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For Immediate Release
Researchers from North Carolina State University have found that an elastic polymer possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, allowing it to kill a range of viruses and drug-resistant bacteria in just minutes – including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
“We were exploring a different approach for creating antimicrobial materials when we observed some interesting behavior from this polymer and decided to explore its potential in greater depth,” says Rich Spontak, co-corresponding author of a paper on the work and Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at NC State. “And what we found is extremely promising as an alternate weapon to existing materials-related approaches in the fight against drug-resistant pathogens. This could be particularly useful in clinical settings – such as hospitals or doctor’s offices – as well as senior-living facilities, where pathogen transmission can have dire consequences.”
The polymer’s antimicrobial properties stem from its unique molecular architecture, which attracts water to a sequence of repeat units that are chemically modified (or functionalized) with sulfonic acid groups.
“When microbes come into contact with the polymer, water on the surface of the microbes interacts with the sulfonic acid functional groups in the polymer – creating an acidic solution that quickly kills the bacteria,” says Reza Ghiladi, an associate professor of chemistry at NC State and co-corresponding author of the paper. “These acidic solutions can be made more or less powerful by controlling the number of sulfonic acid functional groups in the polymer.”
The researchers tested the polymer against six types of bacteria, including three antibiotic-resistant strains: MRSA, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. When 40% or more of the relevant polymer units contain sulfonic acid groups, the polymer killed 99.9999% of each strain of bacteria within five minutes.
The researchers also tested the polymer against three viruses: an analog virus for rabies, a strain of influenza and a strain of human adenovirus.
“The polymer was able to fully destroy the influenza and the rabies analog within five minutes,” says Frank Scholle, an associate professor of biological sciences at NC State and co-author of the paper. “While the polymer with lower concentrations of the sulfonic acid groups had no practical effect against human adenovirus, it could destroy 99.997% of that virus at higher sulfonic acid levels.”
One concern of the researchers was that the polymer’s antimicrobial effect could progressively worsen over time, as sulfonic acid groups were neutralized when they interacted with positively charged ions (cations) in water. However, they found that the polymer could be fully “recharged” by exposing it to an acid solution.
“In laboratory settings, you could do this by dipping the polymer into a strong acid,” Ghiladi says. “But in other settings – such as a hospital room – you could simply spray the polymer surface with vinegar.”
This “recharging” process works because every time one of the negatively charged sulfonic acid groups combines with a cation in water – which can happen when the polymer comes into contact with microbes – the sulfonic acid group becomes electrically neutral. That makes the acid group ineffective against microbes. But when the neutralized polymer is subjected to acid, those functional groups can exchange bound cations with protons from the acid, making the sulfonic acid groups active again – and ready to kill microbial pathogens.
“The work we’ve done here highlights a promising new approach to creating antimicrobial surfaces for use in the fight against drug-resistant pathogens – and hospital-acquired infections in particular,” Ghiladi says.
“Functional block polymers like this are highly versatile – usable as water-treatment media, soft actuators, solar cells and gas-separation membranes – and environmentally benign since they can be readily recycled and re-used,” Spontak adds. “These features make them particularly attractive for widespread use.
“And this work focused on only one polymer series manufactured by Kraton Polymers,” Spontak says. “We are very eager to see how we can further modify this and other polymers to retain such effective and fast-acting antimicrobial properties while improving other attributes that would be attractive for other applications.”
The paper, “Inherently self-sterilizing charged multiblock polymers that kill drug-resistant microbes in minutes,” appears in the journal Materials Horizons. First author of the paper is Bharadwaja S. T. Peddinti, a Ph.D. student at NC State. The paper was co-authored by Mariana Vargas, an undergraduate at NC State; and Steven Smith of The Procter & Gamble Company.
The work was supported by The Nonwovens Institute at NC State. The researchers also received imaging assistance from the NC State Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, which is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number DBI-1624613.
Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.
“Inherently self-sterilizing charged multiblock polymers that kill drug-resistant microbes in minutes”
Authors: Bharadwaja S. T. Peddinti, Frank Scholle, Mariana G. Vargas, Reza A. Ghiladi and Richard J. Spontak, North Carolina State University; and Steven D. Smith, The Procter & Gamble Company
Published: July 17, Materials Horizons
Abstract: Drug-resistant microbes loom as a growing threat to global healthcare by greatly increasing the risk of hospital-acquired infections that could ultimately become fatal, especially for elderly, injured and immune-compromised patients. As a consequence, several materials-related antimicrobial strategies have been developed to mitigate this ubiquitous concern, resulting in different levels of success and, in some cases, introducing deleterious complications to environmental safety. Here, we demonstrate that charged multiblock polymers wherein the midblock is selectively sulfonated, and therefore hydrophilic and water-swellable, inherently provide self-sterilizing surfaces that rapidly act (killing more than 99.9999% in just 5 min) against a wide range of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, three of which are antibiotic-resistant. This surprising response, which depends on the degree of midblock sulfonation, is attributed to a dramatic reduction in surface pH level that is remarkably effective against microbes with a typically anionic outer membrane. These polymers, suitable for use in biomedical applications, smart textiles, separation membranes, commodity fixtures, and food packaging, are equally effective against infectious virus strains. Although the antimicrobial efficacy of these polymers is progressively diminished through complexation of sulfonic acid groups with cationic species during cyclic exposure to electrolyte solutions, these thermoplastic elastomers can be fully rejuvenated to their maximum performance level by relatively short immersion in acidic solutions. As a highly promising addition and alternative design paradigm to the expanding arsenal of antimicrobial materials, these midblock-sulfonated multiblock polymers constitute a facile, inexpensive, comprehensive, and environmentally-benign preventative route by which to combat the worldwide proliferation of drug-resistant microbes. | <urn:uuid:c0840322-87ff-40de-b638-6000d6f8e858> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://news.ncsu.edu/2019/08/self-sterilizing-polymer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330962.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826022215-20190826044215-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.929788 | 1,558 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The age of the animal in Ateneum
are by almost two hundred artists, mostly Finnish ones. The pieces, from the
16th century up to the present, have mainly been provided by the Finnish
themes in the exhibition illustrate how the roles of animals have changed over
the centuries. Pay special attention to Gallen Kallela’s and Ferdinand
von Wright’s paintings.
also a special display created for children by the students from the University of Art and Design, called In a Magical
Forest. Here parents can find many animal books as well, if they want to
tell stories to their children.
exhibition has also a dark side, such as the sinister works of Juhani Harri:
in his Andalusian Dog, for example, dead animals and objects melt into a
unique and ambiguous new shape. | <urn:uuid:5ba214e7-33b5-40b4-8ae6-b41af07e3222> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://www.freemagazine.fi/the-age-of-the-animal-in-ateneum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.954434 | 197 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Durango Montessori School Upper Elementary
Ideas for Studying Spelling/Vocabulary at Home
Practice spelling by writing the words in cursive or writing them 5 times each.
Spell the words out loud.
Read each word into a tape recorder. Then, play it back and write the words down. Then, check your spelling.
Write out your words using “stair-step” or “rainbow” spelling. Example:
Write the words on the sidewalk in chalk.
Draw the outline of a shape (perhaps one that is related to the word). Then, fill it up by writing the spelling word over and over again.
Create pictures with your spelling words like this one: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/491244271830210786/
Use each word in a full sentence.
Explain to a friend, perhaps an adult, what each word means.
Draw a picture that shows the meaning of the word.
Write a story using as many of the words as possible.
Look the word up in a dictionary. Find the definition that most closely matches the one on your list.
Re-write the definitions in your own words.
Think of 1 or 2 synonyms for each word, or look your words up in a thesaurus.
Create a 4-part matching game. Cut out each word, the part of speech, its definition, and its sentence (or re-write each of them on slips of paper). Mix up all your pieces of paper, and then match them together again. Make sure to check your answers afterwards.
Use notecards: On one side, write the word. On the other side, write the definition for the word or write a sentence that uses the word (except don’t write the word, write a _______ instead so you don’t give it away!). Then, read the definition on one side, guess the word, spell it out loud, and flip the card over to see if you’re correct.
By yourself or with a friend, create a skit during which you use the word correctly. | <urn:uuid:c2c86723-a403-4941-9cf2-b6ef96c9f830> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.durangomontessori.com/upper-elementary-homework-checklist-and-homework-folder-items/spellingvocabulary-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.895595 | 448 | 4 | 4 |
The MHC Region and Antigen Processing
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6 contributes to the risk of almost all autoimmune diseases, and its role in immunity in mice was recognized over 60 years ago. In humans, the MHC locus is also known as the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) region, reflecting the initial identification of MHC gene products on the surface of white blood cells. The classical MHC extends over around 4 megabases, and comprises three clusters: class I, II, and III. Class I and II regions include genes that encode the α- and β-chains of the MHC I and II complexes, and flank the class III region, which contains an assortment of immunologically relevant genes. Despite extensive study, the mechanisms that link the MHC to disease are largely unknown, although it is supposed that variation in the MHC peptide binding cleft facilitates presentation of self-antigen to autoreactive lymphocytes.
These difficulties in understanding the MHC are not without reason; it contains some of the most polymorphic loci described in the genome, and has a highly complicated genetic architecture, with some regions exhibiting extended linkage disequilibrium.
In RA, the MHC accounts for around a third of the genetic liability. Alleles at HLA-DRB1 contribute much of this risk - for example, DRB1*0401 carries an OR of 3. GWA studies confirm the strong association with MHC variants; risk alleles confer an OR of around 2 to 3 in homozygotes, with very high statistical significance (P < 10−100). Additional loci contributing to the risk of RA identified by high-density genotyping include HLA-DP in patients with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. SLE not only has strongly associated alleles in the class II region, HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501) and DR3 (DRB1*0301), with ORs of 2, but also risk variants in the class III cluster, which encodes genes such as TNF and the complement components C2, C4A and C4B. C4 is crucial in the classical and mannose-binding lectin pathways of complement activation, and complete deficiency of C4 or indeed other components of the classical pathway are rare, but strong, risk factors for SLE. The C4 gene is subject to CNV and is of two isotypes, C4A and C4B. It is an attractive hypothesis that CNV at C4 affects expression and contributes to SLE risk. However, it remains to be established whether haplotypes carrying partial C4 deficiency exert their risk via an influence on complement or through other genetic variants that are in linkage disequilibrium. Other loci in the class III region have been implicated in SLE, including the SKIV2L gene, SNPs in which carry an OR of 2 in a family-based analysis.SKIV2L encodes superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like, the human homologue of which is a DEAD box protein that may have nucleic acid processing activity. The second MHC III signal for SLE we will consider was identified in the International Consortium on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLEGEN) GWA study.[17,20] The SNP rs3131379 in mutS homologue 5 (MSH5) has an OR of 1.82. There is evidence that MSH5 has a role in immunoglobulin class switch variation. Again, further work is required to definitively implicate this gene rather than variants in linkage disequilibrium, which include HLA-DRB1*0301 and C4A deletions.
Clearly, HLA-B27 is the overwhelming association in AS, with an OR of 200 to 300. In the MHC, other genetic risk variants have been identified, including HLA-B60 (OR 3.6) and various HLA-DR genes with relatively minor contributions. The pathogenic mechanism for these risk alleles is unknown. Outside of the MHC, two significant genes have so far been identified in AS: ARTS1 and IL-23R, the latter of which will be discussed below and has been associated with several different autoimmune diseases. ARTS1 has two identified functions. Its first is in the processing of peptide for presentation via MHC I. It is localised in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is upregulated by IFNγ. It acts as an amino-terminal aminopeptidase and in mice is essential for the display of the normal peptide repertoire. In its absence, many unstable and highly immunogenic MHC-peptide complexes are presented. A hypothetical connection with HLA-B27 can thus be drawn. Its other function is to downregulate signalling by IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα through surface receptor cleavage.[26–28] The most associated SNP rs30187 risk allele has an OR of 1.4, and is of unknown functional significance.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(5):248 © 2009 BioMed Central, Ltd.
Copyright to this article is held by the author(s), licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original citation.
Cite this: Genetics of Rheumatic Disease - Medscape - Oct 14, 2009. | <urn:uuid:7f259ac4-0ce6-4db2-a35e-157e0653902d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717475_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710933.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203143925-20221203173925-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.928568 | 1,187 | 2.96875 | 3 |
SCHOOL: Listowel | ADDRESS: Listowel, Co. Kerry
(1) Once upon a time there was a man who dreamt of a pot of gold that was buried under a white thorn bush in the centre of a field. He did not bother about the dreams but he dreamt about it the third night and then he made up his mind to dig for it.
The next night at twelve o’clock he went to the bush and began to dig the earth. He came to a big flag and as he was about to raise the flag a big bull rushed from the bushes and chased the man.
The next night he went to dig the gold but that night he had a bottle of holy water and he made a ring of it around the bush. As he was digging the same bull rushed from the bushes but when he came to the ring he turned back again.
The man pulled up the flag and found a pot of gold under it.
(2) About 100 years ago a dozen boys from Gahard Lisen Liseltin found a cave in the above place. Some went in to explore and their comrades thinking they were too long inside followed after them until eleven had gone into the cave.
The twelvth man got suspicious when no one was returning and he raised the alarm. All the neighbours came on the scene.
They called for volunteers to go into the cave and by forming a human chain they came on the man who entered the cave and he was dead and for the men who formed the human chain there would be many many more deaths because they took a lighted candle with them which went out when they found the dead man.
At that time they had not the help of present day science to find the ten other bodies so that ends the exploring of the Caves of Guhard.
(3) In the townland of Dirha, near Listowel there is a hill of gravel in a bog. Many stories are told about this mound.
The old people say that three Danish chiefs who were killed while fighting with the Irish were buried here, and that the Danes drew sand and gravel in bags from the River Feale and from the River Gale to make a hill.
Then they planted white thorn bushes on the top of the mound. At the base of the hill there is a well of clear water.
Some years ago a man dreamt that there was gold buried under the Knockane. He went at night with two companions and they took with them a cock. After digging for some time, they were chased by a bull and they all ran awaw.
An old person said that they should have thrown a fist of mud at the bull and that he would have left them alone. The old people also say that every night fairy horsemen go riding here.
(4) There was a [man] who lived in Tipperary and he do had a dream about gold that was buried in Tralee beside a bridge. He had the same dream three nights after one another.
The third night he carried a spade with him to dig the gold. Just as he was about to dig the gold a bull chased him. He came the second night and a woman chased him from it. The third night he came he met a man and the man told him that he was very foolish to come searching for gold and when he would go home to dig a hole in his own garden and that he would find gold.
He dug a hole and he found a big bag of gold and he was for ever more. | <urn:uuid:dd42039e-2e3a-413b-8202-f5f6aa8ac67b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://proudirishheritage.com/listowel-hidden-treasures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.990603 | 734 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Over much of northern Canada, there is little more than trees, rocks, lakes and wetlands. But in northeastern Alberta, the landscape is changing dramatically as strip mining peels off the forest and soil to reach a molasses-like viscous oil mixed with sand and clay 40 to 60 metres below the surface.
About 40 percent of the area is wetlands, some of which have been drained and rivers diverted to prevent flooding of the mine sites. One of the world's most spectacular wetlands is found here, and despite its recognised ecological importance, is now slated to be strip mined.
The McClelland Lake Wetland Complex is about 120 kms north of the oil sands boom town of Fort McMurray Alberta. The complex is comprised of McClelland Lake, 12 sinkholes, and a remarkably beautiful and intricate, ancient patterned fen. The complex is home to numerous rare plants, including five insect-eating species.
Scientists like Richard Thomas consider the fen to be a world-class natural heritage site.
"McClelland Fen will serve as the lightning rod that focuses world attention on the ecological holocaust now taking place in the SMA (Surface Mineable Area) of northeast Alberta," said Thomas, a boreal ecologist working for the Alberta Wilderness Association (AWA), in a statement.
Because of its ecological importance, the region had been off-limits to mining until an oil company successfully lobbied top Alberta politicians in the late 1990s, says Ian Urquhart, a political scientist at the University of Alberta and spokesperson for the AWA, an environmental group.
Now 40 percent of the fen and 50 percent of the entire complex will be destroyed by mining. A mere 0.1 percent (4.13 sq km) of the 3,450-square-kilometre oil sands in what is called the Fort Hills Surface Mineable Area will be protected.
"We're trying to secure protection for a 200 sq km area that includes the complex and surrounding lands as a buffer -- not very much considering the size of the SMA," Urquhart told IPS.
However, conservation and environmental preservation is the furthest thing from government officials' minds.
Late last fall, the Alberta government set off a public firestorm when released its "Mineable Oil Sands Strategy" (MOSS) document. It effectively declared that thousands of square kilometres of boreal forest and wetlands with oil sands underneath were only good for one thing: extracting oil.
"For the first time, the government openly said they were writing off more than 3,000 sq km for oil," said Urquhart, who is writing a book on the oil sands.
That had been the unstated but de facto government policy since the first oil sands were mined in the late 1960s, he said.
Growing unease about the speed, scale and impacts of oil sands development led to widespread public protest over the MOSS document. Now a one-year review of the strategy involving industry, the public and NGOs has begun.
Oil companies have spent millions of dollars reclaiming mined lands by planting grasses and trees, says Greg Stringham, vice president of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.
"Twenty percent of the land mined by Syncrude and Suncor (two of the largest oil sands companies) has been reclaimed," Stringham said.
But although trees are now growing on about 5,000 hectares of land mined up to 40 years ago, no ecologist would call these lands restored as boreal forest, said Urquhart.
"It's impossible to recreate the boreal ecosystem," he said.
Companies do not have to even make the attempt to restore the boreal forest. All they need do is fix things up so that the land could be used for other purposes in the future. Despite that low bar, not one hectare has yet to be officially reclaimed, according to the government of Alberta.
It will take 300 or more years before reclaimed areas become functioning forest again, says Rick Schneider of the Canadian Parks and Wildness Society in Edmonton.
The wetlands may never return. One report estimates that nearly 10 percent of the region's wetlands will be permanently removed from the landscape, even after reclamation efforts.
Despite Alberta's huge size of 661,848 sq km, inhabited by just 3.3 million people, industrial logging and oil and gas development have reduced its vast forests to less than 40 percent of their original extent, according to a recent study by Global Forest Watch Canada.
The rate and extent of forest loss has been comparable to the losses in the Amazon rainforest, the group says.
Its study found that much of the remaining forest is heavily fragmented by industrial activities, which has had a significant impact on woodland caribou and grizzly bears.
Most of the woodland caribou herds are in decline or threatened with total extermination, including those in Athabasca oil sands region.
Caribou and grizzly bears, along with lynx, martin and some forest birds, are particularly sensitive to human disturbance, said Schneider.
"No one has quantified the impacts of industrial development on these species until now," he said.
Such studies have come late and are more about how to adapt mining techniques to minimise the damage on species rather whether such activities should be done in some areas at all, said Urquhart.
And it will be difficult for science to keep up.
"The pace of oil sands development is absolutely frenetic," he said.
This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. | <urn:uuid:ba6cbe8b-6008-4942-b30e-ee008ded9e38> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13911 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543035.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00208-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958007 | 1,308 | 3.578125 | 4 |
I’ve recently come across some fantastic slides containing images of Lyric Theatre productions throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, including Many Young Men of Twenty (1961) and The Silver Tassie (1970) amongst others. The images involved are incredibly clear, and are perhaps even more visually arresting than photographic negatives. Although their popularity has waned in recent years, slides were a popular method of storing and disseminating photographic images.
|Examples of slides, 1940s to 1980s. Note the card and metal mounts of the older slides, moving to plastic in more recent times|
The film in a slide is commonly referred to as ‘slide film’ but is more accurately called reversal film. It differs from traditional photographic film in that it creates a positive of the image rather than a negative. Simply put, this type of film reflects the colours and tones present in the image. These slides are an excellent example of this, being still rich in vibrant colour even after forty years in storage.
|Slide storage box|
Slides were usually viewed via projector, and made an affordable alternative to photographic prints in the days when these were prohibitively expensive and of uncertain quality. For the Lyric, slides would have been a way to easily and safely store images from productions with little space needed. However, by the 1970s print quality had vastly improved, and had become cheaper for the amateur photographer. Reversal film was widely used in print publishing, however, until the mid-1990s. Since then they have been displaced by digital media. Slides remain in archival collections though as evidence not only of the images they contain, but also of the changing nature of photographic technology. | <urn:uuid:c2e16d87-17b3-45e7-bb58-8ad2b6ab1964> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://nuigarchives.blogspot.com/2010/10/projecting-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.97799 | 347 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Switch: the history and evolution of
- Selection of the dimmer: one or two keys?
- Cunning choice of the controller lighting: connect without problems
- How to establish elements of regulation: the determination of the amount of light, preparatory work, connections and tools
- Installation: installation methods for connection parts of the light
- Wiring diagram
- The beginning of works on creation of the perfect light in the room
- The nuances of: connecting the light
From time to time, each person actively using the lighting in the house, there is a need to replace a failed or out of fashion switch. Not always it can make a qualified master electrician, so you know the basics of self-Assembly is necessary for your own peace of mind. It is important to know how to install light switch to work, made with his own hands, was quality.
Habitual breakers appeared in the late 1870s by the invention of Edison. After a few years – in 1893, the world saw the prototype of the modern circuit breaker – the circuit breaker are spring loaded and automatic. In the early twentieth century, the breakers began to slowly regain his usual form. In the late 40’s and early 50-ies of XX century began to appear the product one-button later purchase became possible and the options with 2-3 bedrooms keys. Today, this element of supply is equipped with a backlight, has a different shape and it doesn’t seem like something unusual.
The convenience of light control in the room depends on many factors:
- own taste;
- the location of rooms;
- the light intensity.
Single and series items on/off is ideal for domestic purposes as well cope with the load, but will not stand if I have to work with the powerful professional lighting– it is important to consider.
They are suitable for robotical with the old incandescent bulbs and new, modern inventions – luminescent lighting or led lights, ribbons.
The number of keys depends on the set before the product problems – to turn the light on in the bathroom, separate type, it is better to purchase the item with two buttons, to save electricity. In small spaces the ideal one-button option.
Before proceeding to the connection, it is important to learn tricks of choice. Today there are many models that allow you to control the level of lighting in the rooms. If the choice fell on the rheostat model, it is important to remember that they allow you to choose the level of light to smoothly adjust the brightness of the bulb. However, this option is the best, but it is suitable only for the simplest of incandescent lamps and installing the controller light will have to use only them.
The housing must be made of durable and fire-resistant plastic be sure. Internal support can be made of ceramics. If you set the backlight, which is very often used in modern models, it is necessary to remember that a switch is always energized.
How to establish elements of regulation: the determination of the amount of light, preparatory work, connections and tools ↑
Before you begin the installation, you must decide where will be located the switches, as it affects the convenience of light control in the room.The connection itself is not difficult, therefore the desired amount of light to reach easily. After that, it is important to check all the necessary tools:
- breaker, and;
- junction box;
- wires for connection;
- duct tape.
There are several ways how to connect the controllers of the world. They are not complicated, netresult a lot of time and effort, but some knowledge in this matter is required, then sources of light pleasing to the eye and be able to meet the needs of people.
Sometimes to turn on/off the light in the room you need from different places, especially if the room is large. For this purpose, usually installed with different lamps. Example, a person wants to control the lighting in the room from the hallway and, actually, from the room, the chandelier is 4 – 5 bulbs, for this purpose you need to know how to connect the lights through the switch below «play» with the lighting on their own.
In fact, it is necessary to do so to manage could be different groups of light bulbs in the chandelier, for example, in combination 1, 2, 5-4-5 pieces at a time.
In order to change the number of bulbs in a group and need to know how to connect light switch.
To connect need directly controls the single or double – depends on the needs and desires of the people themselves, to make repairs. The use of series connected switches, if we are talking about the hallway.
That’s how it looks in a disassembled state, ready for installation:
Have a double or, as it is called, series control the lighting – there is segasist contacts, respectively, two inputs and four outputs. The connection is made based on these features.
Connection diagram looks like this:
In fact – this is two single element, connected in one secure case. Here you can see how to connect a dual switch light to the further operation was as safe for human, comfortable and practical.
The scheme, intended to control lighting at the same time from three locations in the room, not much different from the previous one. The difference lies in the fact that it includes another element of type double – cross which from single and double, as it has four pins, not six as earlier – two inputs and two outputs, respectively. While pressing on the double paired switch immediately work on pereklyucheniya independent from each other contact.
You need to check all tools in advance, so that the connection went quiet, since then leave the rest to the control is simply dangerous. After this, you should check regularly whether the work of wiring and lighting devices installed in the room.
One-button option built-in type, is usually installed in the corridor or hallway. Tequilacat single and series options:
Using etirazetam easy to create the perfect lighting in the hallway.
Wiring diagram one-button switch – the simplest, because one switch only has 2 wires. To connect light switch for one light bulb can be the housing of the switch Board here, phase wire of red, zero — wire blue. The voltage coming to the switch box, which is located in the hallway.
Phase is connected in the junction box with red wire that goes directly to the switch. With the cable indicated in the diagram in orange, flows back into the junction box where it connects with the wire is also orange, going to a lighting device, which is simultaneously the load in this circuit.
Zero, in turn, is connected in the junction box with wire, marked in blue, which immediately goes to the bulb. For wiring connections in the junction box is convenient to use the terminals with them, the connection will be faster and more reliable.
When replacing the lamp, it will be enough to turn off only the switch in patronize be tension. If to confuse and break the zero, when replacing the lamp, it is in any case will remain under tension. This happens if the switch is equipped with a led light that always glows in the dark. The connection of the new elements in this case will occur under stress.
There are two types of installation – with open and closed transaction. In that case, if we are talking about the installation with open wiring, you come to the aid of the escutcheon, which is installed in the wall. It has and is attached to the selected switch as above.
Mounts are made with screws, dowels or screws – the choice of fasteners depends on the material of walls and type of switch. Holes will then be spun off switch, pre-drilled, using a drill. After wiring overlaps with the insulating cover, and tightened with the help of special hooks. Key, which will be controlling the amount of light in the room, is placed in the last turn. As you can see the connection light case available for most people, it is only necessary to carefully study the user manual and act according to the scheme.
Here are the escutcheon:
So disassembled the switches, ready to install
In the video you can watch the whole process works and visually see all the features that may await the person during the installation:
To install the switch yourself, even without special education. Complexity can wait for only those who are afraid to work with tension, since they will have to overcome your fear. Otherwise, today we have detailed manuals and video tutorials that allows you to produce any work themselves without the help of artists, which sometimes has to wait several days. However, if a person feels uncertainty or fear – it is better not to take risks and to experiment, and to use the services of a specialist is safer and more reliable. Thus, the connection will not take a lot of effort, time and nerves. | <urn:uuid:fe044676-a817-45cc-9485-f50bc0e45171> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://construct-yourself.com/repair-installation-and-construction/electrics/connection-and-installation/how-to-install-and-connect-a-light-switch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.952254 | 1,862 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Wild Oysters Deemed ‘Functionally Extinct’
A recent Valentine’s Day-inspired article in the Grist pointed out that oysters are the only delicacy that enhances The Mood and water quality. Don’t get too excited, though: a new study published this week in BioScience revealed that oysters are “functionally extinct” in many parts of the world where they were once abundant, and nothing kills The Mood (or mollusks) like functional extinction.
Today about 95% of all oysters served in restaurants and sold in markets are farmed, a result of the fact that overfishing has destroyed more than 85% of global oyster reefs. In places that were once famed oyster harvesting spots, only 1% of reefs remain; in fact, five locations in North America contain 75% of remaining global oyster reefs.
Estimates indicate that at the current rate of decline, wild oysters could disappear within decades if nothing is done to remedy the situation. This possibility is so alarming because oysters play a crucial role in the coastal ecosystems they inhabit. Not only do the mollusks filter impurities from the water and support fish populations, but they also prevent coastal erosion: over time, shells of deceased oysters form reefs, which mitigate the erosion of shorelines.
The importance of oysters for coastal waters and aquatic communities led Dr. Michael Beck (University of California, Santa Cruz) to conduct a study examining the decline of oyster populations worldwide. Dr. Beck and his team of marine biologists studied 144 former oyster beds in 40 regions around the world, making theirs the largest study to date of wild oysters.
Dr. Beck and his team found that oyster reefs are at less than 10% of their prior abundance in 70% of bays and 63% of eco-regions studied and less than 1% of prior abundance in 37% of bays and 28 % of eco-regions. These numbers led Beck to conclude that oysters have become “functionally extinct,” meaning “they lack any significant ecosystem role”.
This is a shocking finding considering the historic dominance of oysters in temperate coastal waters. Like lobsters, oysters were once so abundant they were considered peasant food. In recent decades, however, their status as a culinary delicacy has led to intensive harvesting and many populations have been destroyed by modern fishing methods, especially dredging and trawling, which disturb the ocean floor.
In an ironic twist, the only native oyster populations in the world that had remained at historic abundance levels were devastated last spring. Yes, the healthiest oyster beds in the world (in fact, the only oyster beds in the world deemed healthy by Dr. Beck and his team) were in the Gulf of Mexico, site of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. While in the early stages of the spill it was determined that the oil had not significantly harmed Gulf oyster reefs, subsequent decisions by politicians only made the environmental disaster worse for the oysters.
Only days after the explosion that sent a steady torrent of oil into the Gulf, Louisiana officials and Governor Bobby Jindal decided to open giant valves on the Mississippi River in an attempt to push incoming oil out of the state’s coastal marshes and back out to sea. Although the intentions behind the decision weren’t bad, the deliberation (and consequently the outcome) was poor: state bureaucrats didn’t consider the delicacy of coastal ecosystems or the specific conditions marine organisms need to survive.
The impact of the freshwater diversions from the Mississippi was far more severe than the damage done by the oil. Following his study, Dr. Beck estimates that half of the Gulf’s most productive oyster reefs were destroyed by the decrease in salinity; immediately following the river releases, oyster fishermen along the Louisiana coast reported mortality rates of 80% for thousands of acres of oyster beds. While oyster harvesters are being compensated for their losses through the $20billion BP compensation fund, the oysters themselves aren’t so lucky.
At the end of the grim report, Dr. Beck offered hopeful suggestions, recommending that all areas where less than 10% of former oyster reefs remain be closed to harvesting, dredging and any activity that could harm remaining oyster stocks. Dr. Beck was quoted in a NY times article as saying that although oysters “are already functionally extinct [in many places]… if we act now with reasonable measures, we can get them back”.
So what measures should be taken? One possibility is re-introducing oysters into waters that they once inhabited, as suggested by one New York artist. Last year, Kate Orff presented her idea to reintroduce oysters into the waters around New York City as part of the MoMA’s “Rising Currents” exhibit. Orff proposed creating oyster farms in New York harbor and the Gowanus Canal; the oysters would filter (and thus improve) polluted waters and the rope structures that would comprise their beds would mitigate storm surge.
While initially presented as part of an art exhibit, Orff’s design has real potential. Students at the New York Harbor School have already begun experimenting with oyster farms in city waters. More important than the physical outcome of Orff’s idea, however, is the way in which it demonstrates and promotes innovative thinking. Orff’s New York oyster beds may not be the type of measure Dr. Beck had in mind for revitalizing oyster stocks but, the idea of finding a single solution for multiple problems may be the type of approach necessary for revitalizing the global environment. | <urn:uuid:f08a835e-3628-44b4-9529-8c9b746721e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/02/10/wild-oysters-deemed-functionally-extinct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218205046.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213005-00047-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966005 | 1,176 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Olympos Ancient City is named after the legendary Olympos Mountain in Anatolia. According to a Greek legend, Bellorophontes slaughtered Chimera and buried this creature under the ground nearby Mound Olympos of South West Anatolia. Chimera's burning breath is still seen among the rocks where the animal was buried nearby Olympos Ancient City. The Olympiade Fire was believed to be collected from Olympos every year, rock gas leaking to the surface and chemically burning after meeting with oxygen. It is believed that when the Olympic games were transported to the Greek mainland, they forgot to take the fire and set up a new one by using sunbeams in the legendary Olemp Mountain like today.
Where is Olympos?
Olympos is located in the vicinity of Kumluca city of Antalya province. It is only 1,5 hours away from Antalya city center. However, this may go up to 2,5 hours if you are using public transportation. There is a narrow winding road going down to the area of the pensions. Transportation in between the bottom and the top main road is managed by the locals there. As a result, if there are not enough passengers in their minivan, they may wait for more people to come up and get seated. Hitchhiking is very popular among the visitors of Olympos so please pick up those backpackers if you are driving your own car. Please kindly be advised that the Olympos accommodations are located behind the Olympos Ancient City. You will have to walk through the ancient city every day to reach the cool waters of the Olympos beach. Olympos is preferred by backpackers and budget travelers so if you are looking for more comfort, luxury, and space, you should try the beach next door named Cirali.
History of Olympos Ancient City
Olympos ancient city is first mentioned in history in the 2nd Century BCE. The ancient city was built in a very secure narrow gorge underneath the legendary Olympos Mountain. A stream separates the valley and the city was established on both sides of the water. The flow of water was taken under control thanks to the impressive infrastructure built by the engineers of Olympos. The end of the stream was the port of the Ancient Olympos. Olympos was a member of the Lycian League until the beginning of the 1st Century BCE until it was invaded by the pirates along with the other coastal cities of the region like Phaselis and Corycus. Roman armies invaded Olympos in 78 BCE under the command of Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cicero describes the city as a rich and intricately decorated place. The city was called Hadiranapolis after the visit of Emperor Hadrian but Olympos faded from history by the 15th Century.
What to do in Olympos?
The majority of the visitors of Olympos take a break there in the middle of their long Turkey trips. Small and cozy pensions and hostels of Olympos are built in the woods which are very peaceful after a long week in Istanbul and Cappadocia. There is no rush, fresh air beautiful food and the ancient city is a stone throw away from the accommodations which makes it very easy to explore new things after a nice breakfast. Besides nature and the ancient city, you can rent a bike and cycle to the entrance of Chimera where you are able to see the natural burning rock gas coming from the underground. it is better to go there after the sunset and a bottle of wine or beer with Turkish sausages is recommended to take to cook them on natural fire. You can also rent a kayak at the beach and visit the caves by the Mediterranean Sea. There are daily boat trips departing every day during the high season in Olympos which can be an interesting and entertaining activity if you are staying for a few days in the Olympos area.
Would you like us to tailor you a private itinerary, including Olympos Ancient City? Benefit from our expertise. We offer tailor-made tours to Turkey for all interests and desires, from romantic honeymoons and scenic self-drive road trips to photo tours with experienced photographers and cultural tours in major destinations. We arrange everything for your Turkey Tours, including hotel bookings, airport transfers, guided tours, and top-notch experiences. We want you to have a great time in Turkey and make sure your trip is a memorable one as we have escorted so many tours in Turkey personally. Imagine dealing with only one person for all your travel details, receiving customized itineraries and recommendations which will suit exactly your travel interests. Contact Turkey Tour Organizer to get a personalized day by day itinerary for your trip to Turkey. | <urn:uuid:260f1815-0b21-4ec1-8841-f900fd74f501> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.turkeytourorganizer.com/blog/olympos-ancient-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.964344 | 1,000 | 2.515625 | 3 |
“You shall not add to the word which I command you, nor take anything from it, that you may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.”
Moses gave this strong instruction within the context of his pleading with the Israelites to remain faithful to God after they entered the land of Canaan. Essentially he was telling them to be faithful and diligent to keep exactly what God had commanded and taught them through His law. Obeying this command would lead to blessings and make them an example to other nations (Deuteronomy 4:6).
Jesus Christ reinforced this vital teaching throughout His ministry. He specifically taught that human beings were not to subtract from His law and Word (Matthew 5:17-19) or add unreasonable requirements that God never intended (Matthew 23:4; Mark 7:8-9, 13). Christ taught His disciples to be diligent and faithful to God’s Word just as Moses taught the Israelites. Christ defined His people as those “who hear the word of God and do it” (Luke 8:21).
God is so serious about this that He inspired similar words to be recorded among the last words of the Bible in Revelation 22:18-19.
To learn more about the diligent faithfulness God wants us to have, visit the “10 Commandments and God’s Way of Life” section of Life, Hope & Truth.
Tomorrow on the Daily Bible Verse Blog: “Let Not Your Heart Be Troubled.” | <urn:uuid:423dd28a-8945-4c15-a2df-03b7785371be> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://lifehopeandtruth.com/bible/blog/do-not-add-or-take-away/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357984.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226205107-20210226235107-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.954267 | 313 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Regular Dog Checkups.
Every dog owner asks this type of question, often.
If you failed to do the regular checkups, then the dog may end up having some major diseases that you don't know about.
