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Effective land management techniques continuously evolve and advance to achieve a sustainable environment. Many Australian wool growers are environmental leaders, effectively improving and restoring the agricultural environment while enhancing the profitability of their enterprises and well-being.
Regenerative agriculture is a sustainable farming method that focuses on strengthening the biodiversity and fertility of soils as the foundation of the entire farm ecosystem.
1 Enhance Soil Health
Soil health is critical to the environment and plays an integral part in influencing the entire ecosystem’s health. Soil is the foundation for crop development, encourages biodiversity, supplies water, and plays a pivotal role in preventing climate change by functioning as carbon storage.
Regeneration is a type of sustainable farming that focuses on improving soil ecology and nutrition. This farming method also acts as the cornerstone of the entire farm ecosystem by supporting the biological cycles of the environment.
2 Increases Biodiversity
The beautiful biodiversity comprising marine and land organisms is the outcome of 4.5 billion years of evolution, with humans playing an increasingly important role. However, climate change threatens biodiversity, resulting in the extinction of local species and the fast climate-driven loss of biodiversity. With regenerative farming practices, the restoration of crops on the verge of extinction and the spontaneous growth of native species have become possible.
3 Reinstating the Ideal Water Cycle
The regeneration approaches are lauded in particular for their ability to help the soil retain nutrients, tolerate natural stressors, avert erosion, and improve the water quality of ecosystems. Other benefits include:
- Reducing the quantity of water needed by retaining naturally occurring nutrients in the soil.
- Less fertiliser usage
- Reducing detrimental water and nutrient runoff from agricultural fields.
4 Encourage Bio-Sequestration
The ultimate goal of bio-sequestration is to store atmospheric carbon in plants, wood, and aquatic habitats. Biological sequestration has numerous potential benefits, including:
- The ability to store relatively large amounts of carbon at a cheap cost.
- Improved soil and biodiversity
- Encouraging more environmentally friendly agricultural practices
- Enhancing soil texture to trap carbon back into the soil.
5 Boost Resilience to Climate Change
According to a UNEP study, the Earth is still on course for a more than 3°C rising temperature this century. It is unbelievable that the globe emits around 50 billion metric tonnes of CO2 annually. The agriculture industry is a significant source of such emissions, accounting for approximately 10–14%. Regenerative farming strives to benefit the environment by restoring deteriorated soil, trapping more carbon dioxide, and reversing the effects of climate change.
Where Does Wool Come Into Play?
Sheep are essential for soil health. Implementing rotational grazing practices ensures the grass is cut periodically, allows regeneration, stores additional carbon in its roots, and maintains biodiversity. Wool products derived from regenerative sources may operate as carbon sinks if the area on which the sheep graze has been optimised for carbon sequestration. If extensively implemented, it has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint at the raw material stage, allowing the fashion sector to play a role in a carbon-free future.
Natural fibres, a great source of fibre for fast fashion, are cultivated on farmland. Farmers can assist the apparel industry by maintaining soil health while generating these natural fibres. Invest in natural, renewable, and biodegradable fibres, such as wool, to enable farmers who produce the fibre to make a reasonable living and expand their businesses. | <urn:uuid:d9be86e9-792b-4c3a-9fc5-485352435eb0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://startupsgrow.com/how-does-regeneration-in-agriculture-and-wool-contribute-to-increased-biodiversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.9177 | 705 | 3.75 | 4 |
We're working with Netsafe to help tackle the issue of online bullying.
What is online bullying?
Online bullying (also known as cyberbullying) is when a person uses digital technology to send, post or publish content with the intention to harm another person or group. This behaviour is often aggressive and repeated.
Online bullying can take many forms, including:
- Name calling
- Repeated, unwanted messages/contact
- Spreading rumours or lies
- Fake accounts used to harass people
- Excluding people from social activities
- Embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles
To find out more, select Netsafe. Netsafe
What to do if you're being bullied online
If you're being bullied, it's important to know how to protect yourself. Every situation of bullying is different. Check out Netsafe's tips on what to do, depending on what's been going on:
- Don’t reply. Especially to messages from phone numbers, profiles or people you don't know.
- Don’t attack the person back. Avoid giving the bully the satisfaction of a reaction.
- Have a conversation. If it’s safe, try talking to the person privately about what they’ve said or done to work things out.
- Get support. Talking to friends or whānau can make you feel better. Or, you can reach out to online aids such as:
- Save messages and images. Take screen shots of the bullying in case you need evidence later. Select Digital content records to learn how. Digital content records
- Cut off the person bullying you. Block their number or block them on social media.
- Report it. If the online bullying is happening on social media, you can report it by selecting Report to Netsafe. Report to Netsafe
- There's an NZ law to help. The Harmful Digital Communications Act aims to help people dealing with online bullying, abuse and harassment. Select The Harmful Digital Communications Act for more information. The Harmful Digital Communications Act
- Get help. Netsafe can help with any of the above, tell you if there’s anything you can do to stop the abuse and let you know how to stay safe. Visit Netsafe for more information. Netsafe | <urn:uuid:a02f4b6d-fc6a-4f20-a49d-a1b237c1d4c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.spark.co.nz/help/scams-safety/scams/online-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203326.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324043400-20190324065400-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.912415 | 471 | 3.671875 | 4 |
California is in its third year of a severe drought. Some scientists believe this will be the driest year in the last five hundred. Among other measures for dealing with the water shortage, the state has announced it will not provide subsidized irrigation water from dams this year.
The large-scale capitalist agriculture model touted by Norman Borlaug devotees (like Reason magazine’s Ron Bailey) is based on so-called “Green Revolution” seeds. These selectively bred seeds — “high yield varieties” — produce considerably higher output than traditional varieties, but also require much higher inputs of irrigation water and chemical fertilizer to produce those outputs. For this reason, corporate agribusiness critic Frances Moore Lappe prefers to call them “high response varieties.” They are far less hardy than traditional varieties — particularly those developed over the centuries by native populations to suit local conditions in the Third World — in the face of drought and other marginal environmental conditions.
As such, they are suitable primarily for large-scale, export-oriented cash crop operations — the sort which are carried on mainly on land stolen from former peasant cultivators and enclosed into giant plantations by local landed oligarchies in collusion with transnational agribusiness corporations. They require large-scale inputs of subsidized water — the kind which tends to be directed disproportionately to large agribusiness operations on such land.
Meanwhile, state-subsidized and -protected fracking operations require billions of gallons of water, depleting aquifers in some of the most drought-stricken areas like California and Texas. And to top everything off, government subsidies to fossil fuel production and long-distance transportation (like the cross-country shipping of subsidized agribusiness produce from California) encourage the generation of the greenhouse gases that contribute to the drought.
The same principle is at work behind a wide spectrum of resource-input crises. Market prices, when free from subsidies and other distortions, are a sort of feedback system that tells those consuming an input the real cost of providing it. Artificially lowering the price sends distorted signals to the consumer — much like holding a candle under your household thermostat and winding up freezing.
Corporate capitalism is built on subsidized inputs, and profitable in large part because of them. It achieved growth in the 20th century through the extensive addition of subsidized inputs, like subsidized fossil fuels and large tracts of cheap land previously preempted (stolen) by the state, rather than the intensive approach of using existing inputs more efficiently.
A basic law of economics is that when you subsidize an input, people tend to use more of it. And businesses will tend to substitute that artificially cheap input for other inputs. The distorted price system gives an artificial advantage to firms most heavily dependent on that input. For example, subsidies to long-distance shipping infrastructure tend to benefit the firms with the largest market areas and the largest-scale production facilities shipping their output the furthest distance. It makes them artificially competitive against smaller, more localized — and more efficient — forms of production. It creates artificial economies of scale at levels where they would otherwise have leveled off, leading to an economy of artificially large firms serving centralized markets.
At the same time, such responses to the availability of inputs at less than the cost of providing them means demand for them outstrips the government’s ability to provide them. The state exhausts its fiscal resources trying to keep up with demand, and when it reaches fiscal exhaustion, businesses most heavily reliant on the subsidized inputs hit the wall of resource depletion and spiking input prices.
So we see subsidies to superhighways and airports generating further demand for them, and the building of new local freeway systems to “relieve congestion” generating even more congestion, leading to a situation where the state is fiscally exhausted, demand outstrips supply, and the need for maintenance of existing highways and bridges is four times the revenue appropriated to fix them. And we see giant, inefficient agribusiness operations that are heavily dependent on water, using up the water till there’s no more.
The end result is that this model of state-subsidized capitalism has built-in crisis tendencies which will destroy it. That means a radical relocalization of manufacturing and agriculture, and a radical shortening of supply and distribution chains, and small producers that make efficient use of resources. The current model of corporate capitalism, allied with the state, far from being a natural or inevitable state of affairs, is a historical epoch with a beginning and an end. It’s digging its own grave.-by Kevin Carson at Center for a Stateless Society under Creative Commons | <urn:uuid:c56c9636-ff2a-4c09-a769-c9076b06193e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.skepticaleye.com/2014/03/corporate-capitalism-digging-its-own.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141171126.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124053841-20201124083841-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.931809 | 951 | 2.75 | 3 |
We all could use a good night’s sleep. Sleep is an important part of the day but approximately one-third of Americans do not get adequate sleep. Not getting a good night’s sleep is a health hazard and can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure), heart artery disease, atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm) and early death. What can be done to get a good night’s sleep?
First, we should understand a little about the physiology of sleep. The normal sleep cycle consists of four stages. There are three stages of non-REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, each lasting about five to fifteen minutes. Stage 3 of non-REM is the deep sleep stage where the body repairs itself. During this stage, the muscles, the tissues of the body and the brain are refreshed from the stresses of the day. In addition, bone and muscle are built and the immune system is strengthened. During the REM stage, the eyes move rapidly from side to side, the muscles are often paralyzed and the brain is more active than in stage 3. Dreaming occurs during REM sleep and a person can dream 4 to 6 times per night.
There are a variety of sleep disorders; the most common are insomnia and sleep apnea. Insomnia is difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. It may be due to psychological stress, excessive mental activity at bedtime, inconsistent bedtimes or caffeine or heavy alcohol intake in the evening. It may be treated through behavioral modifications (for example keeping a regular bedtime), exercise (at any time of the day), and avoiding stimulants in the evening. Medications can be helpful, including sleeping pills and melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain and it helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. It is also available as an over the counter medication used to shorten the time to sleep. Nowadays, one of the biggest causes of insomnia is the use of light emitting electronic devices (laptop computers, tablets, cell phones and televisions) near bedtime. It has been found that the light exposure from these devices affects the normal sleep cycle. The light emitted suppresses the secretion of melatonin. This causes a later sleep time, increased alertness at bedtime, reduced REM sleep, and increased morning sleepiness. This effect is especially pronounced in children and adolescents. For a better night of sleep try to avoid using these devices for at least one hour prior to bedtime.
Sleep apnea is a condition characterized by periods of decreased breathing while sleeping (apnea means absence of breathing). Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway collapses, air movement into the lungs ceases causing the oxygen level in the body to fall. This prompts the person to wake up and take deep breaths. These periods of apnea disrupt the sleep cycle and prevent the person from getting enough time in the deep sleep, restorative stages of sleep. Because the body does not get enough rest, the person feels “revved up” all the time. Sleep apnea is often seen in obese patients and is quite common occurring in 34% of men and 17% of women. It is associated with loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches and irritability. Sleep apnea is also associated with significant heart problems including hypertension (especially hypertension that is difficult to treat), stroke, heart failure, blockage in the heart arteries and atrial fibrillation. It is diagnosed by a sleep study, which counts and measures the periods of apnea and low oxygen. Treatment of sleep apnea primarily involves weight loss and CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure- a mask that keeps the airway open). Treatment with CPAP is especially useful in lowering blood pressure and preventing recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure.
Just as important as sleep is the process of waking up. Being jolted from a deep sleep by an alarm clock is as bad as not getting enough sleep. When one is woken suddenly and too early, there is a prolonged period between the eyes opening and being fully awake. This phenomenon is called sleep inertia, a groggy sensation somewhat like jet lag. We feel this because we are awake, but our bodies want to keep sleeping. This is because the brain’s arousal system is activated almost immediately but the higher centers of the brain take longer to awaken. If woken abruptly, as with an alarm clock, the sleep inertia is more severe. Sleep inertia can take anywhere from two to four hours to resolve. Waking up naturally, by our own internal clock, is much better for us. The mismatch between our biologically optimal wake up time and the alarm clock time takes a toll on our system, leading to obesity, diabetes and heart disease. On the other hand, in cultures known for their longevity, there are a higher percentage of people who wake naturally.
This leads to the question, how much sleep is enough sleep? What is the optimal amount of sleep needed for a long and healthy life? In one study examining patients between 40 and 54 years old and who were free of heart disease, those sleeping less than 6 hours or more than 8 hours per night had higher risk of plaque in the heart arteries than those sleeping 7 to 8 hours. In another study of patients over 60 years old, those who slept less than 6 hours had a 12% increased risk for death and those who slept more than 9 hours had a 30% increased risk of death. In this population as well, 7 to 8 hours was the optimal amount of sleep time. However, very different results could be found if younger populations are studied.
So start altering those bad nighttime habits and start getting a good night’s sleep. | <urn:uuid:fb1409cb-7513-441a-b764-95f1ddf4d1e3> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.tapinto.net/towns/bridgewater-slash-raritan/columns/heartbeats/articles/sleeping-tips-to-avoid-a-wake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321112407-20190321134407-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.957833 | 1,168 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The Ancestry of Francis Galton 15
It is worth noting here that. we cannot, when judging of the ability of the Darwin stirp, confine-our attention to Erasmus and Charles. Erasmus Darwin's brother-the elder Robert Waring Darwinpublished a Principia botanica or Introduction to the Sexual Botany of Linnaeus. The present writer is not able to judge its merits, but it ran through several editions, and illustrates at least the taste and bent of the ' stock. We note how the scientific work of the Darwins begins de novo in this generation with. the two brothers Robert Waring and Erasmus'. The sons of Erasmus by his first wife were Charles, Erasmus and Robert Waring, the father of the greater Charles the younger. It is difficult in this case to separate out the personality of Erasmus the elder from that of his sons. Yet I think there is evidence that there was independence. Charles died from a dissection wound.-at the early age of 20, and a prize essay of his on pus and mucus and his proposed doctor's thesis were afterwards edited by the elder Erasmus. In the prize essay we find a number of experiments, in the thesis a round of clinical observations discussed in moderate and straightforward language. Only occasionally, as in the peroration of the thesis, do we feel sure that we read the words of the father, Erasmus himself
"I beg, illustrious professors, and ingenious fellow-students, that you will recollect how difficult a task 1 have attempted, to evince the retrograde motions of the lymphatic vessels, when the vessels themselves, for so many ages, escaped the eyes and glasses of
philosophers ; and if you are not quite convinced of the truth of this theory, hold, I entreat you, your minds in suspense, 'till ANATOMY draws her sword, with happier omens, cuts asunder the tenets which entangle PHYSIOLOGY ; and, like an augur, inspecting the immolated victim, announces to mankind the wisdom of HEAVEN'.'
In the same manner it is not possible to judge fairly 'of the thesis of Robert Waring Darwin which was published at Leyden in 1785, and afterwards in the Philosophical Transactions, 1786. The author was at the date of publication only 19, and Charles Darwin asserts that it was written by Erasmus. It largely reappears in the Zoonomia, but contains more appeal than the elder Darwin usually
' I hardly think we can class Robert Darwin their father in this category; see however Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, i, p. 3.
' Even, the printing of Heaven in smaller capitals than the Sciences is characteristic of Erasmus Darwin's muse, although when reprinting the essay in his Zoanomia, Vol. i, p. 512, he seems to have become conscious of the difficulty and transposed the sizes ! | <urn:uuid:86336bd6-fe3a-4a57-abb5-e0116054d336> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://galton.org/cgi-bin/searchImages/galton/search/pearson/vol1/pages/vol1_0042.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997869884.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025749-00166-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959353 | 616 | 2.515625 | 3 |
• That He made the heavens and the earth and all that is in them in six ordinary days and then rested on the seventh? (Genesis 1:1 - 2:4; Exodus 20:8-11)
• That He made the earth before He made the stars? (Genesis 1:1 cf. 1:14-19), and He made plants before He made the sun? (Genesis 1:11-13 cf. 1:14-19)
• That He directly made the first plants and animals - and made them to reproduce “according to their kind”? (Genesis 1:11,12,21,24,25)
• That He made the men of every nation from just one man (Adam) whom He created directly from the dust of the ground and one woman whom He created from Adam’s rib? (Genesis 1:26-28; 2:7, 18, 20-25; Acts 17:26)
• That before the first man Adam sinned, there was no suffering or death in the world like there is today? (Genesis 3:16-20; Romans 5:12, 8:18-23)
• That some men in ancient times lived in excess of 900 years? (Genesis 5:5,8,11,14,20,27)
• That God once judged the whole world by sending a flood that covered every mountain on earth? (Genesis 6:1-8:22; Luke 17:26-27; 2 Peter 2:5)
Indeed, God said all these things and more! If you doubt it, try looking up the passages listed above. For more information on these and related issues and how the impact of these events are evident in the world around us, feel free to explore some of the links listed above. | <urn:uuid:e4a047c0-e72f-47cc-a4de-7f6c1221698e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://purifiedbyfaith.com/CreationEvolution/CETitlePage.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147234.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228135132-20200228165132-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.942835 | 381 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Traffic lights are an important part of street design and they are created to control traffic flow while preventing motor vehicle collisions. Given accident rates in general and the number of intersection collisions in Hollywood and other cities, however, many experts feel that more can be done to make streets and traffic lights safer. One of those potential solutions is “smart” traffic lights.
Smart virtual traffic lights developed by scientists promise to reduce collisions, red light violations, and congestion. The lights work by allowing cars to communicate with each other and with traffic light systems. If two or more cars are approaching an intersection, the system would make the lights turn green for the car or cars with the right of way and red for everyone else. If there is only one car approaching the intersection, the traffic lights would allow that car to drive right through on a green light.
Current Traffic Lights and Smart Lights
Current traffic lights work automatically on a timer, so that whether an intersection is busy or completely empty the lights cycle through red, yellow, and green lights at equally timed intervals. The amount of time given to each light is based on expected use of an intersection. The problem is that when there is congestion the lights continue in the same pattern, even though a different timing of lights could actually ease the traffic buildup. This leads to frustration for drivers and sometimes even collisions. It can also contribute to drivers running red lights. If a driver approaches a red light and sees that there is no traffic nearby, sometimes the motorist is tempted to drive through the light. Some experts suggest that virtual lights would reduce these risks by allowing vehicles to communicate with one another.
It is possible that the virtual lights could eventually become obsolete if car-to-car communication in the future allows cars to project directions and instructions on the windshield or dash. According to researchers, the system could even save lives by allowing emergency responders to get to an emergency site faster. With car-to-car communication, an ambulance or fire truck could approach intersections more easily and more quickly, since the system would already have directed cars out of the way, allowing responders to get to the scene faster.
Critics note that virtual lights and smart roads are still prohibitively expensive for many communities. They also question how effective the roads would be on their own – without self-driving cars that would automatically get out of the way. Critics argue that driver actions and attitudes continue to be a big contributor to many collisions and could potentially stay a problem even with smart traffic lights and roads. That is, a driver may approach an intersection with smart street lights and still choose to drive through a red light or still fail to yield to an emergency vehicle even if warned to do so.
If you have been injured by a dangerous or negligent driver or if a member of your family has been injured or killed in a traffic accident, Flaxman Law Group is always standing by to offer a free case consultation. Contact our law firm today for your free appointment. | <urn:uuid:447fb9d9-8d2e-4019-ad9a-e0f8ed8cad92> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.floridacaraccidentlawyerblog.com/traffic-lights-reduce-congestion-collisions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315551.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820154633-20190820180633-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.965217 | 598 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This is a fun activity that calls for matching up pairs of images of the Sun. This can be done online or printed out and done in a class or small group setting. Each pair was taken about the same time on a given day, but the pairs were taken from five different days over the past few years. The black and white images reveal areas of strong magnetic activity on the Sun's surface, in which the black indicates one pole of magnetic attraction and white the other. The yellow images show activity above the Sun's surface in extreme ultraviolet light in which areas of more intense activity appear lighter. These regions of intense activity, where magnetic forces are connecting, breaking apart and reconnecting, are often the sources of solar storms. Many of these areas would appear as sunspots in "white light" or simply filtered images of the Sun.
