847/7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988962.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00126-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967442 | 1,872 | 2.546875 | 3 |
More than 27 billion gallons of raw sewage and polluted stormwater are dumped into New York City’s waterways each year. This polluted water discharges out of 460 combined sewage overflows (“CSOs”), a system than can be overloaded each time it rains as little as half an inch. Although water quality in New York Harbor and throughout the Hudson River Estuary has improved significantly over the last few decades, many parts of the waterfront and its beaches are still unsafe for recreation after it rains. The main culprit is outmoded sewer systems, which combines sewage from buildings with dirty stormwater from streets.
If you want to know when and where sewage is dumped, contact your State Representatives via this handy form and urge them to pass the Sewage Pollution Right to Know Act.
With only one week left in the legislative session this important bill is waiting for a final agreement between the State Senate and Assembly to get passed. Our representatives need to hear from the public that we want sewage notification passed this session!
You and your family could be swimming, boating, paddling or fishing in sewage and not know it. Urge your State Representatives to pass the Sewage Pollution Right to Know Act and get access to the information you need to make informed decisions about where and when you get in the water.
Learn more about Sewage Pollution and Riverkeeper’s Sewage Right to Know Campaign. | <urn:uuid:aac0772e-5670-40a8-8e62-4b03be35d294> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://nag-brooklyn.org/2012/06/help-pass-the-sewage-right-to-know-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247500089.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221051342-20190221073342-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.951558 | 288 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Network Institute studies the interaction between digital technology and society, or what is often called: the Digital Society.
Digital technology – from social robotics to smart mobile devices, from global social media networks to fluent natural language processing tools, from realistic virtual environments to knowledgeable virtual agents – is rapidly changing, and society is changing with it. At the same time, new societal problems may emerge, and technological solutions are sought for.
Digital technologies and societal processes thus become increasingly entwined. To study how both interact, it is not always sufficient to look at things from a monodisciplinary approach. Instead, we should encourage researchers from different backgrounds to work together and challenge their ideas and working routines. Such challenging interdisciplinary collaborations are exactly what the Network Institute aims to facilitate.
As an example: to build a social robot, social scientists are needed to understand how social cues are mediated, AI-scholars are needed to model the encoding, processing, and decoding of social information, and computational linguists are needed to relate the social cues to language utterings. Without any of these perspectives, social robots will not come to full potential.
With its interdisciplinary focus, its extensive size, and its well-established organization, the Network Institute is uniquely positioned. Within the VU, it is a central player in realizing the VU’s Connected World research agenda. Meanwhile, many VU researchers have benefited from their Network Institute-based collaborations, and the institute has introduced interdisciplinary research work to a generation of young VU scholars. | <urn:uuid:00f62cf8-a1f0-4a6f-9916-020bc3b51729> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://networkinstitute.org/about-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890108.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026002022-20201026032022-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.921362 | 311 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Flexible bollards highlight and reinforce rules of the road
Let’s face it—driving distractions are everywhere. The dangers of outright distracted driving are well-established, but many of us still get over-confident (or just plain stressed) enough to let the small things slide, from glancing at push notifications, to switching playlists or snacking on the go. And that’s not even entering the realm of young families trying to split attention between the road and children in the back seat, often on too-little sleep.
Driver awareness is a huge factor in preventing vehicle collisions. So, short of mass surveillance, how do we help people to pay attention? In this post, we’ll look at how street bollards grab driver attention and get eyes back on the road.
When bollards get hit
Most bollards fall into one of two categories: impact-resistant or non-impact resistant.
Impact resistant bollards serve both as a visual cue and a physical barrier. They are heavy duty, tough posts that can stop a moving vehicle—but only once. Impact-resistant bollards bend or crack under impact, so they need to be replaced after each collision. That said, the sacrifice is well worth it in exchange for protecting vulnerable pedestrian zones from a fast-moving vehicle.
Non-impact resistant bollards, also known as flexible bollards, don’t rely on physical strength to restrict vehicle movement. Instead, they prevent collisions by alerting drivers to off-limits areas and encouraging safe driving habits. If a driver does accidentally bump into one, they will feel gentle resistance instead of a hard stop. Flexible bollards are designed to fold down under pressure, so neither the vehicle or the bollard suffers damage. This is perfect for high-traffic areas with a low speed limit, but not very effective at protecting pedestrians from fast moving out-of-control vehicles. Like most traffic safety measures, it’s all about location.
Distracted driving is a major issue in North America. It accounted for 3,300 deaths and 421,000 injuries in 2012 alone—occurring in both city streets and parking lots. Thankfully, a recent push in enforcement and public awareness is starting to lower those numbers. The next big hurdle is improving site safety.
When it comes to vehicle collisions, the most effective harm-reduction measure is avoidance. Often, clear visual markers are enough to direct safe and appropriate driver behavior. Most people are willing to follow the rules, but getting their attention can be a challenge.
A simple sign that reads “Do Not Enter” or “Authorized Vehicles Only” may be enough to deter drivers from entering a fire lane or service entrance. Signs can be missed, however, and a clear physical cue is more effective. When it comes to ensuring the safest driver behaviors, street bollards—both impact resistant and flexible—offer proximate visual signals that reinforce other traffic management strategies.
Street bollards heighten driver awareness
Street bollards stand at the perfect height to be visible to drivers without obstructing sightlines. When installed along road boundaries, they help drivers perceive distance and space more accurately.
When bollards are installed in a series, along a straight road or around a bend, they create the illusion of speed—or, more specifically, they draw attention to themselves as they zip in and out of your field of vision—which also encourages drivers to slow down.
The color and size of a bollard affects how visible they are for drivers. Bollards with reflective surfaces, or reflective bollards, may be ideal for low-light or night conditions.
Bollards for traffic calming
Street bollards can be used on their own to manage road behavior, but they’re often used as part of a wider traffic calming strategy. Traffic calming is a design approach used to encourage safer, more responsible driving. Implementing traffic calming in busy areas—especially in areas with mixed modes of transportation and/or high numbers of pedestrians—can improve safety and reduce risk of accident. It typically uses a mix of two approaches.
- Physical modifications. These include reducing street/lane widths; installing roundabouts, traffic circles, medians and boulevards; diverting traffic flow; and installing vertical deflections and other surface treatments.
- Visual cues. These include signage and other design elements, such as traffic stripes.
Temporary traffic cones and freestanding stanchions are often used to delineate lanes temporarily, but they aren’t nearly as robust as bollards. Where traffic cones and stanchions are easily knocked over or deformed, flexible bollards—that are designed to withstand repeated impacts—are ideal for maintaining visual barriers for the long term.
Flexible traffic bollards are an ideal non-impact barrier solution. They help guide traffic and clearly delineation lanes, especially around lane narrowings and other enclosed traffic spaces—such as loading areas or commercial access routes—where there is less risk of a heavy collision and low stakes for damage.
Because they can withstand repeat vehicle impacts without losing their shape, flexible bollards are ideal for high-traffic areas where collisions are frequent and expected.
The ability to allow access at a moments notice is especially important for emergency vehicles, which might need to quickly pass a congested point or enter an otherwise restricted area. Emergency vehicles can quickly pass over flexible bollards without any damage to vehicle or bollard.
Reliance Foundry flexible bollards, made from a proprietary plastic composite, have been tested to withstand up to 50 collisions, bending a full 90 degrees, and up to 500 partial impacts flexing to 45 degrees. They are molded with fully permeated dyes, so their color won’t chip or flake away.
Lane delineators are becoming more common in sensitive traffic areas—such as underground tunnels, highway onramps and surrounding bike lanes. Due to the limitations of space and high traffic volume, it’s common for ordinary plastic bollards to get bent or flattened from regular vehicle impacts. Providing a more robust barrier will ensure a much longer performance life and reduced maintenance.
Costs over time
Flexible bollards offer savings over both the short- and long-term. For the short term, they can be much cheaper and easier to install than heavier physical barriers. Over the long term they save on replacement costs, since they don’t need to be replaced after each collision. They’ll also continue looking their best with as little attention as possible.
Design for use
When designing vehicle barriers—whether physical or visual—consider these key factors.
- Physical requirements: Is physical protection a requirement for your building or property? If so, what types of threats are anticipated given the location and surrounding approach environment?
- Aesthetic considerations: When looking at a property and the surrounding environment, what visual expectations are there? High-end, architectural buildings deserve furnishings that do justice to their planning and design. Industrial areas likely don’t have the same expectations. Expectations for commercial and residential environments will depend on the neighborhood or community.
- Risk of impact or physical contact: There are a range of factors that affect the likelihood of vehicle intrusions—including traffic volumes, driver behaviors, vehicle speeds and proximity. If regular impacts are expected, it’s important to consider how these barriers will be maintained or replaced.
- Cost: Whether it’s physical protection, decorative elements or long-term care and maintenance, these factors all add up. A clear budget will help evaluate and prioritize your perimeter requirements.
Factors such as proximity, installation methods and ground surfaces—as well as vehicle type, size and approach speed—will affect the effectiveness of any perimeter barrier. Always be sure to work with a qualified engineer for any bollard installation where physical protection is required.
- Oakes, Charles G. “The Bollard: Non-Crash and Non-Attack-Resistant Models“. National Institute of Building Sciences: Whole Building Design Guide. Updated October 2014. | <urn:uuid:1c3db0dd-8bfe-44f8-b845-8936cbd6ae87> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/flexible-traffic-bollards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.927114 | 1,697 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Flashcards in Vital signs Deck (15)
What do you do first?
Wash your hands
Introduction, identification, informed consent
Blood pressure: what equipment needed?
Before taking a blood pressure, what should you ask patient?
1) In the last 30 minutes have you: Eaten a large meal, had a hot/cold drink, had a hot bath, smoked a cigarette or gotten out of breath?
2) Are you on any blood pressure medication?
3) Are you wearing a hearing aid or have an ear infection?
4) Do you have an AV fistula, had previous surgery to chest and armpit, have any pain, swelling or weakness in either arm?
BP: When placing the cuff on, you should check
Size of cuff
It is in the right position (marker lined up with brachial artery)
Patient is comfy with arm well supported
1) Palpate arterial pulse
2) Inflate cuff until pulse can no longer be felt (systolic BP)
BP: accurate reading
1) Place stethoscope over brachial artery
2) Inflate cuff (20-30mmHg more than the aprox)
3) SLOWLY deflate the cuff
4) Listen for pulse sound. This is systolic BP
5) Continue to deflate cuff
6) Listen for sound disappearing. This is diastolic BP
BP: to complete the procedure you would?
What is the 'tympanic temperature'
The body temperature of a patient, measured with a device inserted into the ear
Tympanic temperature: Before inserting the device into the patients ear you must...
Place a disposable cap on the end (this must be removed at the end)
Measuring pulse: Which artery is normally palpated?
(also, the carotid in some cases)
How would you measure pulse?
0) (wash hands, if not already done so)
1) Palpate radial artery
2) Count the number of pulses in 15 seconds
3) Multiply by 4
Measuring pulse: What other measurement would you make at the same time?
Respiratory rate: How would you measure?
1) While palpating pulse, watch patient
2) Count number of breaths in 15 seconds
3) Multiply by 4 | <urn:uuid:458dbfed-ad85-4284-b861-d481c6a9056a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://blog.brainscape.com/flashcards/vital-signs-6505543/packs/10267943 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990551.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515161657-20210515191657-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.86771 | 498 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Your pets will do some crazy things and you simply don’t know why. Cats will purr, dogs will eat things they aren’t supposed to, they are amazing little creatures. It is extremely important to make sure that your pets do not do anything that could cause those issues with their health. There are a number of human foods that your dog can consume without causing any harm to your pet. However, there are other foods that can cause them to become ill and can even be fatal to them. Let’s take a minute to talk about some of the fascinating our pets do, and eat!
Most people know what is okay for our dogs to consume. Chocolate can be toxic to your dog, as well as fruits such as grapes. However, there are some fruits that are okay for your dog to eat. Bananas are very healthy for humans to eat so can dogs eat bananas? Yes, it is perfectly safe for your dogs to eat bananas. Giving your dog a small part of a banana can add a great deal of potassium and Vitamin C to their diet keeping their kidneys and immune systems strong. The natural sugar in bananas will give your dog an added healthy boost of energy. You can also add some banana to some yogurt or even make your dog some banana mini-muffins. Bananas are loaded with antioxidants with help prevent your pet from cancer and other diseases. So yes, dogs eating bananas is 100% good for them.
Great Danes are considered to be the tallest dog breed in the entire world and are one of the very large dog breeds. They range from 100-200 pounds and can get upwards to 34 inches tall. The Great Dane is a very friendly dog and gets along with most other dogs regardless of breed. They are not aggressive, and even though they are big, they make great pets.
The English Mastiff is a larger dog as far as mass goes, not as far as height. They are usually about 27-30 inches tall but could weigh as much as 220 pounds or more. This breed of dog rarely barks but is extremely protective of his/her family. They are not typically attack dogs but they will defend their loved ones. This dog would also require a food rich with vitamins to keep their hearts and bones healthy.
Our pets can be interesting and extremely important to our lives. They are a part of our families so we should take the best possible care of them as possible. If it were the other way around you know that they would want to take care of us so it is the least we can do! | <urn:uuid:cc50a04f-3b4f-422c-afcb-74162485aa54> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.geekoutnewyork.com/good-dogs-eat-their-greens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607325.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523025728-20170523045728-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.982642 | 523 | 2.59375 | 3 |
There are roughly 16,000 types of fly species in Southern Africa, but the three most common flies affecting pubs, bars, restaurants, and other food establishments are house flies, bluebottles and - the most irritating of all - fruit flies. An unwelcome guest at any bar, the tiny fruit fly can be a nuisance all year round. But how can you prevent fruit flies when warm weather and the abundance of summer fruits and vegetables - and sticky, sugary drinks - provide greater opportunities for them to thrive?
What are fruit flies?
Fruit flies are very small, black and tan coloured insects with red eyes. Adult flies are approximately 3 - 4 mm in size. They have a slow lazy flight and tend to hover, particularly around overripe fruits, hence the name "fruit fly".
Why do fruit flies hang around bars?
Fruit flies feed on overripe fruit and vegetables and are attracted to the fermenting sugars in alcoholic drinks, including spills, the dregs left in the bottom of the glass, and residues in sinks and drains.
From the maraschino cherries, pineapple wedges, and fruit garnishes prepared for exotic cocktails, to beer and cider soaked bar mats and drip trays, bars are a tempting source of food for fruit flies. Fruit flies will take advantage of any fermenting or sugary substance. Surprisingly, there are some non-food items that can attract the attention of fruit flies too, for example, the residues on damp mops, sponges and cleaning cloths, or wastewater in ice wells and sinks.
Why should hospitality businesses prevent fruit flies?
Although these insects are primarily seen as a nuisance pest, they have the potential to cross-contaminate food and drink with bacteria and pathogens (organisms that can cause disease). Fruit flies visit unsanitary locations such as rubbish bins, fermenting fruit, decaying vegetation and drains, from which they can transfer pathogens.
Also, the tiny fruit fly lays its eggs in ripening fruit and sweet fermenting liquids – for example, open liquor and syrup bottles (even with pour spouts) and fruit garnishes. Once hatched the larvae will feed directly on the over-ripened food or sugary liquids.
If you inadvertently consume the fly larvae they can cause discomfort and diarrhoea. Health & Safety inspectors will raise concerns if fruit flies are found infesting areas where food is prepared, processed or served.
What helps prevent a fruit fly infestation?
Fruit flies will breed quickly (up to 500 eggs laid at a time which can fully develop in as little as eight days in conditions around 15 0C), which can lead to a rapid infestation within a very short time period. Getting rid of fruit flies in a hospitality environment, especially a bar area, is challenging, as a single rotten slice of cucumber at the bottom of a bin or a small spillage of mixer syrup under a refrigerator could breed hundreds of fruit flies.
Here are some steps you can take to prevent fruit flies from taking up residence in your bar:
1) Keep your bar area clean:
I know it sounds obvious, but flies are attracted to unhygienic areas. Fruit flies only need a moist film of fermenting organic material in which to breed. Make sure all bar staff know the cleaning regime they must follow, and make sure the cleaning schedule includes regular cleaning of walls, floors, ceilings and windows, as well as bar mats and beer drip trays. It's also important that equipment is routinely cleaned and fridges and freezers are wiped down inside and out. To really prevent fruit flies you need to think beyond the bar as well: tables, chairs and barstools will also need to be wiped down to remove any sticky spillages.
2) Limit access to liquids:
Make sure there is no standing water left overnight by ensuring sinks are drained and wiped dry and ice wells are cleared out. Also make sure that drains are cleaned with sanitizer every evening, as the remnants of juices, mixers and liquors can still attract fruit flies to your drains even if they have been swilled with water.
3) Cover bottles and beer taps:
At the end of every evening ensure syrup and liquor bottles are sealed. If you use pour spouts on your bottles you can buy spout caps or screened top pourers. Otherwise, fruit flies will crawl inside the bottles and lay eggs, and when the larvae hatch they will feed on the liquid. Get bar staff to wipe down beer taps and even soft drinks guns and cover them, so that nothing can drip into trays for fruit flies to feed on and breed in overnight.
4) Dispose of rubbish frequently:
Food waste in rubbish bins needs to be collected and removed frequently so that it does not have time to decompose and fester. Fruit flies are sensitive to the smell of decaying food and will quickly be attracted to the bins and any organic residue lurking at the bottom.
How do you get rid of a fruit fly infestation?
All potential fruit fly breeding sites must be located and eliminated, otherwise, the problem will continue.
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From time to time, we’ll be bringing you reviews about books, films, and exhibits that we think may interest you. This week’s blog is by Jeff Koerber, research associate at the Rodgers Center and adjunct faculty member in the History Department.
During the Holocaust, non-Jews faced a choice: to collaborate with or to resist Nazi rule. Many European gentiles living under German occupation adopted an indirect but still morally compromising course, choosing partial accommodation to Nazi policies rather than total collaboration. Others joined resistance movements only after it was clear that the Allies were winning the war. Jews encountered a far narrower set of options, but some took the difficult path to confront Nazi oppression with armed opposition. Two recently-published books reexamine aspects of resistance and collaboration in light of new research.
In her new book Resistance: Jews and Christians Who Defied the Nazi Terror, Holocaust survivor Nechama Tec, Professor Emerita of Sociology at the University of Connecticut at Stamford, examines the elements necessary for the emergence of effective opposition to German policies of annihilation. Her research confronts an old and controversial question: Why didn’t the Jews fight back? Tec’s previous work has included Dry Tears, her memoir of life as a child in hiding during the war; In the Lion’s Den, an examination of Jewish rescuer Oswald Rufeisen; and Defiance, a study of the Bielski brothers partisan group who rescued over 1,200 Jews in German-occupied Belorussia. (The latter, of course, was made into a feature film in 2008 starring Daniel Craig and Liev Schreiber.) Resistance was never as simple as picking up a gun; social cooperation, leadership, physical environment, and timing were factors more crucial than mere weaponry. As in her previous work, Tec’s scholarship features prominently the eyewitness accounts of survivors.
As the second book listed below demonstrates, collaboration extended beyond the shores of continental Europe. In The Collaboration: Hollywood’s Pact with Hitler, Ben Urwand tells the story of the American film industry’s agreement during the 1930s to avoid producing movies that attacked German leaders or Nazi policies. Aspects of this story have been known for some time. Viewers of the documentary Imaginary Witness: Hollywood and the Holocaust (United States, 2004; Daniel Anker, director) will recall how the film touches on the issue of German influence in Hollywood, despite the fact that many of the studio heads were Jews themselves. What this new book brings forth is the breadth and depth of this collaboration. Among the shocking stories that Dr. Urwand, a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, has uncovered with his research are the regular meetings that Hollywood studio representatives held with the German consul in Los Angeles that cemented the bonds of cooperation. Urwand’s book has received considerable press, and illuminates the need to look beyond the actors and actions that historians have traditionally held as their focus.
Photo: Faye Schulman with two other Jewish resistance fighters in southwestern Belorussia during the war. Courtesy of the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation.
Nechama Tec. Resistance: Jews and Christians Who Defied the Nazi Terror. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Ben Urwand. The Collaboration: Hollywood’s Pact with Hitler. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2013. | <urn:uuid:117b5b90-9708-4fc2-a13a-d4ba05d9d6bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://blogs.chapman.edu/holocaust-education/2013/09/11/collaboration-and-resistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.951567 | 700 | 3.3125 | 3 |
- Our Town
- 2015 Federal Election
Wycliffe rancher losing cattle to grizzlies
In his 63 years ranging cattle at Pine Butte Ranch in Wycliffe, Ray Van Steinburg has never had grizzly bears take down a cow.
That is, until earlier this month, when he and other ranch workers found the carcasses of two cows about 100 feet apart on the 15,000 hectare property. The cows weigh about 1,400 pounds each.
They set up a motion-detected camera at the site of one of the kills and caught amazing footage of not one but two grizzlies approaching the kill, feeding on it, and even wrestling with each other.
Van Steinburg said that while his 800 head of cattle are ranging, he doesn't know how many cows the grizzlies have taken. But he has observed cows who no longer have calves, and calves who no longer have mothers.
Pine Butte Ranch is part of an agreement with the Nature Conservancy of Canada. Van Steinburg, who purchased the property when he returned from World War 2, is a wildlife and conservation enthusiast. Pine Butte is grazed so that native grassland can prosper on the ranch.
In his time on Pine Butte, Van Steinburg has seen the wildlife population grow from zero to what it is today. Last fall, Van Steinburg said there were around 3,700 elk on the property.
But since the grizzly kills, there have been no elk at Pine Butte Ranch, which he thinks is because they have been scared away.
“We need to be doing something about it,” said Van Steinburg. “But just what the answer is, nobody seems to know.”
Earlier this month, two grizzlies spent a week in Kimberley, eating from fruit trees. Conservation officers were forced to euthanize one, and relocated the other up the St. Mary Valley.
Last week, a grizzly bear killed an elk on Kimberley’s Lois Creek Trails. | <urn:uuid:aeec8b2e-3358-4839-a41d-fdaf4f6a5acc> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.dailytownsman.com/breaking_news/225808881.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00129-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963545 | 419 | 2.703125 | 3 |
lithotripter(redirected from lithotripters)
Also found in: Dictionary, Encyclopedia.
lithotripter/litho·trip·ter/ (lith´o-trip″ter) an instrument for crushing calculi in lithotripsy.
A device that pulverizes kidney stones and gallstones by passing shock waves through a water-filled tub in which the patient sits.
lithotripterUrology A device used during cystoscopy to crush and remove bladder, ureteral, and renal stones
lithotripter, lithotriptor (lith'o-trip?ter) [ litho- + Gr. trip(sis), rubbing]
A device for breaking up kidney stones. Synonym: lithotrite
An intracorporeal lithotripter. It is a fluid-filled device that uses electrically generated shock waves next to stones to fragment them.
A lithotripter that fragments stones by applying photothermal energy. An endoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis and is placed alongside the stone. Application of a laser causes the stone to break apart.
percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripter
A lithotripter that uses ultrasound to break up kidney stones and gallstones. The sound waves are applied to the outside of the body and penetrate to the calculi.See: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy | <urn:uuid:4a5cd9ec-c543-44b7-b2b2-2da7522ce066> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lithotripters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118713.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00365-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.776043 | 313 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Routines are things we do over and over, usually in the same order, in the same way, or at the same time of the day. They are the predictable events and habits that we repeatedly do that provide a sense of structure – a foundation for the daily tasks in our lives.
Most families have routines in place, even if they are unspoken. We often have routines around things like bedtime, meal times, or leaving the house in the morning. But sometimes, these routines are not working well, or are actually creating more chaos instead of cultivating calm.
In fact, when I talk to parents about routines, I usually get one of 2 responses:
- Parents tell me that they don’t have or want a routine because they don’t want to get stuck in a rigid schedule.
- Parents tell me that they’ve tried to implement a routine or schedule but no one will stick with it.
Both of these approaches lead to people believing that routines “don’t work” for them and their family. But a successful approach to routines lies somewhere in the middle of these two extremes. It’s about striking a balance between rigidly scheduling in an activity to fill every minute of your day, not planning anything at all, and having no one in your home know what to expect or what’s coming next.
A successful routine creates ease and flow in your day. And a good routine is one that works for your unique family and for the stage of life you’re currently in.
Why is routine important to children?
Routines create predictability and safety for the brain. They give our life a sense of order and predictability which the brain loves! When we repeatedly do the same things in the same order, we are creating pathways in the brain that help it know what to expect. And a brain that knows what to expect, is a calm brain.
Unpredictability is stressful for the brain and the nervous system. Creating predictable routines and rhythms for our children can lower central nervous system reactivity which means fewer meltdowns, tantrums, and big emotional outbursts. Routines can significantly reduce overwhelm – for you and for your kids. They can also be a great opportunity for connection when we embed rituals within them, like a story at bedtime, or a special goodbye kiss at school drop-off.
How to create a successful routine for your family
1) Evaluate your current routines
The first step in creating a successful routine for your family is to think about whether there are areas in your life where you’d like to add more structure. You may have routines already in place around getting ready in the morning, going to bed, meal times or coming home from school. And you may like to add routines and create more structure around things like homework, or cleaning up during the day. This will be entirely personal and unique to your particular family! So what’s currently working, and what needs some tweaking right now?
The second step is to think about all the things you need to do as part of each routine, and prioritise them according to their importance. What absolutely needs to get done as part of your routine? These are the non-negotiables – things you cannot leave the house without doing, or things you cannot go to bed without doing. Then think about what you’d like to get done as part of the routine once all the essentials are completed. This is what you’d like to do if you still have time, so take the pressure off when it comes to these items!
3) Give yourself enough time
The next thing it’s important to do is to think about how much time you have to complete the routine, and how long each step is likely to take. And it’s important that you’re realistic here. Things often take longer than we expect! Once you know how long each step takes, add it all together and see if it all fits in the time you have available! A lot of the time, our routines feel chaotic and stressful when we try to implement them because we try to fit too much into too short a time frame.
So if everything doesn’t fit, consider whether you can increase the amount of time you have available for the routine. If you can’t do that, try to remove some steps of the routine and break it down to just the essentials. If your routine has more than about 7-8 steps, it’s too long. Kids cannot and will not be able to maintain a routine with that many steps, it’s just too much for them to do! This will result in resistance, refusal, meltdowns, and power struggles. The opposite of what we’re trying to achieve with a routine!
4) Manage your expectations
Our expectations of children are often too high. I’ve seen many routines fall apart because parents expect their children to complete tasks on their own that they simply don’t have the skills to do yet. So think about this – can your child actually complete the tasks in the routine – consistently and independently – or will they need some help? Do you need to simplify the steps for your child to better suit their age and stage? Do you need to find ways to support them to complete the steps? And will this add extra time to your routine?
For example, do you need to break any of the steps in the routine down even further? Is “get dressed” a sufficient instruction, or does your child need to know what the steps involved in getting dressed are? And here’s a hot tip – they probably do! Not because they’re not smart or capable, but because they’re little and their brains are still developing. Their executive functioning skills that allow them to plan and initiate tasks, and to be self-motivated, are still under development. So think about whether your child needs further support for some of the steps and how you can do that.
5) Find your anchor points
When it comes to planning out an entire day, I like to talk about rhythms rather than schedules. A rhythm is a pattern of doing things within your family. A flow of events that reflects the natural flow and balance of your lives. Rhythms typically revolve around anchor points or events that occur at around the same time every day, week, month, or year. Your rhythm consists of your usual routines and rituals, as well as other events that need to happen in your household, such as meal times, activities, and chores
The rhythm is not a structured schedule, but instead, is shaped around and aligns with the lifestyle already in place for a family. It helps children know what comes next in their day and allows them to make an easy transition to the next activity or anchor point.
So what are the anchor points in your day? Do you always have lunch at around the same time? Do you drop older children off at school and pick them up at the same time? Is there a swimming or soccer lesson that you always go to on a Thursday morning? These are your anchors. Predictable events that always happen around the same time. When you create a daily rhythm, start with these anchor points and then schedule in other activities and events around those. This will allow both flexibility and flow AND predictability and containment for your child.
6) Schedule in downtime
When creating your daily rhythms, be sure to plan for downtime. A mixture of both BEING and DOING activities is essential throughout the day. For example, if your morning consisted of errands and school drop off and lots of out and about type activities, then you might return home for morning tea and do some quiet activities at home, like craft or reading, before heading out again for the afternoon school run and a play at the park. When we over-schedule children, we create stress and overwhelm. Rest time is essential for everyone.
7) Use visuals
Visual cues are a great way to stay on track with your routines and rhythms and ensure everyone in your family knows what to expect and what is coming next. They are especially useful for very young children, but everyone can benefit from visuals! I like to use a simple chart (with some pictures for younger children) that shows the general flow of the day and includes your anchor points. You can even get your child involved in creating the chart. When children feel a sense of ownership and feel they have been included, they are far more likely to follow along. Give them some power, and they will have no need to fight for it!
8) Review and revise
The final step in creating your routines is to return to them regularly. Routines and rhythms will change, grow and develop as your family does. They need to. If you have a baby or a toddler, then your daily rhythm will look very different to a family with two school-aged children. So it’s important that you periodically come back and review your routines and rhythms. Are they still relevant? Are they still working efficiently? Does everyone have the skills they need to complete them or do you need to teach some new skills? Do you need to adjust your expectations about how long things take or what you’re capable of managing at this current stage of life you’re in?
Most importantly, try to remember that a rhythm is a guide, not a detailed minute-by-minute schedule. When you create your rhythms and routines, the idea is not to plan out every moment of your day, but to map the flow of your day, so everyone knows what to expect. A rhythm should always align with the natural flow of your family life – it fits with you and your family, you don’t force your family to fit into it.
Sarah Conway is a child and adolescent psychologist, mother of 4, and founder of Mindful Little Minds. She has over 15 years of experience working in mental health with children, teenagers, and families. Sarah’s mission is to help parents move away from punitive parenting strategies and towards mindful, intentional parenting that builds emotional intelligence in kids and parents alike. As a busy mum herself, she knows firsthand how difficult mindful parenting can be, particularly when it was never modeled by our own parents. That’s why she provides parents and children with simple, practical strategies and tools that help them learn to manage emotions – together. She believes that changing the way we parent will change the world. | <urn:uuid:86851319-0e4f-44ba-9e9d-c2aaae77de4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.motherduck.com.au/the-power-of-routine-how-to-create-one-that-works-for-your-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.962577 | 2,166 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Heinkel He 111 was one of the primary bombers used by the Germans during the Blitz. The Heinkel 111 first flew in 1936 as an airliner for Lufthansa. However, while the civilian variety was capable of carrying ten passengers throughout Western Europe, a military version was also being developed. By 1937, the military version of the Heinkel 111 could carry 1700 kg of bombs, though later versions could carry over 2000 kg of bombs. As with so many new German planes, the 111 was tested out in the Spanish Civil War.
In the initial stages of the Battle of Britain, Hurricanes and Spitfires found that the 111 was an easy target if they could get amongst a bomber formation. Messerschmitt 109’s and 110’s were meant to give bomber formations protection, but if this shield was broken or if fighters low on fuel had to return to France, then the Heinkel 111 became a very vulnerable target.
During the Blitz on London, the 111 was used as a night bomber to give it some protection against the RAF. After the losses experienced during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, the Heinkel 111 was used for other purposes. It developed more specialised roles such as a torpedo-carrier, a glider tug and a pathfinder. On the Russian front, the 111 was frequently used as a transport plane – especially in the Battle of Stalingrad. When the war ended, the 111 was being used almost exclusively as a transport plane.
More than 7,000 Heinkel He 111’s were built.
Maximum speed: 227 mph (365 km/h) at sea level.
Ceiling: 21,980 feet (6,700 metres)
Range: 1,212 miles (1950 km)
Armament: 5 machine guns/cannon; 1000 kg of bombs.
"Heinkel III". HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Web. | <urn:uuid:f2f6d022-294c-498d-a696-60ede5b85b77> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinkel_iii.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131292683.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172132-00029-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964384 | 395 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Date of this Version
The Distaff Side: Representing the Female in Homer's Odyssey
The Odyssey opens by dramatizing the Olympian negotiations behind its action, and the goddess Athena quickly emerges as the source and sponsor of the plot that follows. All of the gods except Poseidon are gathered in the halls of Zeus listening to his meditations on a story that is already concluded, the story of Agamemnon. Athena tactfully shifts Zeus' attention to the story that is on her mind, the still-unconcluded story of Odysseus. When Zeus allows that it is indeed time for Odys seus to return, she responds with a ready set of plans that constitute the two lines of action occupying the next twelve books of the poem: the adventures of Telemachos, initiated by her own visit to Ithaka in the guise of Mentes, and Odysseus' release from the island of Kalypso, initiated by Hermes sent as a messenger from Zeus (1.80- 95). At the end of that phase of the action, Athena takes an even more direct hand in events, meeting with Odysseus as he reaches the shore of Ithaka in Book 13 and devising with him the plot that will control the second half of the poem.
Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press.
Murnaghan, Sheila. (1995). The Plan of Athena. In Beth Cohen (Ed.), The Distaff Side: Representing the Female in Homer’s Odyssey (pp. 61-80). New York: Oxford University Press.
Date Posted: 09 January 2017 | <urn:uuid:81cc3e8a-23ed-4b1e-91ff-be07e220c14b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/143/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.911519 | 334 | 2.53125 | 3 |
My rating: 5 of 5 stars
View all my book reviews
This book was originally published in the 1930’s and after 49 editions, is still one of the best selling books about writing. It covers all the basics in 95 concise pages, in a book small enough to fit in a pocket. Reviews say things like, “No book in shorter space, with fewer words, will help any writer more than this persistent little volume.” “…should be the daily companion of anyone who writes for a living and, for that matter, anyone who writes at all.”
It has competitors. Consider:
- Garner’s Modern American Usage
- Bernstein’s The Careful Writer
- Jack Hart’s A Writers Coach
…but still, Strunk and White is the most famous, most oft-quoted, most recommended of any. Amazon ranks it #1 in writing skills, #1 in grammar and #9 in reference. It’s the 555th most popular book on the entire site.
Why is that?
Look at the Table of Contents:
- Elementary Rules of Usage, which lists eleven rules–the eleven most relevant to writers
- Elementary Principles of Composition–This includes eleven also, with items like use the active voice, put statements in positive form, omit needless words. Great suggestions. Often, these are the mistakes writers make
- A Few Matters of Form, which includes colloquialisms, headings, hyphens, numbers
- Words and Expressions Commonly Misused--twenty-seven pages of words like aggravate/irritate, among/between, farther/further
- An Approach to Style With a List of Reminders–hints like Do not overwrite, avoid fancy words, don not affect a breezy manner, do not over-explain
Did you notice? Although these were considered important rules in the 1930’s and are the same issues faced by writers today. Maybe that’s why it’s still one of the best-selling, most popular books ever.
