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There are two questions that are confusing me. I understand the material, but when I was working them out, I would get stuck (with algebra parts) and I do not know how to continue.
a) Find y'' by implicit differentiation.
I found y'=
(that's supposed to be a fraction)
What is y''?
b) If f = cot , find f'''( )
What is f"? f"'?
Thank you very much! | <urn:uuid:3a875e18-0aec-4a69-9b92-702c80a8a19c> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/144865-higher-derivatives-implicit-differentiation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00144-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975246 | 101 | 2.90625 | 3 |
When one cell divides and gives rise to two new cells its called _____.
asexual division (mitosis)
Humans normally have _____ chromosomes from each parent.
Meiosis is also called _____ or _____.
zygotic division, reduction division
In human males meiosis is completed after _____.
The vagina and penis are examples of _____ organs.
accessory sex organs
The _____ is normally cut in a male during sterilization.
_____ covers the spermatic cord.
The muscle found in the spermatic cord that looks like corned beef is the _____. Functionally it is important for _____.
cremaster muscle, thermoregulation
The remnant of peritoneum forming the innermost layer of the fascial sac is the _____.
The _____ muscle and the _____ muscle contract if the testicle is too cold. They pull the testicle against the body to warm it up.
A spermatozoon must develop a _____ in order to swim.
The tunica albuginea is the outer covering of the _____.
In human males the prostate gland can be palpated from the _____.
Semen is normally deposited in the _____.
True or False? Seminal fluids contain sugar.
true - actually it is fructose sugar
True or False? Humans have a bone in the penis.
false - but dogs, raccoons, and whales do
In a human female the _____ can be palpated from the rectum.
From the time of fertilization to _____ there is no anatomical difference between males and females.
The ovary in a female is homologous to the _____ in the male.
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For help fixing this issue, see this FAQ. | <urn:uuid:789c6fef-7e75-4f60-a621-0a739fef02b2> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://quizlet.com/12825177/doctaj-reproduction-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770557.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866227 | 476 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Financial, Encyclopedia.
1. Any of several edible marine decapod crustaceans of the family Nephropidae, especially of the genus Homarus, having stalked eyes, long antennae, a pair of large pincers, and a cylindrical body.
2. Any of several similar crustaceans, such as a spiny lobster.
3. The flesh of a lobster used as food.
intr.v. lob·stered, lob·ster·ing, lob·sters
To catch or try to catch lobsters.
[Middle English lopster, lobstere, from Old English loppestre, alteration (perhaps influenced by loppe, lobbe, spider) of Latin locusta, locust (grasshopper), lobster.]
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
a person who catches lobsters
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014 | <urn:uuid:7c0a70f0-8488-4840-8be0-0b433b50639e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/lobsterer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506114045-20210506144045-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.775352 | 262 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We work in the areas of plant ecology and ecoinformatics and address questions relevant to grassland ecology, invasion biology and vegetation science. Our toolbox includes data mining (programming), field observations and experiments.
Much of our research focuses on grasslands. These habitats cover a quarter of the global terrestrial surface but face unprecedented and enormous pressure by farming, non-native species, a disruption of natural disturbance regimes, and climate change. We carry out fieldwork in western Canada and the adjacent US states but have also ties to Europe and Central Asia.
Currently, we focus on the following research themes:
(1) Habitat susceptibility to non-native plants: Different plant communities respond differently to disturbance and non-native plants; some buffer it while other collapse under pressure. Why is this? Do intrinsic properties allow some communities to buffer against non-native plants? Or are some ecosystems more exposed to external pressure than others? We tackle these questions through a comparative framework across distant regions and habitat types. We explore patterns across large databases and use the R program to extract data, link it to existing taxonomic, biological and spatial databases and analyze the levels of invasion and flows of invasive plants.
(2) Invasive species management. Herbicides are one of the most common tools to control non-native plants in North American wildlands (see review in Wagner et al. 2017 Journal of Applied Ecology
54: 198-204). We collaborate with plant and soil ecologists at the University of Montana, Algoma University and the MPG Ranch to understand how this practice affects the soil seed bank, the aboveground plant community and its soil components.
(3) Much of the biodiversity of the temperate hemisphere is held in grassland and meadow communities, such as the timberline communities of the Rocky Mountains (Wagner et al. 2014, Applied Vegetation Science 17:129-141), distinguished only as “non-forest” in regional classification systems. What species and ecological functions are we losing when these communities become affected by global change? Effective conservation and restoration efforts require that these communities are identified, described, and mapped. We explore the diversity and ecosystem functions of grasslands and meadow habitats that have received relatively little attention by scientists. | <urn:uuid:69de724e-fc37-4296-bd0e-425eeee78f9f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.ualberta.ca/science/about-us/contact-us/faculty-directory/viktoria-wagner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316075.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821152344-20190821174344-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.920607 | 456 | 2.734375 | 3 |
We have been focussing on publishing student outcomes in online spaces to motivate and engage students in their learning, with a particular focus on literacy outcomes. Our research results have shown that this is highly effective, with students saying things like, "I like writing now because I know that people read it." It shouldn't really have needed a researcher to tell us that writing with only the teacher as an audience is not very motivating!
We have also discovered that working with students in this way is very motivating for teachers because they get feedback - albeit via the kids work - in a new and authentic way.
But we have had a real sense of validation as we have started to see our parents engage with our students through their online work. We publish the students work mostly through blogs, and we have made the settings very public. No passwords required to read, and no passwords required to comment. So we have been finding that our parents are being generous and as well as supporting their own child, they are leaving affirming comments on the work of children other than their own.
For anyone unfamiliar with our district, the majority of our families do not have computers or internet access at home and so we don't take their interaction online for granted. But anyone who overlooks the impact of Facebook on every age group of adults is out of touch with life in 2010. Our young mums at school may not have the gear at home, but because they use Facebook they get themselves connected at different times during the week - friend's places, internet cafe, library etc - and it is up to us to suggest ways they can interact with their own child online at the same time. We have been gathering email addresses from our parents and including them in the Settings (Email and Mobile tab) so they receive an email every time the class or student posts. We are also teaching those with Facebook how to add an RSS feed to their page so they can receive updates there.
Last week we held a Home School partnership meeting at night to teach our parents how to respond to their children's blog posts. We were taken by surprise when 93 parents turned up! This Flip video shows them listening to a preamble in the hall before they went off to classrooms to enjoy a 'hands on' blogging experience - leaving 160 kids with the principal for 'baby sitting'! | <urn:uuid:61887731-59a3-47f5-9c1b-13ea375e1b8d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://manaiakalani.blogspot.co.nz/2010/03/parents-engage-with-their-childrens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163994706/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133314-00064-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982734 | 470 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern United States.
The Great Smoky Mountains are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province.
The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies.
The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which is the most visited national park in the United States with over 11 million visits per year.The park was chartered by the United States Congress in 1934 and officially dedicated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.
The highest point in the Smokies is Clingmans Dome, which rises to an elevation of 2,025 meters (6,643 feet). The mountain is the highest in Tennessee and the third highest in the Appalachian range. Clingmans Dome also has the range’s highest topographical prominence at 1,373 meters (4,503 feet).
Clingmans Dome’s highlight is the superb observation tower perched atop the mountain’s summit and offering 360-degree views of the Smokies. While the tower is open all year, be sure to keep an eye on the weather as the road leading to it closes if things turn nasty. A variety of other trails branch off from the car park, which is just half a mile from the summit.
Cades Cove is an isolated valley located in the Great Smoky Mountains. The valley was home to numerous settlers before the formation of the national park. Today Cades Cove, the single most popular destination for visitors to the park, attracts more than two million visitors a year because of its well preserved homesteads, scenic mountain views, and abundant display of wildlife.
One of the prettiest parts of the Smoky Mountains, Sugarlands is a valley named after the area’s once dominant sugar maple trees and is extremely popular as a day trip destination from Gatlinburg. The area stretches from the aptly-named Roaring Fork in the east, all the way to the slopes of Sugarland Mountain in the west and is overlooked by the 1,500-meter (5,000-foot) Mount le Conte. Sugarlands is particularly popular among hikers, who share the Old Sugarlands Trail with horse riders.
Ober Gatlinburg is a ski resort and amusement park offering year-round recreational activities. The complex includes a chairlift, indoor ice skating, skiing, an alpine slide, Kiddie Land. Getting there is half the fun, and most visitors opt for the 3.2-kilometer (2-mile) -long Aerial Tramway, which departs from downtown Gatlinburg and offers superb views along the way. The chairlift from Ober Gatlinburg includes a 30-minute ride to the summit with its scenic lookout.
Hiking Trails of the Smokies covers all 150 official trails with in-depth narratives and profile charts that show mileage, elevation change, and major stream crossings. Hikers enjoy the Smoky Mountains during all months of the year with every season offering is own special rewards.
The Great Smokies are part of an International Biosphere Reserve. Along with the Biosphere reserve, the Great Smokies have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Smokies are named for the blue mist that always seems to hover around the peaks and valleys. The Cherokee called them shaconage, (shah-con-ah-jey) or “place of the blue smoke”.
The fog or mist is the result of warm humid air from the Gulf of Mexico cooling rapidly as it enters higher elevations. The fog is most prevalent after a summer rainstorm.
The Smoky Mountains are among the oldest on Earth. Ice Age glaciers stopped their southward journey just short of these mountains, which became a junction of southern and northern flora.
Covered by forests, of which about 40 percent is virgin growth, the Great Smokies support an abundance of plant and animal life.
The range’s 1,600 species of flowering plants include over 100 species of native trees and 100 species of native shrubs. The Great Smokies are also home to over 450 species of non-vascular plants, and 2,000 species of fungi.
The Smokies are famous for their colorful trees in fall. Drive or hike to the higher elevations for sweeping views over the park’s 100-plus tree species painting the hills in bright oranges, yellows, and reds; target mid-September for higher-elevation colors and mid-October for lower ones.
Originally the domain of the Cherokee Indians, the mountains embrace the Cherokee Indian Reservation and parts of Pisgah, Nantahala, and Cherokee national forests.
Farmers began to settle the valleys in the late 18th century.
The mountains were heavily logged during the first quarter of the 20th century. | <urn:uuid:8e611048-b357-470b-9c3e-0faa347a0812> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-the-great-smoky-mountains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897027.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708124912-20200708154912-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.945485 | 1,019 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Education and Transmission of Tradition
In any society, education and the transmission of culture begins in the family home, where we learn our language from our parents and siblings and our culture through such everyday tasks as eating. Ancient Israel was no exception. An elite minority within the temple/palace bureaucracy received a formal education that included reading and writing. However, like the vast majority, even their education was primarily oral in nature and the use of texts as a part of their curriculum was primarily as mnemonic aids for the internalization of the culture. Thus, even ancient Israelite scribes approached the task of reading, writing, and copying texts in ways that differ remarkably from how we moderns understand these same activities. As the literate members of their society, scribes would have played an important role in the public education of the people by their recitation by memory and/or their public reading of traditional texts.
Person, Raymond F., Jr. “Education and Transmission of Tradition.” Companion to Ancient Israel, edited by Susan Niditch. Oxford: Blackwell, 2016, pp. 366-378. | <urn:uuid:3bab04ec-4005-4dc0-8cfe-781f9a232096> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://digitalcommons.onu.edu/phre_faculty/74/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058222.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926235727-20210927025727-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.967003 | 224 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Want to know what is the importance of reading books in our life and on our personality read this free essay type article showing importance of books. Reading is an extremely important life skill, it is one of the most useful and used skills needed for everyday life for instance, reading posters, newspapers. I plan on using my personal values and morals it would have been almost impossible not to express those thoughts in this personal essay this value is.
Should people put the value of life into monetary value or should life be kept solely as an emotional quantity but unlike a diamond, life has no set monetary value. Free reading papers, essays, and research papers these results are sorted by most relevant first (ranked search) you may also sort these by color rating or essay length. Importance of literature: essay reading and being given the keys to the literature world prepares individuals from an early age to discover the true importance. Great collection of paper writing guides and free samples ask our experts to get writing help submit your essay for analysis.
400 words essay on reading newspapers zkhan but lest they should spend more time in newspaper reading than it is worth as its name implies. Essay examples : benefits of reading books : essay writing is avery long time consusming assignment you're writing ought not make exhausting to group of onlookers. Value of reading essay with a lot of information on the importance of reading for the individual and society and how it opens the horizons in front of the minds to think and learn what they have not learned before.
Essay on importance of reading hi,i really need help from u an essay on “instill reading culture in students,benefits of reading ” can u help me as soon as. What is the value of poetry cheap essay writing help and they find the value of poetry to be great—both reading it and trying to write their own.
Creative essay: importance of reading book essay for grade or class 3 children for it is rightly said that we understand the true value of things only when they. 43 great quotes on the power and importance of reading 43 favorite quotes on the power and importance of we can to encourage the value of reading. Preview the reading value reading value rubric (doc) definition reading is the process of simultaneously extracting and constructing essays, textbook. We should practice news reading on daily basis newspaper essay 6 (400 words) newspaper is a powerful tool which enhances confidence and personality of the person.
The importance and advantages of reading books are many in this article we will study the importance of reading classic books, modern books, and vocation books. Student version the value of life reading selections for this module: shakespeare, william hamlet act iii, sc 1: hamlet’s “to be, or not to be” soliloquy. Long before they can exhibit reading and writing learning to read and write: what research (1980) confirm the value of what many teachers have.
The value of life – sample student essays csu expo sitory reading and writing course | 3 say that you cannot put a value on the natural high that is known as life. The value of reading 1 from an article by by larry greider click to advance 2 "reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body&. The importance of reading books as you continue this habit of reading and reflecting on what you read, you will start forming your own thoughts and values. Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning the taylor values probably are higher.Download | <urn:uuid:0896a229-6ea0-4761-beda-105da124c5ee> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://ubhomeworksihm.supervillaino.us/value-of-reading-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211933.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817065045-20180817085045-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.936218 | 722 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Using the SPSS software, open the Afrobarometer dataset or the High School Longitudinal Study dataset (whichever you choose) found in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the following: Create a research question with metric variables and one variable that requires dummy coding. Estimate the model and report results. Note: You are expected to perform regression diagnostics and report that as well. Once you perform your analysis, review Chapter 11 of the Wagner text to understand how to copy and paste your output into your Word document. For this Part 2 Assignment: Write a 2- to the 3-page analysis of your multiple regression using dummy variables results for each research question. In your analysis, display the data for the output. Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be. Use proper APA format, citations, and references for your analysis, research question, and display of output. | <urn:uuid:54413153-f91a-4324-a420-a9f2cb0afef7> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.calltutors.com/Assignments/using-the-spss-software-open-the-afrobarometer-dataset-or-the-high-school-longitudinal-study-dataset-whichever-you-choose-found-in-this-weeks-learning-resources-consider-the-following | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.865311 | 188 | 3.015625 | 3 |
There’s a lot of weird stuff that happens to our brains when we work out. For example, when you’re working out, it helps to keep telling yourself that you are “feeling good” and “doing well”, new research suggests. Telling yourself this, especially as well into your exercise, will keep you from feeling exhausted quickly as scientists say that your brain tells your body it’s tired before your body is actually tired.
Studies with rodents have led scientists to theorize that exercise-related fatigue is a function of the mind more than the body, as even after being pushed till the rodents dropped, their muscles still had some reserves of fuel. Researchers from University of Kent in Canterbury, England, studied two groups of volunteers to check how long they could pedal to the point of exhaustion. One group was told to talk to themselves with motivational phrases like “you’re doing well” and “feeling good”.
Afterward, it was obvious that self-talk had bolstered riders’ feelings and performance.
On one level, these findings indicate that “motivational self-talk improves endurance performance compared to not using it,” said Samuele Marcora, the director of exercise research at the University of Kent and senior author of the study.
“If the point in time at which people stop exercising was determined solely biologically,” he said, self-talk would have no effect. But it did.
The most effective form of the method is to be consistent and systematic, according to Marcora, by using phrases often and on a schedule, especially towards the fag end of a workout.
Keep Telling Yourself, ‘This Workout Feels Good’ | The New York Times | <urn:uuid:8143a1c8-b988-416c-8b80-8e09a9486f7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://lifehacker.com/tell-yourself-you-re-feeling-good-for-longer-workouts-1461009486/all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.969504 | 369 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Glossary of Financial Aid Terms
Ability-to-Benefit (ATB) - Basis on which a student without a high school diploma, a recognized equivalent, or a General Education Diploma (GED) may qualify for federal student financial assistance.
Assets - Property that has an exchange value. The purpose of collecting asset information is to determine whether your family's assets are substantial enough to support a contribution toward your cost of attendance (COA). Only the net asset value is counted in the need analysis. To determine the net value of any asset, you first determine the market value of the asset and reduce the value by the amount of debt against that asset. The result is the net value of the asset.
Award Letter - Describes the types of financial aid offered. The awards shown are based on full-time (12 units or more) enrollment, if fewer units are taken, amounts will be prorated.
Budget – The total amount it will cost you to go to school – usually expressed as a yearly figure. It’s determined using rules established by law- is also known as Cost of Attendance.
Cost of Attendance - See our Net Price Calculator
Default – Failure to repay or otherwise meet the terms and conditions of a loan. The consequences of default are severe. In many cases, default can be avoided by submitting a request for deferment, forbearance, or discharge and by providing the required documentation.
Deferment – A temporary postponement of loan payments that must be approved by the lender.Dependent – Parental information is used to determine aid. You may be considered dependent even if you live away from home or if your parents don’t claim you on their income taxes. Dependency is determined by answers on the FAFSA.
Expected Family Contribution (EFC) – The amount a student (and parent’s, if dependent) is expected to pay towards the cost of attending college. It is used to determine your eligibility for federal student aid.
FAFSA - Free Application for Federal Student Aid. This is the main application that allows students to apply for aid (PELL GRANTS and FFEL Loans. It may also be used by states to disburse state aid.
Fee Waiver – For eligible California residents, allows waiver of mandatory enrollment fees.
Forbearance – Permission from a lender to temporarily postpone repaying the loan. Interest will continue to accrue.
Grace Period – the short time period after graduation (or falling below half-time) during which the borrower is not required to begin repaying a student loan.
Grant – Money that, generally, does not have to be repaid; usually based on need.
Independent – Only student information is used to determine aid. Dependency is determined by answers on the FAFSA.
Institutional Student Information Record (ISIR) – Version of your FAFSA information that is sent to schools by the government.
Interest - The fee charged to borrowers by lenders for using loan money.
Master Promissory Note (MPN) - A promissory note under which the borrower may receive loans for either a single period of enrollment or multiple periods of enrollment.
Promissory Note – The loan contract. A written promise to repay a sum of money to the holder of the loan within a specified time period.
Satisfactory Academic Progress – refers to the standards a student must meet and maintain to be eligible for financial aid.
Untaxed Income - All income received that's not taxed or may not be reported to the IRS. Reported on Worksheets A and B on the FAFSA.
Verification - A review process through which a college checks the information you report on the FAFSA. A college may ask for any supporting documentation necessary to complete the verification process.
Work-study – Money you earn while enrolled in school that will help pay your educational expenses. | <urn:uuid:3c414635-dd07-4fcb-babd-4592d2f15535> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.gavilan.edu/finaid/glossary.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202188.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320004046-20190320030046-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.927396 | 811 | 2.90625 | 3 |
You can look at a similar question here. Mathematica interprets the input 0.5 (or any input containing 0.5), for example, as "numerical," and so its attempts to solve it will be numerical in nature, assuming that 0.5 is some real number that is within whatever relevant level of precision that it looks like it's equal to 0.5. Even though 0.5==1/2 will return True, Mathematica still treats those two expressions very differently.
If you input some commands using "numerical" (ie. decimal) numbers, Mathematica falls to numerical methods (like NIntegrate, NSolve, NDSolve, numerical versions of arithmetic operations, etc.) rather than those that apply to integers, rationals, etc.
The error that occurs is due to how NSolve (or another such algorithm) works. But it then takes the step of making the equations exact (it does know, after all, that 0.5=1/2) and then gets an exact solution, but then it "numericizes" the result (hits it with an N command) to give you the numerical equivalent.
Type in N[1/2+I] and see what you get. Should be 0.5+1.i. All this means is that you have a quantity that is roughly 1.0000000000000000 in the imaginary direction and 0.50000000000000 in the real direction.
To see the difference explicitly, try:
The decimal point indicates to Mathematica that the second of the two is a "real" number, i.e. for floating point arithmetic of some sort. The first one is an integer, for which Mathematica sometimes uses different sorts of algorithms. | <urn:uuid:23ce72dd-7255-43c8-915c-34ce00577412> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18615717/what-does-1-mean-in-a-mathematica-solution-of-a-sum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656965.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00043-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90674 | 362 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Home >||Evolution 101|
Long before Darwin and Wallace, farmers and breeders were using the idea of selection to cause major changes in the features of their plants and animals over the course of decades. Farmers and breeders allowed only the plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce, causing the evolution of farm stock. This process is called artificial selection because people (instead of nature) select which organisms get to reproduce.
As shown below, farmers have cultivated numerous popular crops from the wild mustard, by artificially selecting for certain attributes.
These common vegetables were cultivated from forms of wild mustard. This is evolution through artificial selection.
Broccoli image courtesy of Jeff Burke and Lorraine Triolo
Cabbage image courtesy of www.gristmagazine.com
Kale image courtesy of www.foodsubs.com
Kohlrabi image courtesy of Jozef Jarosciak
Cauliflower image courtesy of The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Mustard image courtesy of Gernot Katzer
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Read how others have recognized the Understanding Evolution website
Spanish translation of Understanding Evolution For Teachers from the Spanish Society of Evolutionary Biology. | <urn:uuid:4fed48b4-3481-45a6-b8b1-53951d958759> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIE4Evochange.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131317570.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172157-00199-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860154 | 259 | 3.875 | 4 |
Assessing the Performance of Acoustic
by John Lewis
The health effects on the well-being of the general population due to exposure to lower-level but persistent “background noise” (i.e., noise pollution) has recently become the subject of concern for building designers, especially those allied with the green-building movement. In addition to homes, commercial and institutional buildings, those most affected by noise problems include schools, hospitals, hotels and office
Even “safe” sound levels can cause non-auditory health problems because noise is a psychosocial stressor that activates the sympathetic and endocrine systems. Unrelenting street noise, jet planes or rail traffic can trigger enough stress in humans to elevate blood pressure and cause muscles to contract. Sustained stress can lead to chronic hypertension, ulcers, indigestion and
“The idea that people get used to noise is a myth,” reports the Environmental Protection Association (EPA). “Even when we think we have become accustomed to noise, biological changes still take place inside
Measuring the Noise
Design professionals seeking to shut out the din must consider the noise-reducing features of the building envelope. This naturally focuses on fenestration, where a design adjustment can make a noticeable
But how do we tell if one product is a better noise-insulator than
The ability of a fenestration product to attenuate, or reduce, the transmission of sound is measured in several ways: transmission loss (TL), sound transmission class (STC) and outdoor-indoor transmission class (OITC). In all cases, the higher the number, the more the intruding sound is
Sound TL is a standardized measure of the noise reduction in decibels for specific frequency
But noise is composed of multiple sound frequencies. So, the STC, a single numerical rating of sound transmission, is the most commonly used benchmark. STC ratings are a logarithmic scale similar to the earthquake Richter scale; an increase in STC from 28 to 38 equates to a 90-percent reduction in
STC is determined based on sounds of the frequency range typical of human speech. However, the primary outdoor noise sources—cars, motorcycles, trucks, elevated trains and air traffic—have strong low-frequency
The OITC was devised to represent the attenuation of these lower frequencies more
For the sake of illustration, the table below indicates typical STC and OITC ratings for commonly-configured double-hung
Building an Acoustic Window
It turns out that improved sound control tends to be an extra benefit of energy-efficient windows, as the features that reduce thermal conductivity and air infiltration also tend to reduce sound transmission. These features include, but are not limited
Double-glazing (insulating glass units). The wider the air space, the greater the sound attenuation.
Glass thickness. This is of limited use as the stiffness of glass limits the improvement. In insulating glass units, using different thicknesses of glass for the layers of double-glazing gives greater noise reduction than using the same thicknesses for both
Laminated glass. The plastic interlayer dampens vibrational energy.
Soft resilient gaskets. Sound transmission through cracks around operable windows may reduce their sound attenuating capability drastically; therefore, this type of weather-stripping can improve transmission
An Industry Standard for Sound Transmission Rating
As with any performance parameter, a uniform measurement methodology must be employed to enable evaluation of different products in a fair and uniform manner. To accomplish this, AAMA has just updated its
Voluntary Specification for the Acoustical Rating of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections (AAMA
1801-07), which describes sound transmission loss measurement procedures for fenestration products. The procedure includes the use of sound transmission loss test data obtained per ASTM E1425-91 (1999),
Standard Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Exterior Windows and
Doors, to calculate Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) ratings. Recognizing that air infiltration, operating force and latching force are integral elements of the acoustical performance of the tested unit, AAMA 1801-07 also requires concurrent testing of these
Windows may be tested optionally and labeled as conforming to AAMA 1801-07 through an acoustic certification program operated by Architectural Testing Inc. in York, Pa.
AAMA 1801, Voluntary Specification for the Acoustical Rating of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall
AAMA TIR-A1, Sound Control for Fenestration Products
ASTM E 1425, Standard Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Exterior Windows and Doors
ASTM E 1408, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of the Sound Transmission Loss of Door Panels and Door
ASTM E 1332, Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class
|Typical STC and OITC Ratings for
Commonly-configured Double-hung Windows
|*The above data is representative and for illustrative
purposes only. Performance of individual products will vary.
John Lewis is the technical director for the American Architectural Manufacturers Association in Schaumburg, Ill. He may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Mr. Lewis’s opinions are solely his own and not necessarily those of this magazine.
© Copyright 2007 Key Communications Inc. All rights reserved.
No reproduction of any type without expressed written permission. | <urn:uuid:ad67f42e-4b9d-4fc9-ad6e-a2eac94e8784> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://industry.glass.com/Door_and_Window_Maker/Backissues/2007/September07/AAMAanalysis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.888702 | 1,155 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Eddy Younger (firstname.lastname@example.org)
Software Components of the Email System
There are principally three classes of software components involved in transfering a mail message from the sender to the recipient:
- MUA – mail user agent, used to read, compose and post mail.
- MTA – mail transport agent. MTA’s at the source and destination hosts (and possibly also intermediate hosts) pass the messages from one to another
- MDA – mail delivery agent. At the ultimate destination host, the MDA receives the message from the local MTA and delivers it to its ultimate destination, usually the recipient’s mailbox file.
In the modern world almost all email transport is achieved using SMTP – the Simple Mail Transport Protocol – or its Extended variant ESMTP. MTA’s speak to each other in (E)SMTP. You can send mail without using a MUA if you wanted to, by talking SMTP directly to the MTA, and it used to be possible to do all kinds of nefarious things by doing so, though thankfully most mail servers are much more secure in these days of Skript Kiddies and Spam. | <urn:uuid:33b8b511-fbad-440a-8d6c-5d32085421f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nelug.org.uk/2000/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.854188 | 243 | 2.84375 | 3 |
While you might think of the term “shunning” as disavowing members as a form of punishment in a religious sect, shunning is also seen in the modern workplace. The act of ignoring, avoiding or disassociating with a colleague in retaliation for bad behavior or a perceived stigma can have a lasting negative effect on the workplace.
Shunning someone at work can be as simple as “forgetting” to tell them about an important meeting, leaving them out of a group email about an after-work get-together, or ignoring them in the break room. You might be tempted to shun someone if you think they did something to slight you, impact your work or take professional advantage of you. You might also be trumpeted to shun someone seen as a troublemaker, a problem employee or a busy body. This shunning can be rationalized as a form of self preservation in the workplace.
The immediate impact of shunning is isolation; the shunned employee is isolated from colleagues in the workplace. This can potentially jolt the co-worker into recognizing poor behavioral issues and working to regain the attention of the pack. It can also drive an angry, depressed or unsocial person into a darker place. Any way you look at it, shunning essentially cuts someone out of the social and professional loop in the office and impacts the workplace dynamic and the relationships colleagues have with one another.
It’s tough to work well with someone if you’re not speaking to them. Shunning has the potential to decrease productivity and increase the likelihood of mistakes. If someone is cut off from the confidence of colleagues or is prevented from getting status reports or project updates, there’s a good chance deadlines will be missed and team efforts thrown off track. This can have negative consequences for everyone on the team.
Partial shunning can be even worse than fully disassociating with a colleague. If you’re collaborating even partially, you may give and receive diluted information or communicate just enough to keep projects on track, but not do them well. In a work environment where colleagues require functional and effective interpersonal relationships, shunning can throw everyone’s effectiveness to the wind.
It can be tough to keep a full-blown shun in place. If you’re shunning your cubicle mate, you still see her on a regular basis; keeping up the self-imposed barrier can become time consuming and stressful. You might find the time spent on shunning efforts impacts your time management and ability to focus on your work product. This can lead to mistakes and lower your job satisfaction and morale.
- Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
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- What is the Workplace Behavior for Hasidic Judaism? | <urn:uuid:b60ea142-d8ff-49ca-b0a3-ca93194be2d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://woman.thenest.com/consequences-shunning-people-workplace-18605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952953 | 662 | 2.96875 | 3 |
American physician, neuroscientist and psychoanalyst, John C Lilly, originally developed the first float tank in 1954 while he was working at the National Institutes of Mental Health. During this time Dr Lilly, together with his associate Dr Jay Shirley, became intrigued by the question of the origins of conscious activity within the brain, and specifically, he questioned whether the brain needed external stimuli to retain its conscious state.
Lilly and his associate set to work trying to devise a system that would restrict environmental stimulation as much as was practical and feasible. His tank design was revised in many ways over the next couple of decades, and by the 1970s, the float tank’s design was much like those in use today. During that time, the tanks designed by Dr Lilly were used mainly by neurologists at university medical faculties, but when the effects of floatation on the human body and mind were beginning to become more clear, scientists in many other fields began to show increasing interest in floatation.
In 1982, International REST Investigators Society (IRIS) was founded in order to give the increased number of REST researchers a platform to share their research findings. For several years float tanks were solely used by researchers in university laboratories or by private individuals.
In 1983 floating increased in popularity as more became known about its effects. Floatation therapy is scientifically backed by more than 80 published studies to date from the USA and Europe, with ongoing research occurring worldwide.
Today, flotation tanks can be found in health spas, fitness centres, professional sport centres, bio-fitness institutes, and are used for “super learning" courses by universities around the world. As floating has grown in popularity, the design of the tanks has also evolved with the newer innovative floatation pods becoming increasingly more popular. | <urn:uuid:d80706f9-388d-4806-b521-3ec09a0a4b50> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.thefloatstudio.com.au/the_history_of_floating.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.983956 | 361 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The temporary exhibition «Under the North Star – Estonian Volunteers in the Battle of Narvik 1940” is displayed at Narvik War Museum from the 13th of September 2018 till the 3rd of March 2019. The exhibition is a result of a cooperation with the Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum (Eesti Sõjamuuseum – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseum) and the Norwegian-Estonian Society. The exhibition is produced to commemorate Estonia’s 100-year anniversary as a republic. Items from Narvik War Museum’s collection are exhibited. The texts in the exhibition are in Norwegian and English.
The exhibition tells the story of the Estonian participants in the battles of Narvik in May 1940 and about Estonia’s destiny. It explains the Estonians’ motives in 1940, with the Soviet Union’s annexation of the Baltic States and the Winter War as background and presents sides of WWII in new perspectives. | <urn:uuid:f2ca0dc1-0dbd-40c2-9e3b-f0b819743024> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://warmuseum.no/exhibition/temporary-exhibition-concerning-the-estonian-volunteers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659063.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117184304-20190117210304-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.90515 | 200 | 2.671875 | 3 |
by Ivana Vitali
There are many things you can do to complement your language lessons, whatever language you are learning. We'll focus on the English language, which characterizes for being easier to learn because of its popularity. Let's have a look at a few things we can do outside the classroom to keep learning.
The most popular music in the world is written in English. Whatever your musical taste is, you are sure to find an English speaking band or musician that suits you. For example, If you are into Old School Rock and Roll, why not pay attention to ACDC lyrics? If you enjoy the current pop or R&B music, how about reading Rihanna's or Justin Bieber lyrics while listening to their music? Trying to figure out the words instead of reading is good exercise too. When taking English classes Washington visitors start paying attention to English music instead of the local bands they used to listen to before.
A good idea is getting together with your classmates and watching a movie in English. Have you ever tried doing this without subtitles or dubbings? You will get to a point where you won't even realize that there are no subtitles. This happens because your brain gets used to incorporating the sounds naturally to make them a part of yourself. This is what you should be aiming at. After taking English classes Chicago students meet at one home in order to do this. The main areas that they work by doing this are listening comprehension and vocabulary.
The truth is that nowadays we spend hours on the computer or using a gadget like a smartphone, iPhone or blackberry to stay connected. There are many things you can do here: try switching the default language to English, or whatever language you want to learn. This will force you to learn, since you will want to do certain things, and in order to do them, you'll learn by trial and mistake, until it gets easy. Another thing you can do is befriend people who speak English, or who are studying just like you. Also, join pages of your interest in English. Can you come up with more ideas like these? | <urn:uuid:4c7fb53f-3b9c-430b-b4c8-ad6c8de4f516> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/englishtips.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963105 | 424 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Today, only one in three children will be physically active, and less than 50%of the time they spend on sports practice, physical education and games are spent moving around and that can be considered as being physically active.
Children, pre-teens, and teens will spend more than 7h of their time in front of the TV or PC, not really moving or doing anything. If you are looking for a way to keep your toddlers or preschoolers active, you can check out the interesting toy at Step2 Direct, or take them on a shopping spree and allow them to pick a toy that would keep them entertained and active.
Children really love to play with sand and water table!
Talk to the doctor
Many people tend to skip this part, but sometimes it is very necessary. You can talk to your child’s doctor and ask them to explain to your child why being active is very important. In addition, your doctor can suggest a great activity that will surely keep your kids happy.
That fun activity
Children tend to get lazy and not active when they are bored and nothing amuses them. This is why it is important that you find that one fun activity that they simply adore. Maybe they enjoy going outside and playing fetch, or playing in the park with their friends. Make sure to involve yourself in the play if it is necessary.
Choose an age-appropriate activity
If you have a toddler, you should not take him to a football game with preschoolers, and vice-versa. You need to know your child and take into consideration their age when thinking about the activity that would be good for them. This can also be discussed with their doctor.
For example, if you have preschoolers, and they are boys, there is a chance that they would like to play soccer, and you can get a kids soccer goal at Step2 Direct today, or visit your local kid’s toy store and buy a goal and a ball there.
Be a role model
Kid’s always look up to their parents or older siblings, and if you are at home all day not moving away from the TV, your children will be the same. In order for them to want to be physically active, you need to be active as well. Make time for them, take them to a park, on a run, or just outdoors to play, and you will surely become a great role model. | <urn:uuid:9ea2492c-805e-48de-8e74-b4668ec806eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://korsdiscount.net/how-to-encourage-your-child-to-be-physically-active/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.979102 | 494 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Welcome to the second in a series of articles based on Intel Thinking Tools, an amazing set of free tools from Intel. The tool I include today is called the Seeing Reason Tool , one of Intel’s amazing Online Thinking Tools. The description is perfect for those educators wanting their students engaged in 21st Century learning activities in the classroom. Before starting, remember to sign up for future posts via email or RSS and also, follow me on twitter at (mjgormans) to keep learning! By the time you finish this post you, will dreaming up activities that will allow your students avenues to see reasons, connections, and relevance in all curricular areas. Have a great week! – Mike
Seeing Reason Tools – Any collection of related facts is difficult to grasp when expressed by figures in tabular form, but the same may be seen at a glance when presented by one of the many graphic representations of those ideas.” – Gardner C. Anthony; from his book; An Introduction to the Graphic Language
There is no better tool that can promote real thinking than one that allows students to brainstorm and web. Intel describes this tool as one that allows students to “investigate relationships in complex systems, and create maps that communicate understanding”. Simply put, the Seeing Reason mapping tool allows a user to create diagrams or “causal maps.” These maps allow students to understand the information in the investigation of a problem. This is perfect for Problem, Project, and Inquiry Based Learning. Students learn to organize the factors that influence or affect a problem, and more importantly show how these factors interact with each other in cause-and-effect relationships. This must see tool supports cycles of investigation allowing students to gather what they know, organize that knowledge base into a map, and then investigate whether their initial concepts are really supported by necessary evidence. The benefits include the five key points allowing students to; think about and talk about their learning, negotiate the meaning of their symbols and make their ideas public, translate from one form of knowledge to another, transfer their knowledge to other cause-and-effect situations, and gain experience in using tools for problem solving.
To better understand the Seeing Reason Tool watch this video and also take a look at this provided demo. Also, be sure to take a moment to explore Intel’s resources of units . Not only will these units and additional project ideas be excellent resources, they will also provide other ideas for lessons that integrate the use of this tool. Best of all, Intel has included a private project area for teachers to set up lessons, class lists, and collaborative groups. Students then log in to the secure teacher area. Collaboration can occur from any computer at school or at home. Teachers have the ability to monitor and assess student work on line, and even leave important feedback. Take a moment and explore Seeing Reason, a tool that will apply to any curricular area while enhancing 21st Century Skills.
Thanks for joining me once again on the important journey of transforming education to fit the 21st century. Remember to sign up via email or RSS and also, follow me on twitter at (mjgormans). I also have hundreds of resources available for free at my 21centuryedtech Wiki! Enjoy the week as you introduce new tools that encourage your students to think! – Mike | <urn:uuid:049d0086-3137-4b5b-9ef9-7b67c110a96d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://21centuryedtech.wordpress.com/2010/06/03/free-seeing-reason-tool-high-order-thinking-mapping-and-collaboration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00160-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936057 | 674 | 3.375 | 3 |
Calligraphy is considered to be one of the most important art forms in Chinese culture. Only in Islamic art does calligraphy also rank so highly. Why? In both cases, beautiful writing constitutes what is most precious and sacred to the culture. In China, calligraphy represents not just writing and art, but beliefs, education, literature, performance, and social values. Calligraphy can be large or small in scale and execution; it can be produced very quickly or very slowly and carefully. It can be created with relatively few materials, and it is easily transportable. It is, along with painting and poetry, the most personal and expressive of Chinese art forms. It is no wonder that calligraphy, painting, and poetry in China are referred to as the “Three Perfections.”
Naturally there is a close relationship between calligraphy and painting, since both were produced by the skillful use of brush and ink. Which art form came first? It appears that in China writing first developed through the use of pictographs, so from a very early time, writing and making pictures were closely intertwined. | <urn:uuid:5e6d59ff-9003-4b63-91ec-e3e09cd1dbaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://education.asianart.org/resources/chinese-calligraphy-from-the-neolithic-period-ca-4500-2200-bce-to-the-song-dynasty-960-1279/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711045.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205200634-20221205230634-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.983905 | 228 | 3.578125 | 4 |
According to an Assocham study the size of Indias plastics industry may touch Rs 1.7 lakh crore by 2015 on account of rising consumption. At present, the Rs 1.02 lakh crore sector is growing at a compounded annual growth rate of about 20 per cent. Add to this the fact that plastics are one of worst products to dispose, taking hundreds of years to degrade. Given the scale and wide usage of plastics we decided to study sustainability and CSR activities of ET 500 companies manufacturing plastics.
Low level of Sustainability reporting
It is interesting to note that out of the 12 companies studied only one, Polyplex, produces a sustainability report. The remaining companies provide information through their annual reports and websites. Thus plastic companies in India are disclosing at a basic level. They need to do more to strategically communicate their sustainability and CSR related activities.
CSR initiatives are community focused
A study of the CSR activities indicates that almost all companies CSR initiatives are community focused. In contrast to our study on automotive companies, the focus on employees, consumers, suppliers and dealers is almost absent. The initiatives for employees are mostly limited to Occupational Health and Safety, Trainings, Meetings, 360 degree feedback etc. The customer related initiatives are very rare and only focus on customer feedback, engagement.
Most non-community based initiatives are either small or mandated activities. Also, just like the automotive study, community based initiatives tend to be near the plant/factory. Although keeping the nearby community engaged is important for self-sustenance, there are pressing needs away from the plant that also needs attention. The key areas in community based initiatives are community development, healthcare, education and environment.
Sustainability initiatives need more attention
While most of the plastic companies are doing necessary initiatives in the areas such as Water Management, Rain Water Harvesting, Waste Management, Greenbelt development, Effluent Discharge, Energy Management, Wind/Solar Power and Carbon Emission etc, efforts are required from these companies to take up initiatives on plastic on a long term basis. Reuse, recover and recycle principles need to be both propagated and adopted by companies to take care of the menace of plastics. A study of the annual reports and websites of plastic companies does not provide much room that conscious effort is underway to take care of the planet.
Can the plastic industry strike a balance between profit and planet?
This is not a utopian expectation. Firms need to strike a balance between profits and their responsibility towards the environment. The need is to educate consumers about proper disposal of plastics and in addition implement technologies that support proper reuse, recovery and recycle of plastic waste.
As we have been writing, doing good alone is not enough. It needs to be communicated as well. Companies need to take a strategic approach towards creating worthwhile CSR and sustainability initiatives and communicating them improve brand salience and creates a positive image in consumer’s mind leading to higher profits.
On communication it is interesting to note that most companies are communicating mainly through annual reports. Only one company provides a sustainability report. This strengthens our argument that communication of CSR and sustainability efforts deserves far greater effort than it currently receives.
This study was supported by IIM Udaipur. We would like to thank Prof Janat Shah, Director IIM Udaipur for his contribution and support. | <urn:uuid:ab9aa2a1-6744-4d2a-89a0-969b3070b7eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://namratarana.com/2014/01/csr-sustainability-and-the-plastic-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058456.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927151238-20210927181238-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.957541 | 681 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Archibald J. Motley (1891–1981) was an African-American painter who is considered a major contributor to the Harlem Renaissance and New Negro Movements. These movements focused on the cultural shifts that took place after the abolition of slavery, resulting in an overt racial pride that promoted intellect and the production of literature, art and music. These new endorsements of the African American culture were to combat the pervading racism and stereotypes of the time.
Motley is known for his portraiture depicting undertones of racial pride. This painting came to The Center originally in 2008 to address age-related issues and the thin mechanical cracks in the paint layer. These were caused by the canvas reacting to changes in humidity and temperature. Rob Datum, one of our painting conservators, undertook a conservative and minimal treatment approach. He locally stabilized and flattened the cracks from the front using conservation adhesives using a minimally invasive approach.
The painting came back to us in 2014 after it had been on loan. The owner had noticed that the cracks were changing, becoming more severe and then relaxing over time. The reactive canvas was causing this damage, as well as weakening the previous treatments, thus putting the painting at risk of serious damage. When Amber Smith, one of our painting conservators, examined Jazz Singers, she monitored it and watched the canvas change as it adjusted to the temperature and humidity in our laboratory. She and the owner then decided that a lining would be the next step towards securing the entire paint layer.
Amber began by surface cleaning the painting and then removing the varnish layer. The canvas was then removed from the stretcher and was lined to a prepared canvas using conservation adhesives. Once re-stretched, a layer of varnish was applied to saturate the paint layer before Amber began in-painting the cracks using paints that would be removable per conservation standards. The final step was to apply a varnish layer to integrate the surface gloss and protect the paint layer. This approach helped prevent further cracks and allowed us to ensure that the painting will not be lost due to slow deterioration.
Jazz Singers was featured in The Conservation Center's January 2014 edition of the monthly newsletter. The painting, in the collection of Western Illinois University Art Gallery, was part of the major exhibition A New Deal for Illinois.
Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Self-Portrait, c. 1920. Oil on canvas. 76.3 x 56 cm (30 1/8 x 22 1/8 in.) Signed upper left: A. J. MOTLEY JR. Through prior acquisitions of Friends of American Art Collection; through prior bequest of Marguerita S. Ritman. The Art Institute of Chicago.
Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Jazz Singers, 1934. Oil on canvas. Courtesy of the Fine Arts Program, Public Buildings Service, U.S. General Services Administration, Commissioned through the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP). | <urn:uuid:9040c6d5-dee2-4975-bbd1-cb7a262661f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.theconservationcenter.com/article/2358575-expo-chicago-2014-highlight-jazz-singers-archibald | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.963203 | 612 | 3.1875 | 3 |
We document concentrations of total mercury (THg) in feathers of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus; hereafter peregrines) collected during autumn migration at South Padre Island, Texas, and Assateague Island, Maryland, from 2009–2015. We detected THg in all sampled fourth primary (p4; range=0.44–37.46 µg/g) and axillary feathers (range=0.09–62.68 µg/g). We found no significant difference in THg concentrations between hatch-year (HY) peregrines by study site. Mean THg concentrations were greater in both feather types of after-hatch-year peregrines than of HY peregrines, but concentrations in p4 feathers of second-year peregrines (mean = 14.9 µg/g) were significantly greater than those of after-second-year individuals (mean = 8.5 µg/g). Pooling samples from HY birds across both sites and all years, we found no significant differences between the concentrations in the axillaries of females (mean = 2.4 µg/g) vs. males (mean = 2.2 µg/g), nor between the two feather types. The concentration associated with toxic effects in peregrines is unknown; however, peregrines have recently experienced broad population expansion across the presumed breeding area of the birds we sampled, and the THg concentrations we measured were lower than those in an apparently healthy breeding population in the southwestern USA. We documented widespread THg exposure in peregrines migrating from the northern latitudes of North America, but additional research is needed to assess trends of mercury exposure in the face of increasing global anthropogenic release of mercury into the environment and the release of long-term sequestered mercury in melting permafrost because of climate change.
Raptors and various piscivorous birds, as top avian predators, can be vulnerable to persistent environmental contaminants from biomagnification over progressive trophic levels and, as such, they can be good indicators of environmental pollution (Evers et al. 1998, Burger and Gochfeld 2004, Lodenius and Solonen 2013). One heavy metal pollutant, mercury (Hg), occurs naturally in the environment, but has increased substantially from anthropogenic causes since the industrial revolution (Swain et al. 1992, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme [AMAP 2011], United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP 2013]). Although elevated Hg levels are typically greatest in aquatic systems (AMAP 2011, Ackerman et al. 2016), Hg in food webs of terrestrial systems also poses a risk to biotic systems (Cristol et al. 2008, Townsend et al. 2013, Keller et al. 2014). Many birds have been used as indicators of environmental Hg contamination, such as Common Loons (Gavia immer; Evers et al. 1998), marine birds (Bond and Diamond 2009), wading birds (Frederick et al. 2002), and Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Bowerman et al. 2002). However, research on these species, and much of the avian contaminant research as a whole, has largely focused on aquatic systems generally with restricted geographical distributions.
Atmospheric deposition since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid-1800s has been a major driver of elevated global Hg levels, specifically in the boreal, subarctic, and Arctic regions (hereafter northern latitudes; AMAP 2011). Evidence in recent decades has shown a stable or declining trend of atmospheric deposition of Hg in North American northern latitudes (AMAP 2011), yet recent climate change trends appear to be driving increased exposure risk of biota due to mobilization of Hg from melting permafrost coupled with boreal riverine transport (Schuster et al. 2011) and increased wildfire frequency (Matz et al. 2011). Studies in the northern latitudes have demonstrated elevated Hg concentrations in taxa as diverse as freshwater fish (Carrie et al. 2010), beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas; Lockhart et al. 2005), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus; Dietz et al. 2006a), with increases in recent decades shown in a 130-yr time-series analysis of Ivory Gulls (Pagophila eburnea; Bond et al. 2015) and a 150-yr study of Greenlandic raptors (Dietz et al. 2006b). Dietz et al. (2006b) analyzed feathers from Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus; hereafter peregrines) from West Greenland from 1859–2001 and detected an increasing trend of Hg concentrations in adults after 1975, but their analysis was limited by small sample size.
Peregrines have the potential to be a particularly useful biomonitor because they are globally distributed, nest in proximity to a diverse assortment of aquatic and terrestrial habitat types (e.g., freshwater rivers and lakes, marine systems, estuaries, wetlands, arctic tundra, temperate forests, and open desert), are long-lived with high breeding-site fidelity, and have an extremely diverse avian diet (White et al. 2013). The migratory nature of many peregrine populations, and the extensive and highly variable migration patterns of their various avian prey species are important factors that must be considered when assessing geographic and temporal Hg exposure. Earlier peregrine contaminant studies assessed organochlorine pollutants (Henny et al. 1982, Henny et al. 2009, Franke et al. 2010) and other chemical pesticides (Newton et al. 1989, Peakall et al. 1990), petroleum exposure (Seegar et al. 2015), trace metals and various environmental contaminants (Parrish et al. 1983, Ambrose et al. 2000), and Hg (Lindberg and Mearns 1982, Dietz et al. 2006b, Barnes and Gerstenberger 2015). Mercury concentrations in peregrine feathers are correlated with Hg levels in their prey (Lindberg and Odsjö 1983, Barnes and Gerstenberger 2015); however, the threshold toxicity levels that impair reproduction, health, and survival have not been established in this species.
After assessing 11 microsatellite loci sampled from migrating peregrines and samples collected from throughout their northern-latitude breeding grounds, Johnson et al. (2010) determined that peregrines migrating through Padre Island, Texas, derived largely from breeding areas across northern Alaska, Canada, and western Greenland. Franke (2016) compiled banding and encounter records from hatch-year (HY) peregrines (F. p. tundrius, and northern-breeding F. p. anatum from the taiga) banded from 1970–2010 in Alaska north of 60°N latitude, Canada north of 54°N latitude, and the west coast of Greenland (Fig. 1). His assessment of band encounters concurred with an earlier synthesis of peregrine banding and encounter records from 1955–1985 by Yates et al. (1988), who found that the northern-latitude peregrines largely partitioned themselves during autumn migration into two largely distinct, population segments. They differentiated a “western” population originating from Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories and mostly passing through South Padre Island, Texas (SPI; a focal point for the Gulf of Mexico migration route), from an “eastern” population originating from Nunavut, Quebec, and Greenland and mostly migrating through Assateague Island, Maryland (AI; a focal point for the North American East Coast migration route; Fig. 1).
These prior studies, as well as satellite tracking results (Fuller et al. 1998, McGrady et al. 2002), all indicate that the majority of peregrines encountered at our two study sites originate from Arctic and boreal natal and breeding areas, so we sought to use feathers collected from migrating peregrines in autumn at SPI and AI to inform us remotely of contemporary Hg exposure at northern latitudes during the breeding season (i.e., the time and place where feathers were grown). We initially drew from archived axillary feathers collected in 2009 from the two study sites, and then also sampled fourth primary flight feathers (p4) from 2013–2015 in an effort to refine our knowledge of spatial and temporal Hg concentrations. Additional objectives were to assess differences in Hg exposure by age class and sex, compare Hg concentrations between feather types, and look for changes in Hg levels over time.