You will find that the magnetic images match up very closely with the ultraviolet images. See if you can find the pairs of images taken on the same days.
(pdf version of this activity)
After you have completed the activity, download this movie (available formats: MPEG (2.6M), large Quicktime (1.3M) and small Quicktime (382k)) to see how active regions (seen here by SOHO in a different wavelength of UV light) and magnetic areas match up as the Sun rotates. | <urn:uuid:f4010c8d-a9f8-44ce-8089-b93661d05797> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/classroom/matching_activity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.933813 | 278 | 3.28125 | 3 |
As South Asian Philadelphians established themselves, they began their own ethnic organizations as well. The Council for Indian Organizations was founded in to, celebrate cultural heritage and encourage Philqdelphia to become more civically engaged. Although separate organizations, both the Bhutanese American Organizationfounded inand the Nepali Cultural Find Goodrich of Philadelphiafounded inhelped their members not only preserve their cultural heritage but also navigate Indian woman Philadelphia asia in American society with assistance with employment, health care, and English language skills.
The Bangladesh Association of Greater Philadelphia observed cultural and traditional events and Moder Patshala focused on the education of Bangladeshi American children working with them on homework and study skills at this nonprofit after-school program.
Not only did these organizations host large festivals and gatherings to celebrate and share their culture and heritage with other Philadelphians, many also did advocacy work for their communities in South Asia and in Philadelphia. Money and donations of clothing were often collected to Philadeplhia back, particularly in times of crisis such as the factory fire in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the floods in Pakistan.
Just as important, South Asian organizations in Philadelphia worked to ensure employment and educational success and to assist new immigrants in the citizenship process. These Indian woman Philadelphia asia Asian cultural organizations supported active involvement Indian woman Philadelphia asia the city through English language assistance, civic engagement, and voter registration.
Diverse in their heritage, customs, and their migration patterns, South Asians in the Philadelphia region owed much to changes in immigration laws for how and where they settled.
Whether they Indian woman Philadelphia asia as skilled workers afterjoined Single housewives seeking porno dating Morgantown members in the s, or arrived later as refugees, South Asians shared a strong desire to build their lives in the city as Philadelphians with their distinctive Phikadelphia, faith, language, and heritage.
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Indian Americans - Wikipedia
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Sylvia Vatuk. Studies of Purdah in South Asia.
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Papanek and G. Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, and Delhi: Chanakya Publications, womaj Changing Patterns in India. Case Indian woman Philadelphia asia in the Social Sciences: A Guide for Teaching. Myron L. Indkan, NY: Sharpe, Regional Patterns and Perspectives. Raju and D. Bagchi London: Routledge, owman Hindu Childbirth Rituals in Central India. Falk and R. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Jacobson, Doranne, and Susan S.
Indian woman Philadelphia asia in India: Two Perspectives3rd enlarged edition. South Asia Books, and New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, Lynch, Owen M. Armonk, New York: A Review Article. Mandelbaum, David G. Society in India: Continuity and Change2 vols.
University of California Press, University of Arizona Press, Mendelsohn, Oliver, and Marika Vicziany. The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty, and the State in Modern India.I Swallow No Recip
Cambridge University Press, Miller, Barbara D. The Endangered Sex: Neglect of Female Inidan in Rural North India. Cornell University Press, Papanek, Hanna, and Gail Minault, eds.
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Separate Worlds: Roland, Alan. In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology. Princeton University Press, Sharma, Miriam. The Politics of Inequality: Competition and Control in an Indian Village2nd ed.
University of Hawaii Press, Sharma, Ursula. Concepts in the Social Sciences. Open University Press, The disadvantages of being female have Indian woman Philadelphia asia amply researched; see, for example, MillerDas Gupta and Akron Ohio sex encountersand Bumiller In general, census figures show lower sex ratios in northern India than in the south, but in only one state—the southern state of Kerala—are there more females Indian woman Philadelphia asia males 1, females per 1, males.
For recent overviews on changes in caste, see Fuller and U.Love In Claverdon
Indian woman Philadelphia asia Sharma For a focus on untouchability, see LynchMendelsohn and ViczianyWomajand Zelliot Are you an educator or education Indiaan looking for professional development resources? Take a Indian woman Philadelphia asia at our online courses and see if they're right for you! Purity and Pollution Many status differences in Indian society are expressed in terms of ritual purity and pollution, wo,an notions that vary greatly among different castes, religious groups, and regions.
Social Interdependence One of the great themes pervading Indian life is social interdependence. Family and Kinship Family Ideals The essential themes of Indian cultural life are learned within the bosom of a family. Family Authority and Philaxelphia In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and authority are clearly drawn, and ideals of conduct help Indian woman Philadelphia asia family harmony.
Life Passages The birth of an infant is celebrated with rites of welcome and blessing, typically much more elaborate for a boy than for a girl. Caste Bliss women discreet fwb Class Varna, Caste, and Other Divisions Social inequality exists throughout the world, but perhaps nowhere has inequality been so elaborately constructed as in the Indian institution of caste.
Urban Life The acceleration of urbanization is profoundly affecting the transformation of Indian society. References Bumiller, Elisabeth. Deliege, Robert. The Untouchables of India.
on Asian Indian immigration and first generation Asian Indian immigrants. It does not reflect the . Between and , only Asian Indian females (%) entered the United Philadelphia Inquirer, Sunday, January Rankin, C. Sakhi for South Asian Women exists to end violence against women. We unite survivors, communities, and institutions to eradicate domestic violence as we. Asian Indian women: Guidelines for community intervention in the event of abuse . Family Violence in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Berg Press, Land of Dreams and Fantasy. Smith, June Zelliot, Eleanor. From Untouchable to Dalit. SharmaGould | <urn:uuid:f22d4973-24ce-4156-9aad-2f398ebfbe51> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://eatprimalrunhard.com/indian-woman-philadelphia-asia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.884428 | 2,390 | 2.59375 | 3 |
DARPA have some interesting projects they're working on, with probably only a few percent of them known to the public but this latest one is just so amazing, you have to know about it.
DARPA have been working on dissolvable, biodegradable electronics for a while now, where they showed them off last September - where their main focus was for medical applications. We all know DARPA wouldn't just be playing around with this technology for the medical community, and this is where the technology ramps up to be put into the military.
The defense research group are thinking of how this technology can help out in the military, where they hope to develop "transient electronics" and systems that are "capable of physically disappearing in a controlled, triggerable manner" that work similar to how "commercial-off-the-shelf" systems work.
DARPA believe that it is "nearly impossible" to both track and recover all of the electronic microsystems that the military distributes, as well as the greener side of things with the environmental aspect to be careful of. The best way would be to feature dissolvable electronics where they would set a program, or a remote trigger, or a trigger that responds to the environment - and voila - it would dissolve. DARPA hopes to see their devices "reabsorb into the body", which would be electronics that soldiers would wear, that allows them to be monitored in the field, and then dissolve into their bodies when their use-by date has been reached.
This technology won't be here tomorrow, so DARPA have invited scientists and manufacturers to something they call a "Vanishing, Programmable Resources (VAPR) Day", on Valentine's Day. DARPA hopes to use VAPR Day to introduce the technology to the science and technology community, "facilitate interactions" between people who have the ability to develop the technology and those who need the technology. DARPA will also hope to get hands shaking between organizations that have the skill set and financing to help out the VAPR product. | <urn:uuid:5aba5a8e-4e3a-4cae-9f0e-a0b8ad71de90> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.tweaktown.com/news/28163/darpa-working-on-dissolvable-biodegradable-electronics-for-the-military/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189583.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00208-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97529 | 427 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Science : Sniff Sniff: Smelling Led to Smarter Mammals
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet; the saying is perhaps a testament to the acute sense of smell that is unique to mammals. Paleontologists have now discovered that an improved sense of smell jump-started brain evolution in the ancestral cousins of present-day mammals. The research appears in the 20 May issue of the journal Science.
The findings may help explain why mammals evolved such large and complex brains, which in some cases ballooned 10 times larger than what might be expected for their body size. By reconstructing fossils from two Early Jurassic Period mammals—Morganuocodon and Hadrocodium—the authors provide new evidence that the mammalian brain evolved in three major stages: first by improvements in sense of smell or olfaction; next by an increase in touch or tactile sensitivity from body hair; and third by improved neuromuscular coordination or the ability to produce skilled muscle movement using the senses.
“Now we have a much better idea of the historical sequence of events and of the relative importance of the different sensory systems in the early evolution of mammals,” said lead author Tim Rowe, director of the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin. “It paints a much more vivid picture of what the ancestral mammal was like and how it behaved, and of our own ancestry.”
CT scan of Hadrocodium brain (pink) through semi-transparent skull. Olfactory bulbs are at front of brain (reddish pink). | Image courtesy of Matt Colbert, University of Texas at Austin; © Science/AAAS
The study used a medical imaging technique called X-ray computed tomography or CT to reconstruct brain molds or endocasts of the 190 million-year-old Morganuocodon and Hadrocodium fossils from China. These tiny, shrew-like critters are thought to be precursors to existing mammals, or “pre-mammals.” A brain endocast is a mold of the space or cavity that encloses the brain. The endocasts used in this study occurred naturally through fossilization.
CT technology is indispensible for analyzing fragile fossils because it allows researchers to create precise, three-dimensional images of a fossilized brain cavity without having to destroy the fossil to expose the endocast.
Artist’s reconstruction of Hadrocodium wui. | Image courtesy of Mark A. Klinger, Carnegie Museum of Natural History; © Science/AAAS
Rowe’s team spent several years CT scanning over a dozen pre-mammal brain endocasts at the High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility at The University of Texas at Austin. The scans are archived online and are freely available.
The three-dimensional images gave the researchers a magnified, inside view of the brain and nasal cavities of the fossils. The team observed that the nasal cavity and related smell regions were enlarged in the pre-mammal fossils, along with areas of the brain that process olfactory information. Both characteristics indicate an improved sense of smell in pre-mammals.
The study also looked at the influence of body hair development on brain size. For example, the paper clip-sized Hadrocodium sported fur, and evidence from fossilized pelts or skins of closely related animals hints that Morganuocodon likely had hair too. The authors speculate that hairy early mammals were quick to develop a keen sense of touch or tactile sensitivity, along with enhanced motor coordination.
Rather than being used for warmth, body hairs initially served as tiny air traffic controllers, allowing pre-mammals to navigate small crevices and avoid harm. This heightened tactile sensitivity eventually led to the formation of intricate sensory fields in the neocortex of the mammalian brain, the authors propose.
Skull of Hadrocodium wui. | Image courtesy of Klinger and Luo, Carnegie Museum of Natural History; © Science/AAAS
Since the necortex is involved in tasks like sensory perception and the generation of motor commands, improvements in its function likely led to the fine-tuning of early mammals’ motor skills and neuromuscular coordination. In both fossils, the cerebellum (the region of the brain responsible for sensory-motor integration) grew so large it began to ripple over into folds; this increase in size supports the idea that early mammals developed advanced neuromuscular coordination.
Comparing the pre-mammal brain endocasts with fossils from other groups, like those of primitive reptiles called cynodonts, the researchers revealed that the brains of Morganucodon and Hadrocodium were almost 50% larger than the brains of mammal precursors. Taken together, the results hint that the ability to exploit a world of information dominated by odors and smells made early mammals extraordinarily different from even their closest extinct relatives.
“Now that we have a general picture of the brain in mammals ancestrally, we plan to explore the subsequent diversification of the brain and sensory systems as mammals evolved and diversified,” Rowe said. “This will unlock new secrets about how huge brains and extreme sensory adaptations evolved in mammals, such as electroreception in the platypus, and sonar in whales and bats. It is all very exciting.”
Read the report, “Fossil Evidence on Origin of the Mammalian Brain” by Tim Rowe and colleagues.
Visit Science . | <urn:uuid:d3a426b2-0eaa-4ec4-a2f1-61b6dee1129c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.aaas.org/print/723 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188962.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00503-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923707 | 1,134 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Nelson Marlborough Public Health Service staff work with councils, often within the Resource Management Act framework, to address air pollution.
Air pollution from industrial, domestic and vehicle sources can cause acute and chronic conditions and reduced life expectancy. More than 80 per cent of New Zealanders live and work in urban areas where air pollution can be present.
Some district health boards have position statements about home heating methods and the need to improve the thermal efficiency of homes. This is because appliances such as open fires and older wood-burners produce a lot of air-polluting emissions.
Page last updated: 28/09/2020 | <urn:uuid:dbd20f7f-5f98-45a3-8424-11b0c84e8366> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.nmdhb.govt.nz/public-health-service/environmental-health/resource-management-and-environmental-health/air-quality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00778.warc.gz | en | 0.919471 | 126 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Whether you are on a budget and need to prioritize your organic purchases, or you would simply like to know which type of produce has the highest pesticide residues—and which do not—the following guide from the Environmental Working Group will help you in deciding what fruits and vegetables “should” be purchased organic.
The “Dirty Dozen” and “Clean 15”
12 Most Contaminated – The Dirty Dozen
Sweet Bell Peppers
15 Least Contaminated – Clean 15
Why should you care about pesticides?
According to the Environmental Working Group, there is a growing consensus in the scientific community that small doses of pesticides and other chemicals can have adverse effects on health, especially during vulnerable periods such as fetal development and childhood. Pesticides are shown to be associated with a variety of health problems, including:
- Hormone disruption
- Abnormal brain and nervous system development
Andrew Weil, M.D., is a world-renowned expert in the field of integrative medicine. Here’s a video in which Dr. Weil addresses the importance of avoiding pesticides.
Dr. Weil’s tips to make an organic diet more affordable:
Make a gradual transition over the course of a year to familiarize yourself with prices and products.
Comparison shop to find the most economical organic items. Within the same city, organic produce prices vary greatly. Sometimes the large supermarket chains will win out, while other times natural food stores (chains or privately-owned) can be more affordable. By shopping around, you’ll get a general idea for which foods are cheaper at certain stores, or which location offers the most deals overall.
Create your meal plans around the most affordable produce, meat and grain products.
Improvise recipes if an organic ingredient isn’t available or affordable. You might find something else that works just as well, or even better than the original ingredient.
Invest in organic meat, cheese and milk (over produce and grains) if your grocery budget is tight. Conventional meat and dairy products often contain hormones and show the highest concentration of pesticides.
Find local organic growers and buy directly to save money. Farmers markets often offer organic items.
Select seasonal produce as much as possible. If you want strawberries in winter, for example, buy frozen (or else your pocketbook will suffer). Frozen organic produce is often available at big warehouse stores as well.
Prioritize your produce. Certain produce items tend to be highly contaminated with pesticides (try to buy these organic), while others tend to be relatively low in pesticide residue (save money and buy these conventional.
Find books and videos by Dr. Andrew Weil in our Store. | <urn:uuid:91759b15-9770-467f-ab63-8931dab392eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://girltalkonhealth.com/2011/08/do-i-need-to-eat-organic-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105297.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819031734-20170819051734-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.915621 | 558 | 2.9375 | 3 |
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]چکیده [English]
The solar altitude angle is one of the factors that affect the amount of energy received by the surface of the earth from the sun, which by turn depends on the latitude, degree of the earth's slopes, direction of the earth's slopes, the time of the day and the season of the year. There are many formulas for the estimation of solar altitude angle in the slopes. Here I attempt to consider these factors, using one of the experimental formulas, daily mean of the solar altitude angle consider during the year in the slopes of 0 to 90 degrees, in 16 major and minor directions and in Iran's latitude (from 25 to 40 North degrees). To estimate the relationship between the amounts of the slopes angle with the solar altitude angle we can use calculated digits. We can draw several conclusions from these relationships, including determining the slopes of the surface of the earth, in which the solar altitude angle has the most or the least tendency. | <urn:uuid:21d01525-1adc-43ea-9b84-c122547d5f5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://geonot.znu.ac.ir/article_20616.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.892777 | 222 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Kids often wonder what life would really be like on another planet. Mars is our next door neighbor, so it really can’t be all that different, can it?
Actually, if you were to travel to Mars by car (kind of like how you travel to your grandparents’ house) it would take nine months! That’s a long car ride! Also, the gravitational pull on Mars is much different than it is here on Earth – about 38% different. That means you would be much lighter on Mars.
Still, Mars does seem like a fun place to visit. After all, you’d have to wear a spacesuit because you can’t breathe the air on Mars. It’s made up of mostly carbon dioxide, which is the gas you breathe out here on Earth. A spacesuit with oxygen would be necessary for you to even be on Mars for any period of time because you would also need to be protected from the harmful rays of the sun.
Unfortunately, it doesn’t look like there’s any way for life as we know it to exist on Mars. However, that doesn’t mean you can’t keep learning about it, and it doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t keep exploring it. Scientists have learned a great deal of information about not only Mars, but also about the entire solar system just by having robots explore the rocky terrain of the red planet.
If you’d like to learn more about Mars, you’ll want to ask your parents to bring you to the Wings of Eagles Discovery Center on October 11, 2014. There are going to be plenty of activities for you to do, including flying in a flight simulator, a scavenger hunt, and meeting real Martians. If space is something you’d like to learn more about, this is a great time to do it. You can get so many of your questions answered, and you can find out more information about possibly exploring the solar system yourself one day.
We’ll see you in October! | <urn:uuid:8316e83e-706f-4b05-a293-e569109d57cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://sweetnsaucyblog.wordpress.com/2014/09/24/kids-want-to-know-what-is-life-really-like-on-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183834-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.96671 | 428 | 3.375 | 3 |
British Columbia Specific Information
Advance care planning is the process of thinking about and writing down your wishes or instructions for present or future health care treatment in the event you become incapable of deciding for yourself. The Ministry of Health encourages all capable adults to do advance care planning.
For more information on advance care planning in British Columbia, including how to get started making a plan, answers to frequently asked questions, resources for planning, links to the No CPR Form and more, see Advance Care Planning.
You may want to have a say in this decision, or you may simply want to follow your doctor’s recommendation. Either way, this information will help you understand what your choices are so that you can talk to your doctor about them.
Eating Less Saturated Fat And Trans Fat
Saturated fats can increase the cholesterol in the blood, which can increase the risk of many diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, later in life.
Limit the amount of these foods, which are high in saturated fat:
- meat products such as burgers, pies, sausages
- butter and lard
- pastry, cakes, biscuits, chocolate and toffees
- coconut or palm oil
- cream, including soured cream
Some foods, especially biscuits, cakes and fried snacks, contain a type of saturated fat called trans fats. These fats are made by hardening oil, and helps give foods a longer shelf life. They are often listed as hydrogenated fat on the food packaging.
Include Calcium And Vitamin D Rich Foods
Adequate calcium and vitamin D are essential for healthy bones. Aim to have 3 to 4 portions of high calcium foods each day. One portion is:
- 13 pint / 200 ml of low fat or Super milk.
- 1 carton of low fat or diet yoghurt.
- 1 oz / 25 g of cheddar/hard cheese.
- ½ tin of salmon or sardines .
Foods rich in vitamin D include: oily fish like salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines and trout. Eggs, and fortified foods such as milk, margarines and breakfast cereals.
Also Check: Std That Affects Kidneys
When Can I Go Back To Work After My Transplant
Our aim is to allow each transplant patient to return to an independent lifestyle with a good quality of life. Most transplant recipients remain off work for two to three months after the transplant but this depends on the individual patient and their occupation. Please discuss when you can return to work with the doctor caring for you.
Milk Dairy Products And Alternatives
Dairy products like milk and cheese or fortified soya milk and desserts, are great sources of protein, vitamins and minerals for your child.
These foods will help boost your childs calcium intake. This is especially important when he or she is taking steroid medicines, which can make the bones lose calcium and so reduce their strength.
If your child does not like or cannot drink milk, speak with your renal dietitian about other calcium-rich foods.
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What Matters Most To You
Your personal feelings are just as important as the medical facts. Think about what matters most to you in this decision, and show how you feel about the following statements.