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Jacqui Murray is the author of the popular Building a Midshipman, the story of her daughter’s journey from high school to United States Naval Academy. She is webmaster for six blogs, an Amazon Vine Voice book reviewer, a columnist for Examiner.com and TeachHUB, Editorial Review Board member for Journal for Computing Teachers, monthly contributor to Today’s Author and a freelance journalist on tech ed topics. In her free time, she is editor of technology training books for how to integrate technology in education. Currently, she’s editing a techno-thriller that should be out to publishers next summer. | <urn:uuid:e48e286a-e642-4df4-a4a9-0f0dd960fc83> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://worddreams.wordpress.com/2014/01/24/book-review-elements-of-style-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140379.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00254-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93637 | 599 | 2.625 | 3 |
Technology integration can be one of the most challenging topics to find quality research on. The term itself is a broad umbrella for numerous practices that may have little in common with each other. In addition, technology tools change rapidly, and outcomes can vary depending on implementation. Edutopia's tech integration review explores some of the vast body of research out there and helps you navigate useful results.
How does a teacher start to use iPads in the classroom? While Part 1 focuses on the hardware basics, Part 2 focuses on iPad integration in the classroom. Most teachers need to think through a few things about implementation before going full throttle.
It Is Not About the Gadgets - Why Every Tchr Should Have to Integrate Tech Into Their Classroom http://t.co/qgNlIE2T
What Teachers Need to Know for Effective Technology Integration: Teachers' TPACK: http://t.co/dRolYH2O
Click in to find related links. | <urn:uuid:32e2d258-2c83-426a-b842-54020ea0a578> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | https://www.diigo.com/user/danahuff/integration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535745.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00479-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894721 | 198 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Each year, more than 6,500 cases of bladder cancer--nearly 5% of all cases in Europe-- can be attributed to exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. This is one of the conclusions of a large-scale study led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a centre supported by "la Caixa", that analysed for the first time the presence of these chemical compounds in the tap water of 26 European Union countries.
Trihalomethanes are formed as an unintended consequence of water disinfection. Earlier research has found an association between long-term exposure to THMs--whether through ingestion, inhalation or dermal absorption--and increased risk of bladder cancer.
The authors of the new study, published in Environmental Health Perspectives, analysed recent data on trihalomethanes levels in European municipal tap water and estimated the burden of disease for bladder cancer attributable to exposure to these compounds.
"The biggest challenge was collecting representative data on national trihalomethanes levels for all EU countries", explained Cristina Villanueva, the ISGlobal researcher who coordinated the study. "We hope that these data will become more readily available in the future."
The researchers sent questionnaires to bodies responsible for municipal water quality requesting information on the concentration of total and individual trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) at the tap, in the distribution network and at water treatment plants. Complementary data was obtained from other sources ¬(open data online, reports, scientific literature, etc.).
Trihalomethanes data for 2005 to 2018 were obtained for 26 European Union countries--all except Bulgaria and Romania, where less information was available--covering 75% of the population.
The findings revealed considerable differences between countries. The average level of trihalomethanes in drinking water in all countries was well below the maximum permissible limit in the EU--11.7 μg/L versus 100 μg/L-- but the maximum reported concentrations did exceed the limit in nine countries (Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom).
Lead author Iro Evlampidou described the study as being "of particular interest to countries with high average levels of trihalomethanes concentrations recorded in tap water."
Association with Bladder Cancer
The number of attributable bladder cancer cases was estimated through a statistical calculation linking average levels of trihalomethanes with the international information available of bladder cancer incidence rates for each country.
In total, the researchers estimated that 6,561 bladder cancer cases per year are attributable to trihalomethanes exposure in the European Union. Considerable differences were found between countries. Spain and the United Kingdom had the largest number of attributable cases of bladder cancer--1,482 and 1,356, respectively--due in part to the high incidence of bladder cancer and their large population.
The countries with the highest percentage of bladder cancer cases attributable to THM exposure were Cyprus (23%), Malta (17%), Ireland (17%), Spain (11%) and Greece (10%). At the opposite extreme, there were Denmark (0%), Netherlands (0.1%), Germany (0.2%), Austria (0.4%) and Lithuania (0.4%).
"Over the past 20 years, major efforts have been made to reduce trihalomethanes levels in several countries of the European Union, including Spain", commented ISGlobal researcher Manolis Kogevinas. "However, the current levels in certain countries could still lead to considerable bladder cancer burden, which could be prevented by optimising water treatment, disinfection and distribution practices and other measures."
The authors of the study recommended that efforts to reduce trihalomethanes levels should focus on countries with the highest average levels. If the 13 countries with the highest averages were to reduce their THM levels to the EU average, the researchers estimate that 2,868 annual attributable bladder cancer cases--44% of the total-- could potentially be avoided.
Iro Evlampidou, Laia Font-Ribera, David Rojas-Rueda, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Nathalie Costet, Neil Pearce, Paolo Vineis, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Francis Delloye, Konstantinos C. Makris, Euripides G. Stephanou, Sophia Kargaki, Frantisek Kozisek, Torben Sigsgaard, Birgitte Hansen, Jörg Schullehner, Ramon Nahkur, Catherine Galey, Christian Zwiener, Marta Vargha, Elena Righi, Gabriella Aggazzotti, Gunda Kalnina, Regina Grazuleviciene, Kinga Polanska, Dasa Gubkova, Katarina Bitenc, Emma H. Goslan, Manolis Kogevinas, Cristina M. Villanueva. Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer Burden in the European Union. Environmental Health Perspectives, January 2020. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4495.
Environmental Health Perspectives | <urn:uuid:bfe7cc6f-fc04-473e-8b4e-8d0659ab6d30> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/833366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.899867 | 1,099 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings
The raising of children, their role in society, and the degree to which family and community is structured around them, varies quite significantly around the world. The Anthropology of Childhood provides the first comprehensive review of the literature on children from a distinctly anthropological perspective. Bringing together key evidence from cultural anthropology, history, and primate studies, it argues that our common understandings about children are narrowly culture-bound. Whereas the dominant society views children as precious, innocent and preternaturally cute ‘cherubs’, Lancy introduces the reader to societies where children are viewed as unwanted, inconvenient ‘changelings’, or as desired but pragmatically commoditized ‘chattel’. Looking in particular at family structure and reproduction, profiles of children’s caretakers, their treatment at different ages, their play, work, schooling, and transition to adulthood, this volume provides a rich, interesting, and original portrait of children in past and contemporary cultures. Jargon free, politically balanced, this is a must-read for anyone interested in childhood.
Cambridge University Press
Children, Cross-cultural studies, Kind, Kulturvergleich, Sozialanthropologie
Lancy, David. The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings. New York: Cambridge, 2008. | <urn:uuid:eb9ac313-0de5-4870-9fe1-ebb0dcfbb56c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usufaculty_monographs/15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00521-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874529 | 289 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Welcome to our site! Electro Tech is an online community (with over 170,000 members) who enjoy talking about and building electronic circuits, projects and gadgets. To participate you need to register. Registration is free. Click here to register now.
T4 is turned on by R9 (although that might be a bit marginal as it relies on a very good gain on T4)
The microphone signal is amplified by T1 and T2.
When there is a big enough signal on the collector of T2, the voltage comes down, causing the other end of C3 to come down as well. That turns off T4.
The collector of T4 goes up, turning on the Triac, and T3.
T3 holds the left end of C3 low, holding T4 off until current through R9 has brought the voltage at the right end of C3 up to 0.7 V, where T4 turns on, the Triac turns off, T3 turns off and the circuit goes back to how it was.
It should take several minutes for C3 to be charged though R9.
Apart from C3 being the wrong way round, a BC548B has a gain of 220 to 475 (Data sheet here) so the 11 μA through R9 will only be amplified to about 2 - 5 mA, so the voltage on the collector of T4 won't ever come down enough to turn off the Triac or T3. You should probably use two transistors instead of T4 to improve the gain.
When T3 turns on, C3 will take the base voltage of T4 very negative, past the base-emitter breakdown voltage. While that probably doesn't do any harm, half the capacitors charge will be lost quickly, so the capacitor has to be larger than it would otherwise be.
It is a horrible circuit.
At rest, transistors T1 and T2 are cutoff since they are not biased enough to work as an amplifier.
A very loud sound will turn on T1 which causes its output to go low which cuts off T2 even more than it was so its output does nothing.
good day driver300..can i ask some follow up qeustion?
what do you mean that c3 is in the wrong way around?
does it value is small enough? i tried it but in not exaclty 2mins that the bulb
will turn on. You mean half of the charge of c3 will go directly to the ground?
why is it sir that T3 is put up that manner? is it because when it saturates even if you introduce
a new ac signal like clap it will not add up to the time that the bulb will light??
thank you for you answers and reponse sir.. i appreciate it a lot. GODBLESS
C3 is shown as a polarised capacitor, probably an electrolytic capacitor. The +ve end of it should never be at a lower voltage than the negative end.
In the circuit, the base of T4 can never be higher than 0.7 V, because the emitter is connected to ground. So the right hand side of C3 is always below 0.7 V. The left hand side of C3 is at 12 V when T2 and T3 are turned off. That means that the voltage between the two is 11.3 V, with the left hand side at a higher voltage. That is likely to damage C3.
T3 is there to hold the light on until C3 discharges. If you don't have T3, the light would come on when there is noise, but would immediately go back off again when the noise finished.
If you put a diode, such as a 1N4148, in series with the base of T4, with the cathode connected to the base of T4, and the anode connected to C3 and R9, you will get a longer time. The diode will prevent base-emitter breakdown in T4.
You cannot get accurate times with a capacitor - resistor circuit like this. If you want 2 minutes, a circuit like this might give between 1.5 minutes and 2.5 minutes.
thank you for the answers diver.
so t3 is there to hold the bulb at stage until c3 is
finished discharging? right? i have a question.
where does the Ib of t4 came from? where in infact 1M is connected
to its base junction? its a large resistance for a currnt to pass through. does c3. helps in producing it?
in DC analysis all transistors are off .right? now in AC , the ac signal saturates it and c3 discharges and t4 is saturated as well as t3?right? if i will change the value of R9 and make it lower than 1M , where c3 is charge. does it make the time of charging short? and is it enough the current in r9 can produce Ib to saturate t4?
thanks for your response...
The 1M base resistor for transistor T4 has 9.4V across it so its current is 9.4uA. A BC548 transistor could have a current gain as low as 110 or as high as 800 so its collector current is 1mA to 7.5mA. | <urn:uuid:befd5952-59a4-4204-89e0-7f71cd9f6fdb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/night-alert.125298/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038887646.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419142428-20210419172428-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.96323 | 1,110 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We ask a lot of primary schools: to teach kids about themselves and their communities, to prepare them to read and write, and to instill the right values in our youngest citizens. On top of that, schools are increasingly asked to take responsibility for the other stuff, like making sure kids are sleeping well and eating enough. In the second episode of our ongoing series, Degrees of Separation, we look at how primary schools are meeting these demands to reduce inequality, as well as the subtle ways they may be reinforcing it.
This is part two of a six-part series. To view all episodes in the series, click here.
With: Nell Duke (University of Michigan)
Early literacy can predict all kinds of life outcomes, from long-term health to likelihood of jail time. Nell Duke says that literacy achievement is lowest among our poorest kids.
With: Sam Klein (Arlington Public Schools)
For non-native English speakers, early learning in this country is particularly difficult. We talk to Arlington Public School’s Sam Klein about what educating for integration looks like in one of the most diverse school districts in the country.
With: Jason Downer (University of Virginia)
Jason Downer has discovered that African-American boys may be singled out for extra discipline as early as pre-Kindergarten.
With: Bree Picower (Montclair State University)
We speak to Bree Picower about “whiteness” in the classroom and what educators can do to bring justice back into their schools.
With: Amy Ellen Schwartz (Maxwell School, Syracuse University)
Amy Ellen Schwartz talks about all the “other stuff” that affects kids’ educational outcomes. | <urn:uuid:e4e256b4-2b42-4426-a2fd-c86f698c0051> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.withgoodreasonradio.org/episode/degrees-of-separation-primary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116005339-20191116033339-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.959529 | 352 | 2.640625 | 3 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: character.|
Character could mean:
- Character (persona), a social role
- Fictional character, a character who exists in fiction.
- Non-fictional character, usage of a real person in a fictional context
- Moral character
- Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
- Character structure, personal traits
- Letter, a symbol used to write a language
- Chinese character, a written language symbol
- Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
- Character (mathematics)
In accounting and mathematics:
- Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA
- Character (1997 film)
- Character (album), by Dark Tranquillity
- Characters (album), by Stevie Wonder
- Character Options, a toy company
- The Characters, a book by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus
|This disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles.
If a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page. | <urn:uuid:89419a78-649a-421c-9031-af453fcab3c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542714.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00376-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854116 | 247 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Microbial Life in Extremely Hot Environments: General Collection
Thermocrinus, a filamentous prokaryote that occurs in the same habitats as Thermus. This image has been selected from 'Seen and Unseen, Discovering the Microbes of Yellowstone' by Kathy Sheehan, David Patterson, Brett Leigh Dicks and Joan Henson, provided courtesy of the microscope website.
- The Microbial World: Thermophilic microorganisms: This site features information on the temperature ranges of microorganisms, the microbiology of hot springs and geothermal vents, and the microbiology of composts
- Thermophiles: This website contains chapter four of the Yellowstone Resources and Issues Handbook 2004 entitled "Thermophiles." This is a useful guide to the microbial thermophilic life of Yellowstone National Park...(more info)
- Some Like It Hot: NASA Astrobiologist Jack Farmer is featured in this web article that focuses on microrganisms found in Yellowstone hot springs and ocean floor hydrothermal vents...(more info)
- Life at High Temperatures: This personal website of Thomas Brock gives an overview of Yellowstone National Park's geothermal features and the various forms of life existing in these extreme environments...(more info)
- New research challenges prevailing theory of microbial diversity (more info) : In this web article, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley sampled the microbe Sulfolobus islandicus from acidic hot springs across the world to study microbe diversity...(more info)
Other Thermophile Collections
Advanced Collection: Compiled for professionals and advanced learners, this collection includes resources such as journal articles, academic reviews, and surveys.
For Educators: This collection includes activities, assignments, and reading materials created specifically for educators.
For additional resources about Thermophiles, search the Microbial Life collection. | <urn:uuid:37dcd35e-0b36-4083-a258-bbe6f70c945f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/extreme/extremeheat/general_collection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983019893.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201019-00143-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823354 | 383 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The birds that helped inspire the theory of evolution could go extinct in just decades, scientists have warned. Researchers say Darwin's finches could be wiped out by parasitic flies that arrived on the islands in the 1960s in as little as 50 years.
Darwin's finches were important to the theory of natural selection, having diversified into new species around three to five million years ago. They are one of the best examples of speciation, with Darwin observing how different Galapagos finch species had varying beak and body sizes. There are up to 18 species of finches now living on the island.
However, the arrival of the parasitic nest fly Philornis downsi could signal the end of the species. The flies were first documented in bird nests in 1997 and damage the health of the birds by causing reproduction problems. It lays its eggs in bird nests, which hatch into parasitic larvae and feast on the blood and flesh of developing nestlings. It has caused significant mortality among Darwin's finch nestlings.
Scientists from the University of Utah have now carried out mathematical simulations to show the fate of the birds over the coming years. The findings, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, reveal that even the most abundant species – the medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) – are not safe.
Using five years' worth of data, they documented how flies damaged reproduction. They found that finches were more likely to breed successfully and survive during years when there is quite high rainfall. In years were there is either extreme rainfall or dryness, survival rates fall.
They did three simulations – one weighing towards more bad years for finch survival, one equally weighed and a third where conditions were in their favour. They included nine variables, such as the probability of nests being infested and to what extent the proportion of adult finches survives each year.
In the bad scenario, finches went extinct in 50 years. In equal weighting, they were lost in 80 years and in the good situation they did not go extinct. "In two of the three scenarios tested, our model predicted that medium ground finch populations on the island of Santa Cruz were declining and at risk of extinction within the next century," they concluded.
However, they also noted the research only included female finches and may have underestimated extinction risk by ignoring other factors, such as the female's ability to find a mate when populations fall.
All is not lost though. The team said pest control efforts could help to save the species. A 40% reduction in fly infestation in nests would extend time of extinction by 60 years – meaning even in the worst scenario they would not be gone for at least 100 years.
"[The study] is not all doom and gloom. Our mathematical model also shows that a modest reduction in the prevalence of the fly - through human intervention and management - would alleviate the extinction risk," said Dale Clayton, senior author of the study.
"[It is also possible] there will be a rapid evolutionary response by the birds, and their immune systems would rapidly develop the ability to combat the fly. That happens in other animals. The question is, will these finches have enough time to develop effective defences before they are driven to extinction by the fly? It's an arms race." | <urn:uuid:63b3c022-8232-4a5d-8251-bc17d25e2b25> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/darwins-finches-face-extinction-within-decades-because-parasitic-flies-galapagos-islands-1533832 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320736.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626115614-20170626135614-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.97562 | 667 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The Black Count Book Review
By Kam Williams
"The original Alexandre Dumas was born in 1762... in the French sugar colony of Saint-Domingue. [His] life is so extraordinary on so many levels that it's easy to forget that it was led by a black man, in a world of whites, at the end of the 18th Century. His mother... was a slave, and he himself was sold into bondage... by his own father, an aristocrat...
[As] the son of a marquis and a slave, [he] had the unique perspective of being from the highest and lowest ranks of society at once... [He] made it to France and... on the eve of the French Revolution... began a meteoric rise through the ranks of the new revolutionary army.
[His] story brilliantly illuminates the first true age of emancipation: a single decade during which the French Revolution not only sought to end slavery and discrimination based on skin color but also broke down the ghetto walls and offered Jews full civil and political rights."
- Excerpted from the Prologue (pgs. 7-12)
When anyone mentions Alexandre Dumas, they're ordinarily talking about the author of such memorable novels as The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. What almost nobody knows is that the great writer shared his name with a father who was perhaps more famous in his day, a decorated military hero who led an army of over 50,000 soldiers during the French Revolution.
Thus, it is no surprise that the exploits of the elder Dumas might serve as the inspiration for much of his son's work, especially the aforementioned classics, as well as the lesser-known Georges. That thinly-veiled biography of his dad revolves around a young man of mixed race from a French sugar colony who makes his way to Paris where he becomes a celebrated swordsman.
Unfortunately, the real-life Alex, Sr. fell from grace and became lost in obscurity because of ideological differences with a fellow general, Napoleon Bonaparte. For, Dumas had considered theirs a people's struggle for worldwide liberation, while his power-hungry comrade was ostensibly more interested in world domination.
In addition, the statuesque Alexandre was blessed with height and a magnificent physique that left the diminutive Napoleon feeling more than a little threatened. This eventuated in the latter's having his competitor ignominiously tossed into a dungeon, ala the protagonist of The Count of Monte Cristo.
Napoleon also made sure to have Dumas erased from the history books, a disservice belatedly undone thanks to the efforts of Tom Reiss, author of The Black Count. Reiss devoted a half-dozen years to painstaking research to the project, unearthing a cornucopia of astonishing information from dusty archives en route to penning a revealing and compelling page-turner about an unsung icon that time somehow forgot.
Vive la Dumas!
To order a copy of The Black Count, visit: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030738246X/ref%3dnosim/thslfofire-20
The Black Count:
Glory, Revolution, Betrayal and the Real Count of Monte Cristo
by Tom Reiss
The Crown Publishing Group
Kam Williams is a syndicated film and book critic who writes for 100+ publications. He is a member of the New York Film Critics Online, the African-American Film Critics Association, and the NAACP Image Awards Nominating Committee. Contact him through NewsBlaze. Read more reviews by Kam Williams.
Related Book Publishing News | <urn:uuid:5d94c502-8ab1-4dc4-ab2a-9ce0dba96422> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://newsblaze.com/story/20120913083451kamw.nb/topstory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165302.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00195-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962032 | 756 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is Accessibility Compliance?
As was mentioned in the previous discussion on code compliance, there is some substantial overlap between code and accessibility compliance. However, the one distinction is that code compliance is more geared toward coding a webpage in a way that it will be functional for all methods of viewing it, and accessibility deals more with ensuring that it is easily comprehensible by all people viewing it.
The common association with accessibilty standards is that these are for viewers with disabilities. That is not wholly accurate, but it is part of what they are for. Overall, you want to create your site in a way that you do not alienate your visitors due to either technical or physical limitations. For technical limitation, think of how your website would be viewed by someone using an alternative method of accessing the Internet (such as a small cell phone or PDA display, or even an in-vehicle dash display). For physical limitations, you should keep in mind that millions of people accessing the Internet are disabled in some way. An easy comparison is that your business would not be considered respectable if you didn’t allow for handicap access ramps, or other accomodations for those with limitations, so why would you consider doing that with your online business presentation.
These standards are, most certainly, considered something that is not only proper etiquette for a website to use, but also extremely good for business. However, U.S. government websites are now required to make their websites accessible, and anyone who plans to work as a web developer in any sector or sub-sector of the U.S. government should make certain they understand how to make a site accessible.
The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) which is a large subgroup of the W3C. When you are dealing with creating a webpage(site) that follows the standards set by the WAI, you will be following the Web Content Accessbility Guidelines (WCAG). The current standards set for WCAG is version 1.0 and contains 14 general principles of accessible web design. Keep in mind that these are just categories, and there are many elements within each.
14 General Principles of for WCAG 1.0
- Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content. (ex: using alternative text for images that don’t display)
- Don’t rely on color alone. (making sure that there is proper color use, and that the site is still understandable if it was all black & white)
- Use markup and style sheets and do so properly. (this goes along with code compliance & separating design from code)
- Clarify natural language usage. (indicating the site language in code, and explaining any abbreviations)
- Create tables that transform gracefully. (use tables for tabular data mostly, and make sure to lable your tables using headers and footers to describe what they are)
- Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully. (make sure that your page still is understandable without all the frills – like scripts and flash)
- Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes. (anything that is active on your page – like scrolling or blinking or sound – should be able to be turned off by the user)
- Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user interfaces. (again, making sure your site layout follows guidelines)
- Design for device-independence. (take into account that users may be using various methods to access your site, and provide alternate ways to get to information – like shortcuts and links)
- Use interim solutions. (Don’t wait, start changing your site now.)
- Use W3C technologies and guidelines. (Be sure to use the current coding standards.)
- Provide context and orientation information. (ex: Clearly lable your page and data sections – especially if you use frames.)
- Provide clear navigation mechanisms. (ex: Use a consistent navigation layout for your whole site – not putting the links on the left on one page, then the right on the next.)
- Ensure that documents are clear and simple. (Keep your information relavant, and use language that is understandable by your readers.)
Now, as I said above, there are subaspects to each, and those will be addressed in a later article. However, if you want to jump ahead you can take a look at the full page explanation of the WCAG 1.0 list of 14 needed aspects.
The 3 Priority Levels & Conformance
Each of the 14 guidelines has checkpoints within it. For instance, let me give you an example of one of the checkpoints for the first guideline.
Guideline 1. Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content.
Checkpoint 1.1. Provide a text equivalent for every non-text element (e.g., via “alt”, “longdesc”, or in element content). This includes: images, graphical representations of text (including symbols), image map regions, animations (e.g., animated GIFs), applets and programmatic objects, ascii art, frames, scripts, images used as list bullets, spacers, graphical buttons, sounds (played with or without user interaction), stand-alone audio files, audio tracks of video, and video.
Priority Level: 1
Each checkpoint is assigned a specific priority. There are 3 levels of priorities possible for each checkpoint.
- Priority 1 : A Web content developer must satisfy this checkpoint. Otherwise, one or more groups will find it impossible to access information in the document. Satisfying this checkpoint is a basic requirement for some groups to be able to use Web documents.
- Priority 2: A Web content developer should satisfy this checkpoint. Otherwise, one or more groups will find it difficult to access information in the document. Satisfying this checkpoint will remove significant barriers to accessing Web documents.
- Priority 3: A Web content developer may address this checkpoint. Otherwise, one or more groups will find it somewhat difficult to access information in the document. Satisfying this checkpoint will improve access to Web documents.
Now, based on whether or not you followed each of the checkpoints for the 14 guidelines, and which priorities you completed, your website may lay claim to a certain level of conformance. If you’ve seen websites with a little button that says ‘AA’ or ‘AAA’ then you will understand where that comes from in the following list.
- Conformance Level “A”: All Priority 1 checkpoints are satisfied.
- Conformance Level “AA”: All Priority 1 and 2 checkpoints are satisfied.
- Conformance Level “AAA”: all Priority 1, 2, and 3 checkpoints are satisfied.
So, overall, you want to aim for following the conformance to the highest level that you can. Aiming for ‘A’ is a minimum. You want to always aim for the ‘Triple-A’ ranking. | <urn:uuid:cc5190c8-107e-426d-adf1-b61636afa60c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://blog.websitestyle.com/index.php/2005/09/29/accessibility-compliance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515311.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212075935-20171212095935-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.915669 | 1,431 | 3.125 | 3 |
Idea[edit | edit source]
The game Poppit is an example html5, free, google application that is a game. The game's goal is to pop balloons, win prizes and score points. The goal is to write software that can play the game better than a person. "Better" is defined as not using the pushpin, or the weight. Can use UNDO. Here the goal is to count the number of ballons left. The ideal score is zero. The goal is not to replicate, record or maximize the poppit score. The goal is to play the game and figure out strategies (pop all horizontal balloon pairs in the top row first) and chunk them (Chunking is an artificial intellengence term), write functions to detect them in screen shots and then start combining the chunks in various ways. Don't think you need to know how to use the program in order to be part of this project. | <urn:uuid:deaf6fee-0fd6-42f4-b3cc-1b5a03756259> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Engineering_Projects/Poppit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488249738.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620144819-20210620174819-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.942291 | 194 | 2.609375 | 3 |
• The late Venezuelan president was a good politician, but a poor leader
Hugo Chavez, the late President of Venezuela was as much a centre of controversy as he was a bundle of contradictions. As the best-known of the leftist leaders from South America who attained international prominence around the turn of the century, his words and actions were aimed at demonstrating his professed love for the ordinary person and his hatred of oppression, injustice and inequity.
Coming to power at a time when his country was riding the crest of an oil boom, Chavez embarked on a system of reforms that was breathtaking in their scope and ambition. He instituted price controls, flooded the country with massive imports of food, set up health-care facilities offering free treatment, and virtually nationalised the oil industry. These measures won him the adoration of the poor, and resulted in repeated electoral victories.
His domestic politics were characterised by attempts to entrench his Bolivarian Revolution, and involved comprehensive political reforms such as the abolition of term limits for elected officials, radical political restructuring and squeezing out opposition groups. His main strategy was to leverage his enormous personal charm and almost-inexhaustible energy: he hosted talk shows which ran for several hours on a daily basis, and travelled all over the country to exhort, encourage and educate his compatriots.
He brought a similarly radical vigour to the practice of international relations. Dispensing with diplomatese, he regularly subjected countries like the United States to verbal abuse, often using crude epithets to refer to those he disagreed with. He strongly identified with Cuba which supplied his administration with doctors, engineers and other trained personnel in return for oil. Chavez also sought to facilitate South American integration as a bulwark against the U.S. by establishing the Union of South American Nations, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Bank of the South, and the regional television network, TeleSur.
There can be no doubt that Chavez was sincerely committed to improving the quality of life of the poorest Venezuelans. His social policies were clearly designed to make the majority of citizens better-fed, healthier and well-educated. His Communal Councils and workers’ co-operatives were intended to spread decision-making to more people, and his nationalisation and land reform programmes were aimed at ensuring that more of the country’s wealth was kept within its borders for the benefits of its people.
However, all this came at a heavy price. Chavez made the fundamental error of personalising national authority. Rather than build genuinely credible institutions, he concentrated too much power in his own hands, by-passing constitutional procedures when they did not suit him. Much of the revenues obtained from oil exports were spent without parliamentary oversight; media organisations hostile to him were hounded out of business; government resources were used to prosecute elections, thereby putting the opposition at a great disadvantage.
The clearest demonstration of the extent to which Chavez had personalised power can be seen in his illness. Even though he was gravely ill and had courageously publicised his medical condition, such was his unwillingness to leave office that several constitutional provisions were manipulated in order to give him time to recover. It was only after his death that the Vice-President was able to assume real authority.
Hugo Chavez epitomised the contradictions inherent in the South American tradition of the caudillo, the powerful, charismatic, authoritarian leader: he used his considerable abilities for the betterment of his people, but he did this at the expense of their long-term development. By weakening democratic institutions in his haste to deepen reform, he made the country overly dependent on him. Now that he is no more, Venezuela will struggle to rebuild a culture of accountability and competence independent of its late leader, no matter how well-intentioned and powerful he may have been. | <urn:uuid:4296b1b1-9c43-4412-aa9e-738800d0b0e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://thenationonlineng.net/adios-hugo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187206.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00484-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987154 | 778 | 3.046875 | 3 |
NASA launched the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) on Wednesday to observe the secrets of the hidden universe including black holes and other “exotic objects”. The telescopic array was carried by a Pegasus XL rocket which dropped from an Orbital Science Corporation “Stargazer” aircraft and launched successfully into space.
NuSTAR is unique in that it uses the high energy X-Ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum to capture images of the Universe. In the artist rendering, pictured above, you will notice that there is a very long mast stretching out from the main craft. This mast separates the optics from the focal plane. The reason for this is to help with focus. The visible light that we use in our everyday cameras doesn’t need much distance between the lens and the focal point. However, these X-rays require greater distance to get the proper focus.
According to NASA.GOV website, the NusSTAR mission will accomplish the following:
- Take a census of collapsed stars and black holes of different sizes by surveying regions surrounding the center of own Milky Way Galaxy and performing deep observations of the extragalactic sky;
- Map recently-synthesized material in young supernova remnants to understand how stars explode and how elements are created; and
- Understand what powers relativistic jets of particles from the most extreme active galaxies hosting supermassive black holes.
For more information about NuSTAR, visit its mission site at http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html. | <urn:uuid:0261273f-62b7-4bd8-a87f-aa95cc8f5dbd> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://techie-buzz.com/science/nasa-launches-nustar-mission.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155942.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919063526-20180919083526-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.880861 | 325 | 3.453125 | 3 |
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Stackable Unified Module Interconnect Technology (SUMIT) has garnered a ground breaking technology in the form of a new interconnect standard which makes it applicable in the medical, aerospace and military applications. The designers have come up with a single connector or double connector system due to the pressing need of both SUMIT A and SUMIT B connectors. This paper discusses the functioning of this technology. SUMIT A and SUMIT B connectors can be used on the board either singly or separately. With 52 pin high density connectors, both the connectors have high and low buses and are capable of running in several volts. If the expansion or the add-on board has space for only one connector, then one can connect it to another processor or expansion board. The signals on both connectors are routed through stacks of cards on relative placement. It is possible to make use of two small connectors instead of one large one. This not only increases the I/O bandwidth in the smallest space confines but accelerates the performance factor too. The connectors have high frequency signals with unique characteristics. SUMIT A is capable of standing alone and supporting several buses. Space efficient factor has made it possible to incorporate it into today's processors. They also work with PC /104 ISA devices though on a different location on the same board. The SUMIT interface can be used with boards of reasonable size; there is no specific board form factor.
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- Size: 1948.5 KB | <urn:uuid:d3368da6-45b3-47ae-9c4d-e4e280df20c0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/high-performance-embedded-applications-the-sumit-standard/?cname=components | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835488.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00280-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928921 | 301 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Read some interesting facts about the Pyrenean desman and the Russian desman.
The desman is a mammal from the family of Talpidae. It is a European mammal related to moles. It is found as two different species varying in location, appearance, and other characteristics. The Russian desman, scientifically called Desmana moschata and the Pyrenean desman, belonging to the genus of Galemys.
It is a brown-colored mole with specialized scent-glands, a snout, webbed feet with fringed hairs, and a long tail. It inhabits freshwater, mountainous rivers, and its banks. It is an endemic species as it is found and recorded in a particular range of locations.
Russian desman is tagged as the largest and heaviest among the family of moles.
If the uniqueness of the desman makes you interested to read more about similar species, you can read about mole and field vole.
What do they prey on?
Water invertebrates like crustaceans, plants, fish, and amphibians
What do they eat?
Average litter size?
How much do they weigh?
1.2-7.76 oz (35-220 g)
How long are they?
4.3-8.2 in (11-21 cm)
How tall are they?
What do they look like?
Hair and fur
What are their main threats?
Humans, habitat loss, natural calamities, and extreme weather
What is their conservation status?
Where you'll find them
Freshwaters like rivers, ponds, and lakes
Desmana and Galemys
Desman Interesting Facts
What type of animal is a desman?
A desman is a type of mammal, a mole. There are two kinds: the Russian desman, scientifically called Desmana moschata, and the Pyrenean desman, scientifically called Galemys pyrenaicus.
What class of animal does a desman belong to?
A desman belongs to the Eurasian mole family of Talpidae.
How many desmans are there in the world?
According to the survey done in the '70s, there were around 70,000 species recorded which reduced to 35,000 in 2014. There is no record stating the exact number of desmans around the world. These are some of the rarest species of moles and are now one of the threatened species.
Where does a desman live?
Desmans are found around the European continent. Different species of the genera Desmana and Galemys are found in different places around the globe. The Desmana moschata inhabits the rivers and their banks in and around Russia, and the Pyrenean desman inhabits mountainous rivers and banks in Spain, Portugal, French Pyrenees, and Andorra.
What is a desman's habitat?
A desman, which is a semi-aquatic mammal, is recorded to live in and around freshwater. Its natural habitat mainly revolves around aquatic bodies like rivers and their banks, lakes, and ponds.
Who do desmans live with?
Desmans are found to live in groups under a den, burrow, or hole. They are found in groups of two to eight species at a time.
How long does a desman live?
A desman is documented to have a life span of around three to four years.
How do they reproduce?
There is a lack of information and studies in regard to desman's biological characteristics. Desmans are said to have the ability to reproduce twice annually. Litters of around one to five are documented.
What is their conservation status?
The desmans are one of the most threatened species due to their natural habitat loss, pollution, and other natural calamities. They are labeled as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A Pyrenean desman is speculated to be Endangered considering its vulnerable habitat and regression in population.
Desman Fun Facts
What do desmans look like?
Desmans, of the family of moles, are found in two different genera: the Russian desman, and the Pyrenean desman. Both have variance in their appearance and features. Some common features noticed between both are a snout, webbed paws, and naked tailed. They are found in different shades of brown and are adaptable to various colors. Mostly, they are found in the taupe, meaning mole. A desman has tiny eyes and no external ears. The huge hind feet are webbed to the edge with fringed hairs. Pyrenean desman is found with a dark-brownish color body except for the nose and its tail, while its nose is covered in black and facial hairs, the nose is naked. On the other hand, a Russian desman is covered in reddish-brown fur with a gray-colored belly. It has an elongated and flexible body.
How cute are they?
Desmans are not found to be cute or attractive to many as they are scary and weird-looking species. With an elongated taupe-colored body, a snout, and a naked tail, desmans are unattractive and ugly.
How do they communicate?
Desmans are predicted to create noises useful in echolocation to communicate with each other. Slapping the surface of the water, washing, scratching with hind feet, biting out of nails and furs are some of the actions speculating communication between the species. There are also speculations that these are done to comfort itself by grooming and supporting the heat-insulating properties of its fur.