Hence, you need to pay lot of money both to the veterinarians for consultancy and for the required drugs useful for the therapy of the clinical condition.
One may not be able to find out the very commonly occurring clinical conditions in case of their dogs because of less experience with dog diseases or dog rearing.
This is why dog check ups are important.
For example, if the dog has potbelly, the condition may not look abnormal many times.
But if the dog is subjected to the regular checkup, then the veterinarian immediately finds it out and gives the appropriate therapy.
If not, the animal may experience diarrhea and the dehydration.
If the dog has any signs of illness, then do not wait for the regular check-up. Instead, you need to approach the veterinarian immediately.
Check ups if done in a regular manner will help to give vaccinations against canine distemper, parvovirus, corona virus, rabies virus, hepatitis virus, and more.
Booster vaccinations will be carried out in such cases without any delay in the injections.
This helps to improve the immunity level of the dog against such diseases in a remarkable degree.
Regular canine checkups are essential with proper stools examination.
Hence, the deworming may be carried out with drugs like fenbendazole, albendazole, etc.
Abnormalities like signs of pain may be ruled out during such examinations.
If not, helminthiasis may affect the animal and diarrhea may occur in addition to the other types of digestive upsets and anemia.
Regular dog checkups help to rule out the external parasitic conditions like lice or tick infestations.
Dental problems are also found out during the regular check ups in reputed veterinary hospitals.
Dog Health Explained Articles
Bathing A Dog
Boredom and Variety
Clipping A Dog
Common Questions About Heart Worm
Common Questions About Dog Vaccinations
Cost of Dog Feeds
Do Parasites Cause Scooting?
Dog Dental Care at Home
Dog Fleas and Parasites
Dog Food Allergies
Dogs Need Different Diets
Dog Spaying and Neurtering
Dog Vitamins And Mineral Supplements
Dry Versus Canned Dog Food
First Steps In Grooming
Heart Worm Preventions
Heartworm, Fleas and Parasites
Homemade Dog Diets
How Important Is Dog Health Insurance
How Much Should You Feed Your Dog?
How Often Should You Feed Your Dog?
How Often Should Your Dog Be Examined?
How to Safely Administer Medicine To Your Dog
Importance Of Physical Examination Of Your Dog
Keep Your Dog Safer with Dog Identification
Nursing A Sick Dog Can Aid Recovery
Preventing Dog Dental Disease
Regular Dog Checkups Are A Vital Part Of Canine Health
Signs of Ill Health
Spaying Your Female Dog
Surgical Neutering of the Male Dog
Understanding What Dog Food Ingredients Are Safe For Your Pet
Vacinating a Dog Keeps Your Canine Alive!
Veterinary Dental Treatments For Dogs
What Happens During A Dog Examination | <urn:uuid:0607b314-10e3-4bad-a734-30c7edaa1a4a> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.dog-breeds-explained.com/regular-dog-checkups.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.858504 | 700 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This video gives basic information on Using the FILEQUERY "Query File or Folder" instruction in the Do-more Designer software. It presents information that is commonly missed by users. This WILL NOT be a complete tutorial for the instruction but rather a supplement to the help file and customer experience.
Our FREE Practical Guide to Programmable Logic Controllers eBook: https://go.pardot.com/l/548202/2018-08-06/7n3v42
This instruction is used for 3 main functions: First would be to check for the existence of a particular file. This is done by Placing your file or folder name here and not checking any of these. If you get a success then it exists on that file system. Second would be to gather information on the file. This is done by checking 1 or more of these 4 characteristics. The third function would be iteration. This function can gather any or all characteristics of the files or folders, you name here. There is an example of this process in the help topic on this instruction. This instruction can be used in Task or Program but cannot be used in Subroutines or Interrupt service routines. There is a utility program called Browse PLC File Systems to manage the contents of any file system. This can be found, while the designer software is connected to the PLC, and selecting PLC-> Browse PLC. File system. | <urn:uuid:5ed3a631-8f3c-416e-9ec5-9edf452c4156> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.automationdirect.com/videos/video?videoToPlay=qwY69BUweM0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.881769 | 287 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Man of Sorrows
Man of Sorrows is paramount among the prefigurations of the Messiah identified by Christians in the passages of Isaiah 53 (Servant songs) in the Hebrew Bible. It is also an iconic devotional image that shows Christ, usually naked above the waist, with the wounds of his Passion prominently displayed on his hands and side, often crowned with the Crown of Thorns and sometimes attended by angels. It developed in Europe from the 13th century, and was especially popular in Northern Europe. The image continued to spread and develop iconographical complexity until well after the Renaissance, but the Man of Sorrows in its many artistic forms is the most precise visual expression of the piety of the later Middle Ages, which took its character from mystical contemplation rather than from theological speculation". Together with the Pietà, it was the most popular of the Andachtsbilder-type images of the period - devotional images detached from the narrative of Christ's Passion.
The phrase translated into English as "Man of Sorrows" ("vir dolorum" in the Vulgate, in German Schmerzensmann) occurs at verse 3:
3) He is despised and rejected of men, a Man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief. And we hid as it were our faces from Him; He was despised, and we esteemed Him not. 4) Surely He hath borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we did esteem Him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. 5) But He was wounded for our transgressions; He was bruised for our iniquities. The chastisement of our peace was upon Him, and with His stripes we are healed.6) All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on Him the iniquity of us all.
Development of the image
The image developed from the Byzantine epitaphios image, which possibly dates back to the 8th century. A miraculous Byzantine mosaic icon of it is known as the Imago Pietatis or Christ of Pity. The work appears to have been brought to the major pilgrimage church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome in the 12th century. Only replicas of the original work now survive. By the 13th century it was becoming common in the West as a devotional image for contemplation, in sculpture, painting and manuscripts. It continued to grow in popularity, helped by the Jubilee Year of 1350, when the Roman image seems to have had, perhaps initially only for the Jubilee, a Papal indulgence of 14,000 years granted for prayers said in its presence.
The image formed part of the subject of the Mass of Saint Gregory; by 1350 the Roman icon was being claimed as a contemporary representation of the vision. In this image the figure of Christ was typical of the Byzantine forerunners of the Man of Sorrows, at half length, with crossed hands and head slumped sideways to the viewer's left.
The various versions of the Man of Sorrows image all show a Christ with the wounds of the Crucifixion, including the spear-wound. Especially in Germany, Christ's eyes are usually open and look out at the viewer; in Italy the closed eyes of the Byzantine epitaphios image, originally intended to show a dead Christ, remained for longer. For some the image represented the two natures of Christ - he was dead as a man, but alive as God. Full-length figures also first appear in southern Germany in wall-paintings in the 13th century, and in sculpture from the beginning of the 14th. Other elements that were sometimes included, in distinct sub-forms of the image, included the Arma Christi or "Instruments of the Passion", the cross, a chalice into which blood poured from Christ's side or other wounds (giving an emphasis on the Eucharist), angels to hold these objects or support a slumped Christ himself (Meister Francke shows both roles above), and mourners or worshippers. The Throne of Mercy is an image of the Trinity with Christ, often diminutive, as Man of Sorrows, supported by his Father.
Isaiah 53:2 had already been crucial in developing the iconography of the Tree of Jesse ("For He shall grow up before Him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground") and the depiction of Jesus ("He hath no form nor comeliness, and when we shall see Him, there is no beauty that we should desire Him").
- Man of Sorrows (Maarten van Heemskerck)
- Messiah (Handel), which sets a version of the passage from Isaiah
- Schiller, quote from p.198, figs 681-812
- "21st Century King James Version". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
- Discussed by Snyder, 176-78
- Schiller, 199-200, also see Parshall, 58 and Pattison, 150.
- Parshall, 58. For a somewhat different chronology, see Pattison, 150
- Schiller, 198
- Schiller, 201-202
- Schiller, 201-219
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Man of Sorrows.|
- Parshall, Peter, in David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, 1996, ISBN 0-300-06883-2
- Pattison George, in W. J. Hankey, Douglas Hedley (eds),Deconstructing radical orthodoxy: postmodern theology, rhetoric, and truth, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 0-7546-5398-6, ISBN 978-0-7546-5398-1. Google books
- G Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II,1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, figs 471-75, ISBN 0-85331-324-5
- Snyder, James; Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0-13-623596-4 | <urn:uuid:c6b1da11-07e4-4b78-9b34-e8cfd0774132> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Sorrows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137046.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00258-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940389 | 1,282 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Smoking linked to chronic back pain
Smoking may increase a person's risk of developing chronic back pain, according to new research.
Scientists from Northwestern University recruited 160 volunteers who had subacute back pain--back pain that had lasted between four and 12 weeks; 32 volunteers who had chronic back pain--back pain that had lasted for five years or more and 35 participants with no back pain at all.
All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their smoking status and health conditions, which they filled out on five separate occasions during one year. They also received brain scans, which were meant to analyze activity between the two brain regions--the nucleus accumbens and the medial prefrontal cortex--that play a role in cognitive behaviors, such as motivated learning and addictive behavior.
The researchers found that a strong connection between the two brain regions under study was connected to increase susceptibility to chronic pain. They also found that smoking affected the connection. The participants who smoked had a higher risk of chronic back pain, when compared to those who did not smoke.
The researchers then studied whether participants who smoked could change their brain activity and lower their chronic pain by either quitting smoking or by taking anti-inflammatory drugs or other pain medications. They found that while taking drugs helped with pain reduction, quitting smoking was the only way actually change the brain activity related to chronic pain.
The study's findings, published in the journal Human Brain Mapping, suggests that people who smoke and have chronic pain may benefit from smoking cessation programs or other behavioral interventions. Future studies may focus on whether there is a link between chronic pain and addiction. | <urn:uuid:4bca5e79-94a3-4f6c-88a4-c95ba980ad99> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.healthcentral.com/article/smoking_linked_to_chronic_back_pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322135230-20190322161230-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.975839 | 324 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Portable Generator Safety
Portable generators are useful when temporary or remote electric power is needed, but they can be hazardous. The primary hazards to avoid when using them are carbon monoxide poisoning, electric shock or electrocution, and fire.
The United States Fire Administration (USFA) would like you to know that there are simple steps you can take to prevent the loss of life and property resulting from improper use of portable generators.
To Avoid Carbon Monoxide Hazards:
- Always use generators outdoors, away from doors, windows and vents.
- NEVER use generators in homes, garages, basements, crawl spaces, or other enclosed or partially enclosed areas, even with ventilation.
- Follow manufacturer's instructions.
- Install battery-operated or plug-in (with battery backup) carbon monoxide (CO) alarms in your home, following manufacturer's instructions.
- Test CO alarms often and replace batteries when needed.
To Avoid Electrical Hazards:
- Keep the generator dry. Operate on a dry surface under an open, canopy- like structure.
- Dry your hands before touching the generator.
- Plug appliances directly into generator or use a heavy-duty outdoor- rated extension cord. Make sure en tire extension cord is free of cuts or tears and the plug has all 3 prongs, especially a grounding pin.
- NEVER plug the generator into a wall outlet. This practice, known as backfeeding, can cause an electrocution risk to utility workers and others served by the same utility transformer.
- If necessary to connect generator to house wiring to power appliances, have a qualified electrician install appropriate equipment. Or, your utility company may be able to install an appropriate transfer switch.
To Avoid Fire Hazards:
- Before refueling the generator, turn it off and let it cool. Fuel spilled on hot engine parts could ignite.
- Always store fuel outside of living areas in properly labeled, non-glass containers.
- Store fuel away from any fuel-burning appliance.
- Information for this fact sheet was provided by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission | <urn:uuid:620058b7-d5be-40d0-8ab9-cfef9ea61eb3> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.starairconditioningandheating.com/webapp/p/219/portable-generator-hawards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.864064 | 440 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Gifted children are highly sensitive to their environment. They react with heightened emotional and behavioural responses, more than do children of average intelligence.
Giftedness = the brain is reacting more intensely to a specific stimulus.
One study on the topic showed enhanced auditory response. As a matter of fact, gifted children hear sound faster and louder than non-gifted children.
Liu et al, in the context of their research, demonstrated that the enhanced neural function of the intellectually gifted children might be due to more spatially and temporally coordinated neural network, faster processing speed and more efficient neural activation functions.
Many gifted children have received diagnoses of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). Ayres, PhD has linked SPD to a neurological “traffic jam” that prevents certain parts of the brain from receiving the information needed to interpret sensory information correctly. The child responds to input in a hyper- or hypo-sensitive response.
If a child is struggling with enhanced auditory, sense of smell, for example, the amount of energy used to cope takes away from the ability to learn and interact. It’s exhausting.
It can be exhausting on parents too. These gifted children can be picky eaters and, for instance, clothing can often be uncomfortable.
The first step in dealing with this is to request an evaluation from an OT or audiologist.
Taking into account that the foundation for sensory-motor development takes place between the ages of 0-1 year of age, could it be possible that, for example, a poor integration of primitive reflexes lead to a difficulty in having good coping mechanisms for sensory input? | <urn:uuid:8bc2a112-513e-4619-8b0e-a41046b08bc5> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://matboule.com/the-gift/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583831770.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122074945-20190122100945-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.925794 | 333 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Countries in the World
___ Searchable Map and Satellite view of Malaysia
Map is showing Peninsular Malaysia also known as West Malaysia, south of Thailand bordering the Strait of Malacca in west, to the south is the island city state of Singapore.
East Malaysia, the other part of the federation is located on the northern one-third of the island of Borneo bordering the South China Sea.
Capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur (pop. 1.6 million). Official language is Malay.
Countries with international borders to Malaysia are Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand.
The map shows Malaysia with cities, towns, expressways, main roads and streets.
Malaysian Airlines' Boeing Triple Seven en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, China, disappeared in the early morning of 8th March 2014 between Malaysia and Vietnam. You will find more explanations at our MH 370 Search Area Map.
| To find a location type: street or place, city, optional: state, country.
||Local Time Malaysia
Wednsday-August-23 00:55Time zone: Malaysia Time (MYT) UTC/GMT +8 hours
φ Latitude, λ Longitude (of Map center; move the map to see coordinates):
|Google Earth: Searchable Map and Satellite View of the Federation of Malaysia.||Bookmark/share this page
|More about Malaysia:
Searchable map/satellite view of Kuala Lumpur
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Malaysia Key Statistical Data.
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Searchable Maps of other Countries in South East Asia:
Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
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One World - Nations Online .:. let's care for this planet
Made to improve cross-cultural understanding, global awareness,
and cultivating a cosmopolitan consciousness.
Copyright © 1998-2017 :: nationsonline.org | <urn:uuid:9255ecbd-9a2c-46a9-825e-4eea1770647a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_malaysia.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.749461 | 462 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The agency declared an air pollution "action day," cautioning residents, particularly children and people with pulmonary or respiratory diseases, to limit outdoor activity.
"Thousands of Chicagoans are at risk today," Dr. Joseph Leija, an allergist at Gottlieb Memorial Hospital, part of the Loyola University Health System, said in a statement.
"A toxic cocktail of extreme heat, humidity causing the heat index to be well over 100 degrees, plus widespread ozone and particulate levels expected to be at or above unhealthy levels, means trouble for those with sensitive respiratory systems,"Leija said.
"Even low concentrations of ozone in air are destructive to many plants, animals and, of course, people," he said.
For people with sensitive respiratory systems, Leija suggests:
-- Stay indoors and avoid outdoor activity.
-- Run air conditioning to lower air humidity.
-- Rinse inner nostrils with saline solution to free trapped debris and moisten membranes.
-- Talk to an allergist about adjusting prescribed medication. | <urn:uuid:1098eec1-e63f-4bca-8342-b16cb84eeaac> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2011/08/01/Air-quality-alert-posted-for-Chicago-area/UPI-78851312218084/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300222.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00172-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897836 | 209 | 2.5625 | 3 |
His speech took two hours to deliver, as compared with Washington's second inaugural, the shortest of all at 135 words, including "fellow citizens" at the start.
What did Washington say in his first inaugural that started off one of the oldest and most hallowed ceremonies of the nation? Not much, really, in a political sense. (He saved his philosophy for his eloquent farewell address in 1796, decrying the "baneful effects of the spirit of party" and establishing the two-term tradition.)
It was not what Washington said in New York or Philadelphia, but what he was. He gave the office luster. That April day in New York he rejected all "personal emoluments" for the task and ended the tremendous oath of presidential office with the words "so help me God," and kissed the Bible.
Zachary Taylor was another simple, honest soldier like General Harrison, and his inaugural address (1849) also left something to be desired. His immediate predecessor, James K. Polk, wrote of the occasion in his intimate personal diary:
"He read it in a very low voice and very badly as to his pronunciation and manner." (The first use of amplifiers was in the Harding inaugural, which made it possible for the first time for the immense crowd on the Capitol Plaza to hear what was being said).
Polk anxiously notes that in the carriage on the way to the inaugural General Taylor expressed views "which greatly surprised me." The Mexican War had been won and gold discovered in California.The words of the new President were, so the shocked outgoing President reported, "to the effect that California and Oregon were too distant to become members of the union, and that it would be better for them to be an independent government. . . . These are alarming opinions. . . ."
How many times have the words of an incoming president shocked those of the outgoing president as they made the poignant ride together down America's most historic mile, from White House to Capitol? (What will Messrs. Reagan and Carter talk about?) It became so embarrassing for FDR to make conversation with gloomy Herbert Hoover, March 4, 1933, that he began brightly pointing out the new iron girders going into construction along the avenue. | <urn:uuid:95f0dc75-ec8c-4898-86b0-3c96d6d2c124> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://m.csmonitor.com/1981/0120/012057.html/(page)/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164003799/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133323-00078-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97922 | 458 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Herb gardening occupies a special place in the hearts of those who love food. Imagine being able to step out into your garden and harvest the exact herbs you need for any recipe? Cooking with freshly-picked herbs makes all the difference in your dishes, lending them more flavour and aroma than dried or store-bought varieties. In this article, we’ll discuss some of the essential herbs to grow and how to use them optimally in your cooking.
1. Growing an Abundance of Healing Herbs
Growing Healing Herbs is a rewarding experience that can bring abundance to gardens. Whether you’re looking to stock up your medicine cabinet or simply enjoy the beauty of these medicinal plants, understanding how to start an herb garden allows one to cultivate plants with healing properties.
In order to make sure your herbs flourish, consider the following:
- Choose plants that will thrive in your climate. Not all herbs grow in all areas, so consider your location before planting.
- Familiarize yourself with herbs and their uses before you decide what to cultivate. Understanding which herbs have the potential to assist in the healing process will enable you to take better advantage of their beneficial properties.
- Gather information on which soil type is most conducive to you herbs. Some prefer clay, while others do better in sandier conditions.
Most herbs do best in well-drained and evenly moist soil in a full sun environment. Once you’ve selected an ideal spot, be sure to use organic compost to increase the nutrient-rich level of your soil.
In addition to taking into account the needs of your chosen herbs, proper planting is essential to growing a successful crop. Consider planting in sections, placing short-lived herbs with long-lived herbs to maximize growth. Once you’ve planted your herbs, be sure to keep up with regular watering. This will help to ensure that your plants remain healthy and disease-free.
2. Planting Herbs Maximising Their Healing Benefits
When done correctly, planting herbs is a therapeutic activity that can result in healing benefits for the whole family. Not only are herbs an easy-to-grow addition to any kitchen garden, they’re also incredibly beneficial for our health and wellbeing. Here are some tips to bear in mind if you want to get the most out of your herb garden:
- Choose the right soil. Herbs require soil that’s nutrient-rich to supplement the nutrients they lack. If the soil in your garden is sandy, add a humus-based compost to it. When it comes to pH, herbs prefer a neutral pH of 6.5—any lower and the soil sugars won’t be able to break down properly, compromising the herb’s nutritional content.
- Position your garden in the right spot. Ideally, your herb patch should be in direct sunlight for at least part of the day. Too much shade will prevent the herbs from photosynthesizing, so bear this in mind when plotting their sunny space.
- Harvest under the right conditions. Since antioxidants are more potent right after the herb is cut, you should harvest the stems in the morning on a sunny day for maximum benefits. Best practice is to pick the leaves, flowers, and stalks from the same plant so you don’t exhaust the soil of the herb’s nutrients.
As for storing the harvested herbs, there are a few options depending on what you’re looking for. If you’re aiming to preserve medicinal value, freezing is the best way to go as it prevents the nutrients from breaking down. Alternatively, you can dry out the herbs for teas and culinary purposes. All that’s left now is for you to get your hands dirty and start reaping the healing benefits of your herb garden.
3. Recommended Essential Herbs to Grow
Growing herbs can be a rewarding and addicting hobby. Not only are they fun to nurture, but they produce some of the most fragrant and flavorful ingredients for any home chef. Here are a few of our recommended essential herbs for you to start growing.
- Rosemary: This robust herb is a classic favorite for many, as its fragrant aroma and flavor transforms many dishes. Plant with a sunny location in well-draining soil and water regularly but not too much.
- Basil: Have you ever made an Italian dish without this wonderful herb? This annual herb is truly indispensable, and best grown in a warm and sunny location. Plant in nutrient-rich soil and water when soil is dry to the touch.
- Mint: Refreshing and spicy-sweet, mint is a classic that can be easily grown indoors or out. This low-maintenance herb prefers a bit of shade and to have its soil kept evenly moist. It can grow surprisingly fast, and is easily spread with just a little care.
Once your herbs are established, simply snip away of any spare leaves to add to dishes or cocktails. Remember, with a little love and attention, your herbs will keep you provided with flavorful additions for years to come. Bon appetit!
4. Utilising Herbs in Everyday Life
1. Herbs in your Household and Cooking
Cooking with herbs is a great way to add flavour to your meals. Herbs such as rosemary, thyme, oregano and parsley add a subtle depth to your cooking that can really bring a dish to life. Furthermore, adding herbs to your pantry also makes for an attractive, earthy display. When growing herbs indoors, start by adding those which are easy to keep alive, such as thyme and parsley.
2. Herbal Remedies
Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to treat various ailments, such as headaches and anxiety. Choose herbs with known health benefits, such as lavender, chamomile, cinnamon, and sage. Lavender, for example, can be used to promote restful sleep while chamomile tea can be used to soothe sore throats.
3. Aromatherapy and Herbal Oils
Herbal oils such as peppermint, tea tree, eucalyptus, and lavender are often used in aromatherapy, a form of alternative medicine. These oils have various health benefits, ranging from alleviating anxiety to improving mental focus. To reap the most benefit, use natural herb extracts or make your own herbal oils.
4. Aesthetics and Decorating with Herbs
Growing herbs is a great way to add colour and greenery to your home. Start with small pots of your favourite herbs on your window sill and you’ll soon find you have a miniature garden. You can even use herbs to decorate your home; bundle larger herbs together with ivy or other greenery and hang them on your walls for a rustic look.
Did you know that herbs aren’t just for cooking and adding flavorful accents to a dish? They can also make your home smell nice, give your garden a pop of color, and be used for natural medicine as well. Whether you’re an herb gardening enthusiast or a novice gardener, this article has the information you need to get the most use out of your herbs. So get outside, get your hands dirty, and watch your herbs take center stage in your garden. | <urn:uuid:7aaadc51-a5c8-4503-878b-c7e42b1903a8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://chris-gardner.com/index.php/2023/07/13/herb-gardening-essential-herbs-to-grow-and-how-to-use-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.931094 | 1,500 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Developed in the New Orleans melting pot of cultures in the early 1900s, jazz initially began as a mixture of blues, spiritual and Creole music. Often played at social occasions and events such as parties, funerals, and in bars and night clubs around the area, the genre developed a standard repertoire of songs with set forms, over which improvisation and melody would be performed.
Legends such as trumpeter Louis Armstrong grew up immersed in this style and were instrumental in developing the subsequent paths that jazz took in the 1920s and 30s, from traditional New Orleans styles through Big Band swing and into the early stages of bebop.
Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker then took on the jazz mantle during the late 1930s and 40s, developing bebop in downtown New York along with their peers, at clubs such as Minton’s Playhouse. This was the birthplace of the most typical forms of modern jazz and is often characterised by its elements of swing time (triplet feel), complex harmonic sequences and improvisational structures.
Today jazz has branched out into dozens of areas, with crossovers and influences from all types of music mixed with jazz sensibilities. The genre is undoubtedly the fastest developing style of the 20th century and continues its expansion worldwide today.
Improvising in the style
Though jazz is a wide-ranging genre, it is useful to think about some of the most historically common elements of the style which we can try to recreate in our improvisations, whether as a lead player or accompanist. One of these elements is the use of swing time; this means feeling the pulse in a 12/8 metre instead of 4/4, which takes us into triplet time. Another way to feel this is to think of a ‘skipping’ motion – take the well known nursery rhyme ‘Humpty Dumpty’, sing it and you will be creating a triplet feel. This is key to all ‘swung’ types of music.
Another key element to think about is the use of harmonic sequences. Whether playing or singing a lead-line, or performing an accompaniment, it is vitally important to have a grasp of harmonic movement and where you are in the sequence. Accompanying (or ‘comping’) should clearly state this harmonic sequence, to allow soloists to tailor their melodies to the chords. Equally, when playing lead lines it is important to understand the chord symbols, and which scales to base your melodies from on each of these. For example, a Cm7 chord indicates the use of an E-flat (making the chord ‘minor’) and B-flat due to the ‘7’, which indicates the use of the dominant (flat) 7th note of the chord-scale. Equally Cmaj7 would indicate the use of a B-natural (the ‘major’ 7th of the scale).
Drummers should listen to as much jazz as possible to get a feel for the style. You should notice two important aspects: first of all the focus of the groove (in both volume and energy) is no longer in the bass drum and snare drum, but usually in the ride cymbal; secondly, the ‘down’-beats (1 and 3) of the bar are no longer the centre of the energy, instead transferred to the 2 and 4 of the bar. Check out the left foot hi-hat which particularly emphasises this by playing the 2 and 4.
Tone plays a big part in jazz styles, no matter which instrument you are playing. While this varies through the different sub-genres of jazz and the fact that different artists have distinctive tones, it is worth checking out some of the sounds adopted by greats, such as Miles Davis during the cool jazz era (the albums ‘Birth of the Cool‘ and ‘Kind of Blue‘ especially), or Ella Fitzgerald’s instantly recognisable vocal tone.
Scat-singing is a common technique employed by jazz singers, in which they improvise melodic lines over the chord changes to form a vocal solo, much like horn players. Scat lines are usually wordless, instead using syllables to create articulation and rhythmic flow. Again, Ella Fitzgerald is a prime example of this technique. Check out her ‘scat’ version of ‘One Note Samba’.
Watch videos with session musicians and Rock & Pop examiners JJ Wheeler and Tom Fleming, and session musicians Harry the Piano, Sam Edgington and Brendan Reilly:
Possibly the most famous jazz artist of all time is Louis Armstrong. His larger-than-life personality translated itself into both his trumpet and vocal performances, with a unique tone and style on both instruments. Born in the early 1900s in New Orleans, Armstrong (or ‘Satchmo’ as he was nicknamed) grew up in relative poverty, turning to music and particularly the cornet as a way to escape the toils of everyday life. He quickly became known for his swinging style and big character, performing in dance bands for social occasions all over the district; including in brothels and bars. After rising through the ranks he moved to Chicago and later New York, as his fame grew. Over his career he worked with the Big Bands and smaller ensembles, most famously alongside singers and instrumentalists such as Ella Fitzgerald, Earl Hines, Bessie Smith and Fats Waller. He recorded hundreds of hits including ‘What a Wonderful World’, ‘St Louis Blues’ and ‘All of Me’. He is also cited as a major inspiration to many huge jazz stars such as Dizzy Gillespie and Miles Davis.
Ella Fitzgerald, known as the ‘First Lady of Song’, was recognised for her pure vocal tone, incredible intonation and clear diction, alongside an ability to scat sing and improvise in the same way as horn players. Born in 1917, her early life was troubled, but she found fame singing on many stages around the Harlem area of New York. Her natural talent was noticed by Decca Records in 1942, which began her professional recording and performing career, eventually lasting around fifty years. She worked with top jazz icons such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Quincy Jones, recording hits such as ‘Dream a Little Dream of Me’, ‘Dancing Cheek To Cheek’ and ‘It Don’t Mean a Thing (If It Ain’t Got That Swing)’.
More recently, modern artists such as Michael Bublé have brought jazz to a mainstream audience with hits and covers such as ‘Haven’t Met You Yet’ and ‘Feeling Good‘. Robbie Williams recorded and performed an album of music in the Frank Sinatra vein, entitled ‘Swing When You’re Winning’, in 2001, which included classic swing songs such as ‘Mack the Knife’ and ‘Mr Bojangles’.
Examples of jazz songs in the Trinity Rock & Pop syllabus are;
‘Don’t Stop The Music’ by Jamie Cullum (keyboard), ‘Cry Me A River’ by Julie London (vocals), ‘Moondance’ by Van Morrison sung by Michael Bublé (vocals), ‘What A Wonderful World’ by Louis Armstrong (vocals) and ‘Mr Bojangles’ by Robbie Williams (vocals)
Blog post written by: JJ Wheeler, Trinity Rock & Pop Examiner | <urn:uuid:dd98dd14-39dc-4bc8-9d4f-7d61206f4a43> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://trinityrockblog.com/2015/10/06/improvising-in-a-jazz-style/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337244.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002021540-20221002051540-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.964812 | 1,590 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.
Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For example:
Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word. For example:
The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish.
Word creation with prefixes and suffixes
Some prefixes and suffixes are part of our living language, in that people regularly use them to create new words for modern products, concepts, or situations. For example:
|word||prefix or suffix||new word|
Email is an example of a word that was itself formed from a new prefix, e-, which stands for electronic. This modern prefix has formed an ever-growing number of other Internet-related words, including e-book, e-cash, e-commerce, and e-tailer.
You can read more about prefixes and suffixes on the OxfordWords blog. Here you will find guidelines, examples, and tips for using prefixes and suffixes correctly.
Back to grammar | <urn:uuid:1a06b3cb-58b4-495d-aeb8-fd9951e60b21> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/prefixes-and-suffixes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135080.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00024-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852918 | 315 | 4.65625 | 5 |
When we run a statistical model, we are in a sense creating a mathematical equation. The simplest regression model looks like this:
Yi = β0 + β1X+ εi
The left side of the equation is the sum of two parts on the right: the fixed component, β0 + β1X, and the random component, εi.
You’ll also sometimes see the equation written (more…)
by Jeff Meyer, MBA, MPA
One of the most important concepts in data analysis is that the analysis needs to be appropriate for the scale of measurement of the variable. The focus of these decisions about scale tends to focus on levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.
These levels of measurement tell you about the amount of information in the variable. But there are other ways of distinguishing the scales that are also important and often overlooked.
If you are new to using generalized linear mixed effects models, or if you have heard of them but never used them, you might be wondering about the purpose of a GLMM.
Mixed effects models are useful when we have data with more than one source of random variability. For example, an outcome may be measured more than once on the same person (repeated measures taken over time).
When we do that we have to account for both within-person and across-person variability. A single measure of residual variance can’t account for both.
One important yet difficult skill in statistics is choosing a type model for different data situations. One key consideration is the dependent variable.
For linear models, the dependent variable doesn’t have to be normally distributed, but it does have to be continuous, unbounded, and measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Percentages don’t fit these criteria. Yes, they’re continuous and ratio scale. The issue is the (more…)
How do you choose between Poisson and negative binomial models for discrete count outcomes?
One key criterion is the relative value of the variance to the mean after accounting for the effect of the predictors. A previous article discussed the concept of a variance that is larger than the model assumes: overdispersion.
(Underdispersion is also possible, but much less common).
There are two ways to check for overdispersion: (more…)
We previously examined why a linear regression and negative binomial regression were not viable models for predicting the expected length of stay in the hospital for people with the flu. A linear regression model was not appropriate because our outcome variable, length of stay, was discrete and not continuous.
A negative binomial model wasn’t the proper choice because the minimum length of stay is not zero. The minimum length of stay is one day. Negative binomial and Poisson models can only be used on data where the observations’ outcome have the possibility of having a zero count.
We need to use a truncated negative binomial model to analyze the expected length of stay of people admitted to the hospital who have the flu. Calculating the expected length of stay is an easy task once we create our model. (more…) | <urn:uuid:17f61e76-d6c4-48af-b5db-515ccbb90df9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/category/other-regression-models/poisson-and-negative-binomial-regression-models/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.925513 | 658 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A pilgrims' way-station on the European pilgrims' way to Santiago de Compostela. At its core it is a roman building, as can be seen by a couple of small round-arched windows. The building was altered around 1500 and enlarged by the choir loft.
Inside: beautiful bosses, epitaphs and tombstones; furthermore, there are mysterious square stones with relief depictions of concentrical circles, some of them with added arms bent up.
It is the centre of the lower city (Untere Stadt) which was inhabited by gardeners and field workers during Goethe's time. He wrote in 1797 that this quarter was „extremely bad, with poorly built housing... whose streets were quite messy due to so much dung.“ | <urn:uuid:f05a33ac-feb6-4ba7-b907-d35aea4945ea> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.tuebingen.de/en/3327/3333/3352.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863119.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619193031-20180619213031-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.983853 | 158 | 2.640625 | 3 |
March 9, 2016
Combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) with another advanced imaging technology may more accurately identify coronary artery plaques that are most likely to rupture and cause a heart attack. In a report being published online in JACC Cardiovascular Imaging, investigators from the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) describe the first use in patients of a catheter-based device utilizing both OCT and near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging.
"OCT provides images of tissue microstructure but not of its chemical and molecular composition," says Gary Tearney, MD, PhD, of the Wellman Center and the MGH Pathology Department, co-senior author of the paper. "Since both of those characteristics are needed to fully understand coronary artery disease, the combination of OCT with NIRAF could provide a more powerful tool for investigating coronary pathology." | <urn:uuid:82633890-5862-426f-9e93-40b6f46918a8> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.snmmi.org/NewsPublications/NewsDetail.aspx?ItemNumber=15503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592523.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721110117-20180721130117-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.944284 | 191 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In 1859 the Southern Commercial Convention in Vicksburg called for a resolution to repeal all state and federal regulations banning the slave trade. The slave trade had been banned by Congress in 1808.
Please log in to consult the article in its entirety. If you are not a subscriber, please click here to read about membership. All our articles have been written recently by experts in their field, more than 95% of them university professors. | <urn:uuid:b97da663-6456-43b4-9dc7-d56c74ac4cf9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=10926 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095404.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00002-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97069 | 88 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“Evoke” and “invoke” are close together in meaning, and are often confused with each other.
The action of “invoking” is usually more direct and active. It originally involved calling upon or summoning up a god or spirit. An invocation calls upon whatever is invoked to do something or serve a function. “Invoke” now can also be used to mean “to appeal to, to cite”: “in his closing argument, the lawyer invoked the principle of self-defense.”
“Evoke” is usually less purposefully active, more indirect, often used to mean “suggest.” If you invoke the spirit of Picasso, you’re trying to summon his soul up from the grave; but if your paintings evoke the spirit of Picasso, it means their style reminds viewers of that artist’s work.
Return to list of errors
Read about the book. | <urn:uuid:3ccda3a9-ea0c-4287-9be2-6f1e6fde42f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/evoke.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276537.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00206-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928557 | 200 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Mantis shrimp, the psychedelic reef-dwellers that can wallop their prey with an astounding 200 pounds of force, have a large collection of unique qualities. One is an unusually large number of photoreceptors, the light-sensing proteins that contribute to color vision. Humans have three types of color receptors, birds and reptiles have four, and mantis shrimp have an astounding 12 different kinds.
Each type of photoreceptor samples a small set of wavelengths in the color spectrum, but our vision demonstrates that just three or four channels are sufficient to distinguish between different hues even on a very fine scale. Why, then, would these creatures need 12 types of photoreceptors?
According to a new study in Science, mantis shrimp may use a vision system previously unknown to science. This key to this realization was the finding that despite having so many different photoreceptors, the animals have trouble distinguishing between similar colors.
If you’re wondering how to determine whether an animal can discriminate between, say, burnt orange and dark yellow, you probably aren’t alone. But it’s surprisingly simple to test animals’ color vision: just teach a bee, dog, or mantis shrimp that a specific color delivers a food reward, then offer that animal an array of colors to choose from. If the animal is capable of distinguishing between certain colors, it will approach the rewarding hue more often than would be expected by random chance.
The authors of the study used this time-tested method to determine the limits of mantis shrimps' color discrimination abilities. The shrimp were able to accurately distinguish between different colors of light when the wavelengths were between 50 and 100 nanometers apart. But when the colors were more similar—the wavelengths differed by just 12 to 25 nanometers—the shrimp’s accuracy dropped to about 50 percent, or what would be expected if they were choosing randomly.