Reasons to stop kidney dialysis
Reasons to continue dialysis
I’m ready to face my death and let my illness take its course.
I’m not ready to die.
I’m not happy with my quality of life.
I feel that my quality of life is okay right now.
Meeting my remaining life goals is not a priority for me.
I feel that dialysis can give me enough time to meet my remaining goals.
I don’t want to keep relying on others for help with my dialysis treatments.
It doesn’t bother me to rely on others for help.
What Are The Possible Problems After A Kidney Transplant
The donated kidney may start working right away or may take up to a few weeks to make urine. If the new kidney doesnt start working right away, youll need dialysis treatments to filter wastes and extra salt and fluid from your body until it starts working.
Other problems following kidney transplant are similar to other pelvic surgeries and may include
- pain or numbness along the inner thigh that usually goes away without treatment
Transplant rejection is rare right after surgery and can take days or weeks to occur. Rejection is less common when the new kidney is from a living donor than when its from a deceased donor.
Read Also: Va Rating For Stage 3 Kidney Disease
Diet After A Kidney Transplant
Before a kidney transplant, many children have restrictions on what they can eat and drink for example, much less of the minerals potassium and phosphate, which are found in many foods.
After a kidney transplant, most children can eat a diet that is much less restrictive and more varied. Your renal team will advise you on what your child can eat.
What To Expect In The First Few Days After Surgery
For the first 2-3 days after the operation you will be sore around the wound and will require strong painkillers given by injection. Over time, the pain will lessen, and painkilling tablets will be enough.
You may feel sick, so anti-sickness medication may be needed for the first few days.
Managing your pain
It is important that your pain is well controlled. There are specialist pain teams that can help, if needed.
Good pain control will help you get out of bed earlier, which works to reduce the risk of blood clots in the legs and lungs. It will also help you take deep breaths and reduce the risks of chest infections. However, painkillers have side effects, including sickness, itching, drowsiness, and constipation.
The nurses and doctors looking after you will keep a close eye on your pulse, blood pressure, temperature and urine output. You will need regular blood tests, as least once daily and sometimes more often.
To start with youll need fluid to be given to you through a drip .
It wont be long before you can start eating and drinking. This is usually within a day or two of the surgery. The transplant team will see you at least once a day and advise you about this.
Within a day or two you will be helped to sit up in bed and encouraged to start walking. The nurses and physiotherapists will help you. It is very important to get out of bed as soon as possible after your operation to reduce the risk of blood clots in your legs and lungs and other problems after surgery.
Recommended Reading: Miralax And Kidneys
Will I Have A Nutritional Plan To Follow
Yes. In order to monitor your weight gain after transplant surgery, a registered dietitian, a nutrition expert, will work with you to develop a nutritional plan. This plan will be determined by your weight, blood work results, kidney function, and medicines. The information in this handout describes some of the guidelines a dietitian might recommend for you. These guidelines cover only some of the changes that might take place in your diet. Your dietitian will plan a nutritional program to meet your personal needs.
As your new kidney begins to function, your body is able to rebuild bone mass that might have been lost during renal failure. While these hungry bones are busy gaining strength, your blood phosphorous level could drop quite low. Your dietitian will encourage you to eat foods high in phosphorous, such as low-fat dairy products. Your doctor might also order phosphorous pills.
Some transplant medicines might cause your potassium level to dramatically increase or decrease. This is a serious condition, but fortunately, it usually does not last long. In order to control your blood potassium level, make sure to eat the foods your dietitian recommends.
Sodium or salt
The Best Diet For Kidney Transplant Patient
Kidney transplant or renal transplantation, performed when the kidney disease is in the last stage. Patients should take special care of themselves after having a kidney transplant. Along with your living, food should also be taken special care of. You may get a new life after a kidney transplant, but one thing that should not be forgotten is dietary precautions. Yes, if you think that you can eat all kinds of things after a kidney transplant, then this is not true. Lets explore what diet for kidney patient requires.
Even after surgery, you should follow discipline regarding your food and drink. Actually, it may take up to 3-6 months for your body to recover completely after surgery. That is why kidney transplant patients should follow certain rules regarding their diet.
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What To Do When You Go Home
Once your kidney is working well you will no longer need to be on a special diet but it is important that you still watch what you eat and have a healthy balanced diet. This is particularly important as your transplantmedications can increase your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. These medications can also weaken your bones so you need to have a good intake of calcium and vitamin D.
Will I Put On Weight After My Transplant
Weight gain is common after successful transplant, particularly within the first year, and is often due to an increase in appetite and steroid immunosuppression.
Weight gain will increase blood pressure and your risk of diabetes after the transplant. It is important to maintain a healthy diet and perform regular exercise to keep your weight within the healthy range.
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Will I Have To Watch My Diet After A Transplant
Yes, your diet still plays a big role after a kidney transplant. It is important to keep a healthy weight and exercise regularly. A healthy, balanced diet will help prevent high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess weight gain and promote overall wellness and health.
After a kidney transplant, plan to follow a diet low in salt and high in fiber. A balanced diet includes a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables, lean meats, reduced-fat dairy products, whole grains, and plenty of water.
Additionally, you may need to avoid eating certain types of foods. Your healthcare team can help you understand which foods you should avoid and why. The dietitian at your transplant center can help you find a diet that is right for you.
Key Points To Remember
- You may feel better on dialysis than you did before you started treatment. But if you have side effects , or if you start to have other problems, you may feel that continuing dialysis is too hard.
- If dialysis lets you do the activities you enjoyed before, you may feel that it hasn’t changed your daily life that much. You may feel this way even if you can’t do all of your old activities. Or you may feel that your quality of life on dialysis is not good.
- Your diagnosis of kidney failure may force you to rethink your goals for your future. If you feel that your life has been rewarding and that you have met many goals, you may feel okay about stopping dialysis. But if you have goals you have not yet met, you may want to continue dialysis.
- Most people die within weeks of stopping dialysis. If you choose to stop dialysis, you should be ready to put your personal, financial, and legal affairs in order. You may want to continue dialysis if you aren’t ready to face these issues.
- Clearly state your wishes to your family. If you decide to stop treatment, will your family understand your reasons? Do they support your decision to continue treatment?
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Choose Foods Low In Sugar
Too much sugar can cause weight gain andincrease your triglyceride and blood sugar levels.
- Use artificial sweetener, for example: Canderel, Splenda or Hermesetas, instead of sugar.
- Have diet minerals, sugar-free squashes or cordials instead of regular drinks.
- Limit cakes, biscuits, puddings, sweets and chocolate.
Do I Still Need To Follow A Low
Most people still need to limit salt after they get a transplant, although it is different with each person. Transplant medicines, especially steroids, may cause your body to hold on to fluid, and salt makes this problem worse. Increased fluid in the body raises blood pressure. Controlling blood pressure is very important to your transplant. Your doctor will decide how much sodium is best for you. It is a good idea to limit foods high in salt, such as:
- Table salt
- Cured meats, such as ham, bacon, and sausage
- Lunch meats, such as bologna, salami, and hot dogs
- Pre-packaged frozen dinners
- Ramen noodles, boxed noodles, and potato and rice mixes
- Canned soups and pasta sauce
- Pickled foods, such as olives, pickles, and sauerkraut
- Snack foods, such as salted chips, nuts, pretzels, and popcorn
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Will I Gain Weight
Many people have a better appetite after they get a transplant, and they gain unwanted weight. It is important to eat the right portion sizes for weight management as well as blood sugar control. Limit high-calorie foods such as fatty foods, sweets, pastries, and other foods high in fat or sugar. You can help control your calories by eating:
- Foods high in fiber, such as vegetables and fruits
- Lean meat, skinned poultry and fish
- Nonfat dairy products, such as skim milk
- Sugar-free drinks like water, unsweetened tea, coffee or milk
Controlling your weight will lower your chance of having problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. If you gain unwanted weight, you will need to exercise more and follow a lower calorie diet. Ask your doctor to refer you to a dietitian to plan lower calorie meals and snacks.
What Can I Eat After My Transplant
There is no special diet after successful transplantation and most of the dialysis dietary restrictions are lifted. We would suggest that you follow a healthy and varied diet after transplantation with a low salt intake and more fruit and vegetables. You are able to drink alcohol after the transplant but only in moderation within the national guidelines of 14 units per week for women and 21 units per week for men. We ask you to avoid grapefruit juice, as this can affect the level of some immunosuppression tablets. If you need further advice, please ask your doctor or specialist nurse to refer you to a dietician.
For more information read our leaflet, dietary advice after a kidney transplant.
Sexual Activity And Fertility
What happens to sexual function after kidney transplant?
Most sexual functions return after a successful transplant if the problem was due to kidney disease or dialysis. You and your spouse or significant other should talk to your transplant team about any problems with sexual function, or if you have questions about safe sex, contraception or pregnancy.
If I am a woman of child bearing age, can I become pregnant after kidney transplant?
Women of child bearing age should consult with their transplant physician regarding pregnancy and/or contraception. If you are thinking about becoming pregnant, talk to your transplant team. Before becoming pregnant you should:
- Wait at least 1 year after your transplant
- Wait until your kidney function is stable
- See an obstetrician who specializes in high risk pregnancies
- Learn about the risks and benefits of breastfeeding. If you are interested in breastfeeding, it is very important to discuss the medications you are taking with your obstetrician. Some medicines can be passed on through your breast milk and can be harmful to your baby.
Healthy Eating Post Transplant:
- Eat a variety of different foods.
- Eat regular meals, avoid skipping meals.
- Eat the right amount to be a healthy weight. Be careful with portion size
- Eat plenty of foods rich in starch and fibre e.g. wholegrain breakfast cereals, granary or wholemeal bread.
- Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables . With no potassium restriction you can enjoy a greater variety of fruit and vegetables.
- Dont eat too many foods that contain a lot of fat.
- Dont have sugary foods and drinks too often.
- If you drink alcohol, drink sensibly.
- Dont add salt to your meals, avoid using salt in cooking and limit processed foods.
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What Is A Kidney Transplant
Kidneys are vital organs that filter blood to remove waste, extra fluid, and salt from the body. If they stop working, it’s called kidney failure. Someone with kidney failure must go on or get a kidney transplant.
A kidney transplant is an operation where doctors put a new kidney in the body of someone whose own kidneys no longer work. One healthy kidney will do the work of two failed kidneys.
Because people can survive with just one kidney, a living person can give a healthy kidney to someone with kidney failure. This is called being a donor. A kidney also can come from a donor who has recently died, but the wait for this kind of donated kidney can take a year or more.
Most kidney transplants are successful. People who have kidney transplants will take medicines for the rest of their lives to prevent the body from rejecting the kidney. Rejecting means that the body’s immune cells destroy the new kidney because they sense that it’s foreign.
But aside from that, many kids and teens who have kidney transplants go on to live normal, healthy lives after they recover from surgery.
Anxiety Depression And Mental Health
Getting a transplant is usually an exciting event, but because it is also a major life change, its normal to have all kinds of emotions afterward. If youre experiencing feelings of anxiety, depression or guilt, please know that you are not alone many transplant patients experience these feelings at first, for many reasons.
- Mood changes may be a side effect of the immunosuppressant medicines you are taking.
- You may feel stressed or anxious about your new lifestyle.
- You may feel guilty about getting a kidney from a living or deceased donor.
- If you have been on dialysis for a long time, you may feel guilty about leaving other dialysis patients behind once you get your transplant.
- Your family members may also have emotional changes as they adjust to your new lifestyle.
You do not have to deal with these feelings alone. Getting a kidney transplant is a major life change, and it is normal to feel stressed and anxious about big life changes.
Reach out to your family and friends for support. Also, let your transplant team know about your emotional changes so they can help support you and adjust your medicines if needed. Your transplant team can also refer you to a mental health specialist.
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Food and Drug Administration
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The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for the safety regulation of most types of foods, dietary supplements, drugs, vaccines, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics.
The FDA is an agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
The agency is currently organized into the following major subdivisions,each focused on a major area of regulatory responsibility:
- The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)
- The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
- The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
- The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)
- The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
- The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)
- The Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA)
- The Office of the Commissioner (OC)
The FDA is headed by Commissioner Andrew von Eschenbach, who was confirmed by the Senate on December 7 2006 after serving as Acting Commissioner for fourteen months. Von Eschenbach succeeded Lester Crawford, who resigned on September 23 2005, just two months after his final Senate confirmation.
Authorization and regulatory mandate
Most federal laws administered through the FDA are codified into the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, also called Title 21, Chapter 9 of the United States Code (21 USC 9).
The programs for FDA safety regulation vary widely by the type of product, its potential risks, and the regulatory powers granted to the agency. For example, the FDA regulates almost every facet of prescription drugs, including testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, marketing, efficacy and safety. It regulates other products with a set of published standards enforced with a modest number of facilities inspections.
The FDA's federal budget request for 2008 totalled $2.1 billion, a $105.8 million increase over 2007.
Before the 1990s, the FDA was funded solely by appropriations from the federal government. In response to a variety of issues, Congress adopted various laws in the 1990s that imposed a fee on entities that applied for FDA approval of a drug, biologic or medical device.
Prescription drug user fees
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992 was the most significant statutory attempt in the 1990s to accelerate the FDA drug approval process. The Act provided that the FDA was entitled to collect a substantial application fee from drug manufacturers at the time an NDA was submitted, with those funds designated for use only in CDER or CBER drug approval activities. In order to continue collecting such fees, the FDA is required to meet certain performance benchmarks, primarily related to the speed of certain activities within the NDA review process. A 2002 GAO report found that PDUFA funds allowed the FDA to increase the number of new drug reviewers by 77 percent in the first eight years of the act, and the median approval time for non-priority new drugs dropped from 27 months to 14 months over the same period.
In response to concerns that the PDUFA mandates had unintentionally reduced the resources available to the FDA for non-approval-related activities, the second congressional reauthorization of the act in 2002 (PDUFA III) included amendments allowing 7% of user fees to be allocated for post-marketing surveillance of drug safety as well. Another 2002 statute extended user fee policies to cover the approval process for medical devices. In 2007, the FDA is expected to collect $259.3 million in industry user fees.
The PDUFA program has been criticized in the mainstream medical literature as creating conflicts of interest between the pharmaceutical industry and the FDA. The high number of mandated post-approval safety studies that have not been completed by drug manufacturers, 71%, is cited as evidence that the PDUFA is more focused more on the rapid approval of drugs, and less upon patient safety.
PDUFA was reauthorized in October 2007 with an increase in user fees as well as a series of new initiatives intended to strengthen the FDA's regulation of drug advertising, give it additional authority to require drug testing after initial market approval, and establish a new system for monitoring the safety of drugs once they are on the market. While earlier renewals of PDUFA focused primarily on speeding the initial approval of drugs through deadlines for action and provision of additional staff, the 2007 reauthorization focused on safety regulation.
Food and dietary supplements
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition is the branch of the FDA which is responsible for ensuring the safety and accurate labeling of nearly all food products in the United States. One exception is products derived from traditional domesticated animals, such as cattle and chickens, which fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. Products which contain minimal amounts of meat are regulated by FDA, and the exact boundaries are listed in a memorandum of understanding between the two agencies. However, medicines and other products given to all domesticated animals are regulated by FDA through a different branch, the Center for Veterinary Medicine. Other consumables which are not regulated by the FDA include beverages containing more than 7% alcohol (regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in the Department of Justice), and non-bottled drinking water (regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)).
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 mandated that the FDA regulate dietary supplements as foods, rather than as drugs. Therefore, dietary supplements are not subject to safety and efficacy testing prior to approval, and the FDA can take action against dietary supplements only after they are proven to be unsafe. However, the manufacturers of dietary supplements are permitted to make specific claims of health benefits, referred to as "structure or function claims" on the labels of these products. They may not claim to treat, diagnose, cure, or prevent disease.
Bottled water is regulated in America by the FDA. State governments also regulate bottled water. Tap water is regulated by state and local regulations, as well as the United States EPA. FDA regulations of bottled water generally follow the guidelines established by the EPA, and new EPA rules automatically apply to bottled water if the FDA does not release an explicit new rule. Water bottlers in America must make their facilities available to yearly compliance checks by FDA officials, to document that required protocols are followed. Regulated water quality control in the bottled water industry is not nearly as publicly accountable or transparent as municipal water works, due to the emphasis on drug regulation in the FDA budget.
The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has different requirements for the three main types of drug products: new prescription drugs, generic drugs and over-the-counter drugs. The most rigorous requirements apply to new prescription drugs.
New prescription drugs
New drugs receive extensive scrutiny before FDA approval and some continuing surveillance after marketing. The following sections outline the basic elements of the regulatory program.
Approval for testing in humans
To test a new drug experimentally in humans, a sponsor must first file Investigational New Drug Application (IND). The sponsor must show it has learned enough about the drug from animal and laboratory studies to give the drug safely to healthy volunteers. An IND is automatically approved unless the FDA objects. After an initial IND filing, a sponsor must submit annual reports, scientific reports about every study conducted and reports of adverse events.
Approval to market a new drug
A New Drug Application (NDA) is request for approval to market a new drug for a specific indication or medical use. The first pivotal hurdle for approval is the legal requirement for "substantial" evidence of efficacy demonstrated through controlled clinical trials. This standard lies at the heart of the regulatory program for drugs. It means that the clinical experience of doctors, the opinion of experts, or testimonials from patients, even if they have experienced a miraculous recovery, have no weight in this process. The second critical requirement is that the sponsor must prove the drug is safe "by all scientific means applicable." This places the burden on the sponsor to conduct whatever tests may be needed to establish the safety of the drug product. A drug that effects the electrical system of the heart--where a unexpected result could result in cardiac arrest-- could require more extensive testing than a cortisone skin cream that differed only slightly from exiting products.
However, prescription drugs are not completely safe. The legal requirement for safety and efficacy have been interpreted as requiring scientific evidence that the benefits of a drug exceed its risks, and that adequate instructions exist for its safe use.
The results of the testing program are codified in a FDA-approved public document that is called the product label, package insert or Full Prescribing Information. The prescribing information is widely available on the web, from the FDA, drug manufacturers, and frequently inserted into drug packages.The main purpose of a drug label is to provide doctors with adequate information and directions for the safe use of the drug.
Chemistry and manufacturing
The FDA initial review of an NDA also includes a chemical assessment of the drug molecule. The sponsor must demonstrate a capacity to manufacture and package the drug at the specified potency without contamination or impurities and the with specified chemical characteristics (such as dissolution).
Advertising and promotion
The FDA reviews and regulates prescription drug advertising and promotion. (Other kinds of advertising, including for over-the- counter drugs, are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission). The drug advertising regulation contains two key requirements. Under most circumstances, a company may only advertise a drug for the specific indication or medical use for which it was approved. Also, an advertisement must contain "fair balance" between the benefits and risks of a drug.
Post market safety surveillance
After approval of an NDA, the sponsor must review and report to the FDA every patient adverse drug experience of which it learns. Unexpected serious and fatal adverse drug events must be reported within 15 days; other events on a quarterly basis. The FDA also receives directly adverse drug event reports through its MedWatch program. These reports are called '"spontaneous reports" because reporting by consumers and health professionals is voluntary. While this remains the primary tool of postmarket safety surveillance, FDA requirements for postmarketing risk management are increasing. As a condition of approval, a sponsor may be required to conduct additional clinical trials, called Phase IV trials. In some cases the FDA is requiring risk management plans for some drugs that may provide for other kinds of studies, restrictions, or safety surveillance activities.
Generic drugs are prescription drugs whose patent protection has expired, and therefore may be manufactured and marketed by other companies. For approval of a generic drug, the FDA requires scientific evidence that the generic drug is interchangeable or therapeutically equivalent with the originally approved drug.
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are biologically active drugs and combinations that do not require a doctor's prescription. The FDA has a list of approximately 800 approved ingredients that are combined in various ways to create more than 100,000 OTC drug products Many OTC drug ingredients had been previously approved prescription drugs now deemed safe enough for use without a physician's supervision.
Biologics and blood products
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research is the branch of the FDA responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of biological therapeutic agents. These include blood and blood products, vaccines, allergenics, cell and tissue-based products, and gene therapy products. New biologics are required to go through a pre-market approval process similar to that for drugs. The original authority for government regulation of biological products was established by the 1902 Biologics Control Act, with additional authority established by the 1944 Public Health Service Act. Along with these Acts, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act applies to all biologic products as well. Originally, the entity responsible for regulation of biological products resided under the National Institutes of Health; this authority was transferred to the FDA in 1972.