How big is a desman?
Desmans are found to be of considerable size under the family of moles within the range of 4.3-8.2 in (11-21 cm) of length. One of the Russian desman facts is that it is known to be the largest of moles.
How fast can a desman run?
Desmans are said to be quite good swimmers in aquatic bodies but slow-moving species when on land. The nocturnal Pyrenean desman is known to be a fast swimmer, primarily with its hind legs and feet. But neither of them can move faster than the naked mole-rat.
How much does a desman weigh?
The desman is studied to weigh around 1.2-7.8 oz (35-220 g). The Russian desman is said to weigh heavier than the Pyrenean desman as the Pyrenean weighs around 1.2-2.82 oz (35-80 g), while the Russian weighs around 3.52–7.76 oz (100-220 g). The marsupial mole is said to be heavier than the desman in accordance with its length and is much smaller than the desman found in Russia.
What are their male and female names of the species?
There are no different names assigned to species on the basis of their sex. There are two different genera under the species of desman and the scientific names are known as Desmana moschata and Galemys pyrenaicus.
What would you call a baby desman?
A young or baby desman is not specified with any different name other than the parent species. In layman terms, you can call it a young desman.
What do they eat?
Diet and feeding habits of a desman also vary on the basis of location it is found. A Russian desman eats aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, tiny amphibians, crustaceans, and other insects. It also feeds on plant species nourishing on the lands of ponds, lakes, banks of rivers. While Pyrenean are carnivores or insectivores and feed on aquatic insect nymph and larva, crustaceans, and also fish found in or around the range of their habitat.
Are they dangerous?
There are no documentaries related to desmans stating that they are a kind of dangerous species. They do not harm any human or big mammals, rather are dangerous to tiny amphibians, fish, and insects as they are a part of their diets. A desman does not even harm the environment.
Would they make a good pet?
A desman, with its appearance, doesn't really attract you to pet them. Since they are harmless, they can be petted but they are not an ideal pet, unlike mice, which are great.
Did you know...
A desman is nocturnal in nature since they are mostly sighted during the day and rarely during the nighttime. It also moves around a lot in order to probe the bottom and bank of water bodies in search of food and also due to the varying water levels of the local water bodies.
Desmans rarely dig their burrows but are found seeking shelter in burrows of water rats, rock crevices, caves, and dens. Also, the territories of desman are protected and defended with the scent produced by desmans utilizing the specialized scent-glands.
A desman dies in a short span of time of around five to ten minutes of being trapped in a net or web trap.
Different types of desman
There are basically two species of desman: Russian and Pyrenean desman. While a Russian desman is heavier than a Pyrenean, it is slow-moving than a Pyrenean, since the Pyrenean is said to be a fast swimmer. There are various differences and similarities in their appearances. The tail of a Russian desman is flattened horizontally unlike a Pyrenean. They are mostly differentiated on the basis of the location they are found in.
Is the desman endemic?
Yes, since a desman is found within a particular range of locations. A Russian desman is found in and around Russia, while Pyrenean are found around the mountainous regions of the Iberian Peninsula.
At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents.
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We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content. | <urn:uuid:10a18ed5-5ad4-4f25-bda1-d626dab19b5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://redirect1.kidadl.com/animal-facts/desman-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301670.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120005715-20220120035715-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.960295 | 2,575 | 3.40625 | 3 |
NASA's scientists have determined a fungus that carries an entire ecosystem inside; moreover, two new categories of microbial lifestyles have been observed inside the fungus.
In the nearly lifeless basin of the Norris geysers on the territory of the Yellowstone country wide Park, the fungi of the Pisolithus arhizus species are domestic to microorganism which could "devour" many poisonous materials and bring energy on the equal time. An article approximately the discovery changed into posted within the magazine Microbiology Open. The fungus pisolitus dye is frequently determined inside the woodland, but, because it became out, is likewise common in an area wherein neither bushes nor even most microbes can survive.
Scientists have discovered that bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms live internal them: they all have interaction in a closed gadget, with some areas containing no oxygen in any respect, and in others its awareness is 4 instances higher than inside the surroundings. Among the range of microbes, two new classes have been determined. These bacterial divisions (in biology, a department is a category degree under a Kingdom and above a class in rank, ed.) are so new, the researchers say, that they do now not yet have names, and they could "deliver new information of the arena of microbes.
"The query of in which and the way those fungi and microbes in them get power for life stays a mystery. The authors believe that bacteria observed inner Pisolithus arhizus can absorb factors like arsenic. Decoding their genome has shown that there are not the handiest genes for developing mechanisms for producing strength from hydrocarbons, however also for absorbing a wide variety of toxins (gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, and other things that pollute the soil and groundwater).So these microbes may be the important thing to treating wastewater and toxic materials, researchers believe, and simultaneously generating electricity.
"What we found internal this mushroom encouraged our issues approximately the ability of organisms to continue to exist on other worlds," NASA employees pressured.
I have been trading Forex for more than 5 years, mostly with manual and automatic trading. I set up advisors for round-the-clock automated trading. I'm sure I can help to establish your trading skills.... | <urn:uuid:ec0f10a4-bb4b-4c68-87c9-8457d5e6eee0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://signal-means-profits.com/science/new-type-of-life-found-inside-unusual-mushrooms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.939884 | 474 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Census Bureau just released its estimates of population change between 2014 and 2015 in all 3,142 US counties and county equivalents. In addition to looking at overall population change, the Bureau included estimates of the different components of change.
The biggest factor in most counties' population changes from year to year is domestic migration, or people moving from one US county to another. Most counties in the Northeast and Midwest had more Americans moving out than moving in, while parts of the South and West saw a net increase from domestic migration.
Here's every county's net domestic migration between July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2015. Red indicates a net loss, and blue indicates a net gain:
The ten counties with 2014 populations of at least 5,000 with the biggest net domestic migration increases as a percentage of their 2014 populations were concentrated in states like North Dakota and Texas. Although the oil boom has turned into a bust, many Americans were drawn to the shale fields of these areas through about the end of 2014:
While the biggest losers were more scattered around, but were mostly in the South: | <urn:uuid:7ccd39ff-d628-4b1b-af3f-7707486189ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.businessinsider.com/census-bureau-county-domestic-migration-map-2016-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.979905 | 219 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Ecocenter of Research in Permaculture, Bioconstruction and Sustainability Raiz4, dedicated to the preservation and study of nature, clean energy and all its ecologically viable methods.
Everything we develop in Raiz4 has as main objective to create sustainability without causing any kind of negative ecological footprint that damages the abundance that Mother Nature puts at our disposal. Here we put into practice the learning of ancient people, we create new ideas and, above all, we study their effectiveness.
It is possible to do better for the planet and for ourselves, and if so, we want to do it!
Permaculture has three ethics that are based on the observation of ecology and its sustainable way of interaction and production as well as the behavior and life of traditional populations with Mother Nature, always working for her benefit. The ones who practice permaculture have the main function of creating soil and water storage, which are the main support of life.
1- Protect the soil
The Earth is a living entity that breathes. Without proper and sustainable care, there will be far-reaching consequences to much painful to be ignored. We must use the soil in a sustainable and non-abusive and unreasonable way.
2- Caring for people
People's needs must be satisfied in a compassionate and simple way so that the environmental sector that is involved around them thrives and continues for future generations.
3- Share surpluses
When a tree bears fruit or we harvest a crop, it usually produces much more than what we can eat. For this reason, it makes sense to share the excedent so that everyone can benefit from what the earth and the planet gives us.
Bioconstruction is the term used in constructions where ecological concern is present from its conception to its occupation.
At its origin, the bio-constructions use materials that do not harm the environment around them, and if possible, recycle local materials, taking advantage of waste and minimizing the use of raw materials removed from the environment. The entire project is focused on maximizing the resources available with the minimum environmental impact.
The treatment and reuse of waste material, rainwater storage, use of renewable and non-polluting energy sources, maximum use of natural lighting over artificial lighting are examples of concerns in the conception of this project.
Bioconstruction is not limited to the construction itself, since it can include materials to create furniture and biological agents to provide housing conditions (such as green roofs). The lifestyle proposed by the architecture in the different surroundings, generally uses the resources available in the field.
Sustainability can also be defined as the ability of humans to interact with the world, preserving the environment to not compromise the natural resources of future generations. The concept of sustainability is complex because it meets a set of interdependent variables, but we can say that it must have the hability to integrate social, energy, economic and environmental issues.
It’s fundamental to respect the human being, so that he can respect nature. And from the human point of view, he is the most important part of the environment.
Without energy the economy does not develop and if the economy does not develop, the living conditions of the populations deteriorate.
With a decayed environment, human beings shorten their lifetime, the economy does not develop and the future is unbearable.
For a human enterprise to be considered sustainable, it must be: | <urn:uuid:555c55c3-b152-4d41-b05b-a0ee1094a480> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://raiz4.eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.928368 | 733 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Course Description: Psychological skills for performers. Topics include audition preparation, conquering stage fright, preventing overuse injury, attention control, creativity. Skills applicable to any performance situation.
Students completing this course will be able to:
1. Have the skills to manage anxiety through the implementation of relaxation training.
2. Use mental visualization to enhance their performance and their performance preparation.
3. Use the 5 stages of the performance process to support future performance.
4. Create an optimal performance mindset.
5. Approach a performance with confidence.
6. Break through what is limiting their self expression.
7. Step up, risk and enjoy performing. | <urn:uuid:b79bcd13-bb99-4368-817b-0b4a69e3663c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://guides.lib.byu.edu/performance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806615.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122160645-20171122180645-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.887501 | 132 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Political ideology or belief in the gradual evolution of a democratic socialism within existing political structures. The earliest was the German Sozialdemokratische Partei (SPD) 1891 (today one of the two main German parties), which had been created 1875 by the amalgamation of other groups including August Bebel's earlier German Social Democratic Workers' Party, founded 1869. Parties along the lines of the German model were founded in the last two decades of the 19th century in a number of countries, including Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, and Russia. The British Labour Party is in the social democratic tradition.
The belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means.
Oblik vladavine koji se osniva na društvenoj jednakosti i ravnopravnosti. | <urn:uuid:46b5ccb2-ea16-4123-bd25-a4b5be902fd3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://onlinerecnik.com/recnik/engleski/srpski/social%20democracy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.937649 | 179 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sustainable nutrition, or: Who eats strawberries in winter?
We all eat several times a day. How, where and what we eat has a major influence on our well-being and our health. At the same time the way our food is produced, where we buy it, the ingredients it contains and the quantity in which it is consumed has a variety of impacts on society and the environment.
The principles of sustainable nutrition are extremely relevant for the climate, as studies show that, along with the categories of “housing” and “mobility”, the food sector is the source of the most environmental impacts arising from personal consumption. The focus of nutrition ecology is on the entire production chain: from farming, through the supermarkets right to the kitchen.
Growing, processing, transporting and storing food, together with the preparation of meals and the disposal of waste, accounts for around 15 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions arising from personal consumption. If other environmental impacts are also included, such as the contamination of soil and water by nitrate discharge or the decline in biodiversity caused by the use of pesticides and by monoculture, then the contribution of nutrition to the total environmental impact of personal consumption rises to over 25 per cent.
Advice and services: Eat sustainably and protect the climate
On the basis of its socio-ecological research, the Oeko-Institut advises government bodies, businesses, local authorities and associations on how to achieve sustainable consumption in the food sector. Consumers can also get advice on how to plan healthier, more sustainable meals.
In addition, the Oeko-Institut produces life cycle analyses of food products and product portfolios and evaluates and monitors new technologies, such as aquaculture. As well as the impacts on humans and animals, the climate and the environment, the social dimension also plays a part.
Is good food really expensive?
In the context of the donation-funded project “Is good food really expensive?” the Oeko-Institut looked at the internal and external costs generated by different types of diets and the effect on the greenhouse gas balance. The results show that switching from the average German diet to healthy organic food with less meat and more fruit and vegetables only costs around 80 euros a year more than shopping in an ordinary supermarket.
Infographic: How much does healthy sustainable food cost?
The lifestyle considered sensible by the German Nutrition Society (DGE) also has significant impacts on the climate. The study reveals that, compared with the average meat-heavy diet, the diet recommended by the DGE generates 12 per cent less greenhouse gases, a vegetarian diet 26 per cent less and a vegan diet as much as 37 per cent less greenhouse gas emissions.
Infographic: Less meat is good for the climate
As part of the project the Oeko-Institut has also produced the cookbook “Nachhaltig kochen!” (Sustainable cooking), to help with the first steps towards sustainable nutrition. It summarises the results of the studies in the project and uses recipes from well-known chefs and cooks to show that meals with less or no meat, and with seasonal and local ingredients, are healthy, satisfying and delicious. Unfortunately the cookbook is currently out of print.
More organic food in public institutions
The catering market in canteens and refectories offers huge potential for sales of organic food, yet organic meals are still almost impossible to find in public institutions or in schools and day nurseries. The Oeko-Institut’s practical handbook “Mehr Bio in Kommunen” (More organic food in local authorities) offers local authorities guidance on how to promote organic food in day nurseries, schools, hospitals and other local authority institutions.
Researchers at the Oeko-Institut, together with the consultancy firm a’verdis, were commissioned to produce the handbook by the Bio-Städte-Netzwerk (organic cities network). It contains advice on how local authorities can formulate their tenders to attract bids for contracts from community caterers who include organic products in their range. It also shows how, owing to the current legal situation at EU and national level, organic quality can be made a specific requirement in the procurement of food for public institutions.
Aquaculture – sustainable fish farming
Fish is healthy and delicious, but overfishing of the seas and coasts is a global problem. It also often involves long transport routes. Fish farming can provide a sustainable alternative, especially if it is practised with the greatest respect for the environment. Researchers at the Oeko-Institut are conducting a variety of projects to find out what form sustainable aquaculture should take. They are analysing the conditions needed and making recommendations for action with regard to policy.
The key message is that on one hand, traditional aquaculture should be nurtured, and on the other, sustainable closed recirculating systems should be expanded. In doing this, it is essential to consider water and energy consumption as well as environmentally sustainable feed. In general fish consumption per head in Germany should be reduced from around fourteen kilogrammes per year at present to around ten kilogrammes. Even then, however, demand will not be met from domestic production.
To better assess the environmental sustainability of German aquaculture, the Oeko-Institut has also developed the simulation model “AMOUNT” (Aquakultur Monitoring Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit – Aquaculture Monitoring Environment and Sustainability). This uses statistical data to calculate the current resource consumption of German aquaculture production and can estimate future developments in the sector, fish production in various sub-sectors and the associated levels of future resource consumption.
Oeko-Institut study: “Politik für eine Nachhaltige Aquakultur 2050” (Policy for Sustainable Aquaculture 2050) and AMOUNT model (Aquakultur Monitoring Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit – Aquaculture Monitoring Environment and Sustainability)
Summing up: Where is action needed now?
The Oeko-Institut’s findings leave no doubt that, in view of the intense pressures on the environment and the social impacts associated with food consumption, there is an urgent need for society to move towards sustainable food consumption. This move involves changes at various levels.
To produce food sustainably, agricultural production processes must be made kinder to the environment, fair trade relations with foreign producers need to be established and the amount of fuel and energy used in the processing, storage and transportation of food must be reduced, together with the amount of waste along the entire food chain.
Last but by no means least, however, it is our responsibility as consumers to change the very way we eat. We need to cut our consumption of meat and dairy products, eat more fruit, vegetables and nuts, and plan our meals on the basis of seasonal availability. That will not only help the environment but also – as the German Nutrition Society DGE stresses – improve our health.
Current Oeko-Institut project: Trafo 3.0 – Gestaltungsmodell für sozialökologische Transformationsprozesse in der Praxis: Entwicklung und Erprobung in drei Anwendungsfeldern (Trafo 3.0 – Developing a model for socio-ecological transformation processes in practice: development and testing in three fields of application) | <urn:uuid:930dad5d-8e9b-457a-9c06-09666c73d494> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.oeko.de/en/research-consultancy/issues/consumption-and-enterprises/sustainable-nutrition-or-who-eats-strawberries-in-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318243.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823083811-20190823105811-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.924334 | 1,568 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 48/April 1896/Acclimatization II
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS IN THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; LECTURER IN ANTHROPO-GEOGRAPHY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK.
WHAT is the first effect of a tropical climate upon the human body and its functions? The respiration becomes more rapid for a time, although it soon tends toward the normal; the pulse beats more quickly; the appetite is stimulated; and a surexcitation of the kidneys and the sexual organs ensues; the individual as a rule becomes thinner; the liver tends to increase in size, which is perhaps the cause of a certain sallowness of skin; and in females menstruation is often disturbed, the age of puberty being sooner reached. A very important change, which has not perhaps been fully investigated as yet, is a temporary rise of temperature, which often lasts for some time after the individual leaves the tropics. Sir Humphry Davy was the first to note, on a voyage to Ceylon, that the temperature of travelers tended to rise in this wayand Dr. Guegnen confirms his conclusions, although he shows that the rise is less than had been supposed. Dr. Maurel concludes that it varies from 0·3 to 0·5. Observations on Europeans between Khartoum and the equator showed that for those who had been there less than two years the average was 99·5°, or nearly a degree above the normal. Those who had been there longer than four years exhibited a lower temperature of 99·1°, still a half degree over the average in Europe.
It is not impossible that these delicate variations of temperature may bear some relation to the racial pathological predispositions which we have noted, as well as to the liability of the newcomer in the tropics to contract fevers and other zymotic diseases from which the natives and the fully acclimated whites are immune. Darwin indirectly hinted at such a solution many years ago, and suggested at the same time a study of the relation of the complexion to immunity from fevers. But no one appears to have followed it up.The recent development of the science of hydrotherapeutics certainly points to this conclusion. Several observers have already noted a permanent difference in the normal mouth temperature of the different races. Glogner has shown that the temperature of the Malay is slightly lower than that of Europeans, the brown skin radiating heat more freely. The Mongolian race more nearly approaches the European than does the negro, whose norm is considerably lower. Dr. Felkin gives observations to show that the average mouth temperature of six hundred negroes between the equator and 10° north latitude was 97·8° F., the European normal being 98·6°. Higher than either were the Soudanese, whose average was 99°. In the European coming to the tropics, therefore, the temporary rise of body temperature increases still more the difference between his own and the indigenous normal in most cases. It has, indeed, been suggested that this is the cause of malarial fever in the tropics, but the matter has never been fully investigated, especially in its relation to other zymotic diseases.
Among animals the connection between minute variations of body temperature and the liability to contract diseases due to micro-organisms is well established. A fowl, whose normal temperature is considerably above that of the horse, the dog, or the rabbit, is immune from splenic fever, to which these other animals are liable; and yet Pasteur, by reducing its blood heat to their level, by immersing its legs in cold water, was able successfully to inoculate it with the anthrax bacillus. And other fowls were cured of the fever so contracted by artificially raising their temperature to a point at which the bacillus could no longer thrive. For the same reason tuberculosis does not flourish in frogs or other cold-blooded animals, unless their blood temperature is sufficiently raised to permit of its germination. It is too early to assert that the same law will apply to the "traumatic" diseases of the tropics; but one point is certain, that newcomers in those regions are particularly liable to zymotic diseases during that period when their temperature is most above the native normal; and that immunity from attack, or at least a more benign form of the disorder, often comes with that fall in temperature which is perhaps the surest sign of true acclimatization. Finally, it will be noted that even when this temperature falls once more to the European normal, it is still higher than that of the natives. And if there were any truth in this theory, the perfect accommodation to the environment which the natives of the tropics enjoy, would be attained only when the normal temperature of the European had been reduced to their level. But the persistence of physiological ethnic traits is a well-known fact; the Hindu to-day, despite his long sojourn in the tropics, has a temperature merely reduced to his own racial normal—to reduce it still further to the level of the negro would require ages of time.
Acclimatization in this physiological sense, of a gradual approach and approximation to the normal type of the natives, must of necessity be an exceedingly slow process, involving many generations of men. Yet in every respect except of temperature it appears that the first effects of a sojourn in the tropics is to induce symptoms which point toward the peculiarities of the native type. Thus the increase in the size of the liver indicates the operation of those causes which have finally made the negro's liver normally larger than that of the European. The only present difficulty is that an unusual strain is suddenly put upon the various organs in this process of gradual adaptation which is often too severe; as, for example, the high mortality among Europeans from derangement of the liver, such as hepatitis, bilious fever, abscesses, and the like, which indicates that some physiological change has taken place which has entailed an excessive demand upon the activities of this organ. Similarly the extreme liability of the negro to disases of the lungs in the temperate zone may be due to his lack of physiological accommodation to those circumstances which have in hundreds of generations produced the European type. To expect that man can in a single generation compass the ends which Nature takes an age to perform is the height of folly. The exact nature of the physiological processes induced by the tropics is, however, so imperfectly known that we must in general rely upon concrete experience for our further conclusions.
Results of Hygiene.—Hygiene and sanitation have accomplished wonderful results in assisting the individual to withstand those immediate effects of climatic change which, as we have said, are so often fatal. The yearly loss at one time in India was eighty for each regiment of one thousand men. In 1856 it had been reduced to sixty-nine; from 1870 to 1879 it ranged about sixty-two; and in 1888 the annual loss was only fifty, including deaths and invaliding. The loss in Cochin-China per regiment was one hundred and fifteen in 1861; the actual deaths have now been reduced to twenty-two, although a much higher figure would be needed to include invaliding. The terrific annual loss of one hundred and forty-eight per thousand in Senegal from 1832 to 1837 is now reduced to about seventy-three. In this last case, however, one hundred and fifty per thousand are returned for sickness every year. A large proportion of these would undoubtedly die if not removed immediately. One may indeed be hopeful from such results that, with further advance in the science of prevention, these figures may be yet further reduced. The system of vacations, of strict regulation of diet, the avoidance of excessive fatigue and exposure, and especially of all forms of agricultural labor, and the extension of the hill-station system, will do much in this respect; so that it is conceded by most candid observers that, with few exceptions, such as Cochin-China and the coast of Africa, robust individuals by great care stand a fair chance of good health in the tropics. Nevertheless, this should never be allowed to conceal the real fact that the English to-day are no nearer true acclimatization in India than they were in 1840. To tolerate a climate is one thing, to become independent of it is quite a different matter. The securing of a permanent footing in the tropics depends upon factors of a totally different nature.
Fertility.—Passing now from the consideration of the individual to that of the race, the keynote of the matter rests in the much-controverted question of the influence of change of climate upon fertility. For, however well the individual may be enabled, by artificial means or otherwise, to exist, the race will never accommodate itself permanently unless the birth-rate exceeds the death-rate. Here we must first carefully eliminate the effects of ethnic crosses with natives of the tropics; for a fatal mistake of many observers has been the neglect to distinguish the possible sterility induced by intermixtures of race from that caused by a change of climate and of life conditions; or statements of one have been accepted by tyros as equivalent to the other. It has been confidently asserted for so many years that sterility of the white race ensues after three generations in the tropics that it has become a household word in anthropology.
The result of comparative study of the lower forms of life is suggestive in this connection. With plants and animals a sudden change of habitat will often produce a temporary sterility, which disappears only after a series of chance variations. The chrysanthemum remained infertile for sixty years after its introduction into France from China, so that continued importation of the seed was necessary. Finally, in 1852 a few plants developed seeds; and from these others were raised, until to-day the species is self-sustaining in Europe. A similar experience with corn at Sierra Leone, with the goose at Bogotá, and European poultry in America, is instanced by De Quatrefages. His rather optimistic argument with regard to the future of acclimatization is based, indeed, upon the study of animals and plants, rather than of man. He reasons by analogy that if fertility becomes re-established by spontaneous variation in this sphere, it may be likewise affirmed to be true for man, thus giving countenance to the view that climatic changes do indeed produce infertility.
Despite the authorities who hold on general principles that sterility in man follows—or at least that it ought to follow—a sudden change of climate, direct proof for it is very hard to find. Broca has indeed affirmed that the Mamelukes in Egypt became infertile for that reason; but in his case, as in all others, no attempt is made to eliminate a number of other factors. Jousset declares, on the contrary, that no direct effect upon fecundity can be traced to climate. Dr. Fritsche concedes that, although sterility may result, there is as yet no direct evidence to prove it. The difficulty, it will be observed, is to eliminate the effects of crossing with the natives, or else of marriage with newly arrived immigrants. A physician of twenty-seven years' experience in the Dutch Indies has never known a European family to keep its blood unmixed in this way for the necessary period of three generations. Only one example of pure isolation is known, in the island of Kisser, and sterility there is by no means certain.
sterility from climate as a single cause in this part of the world, then, can neither be affirmed nor denied, from utter lack of evidence.
On the contrary, a number of examples of continued fertility might be given. Brace affirms the Jews to be fertile even in Cochin-China, and Joest says that Europeans in Africa often bear children. The Spanish women in Guayaquil, on the authority of Dr. Spruce, in a climate where the temperature is seldom below 83° F., and in the complete absence of intermarriage with the natives, are the finest along the coast; and the white population is exceedingly prolific The experience of Algeria, so far at least as heat is concerned, seems to bear out the same conclusion, the birth-rate being higher even than in France. De Quatrefages, despite his inference of a temporary infertility, certainly takes a hopeful view for the other French colonies. Some remarkable examples of fecundity, indeed, are not lacking. Some years ago, an English woman, never out of India, not even taking a vacation in the hills, died at the age of ninety-seven, leaving eighteen children. Tilt, however, denies that the English in general can ever become acclimated there. Sterility, of course, while most important, is not the only element in the acclimatization of the race. Even if we could affirm that sterility did not result, the perpetuation of a people in the tropics would not necessarily follow; for the mother may seldom survive childbirth, as in the East Indies and on the Zambesi, or the children may seldom survive, the age of six being often a critical period. But these facts have no connection with sterility or the reverse, although they may produce the same negative result in the end. The final word upon this subject awaits more carefully sifted evidence than any we now possess.
Comparative Aptitudes of European Nations.—The future political destiny of Africa is not unlikely to be dominated by a remarkable fact—namely, the severe handicap against which the Teutonic stock, and especially the Anglo-Saxon branch, struggles in the attempt permanently to colonize the tropics. And this is peculiarly unfortunate, since these are the very peoples who find population pressing most severely upon the soil at home. The Latin nations, of course, are the ones who lay most stress upon this comparative disability of their rivals; but in justice to the French, it must be added that they have generally recognized that the Spaniards and Italians possess as great an advantage over them as they in turn do over the Germans. The experience of Algeria affords a good illustration of this point. The year 1854 marks the first excess of births over deaths in this colony; and the following table shows the relative disabilities of the Europeans for 1855-'56:
|Births pro mille.||Deaths pro mille.|
Dr. Ricoux gives the following death rates per thousand for children under one year: Spaniards, 180; Maltese, 178; Italians, 194; French, 225·2; and Germans, 273. This disability of the Germans is confessed by all their most able and candid authorities. All writers, even in France, acknowledge that the Mediterranean natives possess a peculiar aptitude in this respect. Moreover, the French nation is further divided against itself. That the Provençals—the offshoots of the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan stock—succeed better than the people of the Paris basin in the tropics is generally conceded; and the bulk of French emigration to-day comes from the Rhone Valley, Corsica, and Provence. This makes the fact still more curious that these same Provençals endured the hardships of Napoleon's Moscow campaign far better than their comrades from Normandy and Champagne. Can it, indeed, be due to an admixture of Semitic blood, as Wallace suggests?
This disability of the Anglo-Saxon stock does not seem to indicate any less vitality, but rather the reverse. The Crimean War apparently showed that the English possessed a peculiar advantage over the French in their ability to recover speedily from severe wounds. In fact, the mortality after capital operations in English hospitals is only about half that among the French. We have already observed that primitive peoples, while showing a relative immunity from septic disorders, still remain peculiarly sensitive to all changes of climate. And the case of the Anglo-Saxon stock is analogous to it in this respect, having a higher recuperative power conjoined to disability in becoming acclimatized. This is undoubtedly in part due to national habits, but it also appears to be rooted in race. In peopling the new lands of the earth, therefore, we observe a curious complication; for it is precisely those people who need the colonies most, and who are bending all their political energies to that end, who labor under the severest disabilities. A popular opinion is abroad that Africa is to be dominated by the English and German nations. If there be any virtue in prediction, it would rather appear that their activities will be less successful as soon as the pioneering stage gives way to the necessity for actual colonists, who with their families are to live, labor, and propagate in the new lands.
Summarizing the views of authorities upon this subject, the almost universal opinion seems to be that true colonization in the tropics by the white race is impossible. The only writers who express themselves favorably are Crawford, whose hopes for India have certainly not been fulfilled; Armand and Rattray, Dr. Livingstone and Bishop Hannington, and the physicians assembled at the Medical Congress at Berlin in 1890, with the Society for the Advancement of Medical Science in the Dutch Indian Settlements. All these authorities may now be classed as antiquated, except the last, and moreover the first one represents that nation which is notoriously unsuccessful in acclimatization. The opinion of the Dutch physicians who have been fairly successful may be met by as good testimony from their own number on the opposite side.
Authorities in favor of the view that complete acclimatization of Europeans in the tropics is impossible might be multiplied indefinitely. Among the earlier writers of this opinion are Knox, Prichard, Dr. Hunt, and Sir Ranald Martin. The best German authority concedes it, including Virchow, Fritsche, Joest, Fischer, with Buchner and Hirsch. The French, who have studied it more scientifically than any other nation, hold to this opinion with no exception. Jousset declares that recruiting stations never effect a permanent recovery, the only remedy being to leave the tropics altogether. This opinion is also shared by many of the Dutch, who dissent from the favorable views of their countrymen already quoted. The English writers of this opinion include Ravenstein, Sir William Moore, and Tilt. Dr. Felkin alone holds to a slightly more favorable view of colonization in Africa, although he qualifies it by requiring an unlimited amount of time; and he finds comfort in the thought that Central Africa is no worse than India. He finally concedes, however, that in this latter colony the hill districts are the only ones where the English can remain in health. For some years the hopes for Africa as a field for colonization were based upon the altitude of the inland plateau. But expert opinion on this seems to show that, with the sole exception of Matabeleland, the country is impossible for European colonists. And even Mr. Stanley declares that cautious pioneering is all that can be expected for the future in the Congo basin—that colonization was never anticipated at all. In the face of such testimony there can be but one conclusion: to urge the emigration of women, children, or of any save those in the most robust health to the tropics may not be to murder in the first degree, but it should be classed, to put it mildly, as incitement to it.
It must not be understood that by this is meant that the white man can not live in the tropics. Hygienic precautions and great care can often render a prolonged sojourn in these regions perfectly harmless. But, as Mr. Wallace observes, the Englishman who can spend a summer in Rome in safety only by sleeping in a tower and by never venturing forth at night, can not be truly said to be acclimated. A colony can never approximate even to the civilization of Europe until it can abolish or assimilate the native servile population; and yet, one of the many things which are expressly forbidden to all colonists in the tropics is agricultural labor. It would be a waste of energy to give citations to prove this, for every work on acclimatization insists upon the necessity of this precaution. Let it be understood, then, that a colonial policy in the tropics means a permanent servile native population, which is manifestly inconsistent with political independence, or with any approach to republican institutions.
Such being our conclusions from a comparison of authorities, what shall we say about the broader question of original racial acclimatization? And what policy, if any, should be modeled upon the theories with regard to the way in which this undisputed operation once took place—for, as we have said, the substantial unity of the human race followed by extensive migrations is an accepted fact. Even in the absence of direct proof, to deny it would be to neglect all the evidence for the same phenomenon among plants and animals so ably set forth by Wallace, Agassiz, Drude, and other writers. Fortunately, however, the researches of ethnologists to-day are continually bringing new evidence to show that such widespread migration has indeed taken place. Two radically different policies are advocated by the adherents of one or the other of the two opposing factions in biological theory. For accommodation to climatic conditions may take place either by variation and natural selection or by habitual adaptation transmitted by inheritance. Weissmann, Wallace, Quatrefages, and apparently Dr. Brinton, rely upon natural selection, which they assert, directly or by inference, takes place in the following way: A large body of men (plants or animals) is transported to the new habitat at once—the larger the number the better—from which by elimination a few fortunate variations survive. Thus, after a long time, and enormous sacrifice of life, a new type, immune to some degree, becomes established. All that the state need do, therefore, is to keep up the supply of immigrants long enough, and leave the climate to do the rest.
What state policy may we adopt if we hold to the biological theory of adaptation and heredity? This school includes Virchow and Buchner, who firmly defended it at the Natural Science Congress at Strasburg, and by Jousset. Their policy would be to imitate the operations of natural ethnic migrations; they would rely upon the utilization of the natural aptitudes of various nationalities, which we have mentioned—perhaps themselves the fruit of ages of sojourn in certain climates—until finally a great drifting movement toward the equator would take place. In other words, the peoples of the Mediterranean basin, learning of their aptitude for a southward migration, would perhaps move to Algeria, displacing the people of the Soudan and the Semitic stocks toward the equator. To fill the place thus left vacant, the people of northern France slowly drift to the Rhone Valley and Provence for a generation or two, and their place is taken by Germans and Belgians.