As a comparison, humans can distinguish between colors with wavelengths less than five nanometers apart. So the mantis shrimp's complex visual system clearly doesn’t provide enhanced color discrimination abilities. Instead, its many photoreceptors may facilitate a completely different color vision system based on recognition rather than discrimination. Almost every animal on Earth—including humans—identifies colors by comparing the output of its various photoreceptors sequentially. The study’s results suggest that mantis shrimp don’t seem to be seeing color in the same way; instead, they appear to skip this time-consuming comparison step completely.
While the researchers aren’t sure exactly what the shrimp are doing instead, it’s possible that their visual system functions somewhat like a satellite sensor. The eyes of a mantis shrimp move independently—like chameleons’ eyes—and are perched atop stalks on their heads. To see, the shrimp move their eyes across whatever they are looking at, scanning it sequentially with their visual cells.
The pattern created by this scan may allow shrimp to recognize color without a lengthy comparison process, cutting down on the time and the neural processing required by other systems. It’s a process that could improve our own technology: think quicker CDs and DVDs or super-efficient bioinspired satellites.
So far, mantis shrimp are the only animals known to use this type of color vision, and the researchers believe that it may help these colorful crustaceans respond quickly to challenges they face in the vibrant coral reefs where they live. Mantis shrimp are ferocious fighters that rely on visual cues to figure out their next move; having a lightning-fast color recognition system with minimal neural processing might make the difference between giving and receiving that 200-pound wallop. | <urn:uuid:c81b3111-5c9e-4d38-89e4-83b84a269d7c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/01/one-of-the-strangest-animals-on-earth-gets-a-little-weirder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057202.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921101319-20210921131319-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.942036 | 756 | 4.34375 | 4 |
A mental health disorder characterised by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
There is mounting evidence that clinical depression takes a serious toll on physical health. The most recent studies exploring health and major depression have looked at patients with stroke or coronary artery disease. Results have shown that people with major depression who are recovering from strokes or heart attacks have a more difficult time making health care choices. They also find it more difficult to follow their doctor's instructions and to cope with the challenges their illness presents. Another study found that patients with major depression have a higher risk of death in the first few months after a heart attack
Following are the symptons of Depression:
Our approach involves three steps:
Packaged Mental Health Interventions
Access To Support Groups.
We provide psychosocial interventions including family and marital counselling, motivation enhancement therapy, group therapy, parent training, cognitive behaviour therapy, cognitive retraining, social skills and problem-solving skills training, stress management and behavioural modification. Our interventions are brief and evidence based.
We provide access to family support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous, special schools, and parent groupsof children with special needs.
We have an expert panel of mental health clinicians from Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry domains
All staff members of Possitive Vibes are licensed professionals. Our staff consists of licensed psychiatrist. | <urn:uuid:ce326193-a973-48f1-a16b-07e77afb0b05> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.possitivevibes.com/depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801154943-20210801184943-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.942521 | 280 | 2.859375 | 3 |
On Saturday, June 19, 2010, oil spread northeast from the leaking Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf of Mexico. The oil appears as a maze of silvery-gray ribbons in this photo-like image from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.
The location of the leaking well is marked with a white dot. North of the well, a spot of black may be smoke; reports from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration say that oil and gas continue to be captured and burned as part of the emergency response efforts.
© Earth Observatory | <urn:uuid:cdaebdae-417f-4739-99b5-af0fbed5e76d> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/oilspill/201006190600.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658061.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00311-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951203 | 121 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Eskimo of Siberia, by Waldemar Bogoras, , at sacred-texts.com
An old woman lived with her grandson, a young orphan. One day the lad walked along the shore, gathering edible seaweed. He sang, "I am walking along the shore, gathering seaweed. I will put it into the fold of my shirt, and I will carry it home." He gathered a heavy load of it and carried it home. Then he entered into the outer house, and called to the old woman, "Halloo!" — "Ho!" — "How shall I bring it into the sleeping-room?" The sleeping-room was ever so small. "I do not know. Come in as through the eye of a needle!" — "Which needle's eye?" — "This one." She thrust a needle out of the sleeping-room, and he passed through along with his load. So skilful are the people of Uñi´sak. That is all.
Told by Ñịpe´wġi, an Asiatic Eskimo man, in the village of Uñi´sak, at Indian Point, May, 1901. | <urn:uuid:42f2dc35-7f2d-410c-b7fc-fd60622e3b3a> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/inu/eos/eos03.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767873.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00022-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967418 | 248 | 2.5625 | 3 |
forget standard joysticks and CONTROL a drone by twisting your body. a new epfl and SANT’ANNA BIOROBOTICs institute study published in the PNAS journal
Forget your joystick. Now you can control a drone by twisting your body, torso and arms. The study, "Data-driven body-machine interface for the accurate controls of drones," published in the PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America) journal, describes a way to steer drones using just the upper-body and arms as well. Researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Silvestro Micera with Fiorenzo Artoni from the Sant'Anna School Institute of Biorobotics have developed a new system that lets you control a drone like imaginary airplane wings ready to catch a lift.
The paper presented a structured methodology to identify common patterns in spontaneous interaction behaviors, to implement embodied user interfaces, and to select the appropriate sensor type and positioning. Researchers developed an intuitive, gesture-based control interface for real and simulated drones, which outperformed a standard joystick in terms of learning time and steering abilities.
"Our aim was to design a control method which would be easy to learn and therefore require less mental focus from the users so that they can focus on more important issues, like search and rescue," said lead author Jenifer Miehlbradt of EPFL's Translational Neuro-engineering Laboratory led by Silvestro Micera.
Researchers monitored the body movements of 39 individuals thanks to the markers placed all over the upper body as well as their muscular activity.
“Data analysis allowed us to develop a very simple and intuitive approach which could also be used with other populations, machines, and operations. The results provide a truly new and completely immersive piloting strategy with a focus on characterizing the relevant torso parameters, leaving the head, limbs, hands and feet free to perform other actions. The next steps are to make the torso strategy completely wearable for piloting flying objects. The application range is huge, from flight simulators to piloting drones and even the airplanes of the future” said Silvestro Micera.
Standing by the controversial frontiers of European copyright law: a stellar line-up of speakers for the conference organized on Monday 21 June from 2 to 5 pm by “reCreating Europe” about digital rights, net neutrality, access to culture and creativity
What is the impact of the most recent interventions of the European legislator on digital rights, freedom of expression, net neutrality, access to...
Tackling climate change, why are we lagging behind? Three researchers from the Sant'Anna School analyse psycho-social behaviour and attitudes: on Thursday 17 June, the RUS (Universities for Sustainable Development) conference
Indifferent or inert, laggards and unable to enjoy nature: these are the collective attitudes that today characterise the relationship between...
ROBOTIC PROSTHESES, A STUDY PUBLISHED IN SCIENTIFIC REPORTS QUANTIFIES RESIDUAL LIMB VOLUME FLUCTUATIONS IN TRANSFEMORAL AMPUTATIONS THROUGH THE USE OF A 3D SCANNER
The socket is one of the most important elements in a prosthetic device because it serves as a physical interface between the prosthesis and the... | <urn:uuid:30bca4fe-8be3-4edd-9bdd-d09a5d15d7ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.santannapisa.it/en/news/forget-standard-joysticks-and-control-drone-twisting-your-body-new-epfl-and-santanna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487633444.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617192319-20210617222319-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.913618 | 704 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Drug use and substance use disorders (SUDs) affect millions of Americans and impose enormous costs on our society. In 2014, nearly 27 million people in the United States were current users of illicit drugs or misused prescription drugs, and almost 67 million people smoked or used other harmful tobacco products.1 NIDA’s mission as the lead federal agency devoted to research on the health effects of drug use is to advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health through:
- Strategically supporting and conducting basic and clinical research on drug use (including nicotine), its consequences, and the underlying neurobiological, behavioral, and social mechanisms involved
- Ensuring the effective translation, implementation, and dissemination of scientific research findings to improve the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders and enhance public awareness of addiction as a brain disorder
The NIDA Strategic Plan for 2016 to 2020 outlines our plan for fulfilling this mission through the end of this decade. The strategic priorities outlined in this plan are intended to leverage the vast array of new tools and technologies at our disposal for studying the biological, environmental, behavioral, and social causes and consequences of SUDs and to help researchers integrate and analyze the unprecedented amounts of information being generated in the era of Big Data and precision medicine.
SUDs are complex disorders involving disruption of brain circuits involved in reward, decision-making, learning, and self-control. They are mediated by complex biological, social, environmental, and developmental factors that dynamically interact to influence risk, trajectory, and outcomes. Understanding this complexity will require drawing upon multiple disciplines across biomedicine, including neuroscience, genetics/epigenetics, behavioral and social sciences, development research, and information sciences. Technological advances over the past several years in neuroimaging, optogenetics, gene editing technology, epigenomics, and other innovations are giving us the ability to probe this complexity in entirely new ways, enabling researchers to deepen our understanding of the brain and its responses to drug use in ways that would have been unimaginable even a decade ago.
Over the next 5 years, NIDA will harness the new opportunities presented by scientific and technological advances, changes to the health care landscape, ongoing criminal justice reform, and a growing public attention on drug-use-related issues to increase the impact of our research and improve the translation of new findings into real-world interventions that can maximize limited resources and reach more people.
While advancing basic and clinical research, NIDA will continue to prioritize science that is relevant to the most pressing health challenges in our Nation, such as the prescription opioid and heroin overdose epidemic, the slow adoption of evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions, new synthetic drugs flooding the market, and the spread HIV resulting from drug use.
The strategic priorities outlined in this plan are intended to address the full breadth of addiction science (from basic to translational, clinical, and health services research) and to encompass drug use ranging from occasional use to SUDs of all severity levels (from problematic use to addiction). NIDA’s strategic priorities for the next 5 years are designed to increase our understanding of the basic science of the brain as it relates to behavior and translate what is learned into more effective prevention and treatment interventions that can ultimately reduce the negative impacts of drug use and SUDs on society. To achieve this mission, NIDA will focus on advancing the following high-level strategic goals centered on basic science, prevention, treatment, and public health, respectively:
GOAL 1: Identify the biological, environmental, behavioral, and social causes and consequences of drug use and addiction across the lifespan. Recent technological advances now enable scientists to study the multiple causal factors for substance use and addiction and how they interact to influence vulnerability for initiation of drug use, escalation, and transition between the stages of SUDs. They also enable us to study how drug use and SUDs impact an individual’s health, environment, behavior, and social interactions. The objectives of this goal include:
- Objective 1.1: Characterize the genetic, neurobiological, environmental, social, and developmental factors that mediate risk and resilience for drug use and addiction
- Objective 1.2: Identify the factors that influence drug use trajectories
- Objective 1.3: Establish the effects of drug use, addiction, and recovery on genes, molecules, cells, brain circuits, behavior, and health across the lifespan
- Objective 1.4: Identify the bidirectional effects of drug use and common comorbidities
GOAL 2: Develop new and improved strategies to prevent drug use and its consequences. We now have considerable evidence that SUDs can be prevented through interventions targeting both individual and community risk and protective factors. To design targeted prevention approaches and deliver them to the individuals and communities that could most benefit, NIDA will support research that leverages the accumulating basic science on mechanisms underlying risk for drug use and addiction and that builds on our growing experience evaluating implementation of prevention interventions. Thus for this goal, NIDA will support research on the following objectives:
- Objective 2.1: Determine the mechanisms that underlie individual risk and resilience for addiction and common comorbidities
- Objective 2.2: Develop and test innovative prevention interventions that target mechanisms underlying risk factors
- Objective 2.3: Develop and test strategies for effectively and sustainably implementing evidence-based prevention interventions
- Objective 2.4: Develop and test novel strategies for preventing prescription opioid misuse and addiction
GOAL 3: Develop new and improved treatments to help people with substance use disorders achieve and maintain a meaningful and sustained recovery. Despite our rapidly increasing understanding of the biology of addiction, the range of available treatment options for most SUDs is limited. However, there are many promising approaches that may be added to our treatment toolkit in future years. These include new medications, behavioral therapies, vaccines/immunotherapies, biofeedback, and manipulation of brain activity using transcranial magnetic stimulation or electrical deep brain stimulation. To facilitate the development of innovative intervention strategies, NIDA will support research to:
- Objective 3.1: Develop and test novel treatments based on the science of addiction
- Objective 3.2: Develop and test metrics for measuring the quality and efficacy of treatment
- Objective 3.3: Identify biomarkers that predict response to treatment and risk for relapse
- Objective 3.4: Develop and test strategies for effectively and sustainably implementing evidence-based treatments
GOAL 4: Increase the public health impact of NIDA research and programs. Many people in the United States need help for SUDs right now and cannot wait for new treatments. Approximately 7.1 million Americans are dependent on or abuse illicit drugs, yet only about 15 percent receive treatment for their disorder.1 The good news is that this is an ideal time to address the "bench-to-bedside gap" and advance SUD treatment across the Nation. The Affordable Care Act, the Excellence in Mental Health Act, and laws requiring parity of insurance coverage for SUD and other behavioral health treatments will significantly expand access to needed services and create new incentives for integrating SUD care into the general health care system. These changes create an unprecedented opportunity to advance SUD treatment in this country. To promote science-informed decision-making to improve Americans' health, NIDA will:
- Objective 4.1: Determine the impact of drug use and addiction on individuals, families, peers, and society
- Objective 4.2: Assess the impact of federal-, state-, and systems-level policies related to drug use and substance use disorders on public health and well-being
- Objective 4.3: Increase strategic partnerships with the community to improve dissemination and implementation of evidence-based research findings into policy and practice
Priority Focus Areas
In addition to these four goals, NIDA has identified four priority focus areas presenting unique opportunities to leverage during the next 5 years. These areas include:
- Understanding the complex interactions of factors influencing drug use trajectories. NIDA will capitalize on emerging technologies and discoveries to facilitate integration and analysis of diverse data sources, including genomic, epigenomic, behavioral, neurobiological, environmental, and other phenotypic data associated with the stages of drug use and addiction.
- Accelerating development of treatments. NIDA will translate basic knowledge of the molecular pathways and brain circuits involved in SUDs to develop new approaches that modulate specific targets and networks, accelerating development of new therapeutics for SUDs. NIDA will also leverage existing safety profiles and pharmacology data to lower development costs and shorten the timeline for obtaining approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- Addressing real-world complexities. NIDA will conduct research to better understand the barriers to successful and sustainable implementation of evidence-based practices and develop implementation strategies that effectively overcome these barriers to ensure that all populations benefit from the Nation’s investments in scientific discoveries.
- Advancing bidirectional translation. NIDA is fostering stronger collaborations across basic and clinical researchers, in part through a recent reorganization of the Institute’s organizational structure2, to integrate and coordinate human and animal research on the substrates of addiction across scales—from molecular to societal—and across the trajectory—from initiation to recovery.
The strategic plan also highlights a number of exciting initiatives that will transform the science of drug abuse and impact a wide range of other health fields over the coming years, including:
- The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a collaborative 10-year longitudinal imaging study to understand the role of environmental, social, and genetic factors in health, behavior, and life outcomes, including substance use and addiction
- The Addictome project, to harness Big Data for addiction science
- JJ-Trials, an implementation science initiative to prevent and treat SUDs in the criminal justice system
- Avenir Awards, to support innovative, high-risk, high-reward research
- The NIDAMED Initiative, to train health care providers to prevent, identify, and treat SUDs
- The PATH Study, a collaborative, longitudinal cohort study on tobacco use behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, exposures, and related health outcomes
Drug use and addiction remain major health problems in our country, but it is a time of optimism in the field: New technologies, meaningful changes to the health care system, and increased awareness of SUDs as brain disorders are just now providing new opportunities for addressing the problem. As NIDA enters 2016, we look forward to capitalizing on these trends and exerting a profound and lasting impact on drug-use- and addiction-related health outcomes across the country. | <urn:uuid:a5df1083-4f14-402a-a532-8a5ea1d7d58b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/strategic-plan/executive-summary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739182.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814070558-20200814100558-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.904889 | 2,183 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Novel writing: description of a storm weather descriptions can create problems in novel writing, apparently too many, ( log out / change . Lincoln rose to greatness from a humble beginning born in 1809 in a log cabin in kentucky, professionally written essays on this topic: abraham lincoln biography. Descriptive writing: using your five senses today's snack: see the popcorn hear the popcorn pop smell that incredible fresh popcorn smell.
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A biography is a written account of the series of events meriwether lewis arrived at a small log cabin nestled deep in the how to write a descriptive essay. Abraham lincoln was born in a log cabin in hodgenville, you can get a custom argumentative essay on abraham lincoln now posted by descriptive, narrative,. Login you cannot use our website without enabling cookies microsoft internet explorer to enable cookies in internet explorer 7 or 8: click start control panel. Developing effective essays run-on sentence merdine is a skilled carpenter she single-handedly built a two-story log cabin correcting a run-on sentence with.Undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds to enter into and understand the topic sentence for essay examples for essays in a log cabin. How to write a descriptive essay more than many other types of essays, descriptive essays a log cabin that is descriptive essay - our mountain cabin. Dissertation a case study on school famous high school essays divine fair trade chocolate youll find 50 descriptive essay topics log cabin feb 22, 2018 the. How to describe a smell we have plenty of words to describe other senses and sensations, log in facebook loading google. Essays - largest database descriptive essay- family vacation including log cabin camping, recreational vehicle camping, and tent camping of these,. Essay writings in english descriptive thesis also graduate essays writing personal for this professionally decorated luxury log cabin sleeps up to. How to write a five paragraph essay five paragraph essays are a common assignment throughout your school career, log in log in. Phonology to philology an outline of descriptive and historical spanish from homestead to lakebed from slaughter to survival from my texas log cabin essays from a.
The ranch’s beautiful hand-hewn log cabin has a rustic western feel essay writings in english descriptive thesis also graduate essays writing personal. Start studying english exam 2017 walden essays learn vocabulary, he was living in seclusion in a cabin near a pond b) descriptive language c). Descriptive writing template reading- students could read examples of descriptive paragraphs and/ or riddles and then try to guess the item that is being. Read panic attacks from the story creative writing pieces by amazon - cabin a name prompt a dialogue story prompt log in sign up go premium get the app.
Essay on mesopotamia uncle toms cabin essay descriptive essays research papers about yourself in essay mesopotamia vs egypt. Co legend has it that kim gong il was born in a log cabin inside a secret base on t he sacred mat descriptive essay related essays. 100% free papers on abraham lincoln essay a famous sport person essays a trip that you essays exam stress essays abraham lincoln was born in a.Download | <urn:uuid:bbfb0dfa-598b-4508-8c9c-1e27edc0f03a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://kaessaykggj.northviewtech.us/log-cabin-descriptive-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.915397 | 728 | 2.75 | 3 |
Missions and Expansion
Written by: Nancy Khalek
Sunni Islam's primary institution of authority, the caliphate, manifested in various regions of the Islamic Empire, and in several competing ways, throughout its early centuries. The spread of Islam to Southeast Asia, however, presents an interesting case of the diffusion of Islam by processes of cultural diffusion, including trade, music, and the fusing of local culture with new Islamic practices.
More than half of the world's Muslims live in Asia. One-third of them live in South Asia alone, primarily in Indonesia. In fact, the majority of the Muslim world has been in Asia since the 1st century of Islamic history. The origins of Islam in modern-day Saudi Arabia and the contemporary political focus on the Middle East, especially from the perspective of the United States and western Europe, tends to obscure the enormous role of Asian Islam in the global Muslim community.
India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh have large Muslim populations. Muslims also constitute a majority of the population in Malaysia, Brunei, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. There are large numbers of Muslims, though they are not a majority, in Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Singapore, and China.
The spread of Islam to Asia was facilitated primarily by merchants rather than conquerors. By the end of the 17th century, Islam had spread throughout Southeast Asia. The vast ethnic, geographical, and religious diversity of this broad region occasioned an array of Islamic hybridizations with existing religious traditions, including Buddhism and Hinduism. It has become somewhat controversial, if academically questionable, to refer to Islam in Asia as "syncretic" or to consider that there is an Islamic "overlay" on other traditions. The adaptability of Islamic law and practice to local culture was and remains, however, a factor in its rapid diffusion throughout the world. Yet the blending of cultures is not so much an issue of borrowing elements of one religion to graft them onto another, but of innovation and ingenuity in the application and adaptation of material, textual, and aesthetic culture in the hands of each generation of historical actions. This is especially evident in the Islamic culture of Asia.
Though there are significant Shi‘i populations in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the vast majority of Asia's Muslims are Sunni. According to Tanya Storch, "most of the great Muslim missionaries to Southeast Asia were Sufi mystics of the Sunni sect." By the 13th century, Indian Sufis were among those highly engaged in the spread of Islam. Scholars often conclude that the rapid acceptance of Islam, by rulers and large numbers of people alike, was greatly eased by the fact that it was this more mystical denomination of Islam that arrived in the region. The relative diversity of practice and openness to varied aesthetic and musical expressions common in Sufism may have aided in making the relationship between Islam and other religions, especially Hinduism and Buddhism, slightly easier, especially in the north of India. This is not to say that "nothing changed on the ground" once people were exposed to and began embracing Islam, but that in general, conversion to Islam was not immediately or necessarily seen as a matter of making a great break with the traditions and cultures of the past. While there are certainly exceptions to this general characterization, it has been the case that Sufism itself, being marginalized from the mainstream Sunni majority, lends itself more easily to local and regional practices. | <urn:uuid:ceb4ff47-c8a0-4836-a027-597a1569ebdf> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.patheos.com/Library/Sunni-Islam/Historical-Development/Missions-Spread-Changes-Regional-adaptations?offset=0&max=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986022.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00039-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962756 | 705 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Year 6: The live Maths lesson will start at 9.30am. Today's lesson is - Unit 9 Algebra lesson 5. Complete the pages from your practice book. Self mark your work, correcting any answers the best you can.
Year 5: The live Maths lesson will start at 10.30am. We will be doing Lesson 9 Unit 9- Fractions. Complete the pages from your practice book and self mark your work, correcting any errors the best you can.
English: After the debate about our big question in today's live lesson, your task is to complete the Purple Mash 2do that I have set you by writing up the reasons 'for' and 'against' keeping animals in zoos. Make sure you consider both sides of the debate after listening to some of the different opinions in today's live lesson even if you don't agree with them! This is called writing a 'balance argument'.
Have fun creating some sentence starters for a balanced argument by using this interactive game found here. Or use the wheel below to give you some great sentence starters.
Join Liam from SHAPE Learning Partnership as he leads you through a themed physical activity session.
Join India from SHAPE Learning Partnership as she guides you through another adventure whilst asking you to pay attention to your senses. This time she take...
Topic: Today you will be learning about Mayan food- yum! Complete the following tasks:
1. Read the lesson presentation below about typical Mayan food ( you will need the anagram sheet with you for one of the slides)
2. Design a poster that explains why cocoa was so important to Mayan people ( see sheet below or create your own) OR
3.Complete the Purple Mash 2 do that asks you to compare Mayan food with modern day food.
I have also included some recipes below for Mayan hot chocolate or corn tortillas if you'd like to have a go at recreating some Mayan recipes.
Unfortunately not the ones with chocolate chips.
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What is Social Anxiety or Phobia?
Social Anxiety or Social Phobia is the massive fear of a person that keeps him/her fully depressed in social situations, especially in the circumstances in which you are uncomfortable or feeling that you are being observed or evaluated by others in the society. This phobia has become a universal disorder that associates with human brain and its functions. This is also known as the 3rd biggest mental health disorder in the world which almost 7% to 9% population of the universe is suffering from. While, it has also been reported that almost 15% population of the world experience social anxiety disorder at some special moments when the people encounter with unknown, uncertain and different points in their lives.
Contents of This Page
- 1 Things That Cause Social Anxiety:
- 2 Common and Rare Signs of Social Anxiety:
- 3 Social Anxiety and Other Anxieties:
- 4 Risk Factors for Patients:
- 5 How to Prevent It Happening?
- 6 Unbiased Ways to Diagnose Social Anxiety:
- 7 Treatments That Cure Social Phobia:
- 8 1) Talk or Psychotherapy:
- 9 2) Self Help:
- 10 3) Stress Management Techniques:
- 11 overcoming social anxiety
- 12 4) Medication:
Things That Cause Social Anxiety:
Psychologists and doctors have discovered many of reasons and factors that lead to social anxiety. While, the question in many people’s mind is still unanswered that why it is called a social phobia. Sure, this question is important, because depression or anxiety is not a new thing for people, however the association of society is the new one. Anyway, this mental disorder is more probably the result of environmental or genetic factors combination. Social phobia disorder will exists greatly among larger groups of people and big families, while it will be diminishing when the number of groups in a society or family goes down.
It means, the situations among more number of people will be unfamiliar and brain disturbing. In fact, it is much compulsory for everyone suffering from anxiety to go for a proper and perfect treatment, because this mental health disorder will keep you stressed forever. As a result of such disorders, the people become unable to think, act and live a healthy life. Some of the most common causes of social anxiety issue are;
- Rude and less affectionate attitude
- Rich in criticizing
- Useless thinking and making ideas for nothing
- Making yourself bound to do something or avoid it
- Feeling danger to approach others
- Meeting new people in the society
- Being the focus of others
- Public speaking and making shorter talk
- Facing huge crowd and getting nervous
- Facing continuous criticism and moving to confusion
- Strict behavior of elders
- No attention of parents
- Differences of ideas
- Over as well as under estimation etc.
Common and Rare Signs of Social Anxiety:
It is not difficult to find anxiety in yourself, because everyone knows the social anxiety symptoms when he/she observed himself/herself. However, there will be many differences in signs of anxiety when the nature of phobia or depression changes. Yes, there are several types of anxiety and most of people consider depression as the anxiety. While, there are many differences in both these terms and both have their many types. Today, psychologists have found and explained three major types of anxiety which the people around this world usually suffer from. Basically, generalized, pain and social anxieties are most common among the people.
It is said that social anxiety or phobia is generally identified in a person by others, but it is not sure whether their judgment is absolutely true or not. So, you need to go through possible signs of this critical mental health issue and then confirm whether you are experiencing it or not. Some major symptoms of social phobia have been enlisted below.
- Sweat on forehead when talking with more people
- Anxious and hyper during talking with others
- Self-consciousness among others
- Afraid of judgment of others and trying to escape
- Moving away the places where many people are standing
- It would be enough complicated to make and keep friends.
- Trembling, confusing, sweating and blushing when asked to talk
- Mental restlessness
- Easily fatigued
- Severe irritation
- Weak to control worries
- Sleeping issues
- Sudden attack of the fear
- Be panic in all activities, even in talking with others etc.
Social Anxiety and Other Anxieties:
Psychologists and doctors throughout the world consider social phobia or anxiety is the worst one, because this will affect the mental health and disturb the people throughout their lives. However, you can never consider rest of anxiety types casual or less risky, because word anxiety is itself a problem for the mental health of human beings. That is why; most of people move to psychologists and anxiety specialists for complete relief. In these days, panic and generalized anxieties are compared with social anxiety issue.
There are many differences as well as similarities among these three general types of brain anxiety. If these are not treated well, then more probably the patients will suffer from severe depression and brain stroke may also occur in critical conditions. Anyway, it is the best said that every kind of anxiety suffers the mental health from many complications and brain capabilities get damaged over the time.
Risk Factors for Patients:
Social anxiety has become a complicated disorder which is needed to cure as fast as possible, because if the patients are not treated, then more probably they become unable to spend their happy life. While, the people associated with such patients will also get disturbed. It is said by psychologists that the treatment of social anxiety patients is not difficult or expensive, but you need to spare your time for them and stay connected at least 14 to 16 hours a day. This will help them to get rid of severe thinking and depression faster.
Secondly, if these patients are not cared much and treated properly, then there will be many serious factors that will surely happen and discourage them to move ahead. Some of the more common influencing factors are;
- Feeling shyness and avoiding everyone in the or out of family
- Limited to income sources
- Continuous disturbance in personal life and family
- Divorce is more probably
- It may shift to next generation, as family history of the issue.
- Depression may cause brain injury etc.
How to Prevent It Happening?
Now, the most important segment is starting that will let you know the ways and methods regarding how to prevent social phobia disorder that ruins the families. In fact, you must look at specific directions about the overcoming social anxiety techniques that are better for everyone to avoid this mental health disorder. It is a valuable matter to concern deeply that why social anxiety happens and what factors cause happening this.
When you are aware of such things, then definitely it will be easier for you to prevent it. In short, you must avoid all the things that are causes of social anxiety. Furthermore, when you keep yourself engage in pleasing and specific activities, then more probably you will not experience this disorder in real life. On the other side, people must take part in family entertainments and outdoor physical activities which will support your aims to keep the social anxiety away from your health.
Unbiased Ways to Diagnose Social Anxiety:
Psychologists introduce a number of ways and recommended treatments for curing the social anxiety. Secondly, they believe that communication and association with patients will be better than swallowing dozens of pills and going for mental treatments. In fact, most people consider social anxiety therapy a medical procedure to set the brain and make it spare of depression. But, in reality this is a therapy which psychologists execute and it is only a way to talk with patients and motivate them to kick away all thinking and anxiety creating factors.
These methodologies to treat social anxiety are known as the unbiased and fabulous methods that do not require any complicated medication, surgery or long term physiotherapy. Most of people always do this by themselves for their family members and it is also a useful to handle the patients yourself. However, if you are interested to know the methods that claim them the best to cure and bring patients back to their normal life, then you must focus on available treatments of social phobia disorder.
Treatments That Cure Social Phobia:
Dozens of best treatments are available in health industry to treat the patients suffering from social anxiety disorder. However, it depends upon the nature of social anxiety and the condition of patients that which treatment fits the patients. Psychologists always do some verbal efforts to reduce anxiety of patients. At the moment, there are few nominated curing methods have more popularity that really produce good results and relieve the patients from severe social phobia. While, these treatments can also be classified in further categories which psychologists always choose with accordance to the mental condition of social anxiety patients.
1) Talk or Psychotherapy:
It is a well known treatment which includes the specific social anxiety therapy. Actually, such therapy makes the patients able to overcome their conditions and anxiety over the time. While, in this treatment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the best one and it is also used by psychologists as the major weapon to cure people’s social anxiety. This therapy is also a talk therapy which includes very special social skills, good behavior, reacting calm, thinking in various angles and treating the people in a cool way.
However, in early steps of the treatment you may experience severe discomforts, but it will not long term. In next stage of this treatment, there will be two types of therapy; cognitive and exposure. Cognitive therapy deals with the social anxiety issue by providing well identification, challenging and at the end neutralizing all of the factors and things that are usually unhelpful in life. While, exposure therapy deals with the ways that help patients to reduce their fear and move to engage with social and general activities which they were avoiding due to anxiety.
2) Self Help:
This is the best one to cure social phobia disorder, because the people always get relaxed mentally when they meet and chat with larger groups of the people. Secondly, in this way; they will also join conversations with their close friends and some of family members whom with they can share their problems, mental health, physical conditions, aims, irritation and the achievements they want to attain. In fact, psychologists are agreed that when you keep your feelings and fear in your heart and avoid sharing them with your loving ones, then obviously such feelings will become the ways to suffer you from social anxiety.
You must be tension free and talk with others regardless what will the people think about you. When you ignore your surrounding and general factors in your mind, then you will come back to your happy life. For such treatment you can join the social groups on social networks, chat rooms and other platforms where you can meet with people across the world. Idea exchanging will make you a dare and dominant figure against the fear. Self help or support groups will automatically relieve your social anxiety and keep you health minded.
3) Stress Management Techniques:
When you are seeking for the best ways to
, then this will also be much useful for you. There are plenty of things included in this treatment and you should follow it and apply it to yourself when you are getting treated of therapy. Actually, this will let you know the ways and strategies that how to avoid anxiety attacks to your brain. Secondly, these techniques will also lead you to a calm life and make you free of the useless thinking and severe worries. These techniques will work excellently if the family supports the patients and play their part in recovery.
When you are not getting recovered from the social anxiety problem, then obviously the medication will be last weapon of psychologists. However, if these medicines are used during any of three treatments, then more probably you will get better outcomes. In these days, most of people critically observe the social anxiety symptoms and then move to their health professionals and psychologists for better advice. They also immediately start the treatment like medication and get recovered faster from this crucial mental health disorder. Usually, beta-blockers, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications are well known ways to cure this disorder. | <urn:uuid:84d9ce00-ce63-4e80-8de7-d08f962ed217> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.healthpixie.com/what-is-social-anxiety-or-phobia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192887.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919204805-20200919234805-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.960981 | 2,486 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Durand Line, AKA “the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan,” is one of those legacies of colonial times that everybody’s still, unfortunately, living with today. Named after the guy who dreamed it up, British Foreign Secretary for India (at the time) Sir Mortimer Durand, it was meant to fix the border between British India and Central Asia, a place where Britain liked to toss around its influence — they were trying to win the Great Game with Russia, after all — but that it had no interest in defending by force if push came to shove. It was also meant to prevent another Anglo-Afghan war — the first two, in 1839-42 and 1878-80, had been costly affairs that really didn’t accomplish much — which it
totally didha ha, it did not. Durand’s line followed the contours of the Hindu Kush mountains, though he was careful to draw it in such a way that it left the crucial Khyber Pass into the Punjab in British hands. On November 12, 1893, Durand and Abdur Rahman Khan (d.1901), the Barakzai Emir of Afghanistan, agreed to fix the line as the Afghan-India border. | <urn:uuid:4daa01a8-0012-4798-a630-fbe9a747d369> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://attwiw.com/2017/11/12/today-in-centralsouth-asian-history-the-durand-line-is-drawn-1893/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.979444 | 256 | 3.203125 | 3 |
International aid agency, GOAL, is inviting primary school pupils from Dublin to share their local actions for global change through its exciting new Changemakers Award launched today (Thursday, September 26th).
The Award aims to show young people that a sustainable and fair future is achievable through the right actions. It will introduce children to the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and ask them to share the actions they are taking to contribute to creating a better world.
Speaking at the launch of Changemakers, GOAL’s Global Citizenship Manager, Nina Sachau, said: “As a humanitarian aid agency GOAL is acutely aware of the challenges the global community is facing into the future – climate change, poverty, migration, and global injustice – and hearing about this can be a bit overwhelming, especially for young people.
“We have to make sure young people believe a sustainable and fair future is achievable and equip them with the tools to help contribute to the future. With the new Changemakers Award we want to introduce the Sustainable Development Goals to the classrooms and celebrate, broadcast and share the great ideas primary school pupils are already putting into action to create a better world. We are lucky we have a generation of incredibly well informed, open minded and active young people and educators, doing so many things every day to bring about change.”
The Award is open to 3rd, 4th, 5th and to 6th primary school classes who are being invited to get to know the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and to share the local actions they take that contribute to their achievement.
As part of the competition teachers will be provided with curriculum linked lesson plans that introduce children in an engaging and fun way to the SDGs. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals were signed by all United Nations members with the aim of ending poverty, inequality, stop climate change and protect our oceans, flora and fauna by 2030.
- Entries can be everyday local actions classes are taking to contribute to fulfilling the SDGs, ranging from giving a special welcome of refugees in school, to organising beach clean ups, or planting trees.
- Entries should be a simple description of the idea through a submission form plus either pictures, a video or poster.
- The ideas will be shared with other schools and the public all over Ireland, to foster learning exchange and inspire others to take action for a sustainable and fair future
- There will be four regional winning entries. The winning group of each province will be invited to a sustainable development themed workshop.
- Every participating class will receive a GOAL Changemakers Certificate of Recognition.
- Entries to be submitted online via email to firstname.lastname@example.org or by post by sending it to GOAL, by the 20th of December 2019.