Medical and radiation-emitting devices
The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is the branch of the FDA responsible for the premarket approval of all medical devices, as well as overseeing the manufacturing, performance and safety of these devices. The definition of a medical device is given in the FD&C Act, and it includes products from the simple toothbrush to complex devices such as implantable brain pacemakers. The CDRH also oversees the safety performance of non-medical devices which emit certain types of electromagnetic radiation. Examples of CDRH-regulated devices include cellular phones, airport baggage screening equipment, television receivers, microwave ovens, tanning booths, and laser products.
CDRH regulatory powers include the authority to require certain technical reports from the manufacturers or importers of regulated products, to require that radiation-emitting products meet mandatory safety performance standards, to declare regulated products defective, and to order the recall of defective or noncompliant products. The CDRH also conducts limited amounts of direct product testing.
Cosmetics are regulated by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the same branch of the FDA that regulates food. Cosmetic products are not generally subject to pre-market approval by the FDA. However, all color additives must be specifically approved by the FDA before they can be included in cosmetic products sold in the U.S. The labeling of cosmetics is regulated by the FDA, and cosmetics which have not been subjected to thorough safety testing must bear a warning to that effect.
The Center for Veterinary Medicine is the branch of the FDA which regulates food additives and drugs that are given to animals, including agricultural animals and pets.
- 1902 — Biologics Control Act
- 1906 — Pure Food and Drug Act
- 1938 — Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
- 1944 — Public Health Service Act
- 1951 — Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 82–215
- 1953 — Flammable Fabrics Act PL 83–88
- 1960 — Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act PL 86–613
- 1962 — Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 87–781
- 1965 — Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act PL 89–92
- 1966 — Fair Packaging and Labeling Act PL 89–755
- 1966 — Child Protection Act PL 89–756
- 1970 — Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act Amendments PL 91–222
- 1972 — Consumer Products Safety Act PL 92–573
- 1976 — Medical Device Regulation Act PL 94–295
- 1986 — Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act PL 99–252
- 1987 — Prescription Drug Marketing Act
- 1988 — Anti–drug Abuse Act PL 100–690
- 1990 — Nutrition Labeling and Education Act PL 101–535
- 1992 — Prescription Drug User Fee Act PL 102–571
- 1994 — Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
- 1997 — Food and Drug Modernization Act 105-115
- 2002 — Bioterrorism Act 107-188
- 2002 — Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA) PL 107-250
- 2002 — Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act PL 107-109
- 2003 — Animal Drug User Fee Act PL 108-130
- 2003 — Pediatrict Research Equity Act PL 108-155
- 2004 — Project BioShield Act 108-276
- 2004 — Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act PL 108-282
- 2004 — Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act PL 108-282
Origins of federal food and drug regulation
Up until the 20th century, there were few federal laws regulating the contents and sale of domestically produced food and pharmaceuticals, with one exception being the short-lived Vaccine Act of 1813. A patchwork of state laws provided varying degrees of protection against unethical sales practices, such as misrepresenting the ingredients of food products or therapeutic substances. The history of the FDA can be traced to the latter part of the 19th century and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Chemistry (later Bureau of Chemistry). Under Harvey Washington Wiley, appointed chief chemist in 1883, the Division began conducting research into the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs on the American market. Although they had no regulatory powers, the Division published its findings from 1887 to 1902 in a ten-part series entitled Foods and Food Adulterants. Wiley used these findings, and alliances with diverse organizations such as state regulators, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and national associations of physicians and pharmacists, to lobby for a new Federal law to set uniform standards for food and drugs to enter into interstate commerce. Wiley's advocacy came at a time when the public had become aroused to hazards in the marketplace by muckraking journalists like Upton Sinclair, and became part of a general trend for increased Federal regulations in matters pertinent to public safety during the Progressive Era.
The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and creation of the FDA
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drugs Act, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate. The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food which had been "adulterated", with that term referring to the addition of fillers of reduced "quality or strength", coloring to conceal "damage or inferiority," formulation with additives "injurious to health," or the use of "filthy, decomposed, or putrid" substances. The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of "adulterated" drugs, in which the "standard of strength, quality, or purity" of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary. The act also banned "misbranding" of food and drugs. The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such "adulteration" or "misbranding" was given to Wiley's USDA Bureau of Chemistry.
Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, as well as by the creation of the Board of Food and Drug Inspection and the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts as separate organizations within the USDA in 1907 and 1908 respectively. A 1911 Supreme Court decision ruled that the 1906 act did not apply to false claims of therapeutic efficacy, in response to which a 1912 amendment added "false and fraudulent" claims of "curative or therapeutic effect" to the Act's definition of "misbranded." However, these powers continued to be narrowly defined by the courts, which set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent. In 1927, the Bureau of Chemistry's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body, the Food, Drug, and Insecticide organization. This name was shortened to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) three years later.
The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act
By the 1930s, muckraking journalists, consumer protection organizations, and federal regulators began mounting a campaign for stronger regulatory authority by publicizing a list of injurious products which had been ruled permissible under the 1906 law, including radioactive beverages, cosmetics which caused blindness, and worthless "cures" for diabetes and tuberculosis. The resulting proposed law was unable to get through the Congress of the United States for five years, but was rapidly enacted into law following the public outcry over the 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which over 100 people died after using a drug formulated with a toxic, untested solvent. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the new Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) into law on June 25, 1938. The new law significantly increased Federal regulatory authority over drugs by mandating a pre-market review of the safety of all new drugs, as well as banning false therapeutic claims in drug labeling without requiring that the FDA prove fraudulent intent. The law also authorized factory inspections and expanded enforcement powers, set new regulatory standards for foods, and brought cosmetics and therapeutic devices under federal regulatory authority. This law, though extensively amended in subsequent years, remains the central foundation of FDA regulatory authority to the present day.
Regulation of human drugs and medical devices after 1938
Early FD&C Act amendments: 1938-1958
Soon after passage of the 1938 Act, the FDA began to designate certain drugs as safe for use only under the supervision of a medical professional, and the category of 'prescription-only' drugs was securely codified into law by the 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment. While pre-market testing of drug efficacy was not authorized under the 1938 FD&C Act, subsequent amendments such as the Insulin Amendment and Penicillin Amendment did mandate potency testing for formulations of specific lifesaving pharmaceuticals. The FDA began enforcing its new powers against drug manufacturers who could not substantiate the efficacy claims made for their drugs, and the 1950 Court of Appeals ruling in Alberty Food Products Co. v. U.S. found that drug manufacturers could not evade the "false therapeutic claims" provision of the 1938 act by simply omitting the intended use of a drug from the drug's label. These developments confirmed extensive powers for the FDA to enforce post-marketing recalls of ineffective drugs. Much of the FDA's regulatory attentions in this era were directed towards abuse of amphetamines and barbiturates, but the agency also reviewed some 13,000 new drug applications between 1938 and 1962. While the science of toxicology was in its infancy at the start of this era, rapid advances in experimental assays for food additive and drug safety testing were made during this period by FDA regulators and others.
Expansion of premarket approval process: 1959-1985
In 1959, Senator Estes Kefauver began holding congressional hearings into concerns about pharmaceutical industry practices, such as the perceived high cost and uncertain efficacy of many drugs promoted by manufacturers. There was significant opposition, however, to calls for a new law expanding the FDA's authority. This climate was rapidly changed by the thalidomide tragedy, in which thousands of European babies were born deformed after their mothers took that drug - marketed for treatment of nausea - during their pregnancies. Thalidomide had not been approved for use in the U.S. due to the concerns of an FDA reviewer, Frances Oldham Kelsey. However, thousands of "trial samples" had been sent to American doctors during the "clinical investigation" phase of the drug's development, which at the time was entirely unregulated by the FDA. Individual members of Congress cited the thalidomide incident in lending their support to expansion of FDA authority.
The 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the FD&C act represented a "revolution" in FDA regulatory authority. The most important change was the requirement that all new drug applications demonstrate "substantial evidence" of the drug's efficacy for a marketed indication, in addition to the existing requirement for pre-marketing demonstration of safety. This marked the start of the FDA approval process in its modern form. Drugs approved between 1938 and 1962 were also subject to FDA review of their efficacy, and to potential withdrawal from the market. Other important provisions of the 1962 amendments included the requirement that drug companies use the "established" or "generic" name of a drug along with the trade name, the restriction of drug advertising to FDA-approved indications, and expansion of FDA powers to inspect drug manufacturing facilities.
One of the most important statutes in establishing the modern American pharmaceutical market was the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, more commonly known as the "Hatch-Waxman Act" after its chief sponsors. This act was intended to correct two unfortunate interactions between the new regulations mandated by the 1962 amendments, and existing patent law (which is not regulated or enforced by the FDA, but rather by the United States Patent and Trademark Office). Because the additional clinical trials mandated by the 1962 amendments significantly delayed the marketing of new drugs, without extending the duration of the manufacturer's patent, "pioneer" drug manufacturers experienced a decreased period of lucrative market exclusivity. On the other hand, the new regulations could be interpreted to require complete safety and efficacy testing for generic copies of approved drugs, and "pioneer" manufacturers obtained court decisions which prevented generic manufacturers from even beginning the clinical trial process while a drug was still under patent. The Hatch-Waxman Act was intended as a compromise between the "pioneer" and generic drug manufacturers which would reduce the overall cost of bringing generics to market and thus, it was hoped, reduce the long-term price of the drug, while preserving the overall profitability of developing new drugs. The act extended the patent exclusivity terms of new drugs, and importantly tied those extensions, in part, to the length of the FDA approval process for each individual drug. For generic manufacturers, the Act created a new approval mechanism, the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), in which the generic drug manufacturer need only demonstrate that their generic formulation has the same active ingredient, route of administration, dosage form, strength, and pharmacokinetic properties ("bioequivalence") as the corresponding brand-name drug. This act has been credited with essentially creating the modern generic drug industry.
FDA reforms in the AIDS era
Concerns about the length of the drug approval process were brought to the fore early in the AIDS epidemic. In the mid- and late 1980s, ACT-UP and other HIV activist organizations accused the FDA of unnecessarily delaying the approval of medications to fight HIV and opportunistic infections, and staged large protests, such as a confrontational October 11, 1988 action at the FDA campus which resulted in nearly 180 arrests. In August of 1990, Dr. Louis Lasagna, then chairman of a presidential advisory panel on drug approval, estimated that thousands of lives were lost each year due to delays in approval and marketing of drugs for cancer and AIDS.
Partly in response to these criticisms, the FDA issued new rules to expedite approval of drugs for life threatening diseases, and expanded pre-approval access to drugs for patients with limited treatment options. The first of these new rules was the "IND exemption" or "treatment IND" rule, which allowed expanded access to a drug undergoing phase II or III trials (or in extraordinary cases even earlier) if it potentially represented a safer or better alternative to treatments currently available for terminal or serious illness. A second new rule, the "parallel track policy", allowed a drug company to set up a mechanism for access to a new potentially lifesaving drug by patients who for various reasons would be unable to participate in ongoing clinical trials. The "parallel track" designation could be made at the time of IND submission. The accelerated approval rules were further expanded and codified in 1992.
All of the initial drugs approved for the treatment of HIV/AIDS were approved through accelerated approval mechanisms. For example, a "treatment IND" was issued for the first HIV drug, AZT, in 1985, and approval was granted just two years later in 1987. Three of the first five drugs targeting HIV were approved in the United States before they were approved in any other country.
Recent and ongoing reforms
Patients' rights to access unapproved drugs
An ongoing court case, Abigail Alliance v. von Eschenbach, has the potential to force radical changes in FDA regulation of unapproved drugs. Abigail Burroughs]was a college student diagnosed with head and neck cancer. During the later phases of her treatment, Abigail's father sued the FDA for access to the novel biotechnology drug cetuximab. At that time, cetuximab was available experimentally only for patients participating in colon cancer clinical trials (it has since been approved for colon cancer, as well as head and neck cancer when combined with radiation therapy). The argument made by the Abigail Alliance in court is that terminal cancer patients have a Constitutionally protected right to access to experimental medications before the FDA approves them. Specifically, the Abigail Alliance argued that the FDA should license drugs for use by terminally ill patients with "desperate diagnoses," after they have completed Phase I testing.
In May 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of the Abigail Alliance, and found that the US Constitution protects the right of terminally ill patients to access treatments that are not approved by the FDA. On March 1, 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals was scheduled to rehear the case at the request of the FDA. This case has the potential to radically alter the conduct of clinical cancer research, since the initial Court of Appeals ruling essentially condones unfettered access to experimental drugs by terminally ill patients, who would then have little incentive to enter Phase II and Phase III clinical trials testing new cancer drugs. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) filed an amicus brief to the U.S. Court of Appeals in advance of the March 1 hearing, supporting the FDA. ASCO proposes that the Constitution does not guarantee the right to access unapproved medications, and that the court case threatens the cancer clinical trial enterprise.
Post-marketing drug safety monitoring
The widely publicized recall of Vioxx, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug now estimated to have contributed to fatal heart attacks in thousands of Americans, played a strong role in driving a new wave of safety reforms at both the FDA rulemaking and statutory levels. Vioxx was approved by the FDA in 1999, and was initially hoped to be safer than previous NSAIDs, due to its reduced risk of gastrointestinal tract bleeding. However, a number of pre- and post-marketing studies suggested that Vioxx might increase the risk of myocardial infarction, and this was conclusively demonstrated by results from the APPROVe trial in 2004. Faced with numerous lawsuits, the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew it from the market. The example of Vioxx has been prominent in an ongoing debate over whether new drugs should be evaluated on the basis of their absolute safety, or their safety relative to existing treatments for a given condition. In the wake of the Vioxx recall, there were widespread calls by major newspapers, medical journals, consumer advocacy organizations, lawmakers, and FDA officials for reforms in the FDA's procedures for pre- and post- market drug safety regulation.
In 2006, a congressionally requested committee was appointed by the Institute of Medicine to review pharmaceutical safety regulation in the U.S. and to issue recommendations for improvements. The committee was composed of 16 experts, including leaders in clinical medicinemedical research, economics, biostatistics, law, public policy, public health, and the allied health professions, as well as current and former executives from the pharmaceutical, hospital, and health insurance industries. The authors found major deficiencies in the current FDA system for ensuring the safety of drugs on the American market. Overall, the authors called for an increase in the regulatory powers, funding, and independence of the FDA. Some the committee’s recommendations have been incorporated into drafts of the PDUFA IV bill which is expected to be passed by Congress in 2007.
Pediatric drug testing
Prior to the 1990s, only 20% of all drugs prescribed for children in the United States were tested for safety or efficacy in a pediatric population. This became a major concern of pediatricians as evidence accumulated that the physiological response of children to many drugs differed significantly from those drugs' effects on adults. The reasons for the dearth of clinical drug testing in children were multifactorial. For many drugs, children represented such a small proportion of the potential market, that drug manufacturers did not see such testing as cost-effective. Also, because children were thought to be ethically restricted in their ability to give informed consent, there were increased governmental and institutional hurdles to approval of these clinical trials, as well as greater concerns about legal liability. Thus, for decades, most medicines prescribed to children in the U.S. were done so in a non-FDA-approved, "off-label" manner, with dosages "extrapolated" from adult data through body weight and body-surface-area calculations.
An initial attempt by the FDA to address this issue was the 1994 FDA Final Rule on Pediatric Labeling and Extrapolation, which allowed manufacturers to add pediatric labeling information, but required drugs which had not been tested for pediatric safety and efficacy to bear a disclaimer to that effect. However, this rule failed to motivate many drug companies to conduct additional pediatric drug trials. In 1997, the FDA proposed a rule to require pediatric drug trials from the sponsors of New Drug Applications. However, this new rule was successfully preempted in Federal court as exceeding the FDA's statutory authority. While this debate was unfolding, Congress used the 1997 Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act to pass incentives which gave pharmaceutical manufacturers a six-month patent term extension on new drugs submitted with pediatric trial data. The act reauthorizing these provisions, the 2002 Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, allowed the FDA to request NIH-sponsored testing for pediatric drug testing, although these requests are subject to NIH funding constraints. Most recently, in the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, Congress codified the FDA's authority to mandate manufacturer-sponsored pediatric drug trials for certain drugs as a "last resort" if incentives and publicly funded mechanisms proved inadequate.
Rules for generic biologics
Since the 1990s, many successful new drugs for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions have been protein-based biotechnology drugs, regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Many of these drugs are extremely expensive; for example, the anti-cancer drug Avastin costs $55,000 for a year of treatment, while the enzyme replacement therapy drug Cerezyme costs $200,000 per year, and must be taken by Gaucher's Disease patients for life. Biotechnology drugs do not have the simple, readily verifiable chemical structures of conventional drugs, and are produced through complex, often proprietary techniques, such as transgenic mammalian cell cultures. Because of these complexities, the 1984 Hatch-Waxman Act did not include biologics in the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) process, essentially precluding the possibility of generic drug competition for biotechnology drugs. In February of 2007, identical bills were introduced into the House and Senate with bipartisan cosponsorship to create an ANDA process for the approval of generic biologics. The bills face opposition from biologic drug manufacturers, and other lawmakers are working to create compromise legislation.
The FDA has regulatory oversight over a large array of products that affect the health and life of American citizens. As a result, the FDA's powers and decisions are carefully monitored by several governmental and non-governmental organizations. There are many criticisms and complaints lodged against the FDA from patients, economists, regulatory bodies, and the pharmaceutical industry.
- Andrew von Eschenbach — current commissioner
- Lester Crawford 7/2005 - 9/2005
- Mark McClellan 11/2002 - 3/2004
- Jane E. Henney 1/1999 - 1/2001
- David Aaron Kessler 11/1990 - 2/1997
- Frank Edward Young 7/1984 - 12/1989
- Arthur Hull Hayes 4/1981 - 9/1983
- Jere E. Goyan 10/1979 - 1/1981
- Donald Kennedy 4/1977 - 6/1979
- Alexander M. Schmidt 7/1973 - 10/1976
- Charles C. Edwards 12/1969 - 3/1973
- Herbert L. Ley 7/1968 - 12/1969
- James L. Goddard 1/1966 - 7/1968
- George P. Larrick 8/1954 - 12/1965
- Charles W. Crawford 6/1951 - 7/1954
- Paul P. Dunbar 5/1944 - 5/1951
- Walter G. Campbell 7/1927 - 4/1944 and 7/1921 - 6/1924
- Charles A. Browne 7/1924 - 6/1927
- Carl L. Alsberg 12/1912 - 7/1921
- Harvey W. Wiley 1/1907 - 3/1912
- Drug Efficacy Study Implementation
- European Medicines Agency
- Investigational Device Exemption
- Kefauver Harris Amendment
- Pharmaceutical company
- The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics
- Michael Givel (December 2005) Philip Morris’ FDA Gambit: Good for Public Health? Journal of Public Health Policy (26): pp. 450-468.
- Philip J. Hilts. Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. New York: Alfred E. Knopf, 2003. ISBN 0-375-40466-X
- Thomas J. Moore. Prescription for Disaster: The Hidden Dangers in Your Medicine Cabinet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0-684-82998-3.
- Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Web Version
- PDF (423 KiB) GAO-02-958 Effect of User Fees on Drug Approval Times, Withdrawals, and Other Agency Activities
- Information about the PDUFA program from the FDA
- Avorn J (2007). "Paying for drug approvals--who's using whom?". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (17): 1697–700. PMID 17435083.
- Text of House Bill 3580
- http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/cfsan4.html Overview of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
- Text of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Accessed 5 Feb 2007.
- PDF (106 KiB) Title 21 of the Code of Federal regulations
- PDF (217 KiB)
- 21 CFR Part 312: Investigational New Drug Application
- Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Section 502; 21 USC 355]
- 21 CFR 201.5: Labeling Requirements for Prescription Drugs and/or Insulin
- "Daily Med: Current Medication Information". Unknown parameter
|access-date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter
- 21 CFR 202: Prescription Drug Advertising.