That this is a tendency at the present time can not be doubted. Each generation adapting itself quietly would produce succeeding ones with an inherited immunity. Unfortunately, this most reasonable let-alone policy has two fatal objections: in the first place, it requires a policy of noninterference; and, more potent still, it absolutely neglects the political factor. To suppose that France would quietly allow her people to be dispossessed by Germans, even though she aided her colonial policy thereby, or that Germany would quietly leave Africa to her Gallic neighbor, is not to be supposed for a moment. Nevertheless, it will be probably the only policy which will finally produce a new immune type in the regions of the equator. Of course, England is by fate condemned to follow the first policy we have outlined. France, indeed, is the only one of the European states which extends over the two contrasted European climates; a large measure of her success is probably due to that fact; while all the nations north of the Alps must traverse her territory or that of Italy on the way to these newly discovered lands. Great political results are therefore not impossible, if the prognosis we have indicated prove to be correct. At all events, enough has perhaps been said to show that great problems for science remain to be solved before the statesman can safely proceed to people those tropical regions of the earth so lately apportioned among European states.
|Armand. Traité de Climatologie, Paris, 1873.|
|Bastian, a. Klima und Akklimatization, Berlin. Very diffuse.|
|Bertillon, Dr. Acclimatement and Colonization in the Dictionnaire encyclopédique des Sciences médicales. Also in Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 1864, pp. 519, 578.|
|Berenger-Feraud,Dr. Traité des Maladies Européennes au Sénégal, Paris, 1875.|
|Bordier, Dr. A. La Géographic médicale. La Colonisation scientifique. Bibliothèque des Sciences contemporaines, Paris, 1884.|
|Boudin, J. Ch. M. Traité de Géographie et de Statistique médicale, Paris, 1857.|
|Chervin, Dr. A. Géographie médicale de la France, in Annales dc Demographie, iv, p. 10.|
|Clarke, Dr. R. In Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, xix, p. 60.|
|Davidson, Dr. A. Geographical Pathology, Edinburgh and London, 1892.|
|Felkin, Dr. R. W. On the Geographical Distribution of Some Tropical Diseases and their Relation to Physical Phenomena, London, 1889.—In Scottish Geographical Magazine, ii, p. 647.—In Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 729.|
|Fuchs, Dr. C. Medicinische Geographie, 1853.|
|Hirsch, Dr. A. Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologic, 2te Auflage, 1881, translated. In Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, etc., 1886, p. 155.|
|Hunt, Dr. J. Ethno-Climatology, in Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1861, p. 129; or Transactions of the Ethnological Society, London, ii, p. 50.|
|Jousset, Dr. A. Traité de l'Acclimatement, Paris, 1884. One of the best.|
|Kelsch and Kiener. Traités des Maladies des Pays chauds, Paris, 1889.|
|Lombard, Dr. H. C. Traité de Climatologie médicale, 4 vols., Paris, 1877.|
|Macculloch. Statistical Reports on the Sickness and Mortality among the Troops, London, 1840.|
|Maehly. Ueber Akklimatization, Special Heft der Deutsche Kolonialzeitung für medicinische Geographie, Klimatologie und Tropen Hygiene. Berlin, 1886.|
|Montano, Dr. J. In Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris, 1878, p. 418.|
|Muhry. Geographische Verhältnisse der Krankheiten, 1876.|
|Orgeas, Dr. J. La Pathologie des Races Humaines, Paris, 1886.|
|Quatrefages, A. De. L'Espèce Humaine, liv. vi, Paris. Translated 1890.|
|Rey, Dr. H. In Bulletin de la Société de Geographie de Paris, 1878, pp. 38, 155, 229.|
|Rochard. Acclimatement, in Nouveau Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie pratique, Paris, 1879.|
|Sormani. La Géographie médicale de l'ltalie, and in Annales de Demographie, v, p. 184.|
|St. Vel. Dr. O. Hygiène des Européens dans les Climates tropicaux, des Creoles et des Races colorées dans les Pays tempérés, Paris, 1872.|
|Stokvis. Ueber Vergleichende der Rassenpathologie. Verh. des X. inter. med. Congress, in Berlin, 1890.|
|Sykes, Dr. In Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, ix, p. 157; x, p. 100; xiv, p. 109; xv, p. 100.|
|Thevenot. Maladies des Pays chauds, Paris, 1870.|
|Treille. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Demography and Hygiene, Vienna, ix, 1887.|
|Van Overbeek de Meyer. Ueber den Einfluss der tropischen Klimas auf Eiugewanderte aus höheren Breiten. Verb, des X. inter, med. Congress. in Berlin, 1890.|
|Virchow, R. In Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, Berlin, 1885, p. 202 et seq.|
|Wallace, A. R. Acclimatization, in the Encyclopædia Britannica.|
- This general subject is somewhat technically discussed in Revue d'Anthropologie, new series, ii, p. 135.
- Jousset, op. cit., p. 160. Also Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris, 1878, p. 427.
- Ibid., p. 197.
- Ibid., pp. 208, 211.
- Ibid., p. 221.
- Ibid., 229.
- Ibid., p. 139. Healthy Europeans in the tropics are lighter in weight than the same class at home (Archiv für pathologische Anatomie, etc., cxix, p. 254).
- Hirsch, op. cit., iii, p. 388; cf. Peschel, Races of Man, p. 92.
- This well-known fact is clearly shown by statistics in Revue d'Anthropologie, second series, v, p. 373.
- Jousset, op. cit., pp. 201, 207, 259, 391.
- Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, 1814, civ, 1825. Other references in Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, Paris, 1884, p. 374.
- Archives de Médecine navale, January, 1878.
- Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1884, pp. 375 et seq.
- Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 787.
- The true creole, for example, is immune from yellow fever.
- Descent of Man, i, p. 233 et seq.
- Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologic und für klinische Medicin, cxvi, p. 540.
- Ibid., cxix, p. 256. Contains many tables of results.
- Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, Paris, 1884, p. 380. Jousset affirms the same quite independently, op. cit., p. 383.
- Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 787.
- Sutton, Evolution and Disease. London, 1890, p. 253.
- Jousset, op. cit., p. 382.
- This is suggested by Bastian in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Part I, 1869; vide also J. R. Mayer, Die Mechanik der Wärme, p. 97 (Stuttgart, 1867), and Jousset, p. 108. The physiological characteristics of the negro are well described by Jousset as follows: A weakly developed chest (p. 85), less respiratory power and lung capacity (p. 88), more rapid pulse (p. 95), diminished muscular tension (p. 100), lower temperature (p. 107), less perspiration (p. Ill), and a tendency toward slimness (p. 139). The lessened vitality and power of endurance is also to be noted (p. 144). Pruner Bey confirms these results in his studies of the vascular system of the negro. Vide also Quatrefages, op. cit., p. 407. Drs. Baxter and Gould, in their studies on our soldiers during the civil war, confirm this fully. (Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers, Cambridge, 1869; and Medical Statistics of the Provost-Marshal General's Bureau.)
- Discussed by Hunt, op. cit., p. 140, and by Dr. Montano, op. cit., p. 8 et seq.; by Davidson, op. cit., for India; and by Dr. Farr, in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, xxiv, p. 472. Vide also, for statistical information, ibid., iv, p. 1; viii, pp. 77, 193; ix, p. 157; X, p. 100; xiv, p. 109; xv, p. 100. Tables of the comparative mortality of British troops in various countries are conveniently given in Revue d'Anthropologie, new series, iv, p. 175. Macculloch, Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality of Troops, London, 1840, gives a vast amount of information.
- Scottish Geographical Magazine, vii, p. 647.
- Revue d'Anthropologie, third series, iv, p. 346.
- In Cochin China one year in three is the allowance. The improvement in Senegal is largely due to the brief sojourn of the troops, who are relieved at short intervals. This system now prevails also in India, in sharp contrast to the old practice of keeping the soldiers there for long terms, in the hope of forcing acclimatization in that way.
- Vide remarks of Prof. Virchow on this point in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 202.
- Many examples of acceptance of this theory of infertility will be found in popular works. Pearson (National Life and Character, p. 89) bases his whole argument upon it Prof. Virchow even asserts it to be true in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 213. It was at the bottom of the exploded theory of Knox and Brace with respect to the decreasing birth-rate in America. Cf. Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie, iii, p. 25.
- Discussed by Wallace in Encyclopædia Britannica. Also for forest trees in Kirchhoff's Forschungen, iii, p. 28 et seq.
- Op. cit., p. 225. Many other examples are given. Wallace (op. cit.) gives the interesting case of the acclimatization of wheat north of the Great Wall by the Emperor of China.
- Human Hybridity. Cf. the case of the Creoles in the island of St. Louis, cited in Revue d'Anthropologie, new series, v, p. 30 et seq.
- Op. it., p. 231. The superior health of women, due to less exposure, has already been noted.
- Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 258.
- Ibid., 1886, p. 89.
- Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1886, p. 92.
- Wallace, op. cit.
- Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 473.
- Wallace, op. cit.
- Levasseur, La Population Française, iii, p. 432.
- Op. cit, p. 231.
- Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 319.
- Health in India for British Women.
- Peschel, Wallace, Quatrefages.
- Jousset, op. cit., p. 314. Cf. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, p. 258, on Egypt.
- Wallace, op. cit.
- Levasseur, La Population Française, iii, p. 432.
- Revue d'Anthropologie, second series, viii, p. 190.
- Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1886, p. 269; cf. L'Anthropologie, vi, p. 120. The small number of Germans present weakens the force of the evidence somewhat.
- Annales de Demographie, vi, p. 14. Cf. Quatrefages, op. cit., p. 230, and Bordier, Colonization, p. 184. The only north Europeans ever successful are the Dutch in South Africa and in the East Indies.
- Ratzel, Anthropo-Geographie, i, p. 304; Virchow, Fritsche, and Joest in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, pp. 211, 474, etc. It will have been noted that nearly all references in German fall within the years 1885-'87. The question drifted into politics—out of the hands of scientists into those of pamphleteers. Vide Max Nordau, Rabies Africana, in Asiatic Quarterly Review, second series, ii, p. 76; and G. A. Fischer, Mehr Licht im dunkeln Welttbeil, Berlin, 1886. A blue-book on the subject was promised (Verhandlungen der Berliner Gescllschaft, 1886, p. 87), but the attention of the Colonial Society was for some reason diverted. Tropical hygiene was fully discussed, but the broader scientific aspect of the matter was neglected (Verhandlungen, 1889, p. 732). As late as 1890 no definite government report had been issued except Mähly's work. The Germans apparently do not dare to handle it without gloves, and their views are unique in their optimism (Kohlstock in Science, 1891, p. 3; and Finckeluburg in Handbuch der Staatswissenschaft).
- Ratzel, loc. cit.; Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 1883, No. 2; Jousset, p. 292; Montano, pp. 444, 446; Felkin, in Scottish Geographical Magazine, ii, p. 52, and in British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 730; Levasseur, op. cit., ii, p. 431; and Bordier, Colonization, pp. 185, 493.
- Quatrefages, op. cit., p. 230; Jousset, p. 192; Montano, p. 449; and Levasseur, ii, p. 431.
- L'Anthropologie, v, p. 253.
- Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, i, p. 326; and Revue d'Anthropologie, new series, i, p. 76.
- Dr. Beddoe, Races of Britain, p. 224, gives some exceedingly interesting observations upon this point.
- Revue d'Anthropologie, new series, i, p. 76 et seq.
- Topinard, Elements, p. 412.
- The stupendous failure of the project of colonizing the State of Durango in Mexico with negroes from the United States is a case in point. Vide letter in Boston Transcript, dated Mexico, August 11, 1895. Dr. Brinton, in Races and Peoples, p. 40, gives some valuable references upon this point.
- Dr. Montano, p. 447; Revue d'Anthropologie, second series, v, 74: "The Anglo-Saxon race is least apt of all in accommodating itself to warm climates." This fact is reluctantly admitted by Dr. Felkin and other English authorities as well.
- Vide typical editorial in Boston Herald, May 2, 1895.
- The most definite as well as the latest expression of expert opinion fully agrees with this. Vide Proceedings of the International Geographical Congress at London, 1895.
- Transactions of the Ethnological Society, London, new series, i, p. 89.
- Traité de Climatologie, Paris, 1873.
- Jousset, p. 426.
- Scottish Geographical Magazine, vii, 647.
- Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, January, 1891, p. 80.
- Referred to in the Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Demography and Hygiene, London, xi, p. 170.
- Quatrefages, p. 229.
- Jousset, p. 426.
- Loc. cit., p. 135; other opinions of early writers are here given as well.
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Acclimatization.
- Scottish Geographical Magazine, vii, p. 647, and Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1885, pp. 210, 257, 474. Prof. Virchow distinguishes between malaria and climate, which is generally a distinction without a difference in the tropics.
- Correspondenzblatt, xviii, p. 17.
- Verhandlungen, 1886, p. 164.
- Dr. Rey, op. cit.; Boudin, Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1864, pp. 780 and 828; Legoyt, Jousset, p. 426; Bertillon, Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1864, pp. 519 and 578; Bordier, Colonization scientifique, pp. 184, 397, 472; and Revue d'Anthropologie, third series, i, pp. 667, 672.
- Jousset, p. 434.
- Dr. Van der Burg in Transactions of the Seventh International Congress of Demography and Hygiene, p. 170. After all precautions have been taken, "such a settlement ought to be continually supported by new supplies from the European continent for many, possibly for hundreds of years, in order to have a chance of healthy existence."
- Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, January, 1891, p. 31, and Proceeding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1894.
- Edinburgh Medical Journal, xxxi, part ii, p. 852.
- Transactions of the Seventh International Congress of Demography and Hygiene.
- Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 729.
- Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, January, 1891, p. 31, and Transactions of the Seventh International Congress of Demography and Hygiene, p. 178.
- Proceedings of the International Geographical Congress, London, 1895. Since this was written new and important evidence to the same end is given in the Scottish Geographical Magazine, xi, p. 512.
- Discussed by Wallace in Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Correspondenzblait der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, xviii, 1887, p. 18.
- Op. cit.
- Op. cit., p. 283, seems to follow De Quatrefages.
- This would be the policy outlined by Dr. Van der Burg, quoted in note ante.
- Correspondenzblatt, 1887, p. 18.
- Op. cit, p. 245 outlined in his general argument. Vide note ante.
- This view is expressed by Ravenstein (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1891, p. 35 et seq.) and by Dr. Felkin (British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 730), who do not, however, seem to appreciate the biological analogies of their mode of treatment.
- Map of foreigners in France in Bulletin de l'Institut international de statisque, iii trois liv., 1888, p. 36; this fact is noticeably prominent. The destination of French emigrants is given in l'Anthropologie, v, p. 253. Vide also Transactions of the International Congress of Demography and Hygiene, p. 131 et seq.
- Other and more technical articles upon the subject have been referred to in footnotes, such as Archives de Médecine navale, Bulletin de la Société de l'Acclimatement de Paris, Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, etc. Maps of the distribution of certain diseases will be found in Gerland's Atlas der Völkerkunde and in the works of Drs. Chervin, Felkin, Lombard, and Sormani. | <urn:uuid:58dc7d25-b443-48c0-af19-7defb39de635> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_48/April_1896/Acclimatization_II | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912807.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031032847-20201031062847-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.891699 | 9,731 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Strong's #3956: pas (pronounced pas)
including all the forms of declension; apparently a primary word; all, any, every, the whole:--all (manner of, means), alway(-s), any (one), X daily, + ever, every (one, way), as many as, + no(-thing), X thoroughly, whatsoever, whole, whosoever.
Thayer's Greek Lexicon:
1a) each, every, any, all, the whole, everyone, all things,everything
2a) some of all types
Part of Speech: adjective
Relation: including all the forms of declension
Citing in TDNT: 5:886, 795
This word is used 1244 times:
Matthew 12:36: "I say unto you, That every idle word that"
Matthew 13:2: "and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the"
Matthew 13:19: " When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth"
Matthew 13:32: "indeed is the least of all seeds: but when it is grown,"
Matthew 13:34: " All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables;"
Matthew 13:41: "out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity;"
Matthew 13:44: "goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth"
Matthew 13:46: "of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought"
Matthew 13:47: "and gathered of every kind:"
Matthew 13:51: "saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things? They say unto him, Yea,"
Matthew 13:52: "he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is instructed unto"
Matthew 13:56: "sisters, are they not all with us? Whence then"
Matthew 13:56: "Whence then hath this man all these things?"
Matthew 14:20: "And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the"
Matthew 14:35: "and brought unto him all that were diseased;"
Matthew 15:13: "he answered and said, Every plant, which my heavenly"
Matthew 15:17: "Do not ye yet understand, that whatsoever entereth in at the mouth"
Matthew 15:37: "And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the"
Matthew 17:11: "come, and restore all things."
Matthew 18:10: "heaven their angels do always behold the face"
Matthew 18:16: "or three witnesses every word may be established."
Matthew 18:19: "on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask,"
Matthew 18:25: "and children, and all that he had, and payment to be made."
Matthew 18:26: "and I will pay thee all."
Matthew 18:29: "and I will pay thee all."
Matthew 18:31: "came and told unto their lord all that was done."
Matthew 18:32: "servant, I forgave thee all that debt, because thou desiredst"
Matthew 18:34: "till he should pay all that was due unto him."
Matthew 19:3: "to put away his wife for every cause?"
Matthew 19:11: "he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying,"
Matthew 19:20: "young man saith unto him, All these things have I kept from my"
Matthew 19:26: "but with God all things are possible."
Matthew 19:27: "Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what"
Matthew 19:29: "And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or"
Matthew 21:10: "was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying,"
Matthew 21:12: "of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in"
Matthew 21:22: "And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing,"
Matthew 21:26: "the people; for all hold John as a prophet."
Matthew 22:4: "my fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the"
Matthew 22:10: "the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad"
Matthew 22:27: "And last of all the woman died also."
Matthew 22:28: "of the seven? for they all had her."
Matthew 23:3: " All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe"
Matthew 23:5: "But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they"
Matthew 23:8: "Master, even Christ; and all ye are brethren."
Matthew 23:20: "by it, and by all things thereon."
Matthew 23:27: "are within full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness."
Matthew 23:35: "upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon"
Matthew 23:36: "Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this"
Matthew 24:2: "unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you," | <urn:uuid:5d86dae6-fbfb-4d8c-bf27-241e610a110b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/lexicon.show/ID/g3956/page/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033923-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.953376 | 1,148 | 2.625 | 3 |
For undergraduate and graduate courses in Behavior Management, Classroom Management, or Applied Behavior Analysis. This comprehensive text outlines and overviews the measurement, assessment, and intervention of behavior challenges commonly found in classroom environments and beyond. The revised sixth edition of Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers outlines both school-wide strategies and individual strategies for positive behavior supports, while also focusing on how educators can develop unique behavior management strategies for individual students. This comprehensive text emphasizes functional techniques, real-world classrooms, and practical information - all while covering the legal aspects of behavioral management, assessment strategies, strategies for special populations and diverse populations, age-related behavioral concerns, and the three-tier response-to-intervention approach. Pedagogical features include classroom connections, reflections, discussion questions, and end-of-chapter references.
Publisher: Pearson Education Limited
Number of pages: 464
Weight: 954 g
Dimensions: 275 x 212 x 16 mm
Edition: Pearson New International Edition | <urn:uuid:9bfdcf1c-dec6-49f6-8cd3-834d8d3892bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.waterstones.com/book/behavior-management/thomas-j-zirpoli/9781292021553 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.859539 | 199 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For a related presentation on "Air Quality and Sprawl" by DNREC's Air Quality Management Section, click here.
Delawareans concerned about residential development often think first about traffic. They also worry about water quality, since most of our watersheds already are impaired by pollution. They may express concern about loss of trees and habitat for wildlife, as well as drainage and flooding problems if stormwater is not managed effectively.
They probably aren't as aware of the impact on our air quality. For every residential Preliminary Land Use Service (PLUS) project reviewed by the state, DNREC models the potential emissions for a range of pollutants – including toxic substances, compounds that form smog and acid rain, carbon dioxide, and very fine dust particles called particulates that can lodge in the lungs.
All three Delaware counties fail to meet federal air quality standards for ozone, which creates respiratory and other health problems. New Castle County violates the federal standard for particulates.
Air emissions generated from housing developments include emissions from:
Area sources such as painting, lawn and garden equipment and the use of consumer products such as roof coating and roof primers;
The generation of electricity needed to support the homes in the development; and
Car and truck activity associated with the homes in the new development.
DNREC's calculation does not include additional emissions during construction from truck traffic, earth-moving and road paving. But most of the residential developments the state reviews generate enough emissions that they would require air permits if they were manufacturing plants or other business facilities.
If a development is the result of unplanned, inefficient development (sprawl) well outside designated growth zones, the impact is greater mostly because of the increase in vehicle miles getting to and from the development. In fact, the average Delawarean logs more vehicle miles traveled than in any state in the region; we are more comparable to a large, western state than a small, mid-Atlantic state.
For each of these residential development reviews, DNREC makes several suggestions for reducing the impact on air quality, including construction of Energy Star homes, providing renewable energy sources, retaining or planting trees, and providing bike and walking trails. In other states, local governments have provided incentives for or required new development to make some of these pollution-reducing improvements. | <urn:uuid:4a84b02d-a32c-43d6-a5a2-f80cf1fe1596> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/landuse/Pages/SprawlandAirQuality.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292181.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00121-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95851 | 464 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Rats Smell in Stereo, Study Says
for National Geographic News
|February 3, 2006|
Eew, where's that smell coming from?
If you could ask a rat, it could locate the direction of the stench's source in a single sniff, scientists report in a new study.
Rats accomplish this feat by effectively smelling in stereo: Each nostril operates independently of the other, sending different signals to the brain that are then computed to determine the direction of the odor.
Stereo sniffing likely gives rats a leg up in everything from tracking down a meal to evading an enemy, said Upinder Bhalla, a neuroscientist at the National Center for Biological Sciences in Bangalore, India.
"Imagine you have a predator sneaking up on you. If you can smell in stereo, you can detect and localize it in one sniff, and you'll have a decent chance of getting away," he said in an email interview.
"If you have to look around, or take multiple sniffs to find the predator, you may get eaten."
Bhalla is a co-author of the study reported in today's issue of the journal Science.
The study, Bhalla said, provides insight into the spatial dimension of smell and the speed at which the brain operates.
"This [finding] helps to constrain and refine our ideas about information processing," he said.
Once trained, rats in the study could determine the direction of a smell in as little as 50 milliseconds, which, Bhalla said, "really is quite fast." According to a 1992 study, one sniff takes humans about 700 or more milliseconds to process.
To establish that rats smell in stereo, Bhalla and colleagues trained thirsty rats to lick different water spouts after they detected the smell of banana, citrus, or rose water. The smell was piped in through a hole in a special chamber.
The rats got a drink if they licked the left spout when the odor came from the left side or the right spout if the odor came from the right.
(Watch a video clip of the experiment.)
Trained rats did this with at least 80 percent accuracy, and most needed just one sniff to correctly determine the direction of the smell.
When one nostril was stitched shut, however, the rats' success rate was reduced to just above the level of random chance.
This shows that the rats required stereo processing to correctly locate the odor source, despite the fact that their nostrils are a mere 0.12 inch (3 millimeters) apart.
The researchers performed several controls to rule out the possibility that a cue other than odor, such as airflow or sound, drove their decision about which spout to lick.
Jay Gottfried is an assistant professor of neurology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois. He says, in light of all the controls and previous research on this subject, the results appear sound.
"And it fits with a growing number of studies of animals and humans suggesting there is something more to the nose than simply detecting smell or deciding what it is," he said.
"The nasal apparatus is clearly capable of localizing things too."
In a follow-up experiment, the researchers examined how neurons in the rats' brain region that processes smells react to odors coming from the left or right. They found that 90 percent of the neurons respond differently to smells on either side.
Writing in Science, Bhalla and colleagues conclude that "each sniff is a perceptually complete snapshot of the olfactory world, including both odor identity and stereo-based location."
Rats have long been known for their prowess when it comes to smell, Bhalla said. In the lab, they rely on it most when faced with tasks that require them to make a decision.
"They learn faster with smell and can do more complicated things with smell," he said.
According to Gottfried, observations of rats in the natural world also suggest that smell is their dominant sense. For example, he said, think of a rat following its nose inside a house to the pantry for a morsel of food.
"This study is sort of validating this general concept and is starting to piece out the physiological ranges and controls under which these processes operate," he said.
Research published in the journal Neuron last August by a team of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that humans may also be able to smell in stereo, though probably not with the sophistication of rats.
Bhalla says that from here, he and his colleagues hope to learn more about the processes in the brain that make this ability possible.
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Einstein once said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” What can we do to give our children a place where play, creativity, and imagination are encouraged? Is creative, imaginative play important?
In our society, the desire to stay connected through technology is growing rapidly. This need for constant connectivity affects our children even at a very young age as parents (and children!) spend more and more time online.
Substituting family game night and bedtime stories with social media and Netflix deprives children of opportunities to learn to use their imagination and creativity. Creativity and problem solving go hand in hand. These are basic skills that enable children to successfully transition into functioning teens and adults.
Imagination allows children to discover and engage in the world around them. Activities that require creativity and imagination help children think through things they have learned. They can interact with historical events and cultures around the world even though it is not possible to visit those eras or places in person.
Providing children with a safe, fun place to engage their imagination allows them to develop not only their physical muscles, but also the mental muscle of the brain. According to numerous studies, imagination and creativity help improve a child’s communication skills and vocabulary. Using the imagination advances the cognitive development of young children.
A playhouse from The Shed Builders is the perfect place for kids to freely use their imagination. Within their own special playhouse, kids are free to make up stories or even act stories out. They can talk and play with imaginary friends, props, and toys. They can create their own art and craft area—no cleanup by mom required! When children have their own playhouse, they can play to their heart’s content without the parent trying to think of things for them to do.
Research conducted all over the world has proven the benefits of children as young as eighteen months participating in make-believe games. Evidence shows that children’s early imaginative play increases their creativity in later years of development as well.
Imagination presents endless opportunities! And a playhouse presents opportunities for creative, imaginative play! Providing a playhouse for your child promotes outdoor playtime, limits the amount of electronic screen time they are exposed to, and provides personal play space for happier, more creative play.
Society benefits when we encourage future generations to embrace their imagination and empower their creativity! | <urn:uuid:7849c5b2-4b56-476d-9f37-4fe598206206> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.theshedbuilders.com/the-importance-of-creativity-and-imagination-in-childrens-playtime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479967.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216065107-20190216091107-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.955301 | 490 | 3.78125 | 4 |
In this chapter you will be introduced to the theory of special relativity, which was first described by Albert Einstein in the year 1905. The chapter opens with a discussion of Einstein’s postulates that form the basis of special relativity. You will learn about an essential physics framework that is used to describe the observations and measurements made by an observer in what is called the “inertial frame of reference” (Enduring Understanding 3.A). Special relativity is a universally accepted theory that defines a relationship between space and time (Essential Knowledge 1.D.3). When the speed of an object approaches the speed of light, Newton’s laws no longer hold, which means that classical (Newtonian) mechanics (Enduring Understanding 1.D) is not sufficient to define the physical properties of such a system. This is where special relativity comes into play. Many interesting and counterintuitive physical results follow from the theory of special relativity. In this chapter we will explore the concepts of simultaneity, time dilation, and length contraction.
Further into the chapter you will find information that supports the concepts of relativistic velocity addition, relativistic momentum, and energy (Enduring Understanding 4.C). Learning these concepts will help you understand how the mass (Enduring Understanding 1.C and Essential Knowledge 4.C.4) of an object can appear to be different for different observers and how matter can be converted into energy and then back to matter so that the energy of the system remains conserved. (Essential Knowledge 1.C.4 and Enduring Understanding 5.B). The information and examples presented in the chapter support Big Ideas 1, 3, 4, and 5 of the AP® Physics Curriculum Framework.
The content of this chapter supports:
Big Idea 1 Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure.
Enduring Understanding 1.C Objects and systems have properties of inertial mass and gravitational mass that are experimentally verified to be the same and that satisfy conservation principles.
Essential Knowledge 1.C.4 In certain processes, mass can be converted to energy and energy can be converted to mass according to , the equation derived from the theory of special relativity.
Enduring Understanding 1.D Classical mechanics cannot describe all properties of objects.
Essential Knowledge 1.D.3 Properties of space and time cannot always be treated as absolute.
Big Idea 3 The interactions of an object with other objects can be described by forces.
Enduring Understanding 3.A All forces share certain common characteristics when considered by observers in inertial reference frames.
Essential Knowledge 3.A.1 An observer in a particular reference frame can describe the motion of an object using such quantities as position, displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and acceleration.
Big Idea 4 Interactions between systems can result in changes in those systems.
Enduring Understanding 4.C Interactions with other objects or systems can change the total energy of a system.
Essential Knowledge 4.C.4 Mass can be converted into energy and energy can be converted into mass.
Big Idea 5 Changes that occur as a result of interactions are constrained by conservation laws.
Enduring Understanding 5.B The energy of a system is conserved.
Essential Knowledge 5.B.11 Beyond the classical approximation, mass is actually part of the internal energy of an object or system with .
It is important to note that although classical mechanic, in general, and classical relativity, in particular, are limited, they are extremely good approximations for large, slow-moving objects. Otherwise, we could not use classical physics to launch satellites or build bridges. In the classical limit (objects larger than submicroscopic and moving slower than about 1% of the speed of light), relativistic mechanics becomes the same as classical mechanics. This fact will be noted at appropriate places throughout this chapter. | <urn:uuid:3e44b366-fa7c-42d7-808d-c9563c2abd4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-ap-courses/pages/28-connection-for-ap-r-courses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.910592 | 810 | 4.09375 | 4 |
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Cardiac catheterization is done using a thin, soft tube called a
catheter. A doctor inserts the catheter into a blood vessel, typically in the
groin area, using a special needle. The doctor then slowly guides the catheter
through blood vessels toward the heart. The catheter tip is moved into various
positions in the heart's chambers and vessels (coronary arteries).
ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerRakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, ElectrophysiologyMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerGeorge Philippides, MD - Cardiology
Current as ofJanuary 27, 2016
Current as of:
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Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine & George Philippides, MD - Cardiology
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2012)
Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents, tales, poetry and plays, royal edicts and declarations, and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media, including stone, stone tablets, papyri, palm leaves, and metal. Before the spread of writing, oral literature did not always survive well, though some texts and fragments have persisted. One can conclude that an unknown number of written works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost. August Nitschke sees some fairy tales as literary survivals dating back to Ice Age and Stone Age narrators.[example needed]
List of ancient textsEdit
Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown). The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian). The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna, a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca. 24th century BC. Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.
- 2600: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn
- 2600: Egyptian The Life of Metjen, from Saqqara
- 2500: Egyptian Diary of Merer (Oldest papyrus)
- 2400: Egyptian Pyramid Texts, including the Cannibal Hymn
- 2400: Sumerian Code of Urukagina
- 2400: Egyptian Palermo stone
- 2350: Egyptian The Maxims of Ptahhotep
- 2270: Sumerian Enheduanna's Hymns
- 2250: Egyptian Autobiography of Weni
- 2250-2000: Earliest Sumerian stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh
- 2200: Egyptian Autobiography of Harkhuf
- 2100: Sumerian Curse of Agade
- 2100: Sumerian Debate between Bird and Fish
- 2050: Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu
- 2000: Egyptian Coffin Texts
- 2000: Sumerian Lament for Ur
- 2000: Sumerian Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Middle Bronze Age: ca. 2000 to 1600 BC (approximate dates shown)
- 2000-1900: Egyptian Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
- 1950: Akkadian Laws of Eshnunna
- 1900: Akkadian Legend of Etana
- 1900: Sumerian Code of Lipit-Ishtar
- 1859-1840: Egyptian The Eloquent Peasant
- 1859-1840: Egyptian Story of Sinuhe (in Hieratic)
- 1859-1840: Egyptian Dispute between a man and his Ba
- 1859-1813: Egyptian Loyalist Teaching
- 1850: Akkadian Kultepe texts
- 1800: Akkadian Enûma Eliš
- 1780: Akkadian Mari letters, including the Epic of Zimri-Lim
- 1754: Akkadian Code of Hammurabi stele
- 1750: Hittite Anitta text
- 1700: Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic
- 1700: Egyptian Westcar Papyrus
- 1700: Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh
- 1650: Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus
- 1600: Akkadian Eridu Genesis
Late Bronze Age: ca. 1600 to 1200 BC (approximate dates shown)
- 1600: Hittite Code of the Nesilim
- 1500: Akkadian Poor Man of Nippur
- 1500: Vedic Sanskrit Rigveda
- 1500: Hittite military oath
- 1500-1200: Ugaritic Legend of Keret
- 1550: Egyptian Book of the Dead
- 1500: Akkadian Dynasty of Dunnum
- 1400: Akkadian Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal
- 1400: Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu
- 1400: Akkadian Amarna letters
- 1330: Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten
- 1240: Egyptian Papyrus of Ani, Book of the Dead
- 1200-900: Akkadian version and younger stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh
- 1200: Akkadian Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
- 1200: Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers
Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BC
- 1200-800: BC approximate date of the Vedic Sanskrit
- 1050: BC Egyptian Story of Wenamun
- 1050: BC Akkadian Sakikkū (SA.GIG) “Diagnostic Omens” by Esagil-kin-apli.
- 1050: BC The Babylonian Theodicy of Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib.
- 1000: BC Chinese Classic of Poetry (Shījīng)
- 1000: BC Akkadian Dialogue of Pessimism
- 900: BC Akkadian Epic of Erra
- 900: BC Vedic Sanskrit Aranyaka
9th century BCEdit
- Classic of Changes (I Ching)
8th century BCEdit
- Greek Trojan War cycle, including the Iliad and the Odyssey
- 800-500 BC: Vedic Sanskrit
- Oldest books of the Hebrew Bible (the Book of Nahum, Book of Hosea, Book of Amos, Book of Isaiah)
7th century BCEdit
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Classic of Documents (Shūjīng) (authentic portions)
6th century BCEdit
- Hebrew Bible: Psalms (according to late dating), Book of Ezekiel, Book of Daniel (according to conservative or early dating)
5th century BCEdit
- Avestan: Yasht
- Pindar: Odes
- Herodotus: The Histories of Herodotus
- Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
- Aeschylus: The Suppliants, The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Oresteia
- Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Electra and other plays
- Euripides: Alcestis, Medea, Heracleidae, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, The Suppliants, Electra, Heracles, Trojan Women, Iphigeneia in Tauris, Ion, Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes, Bacchae, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Cyclops, Rhesus
- Aristophanes: The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazousae, Plutus
- Hebrew: date of the extant text of the Torah
4th century BCEdit
- Katha Upanishad
- Mundaka Upanishad
- Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
- Bhadrabahu: Kalpa Sūtra
- Chankaya: Arthshastra, Chanakya Neeti
- Salihotra: Shalihotra Samhita (treatise on veterinary medicine)
- Vyasa: Mahabharata, Puranas, Brahma Sutras
- Jaimini: Mimamsa Sutras, Jaimini Sutras, Ashvamedhika Parva
- Valmiki : Ramayana
- Bhāsa: Svapnavāsavadattam, Pancarātra, Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam, Pratimanātaka, Abhishekanātaka, Bālacharita, Karnabhāram, Dūtaghaṭotkaca, Chārudatta, Madhyamavyayoga and Urubhanga.
- Pali: Tipitaka
- Hebrew: Book of Job, beginning of Hebrew wisdom literature
- Hebrew Torah, also called the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moseswith a final redaction between 900 and 450 BC.
- Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia, Oeconomicus, Memorabilia
- Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Organon, Physics, Historia Animalium, De Partibus Animalium, De Motu Animalium, De Mundo, De Caelo, Poetics, Politics, Magna Moralia
- Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Republic, Timaeus, Critias, Laws, Menexenus, Phaedo, Lysis, Alcibiades I, Alcibiades II, Hippias minor, Epinomis, Minos, Hipparchus
- Euclid: Elements
- Menander: Dyskolos
- Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants
3rd century BCEdit
- Avestan: Avesta
- Etruscan: Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (Linen Book of Zagreb)
- Sinhalese (Elu): Sīhalattakathā or Hela Atuwā (Pali commentaries of Buddhist teachings that were translated into Sinhalese after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka)
- Hebrew: Ecclesiastes
- Lucius Livius Andronicus (c. 280/260 BC — c. 200 BC), translator, founder of Roman drama
- Gnaeus Naevius (ca. 264 — 201 BC), dramatist, epic poet
- Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254 — 184 BC), dramatist, composer of comedies: Poenulus, Miles Gloriosus, and other plays
- Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BC), historian
- Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BC), military historian and antiquarian
2nd century BCEdit
- Avestan: Vendidad
- Chinese: Sima Qian: Records of the Grand Historian (Shǐjì)
- Aramaic: Book of Daniel
- Hebrew: Sirach
- Terence (195/185 BC — 159 BC), comic dramatist: The Brothers, The Girl from Andros, Eunuchus, The Self-Tormentor
- Quintus Ennius (239 BC — c. 169 BC), poet
- Marcus Pacuvius (ca. 220 BC — 130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet
- Statius Caecilius (220 BC — 168/166 BC), comic dramatist
- Marcius Porcius Cato (234 BC — 149 BC), generalist, topical writer
- Gaius Acilius (2nd century BC), historian
- Lucius Accius (170 BC — c. 86 BC), tragic dramatist, philologist
- Gaius Lucilius (c. 160's BC — 103/2 BC), satirist
- Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BC), public officer, epigrammatist
- Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BC), poet
- Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BC — 87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist
- Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist
- Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BC), historian
- Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BC), historian
- Manius Manilius (2nd century BC), public officer, jurist
- Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BC), jurist, historian
- Publius Sempronius Asellio (158 BC — after 91 BC), military officer, historian
- Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BC), jurist
- Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist
- Titus Albucius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), orator
- Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC — after 78 BC), jurist
- Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd & 1st centuries BC), public officer, poet
- Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 BC — 74 BC), philologist
- Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
- Valerius Antias (2nd & 1st centuries BC), historian
- Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 BC — 67 BC), soldier, historian
- Quintus Cornificius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), rhetorician
1st century BCEdit
- Pali (Sri Lanka): Pāli Tripiṭaka (Written under the patronage of King Vattagamani of Anuradhapura in Aluhihare, Matale)
1st century ADEdit
- Chinese: Ban Gu: Book of Han (Hànshū)
- Latin: see Classical Latin
- Sanskrit: Aśvaghoṣa: Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha)
- Latin: see Classical Latin
- Avestan: Khordeh Avesta (Zoroastrian prayer book)
- Pahlavi: Mani: Shabuhragan (Manichaean holy book)
- Greek: Plotinus: Enneads
- Latin: see Late Latin
- Hebrew: Mishnah
- Pali (Sri Lanka): Dīpavaṃsa
- Latin: see Late Latin
- Asanga:Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga(Distinguishing Phenomena and Pure Being), Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Summary of the Great Vehicle)
- Vasubandhu:Verses on the Treasury of the Abhidharma,Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa (Explanation of the Five Aggregates), Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa (Explanation of the Five Aggregates),Vyākhyāyukti ("Proper Mode of Exposition"), Vādavidhi ("Rules for Debate"), Dharmadharmatāvibhāgavṛtti (Commentary on Distinguishing Elements from Reality), Madhyāntavibhāgabhāṣya (Commentary on Distinguishing the Middle from the Extremes), Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya (Commentary on the Ornament to the Great Vehicle Discourses)
- Dignāga:Pramāṇa-samuccaya (Compendium of Valid Cognition),Hetucakra (The wheel of reason)
- Haribhadra:Anekāntajayapatākā [The Victory Banner of Anekantavada (Relativism)],Dhūrtākhyāna (The Rogue's Stories),Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya (An Array of Views on Yoga),Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya (Compendium of Six Philosophies)
- Syriac: Aphrahat, Ephrem the Syrian
- Aramaic: Jerusalem Talmud
- Pali (Sri Lanka): Mahāvaṃsa
- Kālidāsa (speculated): Abhijñānaśākuntalam (अभिज्ञान शाकुन्तलम्, "The Recognition of Shakuntala"), Meghadūta (मेघदूत, "Cloud Messenger"), Vikramōrvaśīyam (विक्रमोर्वशीयम्, "Urvashi Won by Valour", play)
- Pujyapada:Iṣṭopadeśa (Divine Sermons), Sarvārthasiddhi (Attainment of Higher Goals), Jainendra Vyākaraṇa (Jainendra Grammar), Samādhitantra (Method of SelfContemplation), Daśabhaktyādisangraha (Collection of Ten Adorations),Śabdāvatāranyāsa (Arrangement of Words and their Forms)
- Aryabhata: Aryabhatiya
- Kamandaka:Nitisara(The Elements of Polity)
- Bodhidharma:Two Entrances and Four Practices, Treatise on Realizing the Nature, Refuting Signs Treatise
- Bhartṛhari:Vākyapadīya(Treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistic philosophy), Śatakatraya(The three hundred poems of moral values)
- Siddhasena:Nyāyāvatāra, Sanmati sutra, Kalyan Mandir stotra
- Sarvanandi:Lokavibhaga(Text on Jain Cosmology)
- Pali (Sri Lanka)
- Latin: see Late Latin
- Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: De Re Militari
- Augustine of Hippo: The City of God
- Paulus Orosius: Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
- Jerome: Vulgate
- Prudentius: Psychomachia
- Consentius's grammar
- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite: De Coelesti Hierarchia (Περὶ τῆς Οὐρανίας Ἱεραρχίας, "On the Celestial Hierarchy"), Mystical Theology
- Socrates of Constantinople: Historia Ecclesiastica
- Latin: Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae ("The Consolation of Philosophy", 524), widely considered to be the last work of classical philosophy
- Aramaic: Babylonian Talmud
- Varāhamihira:Pañcasiddhāntikā ("[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons"), Brihat-Samhita(Great Compilation)Encylopedic Work
- Yativṛṣabha:Tiloya Panatti(Book on Cosmology and Mathematics)
- Prabhākara:Triputipratyaksavada ("Doctrine of Triple Perception")
- Dharmakirti:Saṃbandhaparikṣhāvrtti (Analysis of Relations),Pramāṇaviniścaya (Ascertainment of Valid Cognition),Nyāyabinduprakaraṇa (Drop of Logic),Hetubindunāmaprakaraṇa (Drop of Reason),Saṃtānāntarasiddhināmaprakaraṇa (Proof of Others' Mindstreams),Vādanyāyanāmaprakaraṇa (Reasoning for Debate)
- Praśastapāda :Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha (Collection of Properties of Matter)
- Bhāviveka:Heart of the Middle, Wisdom Lamp
- Udyotakara:Nyāyavārttika(Work on logic)
- Gaudapada:Mandukya Karika
- Pali (Sri Lanka): Cūḷavaṃsa
Karimi, Edith (2016). Mimetische Bildung durch Märchen: Phantasie, Narration, Moral [Mimetic education through Märchen: phantasy, narration, morality]. European Studies in Education (in German). Vol. 34. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. p. 110. ISBN 9783830984726. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
Manche Märchen ordnet [August] Nitschke den Jägern und Hirten der letzten Eiszeit zu, andere den Bauern und Fischern im Mesolithikum, wieder andere den Seefahrern der Meglithgesellschaft oder den Helden der Indogermanen. [August Nitschke assigns many fairy-tales to the hunters and herders of the last Ice Age, other ones to the farmers and fisherfolk of the Mesolithic, and still other ones to the seafarers of the megalith cultures or to the heroes of the Indo-European peoples.]
- Grimbly, Shona (2000). Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57958-281-4.
The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC, when the Sumerians started to write down their long epic poems.
- "Why Has No One Ever Heard of the World's First Poet?". Literary Hub. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
- Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 2001, ISBN 0-415-26011-6.
- Jones, Mark (2006). Criminals of the Bible: Twenty-Five Case Studies of Biblical Crimes and Outlaws. FaithWalk Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-932902-64-8.
The Sumerian code of Urukagina was written around 2400 BC.
- Stephanie Dalley, ed. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953836-2.
- Eccles, Sir John Carew (1989). Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-415-03224-7.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, written in Sumer about 2200 BC.
- Miriam., Lichtheim (2006). The Old and Middle Kingdoms. University of California press. p. 23. ISBN 9780520248427. OCLC 889165092.
- James P. Allen (2015). Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08743-9.
- Dalley, Stephanie, ed. (2000). "Etana (pp. 189ff.)". Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199538360.
- Noonan, John T. (1987). Bribes. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-06154-5.
The Poor Man of Nippur dates from about 1500 BC.
- Thorkild Jacobsen (1978). The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion. Yale University Press. pp. 167–168, 231. “Perhaps it was brought east with the Amorites of the First Dynasty of Babylon.”
- Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol.2, 1980, p.203
- Alan Lenzi (2008). "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 8 (2): 137–169. doi:10.1163/156921208786611764.
Berlin, Adele (2005). "Psalms and the literature of exile: Psalms 137, 44, 69, and 78". In Flint, Peter W.; Miller, Patrick D.; Brunell, Aaron; Roberts, Ryan (eds.). The Book of Psalms: Composition and Reception. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum: Formation and interpretation of Old Testament literature. Vol. 99. Leiden: Brill. p. 66. ISBN 9789004136427. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
The dating of psalms is notoriously difficult [...]. Moreover, dating the psalms also follows more general trends in dating biblical texts, the favored period having moved from the Maccabean period, to the maonarchical period, to the Persian period, wherein today much of the Hebrew Bible is thought to have taken shape. To say that a psalm speaks of the destruction and exile is to date it no earlier than 586 BC; I would place all these psalms in the exilic or postexilic period.
- Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ajahn Sujato - A Practical Guide to Reading The Suttas - March 2018". YouTube.
- according to ancient Jewish and Christian tradition, and some modern scholars; see above inline citations.
- Talmud, Bava Bathra 146
- Mishnah, Pirqe Avoth 1:1
- Josephus, Flavius (1926). "11:8". The Life. Against Apion. (Loeb Classical Library). Loeb Classical Library. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-674-99205-4.
For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another (as the Greeks have) but only 22 books, which are justly believed to be divine; and of them, five belong to Moses, which contain his laws, and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death.
- Stuart, Douglas K (2006). New American Commentary Vol. II: Exodus. Holman Reference. p. 826. ISBN 978-0-8054-0102-8.
- "Introduction to the Pentateuch. Introduction to Genesis.". ESV Study Bible (1st ed.). Crossway. 2008. p. XLII, 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4335-0241-5.
- RA Torrey, ed. (1994). "I-XI". The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (11th ed.). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-1264-8.
- Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Vol.4, Nos.,3&4 (July – Dec.2011) pp. 1 -58
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004035911.
- The Consolation of Philosophy (Oxford World's Classics), Introduction (2000)
- Dante placed Boethius the “last of the Romans and first of the Scholastics” among the doctors in his Paradise (see The Divine Comedy).
- "International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 11, Issue 7, July 2021 682" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 11. 2021. | <urn:uuid:b4119c4f-775e-4f91-a41f-7a948b53f17b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_century_books | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.705051 | 6,202 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Well done Costa Rica, well done.
The Cental American country has achieved a major clean energy milestone, meeting 100 percent of its power demand with renewable energy for 75 straight days.
“The year 2015 has been one of electricity totally friendly to the environment for Costa Rica,” the state-owned power supplier Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) said in a press release.
The ICE says the country's zero-emission milestone was enabled thanks to heavy rainfalls at four hydroelectric power facilities in the first quarter of 2015. These downpours have meant that, for the months of January, February and so far March, there has been no need to burn fossil fuels to generate electricity.
It’s important to remember that Costa Rica is a small nation. It has a total area of about 51,000 square kilometres, which is about half the size of the US state of Kentucky, and it has a population of only 4.8 million people. Furthermore, its primary industries are tourism and agriculture, rather than heavy, more energy-intensive industries such as mining or manufacturing.
Still, Costa Rica has done an excellent job developing it electricity sector, and supplying affordable, reliable power to its citizens.
According to the World Economic Forum’s 2014 Global Competitiveness Index, Costa Rica ranks second in Latin American countries behind only Uruguay with regards to electricty and telecommunications infrastructure.
Reporter Sophie Vorrath from RenewEconomy writes that the country is “providing a household coverage rate of 99.4 percent at some of the region’s lowest prices”.
Costa Rica’s record on renewable generation also stands out. As recently as last year, hydropower accounted for 80 percent of all electricity production, while geothermal energy was reported back in 2010 to account for upwards of 13 percent of the country’s electricity profile.
And new geothermal projects are in the pipeline to help the volcano-rich country capitalise further on this subterranean energy source.
In mid-2014, the Costa Rican government approved a US$958 million geothermal energy project. According to Jake Richardson from CleanTechnica, "the first plants are expected to generate about 55 MW and cost approximately $333 million to build", and two other 50 MW plants will also be built nearby.
It’s good news that more geothermal will be coming on board, as there are obvious downsides of being too reliant on hydropower, especially run-of-the-river systems, which can be hindered by seasonal changes in water flow. Droughts can also severely impact power supplies. And there are also some environmental downsides to hydroelectric dams more generally, namely the impact on riparian ecosystems and passing fish.
Nevertheless, 100 percent renewable energy generation, for any extended period of time, is an enviable achievement.
Good on you, Costa Rica! | <urn:uuid:e0413dd0-758a-4588-96e2-7245edc06b60> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.sciencealert.com/costa-rica-powered-with-100-renewable-energy-for-75-days | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00106-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945139 | 594 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Colors and Shapes Wipe-off Workbook for Kids
Grades Preschool, Kindergarten
Printed in the U.S.A. 28 page Workbook for Kids, 81/2 x 11 inches
Wipe-off Colors and Shapes Workbook for Kids offers children a friendly, comfortable way to reinforce color, shape, and pattern recognition.
* Shape and color recognition
* Shape and color names
* 2-dimensional shapes
* Pattern recognition
* Primary and secondary colors
They can experiment, then wipe away and try again with Wipe-off Colors and Shapes Workbook for Kids. Every mastered skill builds confidence and sparks a joy for learning that lasts a lifetime.
Great for use in classrooms, homeschooling, teachers, childcare centers, home, and travel. | <urn:uuid:af168e31-6f31-4bb6-ad58-db42c73ab01a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.educationallearninggames.com/products/wipe-off-colors-shapes-workbook-for-kids-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00140-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873904 | 166 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Stories are drawn up with the clear design to warn about the dishonesty of women. From the outright and vicious Albina myth where Albina and twenty-something of her sisters conspired to murder their husbands, to the banishment passed down by women onto poor Custance.
Albina and her sisters are painted as power hungry, improperly craving independence. After they all set their plot in motion, it is only one who displays honesty and confesses her sisters' plans to her noble husband. One in twenty-five. And if four-out-of-five dentists can convince you what toothpaste to buy, can 24-out-of-25 women convince readers not to trust a gender? There's something to be said here for strength in numbers.
In the Man of Law's Tale, even women are encouraged not to trust other women. It is the Sultan's mother who upon hearing about her son's choice of bride, plots to have her put out to sea without a paddle. Only paragraphs later the king's mother does the exact same thing.
Women in these stories are not only depicted as underhanded, operating behind the backs of their noble husbands and sons, but they are done so in a way that prevents the interpretation of merely a wicked individual. By grouping Albina and her sisters and creating a parallel between the Sultan and King's mothers, it is by the default of being women that these characters are branded deceitful. | <urn:uuid:7fa011d3-ea0f-4063-88ef-7f4bc486984e> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://postmedieval.blogspot.com/2014/10/dont-trust-ho-3oh3s-throwback-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742685.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115120507-20181115141649-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.965764 | 294 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Congratulations to reader VAX-Dude for winning the Name that Ware contest for May 2013, by correctly identifying our mystery ware as a VAX 9000 series High Density Signal Carrier (HDSC).
Which might lead you to ask another perfectly reasonable question: What the heck is a High Density Signal Carrier?
To begin with, we’ll reveal two more close-up pictures that we had been reserving— just in case we had needed to give another hint before the end of the contest.
Secondly (and a little harder to read), the text says “CONFIDENTIAL” “UNPUBLISHED WORK” “ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.”
The VAX 9000 was a supercomputer/mainframe computer system released by DEC in 1989. Roughly four dozen of these systems were delivered, starting just under a million dollars each.
In his answer to the contest, VAX-Dude linked to Digital Technical Journal, Volume 2, Number 4, 1990, where there is an article about the HDSC, starting on page 80. This article gives an introduction to the HDSC, its specifications, and its manufacturing process.
To summarize, the performance of mainframe computers in the late 1980s was (in part) limited by the speed of communication between integrated circuits on the circuit boards. One solution to this, which DEC implemented in the VAX 9000 series, was to create tightly integrated Multi-Chip Units (MCUs). An MCU consists mostly of array logic chips (VLSI macrocell array “MCA” chips) and memory chips, connected together through a high-speed interconnect system (the HDSC), mounted together with heat sinks in a field-replaceable housing. Arrays of different MCUs, filling a full shelf of the computer cabinet, would together comprise the CPU of the computer.
Here is what one particular VAX 9000 MCU— a type with eight MCA chips, and one clock generator chip (and no memory chips) —looks like, complete in its housing:
The photos of this MCU come from the blog of Ned Batchelder, who came across this object some time ago, without having seen one before. You may immediately recognize the HDSC substrate, on which the chips are mounted, as being the same basic thing as the central part (that part contained within the stainless frame) of our mystery object.
But, what are all those other things in the photo? Obviously there’s a lot more hardware here than just that substrate.
This exploded view of an MCU, from the VAX 9000 System Introduction, shows the set of parts that you can see in the prior photo. (You may also want to look at a similar diagram on page 84 of the Digital Technical Journal, linked above.)
Comparing this diagram to the photo, note (A) that the exploded view is upside-down from the photo— the signal flex connectors are visible at the top of the MCU, (B) that the HDSC lid is not present, which means that we can see all the way down to the chips mounted on the HDSC, and (C) that the set of chips in any given MCU may vary dramatically from one type of MCU to the next.
There are some important things that you can see in the diagram. First, note giant “signal flex connectors” that wrap over the four sides of the MCU, to carry electrical signals to neighboring MCUs. Then, note the large high-power connectors that are part of the housing, which carry the high current needed to run these power-hungry MCUs.
There is also a copper base plate at the top of the diagram, which sits right below the HDSC in the photograph. The HDSC is a flexible circuit, and it is laminated to this copper base in order to hold it rigid. The chips in the MCU do not actually sit atop of the HDSC, but rather in cut-out holes through it, bonded to the copper plate below, which is in turn connected to the heat sink.
In our original object below, you can see the transparent “cut” lines– where the HDSC will be cut out of the frame, and where the holes for the chips to sit will be cut:
In this close-up of the assembled MCU, you can see that the chips do indeed sit slightly recessed into the HDSC:
The chips (in the black epoxy packages) are mounted in a TAB (metallic gray), a type of two-layer interconnect that fans out from the 100 micron pitch of the IC leads to the 200 micron pitch of the bonding pads on the HDSC.
And that brings us to the HDSC itself. The HDSC is a 8-layer copper and kapton (polyimide) flex circuit designed to provide short, impedance controlled paths for signals going between chips. And it’s made by a rather remarkable process.
Rather than producing them as traditional circuit boards (e.g., starting with thin sheets of kapton and copper), HDSCs were actually manufactured in a semiconductor (“wafer fab”) process. It began with a 6″ semiconductor-wafer shaped piece of aluminum, which was spin-coated with kapton, using the type of machine that normally coats semiconductor wafers with etch resist. The copper layers were added by the same photolithographic techniques used to make metal layers on semiconductor wafers (sputtering and selective etching), but then electroplated to achieve the desired copper thickness. This process was repeated to produce a total of four copper layers. This four-layer “signal core” is laminated to a separately built “power core,” to produce the full sandwich with 8 copper layers.
As part of the process, the circuit is bonded to a steel ring frame and the original aluminum backing wafer is etched away, leaving a stand-alone flex (kapton) circuit, stretched taut across the steel frame like a drum head— just as we found ours —before it is cut out and mounted into the MCU.
Because semiconductor manufacturing processes generally have much, much higher resolution than typical printed circuit board manufacturing processes, the HDSC has remarkably high resolution for a circuit board. The copper traces on these HDSCs were 18 microns wide with 75 micron minimum pitch — equivalent to 0.7 mil trace width and 3 mil pitch. (That is to say, neighboring copper traces can run about as close together as sheets of notebook paper.)
You can read additional technical details about how the HDSCs were manufactured in the book Multichip module technologies and alternatives: the basics, edited by Daryl A. Doane, and Paul D. Franzon. (Preview link for relevant section at Google Books.) A second book reference with great detail is Multichip Modules, edited by Ernest S. Kuh. (Preview link for relevant section at Google Books.) So far as we know, the VAX 9000 was both the first and last time that this particular MCU configuration was used.
Finally, if you’d like to see one more in-frame HDSC like ours, one is apparently on display at Weber State University. Or, if you’d just like to buy a working VAX 9000 MCU to play with, you can occasionally find them for sale on the internet. | <urn:uuid:931ca2aa-10b8-4b34-a401-0c98c01d3afe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.evilmadscientist.com/2013/may-ware-winne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.946316 | 1,570 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Brazil Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
|Access the Records|
|This article contains information about records in multiple collections. See the section FamilySearch Historical Record Collections for a list of published collections.|
|Flag of Brazil|
|Map of Brazil|
|Record Type||Civil Registration|
|Title in the Language:||Registro Civil do Brasil|
The registration is done in books sequentially numerated preceded by a letter A, B, or C according to the type of registry as follows: “A” for births, “B” for Marriages and “B-Aux” for religious marriages with civil effect, “C” for death, and “E” for other type of registry. The old registry books were hand written, but the newer and current registries are formatted.
The civil registration started only in cities of larger municipalities around the year 1875; however, it wasn't until 1888 that it became enforced with the new law of the civil registry pronounced just before the proclamation of the Republic. From its beginnings, the civil registration in Brazil was created as a public service delegated to the private sector responsible of the Offices of the Civil Registry. Until 1988, with the proclamation of the Constitution still in force, the civil registry offices were granted a lifetime patrimony of the Union government (currently by the states of the federation) to honorable individuals of society as a way of political exchange and also as a way of social control. Currently, the civil registry is officially presented under the name of Oficio do Registro Civil das Pessoas Naturais (Office of the Civil Registry for the Natural People/Citizens), being the official registrars appointed by a public hearing. (The designation of Natural People/Citizens is necessary in Brazil because there is also a denomination called Civil Registry of Judicial People, as it is the commercial entities).
Formerly, the Catholic Church was only responsible for the registration of individuals and its titles, as a continuation of a classical tradition to register events that involved only people of wealth either of ecclesiastical order, dynasty, or nobility. The civil registry in Brazil was created formally and generally with the decree number 5604 of April 25, 1874, regulating the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths for all the citizens whether Catholic or non Catholic. The principal events of a natural person such as birth, marriage, and deaths are registered by the officers of the Civil Registry of Natural People, legal professionals that give public service and whom are chosen by Public Power, existent in all the municipalities and districts of the country, which activity is regulated by the statutes number 8.935 issued on November 18, 1994 and number 6.015 issued on December 31, 1973 (Public Registries Law). Besides the certificate issued at the time of the registration, it is possible to request the issue of more certificates at any time and by any person because the registry is a public entity.
In order to register a child birth in Brazil it is necessary to present the following verifications:
- Declaration of the living birth issued by the maternity institution where the mother gave birth or in the case of home delivery, by the registered medical professional that helped in the child births at home.
- Personal identification of the person making the declaration of birth (if the parents are married, the marriage certificate is also required). If the delivery of a childbirth was done at home without the help of a medical professional, the declaration of the childbirth will be supplied by the Office of the Civil Registry or the Health Department (either at the municipal or state level), in presence of two adult witnesses of the childbirth delivery, such as the midwife if known
- To qualify for a marriage registration, the marriage application must be signed personally by both groom and bride or by their assignee and they must present the following documentation:
- Certificate of birth or equivalent document
- Written authorization of persons under whom they legally depend or a judicial decree substitution
- Declaration of two adult witnesses, relatives or others that could certify they know them and that there is no impediment/obstacle that forbids them to get married
- Declaration of their civil status, their address, and their current residence and that of their parents, if they were known.
- If it applies, also the certificate of spouse's death, judicial decision of annulment, or the marriage annulment processed in court or the divorce decree. With these evidences, the civil registration in Brazil is of absolute reliability.
Civil registration in Brazil started formally with the decree number 5604 dated 25 April 1874. This decree regulated the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths. But it was not until the next year that some cities in the larger municipalities began to gradually create civil registries which were named "cartórios do registro civil". The enforcement of the registration of births, marriages, and deaths was established by the decree number 9886 dated 7 March 1888. However, civil registration was not immediately accepted by the inhabitants, especially by those living in the interior areas of the country, where the religious control of the Catholic Church and the distance of rural areas made it difficult to increase such registration.
For a list of records by localities and dates currently published in this collection, see Brazil, Civil Registration FamilySearch Historical Record Collections
These birth records usually include the following information:
- Registration date and place
- Informant's relationship and gender
- Date, time, and place of birth
- Name of the child
- Parents' names
- Parents' civil status and residence
- Mother's occupation and place of origin
- Names of maternal grandparents
- Father's occupation and place of origin
- Names of paternal grandparents
- Names of witnesses
- Names, residence, and occupation of the parents
These marriage records usually include the following information:
- Date, place and time of marriage
- Names of bride and groom
- Bride and groom's age, civil status and occupation
- Groom's parents' names
- Birth place of groom's parents
- Bride's parents' names
- Birth place of bride's parents
- Names of witnesses
These death records usually include the following information:
- Date and place of registration
- Registrant's name
- Date, place and time of death
- Name and age of deceased
- Deceased's marital status and name of spouse
- Deceased's origin and residence
- Cause of death
- Names of deceased's parents and their residence
- Names of witnesses
- Burial place
How to Use the Records
As you are searching it is helpful to know such information as your ancestor's given name and surname, some identifying information such as residence, age, and family relationships.
Search the Collection
Start by finding your ancestors in the index. Use the locator information in the index (such as page, entry, or certificate number) to locate your ancestors in the birth, marriage or death records.
Compare the information in the record to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination. Be aware that as with any index, transcription errors may occur.
Be aware there may be inaccuracies such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
General Information About These Records
The civil registration records in Brazil are an excellent source of genealogical information for records created after 1888. One can find information of other family members such as: parents and grandparents, places of origin, dates of events, and other important genealogical information. Before 1888, it is suggested to search in church records or immigration records. The civil records of birth, marriage, and deaths are usually listed in chronological order by the date of registration and under the municipal locality of the registry. In order to find a civil record, you need to have some basic information about the ancestor. For a birth certificate you need to have the name of the child, approximate date of birth, and registry or locality where it was recorded. For a marriage certificate you need to have the names of the groom and bride, an approximate date of the marriage, and the registry or locality where the marriage was recorded. For a deaths certificate you need to have the name of the deceased person, date of death, and registry or locality where it was recorded.
FamilySearch Historical Record Collections
- Brazil, Mato Grosso, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Paraíba, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Paraná, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Pernambuco, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Piauí, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Brazil, Santa Catarina, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
How Can I Contribute to the FamilySearch Wiki?
| We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Records. |
Please follow these guidelines as you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. | <urn:uuid:faba3d72-01b8-4fb7-ad32-0f625e4fb1c3> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Brazil_Civil_Registration_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509958.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015225726-20181016011226-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.943869 | 1,955 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Since the Bomb became fact 78 years ago, works of fiction have born witness to its potential impact upon every life on earth—and to its actual impact upon billions of human and nonhuman lives. By way of these works, our course will trace the spreading shadows cast by nuclear weapons on the lives and places they threaten not only through their detonation but also through their production, testing, and use as tokens of national and imperial power. We’ll learn about the nuclear sublime and the nuclear uncanny, encounter narrative accounts and critiques of nuclear colonialism, and consider how the very shape of the novel has altered to accommodate the Bomb. And we’ll think about how, as Aotearoa New Zealand Māori novelist James George puts it, nuclear weapons have made “a hole in the future” for Indigenous people in the Pacific and elsewhere. Primary texts by James George, Russell Hoban, Masuji Ibuse, Walter Miller, Jr., Ruth Ozeki, Thomas Pynchon (whose Gravity’s Rainbow turns 50 this year), Leslie Marmon Silko, and others. | <urn:uuid:8bc73152-1d78-4dff-8b8b-44fadf49d5df> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.english.upenn.edu/courses/undergraduate/2023/fall/engl2082.401 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100232.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130193829-20231130223829-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.949722 | 224 | 3.125 | 3 |
Table of Contents
What does it mean to restate the topic?
When you say something again, you restate it. If you give a speech, you might decide to express your main idea at the beginning and then restate it a second time, near the end.
How do you restate?
Restating your thesis is just a short first part of your conclusion. Make sure that you are not simply repeating yourself; your restated thesis should use new and interesting language. After you have restated your thesis, you should not just summarize the key points of your argument.
What are examples of restatements?
The writer may restate the word, describing the same idea in language you are more likely to understand. For example: Lily possessed an indomitable energy, one that could not be conquered.
How do you restate a question example?
Reword the question means that you are to restate the question and make it into a statement as a part of the answer you provide. If you were to be asked “What color is the sky?”, you would not simply answer “blue” – instead, the correct answer would be “The color of the sky is blue,” or words to that effect.
Why is it important to restate the prompt?
Restating questions means repeating the question, if it is short, or rephrasing it, if it is longer. It is important for nonnative speakers of English to restate questions to ensure correct comprehension and to allow thinking time before answering.
Why is it important to restate facts?
That’s why it’s important to learn how to restate a main idea and summarize key points. Restating means expressing the same idea in different words, but not necessarily in a shorter form. Instead, you would rephrase the facts that you have learned and summarize key points about Lincoln’s life and accomplishments.
How do I restate my main idea?
Restating an idea is just saying it in different words. A restatement uses different sentence structure. When you want to restate an idea, don’t start with the original phrasing and try to change it. In fact, don’t look at the original phrasing at all.
What does it mean to restate your thesis?
Restating your thesis at the end of the paper allows you to remind your readers of what you have proven in your body paragraphs and helps to bring your paper to successful close.
What is a restated?
: to say (something) again or in a different way especially to make the meaning clearer. See the full definition for restate in the English Language Learners Dictionary.
What is the restated information?
Restating means expressing the same idea in different words, but not necessarily in a shorter form. In this lesson, we’ll explore ways to restate an idea and condense large amounts of information into a summary of main points.
How do you restate a sentence?
What is restate for kids?
definition: to state again or in a different way. The teacher asked her to restate her main point to make it more clear. similar words: repeat. | <urn:uuid:ef940980-ebd7-463b-8ebc-199577655e76> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://profound-answers.com/what-does-it-mean-to-restate-the-topic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335514.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001003954-20221001033954-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.947083 | 670 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Edirne was one of the important centres of tile and ceramic art during the Ottoman period. The tiles of important buildings in Edirne are products of the city's artistic tradition. Handicraft style in Edirne is called "Edirnekari". Today, this tradition continues in woodworking and carving, and shows itself with patterns made with paint on wooden products such as chests and cabinets. Woodworking, broom making and mis soap making are some of Edirne's prominent handicrafts.
The history of the fragrant and fruit shaped soap production, which is known to have first appeared in Edirne, dates back to the 1600s. Produced by mixing musk, amber and rose essences in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century by shaping the soap to the consistency of a paste, shaping it in exact fruit sizes and dyeing it in accordance with the real fruit colours, “mis soap” (mis sabunu) became among the valuable gifts offered by Ottoman palace to important foreign guests.
Edirnekâri is an ornamentation style that includes motifs made with paint and varnish on surfaces such as wood, cardboard and leather.
Broom making and aynalı süpürge (traditional brooms with mirror) continues its existence as a handicraft especially for souvenirs and as a traditional art.
Also touch in Edirne
- Erikli and Enez Beaches
- Gala Lake National Park
- Danişment National Park
- Gökçetepe National Park
- Mecidiye-İbrice Harbour
- Koru Mountain
- Historical door of Üçşerefeli Mosque
- Rev Calligraphies on the Walls of Old Mosque
- Reverse Tulip Motif of Selimiye Mosque
- Lalapaşa Dolmenleri
- Tiles of Muradiye Mosque
- Ruins of Cihannuma Kasrı
- Edirne Kırmızısı (Rouge d’Andrinople)
- Edirne Taligaları
- Macedonian Tower and Roman Walls | <urn:uuid:de9c50df-9a08-44e5-a6f3-50b72667daa8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://goedirneturkiye.com/touch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663006341.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527205437-20220527235437-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.943125 | 474 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Calf muscle tear
Pain experienced in the calf muscle, which is the lower part of the leg, is often the cause of a torn or pulled calf muscle. A torn calf muscles has similarities to an Achilles tendon tear or rupture, although it occurs higher up the back of the leg.
Causes of a calf muscle tear
Changes in direction or acceleration can be the cause of calf muscle tears. Though, there have also been cases of calf muscles being torn simply from walking. Calf muscles can be minor or severe, with a specialist grading the injury from one to three.
Symptoms of a calf muscle tear
A sign of a pulled or torn calf muscle may feel like you have been hit in the leg because there is sudden pain at the back of the calf. You will then experience bruising, pain and swelling in the calf muscle, which can make walking and standing on your toes difficult.
Grade one: When the muscle is stretched causing small micro tears in the muscle fibres. Depending on your compliance, recovery takes approximately 2-3 weeks.
Grade two: When there is partial tearing of muscle fibres. With good rehabilitation, full recovery takes approximately 4-8 weeks.
Grade three: This is the most severe grade of calf strain. This grade is when there is a complete tearing or rupture of muscle fibres in the lower leg. In some severe cases, surgery may be needed, though if not, full recovery can take 3-4 months.
Treatment of a calf muscle tear
Calf muscles are very common, occurring when people return to sport too quickly and have not completed their rehabilitation program. Research has established that there are six phases in the rehabilitation process to treat and prevent these injuries.
Stage one – Early Injury Protection: Pain reduction and anti-inflammatory phase
As with most soft tissue injuries the initial treatment is RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.
Your calf muscle is a strong set of powerful muscles that produces force to hop, run and jump. In the early phases, you’ll be able to walk without a limp, so your calf needs some rest from weight-bearing loads. It’s important to note that when crutches or a walking boot are the most suitable forms of treatment, you may need to be non or partial weight-bearing.
Ice: A simple and easily accessible way to reduce your pain and inflammation is by applying ice. Apply ice for 20-30 minutes every 2-4 hours when you first notice the injury becoming warm or hot.
Compression: To stop the blood from pooling in your foot, use a compression bandage or kinesiology supportive tape.
Elevation: Elevating your foot above your heart will reduce excessive swelling around your calf and lower leg.
Stage two: Regain full range of motion
If protected properly, your injured calf will successfully reattach. Mature scar formation takes at least six weeks. To prevent the scar tissue from re-tearing in the future, you should aim to optimally remould it.
Massage and muscle stretches will help hear your scar tissue. Signs that it is healed is when you can walk without a limp and can perform calf stretches with a similar end of range stretch feeling.
Stage three: Restore concentric muscle strength
The restoring process of the calf muscle is a gradual progression from non-weight bear to partial and then eventually full weight bear and resistance-loaded exercises. On assessment findings, your chiropractor or physiotherapist may also advise that you require strengthening for other leg, lower core muscles and gluteal.
Stage four: Restore eccentric muscle strength
Calf muscles work in two directions by pushing you up (concentric) and control you down (eccentric). Most calf muscle tears occur during the controlled lengthening phase. As and when your injury healing allows, your chiropractor or physiotherapist will guide you on calf strengthening programs.
Stage five: Restore high speed, power, proprioception and agility
Calf muscles injuries often occur during high-speed activities that place pressure on your body. To prevent a recurrence as you return to sport, your chiropractor or physiotherapust will guide your recovery with exercises of rehabilitation to improve your sporting performance and prevent a recurrence.
Your chiropractor or physiotherapist, to prepare you for light sport-specific training, will develop an agility, speed, power, and proprioception program for you.
Stage six: Return to sport
To return to sport safely and injury-free, you will require specific sport related exercises and a customised training regime.