- On January 22nd at noon the winners will be announced and contacted along with all the project ideas uploaded on www.goal.ie/goalchangemakers and publicised on national media
The judging panel is:
- 12-year-old climate activist and student, Flossie Donnelly
- GOAL Deputy CEO Mary Van Lieshout
- Children’s author Sarah Webb and
- Presenter and broadcaster Johnathan McCrea. | <urn:uuid:1c2cdc7e-e3c5-45aa-ac43-8059bac2f4f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.newsgroup.ie/goal-changemakers-award/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337360.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002212623-20221003002623-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.943544 | 674 | 2.515625 | 3 |
December 26, 2010
December 26 - Plasmodium vivax
In Christian lore, three wise men, the magi, traveled from the East bearing gifts for the baby Jesus. These gifts were gold, myrrh and frankincense, a resin made from trees in the genus Boswellia. The reason for the gold seems obvious, myrrh was used as an incense, which had to have made the stable smell better, and frankincense was used for many things, several related to improving ones health, including ingesting the resin to combat arthritis and other ailments. Frankincense was also burned to ward off mosquitoes and thus the diseases that they carry. One of the most important mosquito-borne diseases at that point in time in that region was malaria, in this case caused by the parasite, Plasmodium vivax. Unlike it's cousin, Plasmodium falciparum, which kills many of the people it infects, P. vivax produces a milder form of the disease, though still with the classic symptoms of profound fever and chills. P. vivax has cycles every 48 hours and is sometimes thus known as "tertian malaria." (See the entry for Plasmodium malariae if that's confusing to you.) This species has a very widespread distribution and, in fact, used to cause early Americans as far north as Philadelphia and New York City to get sick every summer. Though it may kill fewer people, this parasite maintains stages in the liver of its host and can cause relapses of the disease for decades after the initial infection. | <urn:uuid:416f7f25-0d63-4291-8dd1-3792838b859b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://dailyparasite.blogspot.com/2010/12/december-26-plasmodium-vivax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823322.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210101954-20181210123454-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.974203 | 331 | 3.34375 | 3 |
You may convert values for electric charge into different units. The SI-unit is the
coulomb (1 C = 1 A·s). The converter combines units on the elementary scale (e)
as well as on the macroscopic scale (C, Ah).
Abcoulomb is an older unit from the centimetre-gram-second electromagnetic system.
Statcoulomb is the unit of charge in the centimetre-gram-second electrostatic system.
The faraday (1 Fd = e·NA)
has been in use for applications concerning electrolysis. The value corresponds to
multiples of Faraday's constant.
Type the value to convert into the field, behind which you find the unit.
Click on any empty space in the window or on the "calculate" button.
Read the result in the other fields.
Use the "reset" button to reset your calculation.
How many coulomb correspond to 2 faraday ? Type "2" into the field behind which
"F (faraday)" is written. Click on any empty space in the window or on the
"calculate" button. Read the result in the other fields.
(e.g. 1.9297·10-5 C).
- Large and small numbers are written exponentially. As example
2.3e5 = 2.3⋅105 = 230000 or
4.5e-5 = 4.5⋅10-5 = 0.000045.
- There is no warranty for the conversion. Cactus2000 is not
responsible for damage of any kind caused by wrong results.
- Please send an email if you have suggestions or if you would like to see more
conversions to be included.
© Bernd Krüger, 26.12.2004 | <urn:uuid:9e577b67-2e7a-49ea-950c-c0ad0ce822ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.cactus2000.de/uk/unit/masschr.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863650.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620143814-20180620163814-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.824222 | 386 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Did You Know?
Facts, Figures & Folklore
About the Month of July
June 30 : 01 day to July
Did you know that July is the hottest month of the year in the Northern Hemisphere?
Average temperatures are in the 90s across most of the United States. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the height of the winter season.
We’ll be presenting a new “Did You Know?” fact each day as we countdown to the month of July! So stop by again tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:c36ea518-9ead-4321-a64d-a60a2c9b1ab1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blog.holidays.net/index.php/2009/06/30/did-you-know-countdown-to-july-2009-0630/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299496.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00147-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955281 | 108 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Many people who practise the Alexander Technique view it’s founder, Frederick Matthias Alexander as a man before his time. He was in effect an observational scientist in his approach to his own use and medical problems. The resulting Alexander Technique being the result of years of making changes in his own use, constantly thinking about his use and observing the outcome, then evaluating the results and finding ways of testing further ideas on how his use could improve. Improvements in his own health and subsequently those to whom he taught his technique confirmed his ideas. Today, when applying the technique, I teach in a similar way, applying the principles discovered by Alexander but constantly observing and evaluating my own and my pupil’s use. The idea that changing ourselves through our thinking when the thinking is directed to a positive change e.g. freeing the neck and therefore lengthening the neck and back, is a powerful tool that we all possess but do not always use. Read ‘Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual’ by F.M. Alexander.
It has been with interest that several health related articles in the common press have struck a chord with Alexander’s ideas and teaching.
In June 2013 a report in The Times ‘Why technology puts young spines at risk‘ by Rachel Carlyle, describes how chiropractors and osteopaths are reporting a huge increase in the number of children complaining of chronic neck, shoulder and back pain. The article describes how a spine is distorted from its normal elongated ‘S’ shape by sitting badly hunched over a laptop, tablet or smartphone for hours at at time. I have strong feelings about this having been a secondary school teacher and had many children complain of a bad back and observed their poor posture.
STAT has school chair campaign to improve chairs for children www.stat.org.uk and has ongoing contact with several schools. However, for the health of our children there needs to be across the board education of how to sit and work at a desk or computer or laptop with what Alexander calls ‘ good use of the self’. This could be so easily done during PSE or similar classes and there are many Alexander Technique teachers who could help with this. | <urn:uuid:1e383be4-1954-42cf-b6d1-62a2a2c4df3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.alexandertechnique4change.com/?p=116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.978518 | 448 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In histories of bowling, it is commonly claimed that the origins of the sport can be traced back over 5,000 years to ancient Egypt. It is not difficult to find various accounts like this one from the International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame:
A British anthropologist, Sir Flinders Petrie, discovered in the 1930's a collection of objects in a child's grave in Egypt that appeared to him to be used for a crude form of bowling. If he was correct, then bowling traces its ancestry to 3200 BC.
Here's a similar account from tenpinbowling.org:
In 1930 the British anthropologist Sir Flinders Petrie and his team of archaeologists discovered all sorts of primitive bowling balls, bowling pins and other materials in the grave of an Egyptian boy from 3200 BC. It appears that the ancient Egyptians played a primitive form of bowling and that bowling is more than 5200 years old.
Being an anthropologist myself, I thought I would look into the validity of these claims, which have become so pervasive as to be treated as settled fact. It did not take me long to find the primary source for the Egyptian bowling story. It is from the monograph Naqada and Ballas 1895 by W. M. Flinders Petrie and J. E. Quibell, published by Bernard Quaritch in 1896. You can read the monograph here if you are interested. There is one obvious falsehood to the standard narrative of bowling's origin. The find did not occur in 1930 nor the 1930's. This book was published in 1896 and concerned fieldwork that took place in 1895. Flinders Petrie did not even work in Egypt in the 1930's; from the mid-1920's onward, he worked in Palestine and Jordan.
In the 1895 field season, Sir Flinders Petrie excavated the cemetery at the site of Naqada, and Quibell worked at the nearby site of Ballas. Between the two sites, they unearthed more than 3,000 graves, a huge number by modern archaeological standards for a single field season. Naqada is on the western bank of the Nile in east central Egypt. The archaeological remains from the site span some 1,400 years dating between ca. 6,400 and 5,000 BP (before present). In Grave No. 100, Petrie did indeed find some interesting objects associated with the remains of a child. Rather than summarizing it myself, I'll let you read his words from p. 35:
And from Plate VII, here is how Petrie envisioned these objects in use:
Well, the first thing to point out is that the balls in this image are marble-sized, which gives very different meanings to the phrases "bowling balls" and "bowling pins". In fact, I was able to find a very low quality image of the actual items, shown to the right. Second, this reconstruction, which very much looks like some form of bowling, is Petrie's best guess for how all of these objects could have been used in a single activity. I should note that they were not discovered in this arrangement, and the board on which they sit was inferred; it was not found. Also, we have no idea if these items were ever intended to be used together. We don't even know if they were gaming pieces. They were also discovered with a chipped stone knife and spear points, which are not included in the reconstruction. Finally, I should note that to my knowledge, no one has ever discovered another set of items like these in one place. In other words, this is a unique find. Even if Petrie was correct about how these items were used, this was not something commonly done in Egypt.
I must admit that I find his reconstruction compelling, but is there some other plausible explanation for what these items represent? Absolutely, we could come up with many. Given their context, an interpretation of child's toys is not unreasonable. For example, the marbles might simply be marbles, which have as many uses as a child can imagine. What about the "pins?" Petrie notes that "they can only stand on their flat ends", but if they are spinning, they can stand on their pointed ends. Could they be tops? Their basic geometry is very reminiscent of wooden tops, like the one shown to the left.
Have spinning tops been recovered from other contexts in Egyptian archaeology? I was surprised to not only discover that they are not uncommon, but also that one was in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamen. On the right is a picture of King Tut's spinning top made of ebony with inlay of faience and ivory.
So, where does this leave us? Well, the story that has commonly been told about the origins of bowling is not entirely false. Flinders Petrie did discover items in a child's grave in Egypt, which he reconstructed to have been used in a game that could be construed as crude form of bowling, although he related these items to the game of skittles, best played with a sack of sweet chewy "fruit" flavored candies. One obviously incorrect part of the story is the year of discovery, which was 1895, not the 1930's.
But Petrie's interpretation is highly speculative and should not be treated as fact. In that light, I very much like the wording on the website from the International Bowling museum, which begins with "If he was correct...", though they need to change the date of discovery to reflect the facts.
Finally, I should note that Petrie's skittle/bowling hypothesis is testable. These artifacts are curated at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University (not to be confused with the Assholian Museum at Cambridge). If Petrie was correct about the function of the objects, it would be expected that the "pins" should show clear pitting from the impact of the marbles and other "pins," just as actual bowling pins do. If they are tops, as I have suggested, they should show very different patterns of wear (circumferential scratches). Of course, we must also keep in mind that these items could have served some entirely different purpose or purposes. This sounds like a marvelous study for an undergraduate in archaeology at Oxford to undertake. We could finally get to the bottom of this Egyptian "bowling" business.
Traditional Kitchen - Traditional Kitchen - San Francisco
29 minutes ago | <urn:uuid:63fad8e9-dbba-46c7-a9b4-a3e3508f40d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://bowlmovementswy.blogspot.com/2010/03/did-ancient-egyptians-invent-bowling.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461863352151.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428170912-00179-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97689 | 1,312 | 2.84375 | 3 |
5 Bad Habits That People in the index Industry Need to Quit
A statistical measure of statistical changes in an economic variable can be called an index. This is used in the fields of Finance, History, and Studies. These variables can be measured at any time including the consumer price index (CPI) and real GDP (GDP), unemployment rate (GDP/cap), gross domestic product (GDP/cap) and international trade rate, exchange rate and price level variations. These indicators are usually time-correlated (with an increasing tendency) and therefore any changes to one variable or index are usually followed by changes in the other. An index can be used to identify patterns in economic data over long periods of time for instance, the Dow Jones Industrial Average for the past 60 years. Or, you can make use of the index to track fluctuations within prices in a shorter period of time like the price change in a short period of time (such as the price difference between the average for four weeks as well as the actual price).
The Dow Jones Industrial Average would be compared to other stocks' prices over time. This could indicate an increase in the relationship. It is evident that the Dow Jones Industrial Average has seen an increase in the proportion stocks that are priced above or equal to fair market value in the last five years. The price-weighted index shows a downward trend in stock prices that are below their fair market values. This suggests that investors have become more impulsive in the way they buy and sell stocks throughout the years. But this result also can be explained somewhat differently. For instance, huge market indexes such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average as along with the Standard & Poor's 500 Index are dominated in part by low-risk and safe stocks.
Index funds invest in a wide selection of stocks, and are more than following the traditional method. Index funds can be invested in shares that trade commodities, energy or financial instruments. An investor who is middle of the road may enjoy some success with individual bonds and stocks inside an index fund. If you're looking for a specific fund, it could be possible to find one which invests in blue-chip businesses.
Index funds also come with a benefit in that they usually charge lower fees than actively managed funds. Fees can cost you between 20% and 20% of the return. They are usually http://kyousyoku-navi.com/user/profile/666248 affordable due to their ability to grow in conjunction with stock market indexes. As an investor, it is your choice to move as quickly or slow as you want. Index funds will not limit you.
Additionally the index funds allow you to be diversified from your portfolio. Stocks bought from index funds can be repurchased if one of your investments experience an extreme decline. The entire portfolio could be heavily influenced by the same type of stock. If that stock declines in value, you could lose money. It is possible to invest in a variety of different securities using index funds, without needing to own each one. This lets you reduce risk. It's much easier to lose a single share of an index fund than to lose your entire investment due to one bad security.
There are many good index funds. Talk to your financial advisor about how to assist you in selecting the right fund for you. Certain clients might prefer index funds instead of active managed funds. Other clients may prefer both. Whichever type of fund you select, ensure you have the appropriate investments in your portfolio to successfully complete the transactions and avoid costly drawdown. | <urn:uuid:f64a62ca-001f-46d0-aa87-5c82ff5fd13c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://wiki-byte.win/index.php?title=5_Bad_Habits_That_People_in_the_index_Industry_Need_to_Quit&printable=yes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305242.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127072916-20220127102916-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.955592 | 716 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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For decades, Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was the major African-American spokesman in the eyes of white America. Born a slave in Virginia, Washington was educated at Hampton Institute, Norfolk, Virginia. He began to work at the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 and built it into a center of learning and industrial and agricultural training. A handsome man and a forceful speaker, Washington was skilled at politics. Powerful and influential in both the black and white communities, Washington was a confidential advisor to presidents.
For years, presidential political appointments of African-Americans were cleared through him. He was funded by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, dined at the White House with Theodore Roosevelt and family, and was the guest of the Queen of England at Windsor Castle. Although Washington was an accommodator, he spoke out against lynchings and worked to make "separate" facilities more "equal." Although he advised African-Americans to abide by segregation codes, he often traveled in private railroad cars and stayed in good hotels.
Any number of historic moments in the civil rights struggle have been used to identify Martin Luther King, Jr. -- prime mover of the Montgomery bus boycott, keynote speaker at the March on Washington, youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate. But in retrospect, single events are less important than the fact that King, and his policy of nonviolent protest, was the dominant force in the civil rights movement during its decade of greatest achievement, from 1957 to 1968.
II.BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Hale's Ford, Virginia, reportedly on April 5, 1856.
After emancipation, his family was so poverty stricken that he worked in salt furnaces and coal mines beginning at age nine. Always an intelligent and curious child, he yearned for an education and was frustrated when he could not receive good schooling locally. When he was 16 his parents allowed him to quit work to go to school. They had no money to help him, so he walked 200 miles to attend the Hampton Institute in Virginia and paid his tuition and board there by working as the janitor. Dedicating himself to the idea that education would raise his people to equality in this country, Washington became a teacher. He first taught in his home town, then at the Hampton Institute, and then in 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. As head of the Institute, he traveled the country unceasingly to raise funds from blacks and whites both; soon he became a well-known speaker. In 1895, Washington was asked to speak at the opening of the Cotton States Exposition, an unprecedented honor for an African American.
His Atlanta Compromise speech explained his major thesis, that blacks could secure their constitutional rights through their own economic and moral advancement rather than through legal and political changes. Although his conciliatory stand angered some blacks who feared it would encourage the foes of equal rights, whites approved of his views. Thus his major achievement was to win over diverse elements among southern whites, without whose support the programs he envisioned and brought into being would have been impossible. In addition to Tuskegee Institute, which still educates many today, Washington instituted a variety of programs for rural extension work, and helped to establish the National Negro Business League. Shortly after the election of President William McKinley in 1896, a movement was set in motion that Washington be named to a cabinet post, but he withdrew his name from consideration, preferring to work outside the political arena. He died on November 14, 1915.
From 1872 to 1875, he attended the Hampton Institute, an industrial school for blacks in Hampton, Virginia. He became a teacher at the institute in 1879. Washington based many of his educational theories on his training at Hampton. In 1881, Washington founded and became principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. He started this school in an old abandoned church and a shanty. The school's name was later changed to Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University). The school taught specific trades, such as carpentry, farming, and mechanics, and trained teachers. As it expanded, Washington spent much of his time raising funds. Under Washington's leadership, the institute became famous as a model of industrial education. The Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, established in 1974, includes Washington's home, student-made college buildings, and the George Washington Carver Museum. Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and spokesman.
In his advocacy of Tuskegee Institute and its educational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness and accommodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership. He convinced southern white employers and governors that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks "down on the farm" and in the trades. To prospective northern donors and particularly the new self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie he promised the inculcation of the Protestant work ethic. To blacks living within the limited horizons of the post- Reconstruction South, Washington held out industrial education as the means of escape from the web of sharecropping and debt and the achievement of attainable, petit-bourgeois goals of self-employment, landownership, and small business. Washington cultivated local white approval and secured a small state appropriation, but it was northern donations that made Tuskegee Institute by 1900 the best-supported black educational institution in the country.
Washington was married three times. His first wife, Fannie N. Smith, his sweetheart from Malden, gave birth to a child in 1883, the year after their marriage, but died prematurely the next year. In 1885 Washington married Olivia Davidson; they had two children. This too was a short marriage, for she had suffered from physical maladies for years and died in 1889. Four years later he married Margaret J. Murray, a Fisk graduate who had replaced Davidson as lady principal. She remained Washington's wife for the rest of his life, helping to raise his three children and continuing to play a major role at Tuskegee.
As Tuskegee Institute grew it branched out into other endeavors. The annual Tuskegee Negro Conferences, inaugurated in 1892, sought solutions for
impoverished black farmers through crop diversity and education. The National Negro Business League, founded in 1900, gave encouragement to black enterprises and publicized their successes. Margaret Washington hosted women's conferences on campus. Washington established National Negro Health Week and called attention to minority health issues in addresses nationwide.
By the mid-1880s Washington was becoming a fixture on the nation's lecture circuit. This exposure both drew attention and dollars to Tuskegee and allowed the black educator to articulate his philosophy of racial advancement. In a notable 1884 address to the National Education Association in Madison, Wisconsin, Washington touted education for Negroes--"brains, property, and character"--as the key to black advancement and acceptance by white southerners. "Separate but equal" railroad and other public facilities were acceptable to blacks, he argued, as long as they really were equal.
This speech foreshadowed the accommodationist racial compromises he would preach for the rest of his life. During the 1880s and 1890s Washington went out of his way to soft-pedal racial insults and attacks on blacks (including himself) by whites. He courted southern white politicians who were racial moderates, arguing that black Americans had to exhibit good citizenship, hard work, and elevated character in order to win the respect of the "better sort" of whites. Full political and social equality would result in all due time, he maintained.
Washington believed that blacks could benefit more from a practical, vocational education rather than a college education. Most blacks lived in poverty in the rural South, and Washington felt they should learn skills, work hard, and acquire property. He believed that the development of work skills would lead to economic prosperity. Washington predicted that blacks would be granted civil and political rights after gaining a strong economic foundation. He explained his theories in Up from Slavery and in other publications. During Booker's lifetime, many African Americans were former slaves who did not have an education. Booker's goal was to provide African Americans with opportunities to learn vocational skills and obtain an education. He thought former slaves would gain acceptance through education and financial independence.
In the late 1800's, more and more blacks became victims of lynchings and Jim Crow laws that segregated blacks. To reduce racial conflicts, Washington advised blacks to stop demanding equal rights and to simply get along with whites. He urged whites to give blacks better jobs. In a speech given in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1895, Washington declared: "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." This speech was often called the Atlanta Compromise because Washington accepted inequality and segregation for blacks in exchange for economic advancement. The speech was widely quoted in newspapers and helped make him a prominent national figure and black spokesman. Washington became a shrewd political leader and advised not only Presidents, but also members of Congress and governors, on political appointments for blacks and sympathetic whites. He urged wealthy people to contribute to various black organizations. He also owned or financially supported many black newspapers. In 1900, Washington founded the National Negro Business League to help black business firms.
Throughout his life, Washington tried to please whites in both the North and the South through his public actions and his speeches. He never publicly supported black political causes that were unpopular with Southern whites. However, Washington secretly financed lawsuits opposing segregation and upholding the right of blacks to vote and to serve on juries. Washington offered black acquiescence in disfranchisement and social segregation if whites would encourage black progress in economic and educational opportunity. Washington's position so pleased whites, North and South, that they made him the new black spokesman. He became powerful, having the deciding voice in Federal appointments of African Americans and in philanthropic grants to black institutions. Through subsidies or secret partnerships, he controlled black newspapers, stifling critics.
Overawed by his power and hoping his tactics would work, many blacks went along. However, increasingly during his last years, such black intellectuals as W.E.B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter denounced his surrender of civil rights and his stressing of training in crafts, some obsolete, to the neglect of liberal education. Opposition centered in the Niagara Movement, founded in 1905, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which succeeded it in 1910.
Washington's power involved not only close relationships with influential white political leaders and industrialists but also a secret network of contacts with journalists and various organizations. He schemed with white and black Alabamians to try to keep other black schools from locating near Tuskegee. He engineered political appointments for supporters in the black community as a way of solidifying his own power base. He planted spies in organizations unfriendly to him to report on their activities and at one time even used a detective agency briefly. Despite public denials, Washington owned partial interests in some minority newspapers. This allowed him to plant stories and to influence their news coverage and editorial stands in ways beneficial to himself. Beginning in the mid-1880s, and lasting for some twenty years, he maintained a clandestine relationship with T. Thomas Fortune, editor of the New York Age, the leading black newspaper of its day.
He helped support the paper financially, was one of its stockholders, and quietly endorsed many of Fortune's militant stands for voting and other civil rights and against lynching. He also supported the Afro-American League, a civil rights organization founded by Fortune in 1887. Washington secretly provided financial and legal support for court challenges to all-white juries in Alabama, segregated transportation facilities, and disfranchisement of black voters. As black suffrage decreased nonetheless around the turn of the century, Washington struggled to keep a modicum of black influence and patronage in the Republican party in the South. From 1908 to 1911 he played a major, though covert, role in the successful effort to get the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn a harsh Alabama peonage law under which Alonzo Bailey, a black Alabama farmer, had been convicted.
1. DISSENT: Lawful Rights
Booker T. Washington's methods included speeches, arguments, and agreements with both races; blacks and whites, without having to associate violence to achieve these goals.
"h As Washington's influence with whites and blacks grew he reaped several honors. In 1901 he wrote a bestseller called Up From Slavery - his autobiography. He also became an advisor to the President of the United States - Theodore Roosevelt. He became the first black ever to dine at the White House with the President. This created a huge scandal. Many white people thought that it was wrong for whites and blacks to mix socially, and for their President to do it horrified them. Roosevelt defended his actions at the time, and he continued to ask for Washington's advice, but he never invited him back. Eventually Washington's leadership of blacks began to decline. It became apparent that the white people that had gained control of Southern institutions after Reconstruction did not ever want the civil and political status of blacks to improve - regardless of how hard they worked or how much character they had.
They passed laws to keep them from voting and to keep them from mixing with whites in schools, stores and restaurants. Many blacks came to believe that a more forceful, demanding approach was needed. By the last years of his life, Washington had moved away from many of his accommodationist policies. Speaking out with a new frankness, Washington attacked racism. In 1915 he joined ranks with former critics to protest the stereotypical portrayal of blacks in a new movie, "Birth of a Nation." Some months later he died at age 59. A man who overcame near-impossible odds himself, Booker T. Washington is best remembered for helping black Americans rise up from the economic slavery that held them down long after they were legally free citizens. Was chosen in 1861 to head the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
"h Caused Tuskegee Institute to grow into one of the world's leading centers of education for African-Americans
"h Founded the National Negro Business League in 1900
"h Advised Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft on racial matters
"h Wrote an autobiography, Up From Slavery in 1901
"h Stressed the importance of education and employment for African-Americans
"h Became a chief spokesperson for his race
"h Advocated cooperation between the races
"h His views caused strife with other African-American leaders, especially W.E.B. Dubois, although in his later years he began to agree with them on the best methods to achieving equality
Close analysis of Washington's autobiographies and speeches reveals a vagueness and subtlety to his message lost on most people of his time, whites and blacks alike. He never said that American minorities would forever forgo the right to vote, to gain a full education, or to enjoy the fruits of an integrated society. But he strategically chose not to force the issue in the face of the overwhelming white hostility that was the reality of American race relations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this sense, he did what he had to do to assure the survival of himself and the people for whom he spoke.
III.MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
King was born on Jan. 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second oldest child of Alberta Williams King and Martin Luther King. He had an older sister, Christine, and a younger brother, A. D. The young Martin was usually called M. L. His father was pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. One of Martin's grandfathers, A. D. Williams, also had been pastor there. In high school, Martin did so well that he skipped both the 9th and 12th grades. At the age of 15, he entered Morehouse College in Atlanta. King became an admirer of Benjamin E. Mays, Morehouse's president and a well-known scholar of black religion. Under Mays's influence, King decided to become a minister.
King was ordained just before he graduated from Morehouse in 1948. He entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, to earn a divinity degree. King then went to graduate school at Boston University, where he got a Ph.D. degree in theology in 1955. In Boston, he met Coretta Scott of Marion, Alabama, a music student. They were married in 1953. The Kings had four children--Yolanda, Dexter, Martin, and Bernice. In 1954, King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
In December 5, 1955 King began to be significant in the changing of the Black man's way of life. The boycott of the Montgomery Bus was begun when Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white man on December 1st. Two Patrolmen took her away to the police station where she was booked. He and 50 other ministered held a meeting and agreed to start a boycott on December 5th, the day of Rosa Parks's hearing. This boycott would probably be successful since 70% of the riders were black. The bus
company did not take them seriously, because if there was bad weather, they would have to take the bus.
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)was established to co-ordinate the boycott. They had a special agreement with black cab companies, in which they were allowed to get a ride for a much cheaper price than normal. Blacks had to walk to work, and so they did not have time to do any shopping and therefore the sales decreased dramatically. On January 30, while M.L was making a speech, his house was bombed. Luckily his wife and baby had left the living room when the bomb exploded, but a black mob formed and was angry about what had happened, and Policemen were sent to the scene to control the situation, even though they were outnumbered. King, however, because of his strong belief in nonviolence, urged the crowd to not use their guns and to go home.
What made Martin Luther King striking was his conviction on non-violence. He believed that this belief could give blacks a superior level of morality over whites. This ideology was important for his success in later years. As a result, it helped restrain the use of violence from whites to blacks and vice versa. This philosophy was tested during the Montgomery bus boycott. Before the successful boycott, blacks used violence in order to protest racism. During the boycott, however, on both sides violence was not a measure to be taken. When someone bombed King's home,the fact that violence was used against a nonviolent group made the idea of the black man's cause more agreeable.
In 1967, King became more critical of American society than ever before. He believed poverty was as great an evil as racism. He said that true social justice would require a redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. Thus, King began to plan a Poor People's Campaign that would unite poor people of all races in a struggle for economic opportunity. The campaign would demand a federal guaranteed annual income for poor people and other major antipoverty laws.
Also in 1967, King attacked U.S. support of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War (1957-1975). He regarded the South Vietnamese government as corrupt and undemocratic. Many supporters of the war denounced King's criticisms, but the growing antiwar movement welcomed his comments.
Dr. King and the SCLC organized drives for African-American voter registration, desegregation, and better education and housing throughout the South. Dr. King continued to speak. He went to many cities and towns. He was greeted by crowds of people who wanted to hear him speak. He said all people have the right to equal treatment under the law. Many people believed in these civil rights and worked hard for them
Dr. King believed that poverty caused much of the unrest in America. Not only poverty for African-Americans, but poor whites, Hispanics and Asians. Dr. King believed that the United States involvement in Vietnam was also a factor and that the war poisoned the atmosphere of the whole country and made the solution of local problems of human relations unrealistic
This caused friction between King and the African-American leaders who felt that their problems deserved priority and that the African-American leadership should concentrate on fighting racial injustice at home. But by early 1967 Dr. King had become associated with the antiwar movement
Dr. King continued his campaign for world peace. He traveled across America to support and speak out about civil rights and the rights of the underprivileged
King's civil rights activities began with a protest of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955. That year, a black passenger named Rosa Parks was arrested for disobeying a city law requiring that blacks give up their seats on buses when white people wanted to sit in their seats or in the same row. Black leaders in Montgomery urged blacks to boycott (refuse to use) the city's buses. The leaders formed an organization to run the boycott, and asked King to serve as president. In his first speech as leader of the boycott, King told his black colleagues: "First and foremost, we are American citizens. ... We are not here advocating violence. ... The only weapon that we have ... is the weapon of protest. ... The great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right."
Terrorists bombed King's home, but King continued to insist on nonviolent protests. Thousands of blacks boycotted the buses for over a year. In 1956,
the United States Supreme Court ordered Montgomery to provide equal, integrated seating on public buses. The boycott's success won King national fame and identified him as a symbol of Southern blacks' new efforts to fight racial injustice.
With other black ministers, King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 to expand the nonviolent struggle against racism and discrimination. At the time, widespread segregation existed throughout the South in public schools, and in transportation, recreation, and such public facilities as hotels and restaurants. Many states also used various methods to deprive blacks of their voting rights. In 1960, King moved from Montgomery to Atlanta to devote more effort to SCLC's work. He became co-pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church with his father
In the North, however, King soon discovered that young and angry blacks cared little for his preaching and even less for his pleas for peaceful protest. Their disenchantment was one of the reasons he rallied behind a new cause: the war in Vietnam.
Although he was trying to create a new coalition based on equal support for peace and civil rights, it caused an immediate rift. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) saw King's shift of emphasis as "a serious tactical mistake" the Urban League warned that the "limited resources" of the civil-rights movement would be spread too thin;
But from the vantage point of history, King's timing was superb. Students, professors, intellectuals, clergymen and reformers rushed into the movement. Then, King turned his attention to the domestic issue that he felt was directly related to the Vietnam struggle: poverty. He called for a guaranteed family income, he threatened national boycotts, and he spoke of disrupting entire cities by nonviolent "camp-ins." With this in mind, he began to plan a massive march of the poor on Washington, D.C., envisioning a demonstration of such intensity and size that Congress would have to recognize and deal with the huge number of desperate and downtrodden Americans.
King interrupted these plans to lend his support to the Memphis sanitation men's strike. He wanted to discourage violence, and he wanted to focus national attention on the plight of the poor, unorganized workers of the city. The men were bargaining for basic union representation and long-overdue raises. But he never got back to his poverty plans.
Lawful Rights: While at seminary King became acquainted with Mohandas Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent social protest. On a trip to India in 1959 King met with followers of Gandhi. During these discussions he became more convinced than ever that nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience was the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom. He also used his speeches and demonstrations as tools to accomplish his goals such as: the "I Have A Dream" Speech, and the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
An African American Baptist minister, was the main leader of the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's. He had a magnificent speaking ability, which enabled him to effectively express the demands of African Americans for social justice. King's eloquent pleas won the support of millions of people--blacks and whites--and made him internationally famous. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for leading nonviolent civil rights demonstrations.
In spite of King's stress on nonviolence, he often became the target of violence. White racists threw rocks at him in Chicago and bombed his home in Montgomery, Alabama. Finally, violence ended King's life at the age of 39, when an assassin shot and killed him. Some historians view King's death as the end of the civil rights era that began in the mid-1950's. Under his leadership, the civil rights movement won wide support among whites, and laws that had barred integration in the Southern States were abolished. King became only the second American whose birthday is observed as a national holiday. The first was George Washington, the nation's first president.
King and other civil rights leaders then organized a massive march in Washington, D.C. The event, called the March on Washington, was intended to highlight African-American unemployment and to urge Congress to pass Kennedy's bill. On Aug. 28, 1963, over 200,000 Americans, including many whites, gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in the capital. The high point of the rally, King's stirring "I Have a Dream" speech, eloquently defined the moral basis of the civil rights movement.
The movement won a major victory in 1964, when Congress passed the civil rights bill that Kennedy and his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson, had recommended. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited racial discrimination in public places and called for equal opportunity in employment and education. King later received the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1965, King helped organize protests in Selma, Ala. The demonstrators protested against the efforts of white officials there to deny most black citizens the chance to register and vote. Several hundred protesters attempted to march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital, but police officers used tear gas and clubs to break up the group. The bloody attack, broadcast nationwide on television news shows, shocked the public. King immediately announced another attempt to march from Selma to Montgomery. Johnson went before Congress to request a bill that would eliminate all barriers to Southern blacks' right to vote. Within a few months, Congress approved the Voting Rights Act of 1965
By 1965, King had come to believe that civil rights leaders should pay more attention to the economic problems of blacks. In 1966, he helped begin a major civil rights campaign in Chicago, his first big effort outside the South. Leaders of the campaign tried to organize black inner-city residents who suffered from unemployment, bad housing, and poor schools. The leaders also protested against real estate practices that kept blacks from living in many neighborhoods and suburbs. King believed such practices played a major role in trapping poor blacks in urban ghettos.
King and the local leaders also organized marches through white neighborhoods. But angry white people in these segregated communities threw bottles and rocks at the demonstrators. Soon afterward, Chicago officials promised to encourage fair housing practices in the city if King would stop the protests. King accepted the offer, and the Chicago campaign ended.
Washington kept his white following by conservative policies and moderate utterances, but he faced growing black and white liberal opposition in the Niagara Movement (1905-9) and the NAACP (1909-), groups demanding civil rights and encouraging protest in response to white aggressions such as lynchings, disfranchisement, and segregation laws. Washington successfully fended off these critics, often by underhanded means. At the same time, however, he tried to translate his own personal success into black advancement through secret sponsorship of civil rights suits, serving on the boards of Fisk and Howard universities, and directing philanthropic aid to these and other black colleges.
His speaking tours and private persuasion tried to equalize public educational opportunities and to reduce racial violence. These efforts were generally unsuccessful, and the year of Washington's death marked the beginning of the Great Migration from the rural South to the urban North. Washington's racial philosophy, pragmatically adjusted to the limiting conditions of his own era, did not survive the change.
Martin Luther King's contributions to our history places him in this inimitable position. In his short life, Martin Luther King was instrumental in helping us realize and rectify those unspeakable flaws which were tarnishing the name of America. The events which took place in and around his life were earth shattering, for they represented an America which was hostile and quite different from America as we see it today. Black Americans needed a Martin Luther King, but above all America needed him. The significant qualities of this special man cannot be underestimated nor taken for granted.
Within a span of 13 years from 1955 to his death in 1968 he was able to expound, expose, and extricate America from many wrongs. His tactics of protest involved non-violent passive resistance to racial injustice. It was the right prescription for our country, and it was right on time. Hope in America was waning on the part of many Black Americans, but Martin Luther King, Jr. provided a candle along with a light. He also provided this nation with a road map so that all people could locate and share together in the abundance of this great democracy.
We honor Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. because he showed us the way to mend those broken fences and to move on in building this land rather than destroying it. He led campaign after campaign in the streets of America and on to the governor's mansion - even to the White House - in an effort to secure change.
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But the faith of the evolutionist and humanist is of another order altogether. His is a splendid faith indeed, a faith not dependent on anything so mundane as evidence or logic, but rather a faith strong in its childlike trust, relying wholly on omniscient Chance and omnipotent Matter to produce the complex systems and mighty energies of the universe.
The Harvard zoologist, P.D. Darlington, has penned a remarkable statement of this evolutionary faith, in his book Evolution for Naturalists. Acknowledging that the creative abilities of Matter are entirely enigmatic, he nevertheless bravely believes in them:
The outstanding evolutionary mystery now is how matter has originated and evolved, why it has taken its present form in the universe and on the earth, and why it is capable of forming itself into complex living sets of molecules. This capability is inherent in matter as we know it, in its organization and energy. 2Is not this a fine statement of faith? Even after looking down many avenues of potential evidence, Professor Darlington, more than 200 pages later, is still able to assert there is no evidence and thus his faith is still pure.
It is a fundamental evolutionary generalization that no external agent imposes life or matter. Matter takes the forms it does because it has the inherent capacity to do so.—This is one of the most remarkable and mysterious facts about our universe: that matter exists that has the capacity to form itself into the most complex patterns of life.3The evolutionist faces a great temptation here, a serious stumblingblock to his faith. It seems utterly impossible that dead Matter could create Life. At this point, surely, he will have to defer to logic and acknowledge that Life must be produced by a Cause which is itself alive. After all, scientists long ago showed experimentally that life comes only from life.
Ah, not so! His faith is strong enough to surmount even this barrier. By this I do not mean to suggest the existence of a vital force or entelechy or universal intelligence, but just to state an attribute of matter as represented by the atoms and molecules we know.—We do not solve the mystery by using our inadequate brains to invent mystic explanations. 4This faith in the life-generating powers of Matter glows even more brightly in light of the confessed bafflement of those scientists most familiar with the nature of life and its inexplicable naturalistic origin. One of these has said:
We do not understand even the general features of the origin of the genetic code.—The origin of the genetic code is the most baffling aspect of the problem of the origins of life and a major conceptual or experimental breakthrough may be needed before we can make any substantial progress. 5In fact, the author of this confession, Dr. Orgel, seems at first to have wavered somewhat in his own faith. He and Dr. Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the remarkably complex DNA molecule, now known to be a basic component of life and of the genetic code which controls the reproduction of all living systems, have acknowledged that life was too complex to have arisen naturalistically in the few billion years of earth history.