- 21 CFR 314.80: Postmarketing Reporting of Adverse Drug Experiences
- MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program[]. Accessed October 9, 2007
- "Therapeutic Equivalence of Generic Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1998. Retrieved 2007-10- 10. Check date values in:
- FDA CDER Handbook: Over-the- Counter Drug Products Accessed October 9, 2007
- PDF (90.3 KiB)
- A History of the FDA at FDA.gov
- Original Text of the 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Amendments
- United States v. Johnson, [6df1b297de555a5c 221 U.S. 488] (31 S. Ct. 627 May 29, 1911, decided)
- Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History at FDA.gov
- Report of Congressman Morris Udall on thalidomide and the Kefauver hearings.
- Temple R (2002). "Policy developments in regulatory approval". Statistics in Medicine. 21: 2939–2948.
- Karki L (2005). "Review of FDA Law Related to Pharmaceuticals: The Hatch-Waxman Act, Regulatory Amendments and Implications for Drug Patent Enforcement". Journal of the Patent & Trademark Office Society. 87: 602–620.
- ACT-UP NY timeline
- Faster Approval of AIDS Drugs Is Urged, The New York Times, August 16, 1990, Thursday, Late Edition - Final, Section B; Page 12, Column 4; National Desk, 830 words, By ROBERT PEAR, Special to The New York Times, WASHINGTON, Aug. 15
- FDA Website: Expanded Access and Expedited Approval of New Therapies Related to HIV/AIDS
- Orlando V (1999). "The FDA's Accelerated Approval Process: Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Have Adequate Incentives for Self-Regulation?". American Journal of Law and Medicine. 25: 543–68.
- FDA report on accelerated approval process
- FDA press release on 3TC approval
- PDF (119 KiB) Abigail Alliance Citizen Petition to FDA
- PDF (1.14 MiB) Amicus brief by ASCO, filed February 2007
- The APPROVe study (Pubmed)
- PDF (28.3 KiB) David Graham's 2004 testimony to Congress
- Henderson, Diedtra (September 23, 2006). "Panel: FDA needs more power, funds". Boston Globe.
- PDF (279 KiB) Executive Summary of the 2006 IOM Report The Future of Drug Safety: Promoting and Protecting the Health of the Public
- Politis P (2005). "Transition From the Carrot to the Stick: The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Regulations Concerning Pediatric Drug Testing". Widener Law Review. 12: 271.
- H. R. 1038: Access to Life-Saving Medicine Act. (Introduced 2/14/2007)
- S. 623: Access to Life-Saving Medicine Act. (Introduced 2/14/2007)
- Pear R. Congress Seeks Compromise on Generic Drugs. New York Times (April 7, 2007)
Food and Drug Administration websites
- Food and Drug Administration Home Page
- Biologics Centennial: 100 Years of Biologics Regulation — from the Food and Drug Administration Home Page
- U.S. FDA CDER Home Page — the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CBER — Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA
- Past FDA Commissioners
- Communication of FDA Advice on Consumption of Fish Like Tuna and Swordfish
de:Food and Drug Administration it:Food and Drug Administration he:מנהל המזון והתרופות האמריקאי nl:Food and Drug Administration no:Food and Drug Administration sk:Správa potravín a liečiv sl:Food and Drug Administration fi:FDA sv:Food and Drug Administration | <urn:uuid:81781a6d-3645-481c-a589-688109dd3058> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://zh.wikidoc.org/index.php/Food_and_Drug_Administration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986670928.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016213112-20191017000612-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.938999 | 8,808 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Using the Ipad To Help Autism
Social interaction and communication are essential characteristics of the human experience. As humans, we desire to create and develop relationships with each other. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological developmental condition that impairs this ability to relate. The spectrum refers to the fact that there are multiple conditions characterized by similar features all grouped together under this one disorder. These conditions include “classic” autism, Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. There are also varying degrees of severity associated with ASD. So, depending on the disorder and degree to which a person suffers from this disorder, there is truly a wide spectrum of possible conditions created by ASD that many people around the world must deal with.
Autism is usually detectable within the first three years of life due to observation of cognitive symptoms common to most forms of the disorder. Biologically, researchers have found that autistic children often have enlarged cerebral and cerebellar volumes. There has also been some connection with ASD and certain chromosome variations. Autism is most commonly diagnosed through cognitive evaluation, though. The three symptoms that are noted most often are trouble with communication, issues involving reciprocal social interaction, and stereotyped behaviors such as obsession over specific interests and repetition of certain words or actions. Many severely autistic children do not develop speech and, if they do, it occurs at a significantly later time than a child without ASD. Eye contact is rarely made, emotions are not expressed, and there is a noticeable difficulty in understanding other’s feelings and thoughts. Any combination of these symptoms challenges a child’s development and many families are left trying to find an effective way to help their children learn and grow.
This is where the Ipad enters. Steve Jobs has invented some amazing technology. But it is even more impressive when this technology is able to help a child express feelings, words and ideas when this would otherwise be impossible. According to the Center for Disease Control, today 1 in 88 U.S. children in diagnosed with ASD. This is a 78 percent increase from data collected a decade ago. These numbers are astounding. The reason for such an increase is still being explored. Possible explanations include better diagnosis techniques or just a general increase in the number of people born with ASD. With such a high occurrence of autism in the United States and no known cure, more families are exploring different ways of assisting their children. With its sleek appearance and massive number of “apps” the Ipad has become one of these ways to help. In October of 2011 60 Minutes aired a segment about the potential use of the Ipad for teaching autistic children and providing them with a “voice.” I recommend viewing the piece below: | <urn:uuid:e9a94b9e-cc6a-41b7-b0cf-b87182d270d4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://sites.bu.edu/ombs/2012/04/10/using-the-ipad-to-help-autism/?wantsmobile=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826679.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00013-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960595 | 553 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Stay on target
While the genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis largely remains a mystery, new gene-editing techniques are helping to uncover details of ALS.
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to identify specific genes that help protect against a toxic disease-causing protein.
ALS, also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig’s disease, erodes muscle function and impairs the brain’s ability to communicate with the body.
A genetic abnormality, known as a hexanucleotide repeat, in the C9orf72 region interferes with normal production of proteins.
“In a healthy person, you might see 10 to 20 of these DNA repeats,” graduate student Michael Haney explained. “But in ALS, they expand to hundreds or even thousands of repeated segments, and that’s the template for the production of these toxic proteins.”
Simple tasks like speaking, swallowing, or breathing becomes increasingly difficult, and, eventually impossible.
“These toxic protein aggregates are what’s likely driving the pathology in the disease,” Stanford professor Aaron Gitler said in a statement. “But no one really knows how they cause neuronal cell death.”
Instead of separately interrogating every gene in the human repository, they used new technology to produce “gene knockouts.”
Think about it: If you pinpoint and remove a gene, and the ALS protein repeats are no longer toxic, you know the absence of that gene protects neurons against degeneration—and vice versa.
“And perhaps more importantly, it may be a potential drug target,” a Stanford University press release said.
In the end, researchers found some 200 genes that, when knocked out, protected the cell, or made it more vulnerable. Two subsequent knockout rounds helped narrow down the results.
“I think it’s a really exciting application for CRISPR screens, and this is just the beginning,” Bassik said.
He and Gitler are teaming up to use this approach on other neurological diseases, including Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s.
Let us know what you like about Geek by taking our survey. | <urn:uuid:b704f7bc-36b2-44c8-9c95-a29c9dfb1a46> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.geek.com/science/crispr-screening-uncovers-details-of-als-1734029/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146562.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226211749-20200227001749-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.92122 | 474 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Despite bouts of colic and the ear infection that prompted that 2 a.m. call to the pediatrician, your baby survived the first year. Now your little one is barging into the wider world, prompting new concerns over her health and safety. From teaching good tooth-brushing habits to soothing upset toddler tummies, these helpful, month-by-month tips will prepare you for any (and all!) health and safety blips.
12-month-old toddler: Six Places in Your Home That Need Childproofing
Now that your toddler is toddling, it's time to step up your childproofing efforts and make your home a safe place for him to roam.
13-month-old toddler: Cold Relief: Helping Your Child Cope
You may not be able to cure your toddler's cold, but you sure can offer some cold relief. Here's how to ease her sniffles and suffering.
14-month-old toddler: Your Child's First Dental Visit
Say good-bye to your toddler's toothless, gummy grin and say hello to his first dental visit.
15-month-old toddler: Does Your Toddler Need a Multivitamin?
The experts are divided on whether or not toddlers need a daily multivitamin. To help you make a decision, check out the multiple reasons to give — or not to give — your child a multi.
16-month-old toddler: Toddler Allergies Versus Toddler Colds
Sometimes even Dr. Mom can't tell if her little one is suffering from an allergy or a cold. But there are ways to figure out the difference.
17-month-old toddler: Car-Seat Safety for Toddlers
As your toddler grows and changes, so should her car seat. These tips will help you make sure her car seat is up to snuff in the safety department.
18-month-old toddler: No More Morning Nap: Changes in Toddler Sleep Habits
Whether you like it or not, it may be time to say good-bye to your toddler's morning nap. What should you do when your child switches the sleep schedule on you? Go with the flow.
More on Children's Health and Safety
19-month-old toddler: Asthma in Toddlers
Detecting asthma in toddlers can be tricky. Learn how to identify the symptoms — and find out what you can do about them — so that you and your child can breathe easy.
20-month-old toddler: Toddler Skin Blotches and Splotches
Bumps and blisters and dry patches, oh my! How to identify and treat toddler skin conditions.
21-month-old toddler: Medication Safety for Toddlers
Medication mistakes are more common than you might think. How can you avoid errors when giving meds to your toddler? Check out these medication safety guidelines.
22-month-old toddler: Taking Your Toddler’s Temperature
Worried your child has a fever? Here's how to get the most accurate reading on your toddler's temperature.
23-month-old toddler: Caring for Toddler Coughs
If you're confused about coughs, rest assured you don't need a medical degree to get a sense of what's ailing your child. All you need is a little help figuring out how to decode and treat toddler coughs.
24-month-old toddler: Alternative Medicine for Toddlers
When reaching for a cure to treat your toddler's ailments, you may not have to reach any further than your own kitchen. Before you run to the pharmacy at the first sign of a tummy ache or cough, check out these alternative medicines for toddlers.
25-month-old toddler: The Scoop on Toddler Poop
You wish you didn't have to think about it (or smell it!), but there's no escaping the subject of poop when it comes to toddler care. Here's how to make the best of a stinky situation.
26-month-old toddler: Sun Safety Tips for Toddlers
Heading outside? No matter what the weather, it's crucial to protect your toddler's tender skin from the sun's intense rays. So before you step out the door, check out these sun-safety strategies.
27-Month-Old Toddler: Getting Toddlers to Take Medicine: Eight Tricks to Try
No toddler is a fan of taking medicine, but a mom's got to do what a mom's got to do. That's why you need some surefire strategies to get your toddler to take medicine.
28-month-old toddler: Toddler Eye Problems
Vision problems may be hard for your toddler to spot. That's why it's up to you to keep your eyes on his.
29-month-old toddler: Toddler Exercise: Five Tips to Get Moving!
Sure, your fidgety toddler can't sit still, but is she getting the exercise she needs? Keep your toddler active with these simple strategies.
30-month-old toddler: Easing Chronic Ear Infections in ToddlersGetting the occasional ear infection is bad enough, but what if your toddler gets chronic or recurrent ear infections that just won't quit? Find the answers to your most pressing questions on earaches below.
31-month-old toddler: Is Your Child Overweight?
No mom wants to believe her child is overweight, but if your toddler is heavy, there are steps you can take to pare down the pounds and improve his health.
32-month-old toddler: Why Is Your Child Snoring?
It may be hard to believe, but your sleeping, angelic toddler is capable of big, raucous snores. Find out why it's happening and what you can do about it.
33-month-old toddler: Antibiotics and Kids: Avoiding Overuse
When your toddler is sick you want her to feel better as fast as possible. But antibiotics are not always the answer — and can sometimes do more harm than good. Here's how to avoid the overuse of antibiotics.
34-month-old toddler: Learning to Brush Teeth: Six Toddler Training Tips
For nearly 2 years, you've been the one holding the toothbrush. Now it's time to pass the torch and teach your toddler to brush his teeth by himself.
The easiest way to keep your toddler — and family — from getting sick? Teach your little one the basics of hand washing. | <urn:uuid:2762e39a-c7e5-4312-80be-130a472c231e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.whattoexpect.com/health-and-safety-tips.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879738.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702174127-20200702204127-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.927085 | 1,341 | 2.765625 | 3 |
He also renewed the claim which had been made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne.
The professional soldiers of the Continent could rarely be brought to force a decision; but the English, contending for a cause, were imbued with the spirit of the modern "nation in arms"; and having taken up arms wished to decide the quarrel by arms. This feeling was not less conspicuous in the far-ranging rides, or raids, of the Cromwellian cavalry.
The actual crisis may be said to begin with the quarrel between John and Pope Innocent III.
His opposition to the emancipation of women brought about a quarrel with Enfantin in 1831, and Bazard found himself almost deserted by the members of the society.
The quarrel was therefore referred to the emperor Nero, who finally gave his decision in favour of the Syrians or Greeks.
Largely owing to his efforts, causes of quarrel between Great Britain and France in Tahiti, over the marriage of Isabella II.
Cyrus managed very cleverly to gather a large army by beginning a quarrel with Tissaphernes, satrap of Caria, about the Ionian towns; he also pretended to prepare an expedition against the Pisidians, a mountainous tribe in the Taurus, which was never obedient to the Empire.
His violent disposition now led him to quarrel with a country gentleman who had insulted his sister, and his semi-exile was changed by lettre de cachet into imprisonment in the Chateau d'If.
The whole matter had, therefore, to be adjusted by Congress, and as the growing intensity of the quarrel revealed the depth of the chasm between the sections, Clay came forward with the famous compromise of 1850, and Webster's last great speech - "The Constitution and the Union," or as it is more commonly known "The Seventh of March Speech" - was in support of this Compromise.
His diplomacy before the war of 1812 was less successful than that of Alexander, who skilfully ended his quarrel with Turkey and gained over to his side Sweden.
Especially complicated was the ancient Babylonian demonology; all the petty annoyances of life - a sudden fall, a headache, a quarrel - were set down to the agency of fiends; all the stronger emotions - love, hate, jealousy and so on - were regarded as the work of demons; in fact so numerous were they, that there were special fiends for various parts of the human body - one for the head, another for the neck, and so on.
In the quarrel between Sancho and his brotherAlphonso, Rodrigo Diaz espoused the cause of the former, and it was he who suggested the perfidious stratagem by which Sancho eventually obtained the victory and possession of Leon.
Back in the 1600s, French mathematician Blaise Pascal complained, "Can anything be more ridiculous than that a man has a right to kill me ... because his ruler has quarrel with mine, although I have none with him?"
I quarrel not with far-off foes, but with those who, near at home, co-operate with, and do the bidding of those far away, and without whom the latter would be harmless.
I had a quarrel with Mamma some time ago about it.
If your betrothed comes here now--there will be no avoiding a quarrel; but alone with the old man he will talk things over and then come on to you.
I don't want to quarrel with you, but go, for God's sake go!
You've made me quarrel with my son!
You plotted against me, you lied to Prince Andrew about my relations with that Frenchwoman and made me quarrel with him, but you see I need neither her nor you!
Trying to convict her, he told her she had worn him out, had caused his quarrel with his son, had harbored nasty suspicions of him, making it the object of her life to poison his existence, and he drove her from his study telling her that if she did not go away it was all the same to him.
When two people quarrel they are always both in fault, and one's own guilt suddenly becomes terribly serious when the other is no longer alive. | <urn:uuid:fa1d3b9e-9094-4f5e-9363-967f8687fd34> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/quarrel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122933.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00612-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988415 | 884 | 2.515625 | 3 |
George Westinghouse was an amazing American who changed the world. He invented the air brake for trains. Until this invention, only locomotives had brakes and thousands died annually in train wrecks. Every train in the world today still uses his system. In addition, the AC power used all over the world was pioneered by Westinghouse. Edison wanted to use DC power because he could make more money but Nikolai Tesla convinced Westinghouse that AC was better . His impact on the world was huge.
Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse - With the big money supporting DC currents (Edison Electric, J.P. Morgan, Thomson-Houston Company - through a merger into G.E. General Electric), Pittsburgh magnate George Westinghouse stood by Tesla's AC current, because as an inventor himself, he knew that the technology was superior, and felt that it would eventually win the war of the currents. Tesla, amazingly, would later give up his $2.50 per horsepower of electrical capacity sold that he was due. | <urn:uuid:636cb1bf-9a30-462c-ab71-128f1af41510> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://uk.pinterest.com/explore/george-westinghouse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661915.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00206-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982846 | 211 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are available by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC). They are used to relieve fever and pain, such as those associated with headaches, colds, flu, and arthritis. Examples of prescription NSAIDs include ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and celecoxib. Ibuprofen and naproxen are also available OTC at lower strengths.
Information on NSAIDs
The Benefits and Risks of Pain Relievers: Q & A on NSAIDs with Sharon Hertz, M.D. FDA Strengthens Warning of Heart Attack and Stroke Risk for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA strengthens warning that non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause heart attacks or strokes
FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA has reviewed possible risks of pain medicine use during pregnancy
- COX-2 Selective (includes Bextra, Celebrex, and Vioxx) and Non-Selective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) | <urn:uuid:fb05bb47-6068-4f41-b7f0-4697399ca95b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/postmarketdrugsafetyinformationforpatientsandproviders/ucm103420.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853294 | 240 | 2.6875 | 3 |
EMBER is a oxygen warming device designed for pre-hospital hypothermia treatment performed by Emergency Medical Service (EMS).
When the body temperature drops below 35degrees Celsius one enters a state called Hypothermia, it is a common problem in the pre-hospital care, studies has shown that as many as 40-60% of the trauma patients suffers from Hypothermia when the EMS personnel arrives at the scene. When the body temperature drops the metabolism and respiration rates follows. Hypothermia decreases the patients blood coagulation, reduces effects of medicine and complicates further treatment.
In order to ease respiration and help the patient to saturate, oxygen is administered. The oxygen is delivered from a gas tube. When oxygen is converting from a liquid state inside the tube, to a gas on the outside it turns cold. The cold gas adjusts slightly to the surrounding temperature but never reaching body temperature 37 degrees Celsius before being inhaled, cooling the patient further.
EMBER aims to change this, introducing a quick way of warming and humidifying oxygen. EMBER retrofits to todays standardised oxygen equipment. The oxygen equipment can be applied on the patient as currently done with the exception that EMBER is connected on the hose between the mask and the tube. When EMBER is connected it immediately starts to warm and humidify the oxygen. EMBER assists in treating hypothermia which results in a more effective overall treatment and faster recovery for the patient.
The EMBER concept was born from insights collected while doing field studies at the Umea° ambulance station in Sweden. Following the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) personnel in their work and interviewing them made me realise how big of a problem Hypothermia is and how frequent it is in the pre-hospital care, additional information found in an article supported their claims and stated that as many as 40-60% of the trauma patients suffers from Hypothermia when the paramedics arrives.
When the body drops below 35degrees Celsius the body enters the state of Hypothermia. The colder the body gets the slower the metabolism becomes along with the respiration. This results in a series of complications that makes further treatment of the patient more difficult. Hypothermic patients absorbs medicine slower, their blood coagulates at a slower phase and they are often more anxious then other patients.
"If we felt how cold the patients are maybe we would be reminded to turn up the heat in the car".
Paramedic at Umea° ambulance station.
Hypothermia is in many cases not the main cause for treatment, rather an additional illness that complicates the treatment of the main. It can be hard to discover if the patient is light Hypothermic and it gets out of focus due to other treatments. But if the Hypothermia is addressed and treated it can speed up the patients healing process and reduce further complications.
In current Hypothermia treatment oxygen is administered to the patient, this is due to the decreased ability to saturate (Lower levels of oxygen in the blood) The oxygen is delivered from a gas tube. When the oxygen is converting from a liquid state inside the tube, to a gas on the outside, the oxygen turns cold. The cold gas adjusts slightly to the surrounding temperature but never reaching body temperature (37 degrees Celsius) before being inhaled by the patient. The result of this is that the patient is inhaling cold oxygen and exhales warm carbon dioxide that the body has warmed up and in turn lowering the body temperature.