Depending on the demands of your sport, your chiropractor or physiotherapist will discuss timeframes, goals and training schedules with you to support your return to sport with the main objective being a full agility, speed, power and function with increased knowledge on how to minimise any further injuries. | <urn:uuid:eec440c6-f1cc-4c6d-ba6f-18d66a6ee4bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.s3c.com.au/conditions/ankle-foot/calf-muscle-tear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525627.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718104512-20190718130512-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.927592 | 1,001 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Victoria Class (1890) BB
class which followed the Admiral
Class (1888), the two ships of the Victoria Class must be considered a
backward step. They had a limited main armament which could only fire
ahead of the beam. For protection aft they had only one unprotected 10in
Completion was delayed due to hold-up with production of their 16.25in main guns. Which were housed in turrets instead of the barbettes of the Admiral's.
Although three-cylinder compound engines had been to sea for some time, these were the first to have triple expansion steam engines fitted.
They were not considered a very successful design.
This page last edited -
08 March, 2013.
Copyright © Ian M King, except where otherwise indicated. | <urn:uuid:d2b06d59-79ff-40b4-9892-29e12c3443bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://britainsnavy.co.uk/BB/Victoria%20Class%20(1890)%20BB.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742978.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116045735-20181116071735-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.9818 | 160 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ole Miss students
aid poor in Belize
Imagine living in a shack that sits on stilts over a lagoon filled with sewage and garbage. The only means of getting from one house to another is to walk on dangerous plank bridges.
This and other harsh realities—including child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, poor nutrition and hunger—are what schoolchildren in poverty-stricken San Mateo, Belize, must face every day. These conditions have led compassionate University of Mississippi students into an ongoing effort to change the children's lives for the better.
In January, a team of 13 Ole Miss students and two professors traveled to the impoverished area for a three-week study abroad trip. While there, the students assisted the people of San Mateo in replacing the plank bridges with gravel and sand roads. Other activities included providing food for the workers, helping local women launch a cooperative sewing business, and taking social work and exercise science classes.
The work being done in Belize is an interdisciplinary effort between the School of Applied Sciences' Department of Social Work and the Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management. UM's School of Engineering also is assisting in the effort.
"Each student [was] assigned a child and a classroom to be a mentor-tutor and teacher's aide at the Holy Cross Anglican School," said Kim Shackelford, an associate professor of social work, who has traveled to San Mateo with UM students each year since 2008. "The social work students [learned] to complete assessments of children and families and intervention plans in an environment that has few formal resources but many informal resources."
The exercise students conducted physical fitness tests on the children and taught them about physical fitness, said Martha Bass, assistant professor of health, exercise science and recreation management, who also made this year's trip.
A poor community built on a lagoon near San Pedro, San Mateo includes more than 140 households. Most homes are 10-by-10-foot buildings standing on stilts. Residents walk on planks to get from one building to another.
"The construction of roads will remove a serious safety hazard for children and lead to wider access to water, electricity and sewage systems for thousands of San Mateo residents," Shackelford said. San Mateo's citizenry has become more close-knit since UM students volunteered to help improve its living conditions.
"The students' work in the past and current work brings the community together and encourages trust amongst each other and trust of persons from outside who want to help," Shackelford said. "Community school directors have told me that the empowerment of the community members has led to parents becoming more active in their children's education."
Ole Miss students who have become involved in the humanitarian program and its outreach describe their experiences as "eye-opening" and "life changing." Though several have since graduated from UM, many remain actively involved through the San Mateo Empowerment Project.
"It is very important for each new group of students to understand that the foundation of the project is the mutual respect and friendship between our two communities," said Jake McGraw, a senior public policy leadership and economics major from Oxford. McGraw helped establish the nonprofit organization, which has its own website and link on Facebook.
"This trip is an opportunity for the students to build the relationships with people in San Mateo that will sustain the SMEP in the future," McGraw said. | <urn:uuid:8a2b0a6b-c154-4ac4-84ac-d1a68759760d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/applied_sciences/About/Newsletters/2011%20Applied%20Approach%20Fall/project.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721268.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00295-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968993 | 708 | 2.625 | 3 |
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Article Writing Format: Objective, Steps, Concepts, Videos & Samples Article Writing Format: Suppose you have some opinions regarding a topic and you want to tell people about it.
Article Writing Examples for CBSE Class 12 Article writing - solved questions. Below are a few solved questions for you so that you get an idea as to how to attempt class 12 English writing skills - Article writing question well. Remember, the more you read and practice, the better it is.
11 Tips to help Improve Article Writing Skills. 1. Start up "The fewer words you use, the better." Yes, you read it right. Don't worry about the length of your article besides this you should keep in mind that you're writing this article for developing your skills of writing which can help you many people in future to develop the same for themselves. How to Write an Article Analysis | The Classroom As you write an article analysis, focus on writing a summary of the main points followed by an analytical critique of the author's purpose. Knowing how to write an article analysis paper involves formatting, critical thinking of the literature, a purpose of the article and evaluation of the author's point of view. Tips for Writing Feature Articles - grammar.yourdictionary.com Looking for tips for writing feature articles? If you are writing for a print source or for online content, you might be interested to learn some tips for writing feature articles. Writing feature articles can be a fun way to expose a particular topic, to feature a particular individual you find inspiring, or even share your passions with other ... Writing - thoughtco.com
Article Writing Software Programs Reviews | <urn:uuid:e9096ac8-a929-4816-825a-da1a1e6b96cc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://essayservices2020glr.firebaseapp.com/laureno28789haq/article-writing-examples-112.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.897851 | 791 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Volunteer Plants in the Garden and Landscape
A wise gardener once described a weed as any plant that is growing where you don’t want itgrass in the perennial garden, dandelions in the yard, and creeping charley in your lawn or vegetable garden are classic examples.
A volunteer, on the other hand, is an unintended plant that adds beauty or whimsy to your lawn or gardena gift of Nature that may initially come as a complete surprise. Just because you didn’t plan for it doesn’t meant that a volunteer can’t add color or form to your well planned garden. So, as you weed, cultivate, and mulch your gardens this summer, consider whether some of those weeds that you’d pull might be interesting volunteers.
Self-Seeding Annual Flowers
Many volunteers are in the category of self-seeding annuals. These plants produce seed in the late summer and autumn; some produce seed so prolifically that it’s impossible to prevent the seed from becoming part of the flower bed soil. Celosia Plumosa (or Plume Celosia) and Cleome (also called Rocky Mountain Beeplant and Spiderflower) are classic examples of annuals that will reward you with numerous volunteers the following year.
A mass of Plume Celosia makes a wonderful border along walkways, while individual volunteers in the vegetable garden can add unexpected color and variation to an otherwise solid green expanse. Spiderflowers add interesting form and color where you have the room to enjoy them; they’re wonderful along a deck railing, in a large flower garden, or in open spaces near the house foundation. As one of the common names implies, they’ll attract bees (as will virtually all flowers), but they’re also attractive to hummingbirds which can be a real treat to observe on a summer afternoon or evening.
A natural forest is the result of many years of volunteer trees, the natural result of seeds being undisturbed by human intervention. We who have gardens and lawns also experience volunteer trees that result from seeds being dropped, wind-blown, or planted by squirrels or birds. As trees are usually a long-term and bigger space commitment, not all volunteer trees are as welcome in the lawn and garden as the surprise Spiderflower or Plume Celosia. But, occasionally a volunteer tree can be a delightful gift.
The American Holly tree shown here is a volunteer, probably planted by a bird more than 10 years ago, that was allowed to grow and has since become an integral part of the homeowner’s landscape.
Fruit and Vegetable Volunteers
For most backyard gardeners, fruit and vegetable volunteers are rarer than flower and tree volunteers. Notable exceptions are “wild” blueberries, raspberries, and blackberries that are “planted” by birds. Many rural areas have prolific crops of wild berry plantings, often under utility wires, for obvious reasons!
Of course, tomatoes contain a lot of seeds that will germinate in next year’s garden or in the compost pile. Unfortunately, these volunteers usually arrive much later than we would normally plant tomatoes. And, seeds from hybrid tomatoes will not yield the same hybrid tomato plant; they revert to one of the parents that was used to create the hybrid seed. Open-pollinated tomatoes will result in plant “true to type,” but, as mentioned earlier, they usually germinate much later than we’d prefer to start our tomatoes.
Your compost pile is filled with seeds, roots, potato eyes, and other plant producing material in a growth promoting environment. If you’ve ever left your compost pile unattended for several weeks in the summer, you’ve probably seen volunteers eager to repeat the natural cycle. If you have lots of compost, you might consider allowing a potato plant volunteer to complete the cycle and reward you with home-grown potatoes. | <urn:uuid:eccc6990-9087-4f22-900a-2eee0902373a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mantis.com/volunteer-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320491.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625115717-20170625135717-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.94594 | 819 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Beatlemania was running wild during the 1960s. Fans across the globe were obsessed with The Beatles during the British band’s record-breaking rise in the music industry. 57 years ago today, the group disembarked a Boeing 707 operating Pan American World Airways Flight 101 to John F. Kennedy International Airport from London. This trip was the band’s first-ever visit to the United States.
A grand tour
Between February 7th and February 22nd, 1964, The Beatles had an incredibly busy run of appearances. They performed at the Washington Coliseum and New York City’s Carnegie Hall. Additionally, they appeared twice on The Ed Sullivan Show, garnering over 70 million viewers.
According to AeroTime Hub, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr arrived at New York JFK at 13:20 and were welcomed by 4,000 fans and 200 members of the press. The aircraft that made this landmark event possible was a Boeing 707-331 with registration number N704PA. In true Pan Am fashion, the plane was nicknamed Jet Clipper Defiance.
The right transport
The four-engine jet aircraft had a flight crew of four members, including the pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and flight engineer. The 707-331’s wing is notably different from the initial 707-120 series. It was longer and had different flaps and spoilers. The engines are mounted further outboard. Meanwhile, the vertical fin is taller while the horizontal tailplane has a greater span. It also has a ventral fin to improve “longitudinal stability.”
The -331’s Pratt & Whitney JT3D-3 turbofan engines helped it hit ranges of up to 4,298 mi (6,920 km) at speeds of up to 552 mph (889 km/h).
Altogether, the 707 would help transform the way people around the world traveled. Boeing initially intended for the plane to be focused on medium-haul routes. However, the type was soon heading on transcontinental and transatlantic missions. Overall, Boeing delivered 856 707s in all variants between 1957 and 1994.
Registration N704PA held serial number 17683 and performed its first flight on March 3rd, 1959. PlaneLogger reports that first arrived at Pan Am’s holdings a year later. World Airways then operated the unit from March 1972 before returning it to Pan Am in December of that year. However, the legacy carrier would pass it to Vietnam Air in March 1973 before taking it back again in August 1975. The aircraft subsequently left the fleet and was scrapped after arriving at Aerotron AC’s facilities at the end of that year.
Time to head back
Following the end of The Beatles’ tour, Jane Luna Euler was a Pan Am flight attendant that was invited to work on The Beatles’ return trip to London on February 22nd. At the airport, she witnessed thousands of fans screaming from behind barricades.
“The noise was incredible. Medical staff had been assigned to stand in the aisle created by the barricades to accept those fans who fainted in the crush of people and who were over-excited at the opportunity of seeing the Beatles. Those who fainted, both girls and boys, were forwarded to the medical staff hand-over-hand to the barricade aisle,” Euler said, as shared by The Pan Am Historical Foundation.
“On entering the aircraft another memorable sight awaited us. The entire First Class lounge was filled with hundreds/thousands of gifts of all sorts – large flowers arrangements, bouquets, drawings and paintings of a favorite Beatle, cakes, written tributes and poems, photos, and other tributes from their fans. There was an amazing assortment of these items.”
Euler adds that the band members were very courteous and pleasant during the flight, and despite enjoying some downtime with a cocktail of Scotch and milk, they were willing to sign autographs for those that asked.
An unmatched legacy
Altogether, this trip across the pond would long leave a mark on the music industry. Moreover, pop culture as a whole was revolutionized.
“The Beatles’ first American tour left a major imprint in the nation’s cultural memory. With American youth poised to break away from the culturally rigid landscape of the 1950s, the Beatles, with their exuberant music and good-natured rebellion, were the perfect catalyst for the shift,” HISTORY shares.
“Their singles and albums sold millions of records, and at one point in April 1964 all five best-selling U.S. singles were Beatles songs. By the time the Beatles first feature-film, A Hard Day’s Night, was released in August, Beatlemania was epidemic the world over. Later that month, the four boys from Liverpool returned to the United States for their second tour and played to sold-out arenas across the country.”
A unique time
Meet the Beatles! was the group’s second album released in the US. It debuted at #92 on the album chart for the week ending February 1st, 1964. Two weeks later, it peaked at #1 and remained there for eleven consecutive weeks.
The Beatles may have already been popular before their physical arrival to the US. However, after flying in on Pan Am’s Boeing 707 for their first visit to the country, their presence was undoubtedly cemented. This event was just one of the thousands of memories made thanks to the help of Pan Am in the middle of the 20th century.
What are your thoughts about The Beatles’ arrival to the United States on a Pan American Boeing 707 aircraft? Do you have any memories of this time period? Also, did you ever fly on the type over the years? Let us know what you think of the event and the aircraft in the comment section. | <urn:uuid:9afe847e-5a7f-449e-ac4d-2a37aa4785b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://simpleflying.com/the-pan-am-boeing-boeing-707-that-brought-beatlemania-to-the-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304471.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124023407-20220124053407-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.969773 | 1,228 | 2.625 | 3 |
If online news articles are accompanied by negative comments, the readers will find the articles less credible, T Franklin Waddell, of University of Florida, discovered. Waddell conducted an online experiment with 289 Americans, who were exposed to a news story about heroin addiction.
In the experiment participants viewed the same news article, but under eight different conditions. Sometimes the article was depicted as one of many stories on the same issue (or not), sometimes it appeared as widely endorsed on social media (or not), and sometimes it was praised in comments (and sometimes it was criticized). The participants were then surveyed over their perceptions of the story and the issue.
Most notably, negative comments clearly reduced the perceived credibility of the article. Negative comments also undermined the perceived importance of the article’s topic: even when the participants were exposed to a Twitter feed where five out of eight articles dealt with heroin addiction, negative comments still made heroin addiction appear less important of an issue.
It appears negative comments are able to override traditional indicators of issue importance and news quality, Waddell warns. News organisations should thus carefully consider ways to counter this effect – be it through comment moderation, or by simply doing away with comments altogether, the author concludes.
The article “What does the crowd think?” was published by the journal New Media & Society. It is available online on the publisher’s website (abstract free).
Picture: Untitled by Andrew Martin, licence CC0 1.0. | <urn:uuid:d6e8e69c-ee32-4d7e-9073-7347fb92b873> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://journalismresearchnews.org/article-negative-comments-undermine-news-credibility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891196.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122073932-20180122093932-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.967092 | 304 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Holderness residents are being invited to meet a team of archaeologists to hear about ancient villages lost at sea.
Archaeologists will be at Welwick Village Hall on Monday to reveal early findings unearthed in a dig near Skeffling last autumn.
A geophysical study found evidence of storm surge deposits, ancient river channels and areas of peat from as far back as the Middle and New Stone Age, some 3,000 to 8,000 years ago.
The study suggests landscapes occupied and exploited by prehistoric people survive beneath the current farmland.
Across the higher parts of the site evidence was also found of Roman settlement activity, which evolved into the medieval period as communities settled closer to the shore as the land was drained.
Stephen Kemp, senior archaeologist at the Environment Agency, said: “Our initial assessment begins to tell the stories of communities by the Humber that learnt to adapt to environmental changes, like rising sea levels.
“When many of these ancient communities lived here the coast was much further away and the surrounding land was significantly less populated, enabling people and the ecology to thrive.
“The stories of the now lost villages provide interesting insight into environmental changes in today’s contexts and why, when providing managed realignment schemes like this, it is vital to ensure we are working with nature to make good long-term choices that will maintain our modern communities.”
The initial dig has been part of the design for the Outstays to Skeffling Managed Realignment Scheme.
The scheme is a habitat creation project on the Humber Estuary to offset habitat losses from future coastal development and “coastal squeeze”.
Coastal squeeze occurs when fixed hard flood defence structures, built to protect people and properties along the coast, reduce the inter-tidal land between low and high tide as a result of rising sea levels.
It is a legal obligation for the Environment Agency to rebalance this coastal squeeze by creating a compensatory habitat.
As part of the proposed scheme, a 900-acre natural habitat site will be created for estuarine and terrestrial wildlife.
An improved landscaped flood defence will surround this area to help reduce the risk of flooding to the local community.
Once complete, managed realignment sites like this are typically colonised with invertebrates and wading birds.
Environment Agency project manager Tim Cobb said: “With higher tides and changes in weather, we cannot avoid changes to our environment as we know it.
“But the results from our archaeological survey show these changes have been happening for millennia and they stress the importance of addressing coastal squeeze in key locations on Britain’s coastline.
“While the Outstrays to Skeffling Managed Realignment Scheme is still in public consultation stage we are keen to present our initial findings to the community.
"Perhaps more importantly though, we’d like to learn more about the local community’s understanding of the site to ensure they help us shape and maintain the important parts of the area’s history.”
A planning application for the Skeffling Managed Realignment Scheme is expected to be submitted at the end of 2017.
Subject to planning approval, the Environment Agency anticipates starting work for the western site in 2018.
Further archaeological excavations are anticipated in advance of the main scheme construction and regular updates on the findings will be shared with local residents.
Archaeologists will be at Welwick Village Hall from 2pm-7pm on Monday to talk through the early findings.
Email Welwick.Skeffling@environment-agency.gov.uk for more details of the scheme. | <urn:uuid:16624479-ec4e-478a-bb38-c707ee5a965f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/hear-ancient-villages-lost-sea-393504 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525500.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718042531-20190718064531-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.941582 | 750 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A common disease seen in dogs and cats is diabetes mellitus, or diabetes. The pancreas is a L-shaped gland that sits next to the stomach and part of the small intestines called the duodenum. The pancreas is responsible for producing a number of digestive hormones, such as insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a hormone that helps digest sugar. It is like the “key” to unlock the blood cells, allowing sugar to be used as energy. Diabetes is the lack of or underproduction of insulin.
Without insulin, the sugar keeps circulating in the blood stream but is not available for use as energy, and therefore the body turns to fat stores and even muscles to fuel itself, which can lead to dangerous byproducts called ketones building up in the blood stream. Also, the body is essentially in starvation mode at this point, as all of the food that is being eaten is unable to be used as energy, so the body is breaking down its reserves.
Signs that your pet may have diabetes include weight loss, usually despite a good to increased appetite, increased thirst, and increased urinations. Since these symptoms can also be seen with other serious diseases such as kidney disease or thyroid disorders amongst others, if your pet is exhibiting any of these signs please schedule an appointment with us as soon as possible.
An examination may reveal weight loss and muscle loss, cataract development in the eyes, or other signs which may make diabetes a likely culprit. Likely a blood sample will be taken to look at liver and kidney functions, red and white blood cells, and most importantly a blood glucose or sugar level. A urine sample may be collected to look for signs of ketones or sugar in the urine, as well as signs of an infection. Additional blood work to look at a fructosamine level, which checks the average blood glucose level over the last couple of weeks may be required to get a diagnosis.
If your pet does indeed have an elevated blood sugar, fructosamine, or glucose and/or ketones in the urine, a diagnosis of diabetes will likely be made. Treatment often includes insulin injections and a diet change. Specific treatment plans are formulated on a case by case basis. With proper care, diabetic pets can live long, healthy lives. If you think your pet may have diabetes, please call us today! | <urn:uuid:5a92b615-11b7-4e91-9866-c41eb2561768> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.heritageanimalhospital.com/blog/tag/diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499871.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131122916-20230131152916-00762.warc.gz | en | 0.951967 | 480 | 3.125 | 3 |
Is your child struggling to study, complete homework, and be organized for school? At first thought, many parents assume that their child is being lazy. What they don’t understand is that it could be something much bigger going on inside the brain. Enter Executive Dysfunction Disorder. This disorder is very commonly linked to ADHD. If your child has ADHD, there is a good chance that it is affecting their executive functions. Here are some important things to know about this disorder and how to get your child executive function support.
What Is Executive Functioning?
Executive Functioning are the cognitive actions people take to strive toward a goal. It involves actions such as planning, organizing, and completing tasks. The functions are crucial in school-age children. They try to juggle busy schedules and make plans for things like completing projects or applying to college. The issue comes into play when a child experiences Executive Dysfunction. While doctors are not fully sure what causes Executive Dysfunction, they do know that it is strongly linked to ADHD.
Children who have executive functioning issues struggle to plan, organize, adjust their schedule, and do things on time. They also struggle with self-awareness and following directions with more than one step. Naturally, all of this can lead to these children having issues in school. What may outwardly appear as laziness, may be a true cognitive issue. The child is unable to successfully plan a timeline to work on a project.
How Executive Functioning Impacts School Performance
Executive functioning is a part of every task at school. Students are constantly being pushed to do homework, complete projects, study for tests, take the SATs, and apply for college. Unfortunately, the list goes on and on. While this may not seem like a big deal for some students, it’s very overwhelming for students with Executive Dysfunction. For example, a student with Executive Dysfunction may be confused about the directions for a project and how to take the necessary steps to complete it. At the same time, they also struggle with creating a timeline to actually get the work done. Executive dysfunction affects everything from memory to focus to emotions.
What To Do About Executive Functioning
If you think that you child has Executive Dysfunction, it is important to go see your primary care doctor. The doctor may recommend other specialists to see such as a child psychologist. Students typically take a few tests to assess whether they have executive functioning issues. There are many ways to help your child with their Executive Dysfunction. First, make sure the school knows about it so they can add executive function support. This adds accommodations to an existing IEP, or gets the process started to create an IEP. Teaching the child to use tools such as sticky notes and graphic organizers can also be a big help. It is also a good idea to get your child a one-on-one coach or tutor. This person can guide your child through executive function support strategies.
The next time you think your kid is lazy, think again! They could have Executive Dysfunction Disorder that is affecting how they approach and succeed in school. For more information about the disorder and to learn about support and strategies, contact Just2Tutoring today. | <urn:uuid:575ae67c-23c2-4d46-a104-d161d655e2b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://just2tutoring.com/its-not-laziness-its-executive-dysfunction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.966803 | 650 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A kneepoint is a point on a graph that represents the change in slope.
What is kneepoint in audiology?
In audiology, the kneepoint is the point at which a hearing aid’s compression circuit begins to function.
What is Kneepoint in Hearing Aid?
The kneepoint in a hearing aid is the point at which the hearing aid begins to compress sound. Compression is a process that limits the amount of amplification that a hearing aid provides to loud sounds. This helps to prevent the hearing aid from producing feedback and to protect the user’s hearing from damage.
Kneepoints can be either fixed or adjustable. Fixed kneepoints are set by the manufacturer of the hearing aid, while adjustable kneepoints can be changed by the user or by an audiologist.
The kneepoint of compression is typically measured in decibels (dB). The higher the kneepoint, the more sound that the hearing aid amplifies before it begins to compress.
Kneepoints can be used to improve the sound quality of hearing aids. By adjusting the kneepoint, the user can make soft sounds louder and loud sounds less loud.
What is the Kneepoint of Compression?
The kneepoint of compression is the sound pressure level (SPL) at which the hearing aid begins to compress sound. The kneepoint of compression is typically measured in decibels (dB).
What does Increasing the Threshold Kneepoint do?
Increasing the threshold kneepoint increases the amount of sound that the hearing aid amplifies before it begins to compress. This can be helpful for people who have difficulty hearing soft sounds, but it can also make loud sounds louder.
The kneepoint is an important feature of hearing aids that helps to prevent feedback and protect hearing. The kneepoint of compression can be adjusted to meet the individual needs of the user.
If you are concerned about your hearing, it is important to talk to an audiologist. They can help you to determine if a hearing aid is right for you and can adjust the kneepoint of compression to meet your individual needs. | <urn:uuid:67d8b0e4-904e-4d26-a98b-a77abc8a0df6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://askanaudiologist.com/glossary/kneepoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.956351 | 452 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Spurred by a widely reviewed new book and a recent ABC television program watched by an estimated 12 million people, increasing attention is being paid to the idea that the virus called HIV is not the cause of AIDS.
The handful of scientists who promote this idea suggest that AIDS has several other causes, including illicit drug use and other viruses often found in gay men and intravenous drug-takers, the two principal risk groups for the disease outside the Third World.
The circumstantial evidence in favor of HIV as the primary cause of AIDS is overwhelming, since virtually every American diagnosed with the disease also has antibodies to that virus. But the case of Philip Bertrand offers a much more direct kind of evidence.
Just as no researcher can inoculate a subject with a lethal virus to test a potential vaccine, ethical considerations make it impossible to perform the so-called "golden experiment" that would provide conclusive proof of cause-and-effect between a microbe and a fatal disease: deliberately infecting a healthy person with HIV, then waiting to see if he dies.
Until now, the closest thing to that illicit experiment are the cases of eight American health-care workers who, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, have contracted AIDS after what they claim are accidental exposures to HIV-infected blood.
In several of those cases, however, the details of the purported accidents are murky, and only one of the eight, a middle-aged female nurse, was tested for antibodies to HIV before the accident. Although the test was negative, it preceded the woman's accident by eight months.
By contrast, the exact time and circumstances of Philip Bertrand's infection are reflected in official French government reports of his accident. Moreover, Bertrand, who is married with four children, lived for five years in an African country where the availability of injectable drugs is nil.
Most important, French government records show that Bertrand tested negative for antibodies to HIV just two months before his accident-and that he still was negative on the day of his first vaccination.
"The case you have is an extraordinarily well-documented one," a CDC official said. | <urn:uuid:045011a0-f68d-49d1-8f8c-ee715ede3857> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-09-05-9309050187-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743521.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117123417-20181117145417-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.974727 | 440 | 2.796875 | 3 |
WELCOME TO NUMBERNUT
Thanks for visiting! Right now you're on NUMBERNUT.COM. If you are looking for math information, stay on this site. You can start by choosing one of the math topics we cover.
We now have three sections on the site:
Shapes & Colors, Numbers & Counting, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division.
Number Types, Fractions, Decimals, Percentages, Estimation & Rounding, Ratios, Money, and Factors.
Graphing, Roots and Exponents, Units, Advanced Numbers, Scientific Notation, and Variables.
This site offers an introduction to mathematics and its variety of topics. It's not just for kids, it's for everyone (even if you aren't a number nut). If you're still not sure what to click, try our site map that will show you all of the topics we cover. If you surf the site and get lost in all of the information, use the search function on the side of the pages.
OKAY! Let's start here...
So you're asking, what is MATH? Well... Here's our best definition. Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, and change. Do you think that's a bit general? It was meant to be. Math is a part of everything in the universe.
You might be a farmer that needs to measure your land or count your crops. You might be a cook who needs to know how much food to buy. You might be a nuclear physicist that is studying the movements and activity of atoms. All of those jobs use math at one point or another. Math is just as important when you go to buy a burger, as it is to help plot the movement of planets.
Ideas and concepts in math are also universal because they are based in logic and deductive reasoning. Proofs, definitions, and theorems rule the actions of math whether you are from China, Great Britain, or another planet. The concept of "one" will always be "one" no matter what language you speak. Even computers speak math. They speak with a binary language (ones and zeroes). If this is all new to you, start with numbers and counting. You have to start somewhere.
That's it for the introduction. Now it's up to you to click and have fun! Numbernut.com is one of many free learning sites developed by the team that made Chem4Kids, Biology4Kids, Geography4Kids, Cosmos4Kids, or Physics4Kids. If you're not into clicking graphics like home page image above, check out the site map where we detail all of the pages of the site for you. | <urn:uuid:f452dee2-2d82-4e96-8f52-8e697bffd239> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.numbernut.com/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00442-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942774 | 567 | 3 | 3 |
Parables of Jesus and their Meanings
Example from The Bible: (Matthew 13:3)
A farmer went out to plant some seeds. As he scattered them across his field, some seeds fell on a footpath, and the birds came and ate them. Other seeds fell on shallow soil with underlying rock. The seeds sprouted quickly because the soil was shallow. But the plants soon wilted under the hot sun, and since they didn’t have deep roots, they died. Other seeds fell among thorns that grew up and choked out the tender plants. Still other seeds fell on fertile soil, and they produced a crop that was thirty, sixty, and even a hundred times as much as had been planted! Anyone with ears to hear should listen and understand (Matthew 13:4-9).”
For symbolism, read Matthew 13:18-23
Parable of The Visiting Son
The story of the Bible
"What’s going on?” Junior demands.The nosy crowd is astonished, including the father.
"They're taking my home." His father says reluctantly.
"Give ME the debt!” The son yells toward the just-business environment.
"But," the bankers replies, "this is not your problem!”The son stands his ground until the banker finally gives in. And, with the bill now in junior's name, the son simply reaches in his pocket and pays it off, cash. And immediately after, many witness the banker and the son wink at each other. To this day, spectators wonder, "Did the banker secretly arrange for this well-timed rescue?" | <urn:uuid:a9c9c92f-769b-4677-bf3b-9819c51ff618> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://christianparables.com/biblical_parables_and_new_parables | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158958.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923020407-20180923040807-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.977387 | 339 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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The benefit of ideological reasoning is that it is very convincing to those who share in the ideology. Ideological reasoning starts from axioms, or first principles, and uses deductive reasoning from there. Assuming that people accept the validity of the axioms, it will be easy to persuade them of the truth of your conclusions.
The major risk with this sort of thinking is the flip side of its strength. This sort of reasoning does not seek to persuade those who do not believe in its axioms to begin with. For example, if you believed in the importance of the rights of all human beings, you could make an argument (based on that belief) that says China should allow more freedom of speech to its people. However, this will not convince anyone who does not already believe that human rights are important.
We’ve answered 300,962 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:efd8bdc7-9c30-48c1-9f78-13b5e6db23d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-uses-benefits-and-risks-ideological-reasoning-338304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146302.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00172-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964148 | 194 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Theme: Part Three: The Coming of the King
In this week’s lessons we learn how this psalm serves as a Messianic psalm, as Jesus enters into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday as Israel’s King.
Scripture: Psalm 24:1-10
The final section of Psalm 24 describes the entrance of the king into Jerusalem. It is the obvious climax. In verses 1 and 2 the earth is prepared for his coming. In verses 3-6 his people, the inhabitants of the earth, are prepared for him. In the third section, verses 7-10, the king comes. Who is he? He is “the great representative man, who answered to the full character laid down, and therefore by his own right ascended the holy hill of Zion.”4 He is Jesus, who entered the city on Palm Sunday in order to die for us. It is because he ascended the approach to Jerusalem, entered it and died there that we can enter heaven.
Many of the psalms seem to have been arranged for antiphonal singing, one voice or one choir asking a question and another choir or chorus answering it. This psalm is quite obviously like this.5 I do not see how it is possible to get the true effect of his last section without approaching it in this way. It goes like this:
The chorus approaching with the king:Lift up your heads, O you gates;be lifted up, you ancient doorsthat the King of glory may come in.
A voice from within the walls:Who is this King of glory?
A spokesman for the King:The LORD strong and mighty,the LORD mighty in battle.
The original approaching chorus:Lift up your heads, O you gates;lift them up, you ancient doors,that the King of glory may come in.
The voice from within repeating the former question:Who is he, this King of glory?
Everyone:The Lord Almighty—he is the King of glory.
It is easy to get excited about something as beautiful and moving as this liturgy. But we need to remember that the priests and people of Jesus’ day, though they sang it, did not really do what they were singing. In a sense they did; they let Jesus into the city and then into the temple area, where he threw out the money changers. But although they let him in, they did not actually let him in. That is, they did not let him into their hearts and lives.
That is the way he really wants to come in. He wants to come into your life to save you and change you. The way for you to respond is to let the King come in. Will you?
It is possible that you are saying, “I shall never enter into the heaven of God, for I have neither clean hands nor a pure heart.” Look then to Christ, who has already climbed the holy hill. He has entered as the forerunner of those who trust him. Follow in his footsteps, and repose upon his merit. He rides triumphantly into heaven, and you shall ride there too if you trust him. “But how can I get the character described?” say you. The Spirit of God will give you that. He will create in you a new heart and a right spirit. Faith in Jesus is the work of the Holy Spirit, and has all virtues wrapped up in it.6
What a blessing it would be to come thus to him who came to his own on Palm Sunday.
What is antiphonal singing? How is it used with great effect in the latter portion of this psalm?
Contrast the response of the priests and people of Jesus’ day with the response Jesus desires.
Application: In response to the clean hands and pure heart God has given you through the work of Christ, what will you do in the coming week to help others learn of their own need for the Savior?
For Further Study: To see how the book of Zechariah also prophesies the coming of Jesus, download and listen for free to James Boice’s message, “Israel’s Shepherd-King.” (Discount will be applied at checkout.)
4C. H. Spurgeon, The Treasury of David, vol. 1a, Psalms 1-26 (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968), p. 377.5See Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Psalms, vol. 1, trans. by Francis Bolton (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, n.d.), pp. 332, 333. Original edition 1867. Also Arno C. Gaebelein, The Book of Psalms: A Devotional and Prophetic Commentary (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1965), p. 117, 118.6C. H. Spurgeon, The Treasury of David, vol. 1a, Psalms 1-26 (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968), p. 378. | <urn:uuid:b2396fa3-5363-48ac-a24f-67dc54537f05> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.thinkandactbiblically.org/letting-the-king-come-in-day-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.965529 | 1,056 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What’s the relationship between party identification and issue positions? Many assume that a voter’s positions determine their party. It ain’t necessarily so.
Indeed, in some instances, the reverse is true: People’s partisanship can determine their issue positions. When they identify with a party and know which party is on what side of an issue, partisanship can count more than policy.
An experiment we conducted with our colleagues at North Star Research in a poll for USA Today and the Bipartisan Policy Center illustrates the point (though I alone am responsible for any errors in interpretation here).
We presented respondents with two different education plans, the details of which are unimportant in this context. What is important is that half the sample was told A was the Democratic plan and B was the Republican plan, while the other half of our national sample was told A was the Republican plan and B was the Democrats’ approach.
The questions dealt with substantive policy on a subject quite important to most Americans — education — and issues that people are familiar with — class size, teacher pay and the like.
Nonetheless, when the specifics in Plan A were presented as the Democratic plan and B as the Republican plan, Democrats preferred A by 75 percent to 17 percent, and Republicans favored B by 13 percent to 78 percent. When the exact same elements of A were presented in the exact same words, but as the Republicans’ plan, and with B as the Democrats’ plan, Democrats preferred B by 80 percent to 12 percent, while Republicans preferred “their party’s plan” by 70 percent to 10 percent. Independents split fairly evenly both times. In short, support for an identical education plan shifted by more than 60 points among partisans, depending on which party was said to back it.
Thus, policy positions were not driving partisanship, but rather partisanship was driving policy positions. Voters took whichever position was ascribed to their party, irrespective of the specific polices that position entailed.