In actuality, however, their faith is still strong, perhaps even stronger than that of other evolutionists. They believe in "directed panspermia," the amazing notion that lifeseeds were planted on earth by an unknown civilization from some other world in outer space! The mere statement of this concept is itself adequate testimony to the grand credulity of the faith of these fine evolutionists, since there exists not one iota of scientific evidence for such ethereal civilizations.
Another evolutionist of bold faith is Richard Dawkins, originator and popularizer of the remarkable concept of "selfish genes", an idea which itself bespeaks an unusual type of faith. Dawkins, who is on the faculty in zoology at England's famed Oxford University, maintains an unshakeable faith in Darwinian evolution, even at the molecular level, in spite of all the modern attacks thereon by fellow evolutionists. He acknowledges, of course, that the logical thing is to believe in God.
The more statistically improbable a thing is, the less can we believe that it just happened by blind chance. Superficially the obvious alternative to chance is an intelligent Designer. 6Even though it is, indeed, quite obvious that every complex and purposeful system which man has ever seen produced throughout history has been the product of an intelligent human designer, Professor Dawkins is willing to believe that life itself, far more complex than any man-made contrivance, was not designed. He dismisses God in these patronizing words:
I am afraid I shall give God rather short shrift. He may have many virtues: no doubt he is invaluable as a pricker of the conscience and a comfort to the dying and bereaved, but as an explanation of organized complexity he simply will not do. It is organized complexity we are trying to explain, so it is footling to invoke in explanation a being sufficiently organized and complex to create it. 7
He is right, of course. It requires only a very ordinary sort of faith to explain a given effect by a cause adequate to produce the effect. Much more faith is required, an extra-ordinary faith, to believe that effects are produced by causes that are not able to produce them! To believe that non-living matter can create life, that chaotic disorder can evolve itself into organized complexity, that unthinking atoms can sort themselves into thinking human beings,—here is a worthy faith!Evolutionary faith is not limited to biologists, of course. It can be appropriated by evolutionary humanists in philosophy, in economics, in politics, in all fields. A first-rate example was Adolph Hitler, whose implicit faith in Darwinism ("the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life", as the sub-title of Darwin's Origin of Species put it) gave him the vision and courage to array his assumed "master race" against the world, believing that its triumph would be for the greater good of all mankind in its ongoing evolutionary progress. Although his armies finally went down to defeat, he still retained his great faith!
Hitler believed in struggle as a Darwinian principle of human life that forced every people to try to dominate all others; without struggle they would rot and perish.—Even in his own defeat in April 1945, Hitler expressed his faith in the survival of the stronger and declared the Slavic peoples to have proven themselves the stronger. 8Note the strong and unselfish evolutionary faith of Adolph Hitler, willing even to sacrifice his entire Teutonic "race" and finally to take his own life, to advance the cause of evolution.
Finally, let us consider the remarkable faith of Isaac Asimov, the most prolific science writer of our generation. Asimov believes that our present universe began with the Big Bang of a primeval cosmic egg, whose initial explosion led to the formation of chemical elements, stars, galaxies and finally people. Now note his fine statement of faith.
The cosmic egg may be structureless (as far as we know), but it apparently represented a very orderly conglomeration of matter. Its explosion represented a vast shift in the direction of disorder, and ever since, the amount of disorder in the Universe has been increasing. 9
Now explosions commonly produce disorder and disintegration, so this greatest of all explosions must have produced the ultimate in disorder and disintegration. Evolution requires, however, that the great Bang somehow yield great order and complex structures. Dr. Asimov, therefore, believes that the primeval egg possessed an almost infinitely high degree of order, even though it had no structure.Herein we encounter Asimov's deep faith. In all normal systems with which scientists work, "structure" and "order" are essentially synonymous, equivalent also to "information," "complexity," "organization," "integration" and other such terms. If it did what evolutionists believe it did, the primeval egg certainly must have possessed a tremendous amount of organizing information and it thus seems nonsensical to say it had no structure. Asimov believes not only in run-of-the-mill impossibilities but in the equivalence of opposites ("no structure" = "high order").
However, Dr. Asimov does feel it necessary to attempt some kind of rationalization, knowing that people of lesser faith might otherwise stumble.
The existence of the cosmic egg is, however, itself something of an anomaly. If the general movement of the universe is from order to disorder, how did the order (which presumable existed in the cosmic egg) originate? Where did it come from?10At this point, he makes another leap of faith, proposing that the universe—instead of expanding, as he believes it is doing now—was contracting, with everything somehow in reverse and with its order increasing as it contracted. For this to be possible, of course, gravitational attraction has to be invoked to pull it together. The problem with this belief, however, is that the total mass of the matter in the universe is far too small to allow this ever to happen.
Such a problem as this does not overcome the faith of an Asimov. He can handle it merely by another act of faith.
I have a hunch that the 'missing mass' required to raise the density to the proper figure will yet be found and that the universe will yet be discovered to oscillate.11
Asimov's hunch, therefore, solves it all.
We creationists, admittedly, find it difficult to believe all these things that evolutionists manage to believe. But we have always had a high regard for the principle of faith, even though our own faith is rather weak, based as it is on such strong evidence as almost to compel belief in the God of creation and redemption. We must, therefore, at least express admiration for the remarkable faith of the evolutionist.
1. E.g., see the many evidences cited in the book Many Infallible Proofs (by Henry M. Morris; San Diego: CLP, 1974; pp. 1-97.
2. Darlington, C.D., Evolution for Naturalists (NY: John Wiley, 1980) p. 15.
3. Ibid, p. 234.
5. Orgel, Leslie, "Darwinism at the Very Beginning of Life," New Scientist, V. 94., Apr. 15, 1982, p. 15 1.
6. Dawkins, Richard, "The Necessity of Darwinism," New Scientist, V. 94, Apr. 15, 1982, p. 130.
8. Hoffman, P., Hitler’s Personal Security (London: Pergamon, 1979), p. 264.
9. Asimov, I., In the Beginning (NY: Crown Publ., 1981), p. 24.
11. Ibid., p. 25.
*Dr. Henry M. Morris is the Founder and President Emeritus of the Institute for Creation Research. | <urn:uuid:fd0d3a58-b103-4315-a8c8-83288e085de2> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.icr.org/article/splendid-faith-evolutionist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.95499 | 2,246 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Ministers have scrapped guidelines setting out how much homework children should be set, in a move intended to give headteachers greater freedom.
Under the last government, guidance was issued to all schools recommending they have a policy on homework. At the time, homework was common in secondary schools but practices varied at primary level.
The guidelines suggested children aged five to seven should be set an hour a week, rising to half-an-hour a night for seven- to 11-year-olds. Secondary schools were encouraged to set as much as two and-a- half hours a night for children aged 14-16.
There is controversy about the value of homework, with critics saying it is either ineffective or potentially harmful if the extra work is so dull that children switch off.
A greater emphasis on homework can also unfairly benefit pupils from more affluent homes, as they are more likely to have a quiet place to study.
Ann Donaghy, assistant principal of Smith's Wood sports college, in Solihull, West Midlands, said: "If homework is set well then it can be useful – if it consolidates learning.
"But often it's not. Often, it's an extension to finish off work and it doesn't aid the child.
"There's pressure from external sources to set homework. There's a comment in the new Ofsted [inspection] framework where they mention homework, and a lot of teachers see that as if they must be setting homework all the time, even if it's not necessary."
A review of academic research has found the impact of homework on primary age children is "inconclusive", while there is a "relatively modest" effect on older pupils. Time spent on homework had a small impact on pupils' results at secondary school, the 2001 review by the National Foundation for Educational Research found.
It quoted one study that found A-level students who spent seven hours or more on homework per week achieved results that were only a third of a grade higher than students of the same sex and ability who did homework for less than two hours a week.
Education secretary Michael Gove has encouraged schools to extend the length of the day, raising the prospect of more schools supporting pupils as they study in the evening rather than setting them work to take home.
Donaghy welcomed the decision to scrap the homework guidance. She said: "Allowing headteachers to have more autonomy is a good idea as they understand the context of their school."
While homework is controversial, experts agree on the value of parents taking an interest in their children's intellectual life.
Results from the OECD Pisa study, which compares school systems around the world, finds a strong association between children's reading performance at 15, and home activities such as discussing politics, talking about books or films and eating meals together as a family.
The Association of Teachers and Lecturers' annual conference voted in favour of abolishing homework for primary school pupils in 2009, saying it was "a waste of children's time".
TV presenter Kirstie Allsopp, who has campaigned against homework for primary schoolchildren, has described it as a "constant battle that gets in the way of all the real ways kids learn. Going to the park. Reading together. Even just talking, interacting with the rest of the family."
A Department for Education spokeswoman said: "Homework is part and parcel of a good education – along with high quality teaching and strong discipline. We trust headteachers to set the homework policy for their school. They know their pupils best and should be free to make these decisions without having to adhere to unnecessary bureaucratic guidance." | <urn:uuid:bd0a6d47-0f82-499f-8a88-7820915a8917> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/mar/04/homework-guidelines-scrapped?view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988930.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00134-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978956 | 740 | 2.984375 | 3 |
While the experts work on the end life of our recyclable waste, we need to make sure we’re doing our part too.
One of the main reasons why China closed its doors to our recycling was the contamination of recycling, lead by a lot of misinformation about how to recycle properly.
Let’s get it right this time.
A few things you need to know about your recycling
Your home recycling is sorted by human hands.
That’s right; a person stands behind a conveyor belt, and manually removes every single non-recyclable item. Things like plastic bags, clothing, food scraps, and batteries are removed and thrown in landfill.
If you’re lucky, the plant will dispose of them responsibly instead of tossing all non-recyclables into landfill, but the chances are slim.
The recycling symbol on a product doesn’t mean anything without a number. If that three-arrow symbol appears without any other directions around recycling, congratulations, you’ve just been greenwashed.
The recycling symbol attached to a number represents the type of plastic it is, and therefore, if and how it can be recycled.
- Plastic #1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Plastic #2: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
- Plastic #3: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Plastic #4: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
- Plastic #5: Polypropylene (PP)
- Plastic #6: Polystyrene (PS)
- Plastic #7: Other.
The recyclability of each number depends on the area you are in. Not all councils have the processes and facilities to recycle every number so be sure to check your local council rules.
Recycling responsibly can seem pointless in the middle of a recycling crisis, where chances are, your recycling is going to the same place as your landfill. But a conscious change from the consumer’s end is crucial to the global shift. We can’t solve this global recycling crisis without a team effort.
Image via The Conversation
How to recycle responsibly
Wash and dry your recycling
Contamination of food matter, fluids, and chemicals can mean the entire bin will be thrown into landfill. Plus, your recycling bin won’t stink out your kitchen.
Contact your local council for specific guides
Not all recycling numbers are recycled in every town. Make sure to check with your local council, to find out what you can put in your recycling bin. When you move to another city or town, make it a habit to learn what you can recycle, before you move there. If you’re traveling, do your research online, or ask the locals.
Squish your recyclables
Generally, it is best to squish recyclable bottles, cans, and tins, to save space. This is not the case in all recycling plants. Again, make sure to check with your local council.
Keep bottle caps on AND off- huh?
The debate around whether bottle caps should be left on or taken off has been going around in circles for decades. The bottle cap is usually made of a different plastic to the bottle, meaning it needs to be separated. However, bottle caps are small. They are less likely to escape and end up in the ocean or get stuck in the recycling machine when they are screwed onto the bottle. Different councils have different rules. Surprise surprise: ask your local council.
Avoid it in the first place
One of the best ways to recycle is not to recycle. If it can be avoided in the first place, you won’t have to worry about washing and sorting it. The circularity of recycling is great and reduces the amount of landfill we produce. But don’t get caught up on the idea that a sustainable lifestyle involves recycling more. Recycling is not the end solution. We should be recycling less.
Put it in landfill
If you don’t know, and can’t find a reliable source to direct you, put it in landfill. The risk of contaminating the recycling bin has more negative consequences, than the reward of it being recycled. Assuming that the sorter at the recycling plant will happily take your questionable yogurt container away, research where it goes, and recycle it responsibly for you, is a pipe dream.
Perhaps China’s abrupt “no”, was a good kick in the butt for us to address our waste, and do better than recycling. You can get your recycling habits practiced perfectly, but always remember:
Reduce, reuse, recycle. Recycling comes last. | <urn:uuid:654e0057-ec51-4974-bc3a-f680792431b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://thegreenhubonline.com/2018/09/06/the-easy-to-follow-recycling-guide-for-sustainable-living-newbies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147234.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228135132-20200228165132-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.921691 | 976 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Palivizumab is an enormously expensive medication, an antibody which is given intramuscularly about once per month to at-risk infants to prevent infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Recently the AAP and the CPS have changed their recommendations to reduce the number of preterm babies who are eligible for it. Most babies who are slightly or moderately preterm will no longer be eligible for prophylaxis, the decision being largely because the benefits of RSV prophylaxis are not matched by the huge costs.
It is clear that palivizumab decreases both the incidence and severity of RSV infections. So its use is really only a question of cost-benefit. Costs being the monetary cost of the medication, and in addition the “cost” of a monthly intramuscular injection and its administration. If it were not for these costs then you could give palivizumab to everyone. It is to the financial benefit of the medication’s producers to emphasize the benefits of prophylaxis, while not talking about the costs, and not even trying to figure out the incidence of the problems that they are aiming to prevent.
The last sentence of this new paper you could write about absolutely any group of newborns:
Preventing severe RSV disease in this population would provide substantial health benefits, particularly during the first months of life when RSV disease incidence and severity are highest.
It may be no surprise to discover that this paper (paid for open access (by AstraZeneca), unlike most publications in this journal) was funded by AstraZeneca, who are the current producers of palivizumab; it was written by a medical writing company paid by AstraZeneca, has a corresponding author who works for AstraZeneca, and has multiple authors who have other links with AstraZeneca.
What this paper tells us is that some infants who did not get prophylaxis will catch RSV (we don’t know from this paper if that is more than babies who did get prophylaxis) some of them get very sick (we don’t know from this paper if that is more than babies who did get prophylaxis) and it costs a lot of money (we don’t know from this paper if that is more than babies who did get prophylaxis).
The paper gives no indication of how many potentially affected babies were involved, there is no denominator.
There were 702 babies with confirmed RSV disease which was community acquired. For some reason, which is not clear to me from this publication, they only give good information for 219 babies who were “enrolled”. I have read this paper a couple of times (only for the purposes of this blog; otherwise it would have quickly ended up in the metaphorical garbage can: the things I do for my gentle readers…) and I can’t figure out who was enrolled and why, compared to the non-enrolled babies, so we don’t know if the third who were enrolled were representative of the entire cohort.
The information we really need in order to decide who should get palivizumab is the following: how much does it cost if we give 10,000 34 (or 33 or 35) week gestation babies palivizumab prophylaxis, and how much does it cost if we don’t.
Studies designed, paid for, performed, written, and published, by the people who manufacture palivizumab are not likely to help us very much.
But even better would be studies that show how, now that all the R&D costs of the development of palivizumab have been recouped many times over, we can ensure that the price of palivizumab is reduced to reflect “production costs with a reasonable profit margin”; rather than “as much as we can possibly get away with”. | <urn:uuid:c4631fa6-4f38-43b4-85e4-e1721162a173> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://neonatalresearch.org/2016/05/30/do-moderately-preterm-infants-need-rsv-immunization-what-use-are-numbers-without-a-denominator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.974861 | 825 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Ministry of Health reports that eight individuals have lost their lives in Nairobi as a direct result of the cholera outbreak.
The hospital accounted for six of the fatalities, while the other two happened outside of healthcare.
A statement from the ministry claims that four new cases have been reported in the Embakasi East sub-county in the previous 24 hours.
There have been 160 confirmed cases of cholera in the nation’s capital so far, with the Ministry of Health estimating that 13 of them are foreign variants.
Statistics show that out of the total, 91 are male and 69 are female.
The ministry reports that “more men than females have been afflicted by cholera,” with those between the ages of 21 and 30 now being the worst hit, followed by those between the ages of 51 and 60.
The intestinal infection with the Vibrio cholera bacteria is what causes cholera, which results in severe diarrheal sickness.
By ingesting cholera germs, which may be found in contaminated food or water, people might get ill. | <urn:uuid:40657051-c213-4546-907e-60ebe0091fd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.kenyanstory.com/cholera-kills-eight-people-in-nairobi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.960253 | 229 | 2.890625 | 3 |
You might have thought you left the days of Crayola crayons and coloring books in elementary school, but it looks like coloring may be more beneficial now in college than during our childhood!
Coloring is an activity many people associate with a way to entertain kids; however, researchers have found that coloring as an adult can brighten our world in many ways.
Reduces stress and anxiety
Carl Jung, a psychologist during the early nineteenth century, was one of the first to believe that coloring can be used as a sort of therapy to reduce stress. Specifically, he believed that coloring mandalas, geometric shapes now found in many adult coloring books, helps people to experience the benefits of meditation, like inner calm and self-realization. Additionally, a 2005 study by Nancy Curry and Tim Kasser found that people who colored mandalas reported a significant drop in their level of anxiety.
Replaces negative thoughts
Psychologist Gloria Martinez Ayala found that coloring reduces activity in our amygdala, the part in our brain that is activated when we feel scared or stressed. The act of choosing the colors and staring at the shapes you’re filling in narrows our focus and lets us have fun without thinking of our worries. According to Dr. Joel Pearson, a brain scientist at the University of New South Wales, “concentrating on coloring an image may facilitate the replacement of negative thoughts and images with pleasant ones.”
Allows your creativity to flow
Coloring sparks the part of our brain accountable for logic and creativity. It’s even considered a “brain exercise” since you utilize both sides of the cerebral cortex; you use the logic section of your brain through your choice of design and color, and you use the creative side when blending colors together to create that perfect shade. Even if you’re not the most skilled artist, coloring is an easy and simple activity that brings out your creative side.
Helps you stay in the present moment (and off the phone)
We use our phones more than we would like to admit in times of leisure. Sometimes, using technology can make us even more stressed. Constantly staring at a screen isn’t good for our health and not always the best use of our time. According to the Daily Mail, “the average person now spends more time on their phone and computer than they do sleeping.” Knowing how much technology surrounds our lives, it’s important to make the effort to spend time doing activities that are unplugged. Coloring is perfect because it takes such little effort; whether you own a fancy coloring book or just a piece of paper, allow yourself just 30 minutes of complete “me time” drawing instead of scrolling on a device.
Lets you be a kid again
As college students we’ve done a lot of growing up. But, that doesn’t mean we can’t bring out our inner child again! Coloring can spark a nostalgic mood, reminding us of carefree childhood days. You can even pull out some of your old coloring books, if you still own them, to really feel like your young self again. Imagine coloring red-haired Ariel from The Little Mermaid or the blue Genie from Aladdin?
There’s no reason not to give it a try! Grab your favorite book, get some crayons or colored pencils and color your heart out. | <urn:uuid:c5bf0767-d935-4434-beff-e3ecf490fcba> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.valleymagazinepsu.com/color-your-way-to-a-happier-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197278.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129063812-20201129093812-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.942121 | 699 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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Designing a Modern Hardware Emulation PlatformThis first part of a two-part series authored by two leading experts in the field of hardware emulation explores how to build a platform that meets today’s needs.
- January 13, 2020
- Posted by: Lauro Rizzatti
- Category: 2020
Lauro Rizzatti & Charley Selvidge
Jan 13, 2020
Unlike other electronic-design-automation (EDA) point tools, developing a hardware emulation for functional verification requires mastering multiple disciplines. Depending on the architecture of the emulator, it involves five disciplines.
The EDA industry assists all four or five technological fields with dedicated point tools. To create a leading-edge emulation system, developers must approach all fields as a tightly integrated solution.
Before exploring the disciplines, let’s review the architectures of today’s hardware emulators built on one of three types of re-programmable devices. Two consist of custom-made silicon devices. The third uses commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They are:
- Custom processor-based emulator
- Custom emulator-on-chip (EOC)-based emulator
- Commercial FPGA-based emulator
While principles of operation of the three approaches fall beyond the scope of this article, one functional aspect has an impact on the device-under-test (DUT) compiler development. In a processor-based emulator, similar to the workings of a hardware-description-language (HDL) simulator, the DUT is compiled into a data structure, stored in memory that the emulator’s Boolean processors evaluate during run-time. In EOC-based and FPGA-based emulators, the DUT is mapped into a gate-for-gate silicon fabric.
Designing the Hardware
Developing a hardware emulation platform is a major project. It must accommodate a wide range of DUT complexities ranging from a few million ASIC-equivalent gates to well over 10 billion gates. It maps a DUT topology that may be driven by many thousands or millions of complex clock trees, fed by a multitude of asynchronous primary clocks. It ought to lodge large banks of complex memories and intellectual-property (IP) blocks and serve extensive I/O connectivity.
From the bottom-up, the process involves printed-circuit-board (PCB) design populated with re-programmable devices tasked with mapping the DUT, DUT embedded memories, DUT debug memories for collecting DUT activity during run-time, and auxiliary components.
Moving up the hierarchy, the undertaking includes the design of racks hosting PCBs and cabinets to accommodate the racks. High-capacity power supplies and robust cooling systems complete the hardware design job. Depending on the type of emulator, cooling systems can either be based on forced air or fluid circulation.
To achieve scalability and expand design capacity into several billions of gates, multiple interconnected cabinets are necessary. The driving criteria is to design a monolithic cabinet with the largest design capacity possible to reduce the number of cabinets needed to reach the greatest capacity.
Particularly critical is the hierarchical network interconnecting re-programmable devices, extending from the PCB to racks and cabinets. The network should ensure sufficient routing resources to emulate a wide range of designs at a high speed of execution.
An overall design objective calls for keeping power consumption to a minimum to minimize cost of ownership and ensure high reliability. That means calculating the amount of energy feeding the ventilation and air-conditioning system, with dimensions and weight of the emulation platform.
All make the case for mastering the art of hardware design mandatory to create a state-of-the-art hardware emulator.
Designing the Re-programmable Devices
As mentioned earlier, today’s vendors select one of three different technologies. Two use custom-made and one uses off-the-shelf chips, traditionally provided by Xilinx (see table).
The two custom-made architectures have been validated by multiple generations of devices over the past 20 years, supporting the development of new generations of chips for the foreseeable future.
At the time of this writing, the three approaches are implemented on different semiconductor process nodes, albeit not the latest. Yet, designing silicon at advanced process nodes is time-consuming and expensive, and requires an uncommon and highly qualified set of skills, not to mention exceptional talent.
Based on historical data, emulation system development for custom chip-based systems requires approximately four to five years.
Creating the DUT Compiler
The first step in deploying an emulation platform involves mapping the DUT onto the emulator’s re-programmable resources via the compilation process.
While the team creating the hardware portion of an emulator may include 10 to 20 hardware developers and, possibly, a similar number of semiconductor designers, the team designing the compiler can comprise up to 100 software designers. The emulator compiler absorbs the largest slice of the R&D personnel budget. Let’s consider what’s required.
The emulator compiler harnesses a set of technologies, more for the FPGA-based and EOC-based platforms than for the processor-based version. For the former, the main compilation tasks include register-transfer-level (RTL) synthesis, netlist partitioning, timing analysis, clock mapping, memory mapping, board routing, and FPGA or EOC placing and routing (P&R). In the processor-based emulator, re-programmable chip P&R is replaced by scheduling computations on Boolean processors.
It begins with parsing the DUT description using any combination of Verilog, VHDL, or SystemVerilog HDLs. The RTL code is synthesized into a structural netlist.
Since the goal of RTL compilation for an emulator is purely functional, various aspects of synthesis relevant to optimization for physical implementation can be omitted to facilitate faster compilation. Optimizations to logic primitive count and netlist depth are still appropriate to provide a final compilation result with the best capacity and performance characteristics. Emulation system providers typically use custom-developed synthesis technology with these characteristics.
Once the DUT netlist is generated, the compilation flow diverges depending on the emulation technology. In FPGA-based and EOC-based platforms, the gate-level netlist gets partitioned across an array of re-programmable devices implementing the DUT.
In splitting the netlist, a less-than-perfect partitioner may assign uneven blocks of logic to one or more re-programmable devices, causing interconnect congestion despite the use of modern GHz+ rates of data transport in the emulator network. Likewise, a partitioner that doesn’t handle timing may introduce long critical paths on combinational signals by routing them through multiple chips, called hops, detrimental to the maximum speed of emulation. Here, an accurate timing analysis tool can identify such long critical paths and avoid hops.
The impact on the emulation speed associated with partitioning can be dramatic. This partitioning technology is unique, and the tool is typically developed from scratch.
The need to map clocks raises an even greater challenge. Modern designs can use hundreds of thousands of derived clocks distributed over hundreds of re-programmable devices. Designers reduce power consumption by using complex clock-gating strategies. Effort goes into the compiler’s ability to efficiently manage these clocks.
After all this is done, re-programmable devices must be placed and routed. The P&R tool is either supplied by the off-the-shelf FPGA vendor or created by the EOC vendor.
In the processor-based emulator, the compiler partitions the DUT among processors and schedules individual Boolean operations in time steps. The compiler doesn’t have to deal with P&R and instead deals with allocation of computations to specific Boolean processors and timeslots.
DUT memories in all emulation systems are implemented via memory models. These configure the on-device memory resources and on-board standard memory chips to act as ASIC memories of various shapes and sizes, as well as other specialized memory devices like DDR3 SDRAM, GDDR5, and SDRAM. For this article, the creation of memory models falls under the “Creating the Supporting Environment” section further down.
Compiling a design is a computationally intensive process, dependent on design size and complexity. To speed up the undertaking, the process is heavily parallelized in multiple threads that can run concurrently on PC farms. This parallelization adds another dimension to the already difficult mission to design a compiler.
An emulator’s compiler requires leading-edge synthesis, partitioning, timing analysis, clock mapping, and P&R technologies, compounded by the need to be heavily parallelized. It’s no wonder that it takes so much attention from the R&D team.
Designing the Emulation Run-Time OS
Once the DUT is mapped onto the emulation platform, it’s ready to be evaluated and debugged, which is accomplished by run-time software or the emulator’s operating system.
The run-time software’s development team, smaller in size than that of the compiler, deals with the environment that drives the DUT. It applies the stimulus; collects and processes the response; and handles all collaterals, including SystemVerilog assertions (SVAs), monitors, and checkers required to control and debug the DUT. It also captures the design activity necessary to trace a design bug.
Run-time software embraces two different components. The first is tasked with evaluating the DUT combining the operating system and software running in one or more host computer systems and extensive firmware loaded in the emulator. The two manage input/output operations of the DUT mapped inside the platform and give users the ability to start, stop, rewind, loop, single-step, save, and restore all typical run-time tasks.
Unlike a modern emulator’s forerunners deployed in only one operational mode called in-circuit emulation (ICE), today’s emulators can be deployed in multiple modes of operation. Beside ICE mode, they can be deployed in acceleration mode, which can be further divided in two sub-classes: cycle-based acceleration—not popular because of the limited speed up versus an HDL simulator—and transaction-based acceleration. The untimed, transaction mode initiated the use of the emulator in a virtual environment and the ability to run software on a virtual platform.
Run-time software that controls the emulator must support all of the above and is intimately tied with the operation of the design itself. It deals with any real-time issues or virtualization layers that might be required to make the hardware and processing elements available to the applications that will ultimately be visible to the system user.
The second component of run-time software consists of the DUT debugger. Unlike debugging a design in a logic simulator, where total design visibility and controllability is natively ensured by the tool’s software algorithm, debugging in an emulation system requires the creation of a DUT’s internal visibility and controllability at run-time.
Visibility and controllability can be built in the silicon fabric of the re-programmable elements or at compile time via the insertion of probes or dedicated instrumentations, or often some combination of the two. In all cases, visibility and controllability are managed by the debugger.
The debugger must efficiently manage data capture at run-time and support all modern debugging means such as SVAs, checkers, monitors, and coverage. Since an emulator can handle billions of gates’ worth of functionality spanning billions of verification cycles, a more comprehensive debugger is unlikely to be found anywhere else.
Creating the Supporting Verification Environment
Building an ecosystem in support of an emulator involves multiple aspects, some of them related to the DUT, others to the test environment.
Any DUT, especially large DUTs, include substantial embedded memories modeled to be mapped inside the emulator. Creating memory models, while not a major project per se, requires a specific level of expertise.
When an emulator is deployed in virtual mode, the interface between the DUT and the virtual environment can be modeled via a VIP that implements a communication protocol, called a transactor. Specifics of each transactor depend on the application.
Transactors for the most popular protocols, such as PCIe, USB, and Ethernet, are provided by emulation or third-party vendors. Their creation requires IP design skills and specialization in specific vertical markets, such as communication or networking. Emulator users may need custom transactors as well if their designs use proprietary protocols.
A third category of emulation VIP includes speed adapters consisting of electronic boards that act as FIFOs when the emulator is deployed in ICE mode. Real target systems typically run at multi-gigahertz rates, several orders of magnitude faster than the speed of the emulator. The insertion of speed adapters between each emulator IO and the target system guarantees that the two clock domains communicate without data losses or protocol violations.
To create a leading-edge emulation system, the development team must address at least four or five technological domains of the design automation know-how and draw from widely disparate technological fields. It must do so to ensure all elements of an emulator work together cohesively.
For an emulator to be competitive, all technologies must perform flawlessly with little room for error. The weakest link becomes the platform’s limitation.
Charley Selvidge, Ph.D., is chief architect and senior director of R&D for the hardware emulation business at Mentor, a Siemens Business.
Dr. Lauro Rizzatti is a verification consultant and industry expert on hardware emulation. Previously, Dr. Rizzatti held positions in management, product marketing, technical marketing and engineering. | <urn:uuid:9f6186e3-aefd-4394-b6dc-de51f884b801> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.rizzatti.com/2020/01/13/designing-a-modern-hardware-emulation-platform/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.905846 | 2,842 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Growth Trends for Related Jobs
The medical supplies that veterinarians use to treat animals are similar to those that doctors use on human patients. These include otoscopes and ophthalmoscopes for examining the throat, ears and eyes, and aspirators and regulators for surgical procedures. Vets use other kinds of tools depending on the patients they are treating, which might be equine, companion or food animals. Some vets specialize in a certain treatment, such as dentistry, surgery, internal medicine, microbiology or pathology, and require certain equipment to complete their work.
Veterinarians use a variety of tools to perform simple checkups, dress wounds, set bones, collect body fluids for analysis or conduct short medical procedures. They use nail trimmers or cutters, hoof grinders, speculums, ear syringes or dehorners several times throughout the course of a day. Vets who work with cats may use onychectomy clippers, which are guillotine-type clippers for declawing.
Surgical clamps, microscopes, saws, pin drivers, suction machines and catheters are frequently involved in surgeries, but vets also use equipment designed specifically for animals. For example, cattle and livestock containment chutes restrain large animals and roll to provide access to areas that are difficult to reach. Surgeries on furry animals often require veterinarians to use electric or manual razors to shave a portion of fur. Other materials include snook hooks, which are curved hooks for spaying procedures, and hemostats or tourniquets.
Vaccinations and Euthanasia
Veterinarians use needles of various sizes to vaccinate, treat or euthanize animals. The Humane Society of the United States' Euthanasia Reference Manual, for example, notes that most shelters use 25-gauge needles for euthanization. Vets may have to use animal-handling tools, such as control poles or nets, as well as identification equipment, like microchip scanners. They also keep first aid kits and eyewash stations.
Some veterinarians provide specialized services for pets, such as artificial insemination to assist in reproduction. Insemination procedures typically include the use of ultrasound machines, insemination equipment, and blood or fertility tests. More technologically advanced services include cold laser treatments for arthritis or photo-biotherapy. Vets use 15-, 25- or 30-watt surgical lasers to perform noninvasive procedures that increase blood circulation in animals, which reduce their nerve sensitivity and pain.
Based in the Northwoods of Wisconsin, Megan Torrance left her position as the general manager for five Subway restaurants to focus on her passion for writing. Torrance specializes in creating content for career-oriented, motivated individuals and small business owners. Her work has been published on such sites as Chron, GlobalPost and eHow. | <urn:uuid:4fef1fe2-05f8-4d41-abde-9480bec68388> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://careertrend.com/info-8352395-tools-do-vets-use.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517159.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118220236-20210119010236-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.919099 | 589 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It is clear that there are many diverse understandings, definitions, and stances about the term postdigital. For many authors ‘postdigital’ is not temporal, it is not ‘after’ digital, rather it is a critical inquiry into the state of the digital world. Yet the postdigital should be seen as a stance which merges the old and the new, it is not seen as an event or temporal position, rather it is a critical perspective, a philosophy, that can be summarized as a collection of stances in the following intersecting positions. The postdigital then is not just about positions or spaces inhabited just for a time, it is essentially ungraspable.
This ungraspability relates to the way in which structures, political systems. cultures, languages, and technologies differ and change. Yet in many ways such changes are somewhat static in the university sector. Fuller asks: What difference does university make if everything produces knowledge or is in the business of knowledge production? His stance is Humboldtian. He argues for the importance of the lecture and suggests that many academics today do not really understand its premise or the important synergy between research and teaching. The university is not just about passing on knowledge. It is about the exploration of wisdom and knowledge. Online lectures recorded and repeated are merely about knowledge production, not about exploration and dissent.
The advent of the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in shifting much learning online yet the tendency of the administrators to run most universities and make pedagogical decisions on behalf of the academics put boundaries around this. The result has not been recognition of the need for liquid learning, but rather the creation of something ordered and online in particular ways. Liquid curricula are defined here as curricula that focus on students’ and tutors’ stances and personal identities, and provide opportunities to design modules and lessons in open and flexible ways.
In practice this means that universities need to stretch beyond open courseware and closed virtual learning environments. Instead learning would need to be created around a constellation of uncertainties, such as negotiated assessment, and open and flexible learning intentions. Liquid learning spaces are open, flexible and contested, spaces in which both learning and learners are always on the move. Movement in such curricula is not towards a given trajectory. Instead there is a sense of displacement of notions of time and place, so that curricula are delineated with and through the staff and students, and they are defined by the creators of the space(s).
Connected-mobile media technologies are currently transforming the experience and expectations of students’ engagement with knowledges, learning and technologies and universities are facing this shift in the form of students tethered to their mobiles. Learning at university is now just one (amongst many) sources of information and learning, which students engage with on a daily basis – and we therefore have to compete for their attention. This in turn means that traditional modes of teaching (broadcasting) educational content – via the lecture-seminar-tutorial model are no longer adequate. Liquid learning and disruptive media (networked-connected-digital) enable and indeed encourage collaboration and the co-creation of content, which breach the walls of the classroom but remain relatively untapped. What we really require is postdigital learning.
Postdigital Humans: Transitions, Transformation and Transcendence
The first book in the Postdigital Science and Education book series, Postdigital Humans: Transitions, Transformation and Transcendence, is written by a group of innovative authors sharing their ideas and reflections. What is common across all chapter is the concerns about how we manage the postdigital future and in particular deal with and indeed take on surveillance capitalism and seek to avert the possibly, or even inevitability of the marketized diminishment of the human.
What this book illustrates is that the development and use of postdigital humans is occurring rapidly, but often in unexpected ways and spaces. The chapters explore approaches to developing and using postdigital humans and the impact they are having on a postdigital world. This book presents current research and practices at a time when education is changing rapidly with digital, technological advances. In particular, it outlines the major challenges faced by today’s employers, developers, teachers, researchers, priests and philosophers such as the possibility for using postdigital humans for teaching, training and practice.
The first section of the book begins with an exploration of the ideas and concepts associated with postdigital humans. The second section of the book provides both a practical and philosophical stance toward the use of postdigital humans in education. The final section of the book explores the overlapping constructs of philosophy, ethics and religion. Postdigital Humans: Transitions, Transformation and Transcendence brings together concerns over agency, the wider complex ecology of techno-capitalist relations, notions of individual self-determination and ways in which humanity needs to come to understand and act in the postdigital world.