The thing that struck me the most while doing field studies following the paramedics, was the deep empathy they have for the patient. The patient is given full attention and is the centre of the operations. This means that the equipment they use most be fast and easy to apply and leave no room for errors. With this in mind the concept was developed keeping the paramedic and their passion for helping others in mind. Creating a concept that would allow them to give their full attention to the patient while applying and setting up the product.
The concept has derived from a series of studies made at the Umea° ambulance station, including the paramedics opinions, understanding for the current treatments, in which situations the EMS personnel faces hypothermic patients along with learning how the body temperature regulation works and the complexity of it.
EMBER is developed to fit into the ecosystem of EMS equipment and retrofit to any type of oxygen administering equipment, since the paramedics uses different kinds depending on situation. Designing for pre-hospital use and the EMS service is not just about designing and solving the technical and semantic aspects of the usages during operation, after the patient is dropped of at the hospital the ambulance has to be ready to immediately go out on the next call. There is little or no time formaintenance, EMBER is design with this in mind and requires bare minimum of care. The surface of the battery unit is smooth and has now cavities collecting bacterias and dirt, making it easy to sterilise with alcohol, the water/heater cartridge is calculated to last until the ambulance reaches the emergency and is disposed after use.
EMBER offers a format that does not exist on the market. It is easy to apply to the patient and saves time for the paramedic in a time critical situation. The cartridge and heater unit snaps together and the humidification and warming of the oxygen starts immediately without having to push any buttons. EMBER is designed to be an inexpensive but still qualitative device.
EMBER assists the paramedic in treating hypothermia with warm and humidified oxygen resulting in a more effective overall treatment and faster recovery for the patient.
It’ so simple. The transparent capsule shows the technology, and it’s well executed too. | <urn:uuid:7597564e-4d03-4715-b846-4c6c680f61a9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://designawards.core77.com/Commercial-Equipment/47800/EMBER | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218122.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821112537-20180821132537-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.944771 | 1,167 | 3.328125 | 3 |
GOOD news at last. While we deal with the credit crisis, the food crisis, the oil crisis and whatever new crisis turns up next week, we can at least rest secure in the knowledge that humanity is not about to be wiped out. That's according to researchers meeting in Oxford to survey the catastrophic events that might consign humans to history ("Don'tpanic,we've got it covered"). Discounting climate change, which is happening too slowly to qualify as a catastrophic event, the gathering concluded that, for now at least, our continued existence is not in question.
Though it is a relief, there are lessons to be learned here. Many of the potential catastrophes under scrutiny are the preserve of, if not the direct result of, research in science and technology. That makes it imperative that researchers keep a sharp eye out for potential threats.
Scientists are often quick to complain that ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:dc8ac904-888c-45dd-85dc-37621420df15> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19926663.000-editorial-no-complacency-on-disasters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921957.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00446-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956156 | 208 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Is nature accessible to all?
I’m writing this a few days after a snowstorm froze West Yorkshire into a belated winter wonderland. A few hopeful crocuses and daffodils that had sprung up in my garden as the days got longer were buried under a thick blanket of snow. And yet, as the snow melted away, I was amazed to see them still standing, a little battered maybe but still cheerfully waving in the wind.
It was a lovely sight, to see these flowers still standing after such an onslaught. It made me think about resilience, about how something small and kind-looking could still weather it through a storm. It made me think about patience, and about working through hard times.
This is a small, recent example about how nature has made me think about my mental wellbeing, but the relationship between nature and mental health has been studied for a long time. You may remember the encouragement to get into the outdoors over those long months of lockdown, and at Curious Motion we’ve recently launched Welland Walks an opportunity for members of the Elland community to enjoy a gentle stroll along an accessible route and enjoy the scenery around them.
Research published in 2019 claimed that spending two hours a week in nature helps us to maintain good health and wellbeing, and the mental health charity Mind says enjoying nature can help us release feelings of stress, anger and make us feel more relaxed.
Not all nature is equal however. The Mental Health Foundation has found that the cleaner a natural area is, the more mental health benefits we can experience from it. This means we need areas free from litter, and away from traffic pollution and noise.
Herein lies an inequality problem with how we enjoy nature. Clean spaces like this tend to be out of cities, usually in wealthier areas, meaning that it’s harder for people in underserved urban areas to access high quality natural resources. In fact, only 35% of the lowest-earning households in the UK live within a ten minute walk of a green space they can access, as opposed to 59% of the highest earning households. This problem involves racial inequalities too – city communities with a 40% or higher ethnic-minority population are 11 times less likely to have access to high quality green spaces than mostly white communities.
Moreover, many green spaces are still not wheelchair accessible, lack toilet facilities, or are difficult to get to without a car. Some groups of people, such as women or people from ethnic minority backgrounds may simply feel unsafe to go and explore some areas.
And yet, people who face barriers in their lives are more likely to face struggles with their mental health, and therefore it’s vital that they have safe, clean and accessible outdoor spaces to go and enjoy.
Even though these are big and complex issues there are some things we can do as individuals to help increase access to nature too – this includes allies, who can help make powerful change alongside those who experience barriers.
For example, if you’re a non-disabled person, try and pay attention to the accessibility of a place you’re visiting. If you can spot issues with accessibility, and you’re in an area that’s managed by a team of staff, consider mentioning it to them, or writing an observation down in a visitors book. If you’re organising a community activity, or suggesting a walk with a group of friends, consider the access needs of the people coming, and choose a route that is wheelchair and buggy friendly, or that has frequent places to sit down and rest.
Sometimes it’s about asking questions and collecting feedback too – it’s likely we’ll get things wrong sometimes but if we can give and receive feedback with kindness and compassion we can make real change.
We can also lobby our local MPs to put more measures in place to cut down on problems such as litter and anti-social behaviour in natural spaces, so that women and minority groups can have more access to safe, green areas.
After all, nature is free. It is what was here before humans and it is what will remain once we’re gone. It’s an integral part of human existence, and not having access to it, is, in my opinion, to remove their right to enjoy the world they were born into. The more that we insist that nature is for everyone, the more it will become the norm.
Until next time! Isla x | <urn:uuid:4c7cfd18-3031-4951-acd6-4206a6ca9753> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.curiousmotion.org.uk/is-nature-accessible-to-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.967281 | 914 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Sometimes, the journal Nature shines a light on a strange, dust-mitey corner of science, and you find yourself staring at an unimaginably weird creature/experiment.
In today’s issue, they dedicate several pages to the odd story of a couple of guys at UCLA who’ve built a machine for unpeeling sticky-tape in a vacuum at the rate of 3 centimeters per second for the express purpose of generating x-rays.
Amazingly, it works. Check out the video for proof.
The authors write that current theories of tribology, the science of things rubbing together, don’t fully explain the amount of energy their machine generates. The search for a better theory of triboluminescence could lead to a greater understanding of electron behavior at the interface between two surfaces exhibiting stick-slip friction like, say, earthquake faults.
Wired.com’s Dave Bullock posted a photo gallery from his visit to the lab: Take an X-Ray With Your Office Sticky Tape
Video: Courtesy of Nature. Check out the a longer version of the video.
Citation: "Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape." doi:10.1038/nature07378Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | <urn:uuid:9c20a5dd-15ef-4a31-b678-b8531fc36e3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.wired.com/2008/10/video-the-scotc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171053.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00330-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873744 | 278 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Iron ore flotation
The other case is more complicated and involves oxidized iron minerals (e.g. hematite, siderite) which are recovered to produce steel. Its recovery usually is related to low grade iron ores which has silicates as gangue. So, such ores must be processed to separate the iron oxides from the sterile material. In such flotation the oxides can be floated by using anionic collectors or a reverse flotation process is employed when silica is floated from the iron oxide by using cationic collectors.
Oxide iron flotation employs three types of reagents: collectors, which cause attachment between solids and bubbles. Frothers, which are used to create air bubbles by changing surface tension and valuable particles, are skimmed from the flotation machine. And antifoams, which can react with particle surface in the pulp to maintain minerals from remaining in the froth. Instead, particles fall and don’t float.
Some oxide iron ores must be ground to specific size in order to obtain liberation from the gangue. Thus, is reduced the presence of gangue or slimes which can affect the flotation process. Sometimes, the problem can be minimized by employing desliming steps before flotation. But, that step is added to the flotation cost. Iron ores usually contains a huge amount of silicates and its presence has been found to have a negative effect on the quality of the iron and complicates the process for the production of iron. Then, it is important that the silicate content of the enriched iron mineral can be reduced as much as can be possible.
Essentially, iron ore flotation employ two types of collectors: anionic and cationic, the difference between them is related to which mineral want be floated and which sinks. This can be determined by testworks which allow obtaining relations between iron minerals and gangue, and of course the type of collector used. By employing anionic collectors, fined sized crystalline iron minerals (e.g. siderite) are recovered away from siliceous particles (e.g. quartz). In the other case, using cationic collectors, the siliceous mineral is floated with iron minerals or sometimes flotation of iron minerals is avoided. In the latter case, tailings contain iron minerals. | <urn:uuid:d3f2e4cf-d6af-485d-99b0-e5fbab7bcf2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.miningandmetallurgy.com/gold/html/iron_ore_flotation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00405-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938731 | 479 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the 6, is the only one whose location has not been definitively established. The Hanging Gardens were a distinctive feature of ancient Babylon. They were a great supply of pride to the individuals. Possibly engineered by King Nebuchadnezzar II in 600 B.C.,
The gardens are believed to have been a noteworthy achievement of engineering: associate degree ascending series of layer gardens containing all manner of trees, shrubs, and vines. The gardens were said to have appeared like an outsized inexperienced mountain made of mud bricks.
What is seen today is that the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that when covered the structure will still be seen round the base. There have been varying scientific and different theories concerning the good Pyramid’s construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are primarily based on the concept that it absolutely was engineered by moving vast stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.
Was then filled with stone blocks as construction progress. Other sources place the Colossus on a barrier in the harbor. The statue itself was over thirty meters (98 feet) tall. Much of the iron and bronze was reformed from the numerous weapons Demetrio’s army left behind, and the abandoned second siege tower could are used for staging round the lower levels throughout construction. Upper parts were engineered with the use of an outsized stuff ramp. During the building, workers would pile mounds of earth on the sides of the colossus. Upon completion all of the earth was removed and also the colossus was left to face alone. After twelve years, in 280 BC, the statue was completed.
The east side of the mole became the good Harbour, now associate degree open bay; on the west aspect ordered the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now immensely enlarged to type the fashionable harbor. Today’s city development lying between the gift Grand sq. and also the trendy Ras al-Tiin quarter is made on the silt that step by step widened and obliterate this mole, and Ras al-Tiin represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the beacon at its jap purpose having been weather-beaten away by the ocean.
The sacred site (temenos) at urban center was way older than the Artemisia itself. Pausanias was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by several years, being older even than the oracular shrine of Apollo at Didyma. He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the town were Leleges and Lydians. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis attributed the earliest tremens at urban center to the Amazons, whose worship he imagined already targeted upon associate degree image (bretas) of Greek deity, their matron goddess.
Pausanias says that Pindar believed the temple’s initiation Amazons to have been committed the encirclement at Athens. Tacitus also believed in the Amazon foundation, however Pausanias believed the temple predated the Amazons.
In the 4th century BCE, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom at intervals the Achaemenid Empire on the western coast of peninsula. In 377 BCE, the nominal ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas, died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Halicarnassus, a local governor below the Persians, took control of many of the neighboring cities and districts. After shrub and Mausolus, he had several alternative daughters and sons:
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a big sitting figure, about thirteen m (43 ft) tall, made by the Greek sculptor carver around 435 B.C. at the sanctuary of Olympia, Greece, and erected in the Temple of Zeus there. A sculpture of ivory plates and gold panels over a wooden framework, it represented the god Zeus sitting on associate degree elaborate cedar wood throne embellished with ebony, ivory, gold and precious stones.
One of the Seven Wonders of the traditional World, it was lost and destroyed during the fifth century AD with no copy ever being found, and details of its form area unit best-known solely from ancient Greek descriptions and representations on coins. You fully enjoy after the post. You should also share this knowledge on any social website etc. | <urn:uuid:6df36a9d-add7-4320-9d21-b5d2a54bda83> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://fashionspk.com/seven-wonders-of-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.971296 | 916 | 2.96875 | 3 |
You are here
The Big Shift
Motivate your school to travel more actively.
Years: 3, 4, 5, 6
Curriculum Objectives: 17
Subjects: D&T, Geography, Maths, PE, PSHE, Science
Motivate your school community to travel more actively, with this fantastic online challenge from Sustrans! The Big Shift will create targets for each school, based on how children currently travel each day. Open to all schools in the UK, this free challenge is a great way to make a small step, big stride or giant leap towards increasing active travel, and to receive recognition for your achievements! As well as whole schools, individual classes and year groups can also take part, so it could be a great introduction to any topics relating to sustainability or eco-friendly travel. So why not take The Big Shift challenge, and make your school happier and healthier?
Schools in England, Northern Ireland and Scotland can register to take part at this address:
If you're based in Wales, register here instead:
- Describe and understand key aspects of physical geography, including: climate zones, biomes and vegetation belts, rivers, mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes, and the water cycle.
- Describe and understand key aspects of human geography, including: types of settlement and land use, economic activity including trade links, and the distribution of natural resources including energy, food, minerals and water.
- Use maps, atlases, globes and digital/computer mapping to locate countries and describe features studied.
- Use fieldwork to observe, measure, record and present the human and physical features in the local area using a range of methods, including sketch maps, plans and graphs, and digital technologies.
- Year 3 (Age 7-8)
- Estimate and read time with increasing accuracy to the nearest minute; record and compare time in terms of seconds, minutes and hours; use vocabulary such as o’clock, a.m./p.m., morning, afternoon, noon and midnight.
- Year 4 (Age 8-9)
- Interpret and present discrete and continuous data using appropriate graphical methods, including bar charts and time graphs.
- Measure and calculate the perimeter of a rectilinear figure (including squares) in centimetres and metres.
- Year 5 (Age 9-10)
- Measure and calculate the perimeter of composite rectilinear shapes in centimetres and metres.
- Solve problems involving converting between units of time.
- Take part in outdoor and adventurous activity challenges both individually and within a team.
- Year 3 (Age 7-8)
- Notice that light is reflected from surfaces.
- Recognise that they need light in order to see things and that dark is the absence of light. | <urn:uuid:161d6e8a-48ea-49d8-afa6-bacb2e903ba1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sustainablelearning.com/resource/big-shift | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.910713 | 583 | 3.4375 | 3 |
From the Introduction:
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has always been a document of controversy. On the surface, NAFTA opened trade among its three primary parties -- Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Realistically, however, it has been a cause for tension -- mainly between the governments of the United States and Mexico. The two countries have used NAFTA and its labor side agreement, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), to dictate its economic and labor policies in each other’s countries.
This article will argue that more must be done to protect the rights of female workers under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation. I will do this by first examining the NAALC in closer detail to give us the background to work with. Then I will look at both NAALC inquiries in more detail. The complaint against the United States involved a telecommunications company that was a subsidiary of Sprint, Inc. that closed down eight days before a scheduled union representation vote; the complaint against Mexico involved the practice of pregnancy and sex discrimination against female workers in the Maquiladora sector. Finally, I will offer discussion points for the three NAFTA parties and scholars to consider as we move into the next millennium.
Kelson, Gregory A.
International Labor Policies and the North American Free Trade Agreement: Are Women Getting Their Fair Share?.
Journal of International Women's Studies, 1(2), 27-44.
Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol1/iss2/3 | <urn:uuid:a6cbf3e3-8a1e-49b2-8858-50803d3761a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol1/iss2/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803308.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126170854-20210126200854-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.940249 | 317 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Dysautonomia after brain injury is a diagnosis based on fever, tachypnea, hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and/or dystonia. It occurs in 8 to 33% of adults with brain injury and is associated with poor outcome. We hypothesized that children with brain injury with dysautonomia have worse outcomes and prolonged rehabilitation, and sought to determine the prevalence of dysautonomia in children and to characterize its clinical features. Method We developed a database of children (n=249, 154 males, 95 females; mean [SD] age 11 years 10 months [5y 7mo]) with traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, stroke, infection of the central nervous system, or brain neoplasm admitted for rehabilitation to The Children’s Institute of Pittsburgh between 2002 and 2009. Dysautonomia diagnosis, injury type, clinical signs, length of stay, and Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) testing were extracted from medical records, and analysed for differences between groups with and without dysautonomia. Results Dysautonomia occurred in 13% of children with brain injury (95% confidence interval 9.3-18.0%), occurring in 10% after traumatic brain injury and 31% after cardiac arrest. The combination of hypertension, diaphoresis, and dystonia best predicted a diagnosis of dysautonomia (area under the curve=0.92). Children with dysautonomia had longer stays, worse WeeFIM scores, and improved less on the score’s motor component (all p≤0.001). Interpretation Dysautonomia is common in children with brain injury and is associated with prolonged rehabilitation. Prospective study and standardized diagnostic approaches are needed to maximize outcomes. | <urn:uuid:b1fe2173-4fd0-4749-a602-ce65b5ee19bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://hopecenter.wustl.edu/?p=9529 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189802.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00049-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916765 | 362 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Now extinct, Neanderthals were our closest relative—so close, in fact, that some have argued that they should actually be considered members of our own species, Homo sapiens, known as modern humans.
Neanderthals lived in Eurasia from 200,000 to about 30,000 years ago, just as modern humans were fanning out from Africa to eventually cover the globe. Did Neanderthals and early modern humans interact? If so, how and how much? Similarities in body ornamentation and burial practices suggest that the two groups did interact, at least enough to copy one another. Burials and ornamentation start to appear in both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens sites at roughly the same time.
How do scientists know when remains have been buried deliberately rather than by natural processes? Earth mounds and burial pits are one sign, as is the presence of grave goods such as jewelry, weapons, and other objects fashioned from stone or animal bone. | <urn:uuid:bd1c3893-6350-49d1-b978-0ba1c3aa2415> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.exploratorium.edu/evidence/lowbandwidth/display_article.php?slide=col_7&articleSource=videoArticle&language=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987775.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00222-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973037 | 198 | 3.984375 | 4 |
We all are fortunate enough to live in a world that has some laws in place, the importance of laws become evident when we imagine a society where there exist no laws; the result of such an arrangement would be an uncivilized and chaotic society where human life will have no value and discrimination would prevail. The basic aim of laws is to regulate human conduct and acts detrimental to society, especially crimes.
Many legal scholars define crimes as acts prohibited and prosecuted by criminal law. Crime has multiple dimensions, and therefore, it has not been possible to have a standard definition of what exactly constitutes as a crime because of its dynamic nature. But a few fundamental elements of the crime have been identified, which are described as follows
- A Human Being
- The mental element of guilt or Mens Rea
- Illegal Act or Omission, i.e., Actus Rea
- Injury to some other party
Elements of Crime:
The Mens Reas and Actus Rea are the two components or elements that constitute a crime; apart from these two, two more indispensable elements are needed for a crime to be established that is a human being which is under an obligation to act or omit in a particular way and the last an injury to a third party.
Together these four elements make up a crime. The principle of mens rea and actus rea has roots in the maxim actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, which essentially means that ‘an act does not make someone guilty unless the mind is also guilty’. The Indian Penal Code has incorporated the meaning of this maxim in two ways
- Including the concept of mens rea in the definition of an offence.
- Through Chapter IV (General Exceptions ) which talks about the absence of mens rea.
Also Read: The Provision of Bail under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
The first element that must be satisfied to constitute a crime is that the act or omission must be caused by a human being and not a non-living person. To understand who is a human , it is essential to read section 11 of the Indian Penal Code, which defines ‘person’. This definition is not narrow and hence includes natural and artificial persons such as companies or associations. Although an artificial person cannot be made liable personally, they can be made liable through their agents. In the case of R Vs. Birmingham . Rly. Co. (1840) a corporation, was held liable for not repairing the highway.
Therefore a human should be a person who is under a legal obligation to act in a particular way and someone capable of being punished.Although according to some sources in the ancient times, animals were also considered as someone capable of being punished, but that reasoning and practice are no longer accepted.