We analyzed peregrine feathers collected during autumn migrations in 2009, and 2013–2015 on SPI and in 2009 and 2015 on AI (Fig. 1). Our trapping area on SPI (26°18.8′N, 97°12.4′W) encompassed approximately 40 km of the northern end of the barrier island off the coast of Texas in the Gulf of Mexico, the majority of which was administered by Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge. Our trapping area on AI (38°1.7′N, 75°14.5′W) stretched approximately 36 km along a barrier island off the Atlantic coast of Maryland, within the Assateague Island National Seashore. The habitat on SPI consisted primarily of un-vegetated wind-tidal flats on the western (leeward) side of the island, freshwater wetlands in inter-dune swales and wash-over channels, and coastal beaches to the east. The habitat on AI differed from SPI in the elimination of wind-tidal flats west of the dunes in recent decades resulting from anthropogenic activities; otherwise physical habitat characteristics of the two islands were similar.
The analysis of Hg in feathers is a noninvasive approach that allows for resampling of individuals over time, and allows for testing archived samples and museum specimens for long-term trend analysis (Berg et al. 1966, Frederick et al. 2004, Dietz et al. 2006b). This is effective because Hg is sequestered in feathers during feather growth (Appelquist et al. 1984), it persists over time (Berg et al. 1966), and its concentration is correlated with dietary Hg consumption (Fimreite and Karstad 1971, Lewis and Furness 1991, Spalding et al. 2000). When conducting feather Hg analyses, it is important to assess standardized feathers or feather types based on timing of feather replacement within the molt cycle (Furness et al. 1986, Braune 1987, Dauwe et al. 2003) because most birds undergo predictable molt cycles and feather molt is the major elimination pathway for Hg (Honda et al. 1986, Lewis and Furness 1991, Lewis et al. 1993).
We trapped migrating peregrines daily at each study site during all daylight hours (approximately 0730–1900 H CST on SPI, and 0700–1900 H EST on AI) from 25 September to 25 October each year depending on favorable weather (i.e., generally wind <25 km/hr and minimal precipitation). We used a roving trapping approach, with each trapper using an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) or other four-wheel-drive vehicle to opportunistically cover the trapping area and to position themselves for trapping migrating peregrines as they were encountered. Generally, two ATVs operated simultaneously on SPI, with trapping confined to un-vegetated wind-tidal flats west of unstable dunes. A single trapping team in a four-wheel-drive vehicle operated at AI, where most trapping occurred on coastal beaches. We used harnessed Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) attached to a weighted tether and fitted with monofilament nooses to capture peregrines (Bloom et al. 2007). We classified peregrine age classes based on plumage (Pyle 2008), such that the plumage of HY peregrines was entirely juvenal feathers, while second-year (SY) peregrines exhibited a mix of juvenal and second basic feathers, and after-second-year (ASY) peregrines were entirely definitive basic plumage. We classified captured peregrines as after-hatch-year (AHY) when we could not distinguish between SY and ASY, and for pooled age-class comparisons. We sexed individuals using published wing-chord lengths (Pyle 2008). We banded each peregrine with a standard locking US Geological Survey (USGS) aluminum band unless it had previously been banded, in which case we contacted the USGS Bird Banding Laboratory for banding location and date to determine natal or breeding area if possible. This information allowed us to make broadscale assessments of Hg contamination of peregrines across northern latitudes of North America even though our sampling occurred at only two migration sites.
Using clean stainless steel scissors, we sampled axillaries by cutting near the base of the feather vane excluding the calamus. When sampling p4, we removed 1.5–2.0 cm of the distal end of each feather for analysis. Adhering to a set length of standardized feathers allowed us to account for variable growth rates in various feathers (Bortolotti 2010). We stored all feather samples in acid-free paper coin envelopes at room temperature prior to analysis.
In 2009, we randomly selected archived axillary feathers from 30 HY peregrines from both study sites and 15 AHY peregrines from SPI to determine whether peregrine feathers contained detectable levels of Hg during autumn migration. In our following investigations at SPI, we sampled one axillary feather from each HY peregrine and an axillary and p4 feather from AHY peregrines that were captured during 2013–2015. Not encountering large numbers of older age classes at AI, we sampled an axillary from each HY peregrine in 2015 after our initial 2009 assessment.
Total Hg (THg) includes all possible forms of mercury (e.g., elemental Hg, organomercury, inorganic Hg, methylmercury, etc.). This is important from a toxicological standpoint because different forms of Hg vary widely in their toxicity (i.e., elemental and inorganic Hg have low toxicity, whereas methylmercury is highly toxic). Virtually all of the Hg in feathers is methylmercury, so THg is a surrogate of the more toxic organic methylated form (Bond and Diamond 2009).
To assess THg in feathers, we used an AMA 254 atomic absorption spectrometer (method detection limit = 2.5 ng/g [ppb]; Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, USA) at the environmental and occupational health laboratory at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. We present our results as THg on a fresh weight (fw) basis in µg/g (equivalent to ppm). We analyzed each sampled axillary feather in its entirety, and analyzed 1.5 cm of the distal end of each p4. Feather samples averaged 6.2 mg for axillaries (n = 521), and 8.4 mg for p4 (n = 227). After we scrubbed feathers to remove all surface debris prior to analysis, they underwent thermal decomposition (750°C for 320 sec) and were carried by ultra-pure O2 to a gold-plated amalgamator using a 253.65-nm wavelength light to determine THg concentrations in each sample. We ran quality control tests every 10 samples, using a method blank and one or two samples of standard certified reference material (CRM; CRM 1633b and CRM 2709; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersberg, MD, USA), to verify calibration. Accepted CRM recoveries ranged from 88–111% of the certified values of THg (mean = 100.5 ± 5.9%, n = 104).
We conducted five separate analyses of concentrations of THg in peregrines. We conducted an overview of all birds sampled, across-individual analyses of THg in axillary feathers, across-individual analyses of THg in p4 feathers, an across-feather type analysis within individuals, and an assessment of known-origin peregrines.
To conduct our overview analyses of all birds sampled, we assessed variation in mean THg concentrations in axillary and p4 feathers, by using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) mixed effects model with age, feather type, and their interaction as fixed effects (Pinheiro and Bates 2000). We log-transformed THg concentrations prior to analysis to meet model assumptions of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance, and used pairwise differences based on a Tukey Post-hoc test to explore differences in means. We restricted our analysis to females from 2013 because sample sizes were unbalanced between years, it was the only year we collected both feather types from all age classes, and we were only able to sample females of all age classes (i.e., insufficient male sample size).
To conduct our across-individual analyses of THg in axillary feathers, we used a mixed effects model among all years at SPI, using an unequal variance model to estimate effects (Pinheiro and Bates 2000). The model included sex as a fixed effect, year as a random effect, and the interaction between year and sex as a random effect. Random effects were tested using the likelihood ratio test, and those effects which were not significant were removed from the model sequentially. To further explore differences in THg concentrations in axillaries by sex, while assessing potential differences between study site, we also used a mixed effects model assuming equal variances between sexes in HY peregrines at SPI and AI in 2009 and 2015, with sex as a fixed effect, and year and site as random effects. We restricted this analysis to the subset of HY peregrines sampled in 2009 and 2015 because we were limited to sampling those years at AI. We were not able to trap a sufficient number of older males to test differences of THg concentrations between sexes of AHY peregrines.
To conduct our across-feather type analysis within individuals, we used paired sample t-tests to assess differences of THg concentrations within individuals with >1 feather sampled. We performed a Pearson's coefficient correlation to further investigate the relationship between axillary and p4 feathers sampled within individuals. We did not transform THg concentrations prior to analyzing differences within individuals, because differences between feathers were normally distributed.
To conduct our assessment of known-origin peregrines, we obtained natal or breeding locations from the USGS Bird Banding Laboratory for seven banded peregrines we captured at SPI that were originally banded in northern North America, and one HY individual initially captured at SPI and later recaptured on her breeding territory. Our small sample size did not allow for a statistical analysis. We did not know the specific natal or breeding areas for the other sampled peregrines, but previous research indicated nearly all peregrines migrating through our study sites originated from Arctic and boreal natal and breeding areas of North America and Greenland (Yates et al. 1988, Johnson et al. 2010, Franke 2016), which largely overlapped locations for the previously banded individuals we trapped.
Unless otherwise noted, we log-transformed THg concentrations prior to analysis to meet model assumptions of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance. We back-transformed reported values, calculated arithmetic means ± SE, and considered results significant at P ≤ 0.05. All models were run in R3.3.0 (R Development Core Team 2016) using the “nlme” package (Pinheiro et al. 2016) and the “predictmeans” package (Dongwen et al. 2014).
We analyzed feathers from 518 peregrines; 464 sampled at SPI during autumn migrations (45 in 2009, 190 in 2013, 92 in 2014, and 137 in 2015), and 29 and 25 HY peregrines sampled at AI in 2009 and 2015, respectively. In total, we analyzed feathers from 110 male and 281 female HY peregrines, and 3 male and 124 female AHY peregrines. All feather samples contained detectable concentrations of THg (range = 0.09–62.68 µg/g; Table 1). Mean THg concentrations pooled by year and sex in axillary and p4 feathers of HY peregrines were similar, but both feather types contained greater concentrations of total Hg in AHY (SY and ASY) than in HY peregrines.
Total mercury concentrations (µg/g fresh weight) detected in axillary and fourth primary (p4) feathers of migrating Peregrine Falcons during autumn migrations on South Padre Island, Texas (2009, and 2013–2015), and Assateague Island, Maryland (2009, 2015). Age class (i.e., hatch-year, second-year, after-second-year) was determined by plumage from Pyle (2008). Arithmetic means are presented, and year and sex are pooled for each age class/feather type category.
In an analysis of the overall variation in mean THg concentrations by feather type and age class, a mixed effects ANOVA model of females sampled at SPI in 2013 indicated significant differences by age class (F1,3 = 1197.1, P= <0.001), feather type (F= 65.7, P= <0.001), and the interaction between age class and feather type (F1,3 = 28.0, P = <0.001; Fig. 2). Our model indicated THg concentrations in p4 feathers were significantly greater than those in axillaries in each age class except HY (Fig. 2). All other age classes contained greater concentrations of THg in p4 feathers than HY females in our model, with SY individuals exceeding all others except AHY individuals (those that were not distinguished between SY and ASY age classes; Fig. 2).
In a mixed effects model analyzing across years, we found no significant difference in mean THg concentrations in axillary feathers by year (P = 0.21) or sex (P = 0.15) in HY peregrines at SPI (female = 2.4 ± 0.15 µg/g, n = 248; male = 2.2 ± 0.16 µg/g, n = 78), nor in an interaction between year and sex (P ≤ 1.0). Comparing between sites, we found no significant difference between THg concentrations in axillaries of HY peregrines sampled at SPI (2.98 ± 0.16 µg/g, n = 139) and AI (2.95 ± 0.24 µg/g, n = 54) in 2009 and 2015 (t191 = 0.081, P = 0.936). There also was no significant difference of THg concentrations in axillaries of HY peregrines between females (mean = 2.32 ± 0.13 µg/g; n = 132) and males (mean = 2.54 ± 0.21 µg/g; n= 61; F1,188 = 0.26, P= 0.61) in a subset of HY birds from SPI and AI in 2009 and 2015. An ANOVA mixed effects model, which was restricted to feathers collected from females at SPI in 2013, indicated overlap among age classes of mean concentrations of THg in axillaries except for ASY females, which contained significantly greater concentrations than HY females (Fig. 2).
Arithmetic mean THg concentrations in p4 feathers ranged from 2.74 ± 0.17 µg/g in 2013 HY peregrines (n = 117) to 17.25 ± 2.82 lg/ g in 2015 SY peregrines (n = 8; Fig. 3). An ANOVA mixed effects model, which was restricted to feathers collected from females at SPI in 2013, indicated significant differences in mean concentrations of THg in p4 feathers between known age classes such that HY < ASY < SY (Fig. 2).
Sampling within Individuals
Among those HY individuals with both feather types sampled (n = 111), axillaries (mean = 2.54 ± 0.16 µg/g) had significantly less THg than p4 (mean = 2.73 ± 0.18 µg/g; t110 = -2.49, P = 0.014) feathers. There was a strong positive correlation between concentrations in axillary and p4 feathers in HY individuals with both feather types sampled (r = 0.898, n = 111, P < 0.001; Fig. 4). However, this predictive relationship between feather types was not apparent in older age classes. Second-year individuals with both feathers sampled (n = 24) contained far lower THg concentrations in axillary (mean = 5.21 ± 0.97 µg/g) than in p4 (mean = 14.6 ± 1.35 µg/g; t23 = -5.934, P < 0.001) feathers. After-second-year individuals with both feather types sampled (n = 61) also contained less THg in axillary feathers on average (mean = 6.97 ± 1.25 µg/g) than in p4 (mean = 8.4 ± 0.7 µg/g) feathers, but the difference was not significant when paired within the individual (t60 = -1.548, P= 0.127).
Peregrines of Known Origin
We determined natal or breeding areas for seven previously banded peregrines captured during migration on SPI, and one initially captured on SPI and later captured on her breeding territory. The peregrines with known natal areas originated from Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada (n = 4; 62°48.4′N, 92°5.2′W), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (n = 1; 53°32.6′N, 113°29.4′W), Red Deer, Alberta, Canada (n = 1; 52°16.0 ′N, 113°48.7′W), and Grand Rapids, North Dakota, USA (n = 1; 46°26.6′N, 98°22.2′W). Four peregrines originating from Rankin Inlet were trapped at SPI as HY individuals on their first autumn migration with a mean THg concentration in axillaries of 3.53 µg/g (HY females = 1.92 and 3.23 µg/g; HY male = 2.9 and 6.05 µg/g), and an additional peregrine banded as a HY on migration at SPI subsequently entered the Rankin Inlet breeding population (A. Franke pers. comm.) and was recaptured during its fourth year at SPI (p4 = 9.84 µg/g; axillary = 1.63 µg/g). Total Hg concentrations in axillaries from HY females captured at SPI and originating from Red Deer, Alberta (1.73 µg/g), Grand Rapids, North Dakota (1.35 lg/ g), and from an Edmonton, Alberta hacking program (0.09 µg/g) were all lower than those in HY females overall (i.e., female mean = 2.4 ± 0.15 µg/g).
Our study provides a contemporary (2009–2015) population-level assessment of THg exposure in peregrines with natal and breeding areas across the vast area encompassing northern Alaska, northern Canada, and western Greenland. We base likely natal and breeding areas of our sampled peregrines on over 40 yr of migration study (Seegar et al. 2016), including results from genetic analyses (Johnson et al. 2010), band encounters (Yates et al. 1988, Franke 2016), and satellite tracking (Fuller et al. 1998, McGrady et al. 2002). Results of our initial assessment of archived axillary feathers collected during the autumn 2009 migration indicated all AHY peregrines sampled at SPI and all HY peregrines sampled at SPI or AI contained detectable concentrations of THg. Our ensuing investigations of axillaries from both age classes at SPI during the autumn migrations of 2013–2015 and HY peregrines from AI in 2015 confirmed widespread THg exposure, and we did not detect significant differences by year or study site. Our analysis of p4 feathers from peregrines captured at SPI during 2013–2015 further confirmed the widespread exposure we detected in axillaries.
Total Hg burdens in HY peregrine feathers are an index of dietary Hg exposure during the nestling period while the peregrines are on their northern North American natal areas. As expected, THg concentrations in the axillary and p4 feathers of HY peregrines were strongly correlated, and did not differ substantially, presumably because the juvenal plumage is grown concurrently prior to fledging. As expected, because young birds are provisioned with the same prey regardless of sex, we did not detect significant differences in THg concentrations by sex in either axillary or p4 feathers of HY peregrines. Similarly, an assessment of HY peregrines migrating and wintering along coastal Washington did not detect a significant difference in THg exposure between sexes (Barnes et al. 2018), nor did Barnes and Gerstenberger (2015) detect significant differences between siblings of different sexes within peregrine broods in southern Nevada.
Short-term, site-specific exposure of THg from diet at the time of feather growth is reflected in feathers of juvenile birds (Becker et al. 1994, Ackerman et al. 2011), while THg in feathers of adults reflects Hg uptake since the previous molt and concentrations in blood at the time of feather growth (Evers et al. 2005, Perkins et al. 2016). This indicates THg concentrations found in feathers from the two age classes should differ on temporal and spatial scales, because migratory individuals accumulate Hg from various locations throughout the previous year (e.g., migration, staging, and wintering areas). This suggests the significantly greater THg concentrations we detected in AHY compared to HY peregrines may be driven by a longer timeframe of exposure in addition to differing geographic exposure.
Mean THg concentrations in p4s of SY individuals (mean = 14.9 µg/g) were over five times greater than we detected in HY (mean = 2.72 µg/g) and almost twice as great as ASY individuals (mean = 8.45 µg/g). All SY and all but three ASY birds were female. The decline we detected in THg concentrations in ASY compared to SY peregrines was unanticipated, because we expected to detect increases in individuals as they age due to bioaccumulation. One possible explanation suggests that because female peregrines often begin breeding by their third year (Ratcliffe 1993), the reduced THg concentrations we detected in older females may be due to the additional annual elimination pathway of eggs (Lewis et al. 1993); however, we were not able to collect corresponding data on adult males. Similarly, an analysis of HY female peregrines recaptured later in life documented a mean increase of 520% in the THg concentration from HY to SY age classes, but showed more modest increases from the SY to the third-year age class, and no clear trend in exposure after their third year (i.e., four of six individuals experienced declines in THg as they aged; Barnes et al. 2018).
Concentrations of THg we detected in northern-latitude peregrines were somewhat lower than those documented in recent North American studies, but indicated peregrines across the continent have been exposed to Hg regardless of region or subspecies. We detected overall mean THg concentrations of 2.72 µg/g and 10.29 µg/g in p4 feathers in HY and AHY peregrines, respectively. Our samples derive primarily from the northern latitudes of North America encompassed by the eastern and western portions of the F. p. tundrius subspecies’ range, and from the northern distribution of F. p. anatum (Yates et al. 1988, Johnson et al. 2010, White et al. 2013; Fig. 1). By comparison, a recent assessment at breeding territories of a nonmigratory population of F. p. anatum in southern Nevada in the southwestern USA documented mean THg concentrations of 3.76 µg/g in HY peregrines and 12.19 µg/g in AHY peregrines (Barnes and Gerstenberger 2015). An assessment of migrating and wintering F. p. pealei peregrines along coastal Washington detected mean THg concentrations of 6.05 µg/g and 23.11 µg/g in feathers of HY and AHY individuals, respectively (n = 151; Barnes et al. 2018).
Diet was unknown, so we could not determine primary Hg exposure pathways; however, earlier research in the northern latitudes of North America indicated the bulk of peregrine prey was composed of migrant land birds or aquatic birds (Hunter et al. 1988, Rosenfield et al. 1995, Dawson et al. 2011). The long-distance migration pattern characteristic of the northern-latitude peregrines further complicates an analysis of their Hg exposure pathways. Studies assessing northern-latitude peregrines on migration (Henny et al. 1982) and on their northern breeding grounds (Springer et al. 1984) found the bulk of exposure of these birds to harmful pesticides by the late 1970s was encountered on their southern wintering grounds. It is currently unknown how Hg exposure on our peregrines’ wintering grounds (e.g., Central and South America, Caribbean Sea, southern USA; Fuller et al. 1998, White et al. 2013) compares with that on their northern breeding grounds. However, research on Hispaniola has shown elevated Hg concentrations in blood of resident and migratory passerine species in terrestrial forests on the Caribbean island compared to individuals sampled in northeastern USA (Townsend et al. 2013). Furthermore, the current increasing Hg emission trends in northern South America (UNEP 2013, Evers et al. 2016) may have implications for Hg exposure in North American migratory peregrines and their Neotropical migrant prey while they are on their overwintering grounds.
A meta-analysis of Hg exposure in various taxa of Arctic biota over the past 150 yr showed clear increases since 1900 (average of 1–4% per year; AMAP 2011). However, Hg concentrations in Ivory Gulls (Bond et al. 2015) continue to increase, while concentrations in some terrestrial animals have stabilized since the 1970s (AMAP 2011). When compared to the 150-yr time series of F. p. tundrius in West Greenland (Dietz et al. 2006b), our mean THg results (HY = 2.72 µg/g; AHY = 10.29 µg/g) indicate Hg concentrations in northern-latitude peregrines have likely increased in recent decades, and certainly since the early 1900s. Dietz et al. (2006b) detected mean Hg concentrations of 0.66 µg/g and 6.11 µg/g in fifth primaries (p5) from HY and AHY individuals, respectively, from their most recent decade of sampling (1994–2004), but inferences were limited by small sample size. The bulk of their samples came from 1860–1930, during which time they detected a 1.1% increase per year of Hg in juvenile peregrines. Parrish et al. (1983) detected mean Hg concentrations of 0.8 µg/g in West Greenland, 3.1 µg/g along the Yukon River, and 1.5 µg/g along the Colville River in fifth secondary (s5) feathers from nestling peregrines in 1979, which is similar to our HY results, but this study also suffered from low sample sizes. There is an inconsistency in feathers sampled in the above studies (i.e., p4, p5, and s5); however, these are all some of the first feathers to be replaced each molt cycle on the breeding grounds (Pyle 2008) and thus they should accumulate comparable Hg concentrations.
Avian toxic effects levels are species-specific (Wolfe et al. 1998) and concentrations that may negatively affect peregrine health or breeding success are currently unknown. However, it appears that the increase of mean THg in feathers of adults from 4.45 µg/g in 1915–1924 in West Greenland (Dietz et al. 2006b) to our current mean of 10.29 lg/ g across the northern-latitude breeding area is not currently suppressing the population. A recent synthesis of banding data from 1970–2010 in northern-latitude peregrines indicates a robust breeding population of more than 15,000 breeding pairs (Franke 2016), which is far greater than the pre-DDT era population estimate of 8660–9000 pairs (White et al. 2002). For comparison, the local breeding population of F. p. anatum along the Colorado River system in southern Nevada had a mean THg concentration in feathers of 17.24 µg/g (Barnes and Gerstenberger 2015) in a seemingly healthy breeding population experiencing 72% breeding success and 1.8 successful young per breeding attempt (Barnes et al. 2015). Spry and Wiener (1991) suggested feather Hg concentrations of 15 µg/g were associated with decreased reproduction in some predatory birds, so further research is needed to account for potential effects of Hg contamination on peregrine mortality and breeding success rates.
In summary, our assessment of axillary and p4 feathers from peregrines sampled during autumn migrations at SPI and AI is a broadscale assessment of Hg exposure in northern-latitude peregrines across their North American breeding grounds, and indicates widespread THg concentrations generally elevated above prior levels in western Greenland (Dietz et al. 2006b). Our results from AHY feathers are primarily indicative of THg body burdens during the breeding season, likely influenced by uptake throughout the annual cycle. Axillary feather concentrations are highly correlated with concentrations of THg in p4 feathers in juvenal plumage, and we have used them to provide a minimum relative index of Hg exposure throughout peregrines’ northern-latitude breeding grounds. However, they are not replaced in a predictable pattern, and so do not provide standardized results for direct comparison in older individuals.
We recommend testing the p4 in peregrines, the first flight feather to be replaced each year in AHY individuals, which enables spatial and temporal analyses of Hg exposure associated with breeding areas and annual exposure in migratory individuals. This is particularly so for peregrines, which exhibit strong breeding-site fidelity, and undergo a predictable and complete annual molt cycle (Pyle 2008). We also recommend trend analyses and comparisons between feathers and blood samples collected during migration to help ascertain Hg exposure on migration relative to the remainder of the annual cycle. Toxic effect levels of Hg are unknown for peregrines, so future research would benefit from an effort to study Hg exposure in relation to adult turnover at territories, breeding success, productivity, and survival rates of peregrines breeding in northern latitudes.
We are grateful for the support provided by the American Honda Motor Company, R. Berry, the Grasslans Charitable Foundation, D. Haldan, J. P. Jenny and the Peregrine Fund, R. Mutch, the North American Falconers Association, C. Pfister and S. Lasher, the Texas Hawking Association, C. Thelander, and P. and L. Widener. We thank B. Blihovde, L. Gustafson, J. Moczygemba, H. Swarts, and the staff of Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge and the South Texas Refuge Complex for their continued support and assistance. D. Darden, W. Hulsinger, J. Kumer, and the staff of Assateague Island National Seashore provided invaluable support, as did the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. We thank those who helped in the field over the years for their fortitude and skill, including W. Heck, B. Jenny, J. P. Jenny, B. Latta, J. Millican, R. Mutch, C. Pfister, M. Reidy, N. Todd, C. Wightman, and many others. Thanks also to J. Johnson of the University of North Texas for curation of our sample archive, D. Fernbach for map creation, and to C. Vanier for support with statistical analysis. We thank J. Dwyer and two anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier version of this report. Fieldwork was conducted under federal (LA-2016-024, LA-2016-032, ASIS-2017-SCI-0008) and state permits (SPR-0390-047, 55662), and under US Geological Survey Federal Bird Banding Permits 23633 and 20127. The many past contributions and perpetual inspiration of our friend and colleague T. Maechtle (1958–2016) continue to guide our research. | <urn:uuid:028c0ea5-f422-42a3-8626-70cf53e0558b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-53/issue-1/JRR-18-0003/A-Broadscale-Assessment-of-Mercury-Contamination-in-Peregrine-Falcons-Across/10.3356/JRR-18-0003.full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.915975 | 8,696 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Ecology of Tenafly Nature Center
Within its nearly 400 acre expanse, the Tenafly Nature Center hosts two ecosystems, brimming with natural biodiversity & actively managed with human effort too. TNC encourages first-time visitors and naturalists alike to learn more about the thriving flora and fauna that inhabit TNC and the surrounding environment.
Hundreds of year ago, the largest, most abundant tree in New Jersey forests was the American Chestnut. In the late 1800s, a fungus was introduced that killed over 3 billion of these once numerous trees. The Tenafly Nature Center partners with the Garden Club of Englewood and the American Chestnut Foundation in a project to restore this important tree, a nearly vanished native. Visitors can visit these rare plants while enjoying the other native species found throughout the 7+ miles of trails.
Fungus & Plant Species: Plants and fungi are two different kingdoms that comprise a large portion of species on earth. There are several things that differ among fungus and plants; plants reproduce through seeds and pollen, while fungi reproduce through spores. Plants have chlorophyll and can produce their own food, while fungi live off others, and cannot produce their own food. Plants have roots, stems and leaves, while fungi only have filaments which attach to the host. Plants are producers in an ecosystem, while fungi are decomposers. Finally, the cell walls on plants are made of cellulose, while those of fungi are made of chitin. We have comprised a checklist of the 139+ species of fungi and plants found throughout the nature center trails.
Invertebrates: Invertebrates are animals which do not have an internal spinal/skeletal structure. Instead some invertebrates, such as ants (insects) or crabs (crustaceans) have an exoskeleton while others, such as worms (annelids) have a fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton. Invertebrates comprise more than 98% of Earth's animal species and are the world's most abundant animal class. There are over 1,000,000 species known to science, many are still undiscovered. We have comprised a checklist of the 100+ species of invertebrates found throughout the nature center trails.
Birds: Birds are warm-blooded animals with a backbone whose bodies are covered with feathers and whose forelimbs are modified into wings. Most can fly. There are approximately 10,000 bird species known to science. We have comprised a checklist of the 189+ species of bird found throughout the nature center trails.
New Jersey Bird Records Committee collects records of rare birds reported in New Jersey, and maintains a list of all species seen in the state.
Mammals: Mammals are warm blooded; body temperature remains within a constant temperate range regardless of environmental conditions. All mammals have fur or hair, give live birth and readily provide milk to newly born offspring. There are approximately 4,000 mammal species known to science. We have comprised a checklist of the 24+ species of mammals found throughout the nature center trails.
Other New Jersey's Wildlife Checklists:
These calendars will hopefully entice you to come up and explore the trails more often! Dates are only approximate. Email us about your weekly sightings from the TNC trails.
Spring: Read up on activity going on like hearing the bull frogs at their loudest at Pfister’s Pond.
Summer: Read up on activity going on like looking for the white blossoms of Shadbush (a small tree) along the DeFilippi boardwalk.
Autumn: Read up on activity going on like listening for the “ chimp - chimp ” call of Winter Wrens as they scurry mouse like along the boardwalk or low bushes.
Winter: Read up on activity going on like the Great Horned Owls hooting to announce their territories and maintain the pair-bond. | <urn:uuid:6594bfa1-6384-4416-a5f8-74dc6333538b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://tenaflynaturecenter.org/Ecology-of-Tenafly-Nature-Center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540565544.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216121204-20191216145204-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.940295 | 800 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In the following example, an 'a' is used for 'h', a 'b' for 'c', ect.
EXAMPLE: HERALD HECCUBA AXYOVD AXBBCFO
Gilligan asks, "What is that?"
The Skipper says, "It's Kona, ADC BYP YO CTGM; ADGH WRHA NC DGH VESGCEA NRQGVM FMVSC. JDYCTCQ PGHARQNH DGH QCHA GH SRQHCP OYQCTCQ!"
Island life was summed up by Wrongway Feldman when he said:
"CXVVDFMO, EADV CHCHOH CGLQA DV CHBEMO CHVE DEV CBDKI!"
What did Duke Williams (the Surfer) say to the men?
AOYB OY RPA QOY AZSYB (HCBHYT PBE SPTV PBB) OY RPCE, "SPB, VZW'YT BZQ FZRQ, VZW'YT OCECB'!"
Mr Howell once told Gilligan:
"A EMGFF KHM'PG SMFN THN WMN HMN NH RG X YHZGVV!"
One day when the castaways were feeling despondent, the
"VCTTRWTCBW XOT GRV ET BYRP SXR APRZCACZR SB VRTSPEZSCBM... BEP NPRRV AETXRV ET BYRP SXR FPCWH BK VCTOTSRP!"
There was no sleep deprivation in the Skipper's hut.
especially when Gilligan said:
"CVWPRBE, CVWPRBE FP EIB HIBVK, OFQB EF MNVVNMWP CS SFTXHBVK!"
The very first two sentences that Gilligan actually said
when (first) on the island:
"PR TA BPCR, TEF POHKQPEKN! M'SS CEOH APY CWMVVHK!"
The Professor is turned into a zombie. The castways try
to get him to "snap out of it." When they offer him some
of his favorite food, his demeanor doesn't change and
"F RVBPP ABFCR S KJYXFB QFCT JW HSQBP NJVM SAABHFHB SOSN!"
What's in a name? A character! With:
EOAAX SOAAOSYP, QKPYT SMWLAX, EVWMTEKP VKWBAA OOO, BWPOFB "AKHBX" VKWBAA, XOPXBM XMYPE, MKX VOPJABX, and LYMX YPP TWLLBMT!
The loyalty between the Skipper and Gilligan is again demonstrated as the Skipper says: "MR'NR CSV VS BHPEV OH." Then Gilligan responds, "BHPEV OH? SW, BYEHHRT-MR'NR QRRX VSCRVKRT VSS PSXC-ISOT'R PEYR F GFVKRT VS ZR!"
Every time he's up a tree this happens (and he yells after the fact): "K BFBFLRO UKAAE KLS PJOE OPH EMJCCHN FL PJE PHKS, OPHL IJAAJIKL ZHAAE, AFFW FRO THAFV!"
Gilligan finds the eye of the idol, and with this he gets three
wishes. His last one is: "O MOWB MR MRCR EPP FBOW OWJXKT!"
Answer in next issue | <urn:uuid:0f90626b-f96e-4276-8216-5ef38c3a02ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://gilligansisle.com/games/crypt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118713.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00520-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.824506 | 801 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is HTTP?
First is all the full form of HTTP is HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is an application layer protocol in ISO or TCP/IP model. See below picture to find out HTTP which resides under application layer.
HTTP is used by the World Wide Web (w.w.w) and it defines how messages are formatted and transmitted by browser. So HTTP define reules what action should be taken when a browser receives HTTP command. And also HTTP defines rules for transmitting HTTP command to get data from server.
For example, when you enter a url in browser (Internet explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari etc) it actually sends an HTTP command to server.And server replies with appropiate command.
There are some set of methods for HTTP/1.1 (This is HTTP version)
GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTION and TRACE.
We will not go in details of each method instead we will get to know about the methods which are seen quite often.Such as
GET: GET request asks data from web server. This is a main method used document retrival. We will see one practical example of this method.
POST: POST method is used when it’s required to send some data to server.
HTTP is Wiresahark:
Let’s try something practical to understand how HTTP works ?
So in this example we will download “alice.txt” (Data file present in server) from “gaia.cs.umass.edu” server.
- Open the URL http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/wireshark-labs/alice.txt [We know the full url for downloading alice.txt] in computer browser.
- Now we see the downloaded file in browser. Here is the screenshot
- In parallel we have capture the packets in Wireshark.
HTTP packets exchanges in Wireshark:
Before we go into HTTP we should know that HTTP uses port 80 and TCP as transport layer protocol [We will explain TCP in another topic discussion].
Now let’s see what happens in network when we put that URL and press enter in browser.
Here is the screenshot for
TCP 3-way handshake ——-> HTTP OK ——-> TCP Data [content of alice.txt] ——->
Now let’s see what’s there inside HTTP GET and HTTP OK packets.
Note: We will explain TCP exchanges in another topic discussion.
After TCP 3-way handshake [SYN, SYN+ACK and ACK packets] is done HTTP GET request is sent to the server and here are the important fields in the packet.
1.Request Method: GET ==> The packet is a HTTP GET .
2.Request URI: /wireshark-labs/alice.txt ==> The client is asking for file alice.txt present under /Wireshark-labs
3.Request version: HTTP/1.1 ==> It’s HTTP version 1.1
4.Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, image/jxr, */* ==> Tells server about the type of file it [client side browser] can accept. Here the client is expecting alice.txt which is text type.
5.Accept-Language: en-US ==> Accepted language standard.
6.User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko ==> Client side browser type. Even if we used internet explorer but we see it always/maximum time says Mozilla
7.Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate ==> Accepted encoding in client side.
8.Host: gaia.cs.umass.edu ==> This is the web server name where client is sending HTTP GET request.
9.Connection: Keep-Alive ==> Connection controls whether the network connection stays open after the current transaction finishes. Connection type is keep alive.
Here is the screenshot for HTTP-GET packet fields
After TCP data [content of alice.txt] is sent successfully HTTP OK is sent to the client and here are the important fields in the packet.
1. Response Version: HTTP/1.1 ==> Here server also in HTTP version 1.1
2.Status Code: 200 ==> Status code sent by server.
3.Response Phrase: OK ==> Response phrase sent by server.
So the from 2 and 3 we get 200 OK which means the request [HTTP GET] has succeeded.
4.Date: Sun, 10 Feb 2019 06:24:19 GMT ==> Current date , time in GMT when HTTP GET was received by server.
5.Server: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips PHP/5.4.16 mod_perl/2.0.10 Perl/v5.16.3 ==> Server details and configurations versions.
6.Last-Modified: Sat, 21 Aug 2004 14:21:11 GMT ==> Last modified date and time for the file “alice.txt”.
7.ETag: “2524a-3e22aba3a03c0” ==> The ETag indicates the content is not changed to assist caching and improve performance. Or if the content has changed, etags are useful to help prevent simultaneous updates of a resource from overwriting each other.
8. Accept-Ranges: bytes ==> Byte is the unit used in server for content.
9.Content-Length: 152138 ==> This is the total length of the alice.txt in bytes.
10. Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100 ==> Keep alive parameters.
11.Connection: Keep-Alive ==> Connection controls whether the network connection stays open after the current transaction finishes. Connection type is keep alive.
12.Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 ==> The content [alice.txt] type is text and charset standard is UTF-8.
Here is the screenshot for different fields of HTTP OK packet.
So now we know what happens when we request for any file that is present in web server.
HTTP is simple application protocol that we use every day in our life. But it’s not secure so HTTPS has been implemented. That “S” stands for secure. That’s why you so maximum web server name start with https://[websitename]. This means all communication between you and server are encrypted. We will have separate discussion on this HTTPS in future. | <urn:uuid:483b352e-a657-4f74-9dab-77e4ed5757bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://onet.com.vn/http-analysis-using-wireshark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943698.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321131205-20230321161205-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.830097 | 1,460 | 4.15625 | 4 |
By Robert Crane
The Legacy of Love, Truth, and Justice
The legacy of the Prophet Muhammad is a revival of the essence of all religions.
He revitalized personal awareness and loving awe of God leading to piety, which is a core aspect of taqwa, and a resulting commitment to truth and justice.
These two pillars of Islam and of every world religion reinforce each other. The neglect of either one can result in extremism. Without love and mercy, the pursuit of justice can result in cruelty and oppression. And without commitment to truth and justice, one’s love of God is powerless in the world.
The two basic philosophical principles of Islam are known as monotheism and balance. Monotheism refers to the concept that everything in the universe is interrelated with everything else in a coherent whole, and that this unity is the inevitable result of the oneness of the ultimate, the Creator of all, whom Muslims refer to as Allah (God).
Balance, the second philosophical principle, emanates from the first one. Since God created the universe as a balanced whole, a task of every human is to help maintain this perfect balance by avoiding extremism. This maintaining of balance and avoiding extreme thought, policy or action that neglects other necessary principles, applies to all facets of life including human interaction with the ecosystem or personal moral imprint on one’s own life activities and relationships.
Rights and Responsibilities
A framework for maintaining balance in life is provided by Islamic law and is its very purpose. This framework is a hierarchical system of human responsibilities and rights. For example, one has a responsibility to defend one’s family and community, and one has an equal responsibility to respect individual human life. Therefore, those who kill innocents in the alleged defense of their community clearly have lost balance. This violates the design of God. It is extremist and therefore immoral.
The indignities of miserable poverty and political oppression can produce alienation, desperation, and extremism. Unfortunately, Muslims have suffered more than their share of both these causes and effects; but regardless of how understandable the source of extremism, the resulting indiscriminate violence and aggression is immoral and Islamically abhorrent.
Extremism does not have to result from indignities, but it all too often does unless there is a source and framework for hope. The source must be spiritual, based on piety. The framework must be a coherent body of human responsibilities and rights, based on a mutually reinforcing combination of divine guidance through revelation, and natural law (signs of divine order in the universe). Without this intellectual framework, people wander in an intellectual void, and this, in turn, can produce a spiritual malaise.
Over the long run, the most productive initiative, available to the still largely silent majority of Muslims, to marginalize and disempower Muslim extremists is to fill the intellectual and spiritual void that serves as an ocean in which the extremists can sail, casting their spurious safety ring buoys to those drowning in poverty and humiliation. One way to fill that void is to ally with like-minded Americans of other faiths to create mutual understanding of how classical Islamic ideals, as all classical religious principles and values, are consonant with classical American ideals, even though many people do not understand or live up to the respective ideals.
Teaching and emphasizing that the founders of America and the great scholars of Islam shared a similar vision for a society based upon truth, justice, and mercy is one good way to nurture a commonality of purpose in life. Those who are willing to envision a society of individuals who transcend their own self-centered interests and join together in a single pluralist community lay down a template for hope that pushes beyond conspiracy theories and the emptiness of a life constrained by ruthless survival demands.
The Framework of Justice
Justice is the Will and Design of God. It is also the underpinning for the body of Islamic normative law which provides the intellectual framework to understand and address all of reality. Muslims need to emphasize the universal Islamic principles, known as the “maqasid al shari`ah”, which spell out precisely the human rights that some critics have asserted do not exist in Islam. These principles, following the methodology instituted by the Prophet Muhammad and superlatively elaborated on six centuries ago by Al-Shatibi, are considered to consist of seven responsibilities, the practice of which actualize the corresponding human rights.
The first one, known as haqq al-din, provides the framework for the next six in the form of respect for a transcendent source of truth that guides human thought and action. God instructs us in the Qur’an:
“…and the word of your Lord is perfected in truth and justice.” (Al-An`am 6: 115)
Recognition of this absolute source of truth and of the responsibility to apply it in practice are needed to counter the temptations toward relativism and the resulting chaos, injustice, and tyranny that may result from de-sacralization of public life.
Each of the seven universal principles is essential to understand the next and succeeding ones. The next three universal principles are necessary to sustain existence. First of these is haqq al-nafs or haqq al-ruh, which is the duty to respect the human person. The spirit of every person was created by God before and outside of the creation of the physical universe and is constantly in the presence of God. This is the basis of the intimate relationship between God and the individual as expressed in the Qur’anic verse:
“We are closer to him than is his own jugular vein.” (Qaf 50: 16)
At the secondary level of this principle of respect of human, lies the duty to respect life. This provides guidelines for what in modern parlance is called “the doctrine of just war.”
The next universal principle is the duty to respect the nuclear family and the community at every level, all the way to the community of humankind as an important expression of the individual. This principle teaches that the sovereignty of the person, subject to the ultimate sovereignty of God, comes prior to and is superior to any alleged sovereignty of the secular invention known as the State.
This principle teaches also that a community at the level of the nation, of a people who share a common narrative of the past, common values in the present, and common hopes for the future, such as the Palestinians, Kurds, Chechens, Kashmiris, the Uighur in China, and the Anzanians in the Sudan, have legal existence and therefore legal rights in international law. This opposes any national or international entity that operates on the principle of “might makes right.”
The fourth principle is the duty to respect the rights of private property in the means of production. This requires respect for institutions that broaden access to capital ownership as a universal human right and as an essential means to sustain respect for the human person and human community. This principle requires the perfecting of existing institutions to remove the barriers to universal property ownership so that wealth will be distributed through the production process rather than by redistribution from the rich to the poor through taxation, monetary policy, or other means. Such redistribution can never have more than a marginal effect in reducing the gap between the inordinately rich and the miserably poor.
The last three universal principles in Islamic law primarily concern what we might call the quality of life. The first is the right of freedom, which requires respect for self-determination of both persons and communities through political freedom, including the concept that economic democracy (which includes such ideas as giving citizens a voice in economic decision-making and ensuring that the collective well-being is not subordinated to private profit) is a precondition for the political democracy of representative government.
The secondary principles required to give meaning to the parent principle of right of freedom and carry it out in practice are: khilafa, the ultimate accountability of both the ruled and the ruler to God; mutual consultation, to ensure the responsiveness of the ruler to the ruled, which must be institutionalized in order to be meaningful; the duty of policymakers, by engaging in consultation, to reach a consensus on any specific issue; and an independent judiciary.
The sixth principle is respect for human dignity. The two most important requirements for individual human dignity are religious freedom and gender equity. In traditional Islamic thought, freedom and equality are not ultimate ends but essential means for each individual to pursue the higher purposes inherent in the divine design of the Creator.
The last universal or essential principle at the root of Islamic jurisprudence, which can be sustained only by observance of the first six principles and also is essential to each of them, is respect for knowledge. Its second-order principles are freedom of thought, press, and assembly so that all persons can fulfill their purpose to seek knowledge to whatever degree they choose and in all ways available.
This framework for human rights is at the very core of Islam as a religion. Fortunately, this paradigm of law in its broadest sense of moral theology is now being revived by what is still a minority of courageous Muslims. They are determined to fill the intellectual gap that has weakened the Muslim nation for more than six hundred years. This revival can be part of a spiritual renaissance in all faiths, a reawakening that can transform the world.
This article is taken with slight editorial modifications from Message International www.messageinternational.org.
Dr. Robert Dickson Crane is the former adviser to the late President Richard Nixon. A convert to Islam, Dr. Crane has authored or co-authored more than a dozen books on comparative legal systems, global strategy, and information management. | <urn:uuid:32b2486c-dbc5-4924-a9de-91fca5235050> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://nigerianmuslimcouncilusa.org/the-role-of-human-rights-in-islamic-law | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506832.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116165621-20210116195621-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.942297 | 1,976 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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Transcript of Inference Short
What is an inference?
Writers often do not state the way a character feels explicitly (Outright). Instead, writers will include details about how a character acts and readers must use these details to make inferences about the character’s emotions.
In other words: You use observations, prior knowledge and experiences, and details from the text to make connections and come up with ideas.
We are going to watch a short film and make inferences as we watch it.
Take a moment to preview the questions so you know what you will be looking for.
1. How does the mother feel when she looks out of the window?
She does not say how she is feeling so how do you know?
2. Why does the mother open the curtains?
What does her body language suggest to make you feel this way?
3. Why does the son go upstairs?
4. How does she (The mother) feel when
she sees her son playing the Gameboy?
Think about other things that have happened
up until this point AND her facial expressions.
5. Why did she throw the items away?
Try placing yourself in her shoes.
6. Why does she laugh as she is burning the items?
She doesn't seem particularity happy, so why the laugh?
7. How must the mother feel when she looks out the window the next morning?
Think of everything she has been through since the video started.
8. Why does she grab the baseball glove?
Is she just refreshed from her nap and ready to play?
9. What is the boy doing outside?
Is he actually playing a video game?
10. How must the mother feel?
This is the time in which you should put
all the clues together. The rest of the video,
her body language, her actions, her facial expressions,
and her desires. Really be descriptive about how she
must be feeling!
What made this a good video to us to make inferences?
Think back to all the questions you just answered, but also
consider what the video was lacking that most videos have! | <urn:uuid:b2ce919e-5fc3-4314-8dd7-330920c7e057> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://prezi.com/leykik4l_ksv/inference-short/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00163-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946837 | 598 | 3.125 | 3 |
Credit: Wallace Thornhill
Caption: Two signs on the approach to the world's most famous
"meteor impact site" leave little doubt as to what created the feature
Jan 31, 2006
Is "Meteor Crater" really the showcase for the impact hypothesis that astronomers and geologists have claimed? Evidence for an electrical event is too clear to be ignored.
Readers interested in today’s scientific folklore on meteor impacts have probably already seen pictures of Meteor Crater in Arizona. So we’ve chosen to put up instead an image that captures the power of theoretical assumptions in the sciences. (A good picture of Meteor Crater can be seen here.)
The crater is located 20 miles west of Winslow Arizona. Geologists now confidently say the depression, more than 4,000 feet wide, was created 50,000 years ago when a giant rock plowed into the desert. The Meteor Crater Interactive Learning Center, which includes twenty-four exhibits, bills the crater as the “first proven, best-preserved meteorite crater on Earth”. The movie “Collisions and Impacts" shows twice each hour in an 80-seat wide-screen movie theater. A 1,406 pound meteorite fragment, the largest ever found in the area, is on display.
Of course, for many years scientists claimed that the earth’s surface has no impact craters. But in 1902 a mining engineer, Daniel Moreau Barringer, noting that small balls of meteoritic iron were imbedded in the ejected rocks of the crater rim, concluded that a meteorite impact caused the crater. Assuming that the meteorite was extremely large, Barringer formed the Standard Iron Company and began securing mining patents.
The mining venture spanned 27 years and cost Barringer’s group more than $600,000 ($10 million in today's money). It produced nothing.
Barringer’s exploration of the site, however, became the foundation for a new theoretical understanding of crater formation by impact. Decades before Eugene Shoemaker’s highly regarded work, Barringer convinced the scientific community that his impact theory of Meteor Crater was correct. For this reason the depression is also called Barringer Crater.
Barringer made two presentations on his hypothesis to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, the first in 1906, the second in 1909. In addition to the absence of any naturally occurring volcanic rock in the vicinity, he noted an abundance of finely pulveri zed silica. He also observed large quantities of meteoritic iron, in the form of globular "shale balls", scattered around the rim and surrounding plain. The surrounding soil included a random mixture of meteoritic material and ejected rocks.
For today’s electrical theorists, some of the historic investigation is ironic. In 1908 Barringer’s impact explanation found a vigorous supporter in geologist George P. Merrill, who closely examined a form of quartz glass in the vicinity of the crater. He concluded that this type of quarts could only be produced by intense heat, “similar to the heat generated by a lightning strike on sand”.
Merrill also pointed to the undisturbed rock beds below the crater that proved “the force which created the crater did not come from below”.
The undisturbed rock beds below the crater contradict the standard opinion on the event that created the large pit. The report by the Meteor Crater Interactive Learning Center states: “The meteorite which made it was composed almost entirely of nickel-iron, suggesting that it may have originated in the interior of a small planet. It was 150 feet across, weighed roughly 300,000 tons, and was traveling at a speed of 28,600 miles per hour (12 kilometers per second) according to the most recent research. The explosion created by its impact was equal to 2.5 megatons of TNT, or about 150 times the force of the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima”. Certainly that is not the kind of event that would leave the rock beds below the crater “undisturbed”.
Merrill’s findings are the very kind of things that an electric discharge hypothesis would anticipate. An electrical explanation of the crater envisions an approaching bolide entering the strongest region of Earth’s electric field and, under prodigious internal electrical stresses, beginning to discharge explosively and to fragment. Before reaching the surface it is likely to have already blown apart, for the same reason that comets have exploded millions of miles from the Sun and the Tunguska bolide exploded high in the earth’s atmosphere. Another small-scale example of this effect is the unexpectedly energetic explosion created by the Deep Impact projectile when it met up with Comet Tempel 1. Every astronomer who observed the event was astonished.
In the electrical interpretation, fragments of a bolide reaching the surface intact will generally be scattered some distance from the electrical crater or craters caused by the discharge.
The electrical theorists insist that the usual artists’ “splatter” picture of an asteroid or meteor impact is unimaginative and wrong. Not one artistic impression of this sort has ever included a lightning bolt. That’s because the artists’ image is based upon a model scientists use to estimate the effects of a mechanical impact. That model cannot be correct if we live in an electric universe.
One reason for believing that the crater was excavated by an electric discharge is the apparent stratification of the debris distributed by the event. A rotating, crater-producing electric arc will work down from the surface through layers of soil, spraying the material across a wide region. This could mean that the debris field would be laid down roughly in layers that reversed the strata of the surrounding terrain. So it is interesting that the Meteor Crater website confirms Barringer’s finding that “different types of rocks in the rim and on the surrounding plain appeared to have been deposited in the opposite order from their order in the underlying rock beds”.
There are two other reasons for considering the electrical interpretation. The immediate surroundings exhibit more than one rille, or sinuous channel, something left entirely unexplained by the impact hypothesis, but a demonstrable effect of electric discharge. And most enigmatic is the presence of fulgurites within the crater. A fulgurite is fused and glassified sand resulting from a lightning strike. The presence of fulgurites in the crater (see photograph here) is almost never mentioned in the standard literature on Meteor Crater.