Maggi Savin-Baden is Professor of Education at the University of Worcester and has researched and evaluated staff and student experience of learning for over 20 years and gained funding in this area (Leverhulme Trust, JISC, Higher Education Academy, MoD). She has a strong publication record of over 60 research publications and 18 books which reflect her research interests on the impact of innovative learning, digital afterlife, cyber-influence, pedagogical agents, qualitative research methods, and problem-based learning. In her spare time, she runs, bakes, climbs and attempts triathlons. | <urn:uuid:cce97fad-45a7-41f4-ab7f-61c74871cc3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://postpandemicuniversity.net/2021/05/06/postdigital-humans/?replytocom=665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711045.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205200634-20221205230634-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.938929 | 1,140 | 2.71875 | 3 |
At the beginning I translated example sentences I was given very literally in my head whenever I could, then converted to more natural English. For example…
さとしさんとまりさんはお茶を飲みました。–> Satoshi and Mary [as for] tea [d.o.] drank. —> [As for] Satoshi and Mary [they] drank tea.
猫は学校に行きました. [As for] the cat to the school went. ----> The cat went to the school.
お母さんにせーたーをもらいました。[From] mom a sweater I took. —> I got [myself] a sweater from mom.
For me it helped adapt my understanding to the order of information as I was given it, and helped me understand how to replicate similar sentences. A “simple” English sentence structure is equivalent to a slightly different Japanese sentence structure. Eventually I didn’t need to translate like this anymore, because I understood what relationships the particles stood for in the order they were given.
You’re going to be asking yourself questions in a different order as you hear a sentence:
From whom/what? To whom/what?
Whereas in English, the order of your questions is, WHO? DOES WHAT? FROM WHOM/TO WHOM?
The English order may be more natural to you, but in the end all the same relationships get conveyed. You just have to expect a different logical flow. | <urn:uuid:2180a67b-4aaa-47e6-9da4-69b721e9f4f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://community.wanikani.com/t/good-ways-to-internalize-verbs-and-sentence-structures/33172 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127044624-20201127074624-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.920143 | 334 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A reader is a little confused about which browser they are using. “Am I using IE? Hello, can you please explain why I cannot see the Internet Explorer page on my computer screen like before I have it updated and downloaded, but there is no indication that it is I.E, just a little tab above the Google browser. I questioned the HP tech and could not really understand what he meant that it is not a browser. It always seems to be hidden somehow so I am never sure if I am on Google or I.E ?”
This is not an uncommon question. Often times even teens (who are supposed to be tech-savvy) aren’t aware of exactly which browser they are using on their phones.
Here’s what I think the HP tech was trying to explain to you: Google has both a search engine and a browser. A search engine is a service that helps you find things online. A browser is a program that you use to access the Internet. Google Chrome is a browser. In fact, it’s the most popular browser out there. You download it and install it on your PC. It’s accessed by clicking an icon that looks like this.
The Google search engine site can be pulled up using any browser. You can also set it to be your homepage in any browser. Here’s what it looks like in Internet Explorer.
So how do you tell if you’re using it in Internet Explorer? The first thing to ask yourself is did you open Internet Explorer? Here’s what the icon to open IE looks like.
All browsers these days go for a pretty clean look, so you won’t see the name of the browser anywhere when it’s open. But there are some differences in the look of the programs. Internet Explorer looks like this when you look in the upper-right.
Click that little gear wheel to get the settings menu. If you’re using IE, one of your options will be “About Internet Explorer.”
If you’re using IE, it will be visible on your taskbar. Just hover over the icon to see that it’s open.
The important thing to remember is that your PC doesn’t really go off on its own. If a program opens, either you opened it or you have it selected as the program you want for that task. | <urn:uuid:89713a7b-e9f8-4c37-b3e8-375a356ab397> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://cynmackley.com/2018/02/02/which-google-is-which/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202589.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322014319-20190322040319-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.932241 | 499 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Today, healthcare providers are taking a great challenge on the increasing number of the obesity problem. They will identify who will undertake weight loss programs due to health reasons and to come up with successful weight loss programs to address the problem. There are various associations and groups that develop a comprehensive treatment to partner with healthcare providers in treating patients who are affected by obesity or overweight.
It has been found out that weight loss is not centered on will power but it is about the behavior of people when they are surrounded by food, physical activities and changing the behavior to get help from professionals.
Based on the report, the new guideline is based on a review that gives a summary of the associated risks of obesity including the benefits obtained when the person undergoes a weight loss program. Also, it summarizes knowledgeable facts on proper diet for weight loss, effectiveness and efficacy of weight loss comprehensive lifestyle interventions and how to maintain weight loss. In addition, it includes bariatric surgery benefits and risks.
In the US, about 155 million people are suffering from overweight or obesity. Overweight has a body mass index of 25-29.9 while obesity has 30 or more. The body mass index (BMI) is used to get the excess body fat and measures the person’s body weight in relation to his height.
The report has a recommendation that health care providers must calculate the BMI annually or frequency to identify which individuals have higher risks of stroke and heart problems due to overweight problems. Also, the report shows an evidence that those who have a greater BMI have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and other cause of death.
Another recommendation is for health providers to develop an individualized weight loss program taking into consideration the three major components. These are:
- Moderate reduction of calorie diet.
- Increased physical activity.
- Behavioral strategies in helping patients achieve a healthy weight and maintain it.
To achieve these goals, it is recommended that a person must work with an experienced healthcare provider like a dietitian, expert weight loss counselor or a behavioral psychologist in the setting of a primary care.
In conducting a weight loss counselling, the participants must be those who need intervention for weight loss due to overweight or obesity problems that could lead to cardiovascular diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and for women who have more 35 inches waistline and 40 inches in men.
The most effective program for behavior change is regular meetings with the healthcare provider for at least two to three times a month for six consecutive months or more depending on the case. Another option for weight loss program is by using the web or phone but according to research, this type of intervention is not as effective than one-on-one programs.
However, a comprehensive lifestyle program is not commonly available. This is ideal in assisting participants to follow a lower calorie diet and how to increase physical activities through behavioral strategies.
Other important recommendations are the following:
- To tailor dietary patterns depending on the patient’s health risks and food preferences. For instance, a patient suffering from high blood cholesterol will benefit from a diet which is low in calorie, low saturated fat as well as foods that they like most.
- To focus on how to achieve weight loss and sustain it. In the first 6 months, it is recommended to shed 5%-10%. This way, there is a greater chance to lower down high blood pressure, reduced medications and improve cholesterol level. Even a 3% sustained weight is a big achievement and can reduce associated health problems. Also, this would mean that factors affecting cardiovascular disease such as blood glucose, triglycerides and other factors are reduced.
- For individuals who have a BMI of more than 40 and suffering from high blood pressure or diabetes can consider bariatric surgery because it can give health benefits. However, the guidelines do not recommend surgery for patients who have a BMI below 35.
- To consider natural fat burner foods like green coffee bean, green tea, creatine, white kidney bean extract, gracianacambogia and raspberry ketone. These are found to provide significant effects on the weight loss program.
In addition, healthcare providers must not limit their intervention in providing an advise but should have an active participation in the patients weight loss program.
The obesity guideline is a prevention guideline to help people who are suffering from cardiovascular diseases and other relevant factors include lifestyle management, cardiovascular and cholesterol assessment.
Author: This post is written by James Hudson a fitness expert . Fitness is both my passion and career. I like to motivate people to reach their goals and becoming the person they know they can be.
If you have any interest in healthcare courses or would like to learn more about our healthcare certifications, then please review the program. Qualified professionals can become certified upon completion of the healthcare courses that make up the core content of the program. | <urn:uuid:3972c5c1-a58c-41a4-9c11-2aa5eebbe7f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.aihcp.org/blog/roadmap-treat-teenagers-suffering-obesity-overweight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607649.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523183134-20170523203134-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.948516 | 981 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Some Recent and Pleistocene sands of Illinois and the nearby Missouri River were separated into three groups by petrographic characteristics that reflect source material. The sands derived largely or entirely from the glacial material of Illinois and the upper Mississippi, Wabash, and Lake Michigan drainage basins contain types of feldspars and rock fragments that indicate derivation from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. The sands of the Ohio River at the southern boundary of Illinois contain relatively large amounts of polycrystalline quartz and nonfeldspathic rock fragments that may have been derived from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks largely of Appalachian derivation, from glacial drift of the eastern states, or from both sources. A significant portion of the Missouri River sands and the Mississippi River sands below the mouth of the Missouri River consists of feldspars and rock fragments derived from the Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks of the western United States. The volcanic rock fragments are especially indicative of a western source. Petrographic characteristics of 23 samples of these sands were determined. The sources of the sands were interpreted principally from their rock fragments and light minerals, especially the feldspars, taking into account the variation in composition with changing grain size. Much of the plagioclase was untwinned, but certain varietal features proved useful in its identification. ?? 1967.
Additional Publication Details
The petrography of some Illinois pleistocene and recent sands | <urn:uuid:ec93e864-346b-494c-861f-8810907e3350> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70010460 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645390745.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031630-00209-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927873 | 300 | 3.296875 | 3 |
If someone tells
you they have degus, and your reaction is either "you have what?" or "have you
seen a doctor about that?", this page should help you. There's one looking at
For those of you thinking of degU, you're on the wrong page! For the rest of you, take a look at . Cute? We think so!!
Briefly: a degu is (currently) a rodent of order Caviomorpha that lives in Chile in South America. Highly social herbivorous mammals, they live in groups, nest in burrows and are diurnal (active during the day). They are about the size of an adult person's open palm and have brown pelts (fur), pale UV reflective ventral (belly) fur, light rings of fur around their eyes and orange teeth. They also have a medium length tail with short, wiry hair becoming longer at the tip. Degus are sometimes referred to as 'brush tail rats' or 'trumpet tailed rats'52 but are entirely unrelated to rats. Other names that local people often use to refer to wild degus include 'chozchoris', 'rata de las cercas', 'raton de tapias', 'bori' and 'Cuming's octodon'52. The name 'degu' is itself derived from its Latin name, Octodon degus. 'Octodon' translates from Latin as 'eight tooth' (octo=eight, dens=tooth), while 'degus' is derived from the Latin word 'degusto' meaning to taste/graze. Octodon degus therefore loosely translates as 'eight tooth grazer', a name which the naturalist who discovered them clearly obtained through aspects of their physiology and behaviour.
Want to know more? Look no further!
Click the links on the menu to the left to find out more than you ever wanted to know about these furry friends. | <urn:uuid:0b96c4b5-71bf-4a61-897a-c33faf056dec> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.degutopia.co.uk/degu.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122086930.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175446-00198-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945709 | 404 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Helping kids go far since 1989
Hunger stands in the way.
Hunger can make it difficult for a child to concentrate, negatively effects their attendance, and worsens learning outcomes. Read the long-term effects of hunger on our children in our Annual Report to the Community.2021 Annual Report
higher levels of anxiety are experienced by hungry children.*
of students eat more fruits and vegetables when schools have gardens.*
Hours of nutrition education are needed to affect behavior change.*
*Based on program evaluations and participant feedback.
Our mission to feed 1 million kids every year.
President’s Choice Children’s Charity aims to reach one million kids annually with good food by 2025. Children who participate in Power Full Kids | Eat Well, our in-school program, receive meals and snacks four days per week from September to June.
843,000Children and youth fed during Power Full Kids programs
2,370Power Full Kids program locations across Canada
116,000,000Meals and snacks provided
717,000Students fed at school during the Power Full Kids | Eat Well program
1,700Schools delivered the Power Full Kids | Eat Well program
25,900Children and youth participated in the Power Full Kids | Grow & Cook program at school | <urn:uuid:c57f2e34-5997-434c-89ab-3ed60fff0c5f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.pcchildrenscharity.ca/our-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.921934 | 287 | 2.578125 | 3 |
You'll need to log in to PurpleMash where you'll have some literacy and maths brain warm ups.
For maths, you have a game called 'Bond Bubbles', where you'll have to remember those number bonds to get a high score.
For those English skills, you've a simple one to start with practising where those capitals, exclamation marks and full stops, and then you've a task to create some fantastic noun phrases by quickly matching the adjective (describing word) with a noun (naming word). See if you can get a high score!
Literacy - RRSA biography
Article 27 – Adequate Standard of Living
Every child has the right to a standard of living that is good enough to meet their physical and social needs and support their development. Governments must help families who cannot afford to provide this.
What do we mean by an 'adequate standard of living' for children? What do you need to make sure you can have a healthy and happy life?
Throughout history, and even today, there have been many children who have not had access to these things. Fortunately, there have also been people who have recognised this right even before it was written down. Can you research the life of someone who tackled poverty and raised living standards for people? You'll find a blank biography on PurpleMash with all the things we know a biography needs - being in time order, dates, starting with their early life, their most famous work.
Here are some ideas to get you going (just pick one!).
You could pick Dr Barnado https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/true-stories-thomas-barnardo/zky7pg8
Marcus Rashford https://kids.kiddle.co/Marcus_Rashford
You can find more here; https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/anti-poverty-activists/ or look up 'anti poverty activists' and see who you find interesting.
Investigation time! We've two, one fairly straightforward and one for brainboxes. Both involve the number 15 and addition.
The first one is called 'Build it up' and is linked below:
This second one is a bit trickier and you'll have to do some detective work.
I have fifteen cards numbered 1− 15.
I put down seven of them on the table in a row.
The numbers on the first two cards add to 15.
The numbers on the second and third cards add to 20.
The numbers on the third and fourth cards add to 23.
The numbers on the fourth and fifth cards add to 16.
The numbers on the fifth and sixth cards add to 18.
The numbers on the sixth and seventh cards add to 21.
What are my cards?
Can you find any other solutions?
How do you know you've found all the different solutions?
Earthquakes! They are one of Earth's scariest natural disasters and can cause huge amounts of damage and destruction. But what causes them?
What are the effects of an earthquake? What do people do in countries where they do happen (we're lucky in this country that we won't have major earthquakes) - take a look at this example in Japan;
On PurpleMash, you have a volcano leaflet to complete. I want you to include the following information;
Challenge questions to answer for the earthquake experts: | <urn:uuid:e536e833-d10d-498e-8c1c-a2832aade298> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.northern.lancs.sch.uk/5221-remote-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337371.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003003804-20221003033804-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.950973 | 734 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Overexertion and Strenuous Movement
The cause for up to 80% of low back pain is attributed to over use, repeated or strenuous use of our muscles. This can occur from occupational, sports, recreational or simply everyday use of our back muscles and vertebral joints. When muscles work harder or longer than they should, it causes strain or sprain, which is the cause of most low back pain. Obviously the severity and duration of back pain differs widely, leading to different diagnoses and prognoses for full or partial recovery.
Injury And Accidents
Injuries and accidents are a leading cause of back pain. An accident is an occurrence that is unforeseen. We fail to prevent them, hence we call them accidents. Again, accidents and injuries can occur during the activities mentioned above. Or from a vehicle accident or work related activity. Lumped into this category are any and all activities in which an accident may arise to produce injury and back pain.
Age And Gender
Other than the obvious, there is little to distinguish age as a risk factor, rather the factors listed above serve as the common denominators among back pain sufferers. Up to age 60 the risk is the same for both men and women. However, after that, there is a higher risk among women to suffer back pain due largely to Osteoporosis, which affects more woman than men.
Health Status And Dietary Factors
The status of your body in terms of strength, immune system and an overall healthy state of being is a factor affecting the incidence of back pain. Any condition that reduces your ability to exercise and increase your strength is a factor leading to higher incidence for back problems. Such conditions as cardiac, respiratory or obesity puts you at higher risk. Those with poor family health history and who maintain poor health and dietary habits or injest more toxins as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, refined sugars, etc., are at higher risk. Smokers are at a higher risk of back pain than non-smokers.
Canal Size And Shape Of Spine
The size of your spinal space is a congenital factor, meaning that you are born with a predisposed opening for the spinal nerve and root. The larger the opening, the more room and less incidence for pinching of the nerves.
We all experience stress and other psychological factors in our lives. Stress is OK, if you can handle it. But, when stress overcomes you, it puts you at higher risk regards health related disorders and one of the risks is a higher incidence for back pain. Another stress factor referred to as “Post Traumatic Stress Related Disorder” after injury, is seen among people who lose productivity, whether job, sports or recreationally related, people have higher esteem when they are more productive. Stress has sometimes been said to be one of the most common occurrences seen with back pain. One who experiences back pain may also experience changes in sleep patterns, loss of appetite and resulting fatigue. When under substantial stress, you may also see a change in the person’s posture, resulting in changes to the body’s normal “center of gravity” exerting even more pressure to the disc and nerve structures. If this leads to depression, it can cause the person to take poor care of him or herself, resulting in a deconditioning and causing even weaker muscles. It is published that most “medical errors” occur when patients are not given the opportunity to make decisions about their treatment options. It is known that patients make the quickest recovery when they make choices and are active in their care plan and that’s what we offer. | <urn:uuid:1764fad0-255f-4b8a-9b1e-9ec2627f0a4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.medicalwellnessnj.com/chiropractic-services/spinal-decompression/what-are-the-common-causes-of-back-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000353.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626134339-20190626160339-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.954102 | 740 | 2.5625 | 3 |
All around the world, from the Americas to Africa, we are witnessing a resurgence of silence. In spite of the tremendous human and civil rights progress in the last century – embodied by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights –there has been an undeniable trend against civil society.
Whether targeting activists, humanitarian aid workers, or citizens, governments around the globe have been restricting the free speech and capacity of civil society organizations and institutions. This is particularly troubling, because as Ben Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communications for President Obama, explains,
“Independent and strong civil societies… help governments solve problems and better serve their people by shining a light on the issues that matter most…. Where civil society thrives, governments operate with more transparency and accountability. This creates a tangible impact on the lives of everyday citizens.”
Global freedom has been backsliding for the last decade, and this year’s numbers are shocking:
The number of countries showing a decline in freedom for the year—72—was the largest since the 10-year slide began. Over the last decade, the most significant global reversals have been in freedom of expression and rule of law. – Freedom House
Counterpart International, like so many others, is dedicated to preserving civic space and ensuring that all people have a voice in the decisions that impact their lives. Of the more than 25 countries where Counterpart implements programs with local partners, only 10% of these countries are “free”, according to Freedom House. We know that civic space is shrinking and we must do more to stop this troubling trend.
Why is protecting civic space so important for the world?
Civic space is the heart of civil society. It is the communities, organizations and individuals that are so uniquely connected to the history and trajectory of their societies.
Civic space is being cultivated in Programa Impactos and the Alliance for Open Government Partnerships in Honduras, Counterpart’s program connecting civil society and government officials together in an effort to increase transparency and accountability in governance. After five years of leading the efforts for governmental accountability in Honduras, in June, Impactos announced its participation in the Central American Alliance for Regional Initiatives. Developing now, the Alliance will be a learning network that enables civil society organizations from all over Central America to connect, exchange experiences and discuss lessons learned for the designs of future Open Government Plans in their region.
We see the importance of civil society in the civic education coalition, made up of 73 development organizations, that are currently meeting in the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In September of 2016, this coalition, with support from Counterpart International, facilitated Tribune d’Expression Populaires that connected citizens, community leaders and elected officials to help all participants understand their specific rights and roles in the country’s evolving democracy.
And, as we have seen, it can be so much more…
Preserving civic space is also about helping citizens learn how to stand together in the same civic space free of hostility and persecution.
In our Youth for Peace Building Program, we bring together young leaders from all across Burundi. Hosting a series of youth focused workshops and retreats we seek to build bridges and discuss an apolitical approach to peacebuilding and how to share without hostility the common space of civic society.
And the results have been transformational.
When asked, “What did you learn at the workshop?”
Ines said, “I used to feel a lot of hate toward people of the ruling party, but since the workshop, my heart has become soft again. I’m more tolerant and open to discussion. Violence is no longer an option for me because we’ve found an alternative. I feel more confident and have more hope.”
Elysée, for his part, also felt the workshops were life changing. “At the workshop, I met a youth who is a well-known opposition leader. Now we’re friends and we have a different perception of each other’s opinions. Counterpart managed to help us work through a huge challenge. Now we can walk around even on ‘enemy land’ feeling confident and safe.”
Given a chance to openly address one another, their mutual histories, and the violence that has challenged their society, these men and women chose to speak up for a peaceful, shared civic space.
As President Barack Obama said in 2013,
Human progress has always been propelled at some level by what happens in civil society— citizens coming together to insist that a better life is possible, pushing their leaders to protect the rights and dignities of all people.
Having worked for more than 50 years to empower civil society, Counterpart International knows that citizens thrive in open societies where they have the power to influence decisions. By listening to and empowering the voices of civil society, we can catalyze change agents and solution creators working toward a more just and peaceful future for us all. | <urn:uuid:1dbedbdd-6f11-4d34-a121-10d49834e4d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.counterpart.org/preserving-civic-space-create-better-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.940729 | 1,020 | 2.875 | 3 |
Length : 3 days
This course is part 1 of a training series on “Understanding High Frequency PCB Design - High-Speed, RF, and EMI
Part 1: Essential High-speed PCB Design for Signal Integrity (3 days)
Part 1 applies basic physical principles to develop an understanding of the key issues of high-speed design, from controlling reflections and crosstalk to the design of the power distribution system and the PCB layer structure.
“What if” simulation examples show the effects of varying different parameters, with practical issues considered throughout.
The techniques developed can be applied immediately to improve PCB design, without EDA SI tools, but the course also provides a secure foundation for understanding how to benefit from SI tools.
To complete the Part 1, you could attend the Part 2: PCB Design at RF - multi Gigabit Transmission, EMI Control, and PCB Materials (2 days)
- High-speed design overview. What is high-speed? Signal integrity issues for design and layout.
- Signal waveforms, frequency and rise time. Signal bandwidth. How capacitance and loop inductance determine signal quality. Current paths on a PCB.
- Impedance control of the power distribution system. Controlling noise - decoupling networks, PCB planes, bandwidth requirements. Optimizing power delivery.
- Track impedance, reflections and terminations. Practical PCB limits. Input impedance, signal propagation and reflection. Impedance control and termination strategies.
- Differential transmission. Differential and common mode currents, routing and termination.
- Crosstalk. Near end and far end crosstalk, effects of coupled length, track geometry, multiple tracks.
- ICs for high-speed design. I/O characteristics, I/V curves, transition timing. Behavioral device models, IBIS standards.
- PCB routing topologies. Constraints. Discontinuities: connectors, vias, stubs, branching. Equalization, loading, clock distribution.
- PCB structure. Layer stacking principles, fabrication process variables, PCB material effects, impedance measurement.
- Design engineers seeking in-depth knowledge of high-speed PCB design, signal integrity issues, and EMC. As the course is built up from basic electrical principles it is suitable for engineers with varied experience, and also for new graduates.
- PCB designers working on digital or mixed signal boards with design rules governing track impedance control, line terminations, routing to minimise noise coupling etc.
- Knowledge of basic electrical principles | <urn:uuid:1172f092-a152-4b34-b03c-b1f778626094> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.cadence.com/content/cadence-www/global/en_US/home/training/all-courses/86042.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864405.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521142238-20180521162238-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.860477 | 519 | 3.03125 | 3 |
qing, Wade-Giles romanization ch’ing in a set, called bianqing, stone or jade chime used as a percussion instrument in ancient Chinese music. Sound was produced by hitting the qing with a mallet. The largest known qing—36 inches long × 24 inches wide × 1.5 inches high (91 cm long × 61 cm wide × 4 cm high)—was excavated in Lajia, Qinghai province, in 2000. It was in the shape of an ancient stone knife and pierced by small holes that would have enabled it to be hung from a frame. Many qing from the Shang dynasty in varied shapes and sizes also have been discovered. Exquisitely made with smooth, level surfaces, these stones contain engravings of inscriptions and animal figures. A set of three Shang dynasty qing forming a bianqing (“group of qing”) also have been excavated, and the inscriptions thereon have been deciphered as yongqi, yongyu, and yaoyu (one interpretation is that these are the names of three pitches). From the period of the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–771 bce) onwards, the form of the qing was standardized: its body was made uniformly flat, and it was shaped like an irregular chevron but with a curved rather than angular bottom edge. Each set had 8 to 24 pieces. The set unearthed at the tomb of Zenghouyi, however, had as many as 32 pieces (in addition, there were nine spare pieces). Each piece was engraved with the name of the tone it sounded. The additional pieces were used as needed to sound tones lacking in the main set.
In early times the qing was used in music and dances. Later it was used together with zhong (bronze clapperless bell) and other instruments especially in the performance of yayue (elegant music) in the royal courts. With the downfall of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), the qing was used only for special occasions. Since 1978 and the excavation of the Zenghouyi qing, manufacturing and performance of qing have been restored, and they are often used in large Chinese orchestras. | <urn:uuid:c2669e63-fa7a-4cdc-a720-5581d7c995c3> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112834/qing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456360595.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501045920-00017-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978878 | 472 | 3.984375 | 4 |
The Brookings Institution puts Boston at the top of its list of cities with the greatest income inequality. Bostonians in the top five percent of earners made $266,224 a year, compared with just $14,925 for people in the bottom 20 percent.
How to use the map: When looking at this map, scroll passed the intro page, then choose Boston from the bar at the top. Scroll through to read the summary and instructions for choosing individual towns and areas.
To me, what is surprising is how many Somerville and Cambridge households have income of $25,000 a year or less. Remember, we are talking about household income, not individual income. Who can live here on just under $15,000 a year?
Affordable housing: The general rule is that housing cost should not exceed 33 percent of your income. Average rent in Somerville is $2,400 a month/$28,000 a year. Cambridge is a bit higher at $2,926 a month/$35,112 a year. Then average affordability in Somerville requires a household income of $84,000 a year or more. In Cambridge, that jumps to $105,336.
How does a household earning $25,000 or less manage to stay here?
The short answer is that they don’t. Somerville and Cambridge are losing their working poor families. Somerville has also seen a decrease in older residents. Household size is going down because people with children are moving out.
Low income households who stay employ a combination of tactics:
- They live together, sharing a space meant for more people.
- They are older residents who bought before the real estate bubble and have paid off their mortgages. This keeps their housing costs within their means, unless taxes and repairs drive them to less expensive places.
- They live in low-end, and sometimes substandard, housing.
- Some benefit from food subsidy programs like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). This reduces their food expenses.
Working full time, but unable to make it in Somerville and Cambridge.
Massachusetts has one of the highest minimum wages http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx in American. Federal minimum wage is currently $7.25 an hour. In Massachusetts, minimum wage is $11 an hour.
At that rate, a full time worker will earn $22,000 a year (40 hours a week for 50 weeks a year.) That is assuming no more than 10 days off of work a year. That just won’t happen if snow days close the workplace, children get sick and there’s no childcare, or there is any unemployment during the year. That assumes that it is still a 5-day workweek during Christmas, Easter, Fourth of July, and President’s Day weeks. Even if that is raised to $15 an hour, the annual earning are still pitifully low, given the housing costs here ($30,000.)
They are making it by getting “free stuff.”
Those food programs I mentioned don’t solve the problem, either. The maximum monthly benefit will put food on the table, but a lot of it will be ramen noodles, or the equivalent. For a single person, maximum benefit is $194 a month. For a household of two, $357. For three, $511. For four, $649.
In order to continually get food assistance through SNAP (often still called by its former name “food stamps”), able-bodied adults must be fully employed. To get food assistance through WIC, mothers can be employed less than full time and still get benefits.
In Massachusetts, a working person earning $1,265 a month ($15,180 a year) or less qualifies for SNAP. The household income limit for two people is $1,705 a month ($20,460 a year). Three people, $2,144 a month ($25,728 a year). Four people, $2,584 ($31,008 a year.) A single person, or people in a household of two with one full-time minimum wage earner, will not qualify for assistance with their food costs. That is, unless there are periods of lost wages. But, a single earner on minimum wage will qualify for food assistance, if there are three or more people in the household. That’s a divorced mother of two, who is not getting support for the other parent. That’s a single parent of two.
In recent years, several studies have shown that large numbers of employees at minimum or slightly over minimum wage have ongoing enrollment in SNAP. These are families with single earners. Fast food outlets, like McDonalds and retails outlets, like Wallmart have been the poster-children for this.
The solution remains the same. We need more affordable housing.
The demand for housing in our area has not gone down. The availability of affordable rentals has gone down. Don’t let me get started on affordable sales, you’ll be reading all day!
Back to the maps that started this blog.
Working-class? Are you kidding me? A flat like that in West Somerville will be $2,000-2,500 a month to rent and $500,000 to buy. | <urn:uuid:7b3fc407-5a8e-4158-ad33-c303f90abae5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ronafischman.com/income-inequality-boston/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00825.warc.gz | en | 0.955881 | 1,121 | 2.625 | 3 |
Explorer 1, launched January 31, 1958, by the U.S. Army, was the first United States satellite launched into orbit. This 31-pound (14.06-kilogram) satellite carried instrumentation that led to the discovery of Earth’s radiation belts, which would be named after University of Iowa scientist James A. Van Allen. It followed four months after the launching of the world’s first satellite, the Soviet Union’s Sputnik 1. On October 3, 1957, the Soviet Union placed the large 184-pound (83.5-kilogram) satellite into low Earth orbit. It carried instrumentation to study the density and temperature of the upper atmosphere, and its launch was the event that opened the space age. | <urn:uuid:210560e0-6dd8-4a21-9f6c-669f13415980> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-Science-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/When-was-the-first-U-S-satellite-launched/001137021/content/SC/52cb005682fad14abfa5c2e0_Default.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.944031 | 155 | 3.5625 | 4 |
“It started as a small patch on a hindleg and spread around the pastern,” says Megan Bills of the skin soreness and swelling that has grounded her showjumping gelding Solisto. “As that finally started to heal, scabs appeared on the other hindleg — which blew up like a balloon.”
Solisto has been diagnosed with pastern and cannon leukocytoclastic vasculitis, a problem that is proving difficult to treat.
“We’ve tried so many things, including two different courses of antibiotics and two courses of steroids,” explains Megan, who has owned the French-bred gelding, now 13, for eight years without previous issues of this kind.
“Solisto has had blood and allergy tests, which came back normal, and we’ve changed his bedding type and kept him out of mud and sunlight. He has missed the whole summer season and both hindlegs are still swollen.”
What is vasculitis?
According to Horse & Hound vet Karen Coumbe MRCVS, the term vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessel walls.
“Vasculitis can affect a vessel of any size, type or location in a horse of any age, breed or sex,” she says. “It is a veterinary description of a disease process, not a proper diagnosis in itself.”
Karen says vasculitis cases can present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
“The damage causes the blood vessels to leak, which results in bleeding and loss of fluid into the body tissues, leading to inflammation and oedema [swelling],” she says.
“In addition, the organ or tissue that these faulty blood vessels were supplying or draining may suffer further damage and loss of function.
“The resulting disease process and prognosis will depend on the organ system involved and the extent of the problem,” adds Karen. “In horses, the tiny veins — called venules — that drain blood away are most commonly affected, resulting in a circulatory disruption, rather like a blocked plughole in a sink. In a few diseases, however, such as equine viral arteritis [EVA], the arteries are affected.”
Karen points out that many forms of vasculitis involve the skin — meaning that the reaction is visible, at least, and the problem recognisable.
“A vet may take small biopsy samples to aid the diagnostic process and check for infection,” she says. “With skin lesions, the lower limbs are more commonly affected. One diagnostic clue is that lesions are rarely symmetrical.
“If there is no skin involvement, diagnosis may be more difficult. Oedema is another clue, but should not be overinterpreted as horses can develop swelling for many different reasons.”
Among the recognised syndromes characterised by vasculitis are infectious conditions such as equine infectious anaemia (EIA), and the exotic diseases African horse sickness and equine ehrlichiosi (known as Potomac horse fever). Vasculitis may also occur due to drug reactions or immune system problems.
“Of the serious forms of equine vasculitis, Purpura haemorrhagica [see box, right] seems to be the most widely recognised in the UK,” says Karen. “This is triggered by an allergic-type reaction, where the body’s immune system goes into self-attack mode and responds inappropriately.
“The condition is most commonly seen following infection with strangles, but can also be an unfortunate complication of other infections such as equine flu — or, more rarely, other chronic bacterial or viral infections.
“Some horses develop Purpura despite having had no known recent disease process. But as the condition tends to appear two to four weeks after the disease that started it, the connection may not be made. Whatever the cause, it would seem that it is the result of overproduction of specific antibodies. These deposit on to blood vessel walls and activate a strong immune response.”
Karen adds that horses who develop Purpura after strangles have stronger antibody responses to the proteins from the strangles bacteria — which supports the theory of an immune-mediated mechanism for the disease.
So where does Solisto’s lower limb problem fit into the picture?
“Pastern and cannon leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a frustrating condition,” says Karen, who adds that the sore, scabby appearance is sometimes mistaken for mud fever. “It is the commonest vasculitis affecting the skin, yet its causes are not clearly understood. Treatment can be tricky, with regular relapses.
“What we do know about leukocytoclastic vasculitis is that lesions are mostly found on the inside and outside of unpigmented legs. White skin typically develops an oozing discharge, with crusts that are often circular in shape. Cases that occur on coloured skin result in hair loss and scaling of the skin.
“Hindlimb vasculitis has a less positive outcome than lesions on the forelimbs,” Karen adds, adding that the disease is more often seen in the summer months in areas with a lot of sunshine.
“It is thought to be aggravated by sunlight, but experts vary in their opinion on how significant this is as a trigger. Certainly, many cases are improved by protecting the affected areas from direct or reflected ultraviolet light by stabling in daylight, using high-factor sunscreens and leg wraps or so-called sun socks.”
Some cases worsen in winter, suggesting that reduced blood circulation in the extremities due to cold weather could be a factor.
“Multiple factors may be involved, from buttercups to boots,” says Karen. “With any problematic skin condition, it is sensible to consult a specialist vet with expertise in skin cases.
“It is important to differentiate this from other skin diseases that also affect the white parts of the lower limbs, which may be associated with liver disease,” she adds. “Your vet may run blood tests to rule out liver damage.”
Additional physical conditions include trauma-induced focal or regional vasculitis, explains Karen, or light-activated vasculitis of non-pigmented skin known as photosensitisation.
“Other types of vasculitis can affect different parts of the body,” she says. “A horse may develop skin rashes, oedema around the face and ears, difficulty in breathing due to swelling around the voice box or lung damage.
“Treatment involves removing whatever is causing the immune system to misbehave, if this can be identified — which often is not possible. It is important to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation, which may require judicious use of steroids, as well as providing supportive care and good nursing.
“These are serious conditions requiring careful management and benefiting from being caught early and treated aggressively.”
‘His legs were like tree trunks’
When Claire Howie’s event horse didn’t come across the field when called as he usually does, she suspected something was wrong.
“I saw he was covered in hives,” she recalls. “His face and legs were swollen and he was staggering, as if he was drunk.”
Claire’s immediate thought was that Obi had suffered an allergic reaction to something he had eaten, but Campbell Thompson, of Nantwich Equine Vets, diagnosed a case of Purpura haemorrhagica.
“Campbell walked into the stable and said: ‘That’s one sick horse,’” says Claire. “You could feel the heat on Obi’s body; he was white with sweat between his back legs. His limbs had doubled in size from the knee and hock downwards.”
Immediate treatment included intravenous steroids and antibiotics, together with cold hosing to reduce Obi’s temperature.
“I knew that the condition was incredibly rare and could be fatal, so the next 48 hours were touch and go,” says Claire, who endured a sleepless night. “Obi was still wobbly the next morning, but he whinnied when he saw me and wanted his breakfast. He continued to perk up over the next few days.”
While she hasn’t been able to pinpoint a trigger, Claire is relieved that Obi is now fighting fit — describing the 15-year-old gelding’s success soon afterwards at the Retraining of Racehorses national championships at Aintree as “an emotional win”.
Ref Horse & Hound; 21 November 2019 | <urn:uuid:18b77e08-8bc5-48d4-9456-48013ec44936> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/plus/vet-clinic/understanding-vasculitis-horses-hh-plus-701403 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.96482 | 1,856 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) Field Guide
The VSA Field Guide has been developed to help land managers assess soil quality easily, quickly, reliably and cheaply on a paddock scale.
It is self-explanatory and its use does not require special training or technical skills. While the Field Guide contains a wealth of information about soil quality and its fundamental importance to sustainable resource management, the information is expressed in a simple and concise way, and will provide a useful educational tool.
The following volumes are available:
|Volume 1: Field Guide. cropping and pastoral grazing on flat to rolling country. (7.7 MB)|
|Volume 2: Soil Management Guidelines. cropping and pastoral grazing on flat to rolling country. (4.2MB)|
|Volume 3: Field Guide. Hill country land uses. (9.6 MB)|
Volume 4: Soil management guidelines. Hill country land uses. (5.5 MB)
The VSA guides were produced with the co-operation of Horizons Regional Council, Hawke's Bay Regional Council, Ministry for the Environment, Wellington Regional Council, and Landcare Research. | <urn:uuid:6db166f1-7fca-4258-8f9e-08238f717a6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/visual-soil-assessment-vsa-field-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.902007 | 235 | 3.265625 | 3 |
|This is an old revision of this page, as edited by EmausBot at 08:14, 12 June 2011 (r2.6.4) (robot Modifying: fr:Redoute de Dymchurch). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the .|
Dymchurch Grand Redoubt is a fortification on the coast of Kent in England, built during the Napoleonic War as part of a large defensive scheme to protect the country from an expected French invasion.