The mental element of guilt or Mens Rea
It is a well-known principle of criminal jurisprudence that no person can be convicted of any offence unless the act is done (actus rea) with a mental element (mens rea). Except for cases of strict liability and negligence, almost all the crimes have these two components. No act is criminal per se, it is only a crime when the person does it with a guilty state of mind. The importance of this element is found in the landmark case of Brend Vs. Wood , in which Lord Goddard observed that the court should not find anyone guilty of an offence unless that person has a guilty mind.
Mens rea is a mental state that is a clear indication of culpability and it is considered the most important doctrine in English criminal jurisprudence and is required by the statute to prove that a crime has been committed. Lord Kenyon in Fowler Vs. Padget opined that mens rea is an essential part of the principle of natural justice and that to constitute a crime, both intent and the act must concur.
This most important element is the most difficult to prove, and therefore over time, two tests evolved to establish mens rea or guilty mind. The first test is whether the actor did the act voluntarily, and the second test is whether the actor was able to foresee the consequences of his action. An interesting point here is that there is not a single state of mind that can be applied to all the situations , and even in cases of strict liability, there is a mental element present that takes different names such as malicious, reckless, willfully etc.
The IPC does not explicitly mention the words mens rea, but each offence is qualified with a word that must be interpreted according to the context and involves a mental element or guilty state of mind.
Illegal Act or Omission, i.e., Actus Rea
Prof. Kenny, who is believed to have coined the term actus rea in his book, defines actus rea as the results of human conduct that the law seeks to prevent.Glanville William, in his book, has given a more comprehensive definition of actus rea, stating that it includes all the external circumstances that are specified in the law as constituting a forbidden situation.Actus Rea can both be an act and an omission.
It is an established principle that the actus rea must be voluntary because only those who did the act or omission voluntarily should be punished. It would be unjust and unfair to punish a person who has no control over his actions though there is no fault on his part.It is believed that an individual’s autonomy would be infringed if a person is punished for crimes that are not ‘his own.’In the context of India, Section 39 of the IPC defines what exactly is meant by ‘voluntary.’
There are exceptions to the cases where the Actus Rea is not voluntary, but still, it is punishable and they are known as ‘situational’ offences because they are not an act/omission but a state of affairs. In R v Larsonneur, a French woman was charged with being in the UK despite being ordered to go back even though she was brought to the country by forces beyond her power.
The mere presence of hers in the country was the state of affairs, and hence she was punished. In another case, Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent , a drunk man was charged for being drunk on a highway even though it was due to his eviction from a hospital by the police.
It is interesting to note here that acts of omission attract criminal liability only when the law prescribes duties. The principle was explained in length by the Supreme Court in Om Prakash v State of Punjab, in which the husband systematically starved and locked his wife for days to the extent that she was reduced to a skeleton. The Supreme court observed that the omission of the husband by starving the wife of food was willful and that it is sufficient from the facts that by withholding the food, death was sure even though it might occur slowly.
In Criminal Jurisprudence, a person cannot be punished for merely having guilty thoughts and therefore, it is necessary to prove actus rea to prove a crime. In R v Deller, A induced a person to buy his car by projecting that the car was free from any outstanding financial liability although A had mortgaged his car to some company, but due to some errors in the document, the mortgage was invalid, and A was unaware about it.
The person who was supposed to buy the car sued A for fraud but A was not held liable as although A had a guilty state of mind that is committing a fraud but actus rea was absent here as due to an error the mortgage agreement was not valid.
Injury to some other party
The last element of a crime is that there must be some injury that is caused to some other person or third party. Section 44 of the IPC defines ‘injury’ and includes injury to the body, mind , reputation etc. Such an injury should be caused illegally to the person. In the Indian Penal Code, the threat to injury is also punishable under three sections – Section 189, 190, 385 and whenever such an injury is inflicted on a person, they are regarded as public wrongs.
A crime has a very complex nature, and therefore it is impossible to define it in a straightforward definition. It has many faces and is dynamic, and criminal jurisprudence is evolving with the evolution in our society. Although for a better understanding of the elements of crime, the four elements provide a starting point. Every case of crime is different and therefore, sometimes it is imperative to understand the basics first and then use that knowledge to solve complex situations and cases.
For example, there may be no intention on the part of the accused, but they may be liable under absolute liability. Sometimes there might be situations where the codified law and elements are insufficient to solve them, and therefore there will be some reforms made. It is the right of every human to be free from any injury, and it is the criminal law that plays a vital role in ensuring that.
This article is written by Mr. Rushaan Raana Samuel a Second Year law student at GITAM School of Law, GITAM (Deemed To be) University.
Stuart Henry , Mark M Lanier,The prism of crime: Arguments for an integrated definition of crime ,Justice Quarterly : JQ; Dec 1998; 15, 4, 609 ProQuest Research Library (Definition of crime).
K D Gaur, Textbook on Indian Penal Code ( Universal LexisNexis , 7th ed.2020).
Rajib Hassan , The Elements and Stages of Crime , Legal Service India http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1228/The-Elements-and-Stages-of-a-Crime.html.
PSA Pillai , Criminal law (LexisNexis , 12th ed).
Id. at 18.
Id. at 19.
Tanya Gupta , Elements Constituting A Crime , Ipleaders (7th December, 2019),https://blog.ipleaders.in/constituent-elements-of-a-crime/#:~:text=There%20are%20basically%20four%20elements%20of%20a%20crime,criminal%20Activity.%20…%204%20Injury%20under%20Section%2044
Gaur, supra Note 2.
Gaur, supra Note 2.
R Vs. Birmingham . Rly. Co. (1840).
Hassan , supra Note 3.
Janet Loveless , Criminal Law – Text , Cases and Materials (Oxford University Press , 3rd ed.)
Gaur, supra Note 2.
Brend v. Wood (1946) 62 The Times LR 462, 463 (U.K.).
Faculty of Law , Law of Crimes – I , University of Delhi , http://lawfaculty.du.ac.in/files/course_material/I_Term/104%20Law%20of%20Crimes%20I_2020%20corrected.pdf.
Fowler Vs. Padget , (1898) 7 TLR 509 (514) : 101 ER 1103.
Gaur, supra Note 2.
Gaur, supra Note 2.
supra Note 13.
Kenny , Outlines of Criminal Law (1902).
Glanville Williams, Textbook of Criminal Law (Stevens & Sons, 2nd ed. 1983).
Loveless, supra Note 11.
Loveless, supra Note 11.
R v Larsonneur (1933) 24 CR APP R 74 COURT OF APPEAL.
Om Prakash v State of Punjab , (1961) AIR SC 1782 (India).
R v Deller (1952) 23 CR APP R 184 COURT OF APPEAL.
Hemant More , Ingredients of Crime , The Fact Factor (22nd March , 2020)https://thefactfactor.com/facts/law/legal_concepts/criminology/ingredients-of-crime/10572/ | <urn:uuid:dbd0952b-40cb-482e-aec2-b64181b50fca> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://lawsuperior.com/elements-of-crime-an-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.950957 | 2,670 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Waste to Wealth: Helping to Close the Sanitation Financing Gap in Rural Communities and Small Towns | Source: Solutions Journal, Feb 2016 |
Waste to Wealth is a Ugandan initiative created in partnership with the Ministry of Water and Environment, its water and wastewater utility (the National Water and Sewerage Corporation), and other government, NGO, and academic partners. The concept is simple—to use modern bioenergy technologies to convert human and other organic wastes into resources that will provide economic benefits and improved environment and human health.
The results of using EcoSan fertilizer on maize in South Nyanza, Kenya. No fertilizer was used on the left, while fertilizer from EcoSan toilet systems was used on the right. Both sections of maize were planted at the same time.
The biogas and slurry left from energy conversion will be used as a resource with economic value to provide a return on the investment in AD technology. The concept is an innovative and transformative technology-based approach to managing human wastes and providing sanitation services in low income countries.
- Human waste contains significant amounts of organic material that can be digested by specific bacteria in oxygen-free environments.
- The byproducts from this digestion process can be used as energy for cooking, lighting, and generating electricity.
- Revenue or savings from the sale or use of these products provides financing to pay back up-front capital costs.
Read the complete article.
Recovering energy from waste can power Africa | Source: by David Kariuki, Cleanleap, Feb 10 2016.
Production of electricity from waste has the potential of providing up to 83.8 TeraWatt hours (TWh), which is about 20% of the electricity needed in Africa by 2025. This is according to a study co-authored by the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC). However, this requires stringent waste management policies to be put in place, and today Africa lacks the adequate infrastructure needed to install these environmentally friendly methods.
Waste to Energy Project
Like some other parts of the world, most of the waste in Africa is burned without tapping the potential of gases (which usually end in pollution) or dumped in landfills without protecting groundwater. Many of the developed countries that have a high percentage of waste to energy recovery, have strict emissions laws that regulate waste handling.
Waste in Africa, according to JRC, can be used to produce energy in two ways. The first is using Waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration plants where the trash is burnt to produce steam that turns turbines. The report notes that these are few in this part of the world because of the high initial costs of establishment. Strict measures are needed to ensure the plants do not pollute the environment via toxic by-products.
Waste not, want not: 8 surprising uses for your poo. Source: Science Focus, Jan. 29, 2016.
Each day, we could be flushing millions of pounds in poop down our collective loos. Zoe Cormier examines eight ways the world can harness human waste.
Methane is a simple product that can be created from human faeces. The main ingredient in the natural gas that is tapped from the ground before running throughout the national grid, methane heats our homes and cooks our food.
The gas is stored in the top of the Bio-Bus. Its CO2 emissions are around 20-30 per cent lower
than those from diesel (© GENeco)
But it can also be produced in anaerobic digesters, in which microbes degrade food scraps and other organic material in the absence of oxygen. Methane can even be made straight from sewage.
To prove that ‘not everything we flush goes to waste’, the FirstGroup transport company is running the first bus in the UK powered by poo. The Bio-Bus – launched in March 2015 – uses biomethane provided from the GENeco waste recycling and renewable energy facility in Avonmouth. The 41-seater bus runs along the aptly named number 2 route that links Cribbs Causeway in north Bristol to the south of the city.
The innovative vehicle can run for up to 300 kilometres on one tank (the equivalent of five people’s annual flushes). If successful, and if riders approve of travelling on human emissions, the company hopes to roll out even more ‘poo buses’.
Read the complete article.
Posted by Lauren Ward in Explorers Journal on May 2, 2012.
Three National Geographic Emerging Explorers have teamed up for a one-of-a-kind project in Africa. Sasha Kramer of SOIL will integrate her group’s work transforming human waste into a valuable agricultural resource and Dino Martins’ natural pest control efforts into the farming communities in northern Benin where Jennifer Burney of SELF has installed solar powered irrigation systems. This collaboration is made possible by the Blackstone Ranch Institute which offers an annual challenge grant for the most innovative new projects proposed by two or more National Geographic Emerging Explorers.
Here are some highlights from the journey to date, written by SOIL visionary and Emerging Explorer Sasha Kramer for the official SOIL blog:
April 24, 2012 — Late last night and early this morning the SOIL team arrived safely in Cotonou, the capital of Benin, after a grueling journey across the world (more grueling for some than others). Anthony Kilbride (one of the SOIL engineers) and I had relatively simple itineraries, flying from Port au Prince to Guadeloupe to France on directly on to Benin. Bobo Magloire, our Sanitation Director, on the other hand was unable to obtain a French transit visa (a common struggle for Haitians) and had to fly from Port au Prince to; Panama; Havana; Madrid; Casablanca; Lome; and finally to Cotonou – a journey which took nearly 55 hours! Despite the challenging journey Bobo arrived in Benin looking as fresh as the moment he left Port au Prince. In his words he “feels that he has come home to the land of his great great grandparents.” Indeed, Benin was the birthplace of Haiti’s liberator Toussaint Louverture, who led the slave revolt which eventually defeated Napoleon’s army and made Haiti the first free black republic in the world, leading the way for the liberation of slaves around the globe.
Down the Toilet
April 25, 2012 — Today we had one of the highlights of our professional careers, or at least it was one of my finest hours. In an attempt to demonstrate the possibility of converting human waste into compost the SOIL team, together with our hosts ADESCA, paid a visit to the local primary school. But this was not your usual school visit. We were looking for proof that human wastes can be transformed into soil, and what better place to find that proof than deep in the ground in an old latrine.
Sasha and Bobo descend into the Great Unknown. Photo courtesy of Sasha Kramer.
Because the conversion of poop to soil can take at least a year, and we are only here in Benin for 3 weeks, we thought the best way to show that the process works would be to excavate an old latrine that had been closed for at least one year. After some research we learned that the local primary school had a set of latrines that have been sealed for the past 4 years. We went out on a limb and did something that we have never tried before, climbing down into a latrine and digging in to see what sorts of riches might await us.
Marketing Human Excreta: A Study of Possible Ways to Dispose of Urine and Faeces from Slum Settlements in Kampala, Uganda, 2011. E Schroeder, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
Some key findings include: High sociocultural barriers associated with handling and using human excreta as fertilizer exist; sensitization does change people’s perceptions and behaviors considerably; and economical tools like the incentives applied in this study are helping to change people’s perceptions and behaviors.
Community toilets can yield nutrient-rich fertilizer. A new type of public toilet is helping people in Haiti make fertilizer from human waste, a project that may someday revive the country’s degraded farmland, curb disease, and create jobs.
Since 2006 the U.S. nonprofit Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL) has been installing public toilets in Haiti, where 80 percent of the population has no access to sanitation.
Drums from the public toilets sit at a composting site in Haiti. Photograph courtesy Sasha Kramer, SOIL
Most Haitians are forced to dispose of their waste in waterways, plastic bags, or even abandoned buildings, according to SOIL. Any existing toilets are often poorly designed, with waste flushing straight into rivers or groundwater. (Related: “World Water Day Focus on Global Sewage Flood.”)
Such practices mean that human feces easily get into the water supply, which can cause waterborne diseases such as cholera, currently at epidemic levels in the country, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Chemosphere. 2011 Mar 21.
Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces.
Mihelcic JR, Fry LM, Shaw R. SourceCivil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, United States.
This study geospatially quantifies the mass of an essential fertilizer element, phosphorus, available from human urine and feces, globally, regionally, and by specific country. The analysis is performed over two population scenarios (2009 and 2050). This important material flow is related to the presence of improved sanitation facilities and also considers the global trend of urbanization.
Results show that in 2009 the phosphorus available from urine is approximately 1.68million metric tons (with similar mass available from feces). If collected, the phosphorus available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global phosphorus demand. In 2050 the available phosphorus from urine that is associated with population increases only will increase to 2.16million metric tons (with similar mass available from feces). The available phosphorus from urine and feces produced in urban settings is currently approximately 0.88million metric tons and will increase with population growth to over 1.5million metric tons by 2050.
Results point to the large potential source of human-derived phosphorus in developing regions like Africa and Asia that have a large population currently unserved by improved sanitation facilities. These regions have great potential to implement urine diversion and reuse and composting or recovery of biosolids, because innovative technologies can be integrated with improvements in sanitation coverage. In contrast, other regions with extensive sanitation coverage like Europe and North America need to determine how to retrofit existing sanitation technology combined that is combined with human behavioral changes to recover phosphorus and other valuable nutrients. | <urn:uuid:56796897-cb67-45a5-aa6f-b582811a0054> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/tag/reuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112231.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00009-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935435 | 2,252 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Electricity generation from renewable energy sources is increasing in Kazakhstan, reported the country's Energy Ministry.
The country has produced 462 million kilowatt hours of electricity from renewable energy sources in the first nine months of 2015.
Solar power plants have produced 32.4 million kilowatt hours of electricity. The volume of electricity generated at Kapchagay solar power plant reached 2.7 million kilowatt hours, while the Otar plant produced 0.8 million kilowatt hours during the reporting period.
Burnoe solar power plant commissioned in early July has generated 26.3 million kilowatt hours of electricity in two quarters of 2015.
The Energy Ministry said that Kazakhstan has favorable natural conditions for developing the solar energy sphere.
“Experts estimate that Kazakhstan has 2,200-3,000 hours of sunshine per year, while the annual solar radiation energy is 1,300-1,800 kilowatt hours per square meter in the central and southern regions of the country and 1,000-1,500 kilowatt hours per square meter in northern and western regions, which creates quite favorable conditions for development of solar energy," said the ministry.
In general, as part of the concept for transition of Kazakhstan to “green economy", the volume of electricity generated from renewable energy sources is planned to reach 3 percent of the total volume of electricity by 2020 and 10 percent by 2030. | <urn:uuid:ee753b33-5707-4538-be86-e8857d226627> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://azh.kz/en/news/view/7493 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057615.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925082018-20210925112018-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.927775 | 285 | 2.984375 | 3 |
. of childhood injury less is well known about trauma’s natural effects in kids when compared with adults with kid injury histories; as well as less is well known about how exactly these pediatric systems underlie trauma’s short-term and long-term medical and mental wellness consequences. This informative article makes a speciality of the peer-reviewed books in the neurobiological sequelae of years as a child injury in kids and adults with histories of years as a child injury. We also review relevant research of animal types of stress to greatly help us better understand the psychobiological ramifications of injury during development. Up coming we review the neurobiology of injury its scientific applications as well as the biomarkers that might provide essential equipment for clinicians and analysts both simply because predictors of posttraumatic tension symptoms so that as useful equipment to monitor treatment response. You can expect ideas for upcoming analysts finally. Keywords: Childhood injury developmental traumatology developmental psychopathology posttraumatic tension symptoms stress natural stress systems human brain advancement genes polymorphisms epigenetics cortisol III. Launch Trauma in years as a child has serious outcomes because of its victims as well as for culture. For the reasons of this important review years as a child AZD3463 injury is defined based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and V as contact with real or threatened death serious injury or sexual violence [1 2 This includes experiences of direct trauma exposure witnessing trauma or learning about trauma that happened to a close friend or relative. In children motor vehicle accidents bullying terrorism exposure to war child maltreatment (physical sexual and emotional abuse; neglect) and exposure to domestic and community violence are common types of child years traumas that result in distress posttraumatic AZD3463 stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Child years traumas particularly those that are interpersonal intentional and chronic are associated with greater rates of PTSD PTSS [4 5 depressive disorder and stress AZD3463 antisocial behaviors and greater risk for alcohol and substance use disorders [9-12]. The traditional categorical cluster of symptoms that form the diagnosis of PTSD are each associated with differences in biological stress symptoms and brain structure and function; and are thought to individually contribute SPERT to delays in or deficits of multisystem developmental achievements in behavioral cognitive and emotional regulation in traumatized children and lead to PTSS and co-morbidity . Thus we examine PTSD as a dimensional diagnosis encompassing a range of pathological reactions to severe stress rather than as a dichotomous variable. Developmental traumatology the systemic investigation of the AZD3463 psychiatric and psychobiological effects of chronic overwhelming stress on the developing child provides the framework used in this crucial review of the natural ramifications of pediatric injury. This field builds in foundations of developmental psychopathology developmental strain and neuroscience and trauma analysis. The DSM-IV-TR medical AZD3463 diagnosis of PTSD is manufactured when criterion A a sort A injury AZD3463 is experienced so when three clusters of categorical symptoms can be found for several month following the distressing event(s). These three clusters are Criterion B: intrusive reexperiencing from the injury(s) Criterion C: consistent avoidance of stimuli from the injury(s) and Criterion D: consistent symptoms of elevated physiological arousal. These criteria are complicated and each Criterion is regarded as connected with dysregulation of at least one main biological stress program aswell as a number of different human brain circuits. This makes both psychotherapeutic as well as the psychopharmacological treatment of people with early trauma challenging and complex. Criterion symptoms come with an experimental basis in traditional and operant fitness theory where pets figure out how to generalized behaviors predicated on prior encounters or “reinforcements” and in pet models of discovered helplessness where pets under circumstances of uncontrollable surprise do not find out escape behaviors and also have exaggerated dread responses aswell as cultural isolation and illness . For instance Cluster B reexperiencing and intrusive symptoms can greatest end up being conceptualized as. | <urn:uuid:cdd3431f-af50-41e7-97f4-0d11ef453101> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.conferencedequebec.org/2016/07/05/of-childhood-injury-less-is-well-known-about-traumas-natural/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304810.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125100035-20220125130035-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.925053 | 841 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The theory that human aggression is an innate biological drive similar to sex and hunger. As such, it cannot be eliminated, but must be controlled, for the good of society. The theory is based on observations of non-human species in which aggression is used to maintain territory and fighting is necessary for survival. The theory supports the contentious notion that sport acts as a catharsis providing a safe and socially acceptable outlet for aggression. Compare frustration-aggression hypothesis, social-learning theory.