It is also worth noting that researchers investigating the “impact” appear to be moving increasingly toward the idea of substantial fragmentation of the body before striking the ground. Jay Melosh of the University of Arizona, the lead researcher in a recent study (reported in the March 10, 2005 issue of Nature), suggests that about half of the 300,000-ton object was lost prior to impact. But again, electrical considerations played no part in the analysis.
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There are numerous examples of building design where clever approaches to the building façade create a striking aesthetic result.
By the same token, good design doesn’t simply mean creating an unexciting ‘box’ with poor functionality and little thought to the occupants, and then adding an interesting façade for the benefit of the outside world.
A good building design should add to its environment and be satisfying to look at but equally, a well-designed building will feature many attributes that are hidden from view. Many are the sorts of design features that yield operational benefits that have no evident aesthetic value. Some of these benefits include:
Airflow: Designing a building that stimulates a natural flow of air throughout delivers significant benefits to the occupants. This isn’t just a case of adding operable windows, but more detailed consideration about how air can flow throughout workspaces without creating ‘stale air’ pockets or inefficient airflow for chilled or heated air.
Natural light: Getting natural light into internal spaces is a design challenge worth pursuing. It not only reduces the need for artificial light, it also makes occupants feel better about their work environment. Façade design should take into account the impact on how natural light filters into the workspaces within a building rather than blocking it out.
Flexible floor space options: Long-term building efficiency means designing spaces that can be re-designed in the future to cope with changing tenant or workplace needs. Rigid designs that prohibit future flexibility will limit a structure’s future value, and no amount of appealing external cladding can compensate for this.
Interconnecting floors: On multi-level structures, it is common for inter-floor connections to be primarily via lifts, but good design should also provide for interconnecting floors via stairwells or voids. These help connect multi-floor workplaces and teams. In some of the more advanced office buildings we are seeing today, the role of the interconnecting space is very much a design focus, and one which is not apparent from the outside. If designed into the floor structure, these can be added at a future date as tenancy requirements change through expansion or other factors.
Energy efficiency: Much more than just an ESD objective, there are genuine bottom line benefits to building owners and tenants from energy efficient design. Natural light is only one element of creating energy efficient design, and while external facades play a significant role in shielding structures from hot sun for example, the bulk of design thought in terms of energy efficiency goes into the inside of a structure. Water efficiency and the potential to harvest and reuse rain and waste water are also increasingly aspects of energy efficient design which will not be apparent from the façade.
Construction efficiency: Being able to build a structure efficiently is a design feature sought by every client, and this is something that is a design consideration from the initial sketches through to final documentation. The exterior of buildings offer little clue to their buildability but it is a vital consideration, and one that can often mean the difference between a viable feasibility and one that simply doesn’t stack up.
Materials choice: From structural components to walls, floorings, glazing and furnishings, the choice of materials has a huge bearing on how a building performs over its effective life. Using low cost or short-life span materials may promise some short-term savings but often at a medium or long-term cost. There is always a happy medium which delivers quality, timelessness and endurance without an exorbitant price tag. Once again, this is a design input that isn’t at all apparent from an external perspective, but one that has both economic impacts for the owners and aesthetic impacts for tenants.
Failing to fully appreciate what goes into a building and judging its appeal just by external appearance is a lot like assuming a book will be a good quality read if it has a pretty or appealing cover.
This article was originally published on Sourceable on 22 September 2015: https://sourceable.net/much-good-books-covers/ | <urn:uuid:5556a36c-716e-43ef-9583-36476947e709> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://pdt.com.au/think-tank/much-more-to-good-books-than-their-covers-blg-20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.94556 | 828 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Answer following questions in short.
Q1) What information do you get a about Belinda?
Ans1) Belinda lived in a little white house. She had four pets namely –a little black kitten, a little yellow dog and a little grey mouse. Her little pet dragon was very friendly and loving by nature.
Q2) What was specific about her pets expect dragon?
Ans2) Blinda had named all of them differently. The little black kitten was called Ink. The little grey mouse was Blink and little yellow dog was sharp like Mustard. They all were proud of their bravery.
Q3) How was the dragon?
Ans3) The dragon was named Custard. It had big sharp teeth. On the top there were spikes on his body. It’s underneath body had scales. Its mouth was like a fire place and its nose was like a chimney. There were daggers on his toes.
Q4) What were the reactions of the pets on seeing the pirate?
Ans4) When they see the pirate, Belinda turned pale and cried for help. Mustard fled away with a terrified yelp and Ink reached the bottom of the mouse hole but the dragon attacked the pirate.
Some more questions for practice.
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One of the simplest ways to increase the strength of a Wi-Fi signal is to move the router. Routers near other electronic equipment, such as an entertainment system, suffer from electronic interference. Owners can improve router performance for devices located in out of the way locations by moving them to a more central one. Other ways to improve performance include changing the router channel or updating firmware.Continue Reading
Manufacturers design routers to select a channel on which they operate during setup. However, after setup is complete, neighbors often install new networks. This sometimes leaves systems operating on crowded channels, interfering with the speed of the connection. Users are able to access their router from their computer and change the channel to reduce interference and improve performance. When making channel changes, the user should check all the likely locations that someone in the family usually uses a wireless connection to ensure that increasing signal strength in one location is not decreasing it in another.
Manufacturers often update firmware for routers, and they sometimes do so before the consumer removes the device from the box. Improve performance by updating to the latest firmware for the unit. It is sometimes necessary to search the router manufacturer's site to find firmware updates for the device, especially if it is more than a few years old. Updating the wireless adapter in a computer also helps to improve performance.Learn more about Internet & Networking | <urn:uuid:a44e2e79-7929-4954-a0e0-3577bd58225a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.reference.com/technology/increase-strength-wi-fi-signal-4933e29595c7c5d2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00221-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955846 | 271 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Online MA in TESOL!
Putting Pieces Together
This activity is fun and works for all ages!
Objective: To "break the ice"
To encourage working as a group
To encourage natural conversation
Procedure: Cut one large square(about 8 in. x 8 in.) out of colored cardboard for each student. Cut each square into 8 smaller pieces of various shapes (rectangles, triangles, pentagons, etc.) Each square should be unique. Divide the class into groups of 5 and give each group the scrambled pieces for 5 of the squares. Each member of the group must be given 8 pieces. Their job is to put the squares together again without talking. Students cannot ask for someone else's piece. They can only take another student's piece without asking and give that student one of theirs. Students continue giving and taking pieces until everyone in the group has made a square. This should take about 5-10 minutes. When they finish they can talk about what they just did. And they will have a lot to say! If the activity is successful and moving along quickly enough, have groups swap squares and repeat the activity.
Zeeland Community Education
Zeeland, MI USA
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June 24, 2020
By Erin Rosenberg, Senior Advisor for the Ferencz International Justice Initiative
On May 22, 2020, the Simon-Skjodt Center’s Ferencz International Justice Initiative launched the first in a series of reports that explore whether Myanmar (also known as Burma) is complying with its obligation to prevent genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention). Future reports will be published on a semi-annual basis.
Why do the reports focus on Myanmar?
Since 2015, the Simon-Skjodt Center has worked to document and shine a spotlight on Myanmar’s treatment of its Rohingya population, an ethnic and religious minority who has suffered decades of violence and discrimination at the hands of the government. In 2018, following the the government’s 2016 and 2017 attacks on the Rohingya, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum determined there was compelling evidence that Myanmar had committed genocide against the Rohingya. The Rohingya remain at serious risk of genocide today.
A case currently before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), The Gambia v. Myanmar, will determine whether Myanmar has committed genocide against the Rohingya and whether it has failed to prevent and punish genocide. While the case is ongoing, the ICJ has ordered Myanmar, in what are called "provisional measures," to "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide from (re)occuring.
The Simon-Skjodt Center’s report series aims to assist states and other interested parties in reviewing whether Myanmar is complying with the ICJ’s provisional measure and meeting its legal obligation under the Genocide Convention to prevent the commission of genocide.
What is the obligation to prevent genocide?
Article I of the Genocide Convention requires all contracting states to "undertake to prevent" the commission of genocide. This obligation is also recognized as a part of customary international law, meaning that it applies to all states, even if they have not ratified the Genocide Convention and would not normally be bound by its terms. Yet despite the very clear language about what the obligation is, what it means is not. The concrete terms and actions about how to carry out this process of prevention have not been well defined.
The ICJ has held that a state must act to prevent genocide when there is "the existence of a serious risk that genocide will be committed." Based on this holding, the Center’s report argues that the obligation to prevent genocide includes identifying and mitigating genocide risk factors.
What are genocide risk factors?
Like the question of what the obligation to prevent genocide entails, there is little case law regarding which risk factors are relevant to genocide. Important work in this regard has been done by the United Nations Office on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect, which has identified eight risk factors relevant to "atrocity crimes" (meaning genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes), as well as two risk factors specific to genocide.
In cooperation with the United Nations, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights published the Compilation of Risk Factors and Legal Norms for the Prevention of Genocide (JBI Compilation). The JBI Compilation identifies 22 risk factors specific to genocide and the corresponding legal norms of internatinal human rights and humanitarian law.
The Center’s report series applies the risk factors in these two important frameworks to the situation in Myanmar. The report series will look at the following genocide risk factors and examine the steps Myanmar has taken to mitigate these risks:
- Systematic denial or revocation of the right to citizenship
- Systematic denial of the right to participate in public affairs
- Systematic denial or severe restrictions of the right to freedom of movement
- Systematic denial or severe restrictions of access to health care
- Systematic expropriation or destruction of property
- Systematic killing of a protected group, enforced disappearances, and targeting of community leaders and intellectuals
- Systematic use of rape and sexual violence
- Use of members of a protected group in forced labor
What does the Center hope to achieve with this report series?
The Center hopes to highlight the importance of genocide risk factors and early warning signs as a part of the obligation to prevent genocide; strengthen understanding of the international human rights and humanitarian law relevant to the crime of genocide; and provide a guide to Myanmar for fulfilling its obligation to prevent genocide.
Most importantly, the Center hopes to provide an accountability tool to interested states and other parties to evaluate the measures that Myanmar takes to ensure that the Rohingya people do not remain at serious risk of genocide, but instead may live in dignity, without discrimination, and in full enjoyment of their human rights.
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Following the death of Cunobeline the throne passed to his two sons and the balance of power in the island changed dramatically. By 43 AD, Rome was trading heavily with Britain, especially in the metals that they needed for everyday items. Britain, and mostly the South East, had taken a distinct anti-Roman attitude. Even though Britain was trading heavily with Rome, discontent grew. Such matters as the taxes paid to Rome were causing anger amongst the Britons.
The factors that Claudius took into account before the planned third invasion
Rome had, up to this point, enjoyed useful political and trading relationships which they wanted to keep alive.
Trade with was bringing in a good income, especially for the wine growers, the pottery factories and merchandise in general.
The Spanish silver mines, for which Rome depended to produce raw materials for the manufacture of it's currency were running low. Shafts had to be dug deeper. This meant that less material was available and with deeper mines, the time and cost factor rose sharply.
Information arrived from Rome that extensive surface deposits of argentiferous lead ore (galena) had been found in the South West region of Britain
This invasion would enable Claudius to deflect attention from his political battles with the Senate of Rome
Iron was also available throughout Britain, which could be used to repair ships damaged in the invasions of 55 and 54 BC.
There seemed little alternative for Claudius and his advisors. A full scale invasion to take complete control was the only course of action.
To the Emperor, this reversal in attitudes was an insult to his great forbear, Julius Caesar. There is nothing any roman cherished so much as a great victory to boost his personal image and that of Rome.
The Roman Empire was in a peaceful stage and so it was possible to gather an army of troops for this task.
Claudius gathered together and formidable army. Following on from the failures of Julius Caesar, he planed this invasion with the utmost care. His first action was to retire those who did not reach a set level of fitness.
Planning the invasion
This time a great deal of planning by Claudius went into this attempt. Four years previously, Gaius had planned such a mission,but it was abandoned. The main reason for the reluctance to launch an invasion was due to an element the Romans had not encountered before and been defeated by it in each case. The sea between Gaul and Britain had been the downfall of Caesar twice. The Roman troops were superstitious terrified of the channel crossing as they knew of the dangers this stretch of water could bring. This may seem strange, according to the writings of Suetonius, the Roman hierarchy must have taken it seriously as, to aid the boats in their travels a lighthouse was built at Boulonge to act a beacon for the craft passing across the channel.
Plautius was forced to delay the landing until late in the year because of the unpredictable weather conditions. Suetonius, noted that the delay was claimed to have been delayed by a minor illness to Galba. The supreme commander , Plautius, was unable to exert his authority, for reasons unclear, so he turned to Rome for help, This came in the form of Narcissus, the Secretary for State, and a close advisor to Claudius. He managed to persuade the troops into boarding. Because of his background, he was more on a level with the troops and so managed to get them to board.
Dio recorded the happenings of the invasion. He stated that there were three divisions, not one. This would mean three separate landings, making the defence of Britain harder than if just one beach was chosen. It is unclear whether this meant three separate landing spots, or whether there were three groups of ships in line. Three groups may have been used so that the first group would secure a landing, then the other would follow and land. It is stated that three legions were involved at the Medway battle, so it is likely there was one landing point, with the fourth legion being held in reserve.
The landing at Richborough was unopposed and the Britons at first seemed reluctance to battle the Romans. The most likely cause of this is that the Romans had sent out scouts to scan the land ahead of the force and indicate were the routes were that were least defended.
When news of the landings reached Caratacus, all he he available were his followers and warriors and it would have taken some time for him to assemble a force big enough to fight the Roman legions. He was a true tactician, so rather that try o fight them head on with his available forces, he most likely gathered as many warriors as he could and stood his ground at the River Medway, ahead of the advancing Romans.
The tribes were divided as to their allegiance, The South East tribes were mainly anti-Roman and would have defended their territory. North of the Thames, the tribes were more relaxed in their attitudes to the invading army and so may well have surrendered without much of a fight. Plautius regarded this as useful as his policy of war was to divide and conquer.
The only known military sites in Kent are at Richborough and Reculver.
The Batlle of Medway
The Roman army advanced along the North Downs ancient prehistoric track, now known as the Pilgrims Way. On reaching the banks of the Medway river Plautius stood on a high ground and could see into the marshland of Essex, where the Britons were waiting in force. Both sides faced each other over the 500 metre gap and wondered how the Romans would attempt a crossing. The Romans were masters of tactics and would use the ploy of appearing to meet the enemy via a route, then actually appearing some distance away and come at the enemy from an unexpected direction. The battle lasted two days, long by Roman standards., as there were two distinct assaults on the Britons.
The first phase of the tactic Plautius used was to have a great many troops moving about appearing to be taking up positions along the bank. This had the effect of holding the Britons in their present position, observing the movement. Plautius knew of the British use of chariots, which had been so effective against the expeditions of Caesar in the previous century. He knew that these chariots had been parked behind the British lines, possibly to one side. He had eight Batavian cohorts in his army, who were masters at crossing deep waterways unseen while wearing full battle gear. They were the Roman equivalent of our modern day S.A.S.
While the Britons were watching the Romans troops moving around on the South side of the river, the Batavians slid into the water at a point where the Britons could not see them. They had been given specific instructions as to their task. The Batavians came out of the Medway beyond the British lines and make their way behind the Britons towards the chariots. The Batavians reached the chariots and launched a full assault on the horses, slashing at their legs intending to wound them sufficiently to disable them and so render the chariots useless. As quickly as they had arrived, the Batavians fled, having done their deed. The Britons were in complete disarray now, knowing that their backup units were out of the battle. While the Britons attended to this, legionaries moved across the water unseen to the other side and regrouped on firmer ground. Claudius had not only launched a surprise attack, he also created a diversion for his troops to cross unseen.
The spearhead of two legions under the Flavian brothers made a successful crossing and established a base inland of the north bank of the Medway. Too late, the Britons realised that they had been outthought and so threw themselves at the legions, who held firm . At all costs the Roman troops had to hold their position until reinforcements arrived. Throughout the day, both sides battled each other until nightfall. Under cover of darkness, more legionaries crossed the river and at dawn the Romans were ready. As with their usual practice, the Romans then formed their units into tight groups so that they could employ their standard battle tactics.
The battle was long and hard fought until Geta's unit broke through and circled around the Britons, catching their in a classic pincer movement. It could have swung towards the British, if an attempt to capture their commanding officer been successful. It was Geta's belief that he should be in the thick of battle fighting alongside his troops. This would add motivation to his legionaries and boosted their moral to fight on even harder. In Dio's writings of the battle, he gave special mention of this which earned Geta the ornamenta triumpalia. Claudius was known to be generous with this award, and most certainly have bestowed it upon all his commanders.
Although it is known that at least three legions were used, Claudius may had kept one in reserve for any eventualities had the British managed to gain the upper hand.
It was one of the most significant battles even fought on British soil, as the invading army had secured the lowlands of the South East. Thereby making a base from which to spread out into the rest of the country. All that remained was to seek and kill any remaining warriors that were remaining, and at the same time to summon each tribe's leader to a meeting for them to surrender to the Claudius and Rome. This was not easy, as Caratacus and his warriors retreated to the Thames, forcing Plautius to go even deeper inland to defeat them. He had to do this to prevent the possibility of them forming a a larger fighting force by becoming allies with adjoining tribes and launching counter attacks.
It is generally assumed that we would find evidence of this battle today, in the form of skeletons, discarded weapons clothing etc. Not so. After the battle all the weapons were collected and the bodies gathered to be given a proper burial. We could expect ditches of Roman camps,, but so far none have been found. The only evidence found took over 1000 to surface in the form 04 34 gold coins found at Bredgar. The latest of these coins depicted Claudius and were minted in 41 and 42 AD. This site is 11 miles east of the Medway, almost a days march from the battle scene. They could not have been buries after the battle, more at a stopping point in the advance west towards the Medway. there are many theories why hay were buried, but none have any strength of evidence and we can only guess at the reason for this. There is not even a sign of the pontoon bridge that the Romans would have built across the Medway river, or the fort at Rochester, that would have been built to guard this al important artery that was so vital in the supply route.
Taking these lands was a titanic struggle for the Romans. Over the next 200 years, the effort of holding onto these lands would be much harder.......
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The Norman Invasion and Conquest of England
In the year 1066, the Saxon-Dane rulers of England were overthrown and replaced by new invaders.... The Normans
By the end of the year, the old king was gone and the fate of the country was changed for ever.
History of the Normans
Continuing the on-going history of the British Isles, this site looks at the effects and changes brought in by the Norman invasion.
When William defeated Harold in AD 1066, the future of the Isles took a major change. For hundreds of years to come, it would be embroiled in wars in Europe and the Holy Lands. Civil unrest would be rife and the once proud traditions of the Saxons would be ground under the stone of a network of castles that covered the country. However, there is much more to the new rule than this gloomy picture paints! The Normans brought a whole new society which made the country what it is today.
The Normans had an interesting mix of cultures. Historically, they were a combination of viking settlers who had married into the local Frankish cultures and as a result their society was a conglomerate of the two.
As befits their descendancy from the vikings, the Normans were a warlike culture and prized mounted soldiers. The Norman cavalry were to form the basis for medieval Knights and what we now look at as "Chivalry" stems from the Norman codes of conduct on the battlefield.
The Normans were more than just mobile killing machines (although they excelled at this), and with their invasion of England they brought in some fantasic examples of architecture and style. As they were devout folowers of the medieval Christian church, the best examples of Norman style can be found in the churches and chapels that still exist all over the country...<Read More>...
The Normans brought with them a wholly new form of warfare. The Saxons and, before them, the Celts had largely depended on armies of "brave warriors" who would band together to fight the enemy. Often battles were resolved through one on one fights between clan heroes. (Very similar to classical era Greeks).
The Normans had a warfare style that evolved from their Norse roots and was heavily influenced by the European wars of the 9th and 10th centuries AD and the Frankish kings like Charlemagne.
This resulted in the Norman armies being very organised and disciplined. The mainstay of the army was the heavy foot soldier, although the nobles and leaders were always mounted on powerful horses. During the middle-medieval period the status symbol of horses became firmly rooted and even today people think of owning a horse as being something the "rich" do
In addition to the new forms of combat, the Normans brought with them a brand new way of defending territory. The Saxons were from a culture of mobile raiders and as such tended to not rely on heavy defensive structures as we think of them today. Most Saxon strongholds were hill forts similar to the ones the Celts used, or where they had taken over an old Roman fortification the Saxons would shore up the walls and reuse it. In the mainstream of Saxon culture, it was wrong to attack the settlements where people lived (raids, however, were common place) and battles were always fought in open ground.
This changed with the arrival of the Normans. They brought with them the massive stone structures we still see today. Norman castles were a stamp of authority as much as a defensive structure and the conquerors spent little time building hundreds of them accross the country...< More Soon >...
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There is currently a fault with the search for this site. We hope to have it back online soon. | <urn:uuid:5a108c5a-4ecd-43db-a61f-8925e873eeee> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://normans.etrusia.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542455.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00257-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979846 | 821 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Tenacity; the quality or property of being tenacious.
Tenacity is another word for determination. It means starting something and finishing it.
And then there’s talent, defined as “a natural endowment or ability of superior quality”, most commonly referred to or mentioned in reference to the competition. A golfer’s talent can be driving the ball further than the rest. Beyond sports; a singer’s talent is in their voice, a musician’s talent is in mastering their instrument, an artist’s talent might include drawing and painting. All of us have some sort of talent. I believe that every person is born with talent. For each of us, it’s different. Some have talent in sports, some dance, some cook amazing meals, some grow roses and others fly airplanes… or whatever. We all have talent. And how boring would it be if we all had the same talent? I guess on the upside, I would have mastered the violin years ago, or maybe have gone on to sing. But alas, my talent is in art. And for that, I am eternally grateful.
T-REX — Hollywood Video mural – 110.5″ tall x 167.75″ wide, painted in 1993 (photo 2011)
“Your talent is God’s gift to you. What you do with it is your gift back to God.”
~ Leo Buscaglia
I’ve always believed that the formula for “talent” is defined as 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration. That “perspiration” is tenacity. Talent without tenacity is wasted. I’ve known lots of “talented” people in my life. Those who say “I could of…” or “I should of…” – those who were perfectly capable of doing a thing, yet for one reason or another didn’t. In many cases, I believe they had the talent but maybe lacked vision or dedication, or tenacity.
“The most difficult thing is the decision to act, the rest is merely tenacity. The fears are paper tigers. You can do anything you decide to do. You can act to change and control your life; and the procedure , the process is its own reward.”
~ Amelia Earhart
When I was a kid, my dad would often say to me… “can’t never tried.” I really admired his “can do” attitude. It seemed that he could do anything he set his mind to. Throughout my childhood, I watched him build houses from the ground up, construct trailers from steel and wood with only welding tools and hand tools. If he set out to do something, he did it. His constant repeating of “can’t never tried” stuck well with me and it became part of who I am today. I was engrained with the essence of tenacity from an early age.
Three Stooges and Rhett & Scarlett — A.D. with Hollywood Video mural at the Lake Oswego, Oregon store, 1991
When I painted murals for the Hollywood Video stores (1989-1994) I would often go into the studio for 30-40 hours at a time [ and sometimes longer ] and do that two or three times a week. My passion was to create and to paint, so I did. It was not uncommon for me to work on a mural for 12, 16, 20 hours at a time, or have two murals in process at any given time. Of course, I was 20 years younger, so I had the energy to spare. But even today, when I hit the easel, I’m usually there for a long time, because when you’re doing what you love time flies.
INDIAN SUMMER – 48″ x 36″, acrylic on canvas, 2000
Later, when I produced my motorcycle series (1999-2004), I would spend endless hours creating each painting. I kept track of my time for Indian Summer (above) only because I wanted to reference it in an article I wrote for Airbrush Action magazine (see “A Study in Chrome and Reflected Surfaces“). I invested about 140 hours into creating that painting, but really, again, time didn’t matter because I loved what I was doing, and that’s what it took. If the painting had required another 140 hours I would gladly paint onward.
“Take the first step, no more, no less, and the next will be revealed.”
~ Ken Roberts
Starting is always the hardest part. But once started, it’s easier to stay focused because I see progress. That drives me. What keeps me going is seeing a vision in my mind of the finished art. I paint until the finished painting is before me, always creating with the end in mind.
Over the last decade or so I have directed my creative energies towards painting the figure. My art nude series on canvas and metal represent over 70 original paintings to date – most of them are epic in size and commitment. I wouldn’t have it any other way. Part of my process as an artist is about one-upping myself – always striving to do better. After all, I’m not in competition with anyone else. I just want to top myself by taking what I’ve learned forward into each new artwork.
Beaujolais – 53.5″ x 35.5″, original painting on metal © 2011
“Talent is God given. Be humble.
Fame is man-given. Be grateful.
Conceit is self-given. Be careful.”
~ John Wooden
TRUTH – 60″ x 36″, acrylic on canvas, 2012
Today, my desire to create is stronger than ever. While my subject matter has changed over the years; from Hollywood murals to paintings of motorcycles, and finally to figurative art nudes over the last decade – the one thing that never changes is my passion for creating illusions of beauty on canvas. For me, time at the easel is always cherished. Talent is a gift from God and each creation a blessing.
Special thanks… “Whisper for the Masses” music for the “TRUTH” video by the talented and tenacious Loophole from their album “Loophole 432” © 2012. Used by permission.
And you know what’s exciting for me? My whole next adventure lies before me. My thoughts are constantly about my next painting, or better yet, my next series of paintings — taking what I have learned from previous creations and experiences and producing something new and exciting. Stay tuned…
• • • • • | <urn:uuid:e159ed04-31f5-4104-9527-d8417cc3223d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.adcook.com/the-art-of-tenacity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.966728 | 1,419 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Identification of the cause of fluorescence of historic biocidesStaff: Victoria Purewal [with Dr Belinda Colston, Department of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Lincoln, and Dr David Morgan, Department of Chemistry, Cardiff University]
Historic biocides have been found to fluoresce under ultra violet light at wavelength 366nm. We have investigated further this phenomenon to determine the variables associated with the fluorescence. The only metal responsible for the fluorescence was found to be mercury. Further tests and sensitive analysis using X-Ray spectrometry identified that over time the metal ion changed its valence state from Hg (II) to Hg (I). Mercuric (II) chloride does not fluoresce yet mercuric (I) chloride does and the reactions between components within the cellulose and the metal ions have been found to be responsible for the reduction of the mercury. | <urn:uuid:6cc6d57a-739e-4e4d-9ec8-1d8b79ba3bcf> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/1608/?display_mode=desktop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163044233/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131724-00089-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922267 | 184 | 2.609375 | 3 |
We should all be aware of the famous quote attributed to Sir Winston Churchill: “There’s something about the outside of a horse, that’s good for the inside of a man [or indeed woman]”. It’s used time and again to illustrate the impact on the human mind that these magnificent four-legged friends can have. Sometimes just seeing is enough. However nowadays there are a range of programs designed to inspire and heal involving horses of all shapes and sizes. The special bond between horse and human – cultured over generations – has been regenerated to reflect modern day topical issues such as mental health, whilst running alongside the critical benefits achieved by horse riding therapy.
The notion of using the horse to heal isn’t new. The claimed benefits of horse therapy have been dated back to 17th century literature where it was prescribed for ‘gout, neurological disorders and low morale’. Today as we spend more time thinking about how we can get back in touch with our own human nature, more opportunities exist to bring the horse back into our lives. Riding and/or therapeutic sessions, delivered either on the horse or from the ground, are making huge impacts on patients, prisoners and ordinary people from all walks of life.
In Ireland great work is being carried out with riding programs in Cherry Orchard and Moyross enabling children to connect with horses, look after them properly and possibly even enjoy a career with them. Sensational Kids offer equine Hippotherapy to children with additional needs. Wicklow-based Festina Lente run weekly vaulting lessons – a combination of gymnastics and dance on horseback. Other private rehab clinics offer access to horses from the ground via Equine Assisted Learning (EAL).
The benefits of EAL include improved self-awareness, self-confidence, communication skills, relationship skills, problem solving and teamwork. Horses are able to read the most subtle cues and respond to the messages people give to them in that moment with complete honesty. Horses reflect back the emotional state of the participant, so that people learn that if they change their behaviour, the horses will respond differently. People can then translate that learning to their interactions with others.
In America over 1,000 racehorses are used regularly in EAL programs within state prisons. The Thoroughbred Retirement Foundation runs a Second Chance Program that provides vocational training in horsemanship skills to inmates while giving retired racehorses a home.
Treo Eile will actively promote the use of ex-racehorses in therapeutic environments. Please reach out to us if you already are (or plan to) use a thoroughbred within this type of setting. | <urn:uuid:70f40849-7bf1-4fc6-90e7-cef637196763> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.treoeile.com/academy/therapy-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510730.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930213821-20231001003821-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.945345 | 550 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Seeds of forest trees collected directly from the tree.
Services are the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units, or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets.
The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females.
A single indicator method of deflation is a means of estimating the volume movements of value added directly using only one time series instead of double deflation.
Social security schemes are schemes imposed and controlled by government units for the purpose of providing social benefits to members of the community as a whole, or of particular sections of the community.
Social transfers in kind consist of goods and services provided to households by government and NPISHs either free or at prices that are not economically significant.
State governments are institutional units exercising some of the functions of government at a level below that of central government and above that of the governmental institutional units existing at a local level; they are institutional units whose fiscal, legislative and executive authority extends only over the individual "states" (often referred to as "provinces") into which the country as a whole may be divided.
Status in employment refers to the position or status of an employed person within the establishment or organisation for which he/she worked. Employed persons are classified according to the following employment status:
A person who operates a business, a plantation or other trade and employs one or more workers to help him.
A person who works for a public or private employer and receives regular remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips or payment in kind.
(iii). Own account worker
A person who operates his own farm, business or trade without employing any paid workers in the conduct of his farm, trade or business.
(iv). Unpaid family worker
A person who works without pay or wages on a farm, business or trade operated by another member of the family. | <urn:uuid:de237eac-36a4-4e1f-8ab2-b2cd6f79b2b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cglossary2&menu_id=eWd2VFdIZ2xpdzBmT2Y0a0pweDcwQT09&alpha=SHNIN3VsYkVZRDlGb25RZThWV2Q3QT09&page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889651.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025183844-20201025213844-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.953527 | 380 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Various types of steel elements are available for unique applications. These types of materials are used in buildings, system, equipment, ships, locomotives, cars, bicycles, machines, electrical power appliances, and weapons.
Combination steel is a type of steel that contains additional components that increase its performance. These elements incorporate carbon and chromium, both these styles which provide the ability to resist high pressure. In addition, they boost its corrosion resistance.
Strength steel – This type of metallic is https://mark-solutions.com/what-type-of-steel-materials-are-used-in-the-construction-of-the-steel-cells/ made out of specific cross-sections which have been formed pursuing particular standards for the purpose of mechanical houses and chemical substance composition. The new popular decision for development and building structures because it offers a high strength to weight relation.
Cold-finished rectangular and rectangle bars (bright steel) – These are wintry finished stainlesss steel that has been drawn to precise tolerances, with sharp edges, perpendicular or parallel ends, and may be bead blasted for the purpose of added glow. These are also known as key inventory, and are often used for making equipment keys.
Tool steel — This type of steel is well-suited to manufacture tools and it is usually made from a carbon alloy. It is water-hardened, oil-hardened or hot-working, depending on the software.
Alloy stainless – This kind of steel is usually made from a carbon dioxide alloy honestly, that is infused with chromium, which provides it the ability to resist corrosion. It’s also a good option for medical implants, sewerlines, and top-end gears.
If you’re interested to build your up coming home or office, selecting the best type of metallic material is essential for success. Understanding the differences in the varied varieties of steel will assist you to choose a material that suits your needs. | <urn:uuid:3f294710-f493-4f85-97ed-f569ae911528> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://aasports.pt/2023/05/01/types-of-steel-materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.945111 | 403 | 2.953125 | 3 |
If shorter days and shifts in weather deplete your energy and make you feel blue, you’ve got classic symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a form of depression triggered by changes in daylight and weather that occur primarily in winter. Experts aren’t certain why some people get SAD, but some think that the seasonal changes disrupt the body’s circadian rhythm, the 24-hour clock that regulates how we function during sleep and waking hours, which cause us to feel energized and alert sometimes and drowsy at other times. Another theory is that the changing seasons disrupt hormones, such as serotonin and melatonin, which regulate sleep, mood, and feelings of well-being. The signs and symptoms of SAD typically can include:
- Feelings of depression that happen most of the day, every day, in a seasonal pattern
- Having tiredness or low energy
- Loss of interest in activities you used to enjoy
- Changes in appetite or weight gain
- Sleeping too much
About 4% to 6% of people in the United States have SAD, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians, and as many as 20% may have a mild form of it. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of SAD, here are few options to consider to help manage it.
Talk With Your Doctor
Because SAD is a form of depression, it needs to be diagnosed by a mental health professional. Doctors have several screening questions that can help determine if someone is depressed. Your doctor will be able to sort out whether you have SAD as opposed to some other form of depression. If you think you have SAD, schedule a screening with your HealthLynked provider as soon as possible.
Ready Your Mind in the Fall
Just like you prepare your home for the fall-to-winter transition, you may want to consider preparing your mind, too. Regularly allotting time for mood-boosting activities can help you feel physically and psychologically healthier. Experts recommend that you set yourself up for the winter season by starting in the fall season by doing enjoyable activities, initiating friend group chats and outings, participating in fun hobbies, and engaging in clubs or community service. Regularly taking part in these activities ahead of time is much easier than trying to start from scratch once the winter blues have already set in.
Try Bright Light Therapy
Exposure to artificial light to help keep your circadian rhythm on track is widely considered a first-line treatment option for SAD. One way to try bright light therapy is by using a light therapy box. Also known as phototherapy boxes, these devices give off light that mimics sunshine and can help in the management of SAD. Typically, you’ll sit in front of the light box for about 20 to 30 minutes a day. This will result in a chemical change in your brain that boosts your mood and alleviates symptoms of SAD. Experts usually recommend using the light box within the first hour after you wake up in the morning. Although often safe and effective, light therapy boxes are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Be sure to talk with your doctor about whether a light therapy box is right for you.
Stick to a Schedule
People who live with SAD often have trouble sleeping at night and getting up in the morning. Maintaining a regular schedule improves sleep, which can help alleviate symptoms of seasonal depression. Keeping a regular schedule will also expose you to light at consistent and predictable times. Making sure you eat at regular intervals can help avoid overeating, many people who live with SAD find that they gain weight in the winter.
As it does with other forms of depression, exercise can help alleviate SAD. Exercise can also help offset the weight gain that is common with SAD. Outdoor exercise is most helpful for relieving SAD symptoms. But if you can’t exercise outside because it’s cold or snowy, try using a treadmill, stationary bike, or elliptical machine set close to a window at home or at the gym.
Let Sunshine In
If you have seasonal depression, you’ll want to get outside as much as you can during the day to take advantage of what sunlight there is. On cold days, bundle up and take a stroll around the block in the early afternoon when the sun is brightest. Also, when you’re indoors, keep your blinds open to let in as much natural light as you can. If you’re working remotely, choose a workspace near a source of natural light if possible. Indoor lighting is much dimmer than natural light, and this can negatively affect SAD symptoms.
These are a just a few of many ways to alleviate symptoms of SAD. Visit the American Psychiatric Association website to learn more about seasonal depression. If you or a loved one are showing signs of SAD, schedule an appointment with your HealthLynked provider to get a screening. | <urn:uuid:12b49335-6797-4c13-a6ea-4ab0fce93f60> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.healthlynked.com/how-to-ease-seasonal-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.957305 | 1,017 | 3.0625 | 3 |
USB-C is the hot, new industry standard (developed by the USB Implementers Forum USB-IF) for connectivity and power.
It is faster (up to 10Gbps – it can download a HD movie in 30 seconds), more powerful (allows for backward charging between devices up to 3A and 100 watts) and better quality for audio and video (4k video and Ultra HD music). Over time, it will become the norm across all consumer electronics manufacturers. The standard USB connector you’re most familiar with is USB Type-A; its large and not best suited to the growing trend for micro thickness devices such as tablets, TVs or smartphones. Given larger USB ports simply won’t fit in smartphones, digital cameras, game controllers and all the other devices many other shapes of connector were born; including micro and mini connectors.
USB-C is about one third of the size of the older USB Type-A plug. With this new technology you’ll just need the one cable, whether you’re connecting an external hard drive to your laptop or charging any smartphone (Apple have adopted this, so it may even turn up on an iPhone soon) from a USB charger. That one tiny connector can be small and fit into a mobile device, or be the powerful port you use to connect all the peripherals to your laptop. The mess of USB, HDMI, Display Port, VGA and other power ports on typical laptops can be streamlined into a single type of port.
Currently smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices often use a USB connection to charge. A USB 2.0 connection provides up to 2.5 watts of power – that’ll charge your phone, but that’s about it. A laptop might require up to 60 watts!
USB Type-C is a worthy upgrade. It makes waves as it’s in the new MacBook, but it’s not an Apple-only technology and it will shortly be appearing in devices from practically everyone. Whatever you think of Apple, this time around they are pushing hard behind a new standard that everyone can adopt. Over 700 companies support this standard including Apple, Dell, HP, Intel, Microsoft and Samsung. This is important because it’s more likely to be adopted by the majority of PC manufacturers.
Call us to find out how USB-C can work for your next promotion: (02) 8296 8888 | <urn:uuid:07f92cfd-8ab5-484d-8e80-bb0552d4211f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.arcticblue.net.au/so-what-is-usb-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.924603 | 494 | 2.546875 | 3 |
According to a recent study, the fatigue that leads to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients may not be due to MS itself, but to obstructive sleep apnea that is secondary to the condition. It’s possible that sleep apnea treatment may help MS patients to achieve a higher quality of life and greater productivity.
Fatigue in MS Patients
Fatigue is very common in MS patients, with perhaps 80% of MS sufferers reporting chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue is the number one reason why people with MS leave the workforce.
Although previous research has linked fatigue in MS to sleeping problems, such as bladder spasms or other unwanted muscle contractions, there has been little research into the link between MS and sleep apnea.
Analyzing Sleep Apnea and Fatigue
In this study, researchers gave a sleep apnea screening test (STOP-BANG) to 195 MS patients, 41 of whom had been previously diagnosed with sleep apnea. The questionnaire showed that 110 patients, including 38 of those who had already been diagnosed with sleep apnea, were at an elevated risk for sleep apnea.
When they compared data for the population, they found that scores on the STOP-BANG test and other nocturnal symptoms were the highest predictors for fatigue levels in patients, leading them to conclude that sleep apnea was an underrecognized cause of fatigue for MS patients.
Sleep Apnea and Chronic Health Problems
Sleep apnea is commonly associated with a number of chronic health problems, such as diabetes, heart problems, mood disorders, and more. It’s hard to know the causal relationship between some of these conditions, but it is known that sleep apnea treatment can improve the quality of life for sufferers, resulting in less daytime sleepiness, less moodiness, and less fatigue.
If you want to learn more about sleep apnea treatment options, please call (303) 691-0267 at the TMJ Therapy & Sleep Center of Colorado in Denver today. | <urn:uuid:61b5e662-1ca9-4b33-9def-b497c74a4195> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.tmjtherapyandsleepcenter.com/blog/sleep-apnea-may-cause-fatigue-ms-patients/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426034833-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.961325 | 407 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What happened in January according to Sarawak history?
Did you know that the name January comes from the Roman god, Janus? He is always depicted with two heads with one head looking back on the year before and the other looking forward to the brand new year.
Let us look back into Sarawak history and see what happened in the month of January:
Jan 22, 1851: Consecration of St Thomas’s Church Kuching
The first Anglican missionary, Reverend Francis Thomas McDougall first arrived in Sarawak in 1848.
He came here on the invitation of the first White Rajah of Sarawak James Brooke.
Brooke gave the missionary a hill covered in dense jungle to build a church upon.
McDougall started the construction of a wooden church to accommodate up to 250 people.
On Jan 22, 1851, the Bishop of Calcutta, Daniel Wilson consecrated the church in honour of St Thomas the Apostle.
Jan 4, 1856: Sarikei was burned down by the Ibans from Julau
The Ibans from Julau resisted the Brooke government and on Jan 4, 1856, the so-called rebels burnt down Sarikei bazaar.
In response, James Brooke set up a fort in Sarikei in the same month to suppress the upriver Iban people.
It was built to serve Brooke allies led by locals Abang Ali and Abang Asop.
Jan 19, 1864: Britain recognises Sarawak as an independent state
As part of Britain’s recognition of Sarawak as an independent state, the British appointed George Thorne Ricketts as the first consul.
Ricketts was a former soldier who served with the British army in India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from 1849 until his retirement from the army in 1858.
Prior taking up the job as a consul in Sarawak in 1864, Ricketts worked in the consulate at Monastir (now Bitola in the Republic of Macedonia) and as the acting consul-general at Belgrade, Serbia.
He worked in Sarawak for two years before he was transferred to Manila in 1866.
Jan 3, 1876: Second Gambier and Pepper Proclamation issued
Chinese farmers had been planting pepper and gambier in west Sarawak way before 1870s.
To further encourage these agricultural activities, Charles Brooke issued a proclamation regarding the gambier and pepper plantation in January 1876.
The proclamation offered gambier and pepper planters 99 years leaseholds at nominal rentals.
The second White Rajah also waived export duty and on pepper and gambier for the following twelve years for those who brought their own capital to Sarawak.
Jan 13, 1884: Belaga Fort completed
On Jan 13, 1884, the Belaga Fort was officially declared completed by the Brooke government.
It was later named Fort Vyner after the third White Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke.
Jan 20, 1884: The Great Fire of Kuching
On Jan 20, 1884 at 1:05 am, a big fire started from the intersection between Attap Street (present day Carpenter Street) and China Street.
The fire continued to spread and consumed much of the shophouses.
Only at 6am, the fire was put out by rain.
In the end, a total of 160 shophouses were burnt.
Jan 3, 1885: Cession of Trusan to Sarawak
Trusan river was the first district within the Fifth Division to be acquired by the Brooke in early 1885.
Reportedly, 20 Sarawak produce collectors went to Trusan to buy some jungle produce a year earlier. They were killed by the Murut people there.
The Sarawak government complained to the Sultan of Brunei but the sultan said he could not do anything about it.
Instead, the Sultan ordered the holder of tulin (hereditary private property) rights in Trusan to surrender the area for an annual payment of $4,500.
Then in 1885, the Trusan river basin was officially ceded to Sarawak.
Jan 1, 1897: Dog licensing introduced in Kuching
Also in January 1897, Sarawak dollar was worth one shilling and eleven pence.
January 1899: Cambridge expedition to Torres Straits visits Limbang and Baram
A small group of Cambridge scholars led by the anthropologist Alfred Cort Haddon arrived in Sarawak as guests of Charles Hose, the then resident of the Baram district.
During their expedition, they took hundreds of photos of the people and places of the Baram, Limbang, Brunei and Kuching.
They even caught the famous Marudi peace-making ceremony 1899 in photos.
It is reported these rare photos of Sarawak have remained in storage at the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
January, 1901: Arrival of the first Foochow immigrants in Sibu
In May 1900, Christian scholar Wong Nai Siong acted as the harbour master to signed a resettlement contract with the Brooke government.
By September that year, he began recruiting villagers to immigrate to Sibu.
Then on Dec 23, 1900, the first batch of 91 Foochow immigrants departed for Sibu.
They arrive in January 1901. However, some of them changed their minds during the journey leaving only 72 people arrived in Sibu.
January, 1905: The cession of Lawas
Charles Brooke signed an agreement with British North Borneo Company (BNBC) which saw the official handover of Lawas river to the Brooke government in exchange of 5000 pounds and several administrative areas around Brunei Bay to BNBC.
BNBC had obtained the administrative rights of the Lawas river from Brunei Sultanate on Sept 7, 1901 in order to stop the smuggling of weapons against the BNBC government in North Borneo.
Jan 13, 1928: Simanggang bazaar destroyed by fire
Simanggang bazaar was destroyed by fire on Jan 13, 1928. Then, a new bazaar consisting of 48 shops was completed in December 1929. | <urn:uuid:e0ed302e-183e-4e4b-acef-45be9cd021b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://kajomag.com/what-happened-in-january-according-to-sarawak-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517245.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517095022-20220517125022-00695.warc.gz | en | 0.963997 | 1,292 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Surgery remains the cornerstone of breast cancer treatment. Dr William Halstead, in the late nineteenth century, described what was considered optimal surgical treatment for breast cancer which remained the bench mark for more than a hundred years. Since that time, surgical management for breast cancer it has been refined by disciplined surgical studies and scientific trials. The cosmetic and functional damage has been minimised without compromising survival. Survival has increased from 40% five year survival in Halstead’s time to 87% five year survival at The Strathfield Breast Centre.
Evolution of Breast Cancer Surgery and the Concomitant Improvement in Survival
Cancer of the breast has been described for centuries; the recognition of the “bulging tumours of the breast” is recorded in the valuable Edwin Smith Papyrus of 1600 B.C. found at Thebes in Egypt in 1862 and translated by Breasted.1 Treatment was limited to two methods – either burn the lesion with fire, or remove it with a sharpened instrument.
Leonides, a Greek physician of the first century A.D. working in the great medical school at Alexandria, is believed to have been the first to carry out a surgical removal of the breast.2 His technique was to cut into normal breast tissue wide of the tumour. Leonides employed cautery to control bleeding, and to destroy residual tumour. He also advised that surgery was not indicated if the whole breast was hardened, or if the tumour was fixed to the chest wall. It is probable that Leonides was the first to recognise that breast cancers spread to the axilla. Nearly two millennia were to pass before any innovation would develop in the battle against breast cancer.
In 1654 Rembrandt painted a picture of his mistress entitled Bathsheba at her bath. Over 300 years later, an Italian physician vacationing in Amsterdam viewed the painting at the Rijksmuseum and noticed several characteristics of the left breast indicative of breast cancer. This observation inspired James S. Olsen to write “Breast cancer is an old disease. It transcends race, class, time, and space, a horror known to every culture in every age” in the opening chapter of his book Bathsheba’s breast: women, cancer & history
In the late 1800’s Dr William Halsted had described the radical mastectomy that would be carried out for nearly 100 years and maybe for much longer.3 The procedure involved:
- Wide excision of the tumour and skin, covering the defects with grafts
- Routine removal of the pectoralis major muscle
- Routine axillary dissection
This was a destructive and disfiguring operation, carrying with it a high risk of post-operative disability such as lymphoedema. However survival rates improved to about 40% over five years.
As the nineteenth century was ending, two discoveries were made that had huge implications for the future management of breast cancer. The first was x-rays, which was to lead to mammography and radiotherapy. The second was the revelation that breast cancer was hormone dependent.
By the end of World War II the modalities, which would be used to treat breast cancer were all in existence. However, there were a wide variety of opinions, which produced confusion. Multiple papers appeared in the literature, which expressed the personal opinions of authors who used unconvincing small series of cases to support their hypotheses.
However, there were two papers, which appeared in 1948, which were ultimately to produce a revolution in breast cancer management, and would become accepted as the “gold standard” in the management of localised disease. The most important of these papers was from the Middlesex Hospital in London. David Patey described a modified technique of the standard radical mastectomy by preserving the pectoral muscles thereby avoiding a major component of the disfigurement.4 It was the forerunner of the modern trend towards conservative surgery. However, it did little to improve survival, which hovered around 50%.
In 1963 an article appeared in the British Medical Journal by Williams, Murley and Curwen.5 It was a retrospective study of cases treated by simple, radical and modified mastectomies with or without radiotherapy. Their conclusion reflected some of the feelings of the time: “The most impressive finding in this series is the remarkable similarity in survival rates following different methods of treatment.”
From here on there was a ground swell of opposition to radical surgery, which went hand in hand with increasing knowledge of the disease process. Bernard Fisher from the University of Pittsburgh asserted that breast cancer was a systemic disease and that it’s course was determined by a biological struggle between tumour and host, which in turn meant that management of the disease had to be re-evaluated. Referring to Halsted’s rationale for radical mastectomy, Fisher wrote in 1970 that, “…either the original surgical principles have become anachronistic or, if they are still valid, they were conceived originally for the wrong reasons.” 6
At the same time, the biomedical sciences were developing at an impressive rate allowing the dawn of a new era. The term “chemotherapy” had been coined in 1898, but it was not until the mid 50’s that adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer became widely accepted.
During the 60’s the efficiency of radiotherapy delivery was improved dramatically, and confidence in its ability to “mop-up” tumour cells left behind following surgery grew.
During the early 70’s several significant trials proved that excision of the primary tumour, “lumpectomy,” followed by whole breast irradiation was as effective as total mastectomy for both local and ultimate disease control of most early-stage cases and was an obvious cosmetic improvement.
By this time the five-year survival rate had risen to about 70%. The cure rate also rose. Post-operative morbidity rates dropped which was in keeping with the trend towards conservative surgery.
The introduction of more sophisticated adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal manipulation with the use of Tamoxifen in the mid seventies produced a further survival improvement of 10%, raising the five-year survival to 80%.
Continuing development of new age adjuvant therapies together with earlier diagnosis (aided by the Commonwealth Governments BreastScreen programme) has ensured continued improvement to the present where relative five-year survival for breast cancer in the Australian population has risen to 86%. Relative five year survival describes the percentage of patients who live at least five years after the cancer is first diagnosed. It excludes patients who die of cause other than the cancer.) This is demonstrated in Figure 1.7
Figure 1: Relative survival percentages by period of diagnosis in the Australian female population.
Figure 2 shows the same data for The Strathfield Breast Centre’s patient population. The improved survival is in part due to improved surgical technique, and in part due to better use of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy, and more recently, the new age monoclonal antibodies such as Herceptin (transtuzumab).
Figure 2: Relative survival percentages by period of diagnosis in The Strathfield Breast Centre’s population.
Women diagnosed with breast cancer today, have a much brighter future than those who faced the diagnosis generations or centuries ago. However, the story of breast cancer is incomplete – ultimately what we’d like too see is breast cancer becoming a preventable disease. We look forward to the news reader telling us “Today doctors at (some) medical institution announced that a (vaccine?) prepared from the (?prions) of breast cancer resulted in immediate and total disappearance of all signs of the disease. Further studies are planned to further explore this promising development.” When this happens, the story may be nearing completion.
- Breasted JH, editor. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 1930, Special Edition. 1984. The Classics of Surgery Library. Division of Gryphon Editions, Ltd. Birmingham (AB). Frontispiece.
- De Moulin D. A short history of breast cancer. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff; 1983. p. 1–107.