Dymchurch Redoubt is circular in form and built of brick with granite and sandstone dressings, measuring up to 68 metres in diameter and stands 12 metres above the floor of its 9 metre-wide dry moat. It lacks the caponiers or musketry galleries of the otherwise similar Eastbourne Redoubt. Beyond the moat, an earth bank or glacis helped to protect the masonry from artillery fire. Built on two stories, the upper floor had open emplacements for ten 24 pounder guns mounted on wooden traversing platforms. The lower floor featured twenty four vaulted barrack and storage casemates, which opened onto a circular parade ground. They were designed to accommodate 350 officers and men. Entry was originally via a wooden footbridge supported by stilts, which could be collapsed in an emergency.
The design and purpose of the redoubt were finalised at a conference in Rochester in 1804. It was built between 1804 and 1812 to support a chain of 21 Martello Towers that stretched between Hythe in Kent and Rye in Sussex, and to act as a supply depot for them. It specifically protected the sluices that were the key to the drainage of Romney Marsh. By the time it was finished, the invasion threat was over. During World War I, it was used for troop accommodation, although there was a question in Parliament about the damp conditions. In World War II, the south coast was again at risk of invasion, and two 6 inch breech-loading guns were mounted in casemates built over the original gun emplacements. A prominent battery observation post was built and pill boxes were sited on the parapet in order to repel an infantry attack. It was fully operational by 1942 as an Emergency Coastal Battery. After the war, the observation post was used as a Coastguard lookout and radar was installed to monitor shipping in the English Channel. The army constructed a mock-up of a street of buildings in the interior, for training in urban warfare. The redoubt is now disused except as a store and remains the property of the Ministry of Defence. It is a Scheduled Monument and is listed by English Heritage as a Building At Risk, although a conservation plan has been agreed.
The Dymchurch Redoubt is located on the south (seaward) side of the A259 main road roughly half-way between the village of Dymchurch and the town of Hythe. It is not open to the public, but walking along the sea wall allows a close approach on the south side. Further access may be restricted when there is firing on Hythe ranges.
- Shorncliffe Redoubt
- Lympne Castle
- Sandgate Castle
- Harwich Redoubt
- Littlehampton Redoubt
- British anti-invasion preparations of 1803–1805
- SCHEDULE OF MONUMENTS COMPILED AND MAINTAINED BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE UNDER SECTION 1 OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS ACT 1979 AS AMENDED. NATIONAL MONUMENT NO: 32257
- Martello Towers, Sheila Sutcliffe, Newton Abbott: David & Charles (1972) p.58
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dymchurch Redoubt.| | <urn:uuid:ddebbb1a-0458-4d27-be42-3c9ca24ba10f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymchurch_Redoubt?oldid=433850660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512323.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019041222-20181019062722-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.943468 | 788 | 3 | 3 |
Winter Seed Catalog Moon
I’ve finished the first two lessons and the first week of Climate Change in 4 Dimensions. There is so much here already. First is how simple the proofs are for the reality of climate change. And how they might be difficult to believe at first.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the best example. It’s expressed in ppm’s or parts per million. At its pre-industrial revolution norm it was around 280 ppm’s. Now, if you check out the latest ppm data from Mauna Loa on CO2 Now, it was at 396.1 ppm. That’s parts per million. Here’s a graphic to make it harder to grasp CO2′s significance:
How, any sensible person might ask, can such a tiny, tiny portion of the atmosphere create problems? Here’s the answer. Nitrogen and oxygen, the major components of earth’s atmosphere are transparent to sunlight coming and going. That is, they don’t impeded it in either direction. CO2, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide, these last three in even smaller ppm’s than CO2, are transparent to sunlight coming into the atmosphere. They let it get through.
They are not, however, transparent to infrared energy transmitted back out into space. Their relatively homogenous presence over the whole globe, due to the mixing factor of the winds, means that their effect is felt worldwide. Their amount of opaqueness is sufficient to force back to the lower atmosphere and surface of the earth infrared energy. If you want a brief summary of these mechanism, go here.*
*Here’s what all scientists agreed they knew by 1988
To stay at a constant temperature, the Earth must radiate as much energy as it receives from the Sun. We receive this energy mostly as visible light which warms the surface. Being much cooler than the Sun, the Earth radiates most of its energy as infrared rays. A calculation using basic laws of physics shows that a planet at our distance from the Sun, emitting the same total amount of energy as it receives, will have a temperature well below freezing. Then why is the actual average surface temperature higher, about 14°C? Infrared radiation beaming up from the surface is intercepted by “greenhouse” gas molecules in the lower atmosphere, and that keeps the lower atmosphere and the surface warm. The radiation that finally escapes is mostly emitted from higher levels of the atmosphere, levels that are indeed well below freezing (-18°C, for details see the essay on simple models).
The nitrogen and oxygen gases that make up most of the atmosphere don’t intercept infrared radiation. The most important greenhouse gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2). The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was observed to be rising rapidly, and the only reasonable explanation was that this was due to the enormous emissions from human activities.
A rather straightforward calculation showed that doubling the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere… which would arrive in the late 21st century if no steps were taken to curb emissions… should raise the temperature of the surface roughly one degree C. However, a warmer atmosphere would hold more water vapor, which ought to cause another degree or so of warming. Beyond that the calculations got problematic. Cloudiness was likely to change in ways that could either enhance or diminish the warming, and scientists did not understand the complex processes well. Moreover, humanity was emitting ever increasing amounts of smoke and other pollution; again scientists were not sure how this might affect climate. Only better observations and computer models could attempt to project the outcome. | <urn:uuid:84450631-f75a-4e30-ac5e-1c1779ed6510> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.ancientrailsgreatwheel.com/?tag=global-warming | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.948482 | 748 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Pune researchers take a molecular modelling approach to identify drug targets for the virus.
In 1998 in Malaysia, nearly 300 people were diagnosed with acute encephalitis, or inflammation of the brain, in what was the first known outbreak of the deadly Nipah virus, and 109 deaths occurred. A couple of years later, the virus had made its way to the Indian subcontinent with outbreaks in both Bangladesh and India. Those afflicted experienced fever, headaches, vomiting, and the potentially fatal complication of encephalitis. In 2018, 21 out of the 23 people, it infected in Kerala, died. The Nipah virus is not only transmitted between humans but also from animals to humans—fruit bats and pigs, in particular, are known reservoirs of the virus.
Despite the threat of an epidemic, there is as yet no effective cure for the Nipah virus, and drug development is a desperately long and complicated process. A sound understanding of the biochemistry of the virus and how drug molecules interact with and inhibit its proliferation is necessary as a first step. In a recent study, researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune) have used a computational approach to solve this problem. Their findings have been published in the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, funded by the Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance, Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
The Nipah virus is an RNA virus, meaning its genetic material is RNA, surrounded by a protein envelope. Like all viruses, it can only make copies of itself by invading and hijacking the machinery of a host cell, destroying the latter in the process. The virus' protein envelope is made of six structural proteins, and its RNA produces three more proteins to defend itself from the responses of the host cells. Any of these proteins could be targeted by a drug to stop the virus in its tracks.
The researchers of the current study used the genetic sequence of the Malaysian strain of the Nipah virus, and the structure of proteins from a related virus to construct computer models of the protein structures. These models were then used to design 'peptide inhibitors'—short chains of amino acids that could directly interfere with the molecular mechanisms of the viral proteins. For example, one of the virus's structural proteins - the G protein - binds to receptors on the host cell, essential to gain entry into the cell. The two inhibitors the researchers designed for the G protein were intended to disrupt this binding process.
The researchers screened thousands of drug-like molecules for their ability to bind to and inhibit the virus as a whole. The drug-likeness of a molecule is a qualitative estimate of how biologically effective it is, based on criteria like its size and specific chemical properties. The researchers first identified plausible points for the molecules to attach to the virus: drug targets, in other words. They then used two different programs to virtually fix the molecules to the virus. A selection of those molecules that had the best fit yielded ten compounds that could inhibit three of the six structural proteins.
Furthermore, a comparison of the genetic sequences of 15 strains of viruses from across Bangladesh, Malaysia and India revealed that those parts of the proteins that would directly interact with the drug molecule were not effectively different across these strains. This is good news: if only some of the strains were susceptible to the potential drug molecules, drug resistance might more easily spread from those that are immune to the susceptible strains.
The structures of the molecules modelled in this paper and various details of the modelling procedures are archived and freely available here, with cartoon models of the molecules that even a non-specialist might view and appreciate.
"We conclude that it is highly likely that the proposed inhibitors would be potent against all strains of the virus Nipah and other related zoonotic viruses that pose a serious epidemic threat," the researchers say.
A computational approach to drug development can save a great deal of time and financial resources in the early stages of the process by narrowing down targets for further investigation. The experimental validation of these promising theoretical results would be the next step. | <urn:uuid:bb77809a-5511-4bdd-a159-012b99386d5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://researchmatters.in/news/designing-drugs-deadly-nipah-virus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.958631 | 842 | 3.6875 | 4 |
A lot of people desire so much to know the concepts of electronic circuit design from scratch. Well, designing simple lighting systems with bunch of light emitting diodes and resistors may not really pose problems, but becoming good at designing complex electronic systems is not a child’s play. Nevertheless, there is no limit to what anyone can achieve if they are bent on doing so.
As the famous Chinese war Lord Lao Tzu says:
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a step, to master (at least to a reasonable length) how to design electronic circuits, one need to start from scratch and master the basic indispensable principles of electronic circuit design.
What you’ll learn in this Electronic Circuit Design Tutorial
I will assume you are a beginner in electronic circuit design; hence, I’m going to simplify the tutorial in the best possible way.
In this tutorial, we are going to learn:
- The concept of loops
- The concept of resistance
Please note that the success of every electronic circuit designer lies on their willingness to practise, therefore, we are going to start the tutorial with practical hands-on learning.
If you don’t like the video or need more instructions, then continue reading.
You will need the following electronic components:
- One Breadboard
- Jumper wires (Male-Male)
- One 100K resistor
- two 1k resistors
- Two 9 volts batteries
- Two red light emitting diodes (LED)
- Two pushbutton switches
You can click on the amazon links to buy the components.
Observe the circuit connections below and connect them as shown. I already made a tutorial on Breadboard.
If you connected the circuits properly, when you press switch S1, with your finger firm on the switch, LED1 will come ON glowing brightly, then, if you remove your finger, LED1 will go OFF. Same thing happens when you press switch S2, the only difference being that LED2 is less bright than LED1.
The Concept of Loops
When switch S1 is pressed with the finger held firm on the switch, the contact points indicated with red arrow joins together closing up to create a complete closed path of current flow with no gap existing anywhere in the circuit, as a result of this closed circuitry, the light emitting diode (LED) comes ON. In this situation, conventional current (current moving from the positive end of the battery) flows from the battery, moves past the closed switch S1, it again passes resistor R1, moves down to LED1, lights it up and returns back to the negative end of the battery. However, when the finger is released from switch S1, the contact points of the switch separate thereby creating an opening in the circuitry. This opening prevents current from moving from the positive end of the battery to the negative end, hence creating an open circuit which causes the LED1 to go OFF.
Now, here is the point, for current to flow in a circuit, there must be a closed path. This path constitutes what is called a “LOOP”. A loop can be either open or closed. A closed loop means there is no gap in the circuitry hence there could be current flow if the necessary components are well connected. An open loop at the other hand means there is a gap in the circuitry; hence there will be no current flow even if all the necessary components are well connected. Sometimes open loop and closed loop are referred to as “OPEN CIRCUIT” and “CLOSED CIRCUIT”. For your circuit to work in the first place there must be a closed loop in the circuitry.
The Concept of Resistance
If you press switch S2, same action will be observed as in the case of pressing switch S1. But, here is the difference, LED1 glows brighter than LED2. Why? Well, if you think it’s the resistor, you are correct. Resistor as the name implies, resists the rate of flow of current in an electronic circuit. Now think of a resistor as a speed breaker or a bump on the road, if you are riding a bike and bumps on a speed breaker, the amount of impact on you is proportional to the size of the speed breaker, the greater the size of the speed breaker, the stronger the impact and resistance.
The duty of the 1kΩ on the LHS circuit is to reduce the rate at which current flows to the light emitting diode LED1 and also to take up some voltages of the 9v battery. Supposing the battery is 2 volts(which is the recommended for light emitting diodes) the resistor will be taking up negligible or no voltage from the battery, however, we still need to connect the resistor, so that it limits or reduces the rate of current flow in the circuit, to avoid damaging the LED. The more you increase the resistance of the resistor, the more you limit the rate of current flow, the more the brightness of the LED reduces. The LHS circuit has a resistance equivalent to 1kΩ, while the RHS circuit has a resistance equivalent to 1kΩ + 100kΩ = 101kΩ, you can see the difference, and that is why the brightness of the two light emitting diodes are far from having the same intensity. This teaches that a resistor is an indispensable component in electronic circuit design. A lot can be done with a resistor in a circuit.
- Open loop means there is gap in the circuit, hence no current flow
- Closed loop means there is no gap in the circuit, hence current can flow
- The greater the size of the resistor in a circuit, the greater the resistance and the smaller the rate of current flow
- The smaller the size of the resistor in a circuit, the smaller the resistance and the greater the rate of current flow
We shall discuss more on resistors and their applications in the future; there is a lot to know about resistors. You can also read the Difference between Current and Voltage. | <urn:uuid:26e2f48e-9bd6-4a8f-ba80-5d24620d9e9a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ettron.com/electronic-circuit-design-tutorial-for-beginners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.92971 | 1,253 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Interestingly, to date, no strain with more than one kaiA gene has been identified. On the other hand, there are strains lacking some or even all Kai components. For example, MED4 is lacking KaiA; UCYN-A
possesses neither KaiA nor KaiB; and the Gloeobacter genome does not encode any kai gene at all. This terrestrial strain shows strong phylogenetic distance to the other Cyanobacteria. The Gloeobacter lineage diverged early within the radiation of Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, making it possible that Kai-based circadian timing systems arose in other Cyanobacteria later during evolution, even though a loss of the corresponding genes in Gloeobacter FXR agonist also seems possible ( Nakamura et al., 2003). The symbiotic cyanobacterial strain UCYN-A is among the most abundant oceanic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms whose nitrogen-fixation rates are selleck products equal to or even greater than those of Trichodesmium ( Church et al., 2005, Langlois et al., 2008, Moisander et al., 2010, Montoya et al., 2004 and Zehr et al., 2001). Interestingly, because UCYN-A is lacking an oxygen-evolving photosystem II, nitrogen fixation can be continued during the light period, making a timed regulation of this specific process unnecessary. With a genome size of only 1.44 Mbp, UCYN-A shows a high degree of genome streamlining, with components of photosystem II, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the tricarboxylic
acid cycle being completely absent ( Thompson et al., 2012, Tripp et al., 2010 and Zehr et al., 2008). Therefore an obligate symbiosis is suggested for this species. And indeed, a unicellular eukaryotic alga was shown to be its symbiotic partner ( Thompson et al., 2012). To date, it is not clear which role a circadian clock might play for UCYN-A in this
relationship and if any timing mechanism is present. Interestingly, Nodularia harbors a KaiA protein (101 aa) that is shorter than that of the other organisms (approximately 300 aa). This shortened KaiA protein, also present in other group IV-strains, is equivalent to the C-terminal domain of the S. elongatus-KaiA. However, it lacks the N-terminal pseudoreceiver domain, which is thought to be important for direct interaction with the light-responsive redox oxyclozanide sensor CikA ( Williams et al., 2002). In this respect, it appears consistent that species like MED4, which lack the KaiA protein entirely, also lack CikA. However, UCYN-A possesses a CikA protein without harboring a KaiA homolog. In this case, the role of CikA might be restricted to its output function (described below). Contrarily, some strains harbor a full-length KaiA homolog, but no CikA (e.g. S. WH 7803). Accordingly, their timing input machinery seems to function differently, possibly relying on other external stimuli than light-responsive redox potentials ( Williams, 2009). | <urn:uuid:242dff55-eee1-45d8-a823-e649ca147b10> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ampk-signal.com/2017/11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.882669 | 683 | 2.671875 | 3 |
We've been really busy working on different units. I finished our place value unit by teaching estimation. We made this foldable for our Math notebook, that shows three strategies for estimating.
Then they had to figure out which strategy would be best for estimating how many goldfish were in the bag. (I forgot to take a before picture of the chart with the bag but just imagine a baggie full of goldfish attached to that green tape.)
Once we discussed which was the best strategy (benchmark numbers) they wrote their guess on a sticky note and stuck it to the anchor chart. Then I counted the goldfish to see who was the closest. The kids loved this! Especially since they got to sample the snack, ha! I plan on doing this activity throughout the year with a snack/item that goes with the theme of the month. So for example, this month I plan on using candy corn.
In Reading we have been working on author's purpose. To introduce it, I read a book each day that went with one of the parts of PIE (Persuade, Inform, Entertain). Then my friends filled in their pie in their reader's notebook as I filled in the anchor chart.
This week is a bit short since we have early release and teacher planning Thursday and Friday. So I plan on doing an activity for author's purpose that has to do with donuts. (I know, I know. More food but the kids love it and they really remember these types of lessons.) Be sure to check back for that post later in the week.
Finally, we've also started our multiplication unit in Math. To organize the different concepts such as groups and arrays, we have been filling out this table. I found this idea on Pinterest and decided to type up my own since I couldn't find the document when I clicked on the link. I'm sharing my version below! Do you have any fun multiplication activities that your kids love? | <urn:uuid:cff5dc2f-ddd9-4ebe-b448-94627be22edf> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://iheartteachingelementary.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999662156/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060742-00092-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978117 | 399 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Different Technologies / Types of Flow Meters
Different Technologies / Types of Flow Meters
In industrial work settings, the accurate measure of flow is highly critical. Not only does this define profit or loss, but consumer and worker safety are at stake as well. Flow meters are vital in the precise and accurate measurement of flow rate (mass or volume), i.e. the amount of fluid that passes through a pipe.
Flow meters are used in a variety of applications. They measure the mass flow rate or volumetric flow rate. The application will depend on the capacity and type of the flow meter. As a result, each type of flow meter will have its own engineering requirements and constraints. A flow meter will often be referred to by its name. Common examples include flow indicator, flow gauge, liquid meter, etc. This depends upon the industry where it is being used; nevertheless, the function will be the same.
There are five essential types of flow meters. Although the list below is by no means exhaustive, it addresses the most well-known types of flow meters used in industries today:
1. Differential Pressure Flow Meters
This type of flow meter relies on Bernoulli’s equation to judge the flow of fluids through a pipe. Differential pressure flow meters present a constriction within the pipe which leads to a drop in pressure across the flow meter. As flow increases, the pressure drop increases. Impulse piping will route the downstream and upstream pressure of the flow meter to a transmitter that will measure the differential pressure to arrive at the fluid flow. Differential flow meters account for up to 21% of the world’s market for flow meters. They are commonly used in industries such as gas and oil, power, chemical, waste, water, mining, metals, paper and pulp, pharmaceutical, beverage, HVAC, and food.
2. Positive Displacement Flow Meters
These are also called mechanical flow meters. They measure the fluid volume, deliver it fast and refill it again. The amount of fluid transferred is calculated. Positive displacement flow meters measure the actual flow of fluid, whereas other flow meters measure other parameters and convert it into a flow rate. In these types of flow meters, the output is correlated to the fluid volume that passes via the flow meter. One can compare a PD flow meter to a stopwatch and a bucket. The stopwatch begins when the flow commences. It stops when the buckets have reached its limit. The flow rate is determined by dividing the volume by time. To obtain a continuous PD measurement, a system is required to continually fill and empty buckets and then divide the flow without letting it exit the pipe. These continually forming and subsiding volumetric displacements are represented by pistons responding in cylinders or gear teeth coupling against the internal wall of the meter.
Examples of positive displacement meters include oval gear meters, piston meters, rotary vane meters, rotating disk meters, etc.
Positive displacement flow meters are highly accurate. They are often used while transferring fluids or oils such as hydraulic fluids, gasoline, water and various gas applications.
3. Velocity Flow Meters
Velocity flow meters determine flow rate by measuring the velocity of a stream to arrive at the volumetric flow rate. These types of flow meters pursue a linear relationship to linear flow rates. Contrary to differential flow meters, no square-root relationship exists in such instruments. Therefore velocity flow meters have a better range compared to other flow meters. Furthermore, they are less sensitive to alterations in viscosity, provided that Reynolds numbers (Re) of more than 10,000 is used. All velocity type of flow meter housings is fitted with special fittings called flanges. This enables them to be attached directly to pipelines.
The PV6000 series and V7000 series from Proteus Industries Inc. are examples of vortex flow meters. They both rely on the vortex concept to arrive at a reliable, accurate and cost-effective measurement of liquids that require heat transfers. An in-line sensor within the flow meter detects the frequency of the vortices shed by a bluff body within the flow stream. It then creates a pulse output signal which is proportional to flow rate of the fluid; thereby providing a highly accurate measurement.
4. Mass Flow Meters
Also called inertial flow meters, these devices measure the mass flow rate of fluids that travel through a tube. The calculations are mass of fluid traveling pass a static point per time unit. This type of flow meter is used in mass-related processes because they measure force which results from the speeding of mass. Two popular types of mass flow meters include the Coriolis mass meter and the thermal dispersion flow meter.
Coriolis flow meters rely on the Coriolis Effect. This occurs when a mass moves through a rotating system experiencing a special force which acts perpendicular to the motion’s direction and to the axis rotation. Here on earth, this effect deflects moving objects towards the right side in the northern hemispheres and in the southern, to the left. Coriolis flow meters provide a direct measurement of fluid density. These are highly accurate, irrespective of the liquid or gas being measured. The same measurement tube may be utilized for bitumen and hydrogen gas without recalibration. Coriolis flow meters are often used to measure the flow of natural gas. They are also used in industries such as power, mining, pharmaceuticals and waste water.
5. Open Channel Flow Meters
This type of flow meter measures the flow of liquids that are open in the atmosphere during the flow measurement path. The liquid being measured may either be contained in a pipe that is not filled with liquid and opened to the atmosphere during installation point of the flow meter or opens in the atmosphere the entire time. Level measurement and velocity measurement are both required to arrive at an accurate flow rate. Typically, weirs, flumes, and v-notches are used to measure the flow liquids. These are dam-like arrangements which enable a limited or free-flow of fluids, based on the size and shape of the structure. Open channel flow meters are often used to measure free flowing fluids such as rivers, streams, sewer systems and irrigation channels. | <urn:uuid:2c8660b3-2bcc-484c-b2cb-123c4dfc3dd0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://proteusind.com/types-of-flow-meters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711368.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208215156-20221209005156-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.935553 | 1,270 | 3.453125 | 3 |
A scientific study on the role of organic lime mortars of Padmanabhapuram Palace, Thuckalay, Tamilnadu, India
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
* e-mail: email@example.com
Accepted: 23 October 2020
Published online: 19 November 2020
This research aims at providing the scientific evidence of ancient construction practice and production technology on the use locally available geoearth materials and natural herbs, namely kadukkai (Terminalia Chebula), neelamari (Indigofera tinctoria), hibiscus (Rosa sinensis), palm jaggery (Borassus flabellifer), aloe vera (Aloe barbadenis) as specified in ancient palm leaf texts which were adopted at Padmanabhapuram Palace, India for preparing the traditional lime mortars. Six mortar samples of three different mortar typologies (wall, bedding and floor finish) were taken from the Padmanabhapuram Palace for the study. The sampled mortars were characterized using physiochemical analysis as well as modern analytical techniques including XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR and FESEM-EDX methods. Different binder-to-aggregate ratios was proportioned for wall plaster (1:3), bedding mortar (1:2) and floor finish (1:1) and was confirmed through acid loss analysis. Wall plaster samples indicated the presence of organic protein and polysaccharide spectral peaks substantiated by FT-IR analysis. Organics have played a significant role in the formation of calcium aluminate silicates and carbonate polymorphs to enhance the crystalline hydrated phases observed through XRD and FESEM analyses. The thermal investigation substantiated that calcite decarbonation mostly occurred between 705 and 730 °C. The results apprised the wide use of hydraulic lime with fine-grained aggregate particles, added with fermented organics to produce an environmentally friendly organic mortar to restore the structure.
© Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature, 2020 | <urn:uuid:6c11af6b-3e96-4688-91ba-063730221a4f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://epjplus.epj.org/articles/epjplus/abs/2020/11/13360_2020_Article_896/13360_2020_Article_896.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588246.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028003812-20211028033812-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.894577 | 465 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Mood Establishment In Scenes
In this lesson, students will review the ways in which Dickens establishes a mood in the scenes in Paris, creating suspense and shaping the readers’ opinions of the Revolution. They will also review the way the “two cities” (London and Paris) compare.
- Read the lesson and student content.
- Anticipate student difficulties and identify the differentiation options you will choose for working with your students.
- Create partner groups of mixed ability
- Find places in the text where students will find helpful quotations in Task 3.
The Wine Shop
- Tell students that they are going to do a Quick Write from the point of view of one of the members of the Jacquerie.
- Then you can say something like this, “Bonjour, members of the Jacquerie. Bonjour, conspirators of the French Revolution. For the next sixty seconds, you are having a meeting in the Wine Shop with the other rebels. Will you talk about destruction? Will you complain about your lives? What might you say? Oui, Oui ! Please begin to write your secret conversations.”
- In your prompting here, you can offer as much clarification of the plot of the scene as you wish. Student writing need only last as long as a few moments, your goal is to get them imagining the scene.
- ELL: For those students who struggle with written English, you can have them complete this task via discussion with you or a partner.
The Wine Shop seems to have become a place for secrets: secret codes, secret meetings, secret plans for Revolution. In a Quick Write, respond to the following.
- Imagine you are a Jacques. Write a short conversation you might have at the wine shop with another Jacques or Monsieur Defarge.
- What would likely be your subject matter? How would you choose to express those thoughts?
- Feel free to use techniques from the novel itself as models of the manner of speaking you see happening at the wine shop.
The Mood of the Wine Shop
- Ask the students to explain the mood they imagined. (They don’t need to share what they have written unless you decide they should.) Direct them to find passages in the chapter that capture this mood and/or direct them to some key passages that you want them to notice.
- Find the passage about Madame DeFarge and the register. Check for understanding about the relationship between Madame DeFarge’s knitting and the register, and about the significance of her saying that she knits shrouds. ELL: Take a minute to check for understanding of the word shroud and to discuss how Dickens uses it here to create a mood.
- If necessary, remind students of the definition of allusion and invite students to consider the ways in which the knitting is an allusion to the Fates.
When you finish with your writing, join the whole class and address the following questions.
- What is the mood of the wine shop?
- What details in the chapter establish this mood?
- How do the references to the register and Madame Defarge’s knitting affect your sense of the mood?
Cruncher and Defarge
- Split students into partners and have them investigate the similarities between DeFarge and Cruncher.
- If necessary, direct students to particular parts of the text to help them find quotations.
- After they have completed as much of their charts as they can in the time allotted, ask them if they see significant similarities between the two men. Encourage them to share some of the text they have sited that reveals those similarities. SWD: For students who may benefit from focusing on a smaller portion of this task, you can divide the task of completing the chart among students and have them share answers.
- Once there is a firm foundation for comparison established, ask if they can see reasons that Dickens is interested in the French Revolution. They may only see that both characters reveal struggles of the poor, yet try to encourage them to notice the frenzy in the funeral procession. (The mob in England foreshadows the French mob behavior, for example.)
In this story of two cities, these chapters begin to draw clear parallels between London and Paris, especially in the two men: Monsieur Defarge and Jerry Cruncher. These two men are workingmen, and looking at the ways that they are related can help you think about Dickens’s interest in writing about the history of France. Join a partner as directed and do the following.
- With your partner, look at the chart for comparing these two men.
- Gather at least one quote from each man in response to each of the following:
- How do they make money?
- What is their relationship to laws and the authorities?
- What secrets do they have?
- What are their marriages like?
- How much power does each have?
- How do the processions that they witness in these chapters compare?
Once you have completed your work together, your teacher will guide you through an analysis of the parallels between the characters.
The Eyes of a Child
- Facilitate a conversation about the presence of “children.” You can begin with the notion that innocence that can be corrupted, for example. NOTE: If you have added time in this lesson, you might consider having the students do additional Quick Write summaries of events from the point of view of Jerry’s son and/or from the point of view of the Mender of Roads. Allowing them to “see” from their perspectives might help the students “see” their innocence. Such an exercise can also serve for plot review/clarification.
- Consider having students submit their Quick Writes to allow you a window into their grasp of the more subtle details of the novel, and of the implications of character and point of view.
- In the Victorian era, children were viewed differently than they are today, and symbolized innocence. Knowing this might help some students answer this question more easily. SWD: To check for understanding, if time allows, during this task you can confer with students who are better able to express their understanding in conversation.
Although the Mender of Roads is an adult, the Defarges (who don’t seem to have children of their own—a notable fact), refer to the Mender of Roads as a child. Young Jerry, of course, is a child. Consider those facts, and in a Quick Write, address the following question.
- Along with adding another parallel between life in London and life in France, what does the presence and perspective of “children,” real and otherwise, contribute to the plot and to the meaning of the novel?
As directed, submit your writing to your teacher.
Book II, Chapters 16 and 17
- Now that students are in the routine and you have a sense of their individual needs around the text, challenge and assist them as needed.
- Read Book II Chapters 16 and 17 of A Tale of Two Cities and annotate for key ideas, personal reactions, questions, and vocabulary. | <urn:uuid:e69d6544-3b11-48bc-8b48-fe8aa03b457b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/5893/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704833804.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127214413-20210128004413-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.95732 | 1,478 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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Latency is a networking term to describe the total time it takes a data packet to travel from one node to another. In other contexts, when a data packet is transmitted and returned back to its source, the total time for the round trip is known as latency. Latency refers to time interval or delay when a system component is waiting for another system component to do something. This duration of time is called latency.
In data communication, digital networking and packet-switched networks, latency is used in two major contexts. One represents a one-way trip while the other is a round trip. One-way latency is measured by counting the total time it takes a packet to travel from its source to its destination.
Round-trip latency is measured by adding one-way latency from the destination to the time it takes the packet to return from the destination and arrive back at the source. Unlike one-way latency, round-trip latency always excludes processing time at the destination point. A service called ping is used to measure round-trip latency.
In formal network transmission, the following four elements are involved in latency: | <urn:uuid:3f104200-fddb-4e90-a264-a2a62e42dfa3> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2228/latency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670268.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119222644-20191120010644-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.951145 | 259 | 4.28125 | 4 |
This recycled art project is great because it never really has to be done, also it’s a cooperative project that you and your child or a group can do together. You can make it for St.Patrick’s Day or just to brighten a rainy day with lots of color.
- Gather your Materials. For the back of the rainbow I have used some extra wrapping paper but you can use anything, in the past I have used brown grocery bags taped together and it looked great! Glue is great for older preschoolers but if you are worried about the mess or if you have a glue eater ( I know I do! ), try some double stick tape!
- Draw a rainbow, it doesn’t have to be perfect or even good, the paper will cover it .
- Get scrap paper or if you don’t have that you can color some the colors you want. Then hand the paper to whoever loves to rip things, my 14 month old loved this part of the project.
- Decide what order you want and start putting the paper in the arches.
- Keep going and going- roll it up and wait until the next rainy day to add more scrap paper to it.
In my classroom a few years ago I used this activity as an alternative to going outside when it was raining, throughout the week we would save scrap paper and on a rainy day add it to our rainbow. The children who were 2-3 loved it and when it was done were very proud when I hung it up where their parents could see it. A long term project is a great experience for little ones, so don’t worry about finishing it in one try! | <urn:uuid:d307a7d4-ce7f-461e-b0f3-59aaf8c7db3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.notimeforflashcards.com/2008/07/rainy-day-rainbow-recycled-art.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283475.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00495-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964351 | 347 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Thesis (UNI Access Only)
Obtaining site-specific knowledge of variables affecting crop productivity is a critical step in precise agricultural management. Traditional map-based approaches where soil sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis are used to create variability maps have proven useful, but remote-sensing approaches are more desirable when cost and accuracy limitations can be overcome. Small unmanned aircraft capable of carrying imaging devices have become more accessible and increasingly autonomous over the last ten years. Also, hyperspectral imagers capable of providing high spectral resolution data are being optimized for use on light-weight aerial platforms. These platform and payload advances pose new opportunity for wide scale, high resolution data collection of agricultural lands. However, processing chains and analytical methods to compliment the availability of these data are lacking. This study develops a processing chain for framebased hyperspectral data and assesses whether genetically distinct maize varieties can be automatically separated and classified using various analytical methods. Our field work included UAV data collection campaigns completed on five sampling dates during July 2014 (02, 07, 10, 21, 24) in Scott County, Iowa. The site contained 13 genetically unique varieties of maize planted adjacent to one another on 30 May, 2014. Using 24 bands of the hyperspectral payload as response variables, we found each hybrid to have a statistically significant difference from one another on all five sampling dates. Discriminant analysis and SIMCA classification showed general agreement in ability to separate samples based on building models of the hybrid classes from known observations. The global model accuracies for SIMCA analyses on each date were 32%, 28%, 28%, 32% and 21%, respectively. Discriminant analysis successful classification rates for days ranged from 32% during sampling period 5 to almost 38% within sampling period 4. We conclude subtle differences in crops expressed as variations in spectral signatures, such as those imposed by mildly different genetic characteristics, are possible to detect using these new hardware and processing chains. However, reliably classifying the independent variables based solely on these subtle spectral differences is not possible using these methods.
Year of Submission
Master of Arts
Department of Geography
Patrick Pease, Chair, Thesis Committee
1 PDF file (viii, 101 pages)
©2019 Daniel Murphy
Murphy, Daniel, "Separability of maize varieties using an unmanned aircraft and hyperspectral sensor in Iowa" (2019). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 947. | <urn:uuid:92d22b33-8e06-46b6-8762-87b05b5320a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/947/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370492125.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328164156-20200328194156-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.896103 | 488 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Everyday products such as perfume, skin lotion, hair spray, deodorant, household cleaners and lawn pesticides are a top source of air pollution, as damaging to air quality as the exhaust from cars and trucks, a new study published in the journal Science (2/2018) shows.
Consumer products containing compounds refined from petroleum all release small amounts of smog-producing particles into the air, combining to release as many volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, into the atmosphere as vehicle emissions do. Imagine having the tailpipe of your car exhaust directly into your living room or your child’s bedroom!
While regulations requiring more efficient cars and more tightly sealed gas pumps have actually cut down on transportation pollution even though fuel use is increasing. However, consumer products have become a more prominent source of volatile organic compounds.
Previous EPA estimates held that about 75 percent of fossil VOC emissions came from fuel-related vehicle sources and about 25 percent from chemical products but the new study puts the split closer to 50-50, showing that “everyday consumer choices can have a meaningful impact on urban air quality.
“We can confidently say that emissions of these nontraditional sources will negatively impact urban air quality pretty much anywhere they are used in large quantities — that is, pretty much any city around the U.S., Europe or the world,”research team member Christopher Cappa, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Davis.
Keep your home and your family healthy by minimizing the indoor air pollution you create by choosing household products for cleaning and personal care that are unscented and as chemical-free as possible.
To read more about this new research visit: https://www.upi.com/Study-Household-products-contribute-as-much-air-pollution-as-cars/9311518801748/
Our clear customized report helps you understand your home and take action.
ARE YOU CONCERNED YOUR HOME IS MAKING YOU SICK?
Our guide on indoor quality will help you diagnose possible issues and implement intelligent solutions to improve the quality of the air inside your home. | <urn:uuid:e32b7b2e-a2d3-41e4-803c-9cac592a72a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.haywardscore.com/articles/household-products-contribute-as-much-air-pollution-as-automobiles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593438.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722174538-20180722194538-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.93915 | 441 | 2.921875 | 3 |
When asked what form of government the Constitutional Convention had established for America, Benjamin Franklin famously replied: “A republic . . . if you can keep it.” Eric Metaxas—popular author, host of The Eric Metaxas Show, and founder and host of Socrates in the City—draws on that response for the title and theme of his tribute to America, If You Can Keep It: The Forgotten Promise of American Liberty.