Other experiments elicit similar results. A study by Yale psychologist Geoffrey Cohen found that, absent partisan information, liberal students favored a welfare plan that was more generous than any existing policy, while conservatives favored a plan more stringent than any in existence. However, when told the stringent policy was the “Democratic plan,” liberals favored it and conservatives opposed it. When told the generous policy was the Republican approach, conservatives favored it and liberals opposed it. Again, partisanship is driving policy preference.
We have witnessed this mechanism in real life as well. After President Obama announced he favored allowing gay marriage, many thought he might lose support among African-Americans, who had opposed the policy. Instead, support for same sex marriage shot up by 18 points among African-Americans in an ABC/Washington Post poll, while a PPP poll found an 11-point increase in support among African-Americans in North Carolina in the wake of the president’s announcement. It’s more evidence that voters were following their party leader on the issue, rather than letting their attitudes on the issue determine their views of the leader.
Of course, it’s not necessarily the case for all issues or all voters. There are undoubtedly circumstances in which taking a particular stand might lead to voters abandoning the party rather than the policy. But the evidence suggests that parties have considerable latitude to alter their positions without losing voters. At the same time, parties can contribute to the level of political polarization, driving voters further apart on the issues if they so choose, and bringing them closer together if they want.
In that sense, voters could be right in assigning blame for polarization to partisan machinations rather than to their own views.
Mellman is president of The Mellman Group and has worked for Democratic candidates and causes since 1982. Current clients include the majority leader of the Senate and the Democratic whip in the House. | <urn:uuid:b1b4902f-42a0-40d7-9c6f-b87d7cf73507> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://thehill.com/opinion/columnists/mark-mellman/287789-relationship-of-parties-and-policies?utm_source=jolt&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Jolt&utm_campaign=Jolt06092015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.969699 | 795 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A UX designer is
concerned with the entire process of acquiring and integrating a product,
including aspects of branding, design, usability and function. It is a story
that begins before the device is even in the user's hands.
User interface (UI)
design is the process designers use to build interfaces in software or
computerized devices, focusing on looks or style. Designers aim to create
interfaces which users find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design refers to
graphical user interfaces and other forms—e.g., voice-controlled interfaces.
User Interface Design
is important because it can make or break your customer base. It creates fewer
problems, increases user involvement, perfects functionality and creates a
strong link between your customers and your website. | <urn:uuid:1d231294-af09-4f1a-853a-fe3be8f040e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://brandkee.com/service/UI-UX-Designing/290 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.906338 | 162 | 2.78125 | 3 |
(Also known as Bird Cherry)
Type of weed: Woody weed
Flower colour(s): White
A deciduous small tree or large shrub, 8–16m tall.
The leaves are alternate, elliptic in shape, taper-pointed, with fine-toothed margins, sometimes brown-hairy beneath.
The inflorescence hangs like a pendant, with many small heavily scented white flowers with five petals. It flowers spring to early summer.
The fruit is a shiny black, small drupe with a large seed.
It is spread by birds that eat the fruit and in dumped garden waste.
Impact on bushland
Bird Cherry can form dense stands and replaces and crowds out native plants. Little grows below, except for its own seedlings, reducing the diversity of native plants and the habitat they provided to native wildlife.
Screening shrubs and small trees such as:
- Hakea dactyloides
- Callistemon spp.
- Acacia spp.
- Leptospermum spp.
Council provides a tool, on its Mountain Landscapes website, to help you choose native alternative plantings. Choose your village, soil, vegetation community and the purpose of your planting, and the tool will give you suggestions.
- Hand remove
- Stem inject or frill
- Cut and paint
Grasp stem at ground level. Rock weed backwards and forwards to loosen roots, then pull out gently. Carefully tap the roots to dislodge attached soil. Replace disturbed soil and pat down.
- Leave weeds so that roots do not make contact with soil; on a rock, for instance. A small amount of debris may be hung in a tree or removed from the site.
- Vary the position of your body to avoid fatigue when removing plants by hand over extended periods.
Note: Herbicides that may be used for this weed include Glyphosate.
Stem injection or frilling
At the base of the tree, drill holes at a 45° angle into the sapwood (just under the outer bark) at two finger space intervals around the entire base of the tree. Repeat this process below the lowest branch
As an alternative to drilling, make cuts into the sapwood with a chisel or axe. Fill each cut/hole with herbicide immediately. Repeat the process at 3 cm intervals around the tree.
Plants should be healthy and actively growing. Deciduous plants should be treated in spring and autumn when leaves are fully formed. For multi-stemmed plants, inject or chip below the lowest branch or treat each stem individually. Herbicide must be injected immediately before the plant cells close (within 30 seconds before translocation of herbicide ceases.)
Cut and paint
Useful for small to medium sized woody weeds up to 10 cm in diameter.
Make a horizontal cut as close to the ground as possible with secateurs or loppers, and immediately apply concentrated Glyphosate to the exposed stump surface. Do not allow the surface to get covered with soil.
Specific control tips for this weed
Treat plants before they fruit to prevent spread by birds. The plant needs to be treated with herbicide because it will coppice (grow new shoots from cut stems) and sucker.
Note: care needs to be taken when handling prunings; the wood and bark are poisonous.
- Hand pull small seedlings.
- Stem inject, or cut and paint larger plants.
Cut parts of the plant can be spread out to dry off the ground. Once dead the material will decompose in place or may be composted.
For key points on these techniques:
Local Priority Weed
- The plant should be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed.
- Plants under 4 metres in height should be fully and continuously suppressed and destroyed.
- The spread of this plant should be adequately contained to prevent spread impacting on priority assets. Weed notices will only be issued for these weeds under special circumstances. | <urn:uuid:8a163107-80b6-4f58-8bc8-307d75efb81f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://weedsbluemountains.org.au/weeds/black-cherry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100593.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206095331-20231206125331-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.90158 | 828 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Scrabble word: IMPOSITION
In which Scrabble dictionary does IMPOSITION exist?
Definitions of IMPOSITION in dictionaries:
- noun - the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo)
- noun - an uncalled-for burden
- The act of imposing or the condition of being imposed.
- Something imposed, such as a tax, an undue burden, or a fraud.
- A burdensome or unfair demand, as upon someone’s time: listened to the telephone solicitor but resented the imposition.
- The arrangement of printed matter to form a sequence of pages.
There are 10 letters in IMPOSITION: I I I M N O O P S T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to IMPOSITION
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word IMPOSITION plus a wildcard: IMPOSITION?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word IMPOSITION
10 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words | <urn:uuid:f3d1e899-7acb-4e77-8eba-b7ae45300182> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.anagrammer.com/scrabble/imposition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562612.157/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00087-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.696924 | 235 | 2.828125 | 3 |
With a Preface by Theodore Roosevelt.
ff to the best advantage a part of the Tuskegee dairy herd 290
Mr. Washington feeding his chickens with green stuffs raised in his own garden 306
Mr. Washington in his onion patch 306
Mr. Washington sorting in his lettuce bed 306
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
THE MAN AND HIS SCHOOL IN THE MAKING
It came about that in the year 1880, in Macon County, Alabama, a certain ex-Confederate colonel conceived the idea that if he could secure the Negro vote he could beat his rival and win the seat he coveted in the State Legislature. Accordingly, the colonel went to the leading Negro in the town of Tuskegee and asked him what he could do to secure the Negro vote, for Negroes then voted in Alabama without restriction. This man, Lewis Adams by name, himself an ex-slave, promptly replied that what his race most wanted was education and what they most needed was industrial | <urn:uuid:09286c16-a659-428d-932d-9c9a00c04adf> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://manybooks.net/titles/scottej2462724627-8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00280-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974898 | 199 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Date Published:Dec 2016
The prevalence of many urban phenomena changes systematically with population size1 . We propose a theory that unifies models of economic complexity2,3 and cultural evolution4 to derive urban scaling. The theory accounts for the difference in scaling exponents and average prevalence across phenomena, as well as the difference in the variance within phenomena across cities of similar size. The central ideas are that a number of necessary complementary factors must be simultaneously present for a phenomenon to occur, and that the diversity of factors is logarithmically related to population size. The model reveals that phenomena that require more factors will be less prevalent, scale more superlinearly and show larger variance across cities of similar size. The theory applies to data on education, employment, innovation, disease and crime, and it entails the ability to predict the prevalence of a phenomenon across cities, given information about the prevalence in a single city.
Related Content: The Urban Theory of Everything
Harvard Magazine: Recipes for Thriving Cities | <urn:uuid:38bc23fe-3a98-45d4-b33a-ac6d5e8979ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://growthlab.cid.harvard.edu/publications/explaining-prevalence-scaling-and-variance-urban-phenomena-nature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373095.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305152710-20210305182710-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.899829 | 202 | 2.625 | 3 |
"Test sheets" most commonly refers to the papers on which students mark or write answers to exam questions in pre-printed spaces. The term may also refer to a page containing only test questions or a sheet that has both questions and spaces for answers on it.Continue Reading
Test sheets for marking answers to multiple choice questions contain columns of circles known as bubbles. Each bubble may contain the letter corresponding to a multiple choice option or the letters may appear as column headers. Students fill in the bubble corresponding to the letter of the option that correctly answers the test question.
Other sheets have a series of blanks for students to write on, such as for spelling tests.
Essay test sheets may contain instructions and essay questions, but not space for the essays. Students use other paper or test booklets to write the essays.
Test sheets containing both test questions and answer spaces include math test sheets that show arithmetic problems with space for showing the work and writing in the answers and vocabulary test sheets. These may list vocabulary words in one column and their definitions in another; students draw lines to match each word to its definition.Learn more about K-12 Curriculum | <urn:uuid:c4c32b3b-a4fe-4e1a-b2a1-8ada99087d21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/education/test-sheets-64f3b36b78c1c843 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918038 | 233 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The Anatomy of Violence : Part 1 – Shame
In this article we will look in depth at the root cause of violence. In it we present why it is shame that we find at the root of it, and then present ways in which professional therapists, specialised in violent behaviour, have come to recognise and address the problem.
In future articles we might look further at:
- Male vrs Female Gender Weaponry
- Domestic Violence Dynamics & Cycles of Behaviour.
Violence is not a Gender issue
Common narrative suggests that men are the main perpetrators of violence, but it is important to recognise that violence is not a gendered issue.
At first glance, statistics suggest this view of males being the main protagonists seems accurate, but statistics do not look at the cause of violence, what drives it, or even who throws the first punch, statistics only measure the end result. Violence perpetuated by males alone, is then being touted as the truth, but this is false conclusion and very misleading. Certainly Hospital A&E departments and the majority of prisoners incarcerated for violent action are males, but this in fact just speak volumes on how much we currently miss the true cause, the triggers, and instead we target the end result, i.e. the symptom, every time. Regardless of which gender is* better* at violence, what are the causes involved in an escalating dynamic that goes from upset, to anger, to rage, to violence? And in observing those causes, can we find ways to interrupt the patterns that lead to violence?
This article is not going to focus on balancing the gender equation by pointing to female violence, nor to emotional terrorism by a mother to a child, nor to the use of the system to manipulate custody battles, or false sexual accusations aimed to gaslight males in the way #MeToo seems to have become a convenient tool to achieve such ends. All of these nefarious behaviours might also be classified as forms of aggression, but using female weaponry to achieve results. We will look at this in a separate article.
Much more important than arguing which gender is the most to blame, is to understand what is at work to cause violence to occur in the dynamics between two or more people. (We could include violence against the one person, which is essentially the act of suicide.) Whenever violence occurs, two or more people are involved. That makes it a dance of sorts, and so there will be symbiotic influences at work that we must look at, in order to understand what is truly happening.
There is a simple equation to all this, and it requires looking at violence not as the cause, but as a symptom of something else.
Shame is the root of all violence
Shame exists in all of us, in such a way that it is actually something of an epidemic, and one that every person alive is effected by. It is that big. When we start to consider the true power of shame upon the human psyche, it begins to reveal what we have failed to understand about violence and its true cause. There is documented and tested proof that shame is at the root\ of violence, and not just* some* violence, but almost all of it. The proof for this comes from two distinct places.
The first is Jonathan Asser who explains in the article below a method he came to call SVI (Shame Violence Intervention), which he ran at Wandsworth prison as a therapy workshop with 100% success. He used a clinical approach to address shame as the root cause of violence, and with it, interrupt the triggers that escalate to violence. This was not done in a conventional way, but in a way one might at first find quite terrifying and hard to believe were effective, and yet they clearly worked.
And then James Gilligan. An American psychologist who was asked to do a study on high-security prisoners, those who could not be cured of their violence and were considered too difficult even for the guards to manage. His findings led him to understand the root of aggressive behaviour and what leads to escalation not only in violent offenders, but in all of us, when we are shamed by another person, sometimes even indirectly.
There are others, but I have focused on both these men’s work primarily because of what they have achieved on the extreme end of the violence spectrum. They have both dealt with the most violent offenders known to society, the beyond hope criminal, and they have both had near to 100% success rate with many of them. In the field of violence, both these men have come to the same, singular conclusion. That shame is the root cause of violence.
Are there examples of violence that do not have shame as the root cause? Maybe.
Conscious Violence might be considered the act of violence used to contain, manage or control already violent behaviour. An example of this would be trained personal acting under orders, the Army or Police, for instance. In such cases, the violence is part of a deliberate strategy and controlled method of escalation. The act of violence in this case is not one of shame driven reaction, but rather calculated and rational response to achieve a particular end result, normally the cessation of other violence, i.e fighting fire with fire.
Violence triggered by Shame
If we look at the complete anatomy of violence, in many cases the original antagonist is not the person who ultimately resorts to the act of violence. It is important to acknowledge that the issue also lies with the triggers, and therefore the shame that leads to it escalating to the point where violence is perpetrated. If these triggers could be interrupted, then violence would not occur. Equally we must recognise that in the anatomy of the process, this then makes* shaming* a complicit act in causing violence, and the perpetration of shame must therefore be considered in part responsible for any escalation. Though this would immediately draw questions of victim blaming.
But, there are many people that this truth will resonate with, myself included, and we are currently told that the opposite is true, that it is all our fault when we respond violently to a situation, i.e. when we lose control of our rational thought processes and react violently. I am not attempting to exonerate perpetrators from responsibility, only attempting to understand the root cause that leads to violent reaction in order that we might address it correctly. Yes, it is our responsibility alone to address any potential for violence in our being, or anger in our nature, of course it is, there is never an excuse for violence in word, nor deed. What I am suggesting is that we have been looking in the wrong places for a solution, and we often seem to forget that each of us are also effected by shame ourselves, and we can see it in our interactions, every day. Violence and aggression is not something only other people do. Normally sane folk will lose their minds too, if you shame them enough. Normally placid people attack each other like wild animals when pushed beyond their limits, often exerting it upon the very people that they also profess to love, on other less traumatic days. Look at the News for proof of this in action.
Everyone can think of that time when they lost their cool with someone they loved deeply. Maybe it was your kid, or your partner, or someone you knew or did not know, and you went that little bit too far and lashed out at them. It was not your normal character, right? Consider that as we expand further on this concept.
Understanding Shame Dynamics
Without the correct knowledge, without the correct learned behaviour, without awareness of shame dynamics at work in the anatomy of violence, then we have only two choices when we become powerfully shamed – Fight or Flight.
Jonathan Asser has proved this can be addressed with 100% effectiveness through his Shame Violence Intervention Workshops. The following is an hour long documentary straight from HMP Wandsworth, with the inmates themselves explaining the process they went through which changed their behaviour. Men who previously would react violently to their sense of shame, now recognising choice in the heat of the moment, and thus undoing the dynamic that was causing them to behave violently in response to a shaming experience. It is well worth the time required to watch this as it covers the fundamental concepts we are expanding on in this article.
SVI Shame Violence Intervention – Documentary (1 hour)
There are two key things involved in the process of understanding how shame dynamics lead to violence and how to interrupt the pattern of behaviour that causes it to escalate.
First is providing a group who know the process, understand shame dynamics in this context, and therefore can support the person learning it themselves in the midst of a shaming experience.
Secondly that same group also consciously provides the all important Need To Belong that becomes intrinsically threatened during a shaming event, The Need to Belong being met, is a key imperative in de-escalation of violence when it threatens to occur.
These two essential aspects are absolute requirements to understanding any process that will lead to an interruption in violent escalation. They are explained in more detail in this download-able PDF detailing the therapeutic aspect of Jonathan’s work.
The High Status Option : The Last Moment of Choice
The last moment of choice that we find in the midst of an escalating episode of shame that is headed towards violence, Jonathan Asser refers to as the High Status Option.
It involves keeping your power, not giving it away by running, nor getting it back by beating it out of the other person. This really comes down to our perception of events as they transpire, and it has some supporting factors to take into account.
Current thinking and the general narrative in our culture, is that violence can only be stopped using force and punishment. This is a mistaken approach, and it is failing because we are trying to fix the symptom, and not the cause. What we need to look at in violence, is to teach the perpetrator how to tolerate the shame they are experiencing, so we can then interrupt that escalation before it reaches tipping point. This is the Last Moment of Choice and where we find the High Status Option.
The method applied in SVI workshops with 100% effectiveness, at first seems like absolute madness because it allows the situation to unfold, it does not step in, nor use force or threat of punishment to establish dominance over the potential perpetrator. It lets them make their own choice and they can choose violence. This freedom is an essential aspect in allowing a person to re-claim their power, and it will not work to impose it upon them. This presents a very risky moment, but that is the nature of the method. It is real-time, and raw.
The method works by encouraging the perpetrator to stay with the shame they are experiencing, until it passes. It presents reasons why they will benefit by not reacting to it, nor will anyone present try to manage it, suppress it, or lessen it either. What they then learn is a reason to stick with shame, let themselves feel the shame, and why it is in their best interest to choose the High Status Option from within it, instead of violence. Therein lies that last moment of choice.
This is also why it is essential when learning the process to be surrounded by a group of peers who already understand this process, it then transfers knowledge through direct experience and example, and not coercion, dictate, or threat of punishment.
The 2 minute clip of a Group session example below, is taken from Jonathan Assers film “Starred Up” which is a movie about the SVI process being applied in a prison. While watching this very interesting clip much can be learnt of the method by analysing what occurs.
“Group Therapy” scene from Starred Up – the Movie. (2 mins)
(Contains bad language & violence, so be advised.)
“Kicking Off” An example of SVI therapy session on the edge.
Analysing the “Kicking Off” video clip
- Notice the body language of the key individuals, as well as the power of the group to present a High Status Option by example, they are NOT reacting violently at first, and the boy at the centre of the groups focus, is trying to live up to the standard being shown by his peers. The Need to Belong to the group is being engaged. This is powerful stuff.
- Notice also the body language of the men when reaction occurs, everyone is feeling it, but key members jump to support men in key roles that might be triggered themselves if they did not feel supported. This is to help stop them reacting in violence, but not to do so with coercion as would normally be applied in a prison setting by the guards and the stick.
- The Group Therapist can be seen to maintain a submissive role, he drops eye contact, which is very important, he also does not let his body go front-on to a potential perpetrator as this would trigger confrontation. Other places where men have done this, it only happens because they are trusted by the man in front of them. To put your body front-on to an aggressor is asking for a fight, as is showing your throat, making prolonged eye contact and a variety of other body language signals that are well worth learning about.
- Everything in the above short clip is directed to perfection in showing us just what is needed, and the knife-edge of realism upon which the entire process hinges. Put a step wrong, and it could all explode. Conversely if you dis-empower the men involved before the session, you will not have success. One of them is even armed, this shows that the individuals in the group must be permitted autonomous decision making, independence to be themselves and to make their own choices, and not be “mothered” or aggressed by a “system” into a dictated behaviour, as that will only make them feel dominated forcefully and they will respond accordingly.
- This is what makes it such a challenging area for anyone to work in with success, but Jonathan Asser has proved here that it can be done, once it is understood. This may be a clip from a directed movie, but if you watch the documentary on SVI you will realise that it was taken from real life subjects.
- The end result, no violence, the men stand down of their own choice, and the group bond becomes stronger in this method of non-violent High Status Option. This is how you deal with violence, not by threat of punishment.
The Trouble with Theory versus Real Life
This all remains theory until it can be seen or experienced in practice and then applied in a real setting. Though the theory is essential for us to know what is going on within the anatomy of violence, it also important to realise that it may be difficult to apply any process without personal experience of managing oneself in the midst of escalating violence. This puts it outside the domain of most therapists and this is a problem.
Violence and shame escalation is like a fever and will effect everyone present to react in Fight or Flight mode when a situation begins to escalate within a group setting. The “Kicking Off” scene in the previous clip is a perfect example, and I am sure anyone watching it is drawn into the experience somewhat, the heart begins to race, and the mind begins to react, we feel tension and fear and it is often these things that end up causing further escalation.
An example of the problems faced in applying theory to real life situations, can be seen in the excellent documentary about life in a part of Chicago plagued by gang violence.
The Interrupters, 2011. Trailer for the Documentary.
What is Shame Exactly? A Survival Instinct
Shame is the sense of a disappearing self that occurs when someone consciously, or often unconsciously, starts to dis-empower us. Shame is really about Powerlessness, and so conversely violence is really just about subsequent Empowerment.
The saying that Nature abhors a vacuum, appears to hold true. When a living being begins to feel powerless, a vacuum of sorts begins to be created within them, into this will jump violence in order to re-establish a sense of self, i.e. empower the self again.
Shame does not only happen to individuals, there is also group shame, there is also cultural shame, and there is also the shame an entire country can experience, and may then react from. Shame is literally of epidemic proportions in the world when we consider it in this light, and hitherto it has gone under the radar in considerations as to why humans behave violently, and how to address that.
Shame is not guilt. Guilt may be an after-effect resulting from a shame reaction especially if we resort to violence, but they are very different beasts. Shame is something that happens in the here and now. It is a live event that comes and then passes. When we feel it, it envelops us, right there and then. We become awash with shame, and we all know that feeling. That is the sense of self shrinking, it is the experience of powerlessness and a power vacuum being created within us, which will then demand a response. Our natural response is no different to the basic survival reaction of an animal. We will lash out, attack, or do anything we can to stop our sense of self shrinking further. This is deeply ingrained in us at an instinctive level, and this is why it is almost impossible for the rational mind to manage it when a person becomes shamed for an extended period of time. The smaller* ‘I’* get, the more* powerless* I feel, then the more reactive I am likely to become to balance the dis-empowering effect of what is happening to me. I react to protect my sense of self from* *disappearing completely. It is a survival instinct.
If the shaming continues, we will eventually hit a tilt point and then boom! we will react irrationally, which invariably means we revert to our animal self and become aggressive. When this occurs, we enter what is often referred to as the Reptilian part of our brain.
The Reptilian brain, is the oldest part of our brain. It knows how to react, but not how to question why. When we are in it, we respond like a wild animal would, because once we were exactly that. Then we go into a fight or flight mode, and very intensely when it is driven by excruciating shame that someone else is delivering upon us because our sense of self is cornered down there. We discuss the physiological aspect more, a little further on.
The Basic Human Need to Belong
Another essential factor and key to resolution in a deeper, long-term sense, is based on the fact that shame challenges our basic human Need To Belong. When we become shamed, we also likely start to feel isolated and abandoned, alone and separated from our sense of security. As such the Need To Belong is crucial in re-establishing a sense of balance when shame is happening to us. If we feel the group around us is supporting us, if we feel that we belong, then we are far less inclined to react violently.
This is also the challenge in understanding how to address Domestic Violence situations, as more often than not the person who resorts to violence does so because their sense of belonging is being threatened. In such a case, the alleged victim may well be targeting the alleged perpetrator by shaming them and alluding to their exclusion from the place they feel they belong. Understanding the power of this to impact a human negatively is an essential pre-requisite to understanding Domestic Violence dynamics but we will look at this in a further article.
Our Western culture can be an antagonising element driving more violence to occur. Most people no longer feel a sense of true community that we once had in more tribal settings. Most of us no longer live in close village dynamics, instead we live in tower blocks or houses, and generally remain quite segregated. Given this lack of support from our community at large, is there any wonder that violence is on the increase in our cultures and cities? Given the context of what we are discussing, it is then apparent that the basic human* Need To Belong* is not being met by the communities that surround us. As such our sense of belonging is constantly being challenged by modern life itself. This in turn can lead to expressions of violence within the community.
The kind of people who commit mass murder often speak of this sense of isolation from their community in the aftermath of an attack, and often target their community quite deliberately which tallies with what we are suggesting here. They are often detached individuals, who could find no connection to their community and so eventually took it out on their community, often completely missed at the time because the community was not even aware of them being in their midst. A chicken and egg scenario.
So the Need to Belong is clearly a key part of how shame escalates into violence, but also equally important in addressing the underlying issue of that escalation, and interrupting it successfully as well as creating a longer term solution.
The Karpman Drama Triangle
The Karpman Drama Triangle plays an important role in the sequence of events leading up to a violent action, and it also plays a part in its aftermath. This is a whole other subject to consider, and we have looked into ways to evolve through the dynamic in our blog on Evolving Through The KDT . But the Victim, Perpetrator, Rescuer roles defined for example in custody battles say, by a woman, a man, and a court of law, allow this drama to unfold in all sorts of curious and often confusing ways.
If you have ever witnessed domestic violence from the outside, you will likely have seen this dynamic in action. Cause and effect isn’t simple, even if the perpetrator of the violence is obvious, they can quickly become the victim of a subsequent crime committed on them by the alleged victim and the law court in unison, and often with a sense of justification or vengeance that goes unchecked in its impact on the family dynamic, and then what? More shame, more threat to the sense of belonging that is needed for the perpetrator to* not* react violently, and so more violence is likely to occur and become a cycle.
Victims & Villains are Not Black and White
If you consider shame as the root cause of violence, and also the antagonising factor that drives any dynamic to escalate into violence, then you can start to see how the victim could accidentally, or otherwise, manipulate the situation and antagonise it to escalate. The victim then may be considered to have a complicity in enabling the dynamic to escalate into a violent encounter. Sometimes this actually benefits the victim, and this is an important consideration when trying to understand what is going on in any violent dynamic. It is rarely black and white, it is almost always symbiotic, most especially when it is cyclic like Domestic Violence often tends to be.
It is also crucial to understand that we are not trying to lay the finger of blame on the victim, only to point out the reality of the potential dynamics at work, conscious or otherwise.
Violence is not as clear cut as everyone wants it to be, and this is in part why there is such a struggle to understand how best to address it. The Villain and The Victim are not real positions at all, they are only labels we use to try to understand what is happening, but these simplistic definitions of cause and effect, lead to problems in interpreting the real dynamics at work, which can switch very quickly from Villain to Victim and back again repeatedly and usually do.
What we are dealing with here is a very fast moving dynamic, and a multitude of triggers and complex behaviours are involved. Many of the triggers are emotional, and seemingly innocuous acts can qualify as [emotional terrorism](link again to erin pizzey document), unseen and underhand, all of which can be involved in instigating the cause, sustaining a shame, that leads a person into a reaction of violent response as a final solution.
When we look at shame and consider* *that in fact it is the real Villain, then it does become clearer as to what is happening, and it maybe even has a solution too when we look at it through this lens. The solution begins with understanding the dynamics and seeing the power that shame has to escalate, or de-escalate, a potentially violent situation.
Punishment Does Not Prevent Violence
Violent physical reaction for many people when it happens, is beyond their rational control. They literally lose their mind for a moment. There is much documented proof of this, that James Gilligan’s work has shed some light on, here is a short clip explaining his position on it (2 mins).
James Gilligan interview. (2 mins)
How many offenders regret the moment they became violent, and wish they could take it back? Something is at work in most violence that is beyond the rational, decision making mind to manage and control. Violence happens in a split second and then it is over, but the act of violence leaves its mark for a lifetime on the victim and on the perpetrator too.
How many violent offenders live in further shame over the day they reacted in such a way? Often they will describe the incident using the phrase, “I just lost it.”
Why are we not asking why this phrase is constantly being used by perpetrators of violence?
Why are so many civilised people beyond the capability of avoiding violent confrontation?
Why are civilised human beings most often attacking the people they profess to love?
And finally, why is civilised society so incapable of addressing this problem?
Punishment simply does not work, we can see this. Therefore punishment makes no sense in the context of our addressing violence, but in the absence of any real solutions what choice do we have?
Unfortunately the possibility of any solution is actually exacerbated by the industry that benefits from punishing its perpetrators. This is also a whole other subject on the business of prisons, and not something we will be looking into at any length here.
Nature’s Hand in Making Us Violent
Violent response is something programmed into us by Nature. This is as true for men as it is for women. It is often just a matter of whether we have been unlucky enough to find an incident in life that drove the shame trigger in any of us hard enough for it to escalate to a violent reaction.
We all have a tilting point, and we have now established that it is always shame that drives us towards it. It isn’t just them the violent criminals, that suffer this epidemic, we are all of us at risk, shame is a time-bomb ticking away in every one of us. Let’s now have a look at a perfect example of this in action and what it subsequently can lead to for any normal person when they are pushed too far.
(‘Falling Down’ The Movie. This is the clip where he loses it. 4:30 mins.)
When the character William Foster finally ‘loses it’ in the clip above, it is a perfect example of a shame trigger that may not be obvious (or even fair) until we start to analyse what drives him to tilt. He feels shamed, a sensation of Powerlessness creates a vacuum into which something must go, Nature abhors a vacuum. To re-claim his Power he acts violently, it works, but there are consequences he later will regret.
The movie is a characterised and conveniently dramatised version of what would happen in real life, but it shows the process at work. Would he really be this cool? Maybe. The sense of re-claiming ones power is immediately apparent in bringing balance to the situation, the problem is that in our society violence has repercussions for everyone later. Hence the human drama, and hence the need to find the High Status Option when we are faced with the Last Moment of Choice.
The Reptile Brain
To understand what is happening at a physiological level, we need to look at the effects on the Amygdala (the part in the brain that deals with fear responses) when it becomes ‘hijacked’ by shame. When this occurs a person will become reactive just like an animal would, the moment that it takes over. They fight, they freeze, or they run. It is an attempt to reclaim power, or simply abandon it, either way it is a survival instinct and our rational mind becomes disengaged, while a deeper older part becomes engaged. Often our reaction will have consequences that society might later seek to punish.
“So if I am walking down the street and a dog barks at me, my amygdala might respond immediately as I feel fear, but then I would see that the dog is chained up, and my prefrontal cortex could help to silence my amygdala.” A Quote from a 2017 MIT study on the complex involvement of multiple parts of the human brain in response to environment
Recall any relationship argument that you felt intensely about, one where you started to feel yourself literally tilting away from rational thinking and into blind rage. The symptoms are likely the same for all of us. We feel a growing sense of shame washing over us, and then an intense and deep anger begins to rise up, a heat grows in the body, and we can literally feel ourselves starting to* lose it*. Recall this incident and you will see the phenomena at work that has occurred in virtually every violent act ever committed that was not strategically pre-planned.
Of course, you will actually probably struggle to remember the details after you went into tilt, and why? Because you were more like a reptile than a human, and quite suddenly your memory processing was functioning differently. You were functioning from the Amygdala and not the part of the brain capable of Rational decision making or considered consequence. Rational thinking isn’t needed at this point because the body is now reacting to save you from the feeling of a disappearing sense of self. Shame, in this context hits the panic button.
Why do we have this in our being? It is historical, it is there in case you experience something horrific like a larger reptile ripping your limbs off, your body needsyou to fight and to flee, not stand around thinking about the event as it occurs. This is the underlying purpose in it being there, but in todays civilised world, this response becomes a problem because it invariably goes against Human Law.
The NeoCortex and Modernity
The Neo Cortex is part of the mammal brain and “is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and in humans, language.” It is what makes us human, and socially civilised.
The evolution of our Neocortex is probably only a few hundred thousand years old at best. It is even referred to as Natures latest experiment. A 2011 article on the Brief History of the Brain gives some concept of the time-line of evolution of our brains from the reptilian era to the now.
Understanding the anatomy of violence requires understanding the root cause, which requires understanding shame dynamics in order to address. In order to understand what is driving this reaction to shame, and why, we must look at the brain and what parts of it we use when in reaction because they will dictate our capacity for behaviour. This is our only option if we are to learn how to manage our behaviour effectively.
Shame Tennis : The Escalation to Violence
In any argument, be it with a partner, a spouse, a friend, or with that guy down the pub, it all gets started the same way and escalates the same way too.
Someone triggers a shame response, they probably don’t even know that they did it, and we then fire a shame volley back immediately. With choice words, it is not hard to hit the target, and then it starts the shame tennis of escalation. The Amygdala gets closer to the moment it is going to get ‘hijacked’, the only question is who will tilt first. Once it does, someone goes into tilt, it may just be vocal and loud, or it may become violent. To some extent it hardly matters which, because the tilt has happened, and that is the problem, right there.
In our fights and heated arguments, be they in relationship, at work, arguments with strangers in the street, or even anger that turns inward leading to suicidal reaction, it really is no different. If we choose to submit, then we risk dis-empowering ourself by* not rising to the challenge being presented by our environment as well as our own brains capacity to respond. Simply not* fighting, is not a solution. There is no easy way out of the situation because it is not something we can necessarily choose in a rational, decision making kind of a way. In extreme situations, our Amygdala literally gets hijacked by our sense of escalating shame and then we cease to behave like civilised human beings, or the person in front of us does. We are at the mercy of our particular brain and body design, we are at the mercy of our DNA and the lineage that leads us to be at this point, alive on earth today, evolved in as much, or as little, as we are.
To learn how to take the High Status Option, we must address this phenomena directly, as it happens, live and in real-time in the midst of a shaming experience. That is the only way to approach this and be sure to learn how to manage our shame and make the right choice when we are tilting into reaction. Theorising and intellectualising will achieve nothing other than an intellectual understanding of the events involved. The requirements for a real-time process have been successfully actioned and tested in Jonathan Assers SVI workshops, that we have discussed elsewhere in this article.
Punishment deterrents do not work because punishment creates further shaming which generally leads to more violent reaction. Deterrents do not work in general, because they only apply to rationally thinking beings. The reptile mind does not care about what it should, or should not be doing, it just reacts to save itself. An increasing sense of shame will eventually cause the Amygdala to take over the situation, and then we will behave like an animal in response to our environmental conditions, and when that happens we are going to react in ways that cause more problems later.
No Situation Is Hopeless
We need to realise that there is hope and there is an answer, even if currently our approach is to incarcerate and punish, and is just fanning the flames of the problem, we must keep looking for better solutions. To exclude and isolate the perpetrator, is not a solution. In violence everyone becomes the victim at some level, and in violence, everyone is responsible for understanding how easily it could have been them that acted violently. We all have that reptilian brain, we all feel shame, and we all feel Powerlessness when it happens to us, and this is what we must learn to address, not avoid, in our relationship dynamics. The solution to violence in our culture is actually here, what we need to do is develop the tools and bring them into our communities, so that we can all learn how to make use of them, and then pass that wisdom on to the next generation.