- Halsted WS. The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June 1889 to January 1894. Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports. Baltimore 1894–95;4:297–350.
- Patey DH, Dyson WH. The prognosis of carcinoma of the breast in relation to the type of operation performed. Br J Cancer 1948;2:7-13
- Williams IG, Murley RS, Curwen MP. Carcinoma of the female breast. Conservative and radical surgery. Br Med J 1953;2:787-96.
- Fisher B. The surgical dilemma in the primary therapy of invasive breast cancer: a critical appraisal. Current problems in surgery. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers Inc.;1970.
- AIHW & NBCC 2006. Breast Cancer in Australia. An Overview, 2006. Cat No CAN 29. Canberra AIHW. | <urn:uuid:59ed0f9f-2f86-4bfc-8d7f-11534b1b8e56> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.tsbc.com.au/breast-cancer-surivival/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481111.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216190407-20190216212407-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.962098 | 1,890 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A first-class cricket match is one of three or more days duration between two teams of eleven players officially adjudged first-class. Matches must allow for the teams to play two innings each, although in practice a team might only need to play one innings. While first-class teams and players take part in other forms of cricket such as limited overs, Twenty20 and the historic single wicket, those forms are not first-class even if of equal importance. Test cricket, although the highest standard of the sport, is itself a form of first-class cricket. In practice, the term "first-class" is commonly used to refer to domestic competition only, but a player's first-class statistics include his performances in Test matches.
Generally, first-class matches are played eleven-a-side but there have been exceptions. Equally, although first-class matches must now be scheduled to have at least three days' duration, there have historically been exceptions. Due to the time demands of first-class competition, the players are mostly paid professionals, though historically many players were designated as amateurs. First-class teams are typically representative of a geopolitical region such as an English county, an Australian or Indian state, a New Zealand province or a West Indian nation.
First-class cricket has been officially defined twice. First, in Great Britain only, an agreement was reached by the leading clubs about which teams should qualify for the status. This became effective from the beginning of the 1895 season, although it is generally agreed that there had been a first-class standard, albeit an unofficial one, from the 1864 season when overarm bowling was legalised. The classification was then defined on a global basis by the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) on 19 May 1947. The ICC ruling does not define first-class cricket retrospectively, leaving researchers with the problem of how to categorise earlier matches, especially those played in Great Britain before 1864.
Definitions of first-class cricket
Prior to 1947, the only definition of first-class cricket had been one in Great Britain that dates from a meeting at Lord's in May 1894 between the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) committee and the secretaries of the clubs involved in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890. As a result, those clubs became first-class from 1895 along with MCC, Cambridge University, Oxford University, senior cricket touring teams (i.e., Australia and South Africa at that time) and other teams or pairings designated as such by MCC (e.g., North v South, Gentlemen v Players and occasional "elevens" which consisted of recognised first-class players). In October 1894, MCC issued a notice which outlined the classification of county clubs and this was printed by Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game. Officially, the inaugural first-class match was the opening game of the 1895 season between MCC and Nottinghamshire at Lord's on 1 and 2 May, MCC winning by 37 runs.
Until the 1894 meeting, "first-class" was a common adjective that had been applied to cricket matches in England since about 1864, when overarm bowling was legalised and there was a surge in county club creation. The term was used loosely to suggest that a match had a high standard; adjectives like "great", "important" and "major" were also in use, but there were differences of opinion about standards. In the inaugural issue of Cricket magazine on 10 May 1882, "first-class" is used twice on page 2 in reference to the recently completed tour of Australia and New Zealand by Alfred Shaw's XI. The report says it is "taking" the first-class matches to be one against Sydney (sic), two each against Victoria, the Combined team and the Australian Eleven, and another against South Australia. In the fourth issue on 1 June 1882, James Lillywhite refers to first-class matches on the tour but gives a different list.
Before 1863, there were only three formally constituted county clubs. Sussex, formed in 1839, is the oldest followed by Nottinghamshire (1841) and Surrey (1845). Then, Yorkshire, Hampshire and Middlesex were founded in 1863, Lancashire in 1864, and the rest over the next 25 years or so. Questions began to be raised in the sporting press about which should be categorised as first-class, but there was considerable disagreement in the answers. In 1880, the Cricket Reporting Agency was founded. It acquired influence through the decade especially by association with Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and the press came to generally rely on its information and opinions.
The term "first-class cricket" was formally defined by the then Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) on 19 May 1947 as a match of three or more days duration between two sides of eleven players officially adjudged first-class; the governing body in each country to decide the status of teams. Significantly, it was stated that the definition does not have retrospective effect. MCC was authorised to determine the status of matches played in Great Britain.
For all intents and purposes, the 1947 ICC definition confirmed the 1895 MCC definition and gave it international recognition and usage. Hence, official judgment of status is the responsibility of the governing body in each country that is a full member of the ICC. The governing body grants first-class status to international teams and to domestic teams that are representative of the country's highest playing standard. It is possible for international teams from associate members of the ICC to achieve first-class status but it is dependent on the status of their opponents in a given match.
- it is of three or more days scheduled duration
- each side playing the match has eleven players
- each side may have two innings
- the match is played on natural, and not artificial, turf
- the match is played on an international standard ground
- the match conforms to The Laws of Cricket, except for only minor amendments
- the sport's governing body in the appropriate nation, or the ICC itself, recognises the match as first-class.
The ICC's Classification of Official Cricket (current version: July 2020) states the criteria with which a match must comply to achieve a desired categorisation. Included are matches of recognised first-class teams against international touring teams; and the leading domestic championships such as the County Championship, Sheffield Shield, Ranji Trophy, etc.
A Test match is a first-class match played between two ICC full member countries subject to their current status at the ICC and the application of ICC conditions when the match is played. Test cricket is the highest level of international competition and the first list of matches considered to be Tests was conceived and published by South Australian journalist Clarence P. Moody in his 1894 book, Australian Cricket and Cricketers, 1856 to 1893–94. His proposal was widely accepted after a list of 39 matches was reproduced in the 28 December 1894 issue of Cricket magazine. The list began with the first-ever Australia v England match, which was played 15–17 March 1877 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (the MCG) and ended with a recent one played 14–20 December 1894 at the Sydney Cricket Ground (then known as the Association Ground). All of Moody's matches, plus four additional ones involving South Africa, were retrospectively recognised as Test matches and also, thereby, as first-class matches. At the time, only Australia, England and South Africa held Test status.
A peculiarity of the two-innings match is the follow-on rule. If the team that batted second is substantially behind on first innings total, they may be required to bat again (i.e., to immediately follow on from their first innings) in the third innings of the match. In first-class cricket, the follow-on minimum lead requirement depends on match duration. In a Test or other match with five or more days duration, the team batting second can be asked to follow on if 200 or more runs behind. If the match duration is three or four days, the limit is reduced to 150 runs.
Matches played before the MCC and ICC definitions
The absence of any ICC ruling about matches played before 1947 (or before 1895 in Great Britain) is problematic for those cricket statisticians who wish to classify earlier matches in the same way. They have responded by compiling their own match lists and allocating a strictly unofficial status to the matches they consider to have been of a high standard. It is therefore a matter of opinion only with no official support. Inevitable differences have arisen and there are variations in published cricket statistics. The number of variations is minuscule in terms of the sport's overall statistics, but a few significant differences may be observed in the published career records of W. G. Grace, Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe; also some minor differences in the records of other well-known players. At club level, there are differences in the perceived status of certain matches played by Gloucestershire before 1870 and by Somerset in 1879 and 1881.
Matches that probably met the official definitions, assuming they featured teams of the necessary high standard, have been recorded since the end of the 17th century. The earliest match known to have been accorded superior status in a contemporary report (i.e., termed "a great match" in this case) and to have been played for a large sum of money was one in Sussex between two unnamed eleven-a-side teams contesting "fifty guineas apiece" on or about Wednesday, 30 June 1697, a match of enormous historical significance but with no statistical data recorded.
The development of scorecards to 1895
The problem of different statistical versions is as old as match scorecards themselves. The earliest known scorecards date from two matches in 1744 but, prior to 1772, only four have survived, the last from a minor match in 1769. The cards for four 1772 matches have survived and scorecards became increasingly common thereafter.
Notwithstanding the two top-class matches in 1744, it may be assumed that cricket's statistical record, as distinct from its historical record, began in 1772 when scorecards began to be kept on a routine basis. Even so, the record of matches before 1825 is mostly incomplete and there were numerous matches in the 18th century, and in the first quarter of the 19th, which are known by name only with no scores having survived. That may be largely due to the catastrophic Lord's fire which occurred on the night of Thursday, 28 July 1825. The pavilion burned down and many invaluable and irreplaceable records were lost. It is believed that these included unique scorecards of early matches. The point of origin for top-class cricket's historical record is uncertain. Teams of "county strength" were being assembled by the 1730s, but there are surviving references to what were termed "great matches" going back to the one in 1697.
The main source for scorecards from 1772 until the 1860s is Arthur Haygarth's Scores & Biographies, which was published in several volumes between 1862 and 1872. Haygarth used a number of sources for his scorecards including many that were created by the Hambledon Club and MCC. He frequently refers to earlier compilers such as Samuel Britcher, W. Epps and Henry Bentley.
Haygarth often mentions in his match summaries that another version exists of the scorecard he has reproduced. Sometimes he outlines the differences which range from players' names to runs scored and even to apparent discrepancies in innings totals or match results. He first raises the difficulty of obtaining scorecards in his summary of the Hampshire v Surrey match at Broadhalfpenny Down on 26 August 1773:
- The Score of this match was obtained from the Hampshire Chronicle, and it was not inserted in the old printed book of Hambledon Scores from 1772 to 1784.
- It may here be remarked, that when there are two scores of the same match, they never agree. (The emphasis is Haygarth's own.)
In saying that, Haygarth has recognised the essence of the problem when there is no standard means of scoring and no centralised control over the system of capturing and storing the data. Scoring systems in the 18th century and much of the 19th century had nothing like the consistency of standard that was employed through the 20th century to the present. Many early cards gave no details of dismissal. Where dismissal was recorded, it was limited to the primary mode and so a fielder would be credited with a catch but the bowler would not be credited with the wicket unless he bowled out the batsman.
MCC finally responded to the problem in 1836 when they decided to include in their own scorecards (i.e., for matches played at Lord's) the addition of bowlers' names when the dismissal was caught, stumped, lbw or hit wicket. Haygarth comments that "this was a vast improvement in recording the game and but justice to the bowler". As a result, scorecards became more detailed through the second half of the 19th century but reliability remained a problem and different versions continued to appear. It was some time before the MCC scorecard standard was adopted throughout the country and Haygarth adds that the inclusion of bowling analyses "was not introduced until several years afterwards".
Commencement of statistical records
The key issue for statisticians is when first-class cricket for their purpose is deemed to have begun. Roy Webber published the Playfair Book of Cricket Records in 1951 and, in his introduction, expressed the view that first-class records should commence in 1864 when overarm bowling was legalised. He argued that the majority of matches prior to 1864 "cannot be regarded as first-class" and their records are used "for their historical associations". This drew a line between what was important historically and what should form part of the statistical record. Webber's rationale was that cricket was "generally weak before 1864" because matches until then had been arranged on a largely ad hocbasis. Four new county clubs were established in 1863–64 and that inspired a greater and increasingly more organised effort to promote county cricket. Furthermore, match details before 1864 were largely incomplete, especially bowling analyses, which hindered the compilation of records.
According to Webber's view, the inaugural first-class match was the opening game of the 1864 season between Cambridge University and MCC at Fenner's on 12 and 13 May, Cambridge winning by 6 wickets.
Many researchers and writers have agreed with Webber. Playfair Cricket Annual, Webber's publisher, begins its first-class records in 1864. In their award-winning Kent County Cricketers, A to Z (2020), authors Derek Carlaw and John Winnifrith begin by saying: "Part One (1806–1914) is confined to players who appeared for Kent in important matches from 1806 to 1863 and first-class matches from 1864 to 1914". The emphasis placed on important reflects the purpose of A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles, 1709–1863, published by the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (the ACS) in 1981. They also agreed with Webber that 1864 was the startpoint of first-class cricket. In their sister volume, A Guide to First-Class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles (1982), the ACS said: "The line between first-class and other matches becomes more easily discernible about that date (i.e., 1864)". The Important Matches Guide lists all the known matches until 1863 which the ACS considered to have historical importance. They did stipulate that they had taken "a more lenient view" of importance regarding matches played in the 18th century than they did of matches played in the 19th century. As they explained, surviving details of 18th century matches are typically incomplete while there is a fairly comprehensive store of data about 19th century matches, certainly since 1825.
Of course, the issue with using any cut-off date as a startpoint is that it excludes everything before that date despite cricket's history making clear that there has been a continuous standard of top-class cricket in England since the 1720s, if not the late 17th century. Legendary cricketers like Richard Newland, John Small, David Harris, Billy Beldham, Fuller Pilch, Alfred Mynn, William Clarke, George Parr, John Wisden and William Caffyn may not have played in first-class matches per se but, in the contexts of cricket in the underarm and roundarm eras, they certainly were top-class players.
It is true that none of the cricketers with large career totals played before 1864 (Webber's main reason for adopting that date) and so his startpoint is not really an issue in that context, but it does impact some significant cricket records. For example, the lowest known team score in a top-class match occurred in 1810 match when England dismissed The Bs for a mere 6 runs. Besides the legalisation of overarm bowling and the increase in county clubs, 1864 was significant as the first year in which Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was published. This annual publication is seen as the key source for cricket records, although there are plenty of earlier sources. 1864 also marked the top-class debut of W. G. Grace, who is arguably the greatest cricketer of all time.
Wisden, however, sees 1815 as the startpoint and, when Bill Frindall published his Wisden Book of Cricket Records, he explained in his preface that he used 1815 as the starting point for "proper" first-class cricket, though he conceded that there is a reasonable case for several other years, particularly Webber's 1864. Frindall thus included the entire roundarm era but also a substantial part of the underarm era. The problem with 1815, if the intention is to include roundarm, is that roundarm did not begin in any real sense until 1827 and was not legalised until 1835; and even then The Laws of Cricket had to be reinforced in 1845 by removing the benefit of the doubt from the bowler in the matter of his hand's height when delivering the ball. Indeed, for most of the period from 1815 to 1845, underarm bowling continued to prevail. According to Frindall, the inaugural first-class match should have been the opening game of the 1815 season between MCC and Middlesex at Lord's on 31 May and 1 June, Middlesex winning by 16 runs.
The status of early matches that left no scorecard, and for which only a brief announcement or report exists, must be based on other factors. Contemporary importance was often measured by the amount of money at stake and the fact that a match was deemed notable enough to be reported in the press. The 18th century matches in the ACS list were primarily compiled to assist historians.
There are those, principally the CricketArchive database, who see the three scorecarded eleven-a-side matches in 1772 as the beginning of first-class cricket. That is absurd because first-class is an official standard based on The Laws of Cricket (as amended in 1864 and subsequently). There was arguably a first-class standard from 1845 while roundarm prevailed, but certainly not in the two-stump underarm era of the 18th century. Having said that, it is quite true that matches like Hampshire v England in 1772 were top-class, but only within the context of 18th-century cricket. John Small and Lumpy Stevens were great players in the second half of the 18th century, as were W. G. Grace and Fred Spofforth in the second half of the 19th, but the cricket which they played was, to coin an idiom, a totally different ball game.
Rest of the World
In other countries or regions where first-class cricket is played, six have generally recognised startpoints before 1947:
- Australia (1851). Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip District at Launceston Racecourse Ground (now the NTCA Ground) on 11–12 February 1851. Van Dieman's Land won by 3 wickets. The first inter-colonial match, all of which have been recognised as first-class since 1981. Van Diemen's Land is now Tasmania; Port Phillip District became the colony of Victoria on 1 July the same year.
- New Zealand (1864). Otago v Canterbury at the South Dunedin Recreation Ground (now the Kensington Oval, Dunedin) on 27–29 January 1864. Otago won by 76 runs.
- West Indies (1865). Barbados v British Guiana at the Garrison Savannah racecourse in Bridgetown on 15–16 February 1865. Barbados won by 138 runs.
- North America (1878). Philadelphia v AustraliaAustralians at Germantown Cricket Ground, Philadelphia on 3–5 October 1878. Match drawn.
- South Africa (1889). South Africa v England at St George's Park, Port Elizabeth on 12–13 March 1889. England won by 8 wickets. The inaugural first-class match was also South Africa's first Test match. A second Test was played at Newlands, Cape Town on 25–26 March and England won by an innings and 202 runs. The English team, known as R. G. Warton's XI, played a total of 20 matches on the tour including many against provincial teams that were later first-class, but only the two Test matches were rated first-class at the time.
- India (1892). Europeans v Parsees in a Bombay Presidency match at the Gymkhana Ground, Bombay on 26–27 August 1892. Match drawn. There was a return match shortly afterwards at the [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground, Poona on 19–21 September. The Parsees won by 3 wickets. Later in the year, an English team led by Lord Hawke toured India and played four first-class matches against the Parsees (twice), Bombay and All-India. They also played nineteen minor matches, including three in Ceylon.
Main first-class competitions
Test cricket is the highest level of first-class competition. A Test match is normally scheduled for five days and played between two international teams representing full member countries of the ICC. There are currently twelve Test teams: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, England, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies and Zimbabwe.
Another type of first-class match is one in which a national team plays against a first-class team that is non-international. Typical examples are touring teams playing against English first-class county teams or against Australian first-class state teams.
Although there are other types of first-class team (e.g., MCC, Cambridge University, Oxford University and one-off or occasional teams that consist of first-class players), the majority of domestic first-class teams take part in their country's national championship. The major national championships include the Sheffield Shield (Australia), National Cricket League (Bangladesh), County Championship (England and Wales), Ranji Trophy (India), Plunket Shield (New Zealand), Quaid-e-Azam Trophy (Pakistan), CSA 4-Day Domestic Series (South Africa), Major League Tournament (Sri Lanka), the West Indies 4-Day Championship and the Logan Cup (Zimbabwe).
Sheffield Shield – Australia
The earliest record of cricket in Australia occurs in January 1804 when it was mentioned in the Sydney Gazette. There are records of matches being played in the 1830s and, from 1851, inter-colonial matches were played almost annually. Australia played its first Test match in 1877. The first official overseas tour by the Australian team was to England and North America in 1878.
Unlike England and Wales where first-class domestic competition involves teams representing formally constituted county clubs, cricket in Australia is organised on the basis of district cricket, state associations and the national board. The national board, now known as Cricket Australia, was formerly called the Australian Cricket Board. The state associations are not clubs and they select their players from the district cricket clubs (who play what is called "Grade cricket", the equivalent of "minor counties cricket" in England).
The Sheffield Shield was inaugurated in 1892 by the 3rd Earl of Sheffield (18 January 1832 – 21 April 1909), an English Conservative politician who had promoted the 1891–92 England tour of Australia that was captained by W. G. Grace. Sheffield donated £150 to the New South Wales Cricket Association and asked them to donate a trophy to the champion team each season. The new tournament was launched in the 1892–93 season and won by Victoria. The competing teams are: New South Wales (state cricket association founded 1859); Queensland (1876); South Australia (1871); Tasmania (1906); Victoria (1875); and Western Australia (1885). The most successful team is New South Wales with 47 titles to 2022.
National Cricket League – Bangladesh
The origin of Bangladesh as a country is the Partition of India in 1947, when it was established as the eastern wing of Pakistan. It was formerly known as East Bengal (1947–1955) and then as East Pakistan (1955–1970). Bangladesh became independent in 1971 following the Liberation War. Cricket was already well-established there after two centuries of British influence. Bangladesh staged first-class and even Test cricket when it was part of Pakistan. The Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka was first used for Test cricket when Pakistan played India there in January 1955.
The Bangladesh Cricket Control Board was established in 1972 and local leagues began in Dhaka and Chittagong. In the 1976–77 season, an MCC team toured the country and played four matches. MCC made a favourable report to the ICC and, on 26 July 1977, Bangladesh became an associate member of the ICC.
First-class cricket in Bangladesh (i.e., since independence) began when the national team played England A at the M. A. Aziz Stadium in Chittagong on 25–27 October 1999. Having already had success in limited overs international cricket, Bangladesh became a full member of the ICC on 26 June 2000 and played its inaugural Test match v India at the Bangabandhu National Stadium on 10–13 November 2000.
The 2000–01 season saw the beginning of first-class domestic competition when the National Cricket League (NCL) was constituted. The country is administered by regional divisions and the teams competing in the NCL mostly reflect that structure: Barisal Division; Chittagong Division; Dhaka Division; Dhaka Metropolis; Khulna Division; Rajshahi Division; Rangpur Division; and Sylhet Division (cricket)|]]. The most successful team is Khulna Division with seven titles to 2023.
County Cricket Championship – England and Wales
Cricket is generally held to have originated as a children's game in south-east England during the medieval period. The first definite reference to the sport occurs at Guildford in the sixteenth century. During the seventeenth century, cricket became an adult game and soon reached the stage where wealthy patrons were organising "great matches" and employing professional players. Organisation continued through the eighteenth century with the first known issue of the Laws of Cricket in 1744 and then the foundation of MCC in 1787. Although inter-county matches have been definitely recorded since 1709, it was not until 1839 that the first modern county club, Sussex, was formally established. Before the clubs were formally constituted, county teams were assembled on an ad hoc basis by individual patrons or by loose associations, sometimes based on a prominent local organisation such as the Hambledon Club in Hampshire. All of the present first-class county clubs were founded in the nineteenth century. English teams began to undertake overseas tours in 1859 and England played its first Test match in 1877.
While the legalisation of overarm bowling in 1864 is generally recognised as the unofficial startpoint of first-class cricket in England, it remains a matter for debate. However, it is essentially a statistical argument that does not affect the historical importance of matches played before 1864 during the underarm and roundarm eras. There is evidence dating back to 1728 that the concept of a "champion county" (at least in the form of "bragging rights") had existed long before the constitution of the official County Championship in December 1889. The new competition began in the 1890 season. An unofficial championship of sorts had existed beforehand with the champions being proclaimed by the newspapers, but this suffered from the problems of differing criteria and, hence, no universal recognition. Given that residence qualifications were introduced in 1873, there is a credible list of quasi-official champions from 1873 to 1889.
Eighteen English and Welsh counties have clubs that compete in the County Championship. The other counties have clubs which play second-class matches and mostly compete in the Minor Counties Championship. The first-class county clubs are: Derbyshire (founded 1870); Durham (1882); Essex (1876); Glamorgan (1888); Gloucestershire (1871); Hampshire (1863); Kent (1870); Lancashire (1864); Leicestershire (1879); Middlesex (1864); Northamptonshire (1878); Nottinghamshire (1841); Somerset (1875); Surrey (1845); Sussex (1839); Warwickshire (1882); Worcestershire (1865); and Yorkshire (1863). The most successful team is Yorkshire with 33 titles to 2022.
Ranji Trophy – India
Cricket was introduced to India in the seventeenth century by mariners and traders of the British East India Company. The earliest definite reference to the sport in India is a 1721 report of English sailors playing a game at Cambay, near Baroda. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club was founded by 1792 and, in 1799, another club was formed at Seringapatam in south India after the successful British siege and the defeat of Tippoo Sultan.
A Madras versus Calcutta match in 1864 has been mooted as the start of first-class cricket in India but it is more generally agreed that it began in the 1892–93 season, as described above, from when the Bombay Quadrangular series became first-class. India played their first Test match in 1932.
The Ranji Trophy competition was launched in the 1934–35 season as "The Cricket Championship of India" following a meeting of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in July 1934. The competition is named after Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji (known as "Ranji") and the trophy was donated by Bhupinder Singh, the Maharajah of Patiala. The competition is administered by the BCCI and there are currently 38 teams taking part, all representing the country's states and other regions. Among the most noted teams are Baroda; Bengal; Delhi; Hyderabad; Karnataka (formerly Mysore); Madhya Pradesh (formerly Holkar); Maharashtra; Mumbai (formerly Bombay); Rajasthan; Saurashtra; Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras); and Vidarbha. The most successful team is Mumbai/Bombay with 41 titles to 2023.
Plunket Shield – New Zealand
The earliest record of cricket in New Zealand is in the 1832 diary of a churchman called Archdeacon Williams. There are records of matches played in the 1840s and then the first known inter-provincial match took place in 1860. The earliest first-class match (classified retrospectively) was Otago v Canterbury at Dunedin on 27–29 January 1864.
The Plunket Shield competition was inaugurated in 1906 after the trophy was donated by the 5th Baron Plunket, the Governor-general of New Zealand. Until 1921, the holder of the shield had to be challenged in a similar fashion to that used in boxing. In the 1921–22 season, a league system was introduced and New Zealand is the only country to have established a national first-class championship competition before it began playing in Test cricket. New Zealand played their first Test match in the 1929–30 season. The six provincial teams are Auckland; Canterbury; Central Districts; Northern Districts; Otago; and Wellington. The most successful team is Auckland with 24 titles to 2023.
Quaid-e-Azam Trophy – Pakistan
The state of Pakistan was established by the Partition of India in 1947. By that time, cricket was already well-established after some 200 years of British influence in the area. The Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) was established on 1 May 1949 but games from 1947 to 1953 were arranged on an ad hoc basis. Nevertheless, Pakistan was admitted to full membership of the ICC and Pakistan played their first Test match in October 1952.
The Quaid-e-Azam Trophy was established as the national first-class championship in 1953 and first contested in the 1953–54 season. The trophy is named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is generally recognised as the founder of Pakistan and is officially known in the country as Quaid-e-Azam. The format has changed considerably over the years. Regional associations, especially in Karachi and Lahore, entered multiple teams and the names of these tended to change every few years. The best known Karachi teams were the Blues (nine titles) and the Whites (four). Other teams represented companies and government institutions such as Pakistan International Airlines (PIA; seven titles), National Bank, United Bank, Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL), and Habib Bank.
Starting in 2019–20, the competition has been reorganised on a regional basis with five teams involved: Baluchistan; Central Punjab; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Northern; Sindh; and Southern Punjab. Central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have won two titles each to 2023.
CSA 4-Day Domestic Series – South Africa
The earliest record of cricket in South Africa is in reference to a match between two teams of British officers on 5 January 1808. First-class cricket in the country began with South Africa's first Test match in March 1889. The Currie Cup for provincial teams was inaugurated in the 1889–90 season but was not at first a national competition and was not contested annually until the 1960s. It was replaced in the 1996–97 season by the SuperSport Series which retained the provincial format until a franchise-based format superseded it in 2004–05. Following a change of sponsorship in 2012–13, the competition was called the Sunfoil Series until 2018 when it became the 4-Day Franchise Series. In March 2021, Cricket South Africa (CSA) announced the disestablishment of the franchises and, ahead of the 2021–22 season, created a new provincial competition called the CSA 4-Day Domestic Series in which fifteen first-class teams play in two divisions with promotion and relegation.
The most successful provincial teams to 2004 were Transvaal/Gauteng (29 titles); Natal/KwaZulu-Natal (24); and Western Province (21). Other teams were Boland, Border, Eastern Province, Easterns, Griqualand West, Northerns, Orange Free State and Western Transvaal/North West. In addition, Rhodesia took part in 22 competitions.
From 2004 to 2021, the six franchises (with constituent provincial teams in brackets) were: Cape Cobras (Boland, Western Province); Dolphins (KwaZulu-Natal); Highveld Lions (Gauteng, North West); Knights (Griqualand West, Orange Free State); Titans (Easterns, Northerns); and Warriors (Border, Eastern Province). Titans were the most successful with six titles, ahead of Cape Cobras with four.
Some teams in the new CSA 4-Day Domestic Series have retained the franchise brands while others have restored their provincial team names: Boland, Border, Eastern Cape Warriors, Easterns, Gauteng Lions, Gauteng Titans, KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Dolphins, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West Dragons, Northern Cape, Orange Free State Knights, South Western Districts, and Western Province. Gauteng Titans won the inaugural tournament in 2021–22 and KwaZulu-Natal Dolphins won in 2022–23; the runners-up in both seasons were Eastern Cape Warriors.
Major League Tournament – Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) became a British colony in 1802. The earliest record of cricket is a report in the Colombo Journal dated 5 September 1832 which called for the formation of a cricket club. The Colombo Cricket Club was formed soon afterwards and matches began in November 1832. First-class cricket in Ceylon was restricted to games between the national team and visiting touring teams. In 1982, Sri Lanka became a full member of the ICC and played its first Test match.
The Premier Trophy was inaugurated in 1938 but was not recognised as a first-class competition until the 1988–89 season. It has been rebranded and restructured a number of times. In 2015–16, it became the Premier League Tournament and was split into Tiers A and B the following season. The 2020–21 tournament was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic and a limited scope temporary tournament was staged in 2021–22. Ahead of the 2022–23 season, Sri Lanka Cricket relaunched the competition as the Major League Tournament with 26 teams playing in Groups A and B, the group winners meeting in the MLT final.
Some of the better-known teams in the MLT are Ace Capital, Bloomfield, Chilaw Marians, Colombo, Colts, Moors, Nondescripts, Saracens, Sinhalese Sports Club, and Tamil Union. Teams representing each of Sri Lanka's Air Force, Army and Navy are also involved. The most successful team is Sinhalese SC with 32 titles to 2022. The inaugural MLT was won by Colombo.
West Indies 4-Day Championship
The earliest record of cricket in the West Indies is an announcement in the Barbados Mercury on 10 May 1806 that a meeting of St Anne's Cricket Club would be held two days later. The difficulties of travel in the nineteenth century meant that few inter-colonial matches were played. In the 1891–92 season, the first inter-colonial tournament was held in Barbados between Barbados, British Guiana, and Trinidad & Tobago. Although some of the earlier ad hoc matches lay claim to first-class status, the 1891–92 tournament marks the effective beginning of first-class cricket in the Caribbean. The 1894–95 season featured the first tour of the West Indies by an English team.
The West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) was founded in the early 1920s as a federation of the Caribbean islands and joined the ICC in 1926. In 1928, West Indies played their first Test match.
The inter-colonial tournament was not contested annually and it was not until 1965–66 that a true domestic championship was established when Shell Oil donated and sponsored the Shell Shield, which has subsequently evolved into the 4-Day Championship under the administration of the WICB. The teams taking part are Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Trinidad & Tobago, and Windward Islands. The most successful team is Barbados with 24 titles to 2023.
Logan Cup – Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe was formerly Rhodesia and its national team competed, intermittently for many years, in South Africa's Currie Cup from 1905 to 1979. A team called Zimbabwe-Rhodesia took part in the 1979–80 tournament and then withdrew. Zimbabwe were promoted to ICC full membership in 1992 and played their first Test match against India in October at the Harare Sports Club ground. The Logan Cup became a first-class competition in the 1993–94 season, when the teams were provincial. Mashonaland (9) won the most titles to 2009.
Since 2009–10, the Logan Cup has been contested by five franchise teams: Mashonaland Eagles, Matabeleland Tuskers, Mid West Rhinos, Mountaineers, and Southern Rocks. The most successful of these is Matabeleland Tuskers with five titles to 2023.
Beginning with Roy Webber's Playfair Book of Cricket Records, published in 1951, there are several books devoted to all manner of statistical records derived from the scorecards of first-class matches. This section, by no means exhaustive, discusses the most significant records.
The two highest innings totals were both achieved by Victoria in Sheffield Shield matches at the MCG in the 1920s. First, playing against Tasmania on 2–6 February 1923, they scored 1,059 in response to Tasmania's 217. Bill Ponsford scored a world record 429, beating the previous record of 424 by Archie MacLaren in 1895. Tasmania were all out for 176 in their second innings so Victoria won by an innings and 666 runs. On 24–29 December 1926, Victoria scored 1,107 against New South Wales. Ponsford scored 352 and Jack Ryder 295. NSW were dismissed for 221 and 230 for Victoria to win by an innings and 656 runs. The highest match aggregate is 2,376 in a Ranji Trophy match between Maharashtra and Bombay, played 5–11 March 1949 at Poona. Bombay scored 651 and 714/8 declared. Maharashtra scored 407 and 604. Bombay won by 354 runs.
The record for the lowest innings total is subject to when first-class cricket is deemed to have begun. In what was undeniably a top-class match played 12–14 June 1810 during the underarm era, The Bs were dismissed for six by England at Lord's Old Ground. The Bs had batted first and scored 137, a respectable score for the time. England replied with 100 to leave The Bs with a useful first innings lead. In the second innings, however, The Bs were bowled out for 6 and England scored 44/4 to win by six wickets. As their name suggests, The Bs were an occasional team whose surnames all began with the letter B. They could call on several outstanding players including Billy Beldham, Lord Frederick Beauclerk and E. H. Budd. For this match, they were two players short and needed given men. One was John Wells, who had been due to play for England; the other was their sponsor James Lawrell, who was not a cricketer and only took part to make up the numbers. In the record innings, Wells scored 4 (a boundary shot) and Lawrell 1. The only "B" who scored was Samuel Bridger with 1.
The lowest innings total since 1863 is 12 by Oxford University against MCC at the Magdalen Ground, Oxford in 1877; and by Northamptonshire against Gloucestershire at the Spa Ground, Gloucester in 1907. The lowest total since the Second World War is 14 by Surrey against Essex at the County Ground, Chelmsford in 1983.
The lowest match aggregate of 105 was achieved in one of the most famous matches in the history of cricket: MCC v Australians at Lord's on 27 May 1878. This was the first Australian tour of Great Britain and the match against MCC created a sensation. MCC selected a strong team, featuring W. G. Grace and including Fred Morley, Alfred Shaw and A. N. Hornby. The match was played on what is known as a "sticky wicket", a wet pitch that is drying out in sunshine. As always in such conditions, deliveries were unpredictable and batting was very difficult. MCC batted first and were all out for 33 (Fred Spofforth 6/4, including a hat-trick). The Australian batsmen found things no easier and were bowled out by Morley and Shaw for 41, their last wicket falling in the final over before the lunch interval. In the afternoon, Spofforth bowled Grace for 0 with the second ball of the session and the whole innings lasted just 50 minutes. MCC were all out for 19, meaning the Australians needed 12 to win. In the conditions, that was no certainty but they achieved it to win by nine wickets.
Quetta v Rawalpindi at the Marghzar Cricket Ground, Islamabad, in the 2008–09 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy is sometimes listed as the lowest scoring match with an aggregate of 85 but the teams played only one innings each. They both forfeited their first innings due to bad weather and then Quetta were dismissed for 41 in their second innings. Rawalpindi scored 44/1 to win by 9 wickets.
Largest victory margins
The largest win by an innings was in an Ayub Trophy match at the Lahore Stadium on 2–4 December 1964 when Pakistan Railways, the home team, defeated Dera Ismail Khan by an innings and 851 runs. Railways won the toss and chose to bat first. They amassed a total of 910/6 declared which included an innings of 337* by Pervez Akhtar. Railways batted all through the first two days and made their declaration on the final morning. Dera were bowled out for 32 (Afaq Ali Khan 7/14) and had to follow on. In their second innings, they were dismissed for 27 (Abdul Ahad Khan 9/7).
The largest win by runs only was in a Ranji Trophy match played 6–9 June 2022 at the KSCA Cricket Ground in Alur when Mumbai defeated Uttarakhand by 725 runs. Mumbai batted first and scored 647/8 declared (Suved Parkar 252). Uttarakhand were all out for 114 (Shams Mulani 5/39). Mumbai chose to bat again and scored 261/3 declared before bowling Uttarakhand out for 69.
Highest individual innings
The earliest top-class match in which individual scores were recorded was London v Surrey & Sussex at the Artillery Ground on 2 June 1744. A scorecard has survived, having been retained by the 2nd Duke of Richmond at Goodwood House. The card lists the scores by each batsman and the team totals. The combined team won by 55 runs after scoring 102 all out and 102/6 declared against 79 and 70 by London. The top score in the match was 47 by John Harris, one of the best-known players of the 1740s. A year later, the great Slindon all-rounder Richard Newland scored 88 for England against Kent at the Artillery Ground. It is not 100% certain that he achieved this in one innings as the wording of the newspaper report is slightly ambiguous: "R. Newland made eighty-eight for England". Even if it was his match total, it was a considerable feat to score that many runs on an unprepared pitch which would have been little better than a rough track. These were the highest known scores prior to the introduction of pitched delivery bowling in the early 1760s.
When bowlers began pitching the ball instead of rolling or skimming or trundling it, the old style "hockey bats" immediately became obsolete and the modern straight bat was introduced. Bowling continued to be exclusively underarm in style but completely new batting techniques were necessary to deal with a ball being pitched. In 1767, two Hampshire batsmen made a first wicket partnership of 192 in a match against Surrey. It is the earliest known century partnership and it is virtually certain that at least one of the two players scored a personal century. Their names were not recorded but a newspaper report says their stand was "the greatest thing ever known".
The greatest batsman of the 1760s and 1770s was John Small of Hampshire. He almost certainly played in the 1767 match and may well have been one of the two in the partnership. He was definitely playing against Kent on Broadhalfpenny Down in September 1768 because he "fetched above seven score notches off his own bat". As with Newland in 1745, however, it might have been his match total, though he could still have scored a century in either innings. The first undeniably recorded century was scored by John Minshull at Sevenoaks Vine in 1769 but the match could have been a minor one. Minshull was playing for the 3rd Duke of Dorset's XI who were arguably a top-class team, but their opponents from the village of Wrotham were probably just a parish XI. Even so, a partially completed scorecard has survived and it confirms beyond doubt that Minshull scored 107.
Match scorecards started to become standard in 1772, although the number of surviving examples remained in the minority until the 1820s. Whether or not Small created a "world record" of 140-plus in 1768, he certainly scored 136 for Hampshire against Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down in 1775 and his colleague Richard Nyren scored 98 in the same innings. In 1777, James Aylward scored 167 for Hampshire against England at Sevenoaks Vine and this is the known record for the whole of the 18th century. Aylward's score was unsurpassed until 1806 when the notorious Lord Frederick Beauclerk made 170 for Homerton against Montpelier at Aram's New Ground. Some statisticians have questioned the status of that match but its inclusion in Scores & Biographies is significant. There are, too, some doubts about the status of the Norfolk county team which played MCC at Lord's in an 1820 match that is also included in Scores & Biographies. William Ward made the earliest known double-century and extended the record to 278.
By the time Ward's record was seriously challenged, overarm bowling had been introduced and unofficial first-class matches were being played by MCC, the leading county clubs and certain other teams. One of the latter was the Gentlemen of MCC team which played Kent at the St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury in 1876. W. G. Grace scored the first-ever triple century with an innings of 344. Since then, the individual record has been extended six times by Archie MacLaren (424), Bill Ponsford twice (429 and 437), Don Bradman (452*), Hanif Mohammad (499) and Brian Lara (501*). Lara has held the first-class record since 1994 and he also holds the record for the highest innings in Test cricket with 400*.
The world record for the highest partnership in both Test and first-class cricket is 624 by Kumar Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene for Sri Lanka v South Africa at the Colombo Cricket Club Ground in 2006. South Africa had been dismissed for 169. Sangakkara and Jayawardene came together for the third wicket when Sri Lanka were struggling at 14/2. Jayawardene scored 374 and Sangakkara 287, enabling Sri Lanka to total 756/5 declared. South Africa replied with 434 and Sri Lanka won by an innings and 153 runs.
There have been partnerships of over 400 for all the first eight wickets. The highest for the ninth wicket is 283 by Arnold Warren and John Chapman for Derbyshire v Warwickshire at the Blackwell Miners Welfare Ground, Bolsover, in 1910; for the tenth wicket, the highest is 307 by Alan Kippax and Hal Hooker for New South Wales v Victoria at the MCG in 1928–29.
Most runs in a career
The record for the most runs in a first-class career is largely dependent on the number of matches played but, even so, there can be no doubt that Jack Hobbs was one of the greatest-ever batsmen. Playing for Surrey and England from 1905 to 1934, he scored 61,760 career runs in 834 matches at an average of 50.70. Six others who surpassed 50,000 were Frank Woolley (58,959 in 978 matches at 40.77); Patsy Hendren (57,611 in 833 at 50.80); Phil Mead (55,061 in 814 at 47.67); W. G. Grace (54,211 in 870 at 39.45); Herbert Sutcliffe (50,670 in 754 at 52.02); and Wally Hammond (50,551 in 634 at 56.10).
The number of matches he played (only 234) is without doubt the reason why the incomparable Don Bradman did not score 50,000 runs. Playing from 1927–28 to 1948–49, he scored 28,067 runs at the colossal average of 95.14. His Test career average was even higher at 99.94. Among major players, Vijay Merchant (71.64 in 150 matches) is the only other batsman with a career average of 70-plus. The third best is George Headley (69.86 in 103 matches).
Most career centuries
Jack Hobbs scored 199 centuries (834 matches) in his first-class career, followed by Patsy Hendren (170 in 833 matches) and Wally Hammond (167 in 634 matches). Don Bradman scored 117 in 234 matches, a ratio of exactly one per two matches. Bradman (37), Hammond (36) and Hendren (22) scored the most double-centuries. Bradman scored six triple-centuries, followed by Hammond and Bill Ponsford with four each. Six batsmen including Grace and Brian Lara scored three.
It was not until the 1830s that scorecards began to fully credit bowlers with dismissals. Scorers had long listed the primary mode of dismissal only, so the typical scorecard would show who held a catch or completed a stumping but would only name the bowler if the batsman was bowled out. In eleven-a-side matches, the maximum number of wickets that a bowler can take is ten in an innings (one batsman is always not out) and twenty in a match.
The earliest known instances of a bowler taking all ten in an innings were by Edmund Hinkly for Kent v England at Lord's in 1848, and by John Wisden for North v South at Lord's in 1850. Wisden clean bowled all ten South batsmen. In both matches, the number of runs conceded by the bowler was not recorded. The record for the best known return by a bowler is held by Hedley Verity, who took 10/10 for Yorkshire against Nottinghamshire at Headingley in 1932.
The record for most wickets in a match is held by Jim Laker who took nineteen for England v Australia at Old Trafford in 1956 (the other wicket was taken by Tony Lock). Laker's figures were 9/37 and 10/53 for a match analysis of 19/90. No one else has taken eighteen in an eleven-a-side match and there have been 23 instances of seventeen in a match, the best return being 17/48 by Colin Blythe for Kent v Northamptonshire at the County Ground, Northampton in 1907.
As with most career runs, the number of matches played is the key factor in most career wickets. Wilfred Rhodes holds the record with 4,204 wickets at the exceptional average of 16.72. He played in a world record 1,110 matches for Yorkshire and England from 1898 to 1930. Rhodes was an all-rounder and so not a specialist bowler. Three other bowlers took over 3,000 wickets: Tich Freeman (3,776), Charlie Parker (3,278 wickets), and Jack Hearne (3,061). Tom Goddard, whose career straddled World War II, took 2,979.
A career bowling average of twenty or less runs per wicket is outstanding. Of bowlers who took 2,000 wickets, the lowest average is 12.12 by Alfred Shaw who took 2,027 in 404 matches for Nottinghamshire and England from 1864 to 1897. Two of the greatest all-time bowlers were Hedley Verity and Fred Spofforth who averaged 14.90 and 14.95 respectively. Verity, who died in World War II, took 1,956 wickets; Spofforth, the legendary "Demon Bowler", took 853 in only 155 matches.
The feats of taking five wickets in an innings (5wI) or ten in a match (10wM) are noteworthy. In the days of incomplete scorecards, the earliest known instances were by England's William Bullen who bowled five Hampshire batsmen at Sevenoaks Vine in 1774, and Hampshire's Thomas Brett, who took eleven in the match against Surrey at Laleham Burway in 1775. Brett bowled seven in the first innings and four in the second but, despite his efforts, Surrey still won the match by 69 runs. Tich Freeman holds both career records with 386 5wI and 140 10wM. Another notable bowling feat is the hat-trick, taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Doug Wright holds the career record with seven; Tom Goddard and Charlie Parker both took six.
Frank Woolley (970 matches) and W. G. Grace (870), who both had exceptionally long careers, are the only all-rounders to have scored 50,000 career runs and taken 2,000 wickets. Cricket's greatest all-rounder is Gary Sobers who played in 383 matches, scoring 28,314 runs with 86 centuries and taking 1,043 wickets. Among batting wicket-keepers, Jim Parks and Les Ames have scored over 30,000 runs and dismissed more than 1,000 batsmen.
The feat of taking ten wickets and scoring 100 runs in the same match (a match double) is an especially outstanding performance and has been recorded 285 times. The earliest known instance was by Jem Broadbridge for Sussex v Hampshire at Petworth Park in 1825. He scored 63 and 92 for a match total of 155 and took eleven wickets, five in the first innings and six in the second. The most match doubles is seventeen by W. G. Grace between 1868 and 1886. Jack Hearne and Frank Woolley both achieved six.
Eight double-centuries have been scored by players performing the match double including two apiece by George Giffen and W. G. Grace. Statistically, Giffen's figures for South Australia v Victoria at the Adelaide Oval in 1891–92 are the greatest ever by an all-rounder. He scored 271 in his only innings and had returns of 9/96 and 7/70 for a match analysis of 16/166. South Australia won by an innings and 164 runs.
There have been three instances of a player scoring two centuries in a match when achieving the double. B. J. T. Bosanquet scored 103 and 100* for Middlesex v Sussex at Lord's in 1905, also taking 3/75 and 8/53. In 1906, George Hirst scored 111 and 117*, plus 6/70 and 5/45, for Yorkshire v Somerset at the Bath Recreation Ground. In 1988, Franklyn Stephenson curiously made the same two scores as Hirst (111 and 117), as well as taking 4/105 and 7/117 for Nottinghamshire v Yorkshire at Trent Bridge.
Five players have taken ten wickets in an innings as part of a match double: V. E. Walker (10/74, 4/17, 20* and 108) for England v Surrey at The Oval in 1859; E. M. Grace (5/77, 10/69 and 192*) for Gentlemen of MCC v Gentlemen of Kent at Canterbury in 1862; W. G. Grace (2/60, 10/49 and 104) for MCC v Oxford University at The Parks, Oxford in 1886; Frank Tarrant (10/90, 1/22, 182* and 8*) for the Maharaja of Cooch-Behar's XI v Lord Willingdon's XI at the Deccan Gymkhana Ground in Poona in 1918–19; and Sean Whitehead (5/64, 10/36, 66 and 45) for South Western Districts v Easterns at the Recreation Ground, Oudtshoorn in 2021–22.
Wicket-keeping and fielding records
Five fielders have held more than 800 career catches: Frank Woolley (1,018), W. G. Grace (876), Tony Lock (831), Wally Hammond (820), and Brian Close (813). Hammond held the most catches in a season with 79 in 1928, including the record for the most catches in a match when he held ten playing for Gloucestershire against Surrey at the College Ground in Cheltenham. The record for most catches in an innings is seven, held jointly by Micky Stewart for Surrey against Northamptonshire at Northampton in 1957; Tony Brown for Gloucestershire against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge in 1966; and Rikki Clarke for Warwickshire against Lancashire at Aigburth Cricket Ground, Liverpool in 2011.
Bob Taylor holds the career record for dismissals by a wicket-keeper with 1,649 in 639 matches from 1960 to 1988. He took 1,473 catches and completed 176 stumpings. John Murray dismissed 1,527 batsmen in 635 matches with 1,270 catches and 257 stumpings. Taylor's 1,473 catches is also a world record. The record for most stumpings completed is 418 by Les Ames, including a season total of 64 in 1932. Ames dismissed 128 batsmen in 1929, the most in an English season.
The world record for dismissals in a match is fourteen (seven in each innings) by Ibrahim Khaleel for Hyderabad v Assam at the Nehru Stadium, Guwahati, in 2011–12. Khaleel held 11 catches and completed three stumpings. The record for dismissals in an innings is nine, held jointly by Tahir Rasheed and Wayne James. Tahir caught eight and stumped one for Habib Bank v Pakistan Automobiles Corporation at the Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala in 1992–93. James caught seven and stumped two for Matabeleland against Mashonaland Country Districts at Bulawayo Athletic Club Ground in the 1995–96 Logan Cup Final (James also scored 99 and 99* and is the only player to have scored 99 twice in the same match).
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- England v The Bs, 12–14 June 1810. CricketArchive. (Subscription site).
- MCC v Australians, 27 May 1878. CricketArchive. (Subscription site).
- England v The Bs, 12–14 June 1810. CricketArchive. (Subscription site).
- Matabeleland v Mashonaland Country Districts, 1995–96 Logan Cup Final. CricketArchive. (Subscription site). | <urn:uuid:0b9a0c86-e1c5-4e0e-bea2-f6f7dd97faea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://citizendium.org/wiki/First-class_cricket | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.973966 | 14,051 | 3.28125 | 3 |
- I have heard the leaders of this Church preach that peace can only come through the gospel of Jesus Christ. I am coming to understand why.
He speaks about some simple definitions of peace.
- The peace the gospel brings is not just the absence of war. It is the opposite of war. Gospel peace is the opposite of any conflict, armed or unarmed. It is the opposite of national or ethnic hostilities, of civil or family strife.
- There are wars between some nations, armed conflicts within others, and violent controversies in most. People are killed every day in some places, and hatred is practiced in many more. Peace is a victim everywhere.
- The blessings of the gospel are universal, and so is the formula for peace: keep the commandments of God. War and conflict are the result of wickedness; peace is the product of righteousness.
He speaks about our role as citizens of our countries. He reflects on the idea that peace is only found through individuals and if the citizens are not righteous, the nation will not be either, and peace will not be present.
- Democracy does not ensure peace. When a nation is governed according to the voice of its people, its actions will mirror the righteousness or wickedness of its people. We cannot have peace among nations without achieving general righteousness among the people who comprise them.
- If citizens do not have a basic goodness to govern their actions toward one another, we can never achieve peace in the world. One nation’s greed, hatred, or desire for power over another is simply a reflection of the greeds, hatreds, and selfish desires of individuals within that nation.
- Conversely, each citizen furthers the cause of world peace when he or she keeps the commandments of God and lives at peace with family and neighbors. Such citizens are living the prayer expressed in the words of a popular song, “Let there be peace on earth, and let it begin with me.”
President Oaks gives us the formula for what we can do to promote world peace.
- What can one person do to promote world peace? The answer is simple: keep God’s commandments and serve his children.
He speaks about the churches missionary efforts. Our missionaries are ambassadors for peace in this life and in the life to come.
- Our missionaries, young men and women and older couples, are workers for world peace. So are the faithful souls who support them. Like the church that sends them forth, our missionaries have no political agenda and no specific program for disarmament or reduction of forces. They circulate no petitions, advocate no legislation, support no candidates. They are the Lord’s servants, and his program for world peace depends on righteousness, not rhetoric. His methods involve repentance and reformation, not placards and picketing.