This work is clearly a labor of love for Metaxas; he loves America and what he believes it stands for. If You Can Keep It is filled with stirring anecdotes, personal memories, and keen observations. But it’s also filled with warnings to Americans and expressions of concern for the country’s future.
Metaxas wants readers to understand that Americans have a duty to keep the “promise” of America, and that we need public as well as private morality and virtue in order to “keep” the republic.
Effective, Yet Erroneous
There’s a lot to like in If You Can Keep It. Metaxas is an excellent and effective writer. He knows how to tap into the emotional well of his readers, and his popular style sprinkled with affecting quotes and stories is accessible. His many patriotic references and examples will appeal to most of those in his target audience, as will his thesis that the United States is the greatest nation, that its exceptionalism must be maintained, and that public religion must play a role. I came to the book sympathetic to his thesis, but I doubt an informed neutral reader would be persuaded.
Much of the problem lies in what makes Metaxas popular. His accessible style carries seeds of destruction in terms of making a valid argument. There are seven endnotes in the entire book—and they’re annotations of further information, not source citations. The lack of endnotes makes reading more fluid and uninterrupted, but it sacrifices accountability to reliable sources and facts.
One of the more egregious historical errors is the claim that the “very first settlers on American shores” came “precisely” to gain religious freedom, along with the equally false claim that “in America the idea of religious freedom was paramount,” and that there was “a complete tolerance of all denominations and religions” from the beginning (34–35).
The first settlers to the American shores (that would become the United States) settled at Jamestown in 1607 and came seeking profits, not prophets. Like many on the Christian Right, Metaxas skips Jamestown altogether. He says: “Since the Pilgrims came to our shores in 1620, religious freedom and religious tolerance have been the single most important principle of American life” (70). The Pilgrims and Puritans did come seeking religious freedom, but only for themselves. They didn’t value or allow religious freedom for others.
In fact, the Rhode Island colony was founded by dissidents forced out of Massachusetts Bay because of religious nonconformity. Far from guaranteeing “complete tolerance,” all the way through the Founding era non-Christian religious groups and some Christian denominations were discriminated against in most of the colonies/states, and even persecuted in some. That persecution was, for example, what motivated James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to push for religious tolerance legislation.
Metaxas seems to make the common error of determining religious belief by denominational affiliation. He declares John Adams to have been “a committed and theologically orthodox Christian” (56). But Adams vehemently rejected the deity of Christ, the atonement, the Trinity, and eternal punishment in hell. Adams said that placing all religion “in grace, and its offspring, faith” is “anti-Christianity.” He believed the best source for “orthodox” theology was the Hindu Shastra, that philosophy was at least equivalent in authority to the Bible, and that pagans who became “virtuous” went to heaven. Adams outrageously said he wouldn’t believe in the Trinity even if God himself told him on Mt. Sinai that it was true.
Having decided that Plymouth was the first colony, Metaxas (like many on the Christian Right) proceeds as if the Pilgrims and Puritans founded America rather than simply Massachusetts (189). It’s worth mentioning that roughly 150 years passed between Plymouth and the founding of the United States. He proceeds as if John Winthrop’s “city on a hill” pronouncement was meant for—and applies to—all of America for all time and not simply to the colony the Puritans were establishing in pursuit of God’s will (234). It’s important to note that seven of the twelve other colonies were not founded for religious reasons. As for the success of Winthrop’s “city on a hill” vision, Metaxas claims the Puritans’ “distinctly biblical model carried on beyond the Massachusetts Bay Colony and into the United States of America (215).” In fact, before the 17th century ended, the descendants of the original Puritan settlers were heavily engaged in the slave trade and making rum. Similarly, because he approves of its guarantee of religious freedom, Metaxas claims that the charter of Rhode Island speaks for all of America (72). This is particularly ironic since the Rhode Island colony was founded by castoffs seeking the religious freedom denied them by the Puritans.
In addition to factual errors, Metaxas engages in some unhelpful hyperbole, such as his claims that without George Whitefield “the United States simply could not have come into being” (77) and that America’s founders required and expected all Americans to be active and engaged and that they believed that America would soon fail if all were not fully committed to the cause (3–4). There are also theological problems, such as Metaxas’s questionable treatment of Matthew 5:14 and Luke 10:27, and his persistent claim that America was “called by God” for a special mission to the world (193, 212–16).
Missing the Mark
As I tried to emphasize at the beginning, there are a number of good elements in If You Can Keep It. Metaxas has good things to say about American exceptionalism, the character and example of George Washington, the importance of heroes, the need for morality and religion in public life, and the value of civic education.
I still agree with his thesis, but I cannot help thinking that it deserves a much more accurate presentation.
Editors’ note: This review was based on a pre-publication version of If You Can Keep It. The review has been amended because an error in the pre-publication version of the book was corrected in the published version. | <urn:uuid:769678c7-03be-4bd2-9dd1-20538df25b1f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://seekfirstbrand.com/blogs/seek-first-blog/a-republic-if-you-can-keep-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.964827 | 1,419 | 2.625 | 3 |
Medicine. The little pills that help you feel better can also cause harm, if used incorrectly. New visits to the ER for drug-related poisoning are on the rise, according to research from the American College of Emergency Physicians and the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Here are a few scary stats:
- Almost 700,000 emergency department visits for drug-related poisoning occur per year.
- There were nearly 28,000 unintentional drug-related poisoning deaths in the United States in 2007.
- Infants to 5-years old have the highest rate of unintentional poisoning.
- Antidepressants and painkillers were responsible for 43 percent of all drug-related poisoning.
Not on prescription meds and only take the occasional over-the-counter painkiller? This poisoning can still happen to you. Gail Banach, a poison educator at the Upstate New York Poison Center, shares a few safety tips in honor of Poison Prevention Week:
Always, always read labels. Even if you've taken the medicine or OTC product before. Warnings and dosages can change due to new research or updates from manufacturers, so its imperative that you double check the label each time you start taking meds.
Listen to your doc…and your pharmacist! When you pick up your prescriptions, the pharmacist might give extra instructions or notes. For instance, if you are on warfarin (Coumadin), they'll probably tell you not to take aspirin with it. There's a reason for this! Aspirin is a blood thinner and warfarin is an anticogulant, so taking the combo could increase your risk of dangerous bleeding. Take your pharmacist's notes seriously.
Over-the-counter drugs can interact with diet and supplements. You should always be open and detailed with your doctor regarding any supplements you're taking. Certain ingredients in so-called "natural" supplements can still cause a negative reaction with medicine you get at the drugstore. Your doc can tell you if there's anything to watch out for.
– Abby Cuffey, Associate Health Editor | <urn:uuid:d788bd6a-a204-4317-b18f-0d16ee56c82b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.womansday.com/health-fitness/daily-dose/poison-prevention-346 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122222204.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175702-00162-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932259 | 427 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Fake anti-virus software that infect PCs with malicious code are a growing threat, according to a study by Google.
Its analysis of 240m web pages over 13 months showed that fake anti-virus programs accounted for 15% of all malicious software.
Scammers trick people into downloading programs by convincing them that their PC is infected with a virus.
Once installed, the software may steal data or force people to make a payment to register the fake product.
"Surprisingly, many users fall victim to these attacks and pay to register the fake [anti-virus software]," the study said.
"To add insult to injury, Fake anti-viruses often are bundled with other malware, which remains on a victim’s computer regardless of whether a payment is made."
The study, which was presented at the Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats in California, analysed websites between January 2009 and February 2010.
It discovered more than 11,000 web domains involved in its distribution of fake anti-virus.
More than half of the fake software was delivered via adverts, Google said.
Graham Cluley of security firm Sophos, who was not involved in the study, said that one of the key ways that hackers spread fake anti-virus was so-called black hat search engine optimisation techniques.
"The hackers track trending news stories – such as the death of Michael Jackson," he said.
"They then create websites stuffed with content, which in many cases can appear on the first page of search results."
Anyone clicking on the link, he said, would be confronted with a pop-up with a link to fake anti-virus software.
Google uses tools to filter out booby-trapped websites, but the firm said that hackers were managing to avoid detection by moving between domains quickly.
Mr Cluley said that people should be familiar with their own anti-virus software and should "always be suspicious" if they were confronted with a pop-up telling them you need to download something extra or spend money to clean up a computer.
"If you already have anti-virus installed you shouldn’t need to do that," he said. | <urn:uuid:62425092-10a2-49c8-8eb8-5df4720b563b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blog.readycrest.co.uk/fake-anti-virus-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.966774 | 461 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Bamboo Hostels China / Studio Anna Heringer. Image © Jenny JI
The Filipinos believe that man and woman first emerged from the nodes of a bamboo stalk. The Chinese view the cane as a symbol of their culture and values, reciting “there is no place to live without bamboo”. The plant is a symbol of prosperity in Japan and friendship in India. Along with myths and stories, strong structures made of bamboo flourished in pre-modern Asia. Built forms varied across the changing landscapes of Eastern countries, all sharing one aspect in common – a respect for natural ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:1c7245d1-f234-4a62-ae42-d7051d0a8074> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://medi-arch.com/2022/08/15/why-bamboo-is-the-future-of-asian-construction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.924269 | 121 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Nelson Mandela has passed away. Many proclaim the world has lost a “great man” – a man to be revered. I disagree. We did not lose a great man; we lost a man who accomplished great things. That is an important distinction and one with which Mandela would likely agree.
To believe in the “great man” is nothing more than modern day idolatry – hero worship. But we must never whitewash history in pursuit of arbitrary labels. When we decide that a historical figure is purely good or bad, we leave no room for nuance. And we leave no room for truth.
Like most citizens of the world, I greatly admire Mandela’s efforts to end apartheid and his attempts to reconcile Afrikaners, Africans and other races in his country. His contributions to the advancement of human rights and dignity must never be forgotten.
Yet, we must accept that Mandela was not infallible. He was a founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the paramilitary arm of the African National Congress. Their use of mines, bombs, torture and kangaroo courts resulted in the deaths of innocent civilians. His support of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, an ardent supporter of necklacing, a reprehensible execution tactic, should not be overlooked. Mandela also found common ground with dictators like Cuba’s Fidel Castro and Libya’s Moammar Gadhafi. And as president, Mandela was largely ineffective in managing the nascent AIDS epidemic in South Africa.
Despite the failings, Mandela rightfully enjoys the company of icons such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Abraham Lincoln. But how often do we recall that these heroes were also flawed?
A Boston University committee ultimately determined that King plagiarized portions of his doctoral dissertation. Abraham Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and his famed Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free a single slave. It was a military policy. In fact, it preserved slavery in the Union’s border states.
One of the more recent additions to American hagiography is Ronald Reagan. Under his presidency, the U.S. emerged from the Cold War the victor and an economic juggernaut. While he is often placed on the short list of America’s greatest presidents, his presidency was also marred by controversy. He fought Mandela’s efforts in South Africa by vetoing the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986. This resulted in the only successful Congressional override of a presidential foreign policy veto in the 20th century. Reagan also displayed a shocking lack of respect for national and international law during the Iran-Contra affair.
When we elevate historical figures to mythical heights, we are, in fact, worshipping people who never walked this Earth. And that cripples our ability to learn from history. I am not passing judgment on Mandela. We each must draw our own conclusions. But we must take off our blindfolds and look at the complete historical picture, including uncomfortable imperfections. Only then are we able to truly honor the legacy of a man like Nelson Mandela, applaud his successes and learn from his faults.
A very wise man once warned us that he “was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances.” That man was Nelson Mandela.
Avery Bissett is a commentator and peace studies major at Chapman University. | <urn:uuid:39b3484d-bc1c-4c27-ab25-8a323b36ac1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.ocregister.com/2013/12/11/avery-bissett-the-dangers-of-hero-worship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.960244 | 695 | 2.765625 | 3 |
(HERALD SCOTLAND) — A computer programme that translates sign language into written text could revolutionise the lives of the deaf and hard of hearing, according to scientists.
The software, which can be used on portable devices and provides near instantaneous translation, is the first of its kind.
Researchers at the University of Aberdeen hope the move will help young deaf people find work and communicate with colleagues.
“I’ve come out of retirement to support this project because I feel it’s so important,” says Dr James Christie from the university. “Since I am losing my hearing I now understand how isolating it can be if you can’t communicate. If you’re the signer and no one else can, you’re alone.” | <urn:uuid:28eaddae-d2c2-447d-ac11-c18b6d0a3647> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mobile.wnd.com/2012/03/sign-language-translated-into-written-text/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823997.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020082720-20171020102720-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.908808 | 163 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Is Baby Sign Language A Good Idea? – Baby sign language is something that many parents fall into the habit of doing without realising, and yet there is heated debate over whether this method of communication is actually beneficial for our children’s development. So what is baby sign language? Quite simply, it is when babies are taught to communicate using simplified versions of sign language for basic words or phrases. These phrases could be for Mummy, Daddy, Food, Drink or other simple requests. The concept is that babies can often use this sign language before they are able to verbally express themselves, and, as a result, can communicate with parents at an earlier age.
However, there are those who would argue that baby sign language is not a good idea for a number of reasons. It has been suggested that children who can communicate basic needs through sign language will not have the need to speak as quickly and that they will not start talking until later in their development. Further concerns over baby sign language revolve around the possibility for a child to misunderstand a phrase, and as such get very upset when it is not understood. For example, a parent might think a child has learned how to sign to ask for more, but in the child’s head that sign could mean the more fundamental “I need something”. This could lead to a very upset baby when their needs are not met!
So which is it? Is baby sign language a good idea? The truth is that the experts don’t really know, and as with many things, it comes down to how the process is introduced and maintained with the child. With that in mind, there are a number of key things that parents looking to implement baby sign language should always remember.
- Start at an appropriate age. Your 3-month-old baby is not going to be able to communicate with you in this way! Sometime around the 8-month mark is more appropriate.
- Keep it simple. A few basic words or phrases are all you should be using. This isn’t a way for your child to start having conversations with you, merely to tell you basic needs.
- Keep talking. Whenever using baby sign language, you should always keep talking and saying the words or phrases out loud. This will encourage your baby to associate the sign with the word.
Baby sign language isn’t for everyone, and some children simply won’t take to it. Keep this in mind, and always remember to keep it simple and keep talking. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:2c383245-d23e-424d-b803-c10ed705d972> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://toptoysforchristmas2016.com/is-baby-sign-language-a-good-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692126.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019063516-20191019091016-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.968213 | 517 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Examples of our website contents
More than 150 different first languages are
spoken in Finland. The official languages (national languages) of Finland are
Finnish and Swedish.
EU finnish is a language
variant produced when EU documents are translated into Finnish by EU bodies.
The exhibition on place names in Finland.
Paikannimen tarina (The Story of a Place Name) was exhibited in the
metropolitan area Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa in the autumn 2010.
Guidelines for map editors and other editors – Finland.
Each name is presented in Finnish, Swedish, North Saami,
English, French, German and Russian.
The database is available through English and German interfaces.
We have compiled here a list of the Institute’s
corpora and material available online free of charge. | <urn:uuid:e8daade8-29f4-40d2-bb79-363ff09bff31> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?l=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806620.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122175744-20171122195744-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.890936 | 173 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A Fence Away
Visiting Friendship Park in the Trump era
The history of U.S. immigration policy can be told through a half-acre stretch of land where San Diego meets Tijuana. It was there that on August 18, 1971, Pat Nixon reached across the border to shake the hand of a man on the Mexico side who had come to witness the spectacle of the rare visit by a sitting first lady. In those days, the border was sketched by porous, chest-high, barbed cattle fencing. Nixon had come to dedicate the state-run Friendship Park in the name of binational camaraderie. “I hope there won’t be a fence here too long,” she had said.
Over the years, however, as the fence became more fortified and extended farther out into the ocean, Friendship Park remained a safe space of sorts, a place where loved ones could connect, look at one another, clasp hands (and later, touch fingertips), no matter how distanced their countries had become. After President George W. Bush approved the construction of hundreds of miles of new fencing and barriers along the border, the park closed. But supporters successfully fought to preserve the area as a meeting point. Even in the shadow of what Harvard anthropology professor Ieva Jusionyte described as “a militarized border,” there have been joint yoga sessions, concerts, plays, and Masses. Border Angels, a nonprofit immigrant-rights group, has persuaded federal authorities to open a nearby maintenance gate, dubbed the Door of Hope, six times since 2013. There, “parents and grandparents hug children for the first or last times in their lives,” says founder Enrique Morones.
But since Donald Trump entered office, the mood at Friendship Park has shifted. “We’ve seen a decline in visitors since the election,” says John Fanestil, a Methodist pastor who conducts Sunday services at the fence. “Fear of contact with immigration enforcement is very high.” Then in February, in the midst of what felt like an immigration clampdown taking place throughout the country, with increased arrests, raids, and checkpoints, the border authority at Friendship Park became less friendly. Now, the agents impose a 30-minute time limit on visits and have shut down the adjacent Friendship Garden, where people could get a head-to-toe view of relatives as long as they stood 6 feet apart. The regulations also call for only ten people at a time to be at the fence (before, the limit was 24). Families on the U.S. side can no longer take photos or videos.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection attributes the new policies to staffing changes. Others say it’s punishment for a wedding that opened the Door of Hope in November. The groom, Brian Houston, said he couldn’t cross into Tijuana to marry his Mexican fiancée, so the ceremony was held at Friendship Park (it was later revealed that Houston had been convicted of smuggling drugs and was awaiting sentencing). And many simply believe that the rules are the result of the person sitting in the Oval Office. “It’s not a policy that Trump’s people sent down,” Morones says. “But people who are really anti-immigrant, they feel empowered now because they feel Trump has their back.”
On a Sunday in February, shortly after the new rules were put in place, family members line up outside because the park is beyond capacity, with 14 adults and two children inside. The fence divides two contrasting landscapes. To the north, on the U.S. side, there are canyons, running creeks, and the largest coastal wetland in Southern California. On the Mexico side, there’s a historic lighthouse and bullring. A mariachi duo performs near the fence. Maria Martínez, a 26-year-old from the Los Angeles area, is at the park with her brother to visit their family in Mexico. She believes Trump will ultimately close the meeting place. “The president wants to shut it down,” she says with certainty.
“With Trump in office, I think we’re honestly fucked for now,” says 19-year-old David Aguilar, a Dreamer who drove nearly two hours from Riverside to see relatives he hadn’t set eyes on in eight years. Still, Aguilar says, “it was a privilege to be able to see family from afar.” The line, in fact, is filled with Dreamers like Aguilar who are protected by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which allows immigrants brought to the United States illegally as children to stay. President Trump, who was expected to visit San Diego in mid-March to inspect new border-wall prototypes, has wavered on DACA, but courts have kept it alive for now.
Aguilar had to take turns with U.S.-side relatives — there were too many of them to go in at once — as they spoke to his brother and father in Playas de Tijuana, the neighborhood on the Mexican side. “I would have liked for all of us to be here at once,” he says.
Paul Gallardo, another DACA recipient, has come from the Phoenix suburbs to see loved ones through the fence. “It’s bittersweet,” he says. “I’m American, but this is as close as I can get to my family. My family roots are on the other side of that fence.”
Erick Hernández, also a Dreamer, drove 19 hours from Arlington, Texas, to see his father, sister, and brother, separated from him for a decade. “It’s emotional,” Hernández, who is 29, says. “My brother was 10 months old when I left. After ten years, I’m surprised at how different he looks.”
In the background, as people continue to line up for their 30-minute reunions, Fanestil’s voice booms. He is conducting his weekly cross-border celebration of Communion. “By the grace of God,” he says through a portable PA system, “nothing will separate us.” | <urn:uuid:86c2bede-99cf-4929-bd0e-bd46e492922f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://story.californiasunday.com/friendship-park-border | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526536.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720153215-20190720175215-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.977379 | 1,319 | 2.609375 | 3 |
CAT Books For Quantitative Ability:
1.NCERT mathematics books (from 6th to 10th class) ::
These books are a good way to start if one needs to clear their basics and concepts. NCERT books are best to start your CAT Preparation with only if you have a lot of time before your exam date and need to brush up on concepts before solving advanced problems.
2.How to Prepare for Quantitative Aptitude for the CAT (by Arun Sharma)
(publisher: Tata McGraw Hill)
This is a very popular book among CAT aspirants and really easy and simple to understand. This book also focuses on the basics first and has different levels of difficulties step by step.
3.Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Examinations (by Abhijit Guha)
This book is quite comprehensive for various competitive exams, for both MBA aspirants and for those seeking jobs who need to prepare for the aptitude tests.
4.Quantitative Aptitude Quantum CAT by Sarvesh Verma
It is an extensive book for students aspiring to go to IIMs. It has a very simple, lucid and tailor made content revolving around CAT.
5.Quantitative Aptitude for CAT (by Nishit Sinha)
This book by Pearson focuses on in depth understanding of core topics for basic and advanced applications.
Verbal Ability Books For CAT:
1.How to Prepare for Verbal Ability and ReadingComprehension for the CAT(by Arun Sharma andMeenakshi Upadhyay)
This book is good to brush up your verbal and reading comprehension skills. It covers three important topics: reading comprehension, verbal ability and verbal reasoning. It provides sufficient practice and mock papers for self-assessment.
2.Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension For The CAT( by Nishit Sinha)
This book by Pearson provides not only an exhaustive resource for verbal ability. It also includes numerous tests as well as integral problem solving techniques and approaches.
3.Word Power Made Easy (by Norman Lewis)
This is the go-to book to improve your vocabulary. It is not a book to be read but a book to work with daily to enrich your vocabulary.
4.High School Grammar and Composition( by Wren and Martin)
It is a very good book for people who want to improve their grammar skills. It helps to understand and conceptualise different aspects of grammar and it is a must have book for anyone with poor grasp on verbal ability or who wants to make up with the basics of english.
Read books from different genres
The ultimate key to improve your verbal ability is to read extensively and to read books from different genres. This ensures that when the time for reading comprehension comes you are well acquainted with different writing styles and topics. Reading extensively also improves your reading speeding over a period of time. There are no shortcuts here.
Data Interpretation and Logical Reasoning Books For CAT:
1.A Modern Approach to Logical Reasoning( by R.S. Agarwal)
This CAT book by R.S. Agarwal is to start with the most basic reasoning problem as it is quite simple to understand. It is segregated into different sections such as logic, statements, inferences and arguments, assumptions, conclusions, course of actions, logical puzzles, etc.
2.How to Prepare for Logical Reasoning for CAT book (by Arun Sharma)
This book by Tata McGraw Hill contains all topics to be considered under Logical Reasoning for CAT as well as other entrance exams. Each topic is explained with solved examples followed by a series of problems with varied difficulty levels to solve which gives an individual enough practice for this section.
3.How to Prepare for Data Interpretation for CAT book (by Arun Sharma)
This book focuses on all areas of Data Interpretation and Data Sufficiency. It provides and emphasizes on developing our calculations to get an edge with DI. This book also provides you with previous years questions, Model and Sample test papers.
4.Logical Reasoning and Data Interpretation for the CAT (by Nishit Sinha)
This book covers fundamental and advanced topics under the aforementioned section which are explained with the help of solved examples, case lets and exercises to do. It is useful for various other exams as well.
5.Data Interpretation (by Nishit Sinha)
Practice Book for CAT and Other MBA Entrance Examinations( by Nishit Sinha):
This book provides adequate practice and to sharpen the skills for Data Interpretation. It is also quite useful for other competitive exams like NMAT, GMAT,SNAP,XAT, CMAT, etc.
Another CAT Preparation material or book to be considered isPrevious Years Solved CAT Paper:
This ensures that you are familiar with the kind of questions that are asked in CAT providing you an edge. They can be taken as mocks and the analysis of the same can provide you with great insights for your preparation.
It is always better to read newspaper for CURRENT G.K. than trying to grasp all info at once. Some of the newspaper sources which you can use to prepare this section are The Hindu, Financial Express, and The Economist.
In case, you dont like reading newspaper daily, you can go with Manorama Yearbook or Current Affairs Yearly by Arihant for General Knowledge which is published every year.
In order to prepare for STATIC G.K. section, you need to broaden your overall scope in following sections: Sports, Politics, Entertainment, Biographies, etc. So, for this, you can use Static General Knowledge by A.P. Bhardwaj and S. Chands Advanced Objective General Knowledge. These books are okay to start with if you are not someone with a newspaper reading habit from the past.
There are plenty of other books for these topics in the market, but these are by far the most popular as well as helpful books for anyone preparing for entrance exams.
The level of questions asked in cat exam is very good. So you must focus on basics to high level. And every expert or CAT 99% percentile holder recommendes to study from standard books. I have shared a list of all the standard books useful for CAT exam.
Arun Sharma's complete CAT Digest
Prepare for CAT by Mohammed Muneer
Barron's Pocket Guide to vocabulary
Word power made easy by Norman Lewis
Nishit Sinha's The peorson guide to VA and LR
CAT Free Mock Test
Analyse your preparation level with Free Mock Test of CAT | <urn:uuid:41ccde2f-e9fd-40fa-93a6-4a6d8927378e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.careers360.com/question-which-books-are-useful-for-cat-exam?ici=topic-detail-page&icn=question-title-details | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987769323.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021093533-20191021121033-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.944644 | 1,369 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Ethical doctrine, associated especially though not exclusively with Roman Catholicism.
Though we may not intentionally produce evil, we may intentionally do (in pursuit of a suitably greater good) what we foresee will in fact produce evil, provided we regard this evil as an unwanted side-effect which we would avoid if possible.
The occurrence of the evil must not be necessary as a means to our intended end.
The doctrine might, for example, forbid us to torture an innocent person to gain vital information in a good cause, while allowing us to kill an innocent civilian while bombing a munitions depot, provided that the intended good greatly outweighs the expected evil.
J T Morgan, 'An Historical Analysis of the Principle of Double Effect', Theological Studies (1949) | <urn:uuid:d7bc62cf-29c6-4eb4-b744-1b9d99f3922d> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.wisdomsupreme.com/dictionary/double-effect-doctrine.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189525.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00473-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.877874 | 154 | 2.625 | 3 |
ARTICLE: Summer is flu season for horses - take precautions!
Outbreaks of Equine Influenza have already occurred in our practice area this summer.
This viral infection and a similar infection caused by Equine Rhinopneumonitis virus are passed by aerosol transfer between horses but also by fomites such as rags, buckets, trailers, and hands. Prevention by vaccination is important for horses in stables with in and out traffic, in show barns, and for horses in contact with horses going out to shows or other equestrian events. Owners taking horses out for shows or even trail riding should avoid nose-to-nose contact with other horses and also avoid public water tanks. Vaccination protocols can be found HERE. Horses that are showing signs of influenza or rhinopneumonitis can be diagnosed rapidly by our clinic via PCR (requires only a nasal swab.) In the face of an outbreak, the duration of signs and amount of virus shed can be reduced by vaccination in infected or suspect horses. (Also see THIS article on other summer risks for your horse.) | <urn:uuid:911716a7-6f44-4b5e-ab9e-f6d7c84197fc> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.lbemc.com/2018/02/01/summer-is-flu-season-for-horses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144637.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220035657-20200220065657-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.951016 | 223 | 2.75 | 3 |
Climate shocks, vulnerability, resilience and livelihoods in rural Zambia
To what extent do the behavioral choices of Zambian smallholder farmers influence the negative effects of climate shocks, and what impact do these choices have on vulnerability and resilience? This paper uses nationally representative, three-wave household-level panel data to investigate these questions. The empirical estimation employs an instrumental variable probit regression model, which also controls for the endogeneity of key choice variables. There are four main empirical findings. First, droughts are the most prevalent climate shock rural smallholder farmers in Zambia face, but the extent of exposure differs spatially, with the Southern and Western Provinces being the hardest hit. Nationally, about three-quarters of all smallholder farmers are vulnerable and only about one-quarter are resilient. Second, increased climate shocks correlate with both increased vulnerability and reduced resilience, with short- and long-term deviations in seasonal rainfall worsening vulnerability and resilience. Third, higher asset endowments and education level of the household head reduce vulnerability and increase resilience among smallholder farmers. Female-headed households are more vulnerable and less resilient, on average. Fourth, the use of climate-smart agricultural practices—namely, minimum tillage and use of inorganic fertilizers or hybrid maize seed—significantly improves household resilience in the short term. | <urn:uuid:b7569ff0-ee58-4083-b8f1-31530bead662> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/471390/climate-shocks-vulnerability-resilience-and-livelihoods-in-rural-zambia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.90983 | 269 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The House in the Heart by Willie James King
(Tebot Bach, Huntington Beach, CA, 2007)
In his first collection of poems, The House in the Heart, Willie James King offers the reader a variety of settings and landscapes, ranging from urban to bucolic. While varied, his writings continually use descriptions of the external world to convey the internal conflicts of their characters, a theme gracefully unifies the works in this collection. Filled with evocative imagery and finely crafted turns of phrase, King's book often uses these comparisons between interior and exterior to convey broader ideas about race, class, and social equality, proving at once lyrical and philosophical throughout.
In conveying these ideas, King offers several variations on this theme of dissonance between inner life and one's surroundings, allowing for a diverse collection. Although often presenting the reader with works that evoke the speaker's state of mind through cityscapes and vistas, other poems in The House in the Heart take a different approach, using the interior lives of characters to illuminate and complicate the landscapes they inhabit. A piece entitled "I've Just Heard," which King situates near the end of the collection, exemplifies this trend. He writes, for example,
...I stand transfixed
by failure's finesse; school
boys strapped to bombs;
heads severed by swords.
A city sinks fast
like a shelled ship. (65)
In this piece, the author conflates New Orleans after the natural disaster of Hurricane Katrina with children traumatized by the war in Iraq. While doing so, King presents readers with a speaker who observes detachedly, perceiving such individual tragedies as part of a larger displacement of the ideals and beliefs that underlie American life. Juxtaposing the chaos of the external world with the disconcerting clarity of the individual's perception of it, this poem, like many others in the book, uses the inner life of its speaker to problematize the exterior world he or she inhabits, often while conveying substantial social criticisms.
Throughout the collection, King uses similar strategies to raise larger questions about life in the American South, which he often depicts from the culturally fraught point of view of an African-American male. In doing so, the work uses this disparity between interior and exterior to suggest both the inherent equality of all individuals and the injustice of any society that denies it. These themes prove particularly apparent in a piece entitled "Orrville, Alabama," in which he writes,
...So, I led
a small, quiet life of school
and fishing until I left. And
now folk hail me: Come home!
Come back! Times've changed,
they say, but I'm not buying it.
All I know is Christ had a cross,
King was killed, the Klans
still ride, and men's
hearts haven't changed... (42)
Throughout this piece, King juxtaposes the internal tranquility of the speaker with the violence that surrounds him. In doing so, he contrasts the speaker's peaceful inner life with destructive events, such as Martin Luther King's assassination and "the Klans" still riding, suggesting that such discontinuities between the values of the individual and the world he or she inhabits remain common in the American south. Although portraying "men's/heart's" as unchanging, King often highlights and disparages such discrimination and violence toward characters who lead "small, quiet" lives "of school and fishing," evoking the illogical nature of subjugating peaceful individuals.
Approached with these ideas in mind, the poems in The House in the Heart offer readers evocative imagery while raising significant and often philosophical questions. Frequently conveying the subjective through minute concrete details, Willie James King's debut offers such societal observations through the modest "graveled roads" and "windblown debris" of everyday life, a combination that proves striking throughout. This contrast remains particularly apparent in a piece entitled "Complaint," which depicts a farmer's lack of appreciation for the natural world from which he subsides. King writes in the poem, for instance,
...Silence will not slide
in edgewise this side
of summer, perhaps not
until long after controlled
burning's done with, and
quail and crows have
long taken the farmer's
spilled grain he himself
intended to haul home, all,
before he ended his harvest,
and set his fields on fire. (10)
This excerpt, which occurs early in the collection, uses "quail," "crows," and "grain" as a metaphor for the tendency of most to disparage the natural world, which sustains and nourishes. In doing so, King uses the character's setting "his fields on fire" as a metaphor for the modern disregard for the well-being of one's surroundings, suggesting that, just as the farmer hoards his grain and neglects the birds, these behaviors most often prove to be self-destructive in the long run. Written in terms of modest everyday imagery, the poem, like many others in the collection, uses such minutia as a vehicle for larger statements about American life, frequently while posing open questions to the reader.
All points considered, The House in the Heart is a finely crafted and thought-provoking book. Ideal for those who enjoy evocative poetry, Willie James King's new collection is a must-read.
Kristina Marie Darling is a graduate student at Washington University in St. Louis. Eight chapbooks of her work have been published, among them Fevers and Clocks (March Street Press, 2006), The Traffic in Women (Dancing Girl Press, 2006), and Night Music (BlazeVOX Books, 2008). A two-time Pushcart Prize nominee, Kristina has also written on contemporary literature for The Boston Review, The Colorado Review, New Letters, The Mid-American Review, Third Coast, and other journals. Recent awards include residencies at the Vermont Studio Center and the Mary Anderson Center for the Arts. | <urn:uuid:896bec81-da34-4a84-9d35-225ea4d0c810> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://galatearesurrection12.blogspot.com/2009/05/house-in-heart-by-willie-james-king.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.947262 | 1,243 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Norovirus – Credit HPA
Regular readers of this blog are aware that we’ve paid more attention this year to norovirus than in previous years, simply because there’s a lot of it going around this winter.
In Eurosurveillance: Emergence & Spread Of GII.4 Variant Norovirus, we looked at early indications that a new variant of Norovirus was on the rise in Europe, and around the world.
A few days later, I carried comments by the man who discovered this new strain - Professor Peter White, and his team in the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences – see (UNSW: Sydney 2012 Norovirus Rising).
Noroviruses, which are often mistakenly called `stomach flu’, are single-stranded RNA viruses that are able to evolve rapidly, so we typically see a new dominant norovirus strain emerge every two or three years.
Victims usually experience nausea, frequent vomiting & diarrhea, and stomach pain – and may also suffer from headache, fever, and body aches.
The illness generally runs its course in 1 to 3 (very long) days, and most people recover. But among those who are aged or infirmed, the virus can take a heavy toll. According to the CDC, each year the norovirus:
- causes about 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach or intestines or both)
- contributes to about 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths, mostly among young children and the elderly
Today the CDC has confirmed what many have suspected; that this new Sydney strain of norovirus is contributing heavily to this year’s norovirus season here in the United States.
In a press release mailed out today, the CDC previewed today’s MMWR report:
New norovirus strain causing most norovirus outbreaks in United States
Not yet known if strain will cause more outbreaks than previous years
A new strain of norovirus called GII.4 Sydney was the leading cause of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from September to December 2012, according to a study published in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report released today by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The new strain was detected in Australia in March 2012, and caused outbreaks in that country and several other countries.
CDC researchers analyzed 2012 data collected through CaliciNet on norovirus strains associated with outbreaks in the United States. They found that of the 266 norovirus outbreaks reported during the last four months of 2012, 141 were caused by the GII.4 Sydney strain.
“The new strain spread rapidly across the United States from September to December 2012,” said Dr. Aron Hall, epidemiologist, CDC’s Division of Viral Diseases (DVD). “The proportion of reported outbreaks caused by this strain increased dramatically from 19 percent in September to 58 percent in December
A link to and excerpt from today’s MMWR.
WeeklyJanuary 25, 2013 / 62(03);55-55
GII.4 noroviruses remain the predominant cause of norovirus outbreaks, and the GII.4 Sydney strain appears to have replaced the previously predominant strain, GII.4 New Orleans. Compared with other norovirus genotypes, GII.4 noroviruses have been associated with increased rates of hospitalizations and deaths during outbreaks (5). Health-care providers and public health practitioners should remain vigilant to the potential for increased norovirus activity in the ongoing season related to the emergent GII.4 Sydney strain.
Continued surveillance for norovirus outbreaks through CaliciNet and additional data on clinical and epidemiologic features of outbreaks collected through the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)§ will enable further assessment of the public health implications of the new GII.4 Sydney strain, including any association with increased severity or level of activity in the ongoing 2012–13 winter norovirus season. Proper hand hygiene, environmental disinfection, and isolation of ill persons remain the mainstays of norovirus prevention and control (1).
One of the keys to prevention is good hand hygiene, unfortunately, unlike with many other bacteria and viruses, alcohol gel doesn’t do a particularly good job of killing the virus (see CMAJ: Hand Sanitizers May Be `Suboptimal’ For Preventing Norovirus). | <urn:uuid:3323fe51-8ac2-468e-b972-a4c761b1fa04> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://afludiary.blogspot.com/2013/01/mmwr-report-on-new-norovirus-gii4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815435.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224053236-20180224073236-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.943857 | 921 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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