James Gilligan – No One Is Hopeless ( 2 min)
Facilitator and founder at The Temple Space. As well as working on The Temple Space projects, Mark has authored books and composed music, some of which can be found on The Temple Space website, through the links below, or via www.mdkberry.com | <urn:uuid:a641d827-805b-4ad5-90a5-deed607c9bbe> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.thetemplespace.com/2018/the-anatomy-of-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659677.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118025529-20190118051529-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.966911 | 7,335 | 2.625 | 3 |
- Open Access
Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for biomedical discoveries
Cell & Bioscience volume 5, Article number: 33 (2015)
The Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9), a viral defense system found in bacteria and archaea, has emerged as a tour de force genome editing tool. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is much easier to customize and optimize because the site selection for DNA cleavage is guided by a short sequence of RNA rather than an engineered protein as in the systems of zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALEN), and meganucleases. Although it still suffers from some off-target effects, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been broadly and successfully applied for biomedical discoveries in a number of areas. In this review, we present a brief history and development of the CRISPR system and focus on the application of this genome editing technology for biomedical discoveries. We then present concise concluding remarks and future directions for this fast moving field.
Targeted genome engineering provides the ability to precisely modify genetic information in order to study gene function, biological mechanisms, and disease pathology. Historically, random mutagenesis or low-efficiency homologous recombinations were used to modify the genomes of cell lines or animal models. However, new advances in the design of sequence-specific endonucleases have enabled more effective, targeted editing of the genome.
The first prevalent method for targeted genome editing utilizes zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) [1–3]. ZFN are proteins capable of binding to specific regions of DNA. These nucleases consist of a zinc finger protein bound to the cleavage domain of the restriction enzyme FokI . Meganucleases, though not widely adapted, are restriction endonucleases that bind larger than normal (12 bp) sequences of DNA [5, 6]. Transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs) are engineered proteins with a sequence-specific DNA-binding domain fused to a nonspecific DNA-cleaving nuclease [7, 8]. Finally, the most recent and fastest growing method for genome editing is based on the Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) viral defense system found in bacteria and archaea .
The common factor in all of these methods is the necessity to introduce a double stranded break (DSB) in genomic DNA. When DSBs occur naturally, cells respond by activating DNA repair machinery. Utilization of these repair processes allows for either homology directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) recombination resulting in the insertion, deletion, or mutation of specific DNA sequences . Thus, the ability to generate DSBs at targeted genomic locations, coupled with DNA repair mechanisms, has revolutionized genome editing.
The development of ZFN, TALEN, and to some extent meganuclease, technologies requires the design of custom endonucleases to target specific regions of DNA. Although these methods have been used to edit genomes successfully, there remain significant technical drawbacks. First, the development of custom proteins for the recognition of specific DNA sequences is cumbersome and expensive. Second, the optimization of these custom proteins is very time consuming. In contrast, the CRISPR system is easy to customize and optimize because the site selection for DNA cleavage is guided by a short sequence of RNA rather than an engineered protein. The short CRISPR RNA molecule (crRNA), also called a guide RNA (gRNA), utilizes standard Watson-Crick binding to recognize the target sequence, termed the protospacer, and position a CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) to create the DSB. This feature not only makes it easy to develop targeted modifications of a single gene, but it also facilitates the development of functional genetic screens using libraries of gRNAs targeting thousands of genes [11, 12]. In this review, we present a brief history and development of the CRISPR system and focus on the application of this genome editing technology for biomedical discoveries followed by concluding remarks with a look toward possible future directions for this popular technology.
History of CRISPR
Ishino et al. initially discovered the CRISPR architecture in the 1980s when they noticed an “unusual structure” in the 3′ flanking region of the Escherichia coli iap gene . The region contained 5 highly homologous 29 base pair (bp) nucleotide sequences separated by 32 bp nucleotide variable regions. Over the next decade additional examples of CRISPR loci were identified as more and more bacterial genomes were sequenced. The CRISPR acronym itself was proposed in 2002 by Jansen and Mojica . It wasn’t until 20 years after their initial discovery that the spacer sequences located within the CRISPR repeats were shown to confer resistance to specific bacteriophage introduced to the bacterial strain Streptococcus thermophilus, a commonly used bacteria in the dairy industry . These initial observations have since been confirmed in other organisms and now, the unique spacer regions in the CRISPR loci are understood to be a type of immune memory system to protect against invading phage or plasmid DNA. Through this system the bacteria are able to extract a short sequence from the invading DNA and file it away in the CRISPR locus where it can be accessed later by transcription. Recent work utilizing CRISPR/Cas loci deficient Staphylococcus aureus transformed with the commonly used Streptococus pyogenes CRISPR locus has shown that multiple cas genes are important for the initial identification and excision of invading DNA .
While the role of the Cas proteins is now better understood, their role in CRISPR based resistance was originally a mystery. Structural analysis of different Cas proteins identified homology to known endonuclease domains, suggesting a possible role in conferring viral resistance through the introduction of DSBs. During activation of the CRISPR response the unique spacer sequences are transcribed into short crRNAs. Garneau et al., was one of the first groups to show crRNA worked with Cas proteins to lead to DSBs in invading DNA . The identification and characterization of different cas genes in multiple bacteria and archaea lead to the classification of three major CRISPR types (I, II and III). The categorization of the cas genes was first proposed by Haft et al. and later updated by Makarova et al. . Evidence that Cas9 was an RNA guided endonuclease with independent nuclease domains responsible for cutting both strands of DNA was presented later by Jinek et al. . This was followed by the direct confirmation of this interaction through the solving of the crystal structure of the Cas9- guideRNA-target DNA complex . Since this discovery numerous labs have modified the system to improve it by reducing off-site targeting or utilizing it for alternative goals such as affecting gene transcription or creating large libraries for functional screens [11, 12].
Although there is great diversity in the CRISPR/Cas systems, they all share three common stages: adaptation, crRNA biogenesis and immunity. Adaptation is the process of acquiring unique spacer sequences from viral and plasmid DNA. crRNA biogenesis involves the transcription and processing of crRNA. Immunity, also termed interference, entails the formation of an endonuclease complex capable of recognizing and digesting invading phage and plasmid DNA. The discovery of endonucleases that could be guided to specific regions of the genome was met with immediate interest. Successful attempts to develop easy to use genome editing methods lead to the creation of chimeric RNA systems containing crRNA and the trans activating RNA (tracrRNA) to create a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to be used with the Cas protein, Cas9 [23, 24]. Since then researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard have been awarded a U.S. Patent for the technology, which they have licensed to multiple biotechnology companies leading to a huge growth in the technology and its availability. A summary of the history of CRISPR/Cas technological development can be seen in Fig. 1.
CRISPR Types I and III
As an increasing number of bacteria and archaea were found to contain CRISPR loci, different mechanisms of immunity, often times species specific, immerged. The CRISPR locus is composed of unique pre-crRNA sequences obtained from invading DNA inserted between a series of direct repeats (~20-50 bp) [25, 26]. The pre-crRNA sequence is transcribed, processed into mature crRNAs, and assembled into an interference complex with one or more Cas proteins. The cas genes, which are organized as an operon, are located upstream of the CRISPR locus promoter and are important for both information processing and the subsequent interference. The three main CRISPR types consist of 10 subtypes; 5 type I, 3 type II and 2 type III [27, 28]. The CRISPR/Cas systems differ in the organization of cas genes into operons, as well as the nature of the repeats in the CRISPR array. These structural features dictate how the pre-crRNA is processed, how the components of the interference complex are assembled, whether there is secondary processing of the complex, and how the interference complex recognizes and cuts its target (Table 1). The type II system is the best understood of the three CRISPR systems, due largely to the fact that only one Cas protein, Cas9, is required for introducing DSBs . The relative simplicity of the type II system has lead to its adoption into a ready-made tool for genome manipulation. Because this review focuses on the current state of application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in basic and translational research, we will not present detailed information about types I and III. Those interested in these systems should read the recent excellent review from Hochstrasser and Doudna .
CRISPR – Type II
The CRISPR system loci is defined by the presence of the 20 – 50 base pair repeats separated by the unique spacer sequences acquired from invading viral and plasmid DNA . In the type II CRISPR system, spacer acquisition depends on Cas1, Cas2, Csn2, and Cas9. While Csn2 and Cas9 are unique to the type II system, Cas1 and Cas2 seem to be common to all three CRISRP types [15, 18]. For the type II system there is evidence that Cas9 is integral in the initial recognition of the potential protospacer + PAM sequence in the invading DNA . This dual role for Cas9 is a logical mechanism to ensure that the protospacers selected will be present next to the required PAM sequence so that Cas9 will be able to recognize it for future targeting and cleavage when challenged. Following transcription, RNAse III and Cas9 process the pre-crRNA transcript into the mature crRNA forms . In addition to processing the pre-crRNA transcript, Cas9 also functions as the sole endonuclease necessary for the introduction of DSBs in the Type II CRISPR system. Cas9 is guided to its target sequence after forming a complex with the crRNA and a tracrRNA. TracrRNA forms a duplex with the crRNA and is essential for the proper Cas9:crRNA interaction and recognition of the target DNA sequence (Fig. 2) .
Cas9 cleavage depends upon the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) in the target DNA. PAM recognition sequences can vary greatly between bacteria. For genome engineering purposes, the most commonly used Cas9, SpCas9, comes from Streptococcus pyogenes . SpCas9’s popularity is largely based on its short PAM recognition sequence, 5′-NGG-3′ or at a lower frequency, 5′-NAG-3′ allowing for increased probability of having a potential protospacer located at the desired location of the gDNA. However, additional Cas9’s have been isolated from other bacteria and used for CRISPR genome engineering. Examples of additional tested Cas9s include NmCas9 and SaCas9 from Neisseria menigitidis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. NmCas9’s PAM sequences are 5′-NNNNGATT-3′ or 5′-NNNNGCTT-3′. SaCas9’s PAM most efficient sequence is 5′-NNGRRT-3′ though all 5′-NNGRR-3′ can be cleaved (R = A or G) [32, 33]. The smaller size of SaCas9 is better suited for viral delivery than spCas9 and therefore, is especially advantageous for in vivo work . The PAM site must be located immediately 3′ of the protospacer in the DNA for proper recognition by the PAM binding domain in Cas9 [19, 34, 35]. Cas9 contains two cleavage domains, HNH and RuvC, and each is responsible for cleaving one strand of the DNA when bound (Fig. 2b) . The PAM sequence is necessary for both initial protospacer acquisition and for later interference. The PAM requirement increases the specificity of the guidance system and blocks the ability of the complex to cut the CRISPR loci.
Development of CRISPR Cas9 for molecular biology
Once the necessary components for RNA guided endonuculease activity were determined, the race was on for the development of these components into a customizable system for the introduction of targeted DSBs into the genomes of various organisms. The use of the Cas9 system for genetic alteration centers on the repair mechanism that is initiated by the introduction of the DSB by Cas9. When DSBs occur in the genome the breaks can be repaired along two possible pathways, NHEJ and HDR. The first pathway, NHEJ, involves the quick ligation of the blunt ends of DNA remaining after DSBs occur. There are two subtypes of NHEJ, canonical and alternative end joining . The canonical pathway results in relatively few errors or small deletions. However, if this pathway fails, the more error prone Ligase I or Ligase III-dependent end joining will take over and will likely lead to one or more of a variety of mutations. These random mutations can cause insertions or deletions (indels) that could alter open reading frames and insert premature stop signals resulting in a gene knockout.
The second pathway, HDR, normally uses a sister chromatid as a homologous template to repair DNA damage. In eukaryotic cells the occurrence of HDR is extremely low, in part due to the much more prevalent NHEJ. For genome targeting, the HDR repair mechanism can be subverted by introducing custom template DNA containing homologous arms on either side of a DSB site. This technique can be used to insert novel DNA or remove portions of the genome allowing for a multitude of custom changes, including gene insertion, gene deletion, gene mutation, promoter activation or suppression, SNP alteration, and others [37, 38]. To increase the efficiency of HDR for use with CRISPR, researchers have suppressed a number of key factors in the NHEJ pathway, which has lead to 4 – 8 fold higher efficiency of HDR in mammalian cells . For those looking for more information on HDR, an excellent review by Heyer et al. can be found here .
The specific nature of CRISPR/Cas9 allows for multiple genes to be targeted and repaired simultaneously. CRISPR multiplexing was first performed in vitro with individual plasmids, but can now be accomplished more conveniently with a single plasmid containing multiple sgRNAs . Additional groups are working on harnessing the CRISPR array system in E. coli for easier multiplexing . Recently, Ma et al. simultaneously mutated four different genes in vivo . Additional systems shown to be capable of CRISPR multiplexing include: bacteria , plants , yeast, pigs , frogs and zebra fish [49, 50]. For diseases where there can be one or more mutations, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the ability to introduce multiple sgRNAs simultaneously has proven to be an effective strategy .
Shortcomings of CRISPR Cas9
While the ability to use a gRNA to actively target a region of the genome for the introduction of a DSB is a huge accomplishment, this technology is not without its shortcomings. The first of these shortcomings is the requirement of a PAM sequence for the proper recognition of a target site by the gRNA. While this requirement does increase the specificity of the system, it has also decreased the flexibility in the design of gRNAs for the purpose of genome editing. However, the PAM site varies in both length and complexity, depending on the CRISPR type and species, allowing for increased flexibility in gRNA design . In addition, if the donor sequence to be used for HDR contains both the full target site and the PAM site, then the efficiency of HDR could suffer as the donor sequence would also be targeted along with the genomic DNA . The most common method to avoid this problem is to introduce silent point mutations in the PAM site within the donor sequence so that it will no longer be recognized. However, this solution does not allow for situations where point mutations cannot be tolerated, such as when point mutations themselves are being studied for their effects on a promoter’s transcription enhancement capabilities. In this instance additional point mutations could cause unforeseen effects on the binding of transcription factors to the DNA.
The second shortcoming of the CRISPR Cas9 system is the presence of unintended or “off-target” effects of the gRNA. Because DSBs can lead to the introduction of indels through the process of NHEJ, off-target effects have the potential to introduce secondary and potentially harmful mutations, which could possibly cause either a reduction or increase in the production of a crucial gene. Strategies, such as improving algorithms for gRNA design and using paired Cas9 nickases (Cas9n), where one of the catalytic domains are inactivated to increase DSB specificity, have proven effective in reducing off-target effects to very low or even undetectable levels .
An alternative strategy to using nickases to reduce off-target effects is through the use of a “dead” Cas9 (dCas9) where both catalytic domains are inactivated . While dCas9 no longer has the ability to cleave, it can still complex with the gRNA and bind to DNA, and as such, it has proved to be an extremely useful molecular tool for targeting other types of proteins to a specific region of DNA. This modification has provided an additional method for reducing off-target affects through the fusion of the FokI catalytic domain to dCas9 (fCas9) [54, 55]. FokI is the same catalytic domain used in the ZFN and TALEN systems of genome engineering. Similar to Cas9n, fCas9 requires two separate guide RNAs to simultaneously bind to one strand of DNA create a DSB and showed a similar increase in specificity with Cas9n over wild type Cas9. In addition, the use of the FokI domain should reduce unintended modifications because of the more rigid spatial requirements for cutting and the lack of activity as a monomer that can occur with Cas9n.
Applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a tour de force genome editing tool. It has been broadly and successfully applied for biomedical discoveries in a number of areas, a summary of which can be seen in Table 2. The following section is not intended to comprehensively catalog the full spectrum of its applications but highlight several major examples of such rendering.
CRISPR/Cas9 regulation (as an alternative to RNAi)
One interesting repurposing of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been through modulation of the transcription of various genetic targets. Current methods for transcriptional repression and activation such as RNAi and other DNA binding proteins, ZFN and TALEN, harbored significant shortcomings such as off-target effects, toxicity, and in the case of ZFN and TALEN proteins, difficulty with design and implementation. One of the first attempts at CRISPR/Cas9 based interference was with dCas9. dCas9 is useful because, though it is catalytically inactive it can still successfully target DNA. When researchers targeted the promoter region of a gene of interest it could cause between 100 and 300 fold repression in E. coli [22, 56], presumably through blocking the binding of RNA polymerase due to steric hindrance. This CRISPR based interference (CRISPRi) not only showed high levels of repression but also no evidence of off-target effects by RNA-seq. Interestingly, multiple gRNAs targeting the same gene that were simultaneously introduced had a combinatorial effect on repression and could increase the level of knockdown to nearly 1000-fold . In the mammalian HEK cell line the effect was not as potent as these cells showed at most about a 2-fold expression difference and had a significant number of sgRNAs that showed no effect at all . In addition to repression these first studies also explored the role that dCas9 could play in activation (CRISPRa) by introducing a dCas9 fused to the RNA polymerase ω subunit capable of causing up to 23-fold increase in expression . Alternatively, a tetramer of the herpes simplex activation domain VP16, termed VP64, has been shown to be effective activation inducing effector molecule when tethered to dCas9 . The Zhang lab has optimized the use of VP64 for activation through modification of both the sgRNA design and addition of additional helper molecules, MS2, P65 and HSF1, to create a new system called the synergistic activation mediator (SAM) .
Follow up studies on CRISPRi showed that the fusion of repressor effector proteins such as the KRAB (Kruppel-associated box) domain of Kox1 to dCas9 could increase the effectiveness of repression of reporter gene activity . CRISPRi was also shown to be effective at repressing microRNA in murine cells . Further study of the ability of effector proteins bound to dCas9 to alter genes related to ricin resistance has lead to a better understanding of the rules governing both CRISPRa and CRISPRi repression, leading to the development of a CRISPRi/CRISPRa library screening system . This system has several advantages over other indel inducing CRISPR based loss-of-function library systems. As an inducible and reversible, genome scale-screening platform without detectable intrinsic toxicity the CRISPRi/a system should prove to be an important tool for many areas of research moving forward .
CRISPR/Cas9 for improved creation of animal models
The characterization of disease phenotypes is a major goal of mouse geneticists. Analyzing genetic mutations in a whole animal may support and validate results found in cell culture. Since the first transgenic mice were made in 1981, the process has been improved, resulting in a more versatile and user-friendly method. The introduction of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) in the 1990s allowed for the use of larger constructs. Traditional methods to create mouse models with an altered genetic makeup can take from 8 to 13 months of work, which is a considerable investment of both time and resources. By comparison, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to create transgenic mice with an observable albino phenotype after a single microinjection of C57BL/6 J mouse embryos .
Seminal work by the Huang group showed that genetic engineering in eukaryotes was possible by microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 mRNAs into zebrafish embryos. They then took this a step further by showing that this technique could be used to delete a portion of EGFP in an established transgenic mouse . Since this initial proof of concept experiment, numerous groups have continued to advance the field of transgenic mouse models created by CRISPR/Cas9. Wang et al. showed that multiplexed targeting of numerous genes simultaneously could create a complex mouse model in with a single injection . Wu et al. was one of the first groups to show that it was possible to correct a genetic disease in vivo when they rescued a cataract phenotype by correcting a mutated Crygc gene . In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to delete up to 10 kb of the genome via only 2 gRNAs . Mutated Cas9n nickases have also been shown to effectively facilitate the creation of both knock-in and knock out mouse models with the added benefit of reduced levels of off-target effects .
Another problem that researchers often have to deal with is the production of recessive homozygous loss-of-function mutations. To that end Gantz and Bier developed an autocatalytic mutation system they call mutagenic chain reaction (MCR) . MCR consists of a vector where Cas9 and sgRNA are flanked by two homology arms targeting the region to be cut. This system was capable of effectively distributing itself in both somatic and germline cells in Drosophila for the creation of homologous mutant flies that would normally have not been possible by mendellian inheritance. MCR could prove to be extremely useful though the authors do note that because of its ability to act automatically there is a biological risk associated if these animals were accidentally released into the environment. They recommend strict barrier containment protocols and increased dialogue within the scientific community about the safety measures necessary for these types of tools .
Inducible CRISPR control
While editing or modifying the expression of particular regions of an organism’s genome in every tissue and cell may be a strategy for some basic and therapeutic applications of RNA guided genome editing, there are situations where these changes would need to be controlled more directly. For example, doxycycline inducible CRISPR (iCRISPR) has been developed to allow for genome targeting at later stages of mouse development. This technology allows for the limitation of the duration of Cas9 expression in a biallellic mutation in multiple target loci . Work in Feng Zhang’s lab at the Broad Institute established that light controlled, reversible, genome activation was possible through the use of a two hybrid TALEN system they termed light inducible transcriptional effectors (LITES) . Though this optogenetic system is effective it does not allow the same flexibility in targeting as the newly developed light-activated CRISPR-Cas9 effector system (LACE) . Both of these systems use blue light and the activator proteins cytochrome 2p with its interacting partner CIB1 to accomplish activation with LACE utilizing the inactive dCas9 protein. The ease with which the LACE system can be redesigned allows for use in difficult systems, such as those where multiple effector regions in a promoter need to be targeted. Through the development of this system researchers found they could increase the overall activation of a gene by including multiple gRNAs targeting the promoter and by fusing the N terminal fragment of CIB1 (CIBN) to both the 5′ and 3′ end of dCas9. Fusing to both ends of dCas9 resulted in a 10 – 100 fold increase in activation compared to the single fusion version .
CRISPR/Cas9 for SNP analysis in vivo
The first group to analyze individual point mutations with CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo was the Takada group in Tokyo, Japan . The time and cost limitations of creating a mouse before CRISPR initially prevented the in vivo investigation of SNPs. This limitation means that the majority of the work done in this field has not been sufficiently validated. The Takada group was able to show that by microinjecting synthesized RNAs and single-strand oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) as a donor template for HDR into mouse zygotes they could introduce defined point mutations in the mouse genome . This technique could be used to study the role of SNPs in other non-coding regions of the genome, such as a transcription factor binding sites in a promoter or a distal enhancer region. However, the wild type Cas9 showed some off-target effects, so the researchers used the hCas9 D10A nickase along with variously placed ssODNs. Interestingly, they found that even though they were able to successfully introduce the desired point mutation, HDR was only able to incorporate the portion of the donor sequence that was in close proximity to the DSB site .
Additional animal models being developed
In addition to the large number of mouse models being created with CRISPR/Cas9 technology, additional organisms have proven responsive to this method of manipulation, including traditional animal models: Drosophila melanogaster [73, 74], Caenorhabditis elegans [75, 76], Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Dani rerio [78, 79]. CRISPR/Cas9 genetic engineering has also proven to be possible in rats whose limited genetic toolbox was a large reason to avoid this commonly used model organism [80, 81]. In rats, multi-gene targeting and conditional allele modifications have been performed successfully in the generation of new transgenic models [82, 43].
Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is also proven to be effective in non-traditional animal models, like goats and pigs, which are important for both agricultural and biomedical research and development [83–88]. This technology has even allowed for simplified genetic modification and creation of disease models in non-human primates. These results indicate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to greatly improve our ability to model diseases in animals more closely related to humans. Another interesting example of how this technology is opening new avenues of research can be seen in the development of a new animal model, the short-lived African turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. The killifish is an attractive alternative to other vertebrate models used for age-related diseases such as rodents or zebrafish. The shorter lifespan (4 – 6 months) allows for an overall reduction in the time necessary for the manifestation of an overt aging phenotype that includes common aging biomarkers . In addition, the killifish has practical advantages such as lower maintenance costs and the rapid production of offspring. When these advantages are coupled with the ability to manipulate the genome through CRISPR/Cas9 the potential for discovery in age-related diseases is significantly enhanced .
Screening studies with CRISPR
Pioneering works from multiple groups lead to the rapid production of pooled sgRNA libraries with the ability to alter gene production for the purpose of screening cell lines through either a positive or negative toxicity screen. These techniques either induce random indels that will likely lead to the disruption of a gene product, available in both humans [11, 12, 93] and mice , or through inactive dCas9 coupled to either repressors or activators [58, 61]. Chen et al. used a CRISPR screen to identify novel tumor suppressor genes in an in vivo mouse cancer model, while Ren et al., used a CRISPR based HCV infection specific reporter system to identify the genes, CLDN1, OCLN and CD81 as essential for both cell to cell transmission and cell free entry [95, 96]. For a comprehensive look at the current capabilities of genome wide screens please see the recent review from Shalem et al. .
CRISPR/Cas9 as a potential therapeutic
One of the most exciting possibilities for the application of this technology is in the field of gene therapy for the treatment of diseases with a Mendelian genetic mutation as the root cause. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which consists of 79 exons, located on the X chromosome, making it a potential candidate for gene therapy . Researchers from the Hotta group at Kyoto University, Japan, have shown that exon knock-in in DMD-patient-derived cells was the most effective way to correct mutations in the dystrophin gene, compared to exon skipping and frameshifting technologies. After correcting the various mutations, they were able to differentiate the corrected iPSCs into skeletal muscle cells that expressed the full-length dystrophin gene . CRISPR/Cas9 was also effective in preventing the DMD phenotype in a mouse model . In addition, the recent creation of a DMD disease model in the rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9 could lead to new therapeutic approaches for this disease .
The CRISPR system, which has been adapted for numerous uses, is based on a protozoan defense system against viral infection, and therefore, it is a natural progression to co-opt this system as an anti-viral therapeutic. One example is the targeting of Hepatitis B virus. While current technologies are able to inhibit the covalently closed circular viral DNA template, they are not able to destroy it. However, Zhen et al. were able to target the surface antigen of HBV specifically to reduce the amount of antigen secreted in both cell culture and mouse serum, and almost completely eliminate its presence in mouse liver tissue . In addition to work on HBV, CRISPR/Cas9 was also able to disrupt latent HIV infection in induced pluripotent stem cells and protect against new HIV infection as a proof of concept for the use of this technology as a treatment/defense application .
While the aforementioned studies have shown that CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to correct genetic maladies as a proof of concept, treatment would need to be delivered to developed individuals rather than at the embryonic stage, as is the case for the creation of transgenic mice. One of the first groups to show that genetic modifications could be made in adult animals was the Anderson lab at MIT. They were able to show that a hydrodynamic injection of CRISPR/Cas9 components could correct a mutation in the Fah gene in the hepatocytes of a transgenic mouse model of human tyrosinemia . In addition to these results, the Chiarle lab at Harvard University used intratracheal and intrapulmonary delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral vectors in adult male mice to cause a chromosomal rearrangement of the EML4 and Alk genes in order to mimic the inversion responsible for creating the desired EML4-ALK fusion protein. The engineered EML4-Akl gene fusion resulted in lung tumors within two months after the introduction of the recombinant virus . These results indicate that genome editing in adult animals is indeed possible with CRISPR/Cas9.
Additional uses of CRISPR/Cas9
The advent of CRISPR/cas9 has improved our ability to study more difficult areas of genetics, such as epigenetics. The use of dCas9 with epigenetic effector or repressor molecules is an area of research that was largely observational and can now move into a more experimental form of research with loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies now more possible than ever before . Another interesting use of CRISPR/Cas9 is the investigation of a specific genomic region. Visualization of specific regions of DNA to better understand their spatiotemporal organization can be accomplished through fusing dCas9 to fluorescent protein such as EGFP . This technique has recently been expanded to allow for multicolor applications . Identification of the proteins bound to certain regions of the genome can be difficult but the engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation method (enCHIP) developed by the Fuji lab was able to use the dCas9 fused to a protein tag to purify specific regions of the genome . Utilizing mass spectrometry, they were able to identify the proteins associated with the immunoprecipitated regions of chromatin.
Concluding remarks and future directions
Perhaps the ultimate goal of RNA guided genome editing is the development of therapies for both monogenic and polygenic diseases. The biggest roadblock in the development of these technologies is the issue of safety. It has been shown that the CRISPR/Cas9 technology can create the necessary changes to correct certain genetic defects in cells cultured from diseased individuals. However, it is not clear what the systemic effects of the treatment would be when administered to an individual. Therefore, the next step in the development of these treatments will be corresponding advances in methods to ensure that only the diseased cells of interest would be able to express the CRISPR/Cas components. Evidence of this possibility has been published recently in zebrafish . Moreover, the issue of off-target effects still looms large as a source of considerable apprehension about the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing in humans. However, the development of nickases and advanced screening via next generation sequencing has helped decrease the likelihood of negative effects due to off-target effects. Another area where this system could be improved is in multiplex implementation. The Frew lab at the University of Zurich has attempted to simplify and optimize this approach through the development of their multiple lentiviral expression system (MuLE) that works as a modular vector system for easy editing of multiple areas at once .
The CRISPR/Cas9 system of genome editing and manipulation has proved to be an exciting new development for the fields of molecular biology and translational medicine. The ability to use RNA guided endonucleases to target virtually any area of an organism’s genome has lead to significant improvements in our ability to study various aspects of the genome, including the importance and function of the genes themselves, as well as the regulatory components that control them. This technology has shown the potential to bring about a new age of gene therapy that could lead to the treatment of diseases that were previously thought untreatable.
Bacterial artificial chromosome
Native Cas9 nuclease
Cas9 nickase (containing only one functional catalytic domain)
Calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 N terminal fragment
Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CRISPR inhibition and activation system
“Dead” Cas9 (containing no functional catalytic domains)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Double stranded break
Engineered DNA-binding molecule mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation
dCas9 fused to FokI catalytic domain
Homology directed repair
Kruppel-associated box domain of kox1
Light-activated CRISPR-Cas9 effector system
Light inducible transcriptional effectors
Mutagenic chain reaction
Multiple lentiviral expression system
Non-homologous end joining
Cas9 from Neisseria menigitidis
Protospacer adjacent motif
Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus
Single guide RNA
Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes
Transcription activator-like effector nuclease
Zinc finger nuclease
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Our research undertakings including a work in progress with the CRISPR-CAS9 system have been in part supported by National Institutes of Health Grant HL 080042 (Ye, S. Q.), the start-up fund and William R. Brown/ Missouri Endowment of The Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City (Ye, S.Q.).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
SR planned, drafted and critically revised the manuscript, LZ critically revised the manuscript, DH and SY planned and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Riordan, S.M., Heruth, D.P., Zhang, L.Q. et al. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for biomedical discoveries. Cell Biosci 5, 33 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-015-0027-9
- Genome editing
- Animal model | <urn:uuid:816dd946-36b7-4174-9dd4-a802ee20a0fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-015-0027-9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.820511 | 16,288 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The history of the kingdom dates back to the 8th century, with Guru Padmasambhava’s legendary flight from Tibet to Bhutan in 747 AD on the back of a tigress. The Guru began propagation of the Tantric form of Mahayana Buddhism. The country was unified under the Drukpa Kagyupa sect of Mahayana Buddhism in the early 17th century, by the religious figure, Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. The Shabdrung codified a comprehensive system of laws and built dzongs which guarded each valley. At the end of the 19th century, the Trongsa Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck, who then controlled the central and eastern regions, overcame all his rivals and united the nation once more. In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuck was unanimously accepted as King, and a hereditary monarchy system was unanimously agreed for Bhutan.
There are many versions as to how Bhutan got its name Bhutan. One theory suggestes that the name evolved from “Bhotana” (end of Tibet) or from “Bhu – uttan” meaning “ Highland”. Some believed that the name is derieved from the word “Bhot – stan” , The land of “Bhotias” (in ancient Indian langueage Sanskrit, “Bhotia” means people originally from Tibet ). Whatever may be the case,Bhutanese proudly call their country as Druk Yul (Land of the thunder dragon) and themselves as Drukpas. Bhutan was also known by some other names as “Lho Jong” ( The southern region) and “Lho Jong Men Jong” ( The sothern region of Medicinal herbs).
Over the last decade, there have been significant political reforms in Bhutan. In 1998, the fourth King His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck stepped down as head of state and handed over this function to a prime minister assisted by a cabinet of ministers. In 2006, the fourth King handed over his responsibilities to his son King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck and the formal coronation was held in November 2008. Bhutan is now a constitutional monarchy and had its first parliamentary elections in December 2007 and March 2008. | <urn:uuid:288874cd-56b0-480b-ae20-cba8809349e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://primarktravelhouse.com/domestic-tour-packages/bhutan-tour-packages/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121032909-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.960149 | 487 | 3.25 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- transitive v. To make black.
- transitive v. To sully or defame: a scandal that blackened the mayor's name.
- transitive v. To coat (fish or meat, for example) with pepper and other spices and then quickly sear in a very hot skillet, thereby producing meat that is black on the outside but tender on the inside.
- intransitive v. To become dark or black: The day blackened into night.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. To make black.
- v. To make dirty.
- v. To defame or sully.
- v. To cook (meat or fish) by coating with pepper, etc., and quickly searing in a hot pan.
- v. To become black.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- transitive v. To make or render black.
- transitive v. To make dark; to darken; to cloud.
- transitive v. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous.
- intransitive v. To grow black or dark.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To grow black or dark.
- To make black; darken.
- Figuratively, to sully; make infamous; defame; cause to appear immoral or vile: as, vice blackens the character.
- In founding, to coat (the face of a mold) with graphite, or any mixture used for the purpose, in order to create a surface which will gasify under the heat of the molten metal.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- v. make or become black
- v. burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color
Although there are two distinct schools of thought on grilled chicken, one that advocates par boiling and one that does not, Mexican cooks do not par boil and are not afraid to let the chicken skin blacken on the outside while the chicken cooks through.
No doubt the Clinton campaign wants to "blacken" Obama however they can, but do they really want to make Clinton the candidate of the loony racist wing of the Democratic party?
I've just found another person asserting that maybe -- just maybe -- we should have something approaching conclusive evidence before alleging that the Clintons hatched a dastardly and bigoted scheme to "blacken" Obama and provoke a white backlash.
The government then played only a small portion of a conversation between Mr. Rock and Mr. Pellicano -- politely leaving out the part of the call in which Mr. Pellicano promises to "blacken" up Ms. Zsibrita and Mr. Rock seems to be on board with the plan.
If Machen (rhymes with "blacken") isn't widely read today, it's not because his stories have goofy premises -- so does Bram Stoker's yarn about a blood-sucking Transylvanian who sleeps in a coffin.
In Caracas, Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro said the arrests were a U.S. maneuver to "blacken" the reputation of "progressive" governments in South America.
Speculation is such a position will go to a black candidate because the party has realised the need to "blacken" its leadership.
The Democratic Party hopes to "blacken" its leadership in the run up to April 1994 elections, leader Zach de Beer told a news conference in Durban on Wednesday.
No matter what I do, I can't seem to get it to "blacken" so I can check it.
The statement suggests Mzamane had a role in the mistreatment of the students, "which clearly would tend to 'blacken' plaintiff's reputation or injure her in her profession," U.S. | <urn:uuid:ff12ff52-4458-4fd6-b84e-3140271a260f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/blacken | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737952309.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221912-00073-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935148 | 828 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Visit the Learning Page, from the Library of Congress, designed specifically for teachers. You will find everthing from lesson plans to professional development. A very unique feature of the Library of Congress’s resources for teachers is the American Memory Collection.
The Learning Page is designed to help educators use the American Memory Collections to teach history and culture. American Memory is an online archive of over 100 collections of rare and unique items important to America’s heritage. The collections contain more than 7 million primary source documents, photographs, films, and recordings that reflect the collective American memory. They are a treasure trove of unique personal items from another period in time – perhaps old records, letters with exquisite penmanship and arcane language, clothing, keepsakes, or faded photographs. These collections are ‘snapshots’ providing a glimpse into America’s past. | <urn:uuid:581b9d77-5a66-40aa-98b0-124b90773ee6> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://literacyispriceless.wordpress.com/2008/07/28/library-of-congress-early-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657118950.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011158-00247-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915638 | 172 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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