- By preaching righteousness, our missionaries seek to treat the causes of war. They preach repentance from personal corruption, greed, and oppression because only by individual reformation can we overcome corruption and oppression by groups or nations.
- By inviting all to repent and come unto Christ, our missionaries are working for peace in this world by changing the hearts and behavior of individual men and women.
He concludes with reminding us that peace come through the Savior and if we follow Him, we have have peace on earth.
- Jesus Christ is our Savior. He has taught us the way to live. If we follow him and have goodwill toward all men, we can have peace on earth.
We all wonder what we can do to find peace in our lives. President Oaks confirms what prophets through the ages have told us, that true and lasting peace in this life is only found when following the Savior and His teachings. We can each help in this effort by making sure that we are individually following the Savior and then encouraging others to do the same. | <urn:uuid:5be26638-6e83-4cce-8ede-0da1edddb3ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.ldsconf.blog/blog/oaks-world-peace-april-1990 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.949985 | 781 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ceramatec's advanced-materials specialists and electrochemists have developed a sodium-sulfur battery that potentially could produce 5 kilowatt-hours for 4 hours before needing to recharge. So far, Ceramatec's scientists only have a prototype--a super-thin ceramic conductor sandwiched between a sodium-metal anode and a sulfur-compound cathode--that proves the concept of a high-energy-density battery that operates at relatively low temperatures. But expectations for Ceramatec's battery are high. In April, the (Provo) Daily Herald profiled the company and its sodium-sulfur deep-storage battery, and called the technology "the single most important breakthrough for clean, alternative energy since Socrates first noted solar heating 2400 years ago." Here is Ceramatec CEO Ashok Joshi with the latest on the company's research.
PM: Tell us about the battery. What makes this technology so special?
Ashok Joshi: It's basically an off-grid energy-storage system. I call the battery "personalized energy." The whole idea of creating this battery is that you can have it interface with wind or solar power to store that energy. This addresses the issue of the wind not blowing, or the sun not shining all the time. That's the intent of the battery.
PM: Why have you decided sodium-sulfur is the way to go?
AJ: If you're going to develop a battery, cost is a major factor. Compare sodium versus lithium--sodium is everywhere, and it's plentiful. It's one of the most abundant elements on earth, so it's far less expensive than lithium.
Actually, Ceramatec's founding technology, in 1976, was a battery that used sodium-sulfur technology. Back then, in the early years, we were a small company and we struggled to get financial support. So we gave up in 1986. But we never gave up on the idea. We gave up on the effort to build the battery. We didn't give up on the idea that one day this battery could be the future of America.
PM: So by becoming a part of CoorsTek, Ceramatec now has that support?
AJ: Previously, I individually owned the company. And it was only a research and development company. I had no way to do full-scale commercialization. Joining with Coors opens up the possibility of commercializing technology. Because of CoorsTek, we'll get the funding we need.
It's a tall order to develop a battery. It requires huge amounts of capital resources to make it happen. For example, A123 raised almost half a billion dollars before they could make their batteries. So we're looking for large amounts of money. It depends on how much we can get, and how quickly we can get it, because we have a critical mass--critical employees--that we need to support and employ so we can develop the technology.
PM: What remains to be done in the development?
AJ: The eureka moment has passed. We know that this will work. The science is there. We just need to optimize it now. It just depends on finding the right anolyte--meaning the electrolyte of sodium plus something else. We have the ceramic membrane between, then the catholyte side--sulfur plus something else. We're in the lab trying combinations, and trying to find what is the best anolyte, and what is the best catholyte, and trying improve the electrolyte conductivity. Now if we make this ceramic membrane thin enough, which CoorsTek has a tremendous capability of doing, then we've got everything necessary to operate at ambient temperatures.
PM: How low can you go?
AJ: The only sodium batteries that exist now operate at high temperatures. We want to reduce the temperature of the battery so that it can operate around 100 degrees Celsius, rather than 400 degrees Celsius, which is now the standard. Because below 150 degrees Celsius, that becomes a manageable temperature if you want to put it in the home.
Today, in our laboratory, we've demonstrated the ambient temperature battery. But this has lower power because the electrolyte ceramic is thick right now. But if we make the thickness 100 times lower, then we've got it. We've proven we can cycle it, but there are challenges of making the electrolyte thin, and adjusting the anolyte, but we are working on it. We have a combination that is proof of the principle, which works brilliantly. But it works at a very low current. Now, we need to increase that current tremendously, so we need to work on a thinner electrolyte membrane, and optimize the anolyte and catholyte. Right now we are in the 1 milliamp range. We need to get that up to 100 millamp. If we want to do that and keep it at an ambient temperature, we need to reduce the thickness of the membrane. The other way, of course, is to increase the temperature. | <urn:uuid:b537184e-cfd7-4c8a-b0d3-8567faa15102> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to/a4643/4334490/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151699.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725143345-20210725173345-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.949334 | 1,045 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Rabbits in Australia are a serious pest but we've included them in our Australian animals because we saw so many of them growing up in the bush.
The spread of feral Rabbits from the initial release of only 24 in 1859 was rapid and destructive.
They are an invasive species whose introduction to Australia has caused devastation of habitats and is responsible for the major decline and extinction of many native Australian animals.
Growing up in the outback when our Father was a boundary rider on the Dingo Fence that seperates New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia we saw them all the time.
In fact we used to set traps and go shooting as well, our Father used to get paid for every pair he got.
Because our Father didn't earn a lot of money from being a boundary rider and he had to support our rather large family of six kids, he needed to supplement his income and he did so by selling the pairs.
We'd go out in our 4wd at night and Dad, along with one of our brothers at times, would shoot them, then our Mother and the older kids would skin them, gut them, pair them and hang them in the back of the 4wd.
The introduction of Rabbits in Australia by Thomas Austin was a serious mistake and he totally miscalculated the effects it would have on not only the native Australian animals but also on our plant life which to this day is still not fully known.
Austin believed the introduction of a few of them could do little harm and would bring a touch of his home to Australia.
But Australia had the perfect conditions for a population explosion. Because of our mild winters, they were able to breed for the whole year.
In 1901 the Western Australian Government started building the first Rabbit Proof Fence, it was finished in 1907 and at about 1,830 kilometres it was the longest Rabbit fence built.
In 1902, before the first fence was even finished, they had made their way past it, west of the fence.
Two more fences were built, the 2nd fence further west was started in 1905.
In 1950 the Australian Rabbit population had increased so much that Myxomatosis (a severe viral disease) was deliberately introduced into Australia and released into the population which caused a drop of around 500 million, this still left the population at about 100 million.
By 1991 the population had recovered to about 200-300 million due to genetic resistance.
In 1996 CSIRO scientists released calicivirus which turned out to be too successful because it killed too many, leaving some predators starving.
But no doubt they will find a way around this too.
When they're pet bunnies they are cute but when the population explodes as rapidly as it did in Australia and has the devastating consequences that they have had here they need to at least be controlled.
Go to next animal page: Australian Sea Lion
Return from Rabbits in Australia to Australian-Information-Stories home page | <urn:uuid:7ed92fe0-5c84-405f-83a0-8170f1259026> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.australian-information-stories.com/rabbits-in-australia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540542644.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212074623-20191212102623-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.984419 | 606 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There are four types of equalized property values: residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural. Residential property values are the largest contributor to the region’s total property values. In this post the 2016 total equalized values of residential properties are presented, meaning the values presented represent the municipality as a whole and not the average per residential property.
According to the State of Michigan, the equalized value of a property is the assessed value (which is about half the property’s market value and is set by the assessor) that has been adjusted by the County Board of Commissioners and the Michigan State Tax commission to ensure they are at the constitutional 50 percent level of assessment. All information presented in this post has been approved by the local county Board of Commissioners.
In the tri-county area (Macomb, Oakland and Wayne counties) Oakland County experienced the largest percentage increase in total equalized property values between 2015 and 2016. Oakland County experienced a 7.4 percent increase while Macomb and Wayne both experienced about a 1 percent increase.
In total, Oakland County also had the largest equalized property values in 2016 at $65,084,851,114 (more than $130 billion in actual value); residential values made up $49,933,653,218 (more than $100 billion in actual value) of that. The City of Troy in Oakland County had the highest total residential equalized property value in the county at about $3.8 billion (about $7.6 billion in actual value). This value was higher than Detroit’s total equalized residential property value of $2.5 billion ($5 billion in actual value). Wayne County’s total property value was $44,884,066,562; residential equalized property values made up $29,476,949,702 of that. The community in Wayne County with the highest total residential equalized property value was Grosse Ile with about a $3.3 billion total ($6.6 billion in actual value). In Macomb County the total equalized property value for the county in 2016 was $30,605,374,212 ($61.2 billion in actual value), with residential equalized property values making up $22,477,768,361 of that ($44.8 billion in actual value). Sterling Heights in Macomb County was the municipality in that county with the largest total residential equalized property value at about $3.5 billion ($7 billion in actual value). In Washtenaw County, where the total residential equalized property value was $13,045,788,080 ($26 billion in actual value), Ann Arbor had the highest total equalized residential property value, in the county and the region, at about $4.25 billion ($8.5 billion in actual value).
The map below shows that the municipalities with the highest total equalized values are mainly located in the Metro-Detroit area where home values and median incomes are traditionally higher. There are exceptions though, such as Detroit, where the median income and household value are below communities like Grosse Ile, Troy and Sterling Heights. However, Detroit is geographically the largest municipality in the state at about 139 square miles. The communities in the region with the lowest total equalized residential property values for 2016 are the rural communities, with larger amounts of agricultural land, located on the edge of the region in St. Clair, Livingston, Monroe and Washtenaw communities. In St. Clair and Monroe counties there was not one municipality where the total equalized residential property value was above $1 billion ($2 billion in actual value), while in Oakland County majority of the communities had total residential property values at or above that threshold. | <urn:uuid:01d9670c-6409-4efa-a609-df239d04361e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.drawingdetroit.com/residential-property-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424247.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723042657-20170723062657-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.919881 | 754 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Tap two pieces of jewelry together
One of the easiest and best ways to identify Bakelite jewelry is to tap two pieces together. You can identify from the sound whether the piece you are buying is original or not. Bakelite jewelry will generally make a deep clunking sound when tapped together, unlike any other jewelry.
Weight of the jewelry
Bakelite jewelry is heavier in comparison to other jewelry of the same size. You can hold the piece in your hand and determine from the weight whether the piece is original or not. If the weight of the Bakelite piece is heavier in comparison to any other jewelry of the same size that you are holding, it is an original.
Smell the Bakelite jewelry
Another way to check the Bakelite jewelry is to rub the piece with your thumb until it gets extremely warm. When it heats up due to friction, smell it. If the smell is like formaldehyde, you have an original piece in your hand.
Simichrome polish test
This is an effective test to identify Bakelite jewelry. You need to apply some amount of Simichrome polish to a small cloth. Rub the cloth on the piece of jewelry and if the cloth turns yellow after rubbing, the piece is an original. If the cloth does not turn yellow, the jewelry is a fake. You can also use a cotton swab instead of a piece of cloth.
A good way to check whether the Bakelite jewelry is original or not is to compare a set of Authentication tests. You can buy the jewelry if the test results are similar. | <urn:uuid:63c94a64-4788-416e-8e7a-9a8da265037a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.stepbystep.com/how-to-identify-bakelite-jewelry-104456/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585305.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020090145-20211020120145-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.894547 | 317 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Philadelphia has many historic African American sites because it was a major destination for African Americans fleeing the oppressive South. Unfortunately barely one percent of the Pennsylvania listings on the National Register of Historic Places are related to African American history.
Some changes are being made, and in 2012, the National Park Service added Joe Frazier’s Gym to the National Register of Historic Places and the National Trust added the gym to its 11 Most Endangered Historic Places list. The following year, the Philadelphia Historical Commission added Joe Frazier’s Gym to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.
A recent Hidden City post highlights some of the struggle to preserve African American historic sites in Philadelphia. | <urn:uuid:bee66d25-e598-4a6c-8e2e-3a393705d4b7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://is-dg.com/index.php/joe-frazier-gym-national-register-historic-places/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.934919 | 132 | 2.515625 | 3 |
German Physicist who co-developed a scanning and tunneling microscope, which earned him the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1987.
At just 10 years of age, without knowing much about the science, he decided to become a Physicist.
The scanning and tunneling microscope he invented allowed Scientists to study individual atoms, a breakthrough for its time.
He married Lore Wagler in 1969.
Ernst Ruska, his partner in developing the electron microscope, shared his Nobel Prize award. | <urn:uuid:b948f6ca-4cd0-49e8-a1ec-37dde11ab2df> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.idolnetworth.com/gerd-binnig-net-worth-147440 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527828.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722072309-20190722094309-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.979708 | 108 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Experts: Las Crucitas Logging Bad for Birds
At the center of the growing conflict over a planned open-pit gold mine on Costa Rica’s northern border is the great green macaw.
This emerald parrot is an endangered species on the rebound and depends on the mountain almond, a towering endangered hardwood, for its habitat and nearly all its food.
Researchers who have studied the bird say the Las Crucitas mine could strike a serious blow to the survival of this and other bird species in the northern Caribbean plains.
“Today, our great green macaw population is in a very precarious and fragile state, in which the smallest modification of its life conditions could carry it to extinction,” according to a 2002 report summarizing eight years of research by the Tropical Science Center (CCT).
Guiselle Monge, one of the two authors of the report and the country’s leading expert on the great green macaw, said there has not been an estimate of the bird’s population since 2002, when Costa Rica was believed then to have 210 individuals, but only 35 mating pairs.
The controversial gold mine is in the middle of some of the last great green macaw habitat in Costa Rica. To build it, the developers say, they must level almost two square kilometers of forest.
Two weeks ago, President Oscar Arias and Environment Minister Roberto Dobles issued a decree declaring the Las Crucitas mine, now in the construction phase, “of national interest,” a classification that would exempt it from laws prohibiting logging.
Arias said he has supported the mine since “long ago,” trusting that the jobs and tax income created will outweigh any environmental costs.
The decree gave permission to Industrias Infinito – the Costa Rican subsidiary of the Canadian mining firm Vannessa Ventures – to log 191 hectares of forest, totaling 11,000 trees and including nearly 200 mountain almond trees, which are also an endangered species.
Issued on Friday, Oct. 17, the decree was suspended the following Monday by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala IV), which ruled last month to halt any and all permits for logging the mountain almond until both it and the green macaw are off the endangered species lists.
The mining company felled 90 hectares, mostly forest but also former pastureland and plantations, before ordered to stop, according to the Environment, Energy and Telecommunications Ministry (MINAET).
It is unclear how many of the those were mountain almonds.
The Chief Prosecutor’s Office last week opened a criminal investigation of the president and the environment minister to determine whether the decree violated national laws (TT, Oct. 24).
Brushing off the legal concerns, Dobles – called before the Legislative Assembly this week to explain his reasoning – said the great green macaw is in no danger because the mining company would plant 100 newmountain almonds for every one it cut.
The mine site, he said, is “only occasionally passed through” by the green macaw and not used for nesting, according to the environmental study submitted by the mining company.
“As the green macaw does not nest in the area, there are no problems if the trees that are cut are substituted with the planting of new ones,” he said.
Costa Rica’s macaw experts, however, disagree.
Julio Sánchez, the founder of the Union of Ornithologists, an association of the country’s top bird researchers, said the macaw migrates across the humid Caribbean lowlands, following the maturation of the fruit of the yellow almond and other trees.
“It’s like they have an internal clock that tells them that at this time of year, the fruit is mature here,” he said. “What happens when they arrive and there are no trees?”
It’s like going on a long car trip and stopping at a gas station that has little or no gasoline, Sánchez said.
“If it doesn’t find food, the macaw has to travel farther and will be weak. When it’s weak it gets sick more easily and has a harder time reproducing.”
According to Monge, the biologist, the range of the macaw has already been reduced by 90 percent since the beginning of the 20th century as a result of deforestation from cattle ranching, banana plantations and, more recently, pineapple plantations.
Together with the 25 nongovernmental organizations and MINAET, Monge and other researchers hatched a conservation plan in the mid-1990s centering on the preservation of habitat through the creation of the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor.
The Las Crucitas mine site is in the middle of that corridor.
The mine also falls within an “important bird area” (IBA), a zone designated by the international bird conservation organization BirdLife International as critical to bird conservation.
“This IBA is based on the protection of the great green macaw,” said Luis Sandoval, a Union of Ornithologists researcher.
“But the problem is more than just the macaw,” he added. “It is estimated that between 3 billion and 5 billion migratory birds come through the Central American isthmus, and the majority of those pass through the Caribbean, and thus pass through Crucitas. ”
The 2002 report on macaw research found protecting the macaw has “an umbrella effect” because its habitat benefits “a multitude” of other species.
The conservation efforts of researchers and MINAET have had some success in bringing back the macaw, the Arias administration noted. Dobles said that the 2002 estimate of 35 mating pairs was an important increase over an estimate of 20 about 15 years ago.
Monge said the minimum number of mating pairs needed for a “genetically viable” population is 50. Sánchez and Monge, meanwhile, said a healthy population should have about 500 mating pairs.
“They are using the increase of 50 individuals to justify the destruction of their habitat,” Sánchez said. “It’s absurd.”
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Welcome to The Tico Times Weekly Digest, where we bring you up-to-speed on the biggest news from Costa Rica. Check… | <urn:uuid:e5e166a3-f4dd-44d3-9b15-2b12b8fe5032> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ticotimes.net/2008/10/31/experts-las-crucitas-logging-bad-for-birds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669967.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119015704-20191119043704-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.941257 | 1,407 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Although you might believe that technology will be a hindrance more than a help when it comes to your career, with many people thinking that robots will take over their jobs and finding it difficult to keep up with new technology, technology can also have a number of benefits for your career. This article will explore some of the top ways that you can harness the tech tools that are available to you in order to reach your career goals.
Helps You Create a Career Plan
If you are only just starting to consider the type of career that you would like to have, or if you are currently thinking of changing your career, you should use technology to help you to create an in-depth career plan. There are many tech tools that can help you to do this. For instance, there are an assortment of career websites online that can give you a host of information about the types of roles that are available, as well as the skills that you will need for them and their salaries. These websites can then help you to shape your career plan and to decide what the next steps that you need to take are.
As well as these career websites, there are many online career quizzes that can help anyone that is clueless about what job options are out there and what they might like to do. These career quizzes can help to match you with a job that suits your skillset and can encourage you to think of roles that you might never have considered before.
Technology can also help you to create a career plan, as many career advisors now work online. By using tools such as video conferencing software and email, you will be able to discuss your options with experts who have a detailed knowledge of your industry and the best pathways to success. They will also be able to help you to streamline your resume and make it attractive to employers at first sight.
Take Online Courses
However, many career options that you might be interested in now require you to have a degree or an equivalent qualification. This is because employers want to know that you have the right skills and knowledge to take on a certain role without excessive training. Then, once you have decided on a career that you think would be suitable for you, you should consider using technology to help you to learn new skills and knowledge about your chosen industry.
There are many online videos and tutorials that can help you to study up the basics of your job role. These can be useful when you simply want to brush up on skills that you already have or if you need a starting point to work from.
To make sure that employers recognize your hard work, though, you should consider taking online courses that can leave you with desirable qualifications at the end of your period of study. Although you might not always be able to complete these courses in person due to the location of the university in question, technology can allow you to take a qualification, such as Suffolk University’s MBA Online Program, without once having to go to the physical campus. This study option can be perfect for those who have other commitments or who want to work around their study. These courses include seminars and lectures, as well as digital resources that will enable you to complete assignments at a high level.
Search for Jobs
Once you have got all the skills that you need under your belt, technology can also help you to search for the best jobs in your area and beyond. One of the advantages of using technology to do this is that you will be able to find out about a wider variety of jobs in your sector without having to search for these individually or contact the company in question. You will also be able to find positions across the world by changing your location on these websites.
One of the best ways to find jobs using technology is to sign up to online job boards such as Indeed and Reed. These job boards are industry-neutral and allow you to see the salary and employee reviews of certain companies. There are also many more industry-specific job websites that can allow you to find out about available roles within the industry that you want to head into without having to filter out lots of irrelevant job openings.
You can also search for jobs online by looking at company websites. Many companies having a careers link at the bottom of their main page that will allow you to browse the current open positions with that company and to apply for them directly.
Once you have started to get established within your industry, or if you are looking to get in the back door of your sector, you will know how important networking is if you want to find out about the latest jobs, meet people who can open doors for you, and learn about the latest developments within your industry.
However, in-person networking events are not for everybody, especially if you are a shy person. Not only this, but you might not always be able to find a local networking group or a networking group for your industry near where you live. Therefore, you should consider using technology to network with other professionals. You can do this by signing up for digital networking groups and events. This will help you to learn more information about your industry in the form of workshops and conferences while also allowing you to be in the same digital space as the top professionals in your sector.
You might also decide to create a professional social media account for yourself as this can allow you to be found by potential employers and to follow the careers of others, as well as to contact the people that you admire directly. You can also use the business tags on non-professional social media websites to find the people talking about the subjects and careers that you are interested in. This could potentially help you to get inside information as well as tips and tricks.
If you want to stay connected at all times, though, you should consider downloading applications onto your mobile that could be useful for your career. For instance, many people decide to use productivity apps regularly. These apps can help you to succeed at any stage of your career. For instance, they can not only help you to stop procrastinating when you are in the workplace, but they can also help you to set targets in terms of how many jobs you want to apply for each day.
Productivity apps are not the only ones that could be helpful to you, though. For instance, calendar apps can ensure that you never miss a meeting or an interview again. They can also allow you to monitor your deadlines and to arrange your workload with these deadlines in mind. These apps can then allow you to be a model employee, opening you up to promotions and pay rises.
You might also consider downloading an organization app. These can allow you to keep track of all your projects and every single aspect of your workload. They can also help you to keep notes and lists together and ensure that you can tick all of your to-do list activities off one by one. This can then allow you to stay on top of everything that you need to do in a busy working environment.
If you want to work from anywhere, though, you should consider using software such as the cloud. The cloud allows you to store important documents securely and to retrieve these documents from a variety of different devices. By using the cloud, you will be able to access the software that you need from anywhere as long as you have a device with you.
Attend Interviews Remotely
If you are trying to find a job in a distant location, such as if you are planning to work abroad or move for your career, it can be difficult to juggle the different aspects of the interview process. However, rather than having to constantly travel in order to try and secure a job, which can be a waste of time and money, technology can help you to land the job of your dreams without moving a muscle.
This is because many employers are now conducting remote interviews due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and some of these employers will be continuing to conduct interviews remotely for a long time to come. Then, you should consider suggesting a remote interview or looking for job openings that can allow you to use video conferencing software in order to speak face-to-face with your potential future employer.
Gives Flexible Working Opportunities
However, one of the most revolutionary outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic for the world of work is the transition to remote working. Although remote working is not always ideal for some people, especially if they are social butterflies or are prone to procrastination, the rise of remote working can open you up to many different work opportunities by ensuring that you are not barred from certain roles due to your location. This is especially important if you live in a rural area or if your industry is centered in a certain part of the country. Not only this, but many employers are also starting to see the advantage of flexible working opportunities for their employees, including better productivity.
Then, you should consider speaking to your employer about the option of remote working. If you are currently looking for a job, you should also consider looking for remote roles. Although these are mostly found on normal job sites, there are also many career websites that have been developed with working from home in mind. Not only this, but if you are looking for remote work, you might also consider searching for freelance roles, which can often be performed from any location.
Find Information About Your Industry
Lastly, technology can be a great tool for those that need to conduct research into their industry. By performing a quick Google search, you will get millions of relevant search results that can help you to find out more about the state of your industry. This can allow you to answer interview questions in detail and can ensure that you have put the right information on your resume. Researching your industry online can also help you to boost your knowledge and stay up to date when you finally get the job of your dreams.
You can also use the internet to find out information about the companies that you are interested in working for. For instance, you can find out more about their values and company culture, the type of roles that they have available, their hiring process, what they do, and even their financial position. This can help you to discover companies that you might be interested in working for, as well as the steps that you need to take to make your employment dreams become a reality.
Succeeding in your career is notoriously difficult, and most people will have to work hard for years to get the role of their dreams. However, technology can make this difficult road just a little bit easier. This is because it can give you all the tools that you need to find out information about the career that you have in mind, look for job roles, and even ensure that you are able to perform your job responsibilities well when you do achieve your career goals. There is no one way to use technology to benefit your career, though. Using this article, you will be able to find the best way to use technology in order to push yourself forward on your own career path and find success. | <urn:uuid:87728d9c-f658-4c04-877c-158ce9416ba8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hannawears.com/2021/06/16/how-can-technology-benefit-your-career/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.97255 | 2,226 | 2.625 | 3 |
Reshaping & Piercing
Some societies focus on the same part of the body but shape or pierce it in different ways for different reasons... the Dogon of Mali file their teeth into sharp points but in Bali pointed teeth are associated with monsters and negative energies such as jealousy and anger, so people's teeth are filed flat.
Reshaping can alternatively be a more permanent modification of the human musculoskeletal system through practices such as head shaping, foot binding and surgery. There is mention of reconstructive surgery in India and Rome in antiquity although it only really developed as a discipline in the early 20th century as surgeons tried to repair the ravaged faces and bodies of soldiers wounded in the First World War. Such 'plastic' or 'cosmetic' surgery procedures are still used to correct birth defects as well as disfigurements caused by injury or disease such as burns or scars. Increasingly however it is being used on a voluntary basis, to tuck, lift, smooth, reduce or inflate bodies in attempt to look younger and slimmer. Since youth and slenderness are most closely linked to the feminine ideal of beauty in Western society the majority of these procedures are undertaken by women although there is a growing trend for cosmetic surgery among men. Today it is technically possible to reshape every exterior part of the body.
In addition, reshaping can be used to alter the appearance of one of the body's more flexible assets, skin, through piercing or stretching. Piercing is an ancient form of body adornment and is done for cultural or religious reasons by some while for others, particularly in the modern West, it can be a very personal act done for spiritual, ornamental, or sexual reasons.
Whether personally or culturally motivated, reshaping creates a particular visual effect. This is usually in accord with aesthetic values to which all or most members of that society ascribe and pronounce as the definition of beauty. To be not so shaped or marked may exclude that person from social life. The practical experience of such exclusion may vary dramatically between different places in the world. Among the Mursi in Ethiopia, for example, the insertion of a wooden plate into a girl's lip at puberty – which increases incrementally in size year on year – is the traditional signal to the members of her group that she is now a woman and eligible to marry. The plates are only worn on special occasions such as rituals, dances and duelling contests, but should she fail to observe these customs, she may be called lazy and could risk losing some of the bridewealth pledged by her prospective groom. In Mesoamerica the wearing of large ear-spools made of valuable materials such as gold, jade and obsidian were a mark of high status and permitted their wearer authority and influence in the community. In the Western world, reshaping is more often an individual choice but those who fall outside of fashion diktats and bodily norms may be subjected to social prejudices; for example, those people whose teeth are not white and straight, those with unconventional body piercings, or those who alter their bodies in other non-conformist ways.
Some societies focus on the same part of the body but shape or pierce it in different ways for different reasons. Teeth and ears are good examples; the Dogon of Mali file their teeth into sharp points but in Bali pointed teeth are associated with monsters and negative energies such as jealousy and anger, so people's teeth are filed flat. If a person dies before this procedure can be carried out, it is performed on the corpse to prevent ill-fortune befalling the soul in the afterlife. Ear piercings among the Dogon are linked to the ear's visual resemblance to the female sex organs. However, other there are those who regard the ear as an orifice vulnerable to evil intrusions and use earrings as a form of protection.
Teeth are also a good illustration of how some practices endure over the centuries. Dental jewellery is gaining popularity as a cosmetic enhancement in modern society led, like so many contemporary trends, by the celebrity scene. However, it is by no means new: remains of Mayan people, who thrived on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula from 1000 BC to AD 800, have been discovered with small gemstones implanted in the front teeth.
Further information is available in the Museum's Introductory Guide to reshaping the body, which is available here. | <urn:uuid:e9af6189-44a6-4d86-8a3f-5e878512b7e0> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/permanent-body-arts/reshaping-and-piercing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500815050.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021335-00223-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959517 | 903 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Three distinct Drawing Rooms with a variation on the same theme — British Raj and Victorian influences still play a key role in our decorative schemes for drawing rooms
By Saima Malik
n the days of the British Raj, the drawing room, also referred to as the parlor, was the most lavishly appointed room in the Victorian home. The decor reflected the prosperity and status, as well as the aesthetic and cultural interests of the occupants of the house. It usually was the most spacious room in the house with the highest ceilings, the most elaborate architectural designs and the most sumptuous decorations and furnishings. Though styles of decor varied, the one thing that remained constant was the feminine touch.
The favored wallpaper pattern incorporated scrolls, vines and birds and were generally small-scale and finely detailed. Ceiling moldings were elaborately carved and painted in lighter tones taken from the color of the walls. Decorations were added to the ceiling, usually in the corners and around the chandelier. Window drapery was also a significant feature. The drapes were made of white muslin, during the spring and summer and, sumptuous fabrics such as velvet, brocade and silk during the fall and winter. Folded and held back with ropes or scroll shaped fitments embellished with tassels, ribbons and festoons. Amongst all the sofas, chairs, footstools and tables, the largest item was the upholstered sofa. Nowhere else in the house did the fashion for uninhibited ornamentation and deep, rich fabrics and color scheme find better expression than in the drawing room. The intention was to create a room which was ostentatious enough to be noticed and comfortable enough to be hospitable.
Pakistan may have become independent in 1947, but the colonial influences remain strong in our homes. The size of our Drawing Rooms may have decreased and distinct ceiling moldings may have become scarce but drawing rooms are still effective status symbols and benchmarks of our success in the world. Here’s looking at three distinctive well-done drawing rooms, done by three equally different women: Tanveer Ijaz, Nasim Qadir and Faiza Malik from different walks of life, a house wife, a social worker and a doctor, I found an underlying common theme.
As in Victorian times, no matter the size of the space under consideration the ideology still seems to be the same.
Separate schemes, themes and ideas were employed but the main purpose of this room still reflects the status and aesthetics of the lady of the house – depicting “glamour”, “exclusivity” and “impeccable taste”!
All three drawing rooms may not contain the most expensive furniture in town but they do contain individual and exclusive knickknacks and personal touches that provide a brilliant frame for the whole setting — for example exceptionally done dry flower arrangement that add a brilliant splash of color; expensive crystal pieces grouped together on a center table and interesting pottery, clay works and handmade local artifacts.
Rich and Shiny, Solid and Luxurious Upholstery
The furniture, be it comfortable sturdy upholstered sofas of Nasim Qadir, delicate feminine settees in Dr Faiza Malik’s drawing room or Victorian era chairs gracing Tanveer Ijaz’s drawing room – all are draped in shiny fabric of various hues of beige, white and cream. Here prints are avoided or scantily used while plain, good quality fabric in shiny colors or self print preferred. The clean smooth lines of their furniture are best displayed by such colors and they off set the vibrant colors of the rug and assorted paintings.
Oriental carpets and glass topped centre tables
Another common but highly successful trick is the placement of one square rug, roughly 5 by 5 feet of oriental design in the middle of the room under the centre table. The centre tables are glass topped to provide a clear view of the intricate design below. The rug colors again common to all three lovely rooms are dark: successfully bringing out the lighter shades used in the room.
Strategically placed lights
The lighting is provided by strategically placed spotlights which softly highlight the best features of a corner, huge scenic lamps as well as the lone chandelier dazzling in its crystal brilliance, lend the word festive to the atmosphere.
Dramatic window treatments
The curtains again followed the common thread of filmy, flimsy and opulent! The stuff used is velvet satin, good cotton, all guaranteeing a good fall and for the sheers embroidered organza or net. Jeweled curtain ties further enhance the luxurious effect.
Jazzing up the immaculate view are some very innovative ideas like a sumptuous elongated window seat lined with colorful cushions which looks over Tanveer Ijaz’s well– groomed gardens. Another is a glitzy but not gaudy chandelier at Nasim Qadir’s place coupled with a huge painting of a mosque in somber colors dominating one of her walls. Dr Faiza Malik has an interesting settee with embroidered sides and carved lionesses for feet just next to a beautiful armoire!
Soft color schemes
Another common theme is the use of soft colors for walls and upholstery, adding dabs of colors in the form of flowers, knickknacks, rugs and of course the sophisticated touch: gorgeous paintings.
This article was originally published in the print edition of Valuemag, issue 5, September 2008 | <urn:uuid:3d589074-6a1b-40b8-97b7-c2a38c3f764f> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.tkfr.com/?p=6444 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657130272.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011210-00071-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942548 | 1,147 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Each student was given a drug to write about, which required research on how those drugs are abused and the potential consequences of abuse. As the mother of a soon-to-be high school student, I was pleased that the kids in her class were getting a more in-depth exposure to the consequences of drug abuse of all types, including the sometimes less talked about prescription drug problem, rather than just the all too familiar admonition we give our kids to “Just say no.”
But as I was thinking about Hoffman and his addiction issues, which so many people had assumed he’d beaten after 20-plus years of being clean, I wondered how good of a job we do of incorporating discussions about addiction into the ‘why drugs are bad for you’ lessons we teach our children.
From the discussions we’ve had with our 14-year-old, I know that at this point in her life she is genuinely puzzled why in the world anyone would consider abusing any of the substances they’ve learned about – marijuana, cocaine, pills, heroin and more – if they are aware that an overdose, or the wrong combination of drugs in smaller amounts, could kill them. But is it possible to get our kids to truly understand that when it comes to addiction, users have little or no control without the right support? Or that no matter how they think about drugs today, they, too, could become addicts? Our daughter’s science teacher confirmed to me that the class has talked about what addiction is, but is a definition ever really enough to get our teens to truly understand the stark and possibly deadly realities of addiction?
Even if we get our kids to listen, a recent study about whether adolescent brains are more susceptible to addiction suggests that “there is substantial evidence that adolescents engage in dangerous activities, including drug abuse, despite knowing and understanding the risks involved,” and that, sadly, the developing teen brain might actually be “pre-wired” for behavior that could lead to addiction.
So while the recent news about Hoffman is horrible, I hoped that I could use it as one of those famed parental “teaching moments.” Maybe, I thought, the unfolding news reports about how a successful adult with a family and everything to look forward to in the world, and who had been clean for so long, would get her focused on addiction as a dangerous reality, rather than just an abstract concept.
Unless there is a family history of addiction, there is no way to know which of us is susceptible to becoming an addict. And with teens being notorious for not being the best practitioners of self control, how do we find a way to get our kids to internalize the real dangers of going down that rabbit hole?
According to the authors of that same study about adolescent brains, “A provocative statement would argue that science should better see the adult world with adolescent eyes, rather than seeing the adolescent world using an adult watch.” With that thought in mind, maybe the answer is to get her talking about how Hoffman, and others like him, became addicts in the first place. During the filming of the movie Charlie Wilson’s War, Hoffman told Aaron Sorkin that if one of them died from a drug overdose, he hoped that it could be used as a lesson to keep others from suffering the same fate.
It might be a tall order to get adults to see the world through the eyes of their adolescents as they talk with them about stories like Hoffman’s. But if we can use the lessons of Hoffman’s addiction to keep just a handful of teens alive, it will be worth the effort.
Joanne Bamberger is an independent journalist who is also the author of the book Mothers of Intention: How Women and Social Media are Revolutionizing Politics in America. She is also the publisher of the The Broad Side. You can find her on Twitter at @jlcbamberger. | <urn:uuid:9eb9836f-3572-414a-ad18-1713519d03ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.the-broad-side.com/can-our-kids-truly-understand-philip-seymour-hoffmans-fate-joanne-bamberger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.970859 | 809 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Search The Library's Lexicon
that which is put before. The word has several significations; sometimes it means the statements which have been before made; as, I act upon these premises; in this sense, this word may comprise a variety of subjects, having no connexion among themselves; it signifies a formal part of a deed; and it is made to designate an estate. estates. Lands and tenements are usually, called premises, when particularly spoken of as, the premises will be sold without reserve.conveyancing. That part in the beginning of a deed, in which are set forth the names of the parties, with their titles ana additions, and in which are recited such deeds, agreements, or matters of fact, as are necessary to explain the reasons upon which the contract then entered into is founded; and it is here also the consideration on which it is made, is set down, and the certainty of the thing granted. The technical meaning of the premises in a deed, is every thing which precedes the habendum.
equity pleading. That part of a bill usually denominated the stating part of the bill. It contains a narrative of the facts and circumstances of the plaintiff's case, and the wrongs of which he complains, and the names of the persons by whom done, and against whom he seeks redress. | <urn:uuid:9603efe6-460d-450d-94c6-ef6c41c7b97f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/p141.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320865.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626203042-20170626223042-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.972864 | 274 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Srebrenica-enclave history
About 90 kilometres north east from Sarajevo, you will find a place called Srebrenica.
In earlier days this was a quiet little town with rather modern buildings built around
a small heart of old houses. It found its reason for existence from the nearby springs
such as a health resort and small industry. The industry existed mainly out of a
furniture factory, a marble factory and a weaving mill. Before the rupture started,
approximately six thousand inhabitants lived here of which the Moslems were in the
About four kilometres north of Srebrenica you will find Potocari. The heart of this
town is formed by a three forked road with ribbon development to the west. In this
small town you could find unaffected industry such as a concrete factory, a mechanical
workshop and a battery factory. This side of town also contained a bus station. The
Srebrenica-enclave formed itself around Srebrenica and had a fourteen by sixteen
kilometres circled shape. Amongst the more important towns as Srebrenica and Potocari,
the enclave also contained several small villages. Mountains surrounded the enclave.
Huge hills arouse from the north side of which Lisina and Jabuco are the highest.
On the eastern side mountain tops rising to a peak of a thousand metres were found
which consisted mostly of woods. The southern boundary was formed by a mountainous
area with beautiful views. Mount Kak was part of this scenery. West of the enclave
there were steep and untamed mountain ridges with hardly any vegetation. Rough grounds
formed the enclave itself. Woods were found here as well as agricultural grounds
The enclave’s road network was formed by a through road from OP Pappa – a northern
observation post which was also called ‘the enclave’s door’ – to OP Echo, south of
the enclave. This road ran through Potocari and Srebrenica. To the east of Srebrenica
there was a moderate paved road that led past the dumping-ground to OP Romeo. The
other roads were either half paved or not paved at all. These roads could only be
used in good weather conditions.
The enclave board and management worked from within the opstima –the town hall-.
The tasks of the obstima are quite similar to a city council. The most important
people were the president and the vice-president. The presidential post was more
like a representative position. The executional power however lay in the hands of
the vice-president. Nearly all managing functions were divided amongst people who
had been decorated during the war. The only group that was allowed to be armed were
the Moslem police. Approximately 60 policemen actually carried a gun.
Until the mid eighties Moslems (60 to 70%) and Bosnian Serves (30 to 40%) lived peacefully
next to each other in two separate districts Srebrenica and Bratunac. After Tito’s
death all kinds of different political party’s originated. Most political party’s
were based on ethnical birth and reflected strong national feelings. The Serves were
in the minority in eastern Bosnia and they felt threatened when the Moslem party’s
started taking over several local boards. Milosovic took advantage of this situation
and begun spreading out his Big-Servian thoughts. This caused a mutually cooled down
relationship between the Moslems and Bosnian Serves in which both party’s fell back
on the past.
Incidents from the past were stirred up again which caused fierce discussions about
right and wrong. In spite of the Slovenian and Croatian war, the Bosnian government
still believed they could stay out of the battle. Meanwhile Karadzic, the Bosnian
Serve was put forward as leader. Whereupon Karadzic started arming his men with the
Serves help. Due to the previous Moslem board’s mainly passive conduct, the only
armed Moslems left were the police and a few hunters.
In the beginning of April 1992 a military unit appeared ten kilometres north of Srebrenica
consisting mainly out of Bosnian Serves. This unit was well armed, mainly with weapons
that came from the previous Yugoslavian army. At the same time several aggressive
Servian para-military party’s arrived who started intimidated the Moslems. They tried
to disarm the Moslem police and divided the community up into Moslem en Servian areas.
Moslems were also more often getting unintentionally picked up. In Srebrenica this
was also happening. But the disarming of the police failed here, mainly because the
police hid in the mountains. The Yugoslavian people realised that war was irreversible.
Many Srebrenica residents left their homes and travelled to Tuzla. Amongst these
residents were also nearly all of the local leading politicians and other important
public leaders. Apart from the Moslems, a lot of Servian inhabitants also moved out.
Some of them with the intention of joining up with the Servian army unit and others
because of not wanting to get involved in a war against there neighbours. As happened
in Bratunac, a number of Servian inhabitants stayed so they could force their will
on the Moslem people who were in the majority.
The ultimate and the battle
The Bosnian Serves continued their intimidations. They also gave the Moslems an ultimatum
to hand over their weapons. This ultimatum expired at 10 o’clock on April 18th 1992.
The next day the first mortar firings took place and were fired off from the Bratunac
area aimed at Potocari. Most of the inhabitants had already fled. Also small villages
in the near aria were taken under fire. Immediately after the first firing the para-military
group ‘Arkonovic’ pulled up from Bratunac, invaded Potocari and started house plunderings.
At night they quartered at the profile factory. On Monday April 20, 1992 a group
of seventeen armed Moslems led by Maser Oric, attacked the Arkanovic group which
caused the death of thirteen Serves and. Also a number of weapons and vehicles were
confiscated. The same night three revengeful groups of approximately 50 to 60 Serves
pulled up from Bratunac to Potocari. Their only goal was revenge for this defeat.
They went looking for Naser Oric, but he and his men had positioned themselves in
the mountains with their gained weapons and vehicles. The remaining population of
Potocari also fled to avoid revenge actions. The revenge groups satisfied themselves
by putting fire to the bus station, the lorry garage and a few houses. From that
moment on Scebrenica was regularly taken under fire. This continued until May 10,
1992. The local Serves were supported by several para-military groups in their attempt
to capture Srebrenica. On a regular basis they plundered the town, often helped by
the inhabitant Serves who stayed behind. Because of this more people took refuge
in the mountains.
The eventual ‘Srebrencia battle’ took place on May 6 and 7, 1992. It was not a huge
bombastic military attack, but looked more like an uncontrolled battle between Moslems
and Serves which mainly took place in the Turkish Fort area. The Serves had the benefit
of firing support from the previous Yugoslavian army (JNA) from the Bratunac and
Zalazje area. One of the Servian forces, which was part of the radical Servian Party
(SDS) was led by the previous Srebranica judge Goran Zekic. This Goran was one of
the most important initiators of the regional ethnical contradictions. On the 8th
of May he was present at the funeral of a comrade who died in action which took place
on a cemetery near the sports stadium. Three Moslem comrades were instructed by Naser
Oric to lay out an ambush. Returning to headquarters Goran Zekic fell into the ambush
and was killed. Also one of the ambushers, a seventeen year old Moslem died. The
Serves were shocked by the death of Goran Zekci en panicked. They pulled out of Srebrenica
and from that day on Srebrenica was totally controlled by the Moslems. But the revenge
of the Serves was hideous, in the sporting centre hundreds of Moslems, especially
men, were brutally murdered.
Expansion of the Moslem area
Nasar Oric decided to take advantage of the Servian confusion by seizing the nearby
villages. But before the fighting took place, the Servian village Cimanici signed
a loyalty notification and surrendered all their weapons to Nasar. This village was
left in peace. Nasar also signed an agreement with two other Moslem battle groups.
Their leaders were Hakija Meholic and Zulfo Tursunovic. Zulfo was an ex-prisoner
and his power was purely based on the nations fear for the Bosnian Serves army (the
BSA). The connection between Naser and Hakija wasn’t very well. They picked quarrels
and Naser blamed Hakija for being a coward. But even so, Naser built a territorial
defence for Srebrenica with these men. In earlier days Nasar had accomplished a high
quality education at the anti-terrorism force during the previous Yugoslavian days.
He therefore controlled many useful fighting techniques. Many times he dislocated
his troops which confused the Serves highly. He also used the Servian fear for Mujahedin-combats
and disguised his men as Mujahedins. In despite of the different points of view,
Nasar succeeded in signing agreements with other Moslem combat groups. He assembled
his own group with the groups of Zulfo, Hamdija en Hakija into one combat. Due to
this he was able to take in more Serves territory in eastern Bosnia. His successful
tactic was to attack villages on Servian holidays. Many villages were totally destroyed
and many Serves were killed during these attacks. For example, many Serves were killed
under the command of Nasar Oric by the united Moslem combats during the attack on
the Zalazaje village on July 12, 1992. Nasar almost succeeded to unite the Moslem
groups in mid Bosnia. This however failed because the commander of the 2nd corps
BiH (the Bosnian Moslem army), the Croatian general Zeljko Knezer, refused to start
up an assault from Tuzla.
The battle’s turning-point
Due to a tactical fault, Nasar’s successful march came to and end. He neglected to
take in Bratunac and therefore missed an opportunity to control an important supply
route. Instead he tried to drive the Serves into the Drina at Skelani. This attack
succeeded; within a few days time after the attack started, the Moslem fighters stood
on the Drina bridge at Skelani. Meanwhile the Bosnian Serves launched a counter attack.
Reinforcements gathered from all over Bosnia to take on to accomplish the counter
attack. The Servian republic supported the raid with artillery and aeroplanes and
the Bosnian Serves were supported by Russian en Hungarian soldiers of fortune. On
January 20, 1993, the attack started and succeeded. Mainly due to the use of heavy
artillery and a superior force, the Moslems were forced back on all sides suffering
heavy casualties. Kamenica was the first loss on the Moslem side, followed by Cerska
and Konjevic Polje. The Servian progress also caused a huge refugee flow in the direction
of Srebrenica. Eventually the Moslems were forced back into the enclave area and
after that Srebrenica was bombed and taken under heavy firings. The firings ceased
after the arrival of general Morrilon on May 6, 1993. He asked for international
attention through television cameras whilst standing on the Srebrenica post office
building for the Moslems who by then were surrounded in the enclave area by the Serves.
The United Nations then decided to claim the enclave as safe area and begun demilitarising
the area. This event stopped the Serves wiping Srebrenica completely from the map.
A Canadian Unprofor-unit was sent out by the United Nations to see to the up living
of the established mandate. | <urn:uuid:ac092d31-cfa2-45c4-8246-53a7123e8efd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://dutchbat1.com/engels%20.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215404.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819224020-20180820004020-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.973496 | 2,681 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Interlaced scan is a display signal type in which one-half of the horizontal pixel rows are refreshed in one cycle and the other half in the next, meaning that two complete scans are required to display the screen image.
The i in a TV signal specification such as 1080i stands for interlaced scanning. The number indicates the number of horizontal lines in a raster. In an interlaced scan, alternating rows of pixels are refreshed in each cycle. This means that in a 60hz signal, alternating pixels rows are refreshed at 30hz each. Refreshing only half of the pixels per cycle reduces the bandwidth required for the display.
Bandwidth considerations like this were of greater concern for analog television and CRT, where bandwidth costs were high throughout the entire production. As the bandwidth in devices and Internet connections both increase, and people generally move toward higher image fidelity, progressive scan is generally preferable to interlaced display.
The main drawback of interlaced scanning is that images tend to flicker, and motion -- especially vertical motion -- appears jerky. LCD displays are natively progressive scan; displaying interlaced video requires conversion. Most LCD displays have converters, but for minimal quality loss, conversion requires ample visual processing power. Higher power graphics cards tend to include good quality de-interlacing as a feature. In some devices, de-interlacing leaves artifacts. | <urn:uuid:e3921203-f798-4e62-8532-57161faffd0b> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/interlaced-scanning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398471436.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205431-00178-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9184 | 283 | 3.390625 | 3 |
‘Manufacturer Representative’ & ‘Manufacturer Distributor’ are terms that we come across in economics. These are the entities involved in the buying & selling processes of goods of companies. Though the two appear to have a lot in common, they differ in more ways than one. Each has a different role to play in the life cycle of a business. We will first try to understand their respective functions through definitions & examples, & then see how they differ from each other by going through a well-analyzed comparison chart.
A Manufacturer’s Representative also called an ‘Independent Sales Representative’ or a ‘Sales Agent’ or a ‘Sales Broker’ is a company or sales agency or even independent contractors that act as the representative for a company & sell its goods & services to wholesale & retail customers. Representatives are like business partners on whom the businesses are directly dependent.
Example- Pharmaceutical companies employ sales representatives to show & sell samples of their medicines to physicians.
A distributor is a wholesale customer who buys goods from a company in bulk, & sells them to sub-distributors or retail customers.
Example- Film distributors such as Sony Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures & Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. A film distribution company buys movies & sells them for theatrical viewing, online downloading/viewing or as DVDs & CDs according to the contract made with the production company.
Representative Vs Distributor
Both, representatives & distributors are third parties to a company that seem to perform the same function of selling goods of a company to customers. So how exactly do they differ from each other? The major difference between the two lies in their accountability to the company they represent or buy from.
A company’s sales representative is highly accountable to the company. The entire responsibility of the marketing process, starting from finding customers, explaining the products, negotiating costs, scheduling & discussing the delivery methods to rendering the company’s goods & services lies in the hands of the representative. On the other hand, a distributor doesn’t hold any accountability to the company he buys from; rather, the company is accountable to the distributor for the quality of the products they sell.
In other words, a representative is like a business partner & a distributor is like a customer.
Other & minor differences between a manufacturer’s representative & manufacturer’s distributor are tabulated below:
|Manufacturer Representative||Manufacturer Distributor|
|1) A manufacturer’s representative is paid by companies in the form of commissions, which depends upon the number of successful sales.||1) A manufacturer’s distributor makes money by selling goods to customers.|
|2) A representative keeps with him a small sample collection of goods his company sells, to show or demonstrate to the customers.||2) A distributor buys goods from companies in large amounts to sell.|
|3) A representative takes care of marketing products of the company he acts as a mediator to.||3) A distributor, along with marketing products bought for his own business, also takes care of their transportation & storage.|
|4) A representative is a major part of a company & the two are directly dependent on each other.||4) A distributor is not a part of a company, & the two are indirectly dependent on each other.|
|5) A representative doesn’t buy goods from a company; rather, he offers & sells goods & services on the company’s behalf to customers.||5) A distributor buys products from companies & sells them to customers.|
|6) Sales representatives don’t employ distributors.||6) Distributors employ in-house sales representatives.|
|7) Representatives are posted to specific geographical locations based on the number of potential customers.||7) Goods are sold to interested distributors from any geographical location.|
|8) Representatives have in-depth knowledge of products & are trained to demonstrate the working products.||8) Distributors also know each and everything of the products they sell.|
|9) Representatives mostly look for potential customers.||9) In most cases, customers approach distributors.|
|10) Educational qualifications along with soft skills are necessary to get hired as a sales representative.||10) A distributor is not expected to fulfill any educational requirements to buy & sell goods.|
For a company to brave the tough competition from other companies, & sell its products successfully, thereby making its mark in the industry, it’s important to have a smart & strong sales force. Your sales department is the main driving force for your company’s success. Hexis is one such company that offers industries with the best professional sales representatives & advisors in the areas of Machine Trade Tooling, Production & Milling. With an experience of over 7 years & a highly knowledgeable & technically advanced team, & having catered to many successful businesses, Hexis is the one-stop for promoting your business. | <urn:uuid:39e9f931-96f6-44ec-9f72-5e8c758d0e26> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://hexisreps.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-manufacturers-representative-a-distributor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.946872 | 1,047 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Performance of MODIS Deep Blue Collection 6.1 Aerosol Optical Depth Products Over Indonesia: Spatiotemporal Variations and Aerosol Types
This study aims to evaluate the performance of the long-term Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) Collection 6.1 (C6.1) in determining the spatiotemporal variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol types over Indonesia. For this purpose, monthly MODIS DB AOD datasets are directly compared with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 Level 2.0 (cloud-screened and quality-assured) monthly measurements at 8 sites throughout Indonesia. The results indicate that MODIS DB AOD retrievals and AERONET AOD measurements have a high correlation in Sumatra Island (i.e., Kototabang (r = 0.88) and Jambi (r = 0.9)) and Kalimantan Island (i.e., Palangkaraya (r = 0.89) and Pontianak (r = 0.92)). However, the correlations are low in Bandung, Palu, and Sorong. In general, MODIS DB AOD tends to overestimate AERONET AOD at all sites by 16 to 61% and can detect extreme fire events in Sumatra and Kalimantan Islands quite well. Aerosol types in Indonesia mostly consist of clean continental, followed by biomass burning/urban industrial and mixed aerosols. Palu and Sorong had the highest clean continental aerosol contribution (90%), while Bandung had the highest biomass burning/urban-industrial aerosol contribution to atmospheric composition (93.7%). For mixed aerosols, the highest contribution was found in Pontianak, with a proportion of 48.4%. Spatially, the annual mean AOD in the western part of Indonesia is higher than in the eastern part. Seasonally, the highest AOD is observed during the period of September–November, which is associated with the emergence of fire events.
Aerosol is a collection of liquid and solid particles measuring 0.001–100 microns that are suspended in the atmosphere, except for hydrometeors (raindrops, cloud droplets, ice crystals, and snowflakes) . Based on the source, aerosols consist of natural sources and anthropogenic sources [2, 3]. Natural sources include sea spray, mineral dust, vegetation fires, and volcanic ash. Anthropogenic sources, for example, are the combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, or vegetation fires caused by humans . Aerosols can act as solar and terrestrial radiation absorbers and scatterers, as well as condensation nuclei in water droplets and ice crystals, potentially affecting climate change [5, 6], human health [7, 8], and air quality . As solar radiation scatterers, aerosols (e.g., sulfate aerosols) play the opposite role to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing a direct effect such as cooling the Earth’s surface and also having an indirect effect by altering cloud formation and their properties [10, 11]. However, some aerosols (e.g., black carbon) can act as solar radiation absorbers, causing warming in the troposphere and affecting atmospheric stability and cloud microphysics [5, 12].
Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has approximately 17,000 islands, with five major islands, namely Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Currently, Indonesia’s total population reaches more than 270 million people and ranks as the fourth most populous country in the world. Only about 30% of Indonesia’s territory is land, and it has a complex topography with vegetation cover dominated by forestland. Naturally, Indonesia produces aerosols derived from organic components of vegetation, forest fires, sea salt, and volcanic ash. Furthermore, man-made aerosols are also generated by urban/industrial activities such as burning fossil fuels and burning biomass.
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a parameter used to determine the quantity of aerosol in the atmosphere. AOD is obtained by calculating the amount of light absorbed or scattered in an atmospheric column . AOD can be obtained from direct sunlight measurements on the Earth’s surface using a sun photometer and indirectly from reflected radiation from the Earth’s surface captured by satellite sensors . Ground-based AOD measurements provide aerosol properties at specific locations that have a high temporal and spectral resolution but have a weakness in spatial resolution. In contrast, satellite-based AOD retrievals provide aerosol information with high spatial resolution but low accuracy .
Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) is a global ground-based remote sensing network established by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and PHOTONS (Photométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalization Satellitaire) that aims to conduct long-term aerosol observations and analyze local aerosol optical properties. Additionally, AERONET data can be used to validate satellite remote sensing data [16, 17]. Although ground-based aerosol measurements have a high temporal resolution, global-scale AOD data from satellites are required for a better understanding of the distribution and influence of aerosols on a larger scale.
Remote sensing can acquire aerosol properties on a wider scale. The moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on Aqua and Terra satellites can provide aerosol information spatially and temporally at global and regional scales . MODIS has a spectral range of 36 bands at a wavelength of 0.4–1.44 nm. This satellite is a polar orbital satellite that operates at an altitude of 705 km with a width of view of 2230 km and a temporal scale of 1-2 days. The Terra spacecraft crossed the equator at 10:30 am local standard time (LST), and the Aqua spacecraft crossed the equator at 13:30 LST . Many studies have validated AOD between satellite-based and ground-based measurements in various parts of the world and found a high correlation [20–23].
The MODIS collection 6.1 (C6.1) AOD dataset is the most recent version in which the aerosol data collection process has been improved. There are two well-known official aerosol retrieval algorithms, including the dark target (DT) algorithm over land and ocean and the deep blue (DB) algorithm over land. In this study, we used MODIS DB C6.1 AOD products with the following considerations, and the DB algorithm has been developed to have a good performance on bright surfaces such as deserts and snowy areas but also be good at interpreting surfaces that have high vegetation, such as those in the tropics . In addition, the DB product is superior at the site scale .
Several studies examining the performance of MODIS in conducting AOD retrieval in Indonesia, especially Kalimantan forest fires in 2015, show that the MODIS satellite is good at capturing fire events . There is no study that has been conducted to investigate the performance of the MODIS DB C6.1 satellite in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the performance of the Terra MODIS DB C6.1 AOD retrievals over Indonesia by comparing them with ground-based AERONET measurements over a long-term period. Previous studies have also utilized AOD and its properties to detect aerosol types over the Middle East . Therefore, MODIS DB C6.1 AOD datasets were analyzed to classify aerosol types and assess their contribution to aerosol composition at AERONET sites in Indonesia. Finally, spatial and seasonal variations of aerosols over Indonesia were discussed.
AERONET measures aerosols on the ground using a Cimel sun photometer, which is a multichannel, automatic sun-and-sky scanning radiometer that measures the direct solar irradiance and sky radiance at the Earth’s surface. The instrument serves to measure direct sun and diffuse sky radiances at wavelengths of 340, 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, 1020, and 1640 nm where these measurements will produce AOD and Ångström exponent (AE) . AE is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size. The greater the AE value, the smaller the aerosol particle size and vice versa . There are three levels of data on AERONET, namely data level 1.0 (unscreened), level 1.5 (cloud-screened and quality controlled), and level 2.0 (cloud-screened and quality-assured). AERONET data can be downloaded on the AERONET website (https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov).
There are ten AERONET sites in Indonesia, but only eight of them provide level 2.0 data. The eight AERONET sites used in this study include GAW Kototabang, Jambi, Bandung, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, Makassar, GAW Palu, and Sorong (Figure 1). This study uses monthly AERONET AOD data level 2.0 version 3.0 from 2009 to 2019 (11 years). However, at several sites, the installation of sun photometers started in 2012 and 2015, so the length of the available AERONET AOD data is limited.
The Terra MODIS DB C6.1 level 3 AOD monthly data (M x 08_M3) with 1° × 1° horizontal resolution were derived from level 1 and atmosphere archive & distribution system (LAADS) (https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov) from 2009 to 2019 (11 years) . MODIS DB C6.1 has better spatial coverage, including vegetated and bright surfaces . The MODIS DB C6.1 AOD at 550 nm was obtained by interpolation at 470 nm and 670 nm wavelengths. In global climate modeling, the 550 nm wavelength is very important because it is the most scattered in the atmosphere and is widely used in various chemistry models .
In this study, the monthly MODIS AOD retrievals were derived from the Scientific Data Set (SDS) “Deep_Blue_Aerosol_Optical_Depth_550_Land_Mean_Mean” and defined by centering the nearest pixel on the AERONET site. The corresponding monthly AERONET AOD measurement was regarded as the true value. The MODIS AE was obtained from SDS “Deep_Blue_Aerosol_Optical_Depth_Land_Mean_Mean”. Since the SDS provides only 3 visible wavelengths (412 nm, 470 nm, and 660 nm), then the MODIS AE value is calculated using equation (1).
In addition, the MODIS Terra active fire products were derived from NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) (https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/active_fire) with an 80% confidence level to investigate the effect of fire events (e.g., forest fires and agricultural residues) on AOD in Indonesia.
Furthermore, since AERONET does not directly measure AOD at 550 nm, then AERONET AOD at 550 nm wavelength is interpolated using the power law given in equation (2). α in equation (2) represents the value of AERONET AE at 440–870 nm.
The performances of the MODIS AOD retrievals are evaluated by calculating relative mean bias (RMB) (Equation (3)), root mean-square-error (RMSE) (Equation (4)), mean absolute error (MAE) (Equation (5)), and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Quantitative evaluation of the AOD retrieval uncertainty is described using the expected error (EE) envelope that encompasses the sum of absolute and relative errors as shown in Equation (6a) [34, 35]. The slope and intercept between collocated MODIS AOD and AERONET AOD were calculated using the reduced major axis (RMA) method, which incorporates errors in both independent (AERONET) and dependent (MODIS) variables .where is the absolute value of EE. RMB > 0 and RMB < 0 represent over- and under-estimation of MODIS AOD retrievals compared to AERONET AOD, respectively. RMSE = 0 represents the collocated points on the 1 : 1 (x = y) line, and RMSE > 0 represents the collocated points scattered away from the 1 : 1 line.
Several studies have shown that a relationship between AOD 550 nm and AE can be utilized to determine aerosol types as shown in Table 1. In this study, aerosols have been classified into (1) clean continental, (2) biomass burning/urban industrial, (3) clean marine, (4) desert dust, and (5) mixed type aerosols. This classification method is based on previous studies [37, 38].
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 2 illustrates the comparison of monthly AOD 550 nm from ground observation (AERONET) and MODIS at AERONET sites in Indonesia. The number of observations (n) at each AERONET site varies due to the sun photometer’s varying installation dates and poor data quality. The MODIS AOD retrievals exhibited good correlations with AERONET AODs in Sumatra and Kalimantan Islands. In Sumatra, the correlation in Kototabang (r = 0.88, n = 23) was slightly lower than in Jambi (r = 0.90, n = 46). But MODIS AODs in Kototabang exhibited 52.17% of retrievals falling within EE with an average MAE of 0.09 and an RMSE of 0.21, showing slightly better performance compared to that in Jambi (50% of retrievals falling within EE, MAE = 0.22, and RMSE = 0.42). In Kalimantan, MODIS AODs in Pontianak (r = 0.92, n = 59, 42.37% of retrievals falling within EE, MAE = 0.08, and RMSE = 0.237) indicated better performance compared to those in Palangkaraya (r = 0.89, n = 52, 28.85% of retrievals falling within EE, MAE = 0.134, and RMSE = 0.38).
Low correlations between MODIS AODs and AERONET AODs were found in Bandung (r = 0.30, n = 90) with 52.81% of retrievals falling within EE, GAW Palu (r = 0.23, n = 24) with 20.83% of retrievals falling above EE, and Sorong (r = 0.35) with 10% of retrievals falling above EE. While in Makassar, the correlation is a bit high (r = 0.64, n = 15), but only 26.67% of retrievals fall within EE. Poor performance of MODIS AODs at GAW Palu, Makassar, and Sorong may be caused by the small number of available observations, but it is not the case in Bandung. However, if we look in detail, the similarity of the four sites was having low AOD variations, and AERONET AOD values are less than 1. This may suggest that MODIS was unable to capture low AOD variations at that site, which is probably due to coarse spatial resolution. The RMB values are always more than 0 at all AERONET sites, meaning overestimation of MODIS AOD retrievals compared to AERONET AOD. In general, MODIS AOD tends to overestimate AERONET AOD by 16.28% (Sorong) to 61.11% (GAW Palu).
The time series plot of monthly MODIS AOD and AERONET AOD is depicted in Figure 3. It is shown that MODIS AOD can capture the peak AOD, which represents extreme events from the AERONET observation data. An extreme event could cause AOD to increase significantly in Indonesia, such as forest fires. In Indonesia, forest fires are rarely caused by nature but mainly by local communities clearing agricultural or plantation land. Forest fires often occur in Sumatra (Jambi) and Kalimantan (Pontianak and Palangkaraya), which cause regional air pollution . The seasonality of Indonesia is mainly driven by the Asian monsoon (wet season) and the Australian monsoon (dry season) . During the dry season (June–November), AOD has increased in several areas in Indonesia, such as Jambi, Pontianak, and Palangkaraya (Figure 3). This is likely related to forest fires that occur in the area since it is favourable to trigger forest fires during the dry season than during the wet season. In addition, the highest peak of AOD with a value of 3-4 occurred in September–October 2015 recorded in Jambi, Pontianak, and Palangkaraya. This extreme event was closely related to forest fires which were exacerbated by the strong El Niño event in 2015/2016.
Low AOD variations were found in Kototabang, GAW Palu, Sorong, Bandung, and Makassar. The first three locations (Kototabang, Palu, and Sorong) are the locations of global atmospheric watch (GAW) stations, which are located in remote areas. Although Bandung is one of the big cities in Indonesia, Bandung still has a low AOD variation. This condition may be influenced by the humid and cool highland climate to prevent the spread of pollutants. Similar to Bandung, Makassar is also a big city in Indonesia, but the AERONET AOD measurement in this city is still very limited. High AOD variations in Indonesia are generally caused by forest fires . The increase in AOD value at Kototabang in September 2019 was influenced by forest fires in Sumatra that occurred during that period . Despite the lack of time series data, Figure 3 shows that MODIS is generally able to capture the temporal pattern of AOD in Indonesia, especially since MODIS is quite good at detecting extreme values at the observation site.
In order to classify the aerosol types according to Table 1, Figure 4 shows the relationship between MODIS AOD and MODIS AE from 2009 to 2019. The x-axis is the AOD at 550 nm obtained from the MODIS DB C6.1, while the y-axis is the Ångström exponent (AE) value of the MODIS DB C6.1. The contribution of each aerosol type at each site was then calculated as a percentage and shown in Figure 5.
The contribution of aerosol types at AERONET sites in Indonesia is depicted in Figure 5. Most of the aerosols are clean continental (CC), followed by biomass burning/urban-industrial (BB/UI). The highest contribution of CC aerosol was found in GAW Palu and Sorong, with a contribution of more than 90%, while the highest contribution of BB/UI aerosol was found in Bandung, with a contribution of 93.7%. For mixed aerosols, the highest contribution was in Pontianak, with a contribution of 48.4%, while CM and DD aerosols were not found at all observation sites.
CC aerosols are natural aerosols that originate from areas that still have a lot of forests or urban areas that have large power plants or petrochemical refining [43, 44]. The observation stations at GAW Palu and Sorong have a dominant contribution from CC aerosols. Both sites are located in remote areas surrounded by tropical forests where there are fewer human activities related to fossil fuel combustion, such as industry and motor vehicles, that produce air pollution.
BB/UI aerosols are aerosols that come from fossil fuels burning in industrial areas [45, 46]. These aerosols enter into an energy balance that is useful either for scattering solar radiation directly into space (direct effect) or by increasing cloud albedo through microphysical processes (indirect effect) [47–49]. These aerosols also have an indirect effect on the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds, which together influence the formation of precipitation . Atmospheres containing a high concentration of aerosols are associated with reduced light precipitation and increased moderate and heavy rainfall .
GAW Palu, Sorong, and Makassar are the three locations that have the lowest BB/UI contribution, namely 1.6%, 2%, and 11.4%, respectively. This means that industrial or fossil fuel burning activities are still minimal in these areas. In the meantime, GAW Kototabang has a BB/UI contribution of 16.7%, indicating the area has started to be affected by the impact of fossil fuel burning or industrial activities. On the other hand, capital cities like Palangkaraya, Bandung, Pontianak, and Jambi have BB/UI contributions of 52.9%, 93.7%, 34.4%, and 82.6%, respectively, which have been affected by industrial activities or the burning of fossil fuels.
Based on the annual mean MODIS AOD at 550 nm from 2009 to 2019, Figure 6 illustrates that the western region of Indonesia, which includes Sumatra, Kalimantan, and parts of western Java, has a higher AOD value than other parts of Indonesia, which reaching an AOD value of 0.6. Meanwhile, the central and eastern parts of Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua (eastern region of Indonesia) have an AOD value that is relatively lower, only in the range of 0–0.2. This is likely because of two main factors. First, Sumatra and Kalimantan are home to seasonal forest fire events in Indonesia that can increase the AOD significantly. Second, urban and industrial development has been concentrated in the western part of Indonesia for the last few decades, so the AOD value is higher than in the eastern part of Indonesia.
The spatial and seasonal variation of MODIS AOD at 550 nm is depicted in Figure 7 for December–February (DJF), March–May (MAM), June–August (JJA), and September–November (SON). The AODs were low and evenly distributed over Indonesian land during DJF, which is associated with the rainy season in most of Indonesia’s regions. Previous studies showed that light precipitation decreases air quality while heavy rainfall improves the air quality [52, 53]. Meanwhile, the highest AOD values were observed during SON (the transition period from the dry to wet season), especially for Sumatra, Kalimantan, and most parts of Java. This condition was related to the emergence of forest fire events that caused an increase in AOD in Sumatra and Kalimantan during August, September, and October (Figure 8). In Java, where urban and industrial development has been established, the spatial average of AOD is consistently high during all seasons, but it seems that the spatial average of AOD is higher during the transition periods (MAM and SON) than during other seasons. It is also worth noting that a bit of AOD during JJA and SON in the southern part of Papua Island may also be related to forest and land fires.
Figure 8 shows the seasonality of fire events derived from MODIS Terra active fire products in Indonesia from the period 2009 to 2019. The highest active fire count occurred in September, followed by November. The months with the lowest active fire counts were December–January and April–May. This figure clarifies the positive relationship between the number of fire events and AOD in Indonesia. During June–September, an increase in active fire events is likely to induce an increase in AOD values and AOD variations, with the dominant contribution coming from fire events in Sumatra and Kalimantan. This supports the results of a previous study that found high AOD variations in Indonesia are generally caused by forest fires .
The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of Terra MODIS Deep Blue (DB) Collection 6.1 (C6.1) AOD over Indonesia from the period of 2009–2019. For this purpose, monthly MODIS DB AOD retrievals were collected and compared against ground-based monthly AERONET AOD measurements from 8 AERONET sites in Indonesia during the same period. Performance of these monthly AOD retrievals at site scales and determination of the annual mean AOD spatial distributions and seasonal variations as well as aerosol types are carried out for the first time.
The results illustrated that MODIS DB AOD retrievals and AERONET AOD measurements have a high correlation in Sumatra Island (i.e., Kototabang (r = 0.88) and Jambi (r = 0.9)) and Kalimantan Island (i.e., Palangkaraya (r = 0.89) and Pontianak (r = 0.92)). However, the correlations are low in Bandung, Palu, and Sorong, which is likely due to low AOD variations and a lack of observation data. Generally, MODIS DB AOD tends to overestimate AERONET AOD at all sites by 16 to 61% and can detect extreme fire events in Sumatra and Kalimantan Islands quite well. For spatial distributions, the annual mean AOD in the western part of Indonesia is higher than in the eastern part. Furthermore, for seasonal variations, the highest AOD is observed during the period of September–November, which is associated with the emergence of fire events, especially the ones that occurred in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Aerosol types in Indonesia mostly consist of clean continental, followed by biomass burning/urban industrial and mixed aerosols. The highest clean continental aerosol contribution (90%) was identified in Palu and Sorong, which are located in remote areas, while the highest biomass burning/urban-industrial aerosol contribution (93.7%) was found in Bandung, one of the big cities in Indonesia.
MODIS Deep Blue Collection 6.1 data can be found at https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov. AERONET data are available at https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov. MODIS Terra active fire counts are available at https://earthdata.nasa.gov/earth-observation-data/near-real-time/firms.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The authors would like to thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for providing MODIS Level 2 Aerosol Products Collection 6.1 from Terra and Aqua satellites, the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and the principal investigators of the AERONET sites in Indonesia for allowing us to use ground-based Level 2 aerosol data products. Observation and Data and Information staff of Global Atmosphere Watch Lore Lindu Bariri Palu for support and motivation to finish the research. The authors acknowledge the Coordinator of Climate Research Divison and Head of Center for Research and Development of BMKG for their helpful comments and support. This research was funded by Global Atmosphere Watch Lore Lindu Bariri Station and Center for Research and Development of Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG).
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C. Zhao, X. Zhao, and Y. Sun, “Distinct imact of precipitation with different intensity on PM 2.5 over typical regions of China,” AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2020, 2020.View at: Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:d4659c81-e82a-42e3-8620-4c6b0299a445> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amete/2022/7544310/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.87419 | 9,646 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Asbestos is common in older commercial buildings due to its high fire resistance — using asbestos in floor tiles, ceiling tiles and insulation was a very good way to slow down the spread of fire within a building. Unfortunately, asbestos poses a health hazard to visitors and employees. When asbestos is disturbed, it can release fibers into the air that become trapped in your lungs forever if you inhale them, and the fibers increase your risk of developing cancer.
Because of the health risks that asbestos poses, it's important for building owners to prevent the people visiting and working in the building from being exposed. At the same time, it's important to avoid disrupting normal business operations within the building, since this can lead to lost revenue. To learn how to mitigate the risk of asbestos in your building while preventing operations from being disrupted, read on.
Determine Where the Friable Asbestos in Your Building Is Located
When you're trying to prevent asbestos exposure in your building without disrupting operations, it's important to concentrate on the most dangerous form of asbestos first. Friable asbestos is the one that poses the most risk to your visitors and employees, since it will easily crumble apart when touched, releasing asbestos fibers into the air. Asbestos insulation is the most common type of friable asbestos found in older commercial buildings.
Non-friable asbestos, on the other hand, can often be left in place. Asbestos floor tiles and ceiling tiles are examples of non-friable asbestos. You can't break them apart easily by hand, which reduces the likelihood that anyone will be exposed to the fibers while working in your building.
In order to find out where the friable asbestos is located, you'll need to have your building inspected by a commercial asbestos removal service. They'll test all materials that can potentially contain asbestos and tell you which ones pose the most risk to the employees and visitors in your building.
Encapsulate and Enclose Asbestos Whenever Possible
Encapsulation is the quickest way to reduce asbestos risk, which means that it's the least disruptive to business operations. A commercial asbestos removal team will encapsulate friable asbestos by spraying a sealant onto it, which will harden and prevent it from breaking apart easily. This reduces the likelihood that employees will be exposed to fibers if they touch them.
Unfortunately, encapsulated asbestos can still be accidentally broken apart using power tools. Friable asbestos in areas where employees such as maintenance workers will be using power tools needs to be enclosed instead. In order to enclose asbestos, an airtight steel box will be constructed around it to prevent it from being damaged by power tools accidentally while your employees are working.
Remove Asbestos in Areas Where Employees Need to Make Repairs
One downside of enclosing asbestos is that your employees won't have access to the area, so maintenance employees will be unable to make repairs. For example, enclosing the asbestos insulation surrounding a pipe is a poor solution to mitigate risk — your employees wouldn't be able to access the pipe to repair a leak.
In this case, you'll need to have the asbestos removed instead. A commercial asbestos removal team will seal off the area with plastic sheeting, wet the asbestos in order to prevent fibers from being released, and then remove all of the asbestos from the area. Afterward, it will be safely disposed of in a hazmat landfill.
Ultimately, the secret to minimizing the disruption to your business operations when mitigating asbestos risk is to focus on friable asbestos. You should encapsulate or enclose it wherever possible since these are the quickest ways to prevent employees and visitors from being exposed to asbestos fibers. If your building contains asbestos, contact a commercial asbestos removal service in your area and have it inspected — they'll be able to develop a plan to prevent your employees from being exposed to asbestos without unnecessary disruption to your business operations | <urn:uuid:c4b3a891-b0fb-43cb-9989-a4419f028242> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://husbysateri.com/2022/03/16/how-do-you-mitigate-asbestos-risk-in-a-building-without-disrupting-business-operations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662525507.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519042059-20220519072059-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.939103 | 779 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to set out for a place that he was to receive as an inheritance. And he set out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he stayed for a time in the land he had been promised, as in a foreign land, living in tents, as did Isaac and Jacob, who were heirs with him of the same promise. For he looked forward to the city that has foundations, whose architect and builder is God.
Like many Australians, I am of Celtic descent. My home is on the other side of the earth from the land of my distant ancestors.
The ideas of exile and pilgrimage were important in the spirituality of the old Celtic saints. Saint Patrick spoke of himself as being in exile for Christ in a foreign land. Exile was a form of perpetual pilgrimage for Christ. Earlier great exiles for Christ included Columba of Iona, to whom poems of exile have been attributed. Inspiration came from the scriptural story of Abraham.
Pilgrimage is an idea associated with exile; we journey towards a place of vision and union with God, yet we are guided and accompanied by God along the way. These thoughts are found in well known hymns of Celtic origin: “Guide me, O thou great Jehovah, pilgrim through this barren land.” (Welsh), “Be thou my vision, O Lord of my heart” (Irish).
A piece by Judith Wright first written as the foreword to a book of aboriginal stories spoke to me about Australians in exile. During and since World War II, she writes, non-indigenous Australians had,
discovered in ourselves a love for the physical and perceptible aspects of the island continent, which took us almost by surprise. For in the brief history of our occupation of it, there had been little love or respect and much harsh exploitation and opposition; while for its first human inhabitants we had little sympathy or even interest.
… We ourselves had come here already dispossessed, not only of the countries we came from, but of our own inner unity. Laurens van der Post, interpreter of the African Bushmen, has spoken of “the peril of man when divorced from the first things in himself” — the peril of the loss of meaning in life. “Cut off by accumulated knowledge from the heart of his own living experience, he moves among a comfortable rubble of material possessions, alone and unbelonging, sick, poor, starved of meaning” [Here Wright cites The Heart of the hunter, by Laurens van der Post (London: Hogarth) p.139.] It seems to me that this is a most accurate description of the lives of non-Aboriginal Australians in a country to which they know they have no abiding title nor depth of relationship. (“Bond with the land” in Born of the conqueror selected essays, by Judith Wright (Canberr Aboriginal Studies Press, 1991), pp.13-14).
While preparing to go to Asia some years ago to represent Australia as a volunteer aid worker, with my colleagues I was challenged by an Aboriginal speaker as to whether Australia was in truth mine to represent. Yet I have no other home, for my ancestors (in common with those of Judith Wright and many others) came to Australia (from a Celtic land) more than 130 years ago.
I am not sure that there is such a thing as race memory. But there was surely a deep feeling of “home” for me when I once stayed for some weeks in a village in South Western Scotland. Yet, when I returned to Australia after two years in Asia, I was surprised to discover in myself how deep had been my yearning, while I was away, for the open spaces and clear skies of the “wide brown land” which is my home.
Contrasting the non-indigenous Australian’s experience with that of the Aboriginal peoples, later in her essay Judith Wright says, “We will never be able to feel in ourselves any real relation of kinship with mountains, stars, moon and sun, trees and animals.”(p.14)
Here I think the ancient Celtic Christians offered a way. For in the living God, the Triune One who is creator of all, they found a mystical and intimate relationship with the mountains, the stars and the trees — even in the land of exile. We are found and grounded in God through the achievements of God’s creation that surrounds us. Yet, for me, there will always be a sense of exile, even in a place that is home. The Celtic Christians understood that a place of exile could also be home. | <urn:uuid:68775baa-8bf0-4e9d-a614-0e45b669e722> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://nottoomuch.com/listening-theology-and-spirit/sermons-and-such/we-are-all-exiles-hebrews-11-8-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922130934-20170922150934-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.97806 | 964 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Padma Purana, Agni Purana, Skanda Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Matsya Purana
Vishnu purana 01 origin of the universe brahma varaha prajapatis
- Vishnu purana 01 origin of the universe brahma varaha prajapatis
- Date of composition
- First aa cosmology
- Second aa earth
- Third aa time
- Fourth aa dynasties
- Fifth aa Krishna
- Sixth aa liberation
The manuscripts of Vishnu Purana have survived into the modern era in many versions. More than any other major Purana, the Vishnu Purana presents its contents in Pancalaksana format – Sarga (cosmogony), Pratisarga (cosmology), Vamśa (mythical genealogy of the gods, sages and kings), Manvañtara (cosmic cycles), and Vamśānucaritam (legends during the times of various kings). Some manuscripts of the text are notable for not including sections found in other major Puranas, such as those on Mahatmyas and tour guides on pilgrimage, but some versions include chapters on temples and travel guides to sacred pilgrimage sites. The text is also notable as the earliest Purana to have been translated and published in 1864 CE by HH Wilson, based on manuscripts then available, setting the presumptions and premises about what Puranas may have been.
The Vishnu Purana is among the shorter Purana texts, with about 7,000 verses in extant versions. It primarily centers around the Hindu god Vishnu and his avatars such as Krishna, but it praises Brahma and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu. The Purana, states Wilson, is pantheistic and the ideas in it, like other Puranas, are premised on the Vedic beliefs and ideas.
Vishnu Purana, like all major Puranas, attributes its author to be sage Veda Vyasa. The actual author(s) and date of its composition are unknown and contested. Estimates range of its composition range from 1st millennium BCE to early 2nd-millennium CE. The text was likely composed and rewritten in layers over a period of time, with roots possibly in ancient 1st-millennium BCE texts that have not survived into the modern era. The Padma Purana categorizes Vishnu Purana as a Sattva Purana (Purana which represents goodness and purity).
Date of composition
The composition date of Vishnu Purana is unknown and contested, with estimates widely disagreeing. Some proposed dates for the earliest version of Vishnu Purana by various scholars include:
Rocher states that the "date of the Visnu Purana is as contested as that of any other Purana". References to Vishnu Purana in texts such as Brihadvishnu whose dates are better established, states Rocher, suggest that a version of Vishnu Purana existed by about 1000 CE, but it is unclear to what extent the extant manuscripts reflect the revisions during the 2nd millennium. Vishnu Purana like all Puranas has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas including the Vishnu Purana is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
Many of the extant manuscripts were written on palm leaf or copied during the British India colonial era, some in the 19th-century. The scholarship on Vishnu Purana, and other Puranas, has suffered from cases of forgeries, states Ludo Rocher, where liberties in the transmission of Puranas were normal and those who copied older manuscripts replaced words or added new content to fit the theory that the colonial scholars were keen on publishing.
The extant text comprises six aṃśas (parts) and 126 adhyāyas (chapters). The first part has 22 chapters, the second part consists 16 chapters, the third part comprises 18 chapters and the fourth part has 24 chapters. The fifth and the sixth parts are the longest and the shortest part of the text, comprising 38 and 8 chapters respectively.
The textual tradition claims that the original Vishnu Purana had 23,000 verses, but the surviving manuscripts have just a third of these, about 7,000 verses. The text is composed in metric verses or sloka, wherein each verse has exactly 32 syllables, of which 16 syllables in the verse may be free style per ancient literary standards.
The Vishnu Purana is an exception in that it presents its contents in Vishnu worship-related Pancalaksana format – Sarga (cosmogony), Pratisarga (cosmology), Vamśa (mythical genealogy of the gods, sages and kings), Manvañtara (cosmic cycles), and Vamśānucaritam (legends during the times of various kings). This is rare, state Dimmitt and van Buitenen, because just 2% of the known Puranic literature corpus is about these five Pancalaksana items, and about 98% is about diverse range of encyclopedic topics.
Vishnu Purana opens as a conversation between sage Maitreya and his guru, Parashara, with the sage asking, "what is the nature of this universe and everything that is in it?"
First aṃśa: cosmology
The first Amsha (part) of Vishnu Purana presents cosmology, dealing with the creation, maintenance and destruction of the universe. The mythology, states Rocher, is woven with the evolutionary theories of Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.
The Hindu god Vishnu is presented as the central element of this text's cosmology, unlike some other Puranas where Shiva or Brahma or goddess Shakti are. The reverence and the worship of Vishnu is described in 22 chapters of the first part as the means for liberation, along with the profuse use of the synonymous names of Vishnu such as Hari, Janardana, Madhava, Achyuta, Hrishikesha and others. The chapters 1.16 through 1.20 of the Vishnu Purana presents the legend of compassionate and Vishnu devotee Prahlada and his persecution by his demon king father Hiranyakasipu, wherein Prahlada is ultimately saved by Vishnu. This story is also found in other Puranas.
Vishnu is described in the first book of Vishnu Purana as, translates Wilson, all elements, all matter in the world, the entire universe, all living beings, as well as Atman (soul) within every living being, nature, intellect, ego, mind, senses, ignorance, wisdom, the four Vedas, all that is and all that is not.
Second aṃśa: earth
The second part of the text describes its theory of earth, the seven continents and seven oceans. It describes mount Meru, mount Mandara and other major mountains, as well as Bharata-varsha (literally, the country of Bharata) along with its numerous rivers and diverse people. The seven continents are named Jambu, Plaksha, Salmala, Kusha, Krauncha, Saka and Pushkara, each surrounded by different types of liquids (salt water, fresh water, wine, sugarcane juice, clarified butter, liquid yoghurt, and milk).
This part of the Vishnu Purana describes spheres above the earth, planets, the sun and the moon. Four chapters (2.13 to 2.16) of the second book of the text present the legends of King Bharata, who abdicates his throne to lead the life of a sannyasi, which is similar to the legends found in section 5.7 to 5.14 of the Bhagavata Purana. The geography of Mount Mandara as east of Mount Meru, presented in this book and other Puranas, states Stella Kramrisch, may be related to the word Mandir (Hindu temple) and the reason of its design, "image, aim and destination".
Third aṃśa: time
The initial chapters of the third book of the Vishnu Purana presents its theory of manvantaras, or Manus-ages (each equals about 4.3 million years). This is premised upon the Hindu belief that everything is cyclic, and even Yuga (era, ages) start, mature and then dissolve. Six manvantaras, states the text, have already passed, and the current age belong to the seventh. In each age, asserts the text, the Vedas are arranged into four, it is challenged, and this has happened twenty eight times already. Each time, a Veda-Vyasa appears and he diligently organizes the eternal knowledge, with the aid of his students.
After presenting the emergence of Vedic schools, the text presents the ethical duties of the four varnas in chapter 2.8, the four Ashrama (stages) of the life of each human being in chapter 2.9, the rites of passage including wedding rituals in chapters 2.10 through 2.12, and Shraddha (rites in honor of ancestors, faith) in chapters 2.13 through 2.16.
The Vishnu Purana asserts that the Brahmin should study shastras, worship gods and perform libations on behalf of others, the Kshatriya should maintain arms and protect the earth, the Vaishya should engage in commerce and farming, while the Shudra should subsist by profits of trade, service other varnas and through mechanical labor. The text asserts the ethical duties of all varnas is to do good to others, never abuse anyone, never engage in calumny or untruth, never covet another person's wife, never steal another's property, never bear ill-will towards anyone, never beat or slay any human being or living being. Be diligent in the service of the gods, sages and guru, asserts the Purana, seek the welfare of all creatures, one's own children and of one's own soul. Anyone, regardless of their varna or stage of life, who lives a life according to the above duties is the best worshipper of Vishnu, claims the Vishnu Purana. Similar statements on ethical duties of man are found in other parts of Vishnu Purana.
The text describes in chapter 2.9, the four stages of life as brahmacharya (student), grihastha (householder), vanaprastha (retirement) and sannyasa (renunciation, mendicant). The text repeats the ethical duties in this chapter, translates Wilson. The chapters on Shraddha (rites for ancestors) describe the rites associated with a death in family, the preparation of the dead body, its cremation and the rituals after the cremation.
The third book closes with the legend of Vishnu, through Mayamoha, helping the Devas win over Asuras, by teaching the Asuras heretical doctrines that deny the Vedas, who declare their contempt for the Vedas, which makes them easy to identify and thereby defeat.
Fourth aṃśa: dynasties
The fourth book of the text, in 24 long chapters, presents mythical royal dynasties, starting with Brahma, followed by solar and lunar dynasties, then those on earth over the Yugas (eras), with Pariksit asserted as the "current king". The text includes the legends of numerous mythical characters such as Shaubhri, Mandhatri, Narmada, sage Kapila, Rama, Nimi, Janaka, Buddha, Satyavati, Puru, Yadu, Krishna, Devaka, Pandu, Kuru, Bharata, Bhisma and others.
Fifth aṃśa: Krishna
The fifth book of the Vishnu Purana is the longest, with 38 chapters. It is dedicated to the legend of Krishna, as an avatar of Vishnu. The book begins with the story of Krishna's birth, his childhood pranks and plays, his exploits, his purpose of ending the tyranny of demon-tyrant king of Mathura, named Kamsa.
The Krishna story in the Vishnu Purana is similar to his legend in the Bhagavata Purana, in several other Puranas and the Harivamsa of the Mahabharata. Scholars have long debated whether the Bhagavata Purana expanded the Krishna legend in the Vishnu Purana, or whether the latter abridged the version in former, or both depended on the Harivamsa estimated to have been composed sometime in the 1st millennium of the common era.
Sixth aṃśa: liberation
The last book of the Vishnu Purana is the shortest, with 8 chapters. The first part of the sixth book asserts that Kali Yuga is vicious, cruel and filled with evilness that create suffering, yet "Kali Yuga is excellent" because one can refuse to join the evil, devote oneself to Vishnu and thus achieve salvation.
The last chapters, from 6.6 to 6.7 of the text discusses Yoga and meditation, as a means to Vishnu devotion. Contemplative devotion, asserts the text, is the union with the Brahman (supreme soul, ultimate reality), which is only achievable with virtues such as compassion, truth, honesty, disinterestedness, self-restraint and holy studies. The text mentions five Yamas, five Niyamas, Pranayama and Pratyahara. The pure and perfect soul is called Vishnu, states the text, and absorption in Vishnu is liberation.
The final chapter 6.8 of the text asserts itself to be an "imperishable Vaishnava Purana".
Vishnu Purana is one of the 18 major Puranas, and these text share many legends, likely influenced each other. The fifth chapter of the Vishnu Purana was likely influenced by the Mahabharata. Similarly, the verses on rites of passage and ashramas (stages) of life are likely drawn from the Dharmasutra literature. Rajendra Hazra, in 1940, assumed that Vishnu Purana is ancient and proposed that texts such as Apasthamba Dharmasutra borrowed text from it. Modern scholars such as Allan Dahlaquist disagree, however, and state that the borrowing may have been in the other direction, from Dharmasutras into the Purana.
Other chapters, particularly those in book 5 and 6 of the Vishnu Purana have Advaita Vedanta and Yoga influences. The theistic Vedanta scholar Ramanuja, according to Sucharita Adluri, incorporated ideas from the Vishnu Purana to identify the Brahman concept in the Upanishads with Vishnu, thus providing a Vedic foundation to the Srivaishnava tradition. | <urn:uuid:ddf0cce2-05b9-425e-b849-6b21f7e6c8dc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://alchetron.com/Vishnu-Purana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.93807 | 3,230 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Washington : A team of scientists has finally provided us with the first glimpse of the structure of Zika virus, which has been wreaking havoc in parts of South America and the Caribbean, paving way for vaccines and drugs.
A near-atomic level map of Zika virus shows its structure to be largely similar to that of dengue virus and other flaviviruses, but with a notable difference in one key surface protein, report scientists funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health.
The variation in the Zika envelope (E) glycoproteins, 180 of which are packed on the virus’s outer shell, may provide clues to better understand how Zika virus enters human cells and suggests ways to combat the virus with drugs or vaccines aimed at the newly detailed region.
NIAID grantees Richard Kuhn, Michael Rossmann and their colleagues at Purdue University created the picture of a mature Zika virus particle with a technique called cryo-electron microscropy. The process involves freezing virus particles and firing a stream of high-energy electrons through the sample to create tens of thousands of two-dimensional electron micrograph images that are then combined to yield a composite high-resolution, three-dimensional view of the virus.
The difference visualized by the researchers is in a region of the E glycoprotein that flaviviruses may use to attach to some human cells. The variation in the E glycoprotein of Zika virus could explain the ability of the virus to attack nerve cells, as well as the associations of Zika virus infection with birth defects and the autoimmune-neurological Guillian-Barre syndrome.
The structure could inform vaccine development, as the Zika E glycoprotein is a key target of immune responses against the virus. The information may also be useful for designing treatments such as antiviral drugs or antibodies that interfere with E glycoprotein function.
Further, details on the structural differences between E glycoprotein of Zika virus and the same protein in dengue virus may make it possible to create diagnostic tests that can distinguish Zika virus infection from dengue infection, a critical need in countries where both Zika and dengue viruses are circulating.
The study appears in journal Science. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:c2fb0131-4ec6-416a-be35-e3213e956021> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.siasat.com/news/heres-zika-virus-really-looks-940318/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280133.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931844 | 467 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- a mild preparation of marijuana made from young leaves and stems of the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, drunk with milk or water as a fermented brew or smoked for its hallucinogenic effects.
- a water pipe.
Origin of bhang
Examples from the Web for bhang
Often enough they are almost overcome with the opium or bhang they have taken.Jones of the 64th
F. S. (Frederick Sadleir) Brereton
In India it is chiefly for the resin, "haschisch, churrus, bhang."
Sometimes the leaves and stalks are dried in order to make the drug "bhang."
On one occasion490 they secretly filled his pipe with hashish (Bhang).Bahaism and Its Claims
Samuel Graham Wilson
Bhang consists of the larger leaves and capsules of the plant on which an efflorescence of resinous matter has occurred.
- a preparation of the leaves and flower tops of Indian hemp, which has psychoactive properties: much used in IndiaSee also cannabis
Word Origin and History for bhang
1590s, from Hindi bhang "narcotic from hemp," from Sanskrit bhangah "hemp." Cognate with Russian penika, Polish pienka (from Russian) "hemp." The word first appears in Western Europe in Portuguese (1560s). | <urn:uuid:c68b58b5-901a-4901-9bad-474628bd3c65> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bhang | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209884.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815043905-20180815063905-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.93976 | 285 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Press tools, also known as media tools, are an essential part of any public relations or media strategy. They are used to create and distribute information to the public, and are crucial for building and maintaining a positive image for any organization or individual. In this article, we will explore the different types of press tools available and how they can be used to effectively communicate with the public.
Types of Press Tools
- Press Releases: Press releases are official statements issued by organizations or individuals to the media, usually to announce something newsworthy. They can be used to announce new products or services, events, or major company changes. Press releases should be written in a clear and concise manner, and should always include contact information for follow-up questions.
- Media Kits: A media kit is a collection of materials that provides information about an organization or individual to the media. This can include background information, press releases, photos, and contact information. Media kits are often used to introduce new products or services, or to promote events or campaigns.
- Press Conferences: A press conference is an event where a spokesperson for an organization or individual addresses the media and answers questions. Press conferences can be used to announce major news or changes, or to provide updates on ongoing events or issues.
- Media Monitoring: Media monitoring is the process of tracking and analyzing media coverage of an organization or individual. This can be done manually or through the use of specialized software. Media monitoring can help organizations and individuals stay informed about how they are being portrayed in the media, and can be used to identify and respond to any negative coverage.
- Social Media: Social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are increasingly being used as press tools. They can be used to share news and updates, engage with the public, and build a following. Social media can also be used to monitor and respond to mentions of an organization or individual in the media.
Tips for Using Press Tools Effectively
- Have a clear message: Always have a clear and concise message when communicating with the public through press tools. This will help ensure that your message is understood and that it has the desired effect.
- Be timely: Timing is crucial when using press tools. Make sure to release information at the right time to maximize its impact.
- Be consistent: Consistency is key when building and maintaining a positive image. Make sure that all press materials are consistent in tone and message.
- Monitor the media: Stay informed about how you or your organization is being portrayed in the media by regularly monitoring coverage. This will help you identify and respond to any negative coverage.
- Engage with the public: Use press tools to engage with the public and build relationships. This can be done by responding to questions or feedback, or by organizing events or campaigns that encourage public participation.
Press tools are an essential part of any public relations or media strategy. They can be used to create and distribute information to the public, and are crucial for building and maintaining a positive image for any organization or individual. By understanding the different types of press tools available and how to use them effectively, you can improve your ability to communicate with the public and achieve your communication goals. | <urn:uuid:84ddd791-5435-434e-8227-16f70f6674ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://awario.com/help/social-media-wiki/press-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.916238 | 650 | 2.640625 | 3 |
ICTs Could Make You More Aware of Your Village
Have no illusions; ICT will not provide you with water or food. But those catchwords of the day, information and communication technologies (ICT), could make a difference to the way villagers think, how they perceive their village and problems, and what solutions they find for them.
Using handheld devices, Ravi Gupta has helped villagers map their villages. For doing this work, he has developed an open-source software package that can be used for a wide variety of purposes and is affordable to most everyone.
In collaboration with Media Lab Asia, a network of R & D institutions that operates as an offshoot of MIT's Media Lab, Ravi Gupta's Centre for Spatial Database Management and Solutions (CSDMS) developed GramChitra, GNU/Linux-based geographical information systems (GIS) software for handheld computers. GIS software enables the creation, storage, editing and accessing of map-related databases for "visually intuitive and effective decision making".
Announced in April 2002 at the Elitex Exhibition, which was organized by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, GramChitra is the first product to come out of the eagerly-watched Media Lab Asia.
GramChitra works by attaching GPS equipment to the handheld, on which the GNU/Linux software is loaded. Walking around the area creates a rough map of the village.
The story of how this project was implemented is interesting. Gupta says:
We went to schools in the village and organised a primary drawing competition. We got students to write poems (about their village). Then we asked villagers to identify all the types of trees and houses that they were aware of.
When the new GIS-produced maps were compared to the previous one, it was found that the 50-year-old village maps had precise village boundaries. As could be expected, however, much else had changed within the boundaries.
"It is possible to create in the youth an excitement about the different maps possible--telephone maps showing where the village's phones are located--car maps, water maps of the village (showing who gets access to what water), agricultural maps and the like", says Gupta.
Media Lab Asia says the software has "vast potential applications" in areas like census data collection and revenue maps, as well as block-and-panchayat level planning for water and tube wells, epidemiological data collection for rural healthcare and the like.
"Typically, the cost of GIS software on PCs starts at around Rs. 65,000 and goes up to Rs. 4-5 lakh. Media Lab Asia has decided to release GramChitra free of cost in order to promote the use of GIS software for developmental purposes", Media Lab Asia announced recently.
What has this project achieved? "Some big things", says Gupta. Among these he includes the creation of a GNU/Linux-based open-source GIS for handhelds, which he believes to be the first in the world.
Secondly, it has built map-awareness in a relevant manner at the village level. It has also created a participatory model for GIS studies at the local level, he suggests.
"This is a case of empowerment through information. It could be argued as a case of information of the people, by the people, for the people. You no longer have to bribe the patwari (village land-record holding officials) to get a map. It also gives students a chance to learn geography from a local map", adds Gupta.
Prof. Alex Pentland of Media Lab Asia argues that GIS software can serve as a fundamental tool for planning at all levels. He says:
We developed GramChitra on the open-source platform to ensure that this technology can be used even by villagers. The combination of free software and low-cost handheld computers opens up a world of possibilities. This software can be used at the grassroots level for collection and analysis of local data, all the way up to the national level for strategic planning.
Maps can be an effective way to collect data and simultaneously display results. Simple national maps are a good starting point for identifying and planning basic village resources. We have worked with village youth and school children to bring about awareness of the utility of maps using the GramChitra software. Henceforth, GIS software need not be limited to scientists and technologists.
Because Media Lab Asia integrated GPS capabilities with the GramChitra GIS software, users can automatically incorporate the date, time and location where the data is captured on a map.
In the future, GramChitra's capabilities will be extended to support data collection using low cost sensors for water and soil analysis, meteorological data, livestock management, environment and ecological conservation and planning, according to Media Lab Asia.
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|Geek Hide-away in Guatemala - Stay for Free!||Nov 26, 2015|
|Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love?||Nov 25, 2015|
|Non-Linux FOSS: Install Windows? Yeah, Open Source Can Do That.||Nov 24, 2015|
|Cipher Security: How to harden TLS and SSH||Nov 23, 2015|
|Web Stores Held Hostage||Nov 19, 2015|
|diff -u: What's New in Kernel Development||Nov 17, 2015|
- Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love?
- Geek Hide-away in Guatemala - Stay for Free!
- Cipher Security: How to harden TLS and SSH
- Non-Linux FOSS: Install Windows? Yeah, Open Source Can Do That.
- Web Stores Held Hostage
- Firefox's New Feature for Tighter Security
- PuppetLabs Introduces Application Orchestration
- It's a Bird. It's Another Bird!
- diff -u: What's New in Kernel Development
- IBM LinuxONE Provides New Options for Linux Deployment | <urn:uuid:55533196-f50b-4e91-bdf9-4e60eb7cee7a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6165 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398449160.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205409-00005-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935862 | 1,234 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In any remodelling project, cost is a major factor. Sometimes, it is the determining factor. For that reason, alternative materials are often used to reduce overall cost, preferably without sacrificing too much in quality. Chipboard, a pressed alternative to plywood, is one such alternative, but there disadvantages to its use and manufacture that for some, might outweigh the cost benefits.
Cracking and Splintering
Given its piecemeal construction, chipboard is prone to cracking and splintering, particularly if you are driving screws or nails into its surface. There are special fasteners made for chipboard, but driving even those near the edges of the chipboard is a dicey proposition.
Like particle board, chipboard hoards any moisture it comes in contact with and retains it like a sponge, according to DIY Data. The piece will eventually swell and become unusable. This makes chipboard a poor choice for cabinets that rest directly on the floor where they are more susceptible to wetness.
Chipboard does not cut well. It leaves rough edges and the laminated variety is subject to cracking during the cutting process. It can be done, but you'll need adhesive caps to create the appearance of finished edge, according to DIY Data.
Most wood glues and speciality adhesives work well with chipboard, but when the adhesive fails, either due to improper application or heavy stress load, it often pulls large pieces of the chips with it. This damages the board and possibly the laminate if the chipboard is the laminated variety.
Chipboard manufacturers boast that their product is sustainable because it makes use of waste wood or farms of fast growing hybrid trees that can't be used in solid wood products. The reality is trees in the wild that are too young or otherwise insufficient for solid wood use are harvested for chipboard, leaving behind clear-cut areas that take decades to grow back, according to "Chipboard: Not All It Has Chipped Up To Be," published in the "New Life Journal" in June 2002. | <urn:uuid:4da6ca09-f742-4ced-8ecd-7dbe37751a12> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/list_6367719_disadvantages-chipboard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482478.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217192932-20190217214932-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.954022 | 413 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What Are the Qualities of a Saint?
According to the Catholic church, a saint is someone who is known for Christian holiness, has shown devotion to God, is exceptionally generous, and is officially honored by the church as one who has attained heavenly glory. A person officially may be named a saint through a complex process called canonization.
To become a saint, a candidate must be named venerable, or a role model of Catholic virtues. The next step is called beatification. In order to be eligible for beatification, a candidate must be responsible for miracles after her death. A candidate who died for her faith is called a martyr, and she may be beatified without having miracles attributed to her.
Once beatified, a candidate is referred to as Blessed. In order to be officially canonized and called saint, the candidate must have an additional miracle attributed to her intercession. An example of this is when someone prays to a candidate for healing and suddenly is cured. Any alleged miracle must be investigated thoroughly by the Vatican.
People of the Catholic faith hold saints in high regard, and they often pray to saints for intercession. They compare praying to saints to asking a friend of God to ask God for a favor. | <urn:uuid:a14780c4-243a-4539-8b0f-127dbec46281> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/qualities-saint-766da5501c6b8462 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356140.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226030728-20210226060728-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.975575 | 250 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The story of the Isle of Atlantis first occurs in Plato's two dialogues the "Timaeus" and the "Citius." Plato's story centers around Solon, a great Greek legislator and poet who journeyed to Egypt some 150 years earlier. While in the Egyptian city of Sais Solon received the story of Atlantis from priests. The priests respected Solon's reputation and cordially welcomed him. They also respected the Athenians, whom they regarded as kinsmen, because they believed their deity Neith to be the same deity as the Greeks called Athena. Therefore, she was believed to be the patroness and protectoress of both Greece and Egypt.
The story which the priests told Solon was unknown to him. According to ancient Egyptian temple records the Athenians fought an aggressive war against the rulers of Atlantis some nine thousand years earlier and won.
These ancient and powerful kings or rulers of Atlantis had formed a confederation by which they controlled Atlantis and other islands as well. They began a war from their homeland in the Atlantic Ocean and sent fighting troops to Europe and Asia. Against this attack the men of Athens formed a coalition from all over Greece to halt it. When this coalition met difficulties their allies deserted them and the Athenians fought on alone to defeat the Atlantian rulers. They stopped an invasion of their own country as well as freeing Egypt and eventually every country under the control of the rulers of Atlantis.
Shortly after their victory, even before the Athenians could return home, Atlantis suffered catastrophic earthquakes and floods until it disappeared beneath the sea. All of the brave men were swallowed up in one day and night of horror according to legend. This is why the Egyptians were ever grateful to the Athenians.
Also in the story Plato gives a history of Atlantis which shows how the rulers eroded to such a state where they wanted to conquer everyone. This history had been recorded by Solon in notes which were handed down through his family.
According to Solon's notes the history of Atlantis began at the beginning of time. It was then that the immortal gods divided the world among themselves and each ruled their proportion. Poseidon` received Atlantis, an island larger the Libya and Asia combined. He chose for a wife the mortal woman Cleito, and with her begun the royal family of Atlantis.
Poseidon built Cleito's home on a high hill at the very center of the island. The home overlooked a fertile plain bordered by the sea. For his beloved wife's protection Poseidon surrounded her house with five concentric rings of water and land. He carved the rings with the ease and skill of a god. He made hot and cold springs come from the earth. With the development of a future city his descendants never lacked for water.
Cleito bore Poseidon ten sons, five sets of boys. Atlas the first son of the first set of twins, was made king over the vast territory by his father. His brothers were appointed princes and each ruled over a large section of the territory which was distributed to him. The most valuable section of the kingdom remained his mother's home on the hilltop and the land surrounding it. This was given to Atlas. Atlas himself had many sons with the succession of the throne always passing to the eldest son.
For generations Atlantis remained peaceful and prospered. Almost all of the population's needs were met from the island's mines, fields and forests. Anything which the kingdom did not produce was imported. This was possible because a channel was eventually built which transversed all the rings from the ocean to the center of the kingdom, or the acropolis. On this stood the royal palace near the original home of Poseidon and Cleito. Each succeeding king tried to out do his predecessor in building a greater kingdom. Finally the splendid city Metropolis and the outer city of Atlantis existed behind a great outer wall.
Poseidon sat down laws for Atlantis which the rulers were to fellow. The ruling body was to meet regularly. It was to consist of ten rulers which represented the first rulers, Atlas and his nine brothers, who reigned with absolute power of life and death over their subjects. These meeting occurred in the temple of Poseidon where the first rulers inscribed the laws on a pillar of orichalcum. First, as required by ancient ceremony, pledges were exchanged. Then a sacred bull was captured and killed. The body was burned as a sacrifice to the god. Then the blood was mixed with wine and poured over the fire as a act of purification for each man. The rulers were served wine in golden cups, each poured a libation over the fire and swore by oath to give judgment according to the inscribed laws. When ending his vow each drank his wine and dedicated his cup to the temple. This was followed by a dinner which preceded the rulers putting on magnificent blue robes in which they judged matters concerning the kingdom according to Poseidon's laws.
As long as they judged and lived by Poseidon's laws they and the kingdom prospered. When the laws began to be forgotten trouble began. More of the rulers eventually began marrying mortals and started acting like foolish humans. Soon pride overtook the rulers who soon began grasping for greater power. Then Zeus saw what had happened to the rulers. They had abandoned the laws of the gods and acted in an evil coalition as men. He assembled all the gods of Olympus around him and was to pronounce judgment on Atlantis. This is where Plato's story stops.
Whether Plato intended to end his story of Atlantis so abruptly or whether he intended to extend it no one knows. Just as no one knows whether Plato believed in the real existence of the island or whether it was purely a mythical kingdom. Many have said they believe that Plato believed in the island's existence because he exerted so much detail in its description, while others reject this by claiming since the story was purely fiction Plato could put in as much detail as he wanted, it does not prove a thing. Also in doubt is the time period of the story. Solon writes the island existed 9000 years before. This would place the time period in the Early Stone Age. In this period it is hard to imagine the type of agriculture, architecture and sea navigation as described in the story. One explanation for this time period inconsistency is that Solon misinterpreted the Egyptian symbol for "100" for "1000." If this be the case then Atlantis would have existed 900 years before. This would place the Atlantians in the Middle Bronze Age where they would possess the tools and equipment needed for the development described within the story.
To collaborate this 900 year theory there is geological evidence showing that roughly about 1500 BC. there was a gigantic volcanic eruption which caused half of the island to sink into the sea. Also a lost city has been said to have sunk in the Bay of Naples. At the time several rich and luxurious seaside resorts were located in the area. In the retelling of the story of Atlantis it is easy to see how one of these cities could be associated with it. The story is still being told which enthralls hundreds, as archaeological digs are conducted to unearth evidence of the real Atlantis. Until then the myth remains. | <urn:uuid:48e5a3f6-e45e-4b53-ace6-bb24142de2e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.esoterism.ro/english/atlantis-myth.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.982398 | 1,455 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Nearly 200 future engineers from 17 universities are getting the opportunity to demonstrate their talents and knowledge in developing a next generation propulsion system for the EcoCAR challenge. Officially called "EcoCAR: The NeXt Challenge," the competition is a three-year engineering competition headlined by General Motors and the U.S. Department of Energy. The challenge is managed by the Argonne National Laboratory and is sponsored by more than 30 groups and organizations including the California Air Resources Board and the Government of Canada.
The challenge for each team will focus on the implementation of an alternatively powered powertrain system while maintaining the performance, safety, and consumer appeal of their 2009 Saturn Vue crossovers. In addition to using a next-generation powertrain system, the teams will also incorporate lightweight materials into the vehicles and make improvements to aerodynamics. Improved efficiency and reduced greenhouse emissions are important as benchmarks, but an exceptional total package is the overall key to success.
While each of the 17 Vue EcoCARs will come out unique per team, there will be the following common characteristics shared for each Vue:
- Plug-in capability
- Use of lithium-ion battery technology
- Use of a renewable energy source
- Must retain the safety and real-world performance characteristics of a production Saturn Vue
On February 3, each team revealed their architectures of choice for their respective Vue crossovers. There are a total of four different architecture types -- Extended Range Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Full Function Electric Vehicle, and Fuel Cell Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle. | <urn:uuid:babceb78-54cb-4f82-816b-ca60334cae5d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.trucktrend.com/features/news/2009/163_news090209_2009_saturn_vue_used_to_showcase_future_of_alternative_fuels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136896.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00172-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931541 | 319 | 3.0625 | 3 |
One of the best things about working in dentistry is helping people become confident and comfortable with their teeth. A career as a dental assistant can provide a fast-paced environment, good working conditions and an attractive salary. Not only is this profession in demand, but you can also enjoy the satisfaction of helping patients achieve brighter, healthier smiles.
As a dental assistant, you’ll most likely work in a dentist office, though your job duties may vary depending on where you work. Some examples of possible job duties include preparing the instruments and exam room, prepping the patient, documenting the care the patient received, managing medical supplies and more.
Becoming a dental assistant requires formal education at one of the programs accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) which is overseen by the American Dental Association (ADA). While most of the programs in the United States take between 9 and 12 months to complete, there are some technical schools, universities and dental schools that provide alternatives to this schedule. For example, you might be able to find a vocational school or community college that offers a part-time program providing an accelerated schedule or virtual training.
Once you have completed your educational program, you must be certified by passing the Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) exam, delivered by the Dental Assisting National Board (DANB).
In some cases, you might complete a dental assistant program that has not been accredited by the CODA or you might have received on-the-job training instead of postsecondary education. If so, you’re eligible to take the national CDA examination once you have completed two years of work as a full-time dental assistant.
Not all states require that dental assistants pass all components of the CDA examination in order to be licensed and in compliance of regulations. Some states recognize the successful completion of certain parts of the exam, such as the Infection Control portion or the Radiation Health and Safety component. In still other states, no formal education is required, although a dentist could mandate it as a condition of employment.
Just as other medical professionals can specialize in a particular area of interest, so can dental assistants. In addition to being employed with a dentist that offers general dentistry services, you could also assist pedodontists, periodontists, endodontists, orthodontists or oral maxillofacial surgeons.
Salary and Benefits
In 2016, the average yearly salary for a full-time dental assistant was nearly $37,000. More than 318,000 dental assistant jobs were available in 2014. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expects the dental assistant industry to grow at a rate that is much faster than average. Between 2014 and 2024, the BLS expects that the industry will increase at a rate of 18 percent and add 58,600 jobs.
If you find the idea of performing a range of different tasks for the dentists in your practice satisfying and exciting, a career as a dental assistant could be the right one for you. | <urn:uuid:9ca36eea-b32a-4b79-b3c5-9d77d044278f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.givenus.com/career-as-a-dental-assistant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578626296.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424034609-20190424060609-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.955034 | 618 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Old Reliable: The story of the Redstone
by Andrew J. LePage
The launch of the first Redstone from Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953. (credit: NASA/MSFC)
After the end of World War II, the core of the team led by Wernher von Braun that developed and built the German A-4 missile (also popularly known as the V-2) were relocated to the United States to begin ballistic missile development for the US Army. What would become the Redstone started as a design study called Hermes C in the late 1940s. The Hermes program was a series of experimental rockets that combined proven German A-4 technology with new American innovations. As such, the Redstone is a direct descendant of the A-4. In July 1950, a feasibility study began for a ballistic missile with an 800-kilometer (500-mile) range based on the Hermes C work.
|The Redstone is a direct descendant of the A-4, better known as the V-2.|
As the war in Korea dragged on, the program received the highest “1A” priority and was redirected in the hopes of employing it in that conflict. In order to speed development and make it a mobile field weapon, the nominal range was reduced to 320 kilometers (200 miles) and it was decided to use a smaller engine built by North American Aviation (later, by their Rocketdyne division) based on the one used by the Navaho cruise missile’s rocket booster. On April 8, 1952, this new tactical missile was officially named Redstone after the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, where Dr. von Braun and his team had moved in 1950.
The single-stage Redstone with its warhead attached was originally 19.2 meters (63 feet) long and 1.78 meters (70 inches) in diameter. Later production models had a length of 21.0 meters (69 feet) and a weighed as much as 28,000 kilograms (62,000 pounds) at launch depending on its payload. Its A-7 engine generated 334 kilonewtons (75,000 pounds-force) of thrust for 110 seconds burning the same combination of propellants used by the A-4 rocket: liquid oxygen and a mixture of 75% ethanol and 25% water. The Redstone was controlled by an inertial guidance system and was steered during powered flight using moveable vanes in the A-7 engine’s exhaust stream as well as movable rudders on the tips of the four stabilizing fins at the base of the rocket; a system similar to that employed by the German A-4 rocket. The first 16 Redstone rockets were built at the Redstone Arsenal with subsequent missiles manufactured under contract by Chrysler at its facility in Sterling Heights, Michigan.
Like the A-4, the Redstone could carry a warhead containing high explosives. To significantly increase the destructive power of the Redstone, it was also designed to carry a W-39 nuclear warhead. The W-39 was originally developed for the Snark intercontinental-range cruise missile. Weighing 3,100 kilograms (6,900 pounds), the W-39 had a yield of 2.5 megatons, or over one hundred times greater than the nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Early in the development of the Redstone engineers realized that the range and accuracy would be improved if the warhead separated from the Redstone after burnout, unlike the A-4, where the warhead remained attached throughout its flight. The W-39 was housed in a tapered cylinder topped with a nosecone that was 11.4 meters (37.4 feet) long with the Redstone’s instrument compartment attached. The warhead was guided to its target after separation using four air vanes at its base. The Redstone could deliver its nuclear cargo to a point 240 kilometers (150 miles) away with an accuracy of 140 meters (150 yards).
Development of the Redstone proceeded quickly and the first test flight was launched from Cape Canaveral on August 20, 1953. While this first flight was less than successful, the design quickly proved itself during the succeeding three dozen tests flown over the next five years. After the first 11 test flights that were exclusively for Redstone development, subsequent flights starting in March 1956 also tested the guidance system and other components for the new Jupiter IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile), which was also being developed for the Army by Dr. von Braun and his team in Huntsville. This version of the Redstone, called Jupiter A, also tested various upgrades to the Redstone design as well as ground equipment to help gain additional practical experience with the rocket.
In April 1956, the Army’s first Redstone battalion was formed. In February 1958, Army crews began training flights with actual Redstones launched from Cape Canaveral and White Sands. The Redstone became operational on June 1, 1958, and was subsequently deployed in Europe to support NATO’s shield force on what was then the front lines of the Cold War. The Redstone became the first large ballistic missile deployed overseas by the United States.
Not long after entering service, two Redstones were launched from Johnson Island in the Pacific Ocean as part of Operation Hardtack. Started in 1952 by the Atomic Energy Commission, the purpose of Operation Hardtack was to determine the effects of high altitude nuclear detonations. The first Redstone launch on July 31, 1958, code named “Teak”, lofted its W-39 warhead to an altitude of 76.8 kilometers (47.7 miles) where it was detonated. The test created a fireball 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter that could be seen from the Hawaii 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) away. The explosion blacked out short wave radio over the Pacific for up to nine hours and generated an aurora that was observed from the Samoan Islands 3,200 kilometers (2,000 miles) away. The second launch on August 11, code named “Orange”, sent its warhead to an altitude of 43.0 kilometers (26.7 miles) before detonating. In the process of supporting the goals of Operation Hardtack, the Redstone had now received a complete end-to-end test in the field from launch to the detonation of its nuclear warhead.
The Redstone-based Juno I rocket before it launched Explorer 1 into orbit on January 31, 1958. (credit: NASA/MSFC)
While Dr. von Braun and his team were developing the Redstone and later the Jupiter for use as weapons, their real dream of spaceflight was never far from their minds. During the early stages of its development, they realized that a modified Redstone could serve as the basis of a launch vehicle capable of orbiting a miniaturized satellite payload. Eventually a joint Army-Navy study was started called Project Orbiter. In its original incarnation, the Redstone would loft a “high speed assembly” consisting of cluster of 37 Loki surface-to-air missiles that would fire at altitude to send a small satellite into orbit.
|While Dr. von Braun and his team were developing the Redstone and later the Jupiter for use as weapons, their real dream of spaceflight was never far from their minds.|
The proposal was submitted to the Department of Defense in September 1954. On September 9, 1955, the DoD rejected that plan in favor of a proposal by the Naval Research Laboratory to use modified versions of their Viking and Aerobee sounding rockets to orbit a satellite. Eventually called Vanguard, this was to be America’s “official” satellite program, which hoped to orbit a payload during the International Geophysical Year in 1957–58.
Undeterred, Dr. von Braun and his team continued to develop and improve upon the original Project Orbiter proposal in hopes of being given approval to launch a satellite before Vanguard. In its final incarnation, a modified version of the Redstone was employed as the first stage of the launch vehicle. While the diameter of the missile remained unchanged, the propellant tanks of the production Redstone were lengthened by 1.65 meters (5 feet 5 inches) to increase the burn time to 155 seconds. The A-7 engine was modified to use what the Army called Hydyne as a fuel to generate 369 kilonewtons (83,000 pounds-force) of thrust. Hydyne consisted of a corrosive mixture of 60% unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and 40% diethylene triamine (DET) that packed more of a punch than the ethanol normally used by the Redstone.
Mounted on top of this modified Redstone was a cluster of 15 scaled-down versions of the JPL-developed rocket motor used in the Sergeant surface-to-surface tactical missiles. Eleven of these motors were used as the second stage, three in the third stage, and a single motor as the fourth stage. This Redstone-based launch vehicle had a total length of 21.7 meters (71 feet 3 inches) and a lift off weight of 29,000 kilograms (64,000 pounds). It was capable of orbiting 11 kilograms (25 pounds).
While the Army was banned from developing this rocket as a satellite launcher, Dr. von Braun’s rocket did have an application in support of the Jupiter IRBM development effort. One of the unresolved issues for an IRBM was the survival of its warhead after a high-speed reentry into Earth’s atmosphere. While the proposed satellite launcher was not powerful enough to loft an actual Jupiter warhead, the rocket was capable of accelerating a one-third scale model weighing 140 kilograms (300 pounds) to hypersonic velocities to test the design. The only major change required was the removal of the final stage and the installation of an adapter for the nosecone. The development of this rocket, now designated Jupiter C ("C" standing for "Composite") to help disguise its heritage under the Jupiter program umbrella, proceeded so that the satellite launch option would be preserved.
The first launch of the Jupiter C went off without a hitch on September 20, 1956. The inert fourth stage and its dummy satellite payload reached a record peak altitude of 1,097 kilometers (682 miles) and landed 5,366 kilometers (3,335 miles) downrange in the Atlantic Ocean. The principle objectives of the flight were met and the beacon on the simulated satellite payload was tracked throughout the flight. Von Braun and his team had demonstrated that they had the means of launching a satellite into orbit.
On May 15, 1957, the second Jupiter C, which was the first to carry a scaled Jupiter IRBM nosecone payload, successfully lifted off. Although the rocket operated as intended, a guidance system malfunction caused the nosecone to overshoot the target area and the payload was not recovered. Radar tracking, however, indicated that the test vehicle’s ablative heat shield worked as intended and that the nosecone survived reentry. The third flight of the Jupiter C took place on August 8, 1957. The nosecone was quickly recovered and within days presented by President Eisenhower on national television as the first object to be successfully recovered from space. With this successful third flight, the Jupiter C program had met all of its objectives and the program was declared completed. The remaining Jupiter C rockets were placed into storage in hopes of using them to launch a satellite.
|Being the first large missile developed in the United States, it laid the groundwork for subsequent advances in American missile technology.|
The Jupiter C did not have to wait long. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. Five days after the launch of Sputnik 2 on November 3, Dr. von Braun and his team at Huntsville were given official approval to attempt a satellite launch using a four-stage version of the Jupiter C now called the Juno I. After the spectacular failure of Vanguard TV-3 on its first orbital test launch on December 8, a Juno I successfully launched Explorer 1 into orbit from Cape Canaveral on the night of January 31, 1958. During the next nine months, five additional Juno I launch attempts took place, resulting in two more Explorer satellites successfully orbited. Afterwards the Juno I was retired in favor of the more capable Juno II, which consisted of the same upper stage cluster mounted atop of a modified Jupiter IRBM.
Although the Redstone was retired from duties as a satellite launch vehicle, in 1959 it was selected by NASA to launch the 1,300-kilogram (2,900-pound) manned Mercury space capsule on suborbital test flights. Designated the Redstone MRLV (Mercury Redstone Launch Vehicle), the stretched propellant tanks from the Juno I were retained but the Redstone reverted back to using ethanol as a fuel. In the end over 800 component changes were made to human-rate the Redstone and make it compatible with the Mercury.
The first test flight of the Mercury Redstone, MR-1, took place on November 21, 1960. Unfortunately the rocket only rose about ten centimeters (four inches) or so off the launch pad before the engines cut out. After the rocket settled back onto the pad (and did not explode!), Mercury’s launch abort system activated, sending the escape tower off towards the Atlantic but leaving the Mercury capsule behind. The problems uncovered by this test were corrected and a new Redstone launched MR-1A on December 19. A second test flight, MR-2, carrying a chimpanzee named Ham, launched on January 31, 1961. Unfortunately a number of problems occurred during this flight, which made the MR-2 capsule overshoot its landing area by 212 kilometers (132 miles). After crews corrected those problem one last test flight with a boilerplate Mercury capsule, MR-BD, successfully launched on March 24, clearing the way for the first manned Mercury flights.
The first manned Mercury flight, MR-3, carried Alan Shepard on a 15-minute suborbital flight on May 5, 1961. The Redstone MRLV worked as intended, lofting Shepard’s Freedom 7 capsule to a peak altitude of 187.5 kilometers (116.5 miles) and landing in the Atlantic Ocean 487.6 kilometers (303.0 miles) downrange from Cape Canaveral. After the largely successful mission of MR-4 launched on July 21 with Gus Grissom piloting the Liberty Bell 7 capsule, NASA cancelled any further Mercury Redstone flights since all test objectives needed for orbital flights had been met.
While the Redstone wasn’t used for further American spaceflights, it did leave a legacy. Being the first large missile developed in the United States, it laid the groundwork for subsequent advances in American missile technology. In addition, the tooling and jigs used to make the Redstone’s airframe and propellant tanks were adapted for use in Dr. von Braun’s new Saturn I rocket. Eight stretched, 70-inch Redstone propellant tanks were clustered around a stretched 105-inch Jupiter propellant tank to create the tankage for the first stage of the Saturn I. The Saturn I and IB continued to fly as part of the Apollo program until 1975—long after the retirement of the Redstone.
In the foreground is a Redstone MRLV used to launch Mercury on suborbital missions. Tooling and jigs used for the Redstone and the Jupiter IRBM (to the left) propellant tanks were used to construct the cluster of tanks used for the Saturn I first stage seen in the background. (credit: NASA/MSFC)
The Redstone, now nicknamed “Old Reliable”, continued to be part of America’s Cold War arsenal until it was declared obsolete on June 25, 1964. Newer missiles, like the solid-propellant Pershing, were much more mobile and easier to prepare for launch in the field than the liquid-fueled Redstone. On October 30, 1964, the US officially retired the Redstone from service during a ceremony at the Redstone Arsenal, and all support contracts were terminated on December 1. The Redstone and its support equipment were subsequently consigned to museums or scrapped in the coming years. But before the last of the Redstones were gone, the Defense Department used it one last time as part of an antiballistic missile test program called Project Defender. On November 30, 1965, a Redstone launched from San Nicholas Island off the California coast and was subsequently intercepted by a Navy Terrier surface-to-air missile.
|WRESAT was the last known launch of the Redstone and a perfect ending to its long successful career in space and as a weapon.|
Before the last of the Redstones were permanently consigned to history, it performed one last mission in 1966. It served as the launch vehicle in the joint United States/United Kingdom/Australia program called Project SPARTA (SPecial Antimissile Research Tests, Australia), which was to observe model warheads of various shapes and materials during reentry. The SPARTA rocket consisted of a Redstone as the first stage, an Antares solid rocket motor (similar to those used in the third stage of NASA’s Scout all-solid launch vehicle) for the second stage and a BE-3 solid motor for the third stage. The rockets launched from the Woomera Test Range in South Australia, with the first two stages lifting the test body to an altitude of about 360 kilometers (224 miles). The third stage would then fire downwards to push the test body back into the atmosphere at speeds of over 6 kilometers per second (3.7 miles per second) to be observed by radar and various optical sensors. TRW Systems Group was the prime contractor, LTV Aerospace Corporation supplied the upper stages, and Chrysler refurbished a total of ten surplus Redstone missiles for the program. In order to launch the SPARTA rocket, some ground equipment donated to the Smithsonian Institution had to be borrowed back.
A SPARTA rocket being prepared to launch the Australian WRESAT into orbit from the Woomera Test Range for the last known flight of the Redstone on November 29, 1967. (credit: RAAF)
The first launch of the SPARTA on November 26, 1966, apparently failed and was destroyed by range safety. The following eight launches, with the last taking place on October 31, 1967, were successful, meeting all Project SPARTA objectives. Australia’s Weapons Research Establishment (WRE) got permission to use the last surplus SPARTA rocket to launch a test satellite they had constructed. Called WRESAT, it was a cone 1.59 meters (5.22 feet) long with a base diameter of 76 centimeters (30 inches) and a mass of 45 kilograms (99 pounds). It carried a payload of ultraviolet and X-ray sensors similar to those Australia had launched earlier on sounding rockets.
WRESAT was launched on November 29, 1967, and entered a 193 by 1,259 kilometer (120 by 782 mile) orbit inclined 82.2 degrees to the Equator. This made Australia only the fourth nation after the Soviet Union, the United States, and France to successfully build and launch a satellite from its own territory. WRESAT continued to transmit data until its batteries were exhausted on December 8 and reentered the Earth’s atmosphere on January 10, 1968. In April of 1990 WRESAT’s Redstone first stage was recovered from Australia’s Simpson Desert and subsequently put on display at the Woomera National Aerospace and Missile Park. This was the last known launch of the Redstone and a perfect ending to its long successful career in space and as a weapon.
David Baker, The Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket & Missile Technology, Crown Publishers, 1978
Bill Gunston, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World’s Rockets and Missiles, Salamander Books, 1979
Chuck Hansen, U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History, Aerofax/Orion Books, 1988
Keith J. Scala and Michael A. Crowe, “SPARTA Program: The Redstone Down Under”, Spaceflight, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp 287–288, August 1991
Keith J. Scala, “The Secret Life of the Redstone Missile”, Quest, Vol. 3, No. 2/3, pp 68–74, Summer/Fall 1994
Wernher von Braun, “The Redstone, Jupiter, and Juno”, in The History of Rocket Technology (ed. Eugene M. Emme), pp 107–121, Wayne State University Press, 1964 | <urn:uuid:be42484e-0a19-4cca-bf62-a7491347aa70> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1836/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00558-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962673 | 4,256 | 3.421875 | 3 |
ISC operates the “F” root domain server, one of the 13 Internet root name servers known as A-root through M-root. We have operated F-Root for IANA since 1994. The Root Server Technical Operations Association maintains a map that shows the location of all of the world’s root name servers. Over 50 of them are F Roots, operated by ISC.
If you are perplexed that over 50 (the number of F-root servers) is greater than 13 (the number of root name servers), you can read about the “anycast” scheme used to make the servers collectively behave as one server. F-root answers queries over IPv4 on 22.214.171.124, and over IPv6 on 2001:500:2f::f using a hierarchical anycast technique and BIND 9 software. Network operators can improve their access to the F Root Nameserver, and hence the reliability of the DNS in general, by peering with ISC at the exchange points where we maintain a presence.
We have almost 3,000 F-root peers. For information about peering with ISC, see our Peering Information Page.
Our Commitment to F-Root
On January 4th, 2008, ISC became the first root server operator to sign a Mutual Responsibilities Agreement with ICANN, which identifies mutual responsibilities and is another step to enhance Internet stability.
Below is a map showing the locations of F-root nodes worldwide. For more information and resources about F-Root, such as locations and identifying which F-root is providing service to you, visit our F-Root Resources Page.
- F-Root Anycast Placement Research Using RIPE Atlas (UKNOF 2015)
- F-Root in Africa (AFRINIC 2014)
- RSSAC Restructure Update and Statement on RSSAC 001 and 002
- Service Expectations of Root Servers
- RSSAC 002 Recommendation on Measurements of the Root Server System
- RSSAC 003 Report on Root Zone TTLS
- Frequently-asked questions about the DNS Root
- What is the DNS Root? | <urn:uuid:c6624a2d-307d-499b-9354-16dcbd9bea97> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.isc.org/f-root/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00094-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884807 | 446 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The speaker describes a nightmarish scene: the falcon, turning in a widening “gyre” (spiral), cannot hear the falconer; “Things fall apart; the center cannot hold”; anarchy is loosed upon the world; “The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned.” The best people, the speaker says, lack all conviction, but the worst “are full of passionate intensity.”
Surely, the speaker asserts, the world is near a revelation; “Surely the Second Coming is at hand.” No sooner does he think of “the Second Coming,” then he is troubled by “a vast image of the Spiritus Mundi, or the collective spirit of mankind: somewhere in the desert, a giant sphinx (“A shape with lion body and the head of a man, / A gaze as blank and pitiless as the sun”) is moving, while the shadows of desert birds reel about it. The darkness drops again over the speaker’s sight, but he knows that the sphinx’s twenty centuries of “stony sleep” have been made a nightmare by the motions of “a rocking cradle.” And what “rough beast,” he wonders, “its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?”
“The Second Coming” is written in a very rough iambic pentameter, but the meter is so loose, and the exceptions so frequent, that it actually seems closer to free verse with frequent heavy stresses. The rhymes are likewise haphazard; apart from the two couplets with which the poem opens, there are only coincidental rhymes in the poem, such as “man” and “sun.”
Because of its stunning, violent imagery and terrifying ritualistic language, “The Second Coming” is one of Yeats’s most famous and most anthologized poems; it is also one of the most thematically obscure and difficult to understand. (It is safe to say that very few people who love this poem could paraphrase its meaning to satisfaction.) Structurally, the poem is quite simple—the first stanza describes the conditions present in the world (things falling apart, anarchy, etc.), and the second surmises from those conditions that a monstrous Second Coming is about to take place, not of the Jesus we first knew, but of a new messiah, a “rough beast,” the slouching sphinx rousing itself in the desert and lumbering toward Bethlehem. This brief exposition, though intriguingly blasphemous, is not terribly complicated; but the question of what it should signify to a reader is another story entirely.
Yeats spent years crafting an elaborate, mystical theory of the universe that he described in his book A Vision. This theory issued in part from Yeats’s lifelong fascination with the occult and mystical, and in part from the sense of responsibility Yeats felt to order his experience within a structured belief system. The system is extremely complicated and not of any lasting importance—except for the effect that it had on his poetry, which is of extraordinary lasting importance. The theory of history Yeats articulated in A Vision centers on a diagram made of two conical spirals, one inside the other, so that the widest part of one of the spirals rings around the narrowest part of the other spiral, and vice versa. Yeats believed that this image (he called the spirals “gyres”) captured the contrary motions inherent within the historical process, and he divided each gyre into specific regions that represented particular kinds of historical periods (and could also represent the psychological phases of an individual’s development).
“The Second Coming” was intended by Yeats to describe the current historical moment (the poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres. Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of an apocalyptic revelation, as history reached the end of the outer gyre (to speak roughly) and began moving along the inner gyre. In his definitive edition of Yeats’s poems, Richard J. Finneran quotes Yeats’s own notes:
The end of an age, which always receives the revelation of the character of the next age, is represented by the coming of one gyre to its place of greatest expansion and of the other to its place of greatest contraction... The revelation [that] approaches will... take its character from the contrary movement of the interior gyre...
In other words, the world’s trajectory along the gyre of science, democracy, and heterogeneity is now coming apart, like the frantically widening flight-path of the falcon that has lost contact with the falconer; the next age will take its character not from the gyre of science, democracy, and speed, but from the contrary inner gyre—which, presumably, opposes mysticism, primal power, and slowness to the science and democracy of the outer gyre. The “rough beast” slouching toward Bethlehem is the symbol of this new age; the speaker’s vision of the rising sphinx is his vision of the character of the new world.
This seems quite silly as philosophy or prophecy (particularly in light of the fact that it has not come true as yet). But as poetry, and understood more broadly than as a simple reiteration of the mystic theory of A Vision, “The Second Coming” is a magnificent statement about the contrary forces at work in history, and about the conflict between the modern world and the ancient world. The poem may not have the thematic relevance of Yeats’s best work, and may not be a poem with which many people can personally identify; but the aesthetic experience of its passionate language is powerful enough to ensure its value and its importance in Yeats’s work as a whole.
The Second Coming has many biblical references within the poem in my point of view. It talks about ideas from the book of revelations. In revelations an angel "opened an abyss"(Revelation 9:2) in which Yeats describes a "widening gyre"- a deep and bottomless pit. The bible also describes the world in its last days filled with: "abomination filled with desolation)". Yeats also discribes a world filled with chaos: "falcon cannot hear the falconer, anarchy, innocence drowned, best lack all conviction, blood- dimmed tide, and passionate intensit... Read more→
189 out of 212 people found this helpful
This might give you a bit of context...
1 out of 2 people found this helpful
This is a terrible explication. I would be foolish to attempt to add to this inane conversation.
8 out of 43 people found this helpful | <urn:uuid:9971a121-3007-42bd-946f-46781de09449> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/yeats/section5.rhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00120-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953939 | 1,443 | 2.671875 | 3 |
School webteam: December 2019
During our last Forest School session the children listened to the story 'The Hunter' by Paul Geraghty. They discussed the plight of elephants hunted for their tusks. The children in Pearl Class used willow withies to create a perimeter fence for their Kenyan home and garden. They learned how to use withies as a cheap material to enclose their home and garden. After that they collected wood from the silver birch tree to create a shared fire. Mr Hadfield then treated the children to S'mores. | <urn:uuid:c50930df-8a84-496b-b15d-3a05625cf963> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.audlemstjames.org.uk/news/pearl-class-perimeter-fence.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368687.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304082345-20210304112345-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.950562 | 112 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Definition of hidden tax
1 : a tax that is ultimately paid by someone other than the person on whom it is levied
2 : an economic inequity that reduces one's real income or buying power
First Known Use of hidden tax
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up hidden tax? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:ae444a7e-de13-4536-8ff3-dc935a310a6e> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hidden%20tax | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276543.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00009-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956304 | 80 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance
HarperCollins College Publishers, 1994 - Aspect biologique - Biogéographie - Écologie - Population - 801 pages
Now in its fourth edition, this text continues to present ecology as a series of problems for students to analyze critically. The author emphasizes the role of experiments in testing ecological ideas, discusses many contemporary, controversial problems, and explains all mathematical concepts of ecology and reinforces concepts with research references and chapter-ending review questions. This edition has been updated and reviewed by experts in the field to feature coverage of the emerging areas of behavioural and physiolgical ecology and a more in-depth discussion of population genetics, mutualism and succession. It also includes a new two-colour format, four-colour insert, and new features to aid learning.
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Parti What Is Ecology?
Introduction to the Science of Ecology
Evolution and Ecology
106 other sections not shown
adaptations adult algae areas average biological biomass birds breeding changes Chapter chemical climatic colonization competition curve cycle determine Discuss dispersal ecologists ecology effects eggs energy environment environmental equation equilibrium estimate evolution evolutionary example extinction factors feeding female fish fishery food web forest genetic geographic range grass grassland grazing habitat habitat selection herbivores hypothesis illustrates important individuals insects interactions islands lakes larvae leaf limit logistic logistic curve mammals measure meters moisture mortality natural selection niche North America number of species nutrients occur organisms parasites parasitoids percent pest photosynthesis phytoplankton pine plants and animals population density population growth predator-prey predator-prey systems predators predictions prey primary production problem reproductive rate scale seedlings seeds shown in Figure shows simple soil species-area curve stable succession survival survivorship curve Table temperature tion trees trophic level tropical ungulates variable vegetation wildebeest zone zooplankton | <urn:uuid:5e4779eb-0758-4b5d-b797-693fd9fcbb7f> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://books.google.com/books?id=_JbuAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&hl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096579.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00266-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828915 | 393 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This web page is somewhat of a white paper discussing the astronomical possibilities of life-bearing planets within the 'immediate' stellar neighborhood; that is, within roughly 50 LY (light years) of Sol. The general audience I envision is fans of science fiction, most particularly hard science fiction, though beginning writers (like me) may find this page useful. For those with a background in astronomy, this may be a refresher course.
Primarily, these pages grew out of my own research into a story I wrote about a human colony around another star. I thought I would just pick some well-known star the appropriate distance from Sol from a star chart (the story required a distance of 40 LY, but it wasn't too picky about local conditions other than local plants and fish). It turns out that named stars tend not to be good places for life, or colonies. Named stars have names because they are quite visible in our sky, but in terms of a scientific possibilities for life-supporting planets they turn out to be too young (Vega), too old (Betelgeuse), too big (Capella), too small (Barnard's), too far (Rigel), too hot (Sirius), too cold (Wolf 359), or too many (Castor). My research into local stellar environments, coupled with my lifelong interest in astronomy, made me decide to write an article about what it takes for a star to be capable of hosting life supporting planets, consolidating the research of many that have gone before me (see Bibliography).
For the purposes of life, I am assuming Earth type life, that is organic (carbon based) requiring a lot of water and oxygen. We may speculate about exotic life such as silicon based, but it is harder to predict what the best environment would be as we have yet to run across any examples of it among perhaps 20-100 million species of life on Earth. Earth life has proven to be extraordinarily resilient, from life in 600 degree volcanic water to bacteria accidently sent to the moon on a Surveyor probe and proved alive years later after their return by Apollo astronauts. Because of this, I feel it is not too far-fetched to assume that carbon/water life will take hold given the proper environment. Be aware that this is an extremely debatable subject. However, in science fiction we try to exploit the possible and aren't necessarily trying to win Nobel prizes in exobiology.
The scientific plausability of all of this is further debatable. Many astronomers (or biologists for that matter) refuse to go too far out on a limb to suggest which stars look promising because this science is so far in its infancy, you might as well call it pre-fetal. However, there are quite a lot of theories to suggest which types of stars would be incapable of hosting life, or at least would make it extremely unlikely. Therefore, it is up to the author to decide how far to push current theories to support a story around a particular star. I try to remember the classic editor's rejection of far-fetched science: 'Suspension of disbelief does not mean hanging it by the neck until dead'.
There are three main areas of astronomy that can help narrow down the possibilities of finding a likely star. The first and biggest help, though the most complicated, is the 'Spectral Class' of the star and it's associated trivia. The second is the star's age and lifespan, and the third is the multiple star characteristics of the system.
The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram
The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram is probably familiar to anyone who has taken an astonomy class, or has ever picked up a generic book about astronomy. Here's a version from Jim Smith's Free Virtual Galaxy Project, I'm sure you've seen a similar one:
Here's a quick review. The brighter a star is (usually from an arbitrary distance of 32.6 LY -- 10 parsecs), the higher it is on the chart. Dimmer is near the bottom. The horizontal aspect of the chart is temperature -- hotter stars to the left, cooler stars to the right. Your Astronomy 101 class probably pointed out where the sun lies (and almost all H-R diagrams have a big yellow dot in the middle of the main sequence saying 'We Are Here', just like this diagram does). You were probably taught the spectral classes of stars, O B A F G K M, and probably several mnemonics to help you remember them, from 'Oh Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me' to the classic rebuttal 'Only Boys Accepting Feminism Get Kissed Meaningfully'. Spectral classes are further subdivided into numbers, 0 is warmer than 9, and Sol turns out to be a G2 star. O stars are usually hot/bright, and M stars are usually cool/dim, with exceptions such as white dwarfs like Sirius B (hot, dim) and red supergiants like Betelguese (cool, bright). You were probably also taught, usually with a strange smugness, that our star is a yellow dwarf star with no distinguishing characteristics to make it seem special in any particular way.
It's all coming back, right? There are a few things on this chart that make things interesting for planet hunting, and almost all of it revolves (so to speak) around the mass of the star. Mass is not explicitly plotted on the H-R diagram, but it generally corresponds with the temperature of the star -- all the stars on the main sequence to the left of Sol tend to have more mass and stars to the right tend to have less mass. This is less evident off the main sequence, or at least it doesn't translate directly. For instance, white dwarfs tend to be at the lower left in the OBA areas, but generally have masses near that of Sol, while some red giants (not supergiants) may also be near Sol's mass, though they fall to the right and above.
Because mass doesn't disappear, stars don't generally drift through the main sequence. After the first few percent of a star's age (less than 5 percent), the star generally stablizes and stays at the same general spot on the H-R diagram for up to 90 percent of it's life. Even at the end of Sol's life, when it expands off the main sequence to a red giant, it may still technically be a G (or perhaps low-K) class star based on its temperature, luminosity, and mass. Some variable stars shift slightly, however, and there is a theory that the ice ages may have been caused by small 'wiggles' in solar luminosity (though after seeing the effects of the last El Nino cycle, I tend to agree with the theory that the ice ages were caused by the rising Himalayas shifting the jet stream).
For purposes of likely life sustaining planetary systems, we probably don't want to look too far below the K class stars. At that point, we're looking at a typical mass of half that of Sol's (with 0.2 times the luminosity of Sol), and the M class stars run around a quarter of Sol's mass (with 0.005 times Sol's luminosity). When stars head towards the basement of K class, any warm planets would have to snuggle closer to its host star to stay where water has a good chance at remaining a liquid. This runs the risk of tidally locking the planet so that one face stays towards its star -- which can cause undesirable weather and temperature problems. Additionally, many stars flare, which causes a greater risk of deadly radiation regularly sterilizing close planets.
On the other end of the scale, we probably don't want to look above F class stars. O through A stars have high levels of ultraviolet radiation and tend to have high stellar winds which could strip away an atmosphere. OBA stars tend to rotate rapidly as well, and there are theories that rapidly rotating stars don't generate many planets (or perhaps it's the other way around and OBA stars rapidly rotate because they don't have many planets to slow the stellar rotation).
This implies likely candidates in the F, G, and K classes, with G perhaps as optimum merely through being the center of the range. As it turns out, there are many more stars of low mass than stars with higher mass. For every 100 stars, statistically there are 67 M class stars, 13 K class, 7 G class, 3 F class, and maybe 1 A class (and probably none of the rare O and B class stars). Out of 400 billion stars in the galaxy, this gives us roughly 90 billion FGK candidates, less than twenty-five percent, with seven percent being G type (26 billion).
Spectral classes can be further subdivided by a roman numeral based on size (related to luminosity) called the Yerkes scheme:
Ia Luminous Supergiants Ib Less Luminous Supergiants II Luminous Giants III Normal Giants IV Subgiants V Dwarfs VI Subdwarfs
Generally class V stars are called dwarfs because they are much smaller than classes Iab through IV. However, the term 'dwarf' is statistically a misnomer -- 90 % of stars fall in the main sequence V class and are class F and cooler. Due to problems of tidal locks and flares, we want the V class stars (though we can, perhaps, get away with a small IV class member under ideal conditions). The star Canopus (in the constellation Argo) provides a good example for checking the Yerkes class; Canopus is a 'F0II' star. F0 is perhaps a little toasty for life, but still yellow-white and on the borderline of our acceptable FGK selection. The II, however, labels it as a luminous giant and in fact its diameter is 65 times that of Sol, with a violent corona emitting strong X-rays and radio waves.
There is one more set of miscellaneous data usually prefixed or appended to spectral class:
D Degenerate. A white dwarf, as in Sirius B, type DA2 d usually a red dwarf, as in Proxima Centauri, type dM5e. Yerkes
class V is more modern.
sd subdwarf (Yerkes VI these days)
e strong emissions (indicate a large, thick hot gas cloud or corona surrounding the star) m abnormally abundant heavy elements (usually metals, sometimes non-hydrogen/helium) n nebulous absorption lines (usually due to high stellar rotation) neb nebula spectrum mixed with the star p other peculiar feature (usually abundance of an unexpected element) var variable star wl weak lines (usually old, metal-poor stars)
If one looks at stellar potentials, such as Canopus, Sol may seem like an uninteresting, dim, small, yellow dwarf. However, since spectral class is linked to mass, Sol actually has more mass than the average star. As there are more K and M stars than any other, Sol's G2 status actually makes it brighter than most stars. Given the actual statistics, Sol is actually brighter, bigger, warmer, and rarer than most of the stars in the galaxy.
If we use Earth evolution as a guide, it took roughly 3 billion years for evolution to get out of the single-cell stage once life evolved. It took that long to 'terraform' the atmosphere into one that provided free oxygen, and thus give the potential for more active, multicellular life. It took 540 million years from the 'Cambrian Explosion' of multicelled evolution to Homo sapiens. There were a lot of false starts in this due to great extinctions, some of them extra-terrestrial catastrophies (such as the possible Yucatan impact at the end of the Cretaceous), some were terrestrial in origin (the trilobite extinction may have been caused by planetary weather changes due to mass vulcanism in what is now Siberia). Many other events, from sunspot cycles to continental drift, have affected the evolution of our modestly intelligent species. Perhaps these events were necessary to weed out life that may have restricted or competed with evolved intelligence. Perhaps if the Yucatan impact had not occurred, an intelligent, warm-blooded dinosaur would have evolved 50 million years earlier than intelligent mammals.
In any case, based on Earth, we can estimate roughly 500 million years of multi-cellular evolution to get to humans, plus 3 billion years of single-celled life, plus 500 million to 1 billion years for the Earth to absorb solar system debris and to cool down from formation. We can speculate on variables: Perhaps a star formed from a high oxygen/water nebula could cut out a billion years or two of single-celled terraforming. Perhaps evolution is quicker and more competitive on a planet that's surface is one-third water instead of three-quarters. Unfortunately for the biologist, these guesses are purely theoretical. Fortunately for the science fiction writer, unproven theories don't always hinder story development. From planet formation to intelligent life, call it maybe 3 billion years on the low end, maybe 6 billion on the high end. Non-intelligent prolific life may occur in a shorter period of time, but remember that Earth life was mostly slime, bacteria, and algae until the Cambrian.
Mass affects the density of the star, which affects the fusion rate of the star, which in turn affects the potential age of the star. An A0 star like Vega will probably only live for a billion years. An M4 star like Barnard's may live for 50 billion. A giant O star's life is miniscule; Alnitak (the first star on the left of Orion's belt) is around 6 million years old and has already run out of hydrogen. During the lifetime of Alnitak, humanity has evolved from just before Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) to Homo sapiens. Alnitak probably wasn't more than a lump in a nebula in the dinosaur era.
The lifetime of a star again limits us to our FGK spectral class for potential evolved life, though it's not out of the question for a non-FGK star to host a potential colony. Science fiction fans of Larry Niven may note that Jinx is a habitable colony around Sirius A. Sirius A is an A1V class star, twice the mass of Sol, doomed to a short lifetime of maybe a billion and a half years, and probably pumping out enough UV radiation to fry any life on a nearby planet. However, Niven's stories establish that Jinx is actually a moon around a gas giant primary. Although it is not mentioned in his stories, the primary may be far enough away from Sirius A so that the UV radiation is low. Gas giants tend to be heat providers; Jinx may be in a water-temperate zone outside of the normal liquid-water range of Sirius A. Furthermore, the local species on Jinx, mainly Bandersnatch, have been established as being genetically engineered lifeforms planted there by another race (Bandersnatch are even immune to genetic radiation damage due to large chromosomes). I don't know how much of this was known when Niven wrote his first Jinx story, but his scenario is possible theoretically.
Which brings us to the question of a star's actual age. How old is Sirius A? If its 100 million years old, then planets probably haven't finished forming (if they're there at all) and the star wouldn't have even started fusing yet when the Slavers were moving Bandersnatch around. On the other hand, if Sirius A is fairly mature, say 1.2 billion years old, things look more possible.
Unfortunately for the astronomer (and also for us, in this case), we really don't have a good way of figuring out the actual age of an individual star (there are exceptions, especially in the case of Sirius). We know that Sol is about 5 billion years old because that's how old the rocks are on Earth and the Moon (and, lately, Mars). There are theories currently being tested: One is that sunspot cycles decline as a star ages. Another theory is trying to determine how much hydrogen has fused from the interior of a star; like Carbon-14 or Uranium testing, this may tell us how long a star has been on the main sequence by calculating the ratio of helium to hydrogen. However, there is no reliable way currently being used to age a star, with the exception of very young stars (like the Pliedes members, which are still in their birth nebulae) or very old stars (like Betelgeuse, which is currently fusing heavy elements, having run out of Hydrogen and Helium).
Multiple Star Systems
The final stellar obstacle to work around is the large presence of multiple stars. In the closest 100 stars to Sol, 23 are members of binary or multiple star systems. Orbital dynamics of planets in these multiple star systems may be tricky for many reasons.
Close multiples may just not have any room for planets. Take Castor, for instance, one of the 'Twin' stars of Gemini and appearing to the naked eye like a bright, hot class A star. When examined closely, Castor looks like three stars -- a pair with a 400 year orbit, surrounded by a faint companion 1000 AU from the inner pair. Spectroscopic analysis actually shows that Castor A is a two star binary orbiting each other in an ellipse about the size of Mercury's orbit, revolving once every 9.2 days. Castor B is also a binary, with closer stars making an orbit every 2.9 days. The faint companion star is also a binary, two M stars that are so close they nearly touch and orbit each other every 20 hours. Castor turns out to be a six star system, one in which planets would probably not last long enough to even finish forming, let alone develop life.
A planet probably cannot hold a orbit around two stars at once; that is an ellipse or circle with two stars within the orbit. The stars orbiting each other just cause too many orbital pertubations for a stable orbit, unless the orbit is tremendously huge and the two center stars extremely close. Figure eight orbits, or other complex round-robin orbits, also probably wouldn't last more than a few thousand years in a realistic environment (a figure eight might be temporarily stable with two stars of identical mass, far apart, and slowly revolving. However, the odds of such a stellar system are bad enough without throwing in a renegade planet).
Far binaries tend to be better from an orbital dynamic point of view. Take Alpha Centauri, our nearest neighbor. This system is actually three stars. Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C) is a dM5e red dwarf over 13 thousand AU from Alpha Centauri A and B, making an orbit once every few hundred thousand years. Due to this distance, Proxima would most likely not interfere with the orbital dynamics of any close-in planets. Alpha Centauri A and B turn out not to be that close, either. They orbit each other with a period of around 80 years in a wide ellipse, coming as close as 11 AU (just past the orbit of Saturn), then receeding to 35 AU (just past Neptune). It turns out that orbits of planets under 3 AU per star may be stable. Since Alpha Centauri A is a G2V (virtually a twin of Sol), and Alpha Centauri B is a cooler K0V, this makes it possible for a stable planet in the liquid-water zone around each star! Imagine how quickly space travel might develop in a system with two habitable planets no farther apart than half our own solar system.
Unfortunately, things may not be so rosy in such a system. In our system, the Kuiper belt of asteroids and dust starts just past Pluto (or, perhaps Pluto and Charon are the biggest Kuiper objects, in which case the belt starts just past Neptune). There is also the Oort cloud of comets starting at around 10 thousand AU from Sol, extending perhaps all the way out to 100 thousand AU. If the Centauri system were similar to ours, Alpha Centauri A and B would start drifting near their Kuiper belt every 80 years and Proxima would be sweeping through the suburbs of the Centauri Oort cloud. The number of comets and asteroids buzzing through that system must be enormous, and may regularly impact any planets (would this make life more likely or less?). Or, perhaps the system may have been swept clean pretty early in its lifetime, though there seems to be evidence that Proxima Centauri has a super-Jovian companion planet due to orbital wobbles.
What the Neighborhood Looks Like
Using this data, which nearest stars might support life, if not actually generate it? Let's hit the closest 25 stars, in order, heading away from Sol.
Personally, I lean against the Centauri system for intelligent life, though I like it for multicellular if it's old enough. It would be a great place to get our feet wet with a colony or two. I would guess that the Centauri system might have too many asteroid and comet impacts to generate any lasting civilization (though this is just my gut instinct and probably wouldn't stop me from writing a story about it). The views, however, would be spectacular -- two suns and maybe yearly or monthly comets.
The next two stars, Barnard's (M5V) and Wolf 359 (the M6 system of Star Trek Federation vs. Borg fame) are M type reds, which I tend not to like for life of any kind.
Gliese 411, also known as UV Ceti, (M2Ve, probably a double) seems a close borderline to K, but it has this unfortunate habit of flaring more than several times it's brightness in a matter of seconds.
Next is Gliese 65, which are two identical 'dM5.5e' red dwarfs that would only warm the heart of an astrophysicist.
Sirius is next, probably too young for life and it's too hot anyway. If life had made a start, I would guess that the entire system had been sterilized when Sirius B collapsed.
Two more red dwarfs follow, Gliese 729 (dM4.5e) and Ross 248 (dM6e). A whole lotta nothing with either of them.
Epsilon Eridani (K2V, about 10.7 LY out) is one of those interesting borderline stars. It's a cool star, and one that flames a lot, so things don't generally look good for the gonads. However, there is evidence in the star's wobble that it has at least one large planet around it, and infrared tests have found a dust ring. Epsilon Eridani may be a young star just in the beginning stages of forming planets. If the flares calm down, this may be a spot to watch (in a billion years or so). However, if I had a choice on whether or not to send a probe here, I'd roll the dice and send one out.
Next in line are Ross 128 (dM4.5), Gliese 866 (a possible double M5e), and GX Andromeda (a double, M2V and M6Ve). All cool reds, probably fairly sterile.
Epsilon Indus is next, a K5Ve (possibly a mildly warmer K4Ve) about 11.3 LY out. I couldn't find much information either way about this star. It's a little chilly, but it might be older and a better candidate than Epsilon Eridani.
61 Cygni is a double K class (K5Ve and K7Ve) also 11.3 LY away. They are far apart enough (a mean of 84 AU with a 653 year orbit) that either might have several planets. 61 Cygni A might be a flaring variable, and that's the warmer one of the pair. 61 Cygni B might be inviting, however, and they're close enough that it might be close enough to try a two-for-one.
After 61 Cygni is Gliese 71, a double red dwarf (dM4 and dM5) of no obvious interest.
We may hit the jackpot with Tau Ceti, a G8Vp star 11.4 LY away. This star is slightly cooler than Sol, but still a G type star. Unlike Alpha Centauri A, Tau Ceti isn't a member of a multiple. If Tau Ceti is old enough, this is probably the best place in the nearest 50 stars to look for life or find a nice, comfortable planet to settle on.
Procyon is the last out of the 25 nearest stars and it appears to be a cooler cousin of Sirius. At F5IV-V, it's warm and big, but in our range of likely stars. Procyon, like Sirius, has a white dwarf companion star with an orbit of almost 41 years. The mean distance of the stars is 14 AU, however, which is fairly close -- any planets might have to be fairly close to Procyon A, which may make them too hot for life.
One of the nice things about the web is that it is easier to create 'living' documents that may change as time goes on. In this section, I'll add links to new theories about planet formation or life that might fit in with the theme of this document.
Here Come the Suns -- (added 19 Mar 00) Scientific American article. We've found almost two dozen planets orbiting other stars by now, and the similarities between the stars they orbit are interesting: The stars tend to be metal rich (metals or heavy elements, to an astronomer, is any element other than H or He). Note Tau Ceti above -- as a G8Vp, the 'p' stands for a peculiarly large amount of an element (Calcium, if I remember my research). Does this make Tau Ceti an even more likely candidate for planets? A corollary -- metal rich stars tend to be near the core of the galaxy. A metal rich star has to be formed from the supernova remnants of an earlier, dead, star. The optimum distance might mean out a ways from the galactic core (high metals, but also a lot of bombarding junk and frequent supernovae), yet not too far out (where there aren't many older stellar graveyards). Like the 'water zone' of the solar system, a zone where life is likely due to the probability of liquid water, the galaxy may have a 'planet zone' of stars where the amount of metals in the nebulae stars are formed from reaches optimum. This 'planet zone' may be fairly narrow, and the Sun may be right in the center of it.
Stellar Database -- (added 19 Mar 00) Stellar database. Alpha Centauri has 150% the metal content of Sol, which may be a good sign for planet formation. It's age may also be 4.2 billion years, which would be good for multicellular life. In Earth evolution, 4.2 billion years might range from the Cambrian Explosion to around the time of the first land animals (bugs, mostly, like millipedes), but before trees and even ferns -- plant life on land is waxy algae. Neat database -- has a lot of information for close stars, and annotations as to where the information comes from.
Chromospheric Age Dependence -- (added 19 Mar 00) Astrophysical Journal article. Some serious Hard Science: How does one measure the age of a star? This is a Journal publication of a procedure tested by Don C. Barry of USC. It is a dense academic article, you've been warned. The theory is that stars slow down their rotations as they age, and eject more mass into their solar wind. Errors in age can sometimes be up to 20% for mid-life stars, but it might give a good ballpark estimate. The paper calculates the ages of the 115 F and G Dwarf stars in known clusters, though the catalog it uses to name the stars seems to escape me (all stars are refered to by a number that isn't the Gleise number or any other catalog I recognize -- it may be the Woolley catalog). Interesting tidbit: In the observed stars, there was a burst of star formation ending around 4 billion years ago, and another burst beginning 400 million years ago. Oddly, there aren't many stars in this group that are between 0.5 billion and 4 billion years old.
3-D Starmaps An utterly cool set of pages containing star databases and pictures of the local stellar neighborhood. Some maps are in 3-D if you have those funky red-blue 3-D glasses. You can get the unedited Gliese catalog here, which is a database of the closest several thousand stars and their spectral types.
Bibliography (for the main paper)
Stars Gives a history of one star per week, usually mentioning size, class, and other interesting trivia.
Stars of the Milky Way A page about spectral types of stars.
The Zeta Reticuli Incident Okay, on the surface, this starts as a discussion about Betty and Barney Hill (you remember, they claim they got abducted by grey aliens back in the 60's) and explores the possibility that the abducting Greys come from Zeta Reticuli based on a star chart Betty Hill dragged out of her mind during hypnosis. The page quickly degenerates into the reprint of the Astronomy Magazine flame war between Carl Sagan and Steven Soter vs. a host of others who tried to be more 'open minded' about the incident. (IMHO, both sides are fairly rigid blinder-wearing extremists). In the flotsam, however, are interesting theories about what it takes for stars to contain planets, and the possibilities of planets in multiple star systems. It also demonstrates how much in its infancy this 'science' is.
The Classification of Stellar Spectra A page that discusses the lesser-known aspects of spectral types, especially stars that don't quite fit the H-R diagram.
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram University of Oregon Atronomy department class notes about H-R and spectral types.
Astronomy103:H-R Diagram Ditto, but this is George Mason University's.
Planets around Binary Stars A NASA 'Ask the Scientist' question and answer about planets around multiple stars.
Centaurus A discussion of the constellation Centaurus and stars within. Interesting info about Alpha Centauri.
Spectroscopic Binary Catalogue If you want to get down-and-dirty in the details about the known binary/multiple stars (such as orbital period, semi-major axes, etc...), then this is the database for you.
Hipparcos FAQ Hipparcos was a probe the Europeans sent out into the middle of the solar system to look at stars. Like the Gliese catalogue, it came back with a database of thousands of stars with probable distances and spectral classes. Unlike the Gliese catalogue, it limited itself to stars above a certain magnitude. This means it possibly missed very close, but dim stars.
Hipparcos Closest Stars Here's a list of the closest stars in the Hiparcos Catalogue. You can see it missed some I used in the essay above -- that's because I used the Gliese catalogue, which includes dim stars.
Alpha Centauri More Alpha Centauri data, supplied by SciFi writer Robert J. Sawyer.
Nearby Stars Another list of the closest stars. I think this one is Gliese based.
Free Virtual Galaxy Project More H-R discussion, and I stole the H-R GIF from this site.
Scientific American's Ask the Expert A page about how to tell how old a star is.
Sky & Telescope's Spectral Classes Further discussion about H-R and spectral classes.
Vulcan's Sun Okay, this is indeed a discussion about which star Spock is from, but it's from Sky & Telescope and it discusses the possibility of planets around multiple star systems.
Nearby Stars This is actually part of a group of pages about Biblical interpretation, but it mentions an interesting puzzle about Sirius being described 2000 years ago as a red star.
White Dwarfs A discussion about the end-life of Main-sequence stars, from Ohio State University
The Dogon and Sirius From the Skeptic's Dictionary, a discussion about the Dogon tribe of Africa and Sirius.
Extra-Solar Planets The Darwin Mission's list of planets discovered around nearby stars (usually either dust rings, like Vega, or super-jovians like Bernards).
(Update 20 March 2000 -- fixed some things pointed out to me concerning dwarf and subdwarf designations.)
(Update 19 March 2000 -- fixed some broken links, a mis-label of Canopus, changed some wording that bugged me, added theory section)
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Do you know how many immigrants are allowed into Canada every year? Around 250,000 to 300,00 people were granted permanent residency in 2017. That number is increasing each year. Canada is a country which has much to offer to its people. Because of this, many immigrants are coming to Canada. The main three factors are, economic opportunities, free education, and rights and freedoms. Immigrants are attracted to Canada because its economy is strong and growing, its education system is publicly funded, and it has human right laws such as Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. To begin with, over the years, Canada’s economic opportunities have encouraged immigration by a decent amount. For example, before the Chinese took over Hong Kong, many immigrants from Hong Kong came to Canada between 1981 to 1983 to seek economic opportunities. ” The Chinese immigrants invested $1.1 billion in the Canadian economy. Canada’s wealth has been very strong recently. Currently, we are leading the G7 in economic growth. G7 countries include Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan.” Canada has been successful in material terms too. We have many good job opportunities with high paying jobs where people can move up in companies. Canada’s economy has continued to bring in many more openings for people to try new things. Newcomers to Canada see that Canada’s economy is strong and that it can provide them with opportunities that they may not have in their own countries. They come to Canada to seek these economic opportunities. The next factor for why people migrate to Canada is because of its publicly funded education. Public school systems were created in the 19th century. Free education starts in kindergarten and continues through grades one to twelve. ” Education is the most important thing for most of these parents, this is why they come here.”, said Sharaline Joseph a settlement worker from Peel District School Board who deals with new immigrants.Since education is publicly funded, children of immigrants are guaranteed opportunities to get a better education than their parents had. In a lot of cases, they do obtain higher levels of education. By the age of 21, 86 percent of first-generation children of immigrants (that is, those who themselves immigrated to Canada along with their parents) obtained postsecondary education. Free education for themselves or their kids is a factor that influences newcomers to choose Canada as a new home. Last but not least, there is one very important reason why immigrants come to Canada. This reason is because of the freedom and rights we have. Our freedom and rights are protected by two very important laws, The Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) and the The Canadian Charter Rights and Freedom. The Charter protects Canadians against the state. The Charter applies to anyone in Canada, whether they are a citizen or newcomer. Here are some examples of what the Charter protects:Freedom of expressionRight to a democratic government Right to equality ( gender equality )The CHRA is another powerful reason why settlers come to Canada. The CHRA was created in 1977 to promote equal opportunity, to give people in Canada a way to challenge discrimination when based on any of the eleven grounds such as: RaceSexReligionEthnic originAge “The main thing in Canada is the freedom”, she remarked. “There is no difference between men and women.” Deepa Varghese, a newcomer to Canada, stated in an interview with the Ottawa Citizen.Refugees made up 20% of all newcomers coming to Canada in 2016. Many were coming to flee civil war and persecution. When people immigrate to our country, the most important reason why they choose Canada is to live in a country where they don’t live in fear. We have laws which protect their freedoms. In conclusion, immigrants are drawn to Canada for many reasons. The main reasons are because of our economic opportunities, public school system, and protection of rights and freedom. The most compelling reason for immigrants coming here is that their rights and freedoms are protected so that they can make a good life here in Canada for themselves and their families. People can express themselves as they want to. | <urn:uuid:e75932e3-1184-4680-91ce-cb7fd645ec34> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://taxteaparty.com/do-to-try-new-things-newcomers-to-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.975648 | 847 | 2.875 | 3 |
Cases of the deadly Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, a highly contagious pig disease, are increasing across the U.S. farm belt, a group of animal health researchers said.
Confirmed cases of PEDv increased by 252 in the week ending March 1, bringing the total number to 4,106 in 26 states, according to data released on Thursday by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Animal Health Laboratory Network.
While one case can represent an individual animal or an entire herd at a single site, swine specialists estimate PEDv has killed at least 4 million U.S. hogs since it was discovered in May 2013.
Pork processors were finding it more difficult to purchase hogs for slaughter due to the virus, which is starting to affect the pork supply and could eventually boost pork prices for consumers, industry sources said.
The Canadian Swine Health Board has confirmed that four provinces also have cases of the virus. The provinces are Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Quebec.
PEDv causes diarrhea, vomiting and severe dehydration in pigs. While older pigs have a chance of survival, 80 to 100 percent of piglets that contract it die.
The virus does not affect humans and is not a food safety risk. (Reporting by Meredith Davis in Chicago; editing by Matthew Lewis) | <urn:uuid:2657648d-6d26-4f48-9060-6756260e3db9> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.porknetwork.com/pork-news/PEDv-cases-on-the-rise-249055171.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676092.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00092-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960822 | 274 | 3 | 3 |
- WHO urges countries to raise tobacco tax
- June 4, 2014
On May 31, the World Health Organization (WHO) celebrated “World No Tobacco Day” by releasing a statement urging countries to raise taxes on tobacco products to help prevent and even stop users from smoking.
WHO estimated that if countries were to increase tobacco taxes by 50 percent, all participating countries would be able to reduce the number of smokers by 49 million within the next three years, ultimately saving 11 million lives.
Today, every six seconds someone dies from tobacco use, which equals out to killing about half of its users.
However, tobacco does not just affect the user but also has considerable financial effects on families, businesses and governments. Treating tobacco-related diseases – such as cancer and heart disease – is expensive for both the user and their insurance providers.
In order for users to obtain both health and life insurance, these companies will have to rate them up for their dangerous habits as smoking could lead to premature death.
“Raising taxes on tobacco is the most effective way to reduce use and save lives,” Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General, said in a news release. “Determined action on tobacco tax policy hits the industry where it hurts.”
Raising the tax on tobacco products will accomplish three overarching concepts that will both prevent and stop users from smoking, according to WHO:
Good for Economic Growth
Officials at WHO calculated the potential benefit if every country increased tobacco tax by 50 percent per pack and discovered that governments would earn an extra US billion dollars in global revenue.
For example, countries such as France and the Philippines have already seen the benefits of imposing high tobacco taxes.
“These additional funds could – and should – beed to advance health and other social programs,” said Dr. Douglas Bettcher in a news release, Director of the Department of Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases at WHO. ed
Tobacco Taxes are a Core Element of Tobacco Control
Because tobacco use is the world’s leading preventable cause of death, cutting down the number of users is the most effective way to save lives. WHO notes that if no immediate action is taken, tobacco will kill more than eight million people every year by 2030.
Benefits young and poor users the most
Increased taxes are extremely effective in discouraging young, less well-off users from purchasing these products, as they have a limited disposable income.
“Price increases are two to three times more effective in reducing tobacco use among young people than among older adults,”said Bettcher.
- Category: Articles Library, Industry News, Medical News
Life Insurance Quotes
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:ad9c2326-cc21-47ea-9212-b93404a7567e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.lifequotes.com/articles/who-urges-countries-to-raise-tobacco-tax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541396.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00065-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952328 | 552 | 2.875 | 3 |
February 23, 2009
More Daughters Follow In Fathers’ Footsteps
Good news, dad! All those times your daughter appeared to be tuning you out? She was probably paying more attention than you thought. In fact, a new study co-authored by a researcher from North Carolina State University says the relationship between fathers and daughters is leading to an increase in the number of daughters who are pursuing careers in the same field as their dads.
The study shows that women born in the mid-1970s are over three times more likely than women born at the beginning of the 20th century to work in the same field as their fathers. Much of this is attributable to changes in societal norms "“ after all, a century ago women were unlikely to have any kind of job outside the home. However, study co-author Dr. Melinda Morrill says that approximately 20 percent of that increase is due to an increase in the transmission of "job-specific human capital" from fathers to daughters. In other words, dads and daughters appear to be paying more attention to each other.Morrill, a research assistant professor of economics at NC State, explains that, due to changes in society, the researchers knew there would be an increase in the number of women entering into all kinds of men's jobs "“ including their fathers' jobs. In order to determine how much of that increase was attributable to changes in how fathers and daughters interact, as opposed to general societal changes, the researchers evaluated the number of women who entered into the occupation of their fathers-in-law. The percentage of women who worked in the same field as their fathers-in-law "“ who had invested no human capital on the women "“ created a baseline showing the percentage increase that could be attributable just to changes in society.
The researchers then evaluated the number of women who went into their fathers' line of work. By comparing the number of women who followed in their fathers' footsteps against the number of women who worked in the same field as their fathers-in-law, the researchers found that 13 to20 percent of the overall increase was attributable to the increased transmission of job-related human capital. "Put simply," Morrill says, "dads are passing on some job-related skills to daughters."
Morrill says the study does not show exactly how the father/daughter relationship has changed over the course of the 20th century. For example, Morrill says, "We don't know if fathers are more likely to talk to their daughters about work because the daughters are now more likely to enter the workforce. It could be that daughters are simply paying more attention to what their fathers have to say about work because the daughters can now consider pursuing this type of career. Or both."
Morrill co-authored the study with Dr. Judith Hellerstein, associate professor of economics at the University of Maryland.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:1f3ed83c-6ccc-41bc-9245-731f93283b28> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/1643656/more_daughters_follow_in_fathers_footsteps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541134.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00292-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983591 | 592 | 2.609375 | 3 |
For many, the mention of a yeast infection makes them think of women's health issues, but males can also develop this uncomfortable condition. Male yeast infections are rarer than their female counterparts, and they differ in several key ways. Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast, causes most of the infections for both males and females, though other yeast may also be responsible.
Most people think of yeast infections as primarily a genital issue, but the organisms can cause problems in almost any warm and moist location, including the armpits, mouth, genitals, and various skin folds. A yeast infection of the mouth is thrush, while a yeast infection of the skin is cutaneous candidiasis. Yeast infections specific to males are those of the penis and the foreskin, which are candidal balanitis and candidal balanoposthitis, respectively.
This site offers information designed for educational purposes only. You should not rely on any information on this site as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or as a substitute for, professional counseling care, advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about your health, you should always consult with a physician or other healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:4678011d-4388-4465-94f0-bb9f96760ea2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://facty.com/conditions/mens-health/can-men-get-yeast-infections/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.95971 | 250 | 2.75 | 3 |
NASA Tests 3D-Printed Rocket Component
NASA's first time testing 3D-printed rocket parts was successful at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL.
The 3D-printed injector was the largest component produced using 3D printing technology to undergo a "hot fire" test, and NASA says it performed "flawlessly."
Injectors feed and mix the propellants that power the rocket engines into space.
While many are familiar with the 3D printers that are becoming increasingly popular using plastic to make objects, NASA's used what is called "selective laser melting" that fuses together layers of nickel-chromium alloy powder.
The injector used in this test was intended for use in smaller rockets, however NASA says that the technology will scale up for use in rockets such as the RS-25, which will power the Space Launch System (SLS) into orbit and, eventually, deep space.
Photo courtesy NASA. | <urn:uuid:eb3e7328-22b3-4fef-88b3-a1fe2ebffead> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://allthingsaero.com/space/nasa/article-nasa-tests-3d-printed-rocket-component | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.934153 | 197 | 3.453125 | 3 |
It doesn’t matter if your kiddos are homeschooled, in public school, or in private school, it’s important to keep them writing year round. But when it’s summer and their days are filled with swimming pools, trips to the beach, and lots of time with their friends and their nights are filled with lightning bugs, barbeques and fireworks, it can be a bit difficult to get them to focus on writing.
Writing prompts can be a great way to motivate kids to get started. Just a few minutes of writing a day will help keep their skills sharp for when school or homeschool starts up again.
- Your family is on a camping trip in the mountains. After everyone else falls asleep, you need to use the restroom. You unzip your tent to find that a strange light has filled your campsite. You head out to investigate and you find…
- You head to the swimming pool with your best friend one hot afternoon. When you get there, you find that it’s filled with Jell-O! What do you do? Do you dive in the sweet, sticky mess?
- You are swimming in the ocean when a giant shark swims up to you. Before you can scramble out of the water, the shark lifts his head out of the water and speaks to you! What does he say? What do you do?
- Describe the perfect ice cream sundae.
- It’s your first trip to sleep away camp. When you get to your cabin, the other kids tell you it’s haunted. That night, you hear a spooky sound. What happens next?
- You are roasting marshmallows with your family one evening when you see something scurry across your back yard. You get up to investigate and find a unicorn hiding behind your oak tree! Do you tell anyone? What do you do?
- Your mom signs you up for a science camp. On the first day, the instructor tells the group that he’s made an amazing discovery he wants to share with the class. You are shocked when you find out that he…
- One day, you are boating with your dad. A large storm comes out of no where and your boat is thrown off course. You find yourself on an island in the middle of the ocean. What do you do? What happens on the island?
- Your teacher sent home a long list of books for summer reading. The only problem is that they are all in Chinese! What do you do?
- Your best friend’s family invited you to join them at their lakeside cabin for the summer. Your parents agree and you’re off for a summer of fun! But you discover something strange when you get there…
- On a trip to an amusement park with your family, you find an empty section of the park. A sign on the unlocked gate reads “Closed to the Public.” The rides are all running! They look even better than the rides in the rest of the park. Do you enter the restricted area? What happens?
- On a hot July afternoon you are riding your bike to your friend’s house. You hit a pothole and your tire pops! As you are checking out your tire, a strange woman approaches. She’s wearing wizards robes. She tells you that she’s come from another land. What do you do? What happens next? | <urn:uuid:1b712d06-46dc-424d-b1f2-49317a6c0011> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://stepheniepeterson.com/2017/07/03/12-fun-summer-writing-prompts-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400249545.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926231818-20200927021818-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.95298 | 717 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)
Consumer Medicine Information
What is in this leaflet
This leaflet answers some common questions about H-B-VAX II. It does not contain all the available information.
It does not take the place of talking to your doctor or pharmacist.
All medicines and vaccines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the risks of you being given H-B-VAX II against
the benefits they expect it will have for you.
If you have any concerns about being given this vaccine, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Keep this leaflet with the medicine.
You may need to read it again.
What H-B-VAX II is used for
H-B-VAX II is a vaccine used to help prevent hepatitis B. The vaccine can be given to newborns, infants, children, teenagers
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can be caught by coming into contact with
an infected person's blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva or other body fluids. For example, if these infected fluids
enter your blood stream through a cut in your skin, you could become infected. Other situations that could lead to infection
being born to a mother who carries the HBV
sexual contact with someone who is infected
living in the same house as someone who is infected
close family contact, for example, sharing razors or toothbrushes
having a job that involves exposure to human blood or body fluids, for example, some health care workers
sharing needles for injecting drugs
travelling to areas where hepatitis B is common
People who have hepatitis B may not look or feel sick when infected. In fact, a person could be infected by the virus six
weeks to six months before symptoms occur. Some people develop mild, flu-like symptoms. Others may become very ill and extremely
tired, develop yellowing of the skin and/or eyes (also called jaundice), dark urine and other symptoms that require hospitalisation.
Most people recover completely from the HBV infection. However, there are some people, particularly children, who may not
have symptoms but continue to carry the virus in their blood. They are called chronic carriers. These chronic carriers are
infectious and can spread the disease to others throughout their lives.
Babies who are infected with the HBV at birth, almost always go on to become chronic carriers. The infection at birth is silent,
and the babies appear healthy and continue to remain healthy for many years. However, after 30, 40 or 50 years they can become
unwell and develop the symptoms described above.
All chronic carriers run the risk of developing serious liver disease, such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver
Vaccination is recommended for adults who are at substantial risk of hepatitis B virus infection.
H-B-VAX II works by causing your body to produce its own protection by making disease-fighting substances (antibodies) to
fight the HBV. If a vaccinated person comes into contact with HBV, the body is usually ready, and produces antibodies to destroy
the virus. However, as with all vaccines, 100% protection against hepatitis B cannot be guaranteed.
Because hepatitis B infection can go undetected for a long period of time, it is possible that an individual may already be
infected at the time the vaccine is given. The vaccine may not prevent hepatitis B in these individuals.
Before you are given H-B-VAX II
When you or your child must not be given it
Do not have H-B-VAX II if:
you or your child have an allergy to H-B-VAX II or any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet
you or your child have an allergy to yeast
the expiry date on the pack has passed.
If the vaccine is used after the expiry date has passed, it may not work.
If you are not sure whether you should have H-B-VAX II, talk to your doctor.
Before you or your child are given it
Tell your doctor if:
you are pregnant or intend to become pregnant
It is not known whether the vaccine is harmful to an unborn baby when administered to a pregnant woman. Your doctor will give
you H-B-VAX II only if it is clearly needed.
you are breast-feeding
It is not known whether H-B-VAX II passes into breast milk. Your doctor will discuss the possible risks and benefits of you
being given H-B-VAX II while breast-feeding.
you or your child have any medical conditions, especially the following
severe heart or lung disease
diseases which decrease the immune system, for example, AIDS
H-B-VAX II may not work as well as it should if you or your child have diseases or conditions which decrease the body's immune
defence system. Your doctor will decide whether or not to give the vaccine.
you or your child have an acute infection or a high temperature
Your doctor may decide to delay your injection of H-B-VAX II.
you or your child are undergoing dialysis
You may need to be given a higher dose of H-B-VAX II than normal.
you or your child have any allergies to any other medicines or any other substances, such as foods, preservatives, latex rubber
you have previously been infected with hepatitis B virus.
If you have not told your doctor about any of the above, tell them before you or your child are given H-B-VAX II.
Taking other medicines
Tell your doctor if you are taking any other medicines, including any that you buy without a prescription from your pharmacy,
supermarket or health food shop.
H-B-VAX II may not work as well as it should if you or your child are taking medicines that decrease the immune system, such
as corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone) or cyclosporin.
Your doctor will advise you if you are taking any of these or other medicines that decrease the immune system. Your doctor
will decide whether or not to give the vaccine. You may need to be given a higher dose of H-B-VAX II than normal.
How H-B-VAX II is given
How much is given
Your doctor will decide on the dose of H-B-VAX II that you will be given. This depends on your age and other factors, such
as if you are undergoing dialysis.
How it is given
H-B-VAX II is given as an injection, usually into your upper arm muscle by a doctor or trained nurse. For babies, the vaccine
may be given into the upper thigh muscle.
For some people with bleeding problems, the vaccine may need to be given under the skin (subcutaneously). The vaccine should
not be injected directly into veins (intravenously).
H-B-VAX II is generally given as a total of three doses over six months. Each dose is given on a separate visit. The schedule
1st dose: at elected date
2nd dose: 1 month after first injection
3rd dose: 6 months after the first injection.
For children and teenagers aged 11 to 15 years, a total of two doses may be given instead of three. The schedule for two doses
1st dose: at elected date
2nd dose: 4 to 6 months after the first injection.
Vaccination is not necessary in children or teenagers who have received a course of hepatitis B vaccine before.
For babies born to mothers infected with HBV, the first dose of H-B-VAX II should be given at birth, or as soon thereafter
as possible. In addition to the H-B-VAX II, an injection of hepatitis B immune globulin is also given.
It is important to return at the scheduled dates for the follow-up doses.
The duration of protective effect of H-B-VAX II is unknown. Therefore, it is not known whether a booster dose will be necessary.
If you miss a dose
If you miss a scheduled dose, talk to your doctor and arrange another visit as soon as possible.
After you have been given H-B-VAX II
Things you must do
Keep your follow-up appointments with your doctor or clinic.
It is important to have your follow-up doses of H-B-VAX II at the appropriate times to make sure the vaccine has the best
chance of providing protection against the hepatitis B virus.
Things to be careful of
Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know whether H-B-VAX II has affected you.
H-B-VAX II should not normally interfere with your ability to drive a car or operate machinery. However, H-B-VAX II may cause
dizziness or light-headedness in some people. Make sure you know how you react to H-B-VAX II before you drive a car, operate
machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or light-headed.
Tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well during or after having had an injection of H-B-VAX
H-B-VAX II helps protect most people from hepatitis B, but it may have unwanted side effects in a few people. All medicines
and vaccines can have side effects. Sometimes they are serious, most of the time they are not. You may need medical treatment
if you get some of the side effects.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist to answer any questions you may have.
Tell your doctor if your child has any of the following and they are troublesome or ongoing:
local reaction around the injection site such as soreness, redness and swelling
smaller appetite than normal
cold symptoms including runny nose, cough
irritability or tiredness, especially in infants aged from 0-1 years
crying more than normal
These are the more common side effects that may occur in children aged 0-10 years. For the most part these have been mild.
Tell your doctor if you notice any of the following and they worry you:
a local reaction around the injection site such as pain, soreness, tenderness, itching, redness, swelling, warmth or a hard
fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough
nausea, feeling generally unwell
These are the more common side effects of H-B-VAX II. For the most part these have been mild.
Tell your doctor immediately or go to accident and emergency at your nearest hospital if you notice any of the following:
tingling of the hands or feet, sudden numbness or weakness in the legs or arms
drooping eyelid or sagging muscles on one side of the face, also called Bell's palsy
sudden dimming or loss of vision
a seizure or convulsion, which may or may not be accompanied by a very high fever
headache and fever, progressing to hallucinations, confusion, paralysis of part or all of the body, disturbances of behaviour,
speech and eye movements, stiff neck and sensitivity to light.
These are serious side effects. You may need urgent medical attention. Serious side effects are rare.
Other side effects also reported include bleeding or bruising more easily than normal.
As with all vaccines given by injection, there is a very small risk of a serious allergic reaction.
Tell your doctor immediately or go to accident and emergency if you notice any of the following:
skin rash, itchiness
swelling of the face, lips, mouth, throat or neck which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing
pinkish, itchy swellings on the skin, also called hives or nettlerash
painful, swollen joints, sometimes occurring days to weeks after vaccination
These are serious side effects. If you have them, you may have had a serious allergic reaction to H-B-VAX II. You may need
urgent medical attention or hospitalisation. Most of these side effects occur within the first few hours of vaccination.
Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some patients. Tell your doctor if you notice any other effects.
Do not be alarmed by this list of possible side effects. You may not experience any of them.
H-B-VAX II is usually stored in the doctor's surgery or clinic, or at the pharmacy. However if you need to store H-B-VAX II:
Keep it where children cannot reach it.
Keep it in the refrigerator, but not in the door compartment.
Do not put H-B-VAX II in the freezer, as freezing destroys the vaccine.
Keep the injection in the original pack until it is time for it to be given.
What it looks like
H-B-VAX II comes in glass vials as a slightly white liquid. Three different vaccine doses are available:
5 microgram in 0.5 mL of liquid
10 microgram in 1 mL of liquid
40 microgram in 1 mL of liquid (This strength is intended for predialysis/dialysis patients only.)
H-B-VAX II also comes in prefilled syringes for the following vaccine doses:
5 microgram in 0.5 mL of liquid
10 microgram in 1 mL of liquid
The active ingredient of H-B-VAX II is the surface protein of the hepatitis B virus, derived from genetically engineered yeast
cells. The vaccine is not infectious, and will not give you the hepatitis B virus.
H-B-VAX II is made without any human blood or blood products.
H-B-VAX II is supplied in Australia by:
bioCSL Pty Ltd
63 Poplar Road
PARKVILLE VIC 3052
This leaflet was prepared in June 2013.
Australian Register Numbers:
5 microgram/0.5mL: AUST R 72347
10 microgram/mL: AUST R 90624
40 microgram/mL: AUST R 90623
5 microgram/0.5mL: AUST R 127244
10 microgram/mL: AUST R 127245 | <urn:uuid:64172881-71fd-4e97-85c6-ed78bf059d4a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.news-medical.net/drugs/H-B-VAX-II.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986685915.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018231153-20191019014653-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.930477 | 3,009 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The share of the economy made up by low-wage jobs has grown since the Great Recession, and according to one new study, it won’t shrink in the future even as the economy continues to recover. The number of Americans working in low-wage jobs — those that pay wages equal to or below the poverty line — will remain steady over the next decade, according to the Economic Policy Institute, as CNNMoney reports:
Some 28% of workers are expected to hold low-wage jobs in 2020, roughly the same percentage as in 2010, according to a study by the Economic Policy Institute.
The study defines low-paying jobs as those with wages at or below what full-time workers must earn to live above the poverty level for a family of four. In 2011, this was $23,005, or $11.06 an hour.
The study is the latest to detail the growth of low-wage occupations in the United States. A recent report from the National Employment Law Project found that more than one in four private sector workers now make less than $10 an hour, an even lower threshold than was used in the EPI study. The five industries that are comprised mostly of low-wage workers, meanwhile, are growing faster than the overall American economy.
While the number of low-wage jobs has increased, so has the gap between low-wage workers and the executives who employ them. The federal minimum wage would need to be raised by more than $3 an hour to match the buying power it had in 1968, and overall wages in the U.S. have been virtually stagnant for decades, even as pay for chief executives has risen exponentially. At the 50 companies that employ the largest number of low-wage workers, chief executives made an average of $9.4 million last year. | <urn:uuid:b7fc6870-5fff-4c79-b687-3560b7addd76> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2012/08/02/627021/workers-low-wage-jobs/?mobile=nc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521558.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00423-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976391 | 367 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Sophrology exercises: the stress-relieving technique
The Sophrology exercises involve two moments of dialogue: the beginning, when the therapist asks how you’re feeling since the last session and asks if any pain (physical or mental) could prevent you from doing the exercises he has prepared for you.
In the end, after practicing all the expected exercises, the sophrologist will ask you how you experienced the session to be able to adapt your practice if a given exercise was not the ideal for you. During the practice of the different exercises, you are silent: it makes it easier for you to focus on yourself and in your physical, mental and emotional sensations.
How can Sophrology exercises help us cope with stress?
Learn how to breathe
Obviously we all know how to breathe, however, we often don’t do it the right way to calm down and relax. We incorporate only a small amount of oxygen, which results in a lack of vitality and a lower resistance. Therefore, breathing is at the top of our list, because without a doubt, good breathing is the basis of relaxation.
As a first rule, we can say that our natural breathing must always be through the nose, as we filter the incoming air and expel the blocked impurities inside the nose. And although there are several suitable types, the most physiologically adequate breathing is the complete one.
Jacobson relaxation technique
As the creator of this type of relaxation would say, “eliminating residual stress is the essential feature of this method.” So, since mental tension activates the muscles, to avoid overloading we must understand when the muscles become tense and what we can do to relax them.
To reach this, it’s essential to know the muscle groups that we can relax. Although this technique requires correct training to be learned, we can benefit from the resources we find on the Internet to put it into practice.
When we speak about mindfulness, we can understand both as a meditation technique, a sophrology execise and a state of consciousness that generates a style of processing that translates into mindfulness of what surrounds us and the events that are occurring.
Schultz’s Autogenic Training
This sophrology exercise is based on suggestion, which induces sensations and pleasant thoughts that allow us to relax. It is based on the idea that we all have the power to change our lives by changing our mental attitude.
Walking and exercising
Walking or doing any physical activity help us channeling the activity of our body. That is, it helps us to refine the concerns of our mind, to reserve a portion of our soul to ourselves, something that we forget quite often and that undoubtedly causes us enormous problems at all levels.
Listening to relaxing music
Listen to relaxing music is also a great way to connect with our quieter inner self and another sophrology technique and exercise. Do you know that saying that music tames the beasts? Music really helps us soothe the rhythm of our mind.
If you think you do not have time to practice a daily relaxation exercise, then this is the right moment for you to do this. The more you practice, the more you will move forward; remember that we only need 21 days to create a habit that will improve your life.
You may also like:
- How to calm the mind: 7 relaxation techniques
- Morning affirmations: start your day in the right mood
- 7 toxic habits that drain your energy and how to get rid of them
- Conscious breathing: everything you need to know
- Stress: tips and natural ways to reduce it | <urn:uuid:dcf987c3-46f4-4401-ba2b-3fbb205abd0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.wemystic.com/sophrology-exercises/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400227524.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925150904-20200925180904-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.949224 | 735 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Although Microsoft Office packages come with a lot of fonts, at times you may still need to add new styles to add uniqueness to your documents (or presentation) with new fonts. However, none of the apps, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint or Outlook, have an option to install new fonts.
Having said that, installing a new font on Windows and making it work across programs is a fairly simple process.
Download the font files
There are several sites on the internet from where you can download free fonts such as Dafont https://www.dafont.com/. These files often come compressed in .zip folders. In one .zip folder, you might find several variations of the font, eg. ‘light’ and ‘heavy’. This is how a .zip folder usually looks like:
If the font files are zipped, right-click and then click ‘Extract’ to unzip the folder. Make sure that the font files are on your local system and not on a network folder or portable drive etc. Now the ‘TrueType’ and ‘OpenType’ font files shall be available:
Option 1: Right-click and Install
Select the fonts you want to install, right-click and click “Install”. Windows will do the needful and fonts will be available across Office applications.
Option 2: Drag and Drop into Fonts folder
Manually copy the font files into the “Fonts” folder in Windows, and it is automatically installed.
Windows 10 – Go to Windows icon > Settings > type “Fonts” in the search bar on the top right. Your fonts folder will open and currently installed fonts be displayed. Now, Drag and Drop, or Copy and Paste, the font files which need to be installed.
Win XP, 7 and 8.1 – Go to Windows Start > Control Panel > Fonts. Your fonts folder will open and currently installed fonts be displayed. Now, Drag and Drop, or Copy and Paste, the font files which need to be installed.
Note: Powerpoint users
PowerPoint can recognize only TrueType (TTF) and OpenType (OTF) formats.
PowerPoint needs to be restarted after the custom font is installed. A font installed while PowerPoint is open will not show up in the font list until the program is restarted. | <urn:uuid:66e25f8b-a362-4575-bab2-2f2ee17e85f5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.exceljunction.com/add-uniqueness-to-your-documents-with-new-fonts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00737.warc.gz | en | 0.865699 | 493 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Photographer Mark Tuschman has spent over ten years documenting the global barriers preventing women and girls from achieving basic human rights. One of the biggest impediments? Lack of access to healthcare, and more specifically, to family planning—but thanks to a variety of grassroots organizations and dedicated individuals, that's changing. Here, a glimpse into what sex ed means around the world with an exclusive preview of Tuschman's new book, Faces of Courage.
Everyday activities are used as opportunities to distribute condoms. At the hair salon, a client receives free prophylactics and some counseling.
At the clinic, a couple receives counseling on family planning, and they choose a method.
As Nigeria provides little to no healthcare services for its citizens, the church has taken over this responsibility by becoming a healthcare provider; NKST (Nongo u Kristu u ken Sudan hen Tiv) manages 9 hospitals and 123 primary healthcare centers. A gathering of the congregants is an opportunity for prophylactics to be distributed. Other forms of contraception and safer-sex practices are also discussed.
In Solala, Guatemala, a community healthcare worker delivers information on contraception to a mother of three, who is pregnant with her fourth child.
In the Kibera slum of Nairobi, Kenya, a healthcare worker visits clients at their home, allowing him to explain the advantages of taking birth-control pills to a mother desiring to have fewer children.
A woman receives a long-term implantable contraceptive at a clinic in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Having spent the entire morning at the clinic, she was the only patient out of fifteen other women there who opted to use long-term contraceptive; all the other women were terrified that their husbands would harm them if they chose long-term contraception.
A woman confers with her doctor in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She has just undergone a Norplant birth control procedure, in which the medication has been implanted sub-dermally in her upper arm. The contraceptive is effective for six months.
In Cajabamba, Ecuador, an indigenous teenager instructs her peers on the proper use of birth-control pills.
A mother discusses safer-sex practices and contraception to a very interested 14
In Adama, Ethiopia, an instructor for the Forum on Sustainable Child Development teaches a group of young girls about sexual health and contraception.
Teenagers of Tan Ux'il, broadcasting their Sexo Tips Radio program.
These two young women are receiving counseling on birth-control options. They are very young and recently had abortions.
Gwoza is a community in northern Nigeria that is over 90 percent Muslim. As recently as six years ago it was inconceivable that any birth-control methods would be available here. The accepted norm was that "God gives children and God will provide for the children." It was therefore not unusual for women to give birth to ten or more children. The cultural belief system encouraged the high fertility rate, as the more children a women had, the more respect she received from her husband and the higher her status rose within the community. | <urn:uuid:bd84bb51-da0f-497a-a913-01968d5b3506> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/news/g3197/faces-of-courage-excerpt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.961333 | 635 | 2.53125 | 3 |
สวัสดีค่ะ น้องๆทุกคน วันนี้พี่นำตัวอย่างงานเขียนบบรรยายกราฟของเพื่อนๆ จากหนังสือ Cambridge IELTS 9 Task 1 Test 4 มาฝากกันนะคะ ลองมาดูวิธีการ Implement กราฟจากเพื่อนของเรา แล้วคราวหน้าเราจะกลับมาเฉลยพร้อมๆกันค่ะ
The line graph illustrates the data of energy usage in the USA since 1980 to a prediction in 2030.
Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel source in this period. In 1980,they started with 35 quadrillion units (q). After that, the amount of petrol and oil fluctuated until 2012. Then, there will climb moderately to reach 45 quadrillion units in 2030.
Consumption of coal and natural gas is similar over this period. In 1980, the two fuels were consumed at 16q and 20q respectively. Before reaching to equal consumption at around 28q in 2013, there was an increase with fluctuation between 1980 and 2013. Finally, coal consumption will steadily go up to approximately 30q, whereas natural gas consumption will to remain stable at roughly 23q.
Regarding to alternative power, consumption of nuclear, solar/wind, and hydropower started at 4q in 1980. Nuclear and solar/wind have slightlygrew in this period. However, hydropower has marginally fallen over this period.
Overall, the USA continues to use fossil fuels heavily, yet renewable energy seem to become insignificant over this period.
ก่อนน้องๆจะเริ่มเขียนกราฟในหัวข้อนี้ พี่มีคำแนะนำดีๆจากอาจารย์สอน IELTS มาฝากนะคะ
เทคนิคการเขียนอธิบายกราฟจาก IELTS Teacher
- The first thing you should write is either The graph/chart shows information about… OR The graph/chart illustrates data about… It is up to you which of these you use, they are both good (I prefer the second as it sounds more academic!)
- Next, highlight the key words in the question and find out what it is the graph is describing (e.g. energy consumption, meat production, televisions sold, jobs lost).
- After that, separate the key words to create a past passive structure (e.g. energy consumption = energy was consumed, meat production = meat was produced, televisions sold = televisions were sold, jobs lost = jobs were lost) IMPORTANT: You will not always need to use a passive structure. Make sure you are comfortable with when and how to use passive structures before the exam.
- Finally, rewrite the information in the question using how much (for uncountable nouns e.g. meat – how much meat was produced) or how many (for countable nouns e.g. people – how many people visited)…. OR…. the amount of (for uncountable nouns) or the number of (for countable nouns). Here, you should choose the phrase that is NOT used in the description. IMPORTANT: for the phrases the amount of and the number of you should follow these with an appropriate relative pronoun. The number of people who visited Denmark, The amount of meat which was produced. Finish with over a __-year period between ___ and ___ (as per the dates in the question).
แล้วคราวหน้าพี่จะกลับมาเฉลยจุดผิดพลาดพร้อมทั้งวิธีการแก้ไขจาก IELTS Examiner กันค่ะ
IELTS Institute Team | <urn:uuid:83941009-30b1-4a7c-94b6-94000b725b16> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.oxbridge.in.th/ielts-writing-task-1/report-consumption-energy-usa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742970.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116025123-20181116050241-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.708209 | 1,255 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Crinodendron patagua, or the lily of the valley tree, grows in the borders around the Tentorium in the University Parks. Originally from Chile, it’s a generally hardy large, evergreen shrub that will grow to 8m (25ft) high and spread to 5m (15ft) wide. Bees love it and use it for honey production. It is a vigorous rounded, upright shrub that with glossy leaves and white bell-shaped flowers with fringed petals from now until mid- to late September. It grows best in partial shade, but can tolerate full sun if the roots are shaded. Soil should be humusirich, fertile and moist but well-drained. The plant is hardy to -10oC, although it can suffer some foliage damage in colder weather. | <urn:uuid:638cd123-a826-426b-a7f1-421079a230a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.parks.ox.ac.uk/article/crinodendron-patagua | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827727.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216121406-20181216143406-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.938553 | 174 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Middle and southern Rocky Mountains, 102,300 mi2 (265,000 km2)
Land-surface form.--The Rocky Mountains are rugged glaciated mountains as high as 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Local relief is between 3,000 ft (900 m) and 7,000 ft (2,100 m). Several sections have intermontane depressions ("parks") with floors less than 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in altitude. Many high-elevation plateaus composed of dissected, horizontally layered rocks lie in Wyoming and Utah.
Spruce-fir forest at the upper timberline of Roaring Fork in the Sawatch Range, Colorado. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey.)
Climate.--The climate is a temperate semiarid steppe regime with average annual temperatures ranging from 35 to 45F (2 to 7C) in most of the region, but reaching 50F (10C) in the lower valleys. Climate is influenced by the prevailing west winds and the general north-south orientation of the mountain ranges. East slopes are much drier than west slopes; individual mountain ranges have similar east-west slope differences regionwide. Winter precipitation varies considerably with altitude (see Appendix 2, climate diagram for Pikes Peak, Colorado). Total precipitation is moderate, but greater than on the plains to the east and west. In the highest mountains, a considerable part of annual precipitation is snow, although permanent snowfields and glaciers cover only relatively small areas. Bases of these mountains receive only 10 to 20 in (260 to 510 mm) of rainfall per year. At higher elevations, annual precipitation increases to 40 in (1,020 mm), and average temperatures fall.
Vegetation.--A striking feature of the region is its pronounced vegetational zonation, controlled by a combination of altitude, latitude, direction of prevailing winds, and slope exposure. Generally, the various zones are at higher altitudes in the southern part of the province than in the northern, and they extend downward on eastfacing and northfacing slopes and in narrow ravines and valleys subject to cold air drainage. The uppermost (alpine) zone is characterized by alpine tundra and the absence of trees. Directly below it is the subalpine zone, dominated in most places by Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Below this area lies the montane zone, characterized by ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, which frequently alternate--ponderosa pine dominates on lower, drier, more exposed slopes, and Douglas-fir is predominant in higher, moister, more sheltered areas.
After fire in the subalpine zone and in the upper part of the montane zone, the original forest trees are usually replaced by aspen or lodgepole pine.
Grass, often mixed with sagebrush, regularly covers the ground in open ponderosa pine forests and some treeless areas. These treeless openings are usually small, and they often alternate (depending on slope exposure) with ponderosa pine forest. At the lower edge of the montane zone, they may open onto the adjacent grass and sagebrush belt.
Below the montane belt is the foothill (woodland) zone. Dry rocky slopes in this zone often have a growth of shrubs in which mountain-mahogany and several kinds of scrub oak are conspicuous. Along the border of the Colorado Plateau Province, ponderosa pine and pinyon-juniper associations frequently alternate, depending on slope exposure.
Unforested parks are a conspicuous feature of this province. Many are dominated by grasses, but some are covered largely by sagebrush and other shrubs, such as antelope bitterbrush.
Soils.--In the Rocky Mountains, soil orders occur in zones corresponding to vegetation, ranging from Mollisols and Alfisols in the montane zone to Aridisols in the foothill zone. In addition, because of steep slopes and recent glaciation, there are areas of Inceptisols.
Fauna.--Common large mammals include elk, deer, bighorn sheep, mountain lion, bobcat, beaver, porcupine, and black bear. Grizzly bear and moose inhabit the province's northern portions. Small mammals include mice, squirrels, martens, chipmunks, mountain cottontails, and bushytail woodrats.
Common birds include the mountain bluebird, chestnut-backed chickadee, red-breasted nuthatch, ruby-crowned kinglet, pygmy nuthatch, gray jay, Steller's jay, and Clark's nutcracker. Rosy finches are found in the high snowfields. Blue and ruffed grouse are the most common upland game birds. Hawks and owls inhabit most of the region. | <urn:uuid:b3be148f-8c20-4de0-a6d4-15024cd5c1f1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/images/m331.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532128.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00030-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925902 | 997 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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