Subjects: Sports and Exercise Medicine. | <urn:uuid:b53e166d-767c-4d4e-90a7-995b0e50a472> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100005225 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.923787 | 106 | 2.828125 | 3 |
7 Advantages based on the Research
Mindfulness training happens to be related to many benefits, therefore the rise in popularity of the subject in good therapy ensures that we’ll oftimes be seeing lot more to come. Have a look at this graph, by way of example (Winter).
Mindfulness Journal Publications By Yea – Image provided by American Mindfulness Research Association
Listed below are just a couple of samples of what the literature has revealed.
1. Enhanced Working Memory
Based on a report by Jha and peers, mindfulness meditation happens to be empirically connected to working memory capacity that is enhanced. Comparing types of armed forces individuals who practiced mindfulness meditation training for eight months with people who didn’t, Jha et al. discovered proof to claim that mindfulness training helped вЂbuffer’ against losses to working memory capability.
They even found that working memory capability also increased due to the fact group that is first mindfulness meditation. These individuals additionally reported greater positive impact and lowered affect that is negative.
2. Heightened Metacognitive Awareness
This describes being able to detach from one’s own feelings and mental processes — to step back and perceive them as transient, momentary occurrences rather than вЂwho we are’ in layperson’s terms. This would relate to вЂknowing’ and вЂfreeing’ the mind in the Buddhist sense.
Pertaining to the empirical literary works, it defines just just exactly exactly how mindfulness happens to be hypothesized to reduce habits of negative reasoning behavior (Teasdale), increased metacognitive understanding, and decentering (Fresco et al.). In change, this might have a effect that is positive helping avoid relapses into depression (Teasdale).
3. Lower Amounts Of Anxiousness
MBSR happens to be analyzed in a host that is wide of, managed studies that find help for the impact on relieving the signs of anxiety. VГёllestad and peers, by way of example, discovered that individuals who finished MBSR had a medium to large impact that is positive anxiety signs (VГёllestad et al.).
Comparable outcomes are also present in studies on social panic attacks (SAD). For instance, compared to Goldin and Gross, whom discovered proof to recommend MBSR training in SAD clients aided to enhance in depression and anxiety signs, along with self-esteem.
4. Reduced Psychological вЂReactivity’
Additionally there is proof to guide the part of mindfulness meditation in emotive вЂreactivity’. Within an interference that is emotional carried out by Ortner and peers, individuals with wide-ranging experience with mindfulness meditation had been expected to categorize tones which were given either 1 or 4 moments after having a basic or emotionally upsetting photo ended up being presented.
Individuals with more experience mindfulness that is practicing were better in a position to disengage emotionally, and thus they revealed greater concentrate on the task in front of you even though emotionally upsetting images had been shown (Ortner et al.).
5. Improved Attention that is visual Processing
Another research by Hodgins and Adair contrasted the performance of вЂmeditators’ and вЂnon-meditators’ on artistic attention processing tasks. Those that practiced mindfulness meditation revealed greater attentional operating through better performance on tests of concentration, selective attention, and more.
These outcomes correspond with earlier findings that systematic mindfulness meditation training promotes improvements in attention, understanding, and feeling (Treadway & Lazar).
6. Reduced Stress
Mindfulness training has additionally been connected to https://guaranteedinstallmentloans.com reduce anxiety levels. An example of empirical proof originates from Bränström et al., who discovered cancer tumors patients whom participated in mindfulness training had considerably paid off self-reported anxiety than those that didn’t. In addition they displayed greater good states of brain and less avoidance that is post-traumatic, such as for example lack of desire for tasks.
7. Handling Bodily Soreness
There is research that shows mindfulness might have a part in aiding to handle pain that is subjective. Those interested in further reading may like Kieszkowska-Grudny’s summary of the literary works with this subject. With it, she includes many samples of studies into exactly how mindfulness might help to handle chronic discomfort and assistance patients boost their total well being (age.g. Goldenberg et al.; Vowles & McCracken).
This list is through no means exhaustive. Certainly, you will find much more studies into subjects such as for example reduced psychological distress, heightened focus, and plenty more applications for the above ideas in way more specific settings. But ideally, this is certainly adequate to start looking at how mindfulness often helps us within our lives that are daily.
The necessity of Mindfulness and Exactly Exactly Exactly How It Can Help
Whether you wish to exercise mindfulness to manage anxiety or anxiety, or whether you’re keen to boost your attentional abilities, there’s lots of systematic proof to your benefit.
Mindfulness can really help us deal with depression, boost our psychological well-being, manage pain that is physical and also have actually better memory. We think and feel, being mindful of our emotions helps us to switch to more positive mindsets and work towards being a вЂbetter’ — or at least, a happier — person when it comes to the way.
With regards to relationships, as we’ll see in a brief whilst, this has good implications for exactly how we communicate and relate solely to those around us all.
Nevertheless, all of the scholarly research reports have a very important factor in keeping. That is, to experience the huge benefits, you’ll like to find a way of mindfulness training that actually works for you personally.
Through training, we can learn to cultivate the state of mind that lets us be mindful when we feel we need it most whether it be an intervention or meditation. If you choose to just take an internet program, or down load scripts to assist you on-the-go, you’re currently well on the path to your aim.
Don’t stress. A bit further on, we’ll get yourself a small little more certain, offering a few examples of precisely how mindfulness can play a significant assisting role in your everyday life.
Exactly Just Just Just How Mindfulness Make A Difference our Psychological State
Mindfulness often helps us to boost our psychological wellbeing in at minimum two means. Mindfulness-based therapy and interventions just just simply take a far more structured way of handling psychological state signs, while less structured approaches are located in numerous types and protect a complete variety of various subjects. Let’s look fleetingly at both. | <urn:uuid:91b8c86d-3f5e-4019-9f4f-4dca60ddd304> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.aabergmek.no/2021/03/16/what-exactly-is-mindfulness-definition-advantages-165/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.939955 | 1,496 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Welding continues to provide steady career opportunities
, which range from creative endeavors to logistical practices. For many community colleges, studying welding can open lucrative doors for lifelong employment. According to Syndicate Pay Scale Data
, professional welders begin their careers with an average starting salary ranging from $54,000 to $71,000 per year! Best of all, the annual pay increases exponentially with years of experience, which means technical welders with 20 or more years of experience can earn an average of $100,000 annually.
Welding commonly involves using heat and technology to join various metal parts; building on this core focus, some aspects of a welding career can include the use of equipment to create welds and the inspection of welds to ensure specifications and standards are met. Additional tasks may involve reading blueprints, drawings, or other forms of visual or written instruction.
Through diverse training and degree options at community colleges across the country, students can begin to prepare for their career through an Associates
of Applied Science of Welding degree or a Welding Technology Certification.
The Employment Prospects for Technical Welders
Professional welders most commonly work in the manufacturing industries. Often hired to create industrial machinery, transportation vehicles, and other forms of fabricated products and pieces of equipment, trained and licensed welders can take advantage of a wide variety of employment venues.
In fact, adding to the manufacturing options, many welders also work in construction-related areas, joining pipes, building or maintaining refineries, as well as supporting the construction of bridges and other major facilities.
Best of all, experts predict that the job prospects for skilled welders will grow as quickly as other competitive career fields; technological innovations continue to change the demands for skilled labor, and therefore, welders with expert training and experience are expected to be the most preferred workers in the field.
Hutchinson Community College
has an extensive welding technology curriculum devoted to teaching students both the intellectual and physical skills needed for a successful career in the field. By enrolling in either the Associates of Applied Science or the Technical Welding Certification program, students are taught the essential and competitive skills to effectively prepare graduates for employment. Exposed to state of the art computer-aided machinery, students are guided by expert instructors and an advisory board of industry professionals to ensure that the instruction is continually challenging and up to pace with the ever-evolving industry.
Students enrolled in the certification program are required to complete 32 credits of welding courses, while students pursuing their AAS degree must complete a total of 64 credits of welding. Through courses such as “Welding Theory,” “Blue-Print Reading,” “Work Ethics,” and an array of additional classes, HCC leaders ensure that “Students apply principles of math, metallurgy and electricity to manufacturing processes.”
Students attending Austin Community College
in Texas can also pursue a rewarding career in welding through the college’s unique training programs.
With certification and degree programs in the field of technical welding, ACC students interested in pursuing a more artistic approach to metal work can opt to enroll in various “Arts Metals” classes. One of the celebrated professors in ACC’s Arts Metals curriculum is William Bastas, who teaches students about the history and preservation of traditional blacksmith work. Additionally, “Bastas specializes in functional art, with pieces that include wall brackets, fireplace screens, gates, furniture, and railing.”
Nationally respected for adhering to the traditional efforts of metal work, Bastas is one of only six welders in the country to forge his own custom hammers and tools. Further revealing his unique experience and instructional methods, "Bastas starts each semester by creating a design for students to create in their class. It features the techniques they will learn and […] results in a completed artwork.” With over 17 years of teaching experience, Bastas’ metal working opportunities add depth to the already diverse field of welding.
Whether you are interested in the technical or artistic elements of welding, many educational opportunities await you at your local community college. As another rewarding career that does not need a four-year degree
, welding is certainly an intriguing profession whose opportunities are bright. | <urn:uuid:6a78381b-3704-4e9f-ad5d-58d9ed1e126b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.communitycollegereview.com/articles/171 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00207-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949459 | 871 | 2.734375 | 3 |
To those unfamiliar with the particular problems faced by scientists trying to explain the origin of life, it might not seem obvious why invoking natural selection does not help to explain the origin of the first life. After all, if natural selection and random mutations can generate new information in living organisms, why can it also not do so in a prebiotic environment? But the distinction between a biological and prebiotic context was crucially important to my argument. Natural selection assumes the existence of living organisms with a capacity to reproduce. Yet self-replication in all extant cells depends upon information-rich proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and the origin of such information-rich molecules is precisely what origin-of-life research needs to explain. That’s why Theodosius Dobzhansky, one of the founders of the neo-Darwinian synthesis, can state flatly, ‘Pre-biological natural selection is a contradiction I terms.’–Stephen C. Meyer (
Doubt, p. viii)
There is a fascinating new book from Dr Stephen C. Meyer, a Cambridge graduate, and Director of the Center for Science and Culture in Seattle, Washington.
Darwin's Doubt appeared in June 2013 and is available on Amazon. Meyer's book provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenge to paleobiologists of explaining the sudden appearance in the fossil record of numerous new life forms without any obvious ancestors. This is often called the "Cambrian explosion."
In Meyer's view, the fossil record does not align with the Neo-Darwinian explanation of evolution. The hugely complex steps required to generate new body plans through gradual and random changes seems doubtful in light of the sudden appearance of both simple and more complex organisms.
I address this from a different angle in Does the Binary Feature Signal Greater Complexity?
It takes courage for a scholar to question the dogma of random mutation, natural selection and common ancestry, and if you read the reviews of Meyer's book, you will discover just how angry his reasonable arguments have made some Neo-Darwinians.
Related reading: Thomas Nagel: Neo-Darwinian Conception is False; Questioning the Common Ancestry Hypothesis; Darwin: Fact and Fiction | <urn:uuid:00e09aa3-249d-4b4b-907d-01402137cdde> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://jandyongenesis.blogspot.com/2013/08/darwins-doubt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256948.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522183240-20190522205240-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.912709 | 458 | 2.75 | 3 |
Learning in the Field: Death Valley
At the early hour of 3:30 a.m. on March 10, nineteen enthusiastic students and three geology department staff—Professor Steven Dunn, Associate Professor Michelle Markley, and Lab Director Penny Taylor—headed off to Bradley International Airport on their way to Death Valley National Park. During the previous eight weeks, the undergraduates—all students of geology—had prepared for the trip by researching geological features exclusive to the park, including Ubehebe Crater and the mysterious skating rocks in Racetrack Playa.
The group spent nine days in the field, studying features and samples, anxious to see the intricate and complex geology of the area. There were mini-lectures by professors and time spent taking field notes and recording observations in preparation for a final project. A highlight of the trip was the abundance of desert flowers—a once-per-decade “super bloom,” the result of El Niño. At every stop, students eagerly took photos of the rare flowers.
This year’s trip to Death Valley is the fourth time in the last decade the geology department has offered students the opportunity for learning outside of the classroom during spring break. Markley, who has accompanied the group on several occasions, says, “It is a genuine treat for our students to study geology in the desert of Death Valley. There we see all the rocks in the region where debris flows, where earthquakes and volcanoes are actively shaping the landscape. The Connecticut River Valley hasn’t had active geology like that for about 200 million years.”
—By Amy Yoelin ’18
—Photos courtesy of Michelle Markley and Amy Yoelin
This article appeared in the summer 2016 issue of the Alumnae Quarterly.
July 15, 2016 | <urn:uuid:ed67547f-f8f0-4feb-962c-79f22ee15382> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://alumnae.mtholyoke.edu/blog/death-valley-or-bust/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00641.warc.gz | en | 0.944841 | 372 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It’s easy to forget the momentous strides that have been made in global health in the past few decades. The number of childhood deaths has more than halved since 1990 and there has been great progress in infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, with the number of new infections and deaths continuing to decline globally. Guinea worm disease and polio are close to being eradicated and the number of people at risk from neglected tropical diseases has fallen from two billion to 1.6 billion in the last five years. The march towards eradicating these diseases is far from easy and the real groundwork is being made by the brave frontline health workers who work tirelessly in the name of progress.
Progress in global health is always a tough task and is being constantly challenged by a number of factors—including climate change, misinformation and a distrust in science, an aging population and rampant inequality. “Innovation” to confront these challenges has recently become a well-used new buzzword, which threatens to strip it of real meaning. In health, innovation is so much more than the discovery or launching of new therapies, vaccines and/or apps. It is first and foremost about finding better ways of reaching people to improve the efficiency, quality, sustainability or affordability of health care and disease prevention.
Innovation in health can stem from the simple ingenuity of those working on the front lines. I sit on the panel for the REACH Awards, a biennial awards program that celebrates the achievements of on-the-ground innovators and local community health workers. One of the awards recognizes individuals who have developed and implemented a creative technology or practice in support of disease elimination. Two years ago, the Unsung Hero Award went to Regina Lotubai Lomare Lochilangole, from South Sudan.
Regina creates songs and dances to teach her community about Guinea worm symptoms and prevention techniques. Her innovative approach was so effective that the Ministry of Health created a unique position for her: social mobilizer. She now travels around the country training other volunteers. Learning from, and championing, these types of stories from workers on the front line of disease elimination in low and middle-income countries is essential if we are to build a global health community that works for everyone. I’m excited to see what innovative solutions this year’s nominees have utilized to advance global health.
Technology clearly has a key role to play in driving change. In Africa, 85 percent of newborn deaths are due to preterm birth, infections and labor and delivery complications. Around 28 of every 1,000 babies in sub-Saharan Africa die in the first month of life. The vast majority of these deaths could be prevented through medical technologies. Newborn-care units in Africa often rely on a random selection of donated medical equipment, not designed for heat, humidity and electrical surges, resulting in “equipment graveyards.”
By delivering one device or one training session at a time, the problem is perpetuated. In response to this challenge, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) recently announced that it is co-leading, together with Rice University's Rice 360° Institute for Global Health in the U.S., and the Malawi College of Medicine, as well as leading institutions across Africa, a new £50 million partnership. This partnership is designed to transform newborn care in Africa through access to innovative technology and a suite of critical tools and training to support local innovators, biomedical technicians, engineers, nurses and doctors.
Innovation and technology are not always a panacea and, when unchecked, actually pose the risk of reinforcing existing human bias. As we have seen with the recent declines in vaccine confidence, negative social media campaigns can successfully, and tragically, spread false information and undermine community confidence. Messaging from some quarters has even suggested that the vaccines are used to deliberately infect people and that treatments are used to the detriment of the patients.
This is not an issue that just affects any one country or any one disease, but one example is with polio in Pakistan. Despite groundbreaking and genuinely lifesaving medical advances, online communities and their real-world counterparts are being callously manipulated. Progress in polio elimination is consistently being hindered by misinformation. More needs to be done to address this as it costs precious lives.
This October marks the 120th anniversary of the LSHTM’s foundation by Sir Patrick Manson, and we are celebrating well over a century of health innovation. In 1877, Manson lamented during his time in Hong Kong, writing: "I lie in an out of world place away from libraries, out of the run of what is going on, so I do not know very well the value of my work or if it has been done before or better." How lucky we are to live in a world which has never been so better connected, so we may share our learning. By applying groundbreaking ideas and tools that create new possibilities, we can better reach and inform those in need of care. Innovation constantly challenges the status quo and so must we. | <urn:uuid:1f26f6f3-0251-44f9-9abf-45d1f65dfdf8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-human-innovation-shapes-global-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.956909 | 1,025 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Equal alternative and equal therapy in the labour market are on the core of first rate work. In September 1955 the protest against the imposition of passes for ladies turned the primary concern for the ANCWL and the FSAW however for black women across the board. This anti-cross campaign peaked with a large demonstration of ‘ladies’s energy’ in August 1956. After the Pretoria march the campaign continued till the top of the Fifties, with in Zeerust in 1957, Johannesburg in 1958 and Natal in 1959. In 1960, as can be seen, FSAW’s plans were abruptly halted in the wake of the Sharpeville unrest when the federal government banned the ANC. FSAW had been dealt a extreme blow.
The World Well being Organization has designated 2021 the 12 months of Health and Care Staff. Notably, women are so usually at the front strains of health care, a pattern that continues to be true throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. In truth, globally, 70 p.c of the well being and social workforce are ladies. Many remain unpaid or underpaid and undervalued. And gender parity in senior leadership across all facets of well being programs is urgently required.
One of many questions I had was, The place did Black women’s political philosophy come from?” One of the signatures of Black women’s suffrage has grow to be this twin critique of racism and sexism. To understand the roots of that, return to the beginning of the nineteenth century. A Black girl Methodist preacher, Jarena Lee , wants a preaching license to make a living and writes a memoir in 1836 on ways she confronts sexism in her denomination. I write about Maria Stewart , a widowed teacher in Boston in the 1820s, who is deeply concerned about the future of African American communities that have made the transition from slavery to freedom. She first writes a pamphlet and then is invited to step to the podium. These are the foremothers of what becomes the core idea that animates Black ladies’s quest for political power and political rights.
At a meeting in April 2004 to assessment ladies’s progress since Beijing, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from the Southern African Improvement Neighborhood (SADC) known as on its 14 member international locations to undertake gender budgeting by December 2006. The AU affords thrilling african women opportunities to get involved in figuring out continental policies and implementing development programmes that impression the lives of African citizens in every single place. Discover out extra by visiting the links on right.
Daymond, M.J. et al, eds. 2003. Women writing Africa: The southern area Johannesburg: Witwatersrand College Press. To assist African women with or wanting careers in research in mathematics or Mathematics african girl related fields. Rochat TJ, Bland RM, Tomlinson M, Stein A. Suicide ideation, depression and HIV amongst pregnant girls in rural South Africa. Well being (N Y). 2013;5(3A):650-61.
Conduct research that assess the constraints and situations for creating an enabling surroundings and promoting women entrepreneurial development in Africa in an effort to develop new and progressive approaches to deal with these constraints. The studies would additionally suggest concrete actionable suggestions that may contribute to the Financial institution’s efforts to attain sustainable growth, Private Sector Development and Gender mainstreaming aims.
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In early 1961 it was decided that regional organisers ought to attempt to handle resistance at the ground degree. Certain regional organisations such because the Federation of Transvaal Ladies (FEDTRAW), Natal Organisation of Ladies (NOW) and the United Girls’s Congress (UWCO) in the Western Cape, have been fashioned to circumvent the issue west african woman and attempt to move forward. Ladies like Dorothy Nyembe, who became President of the Natal Rural Areas Committee still performed a job at local level. In 1962 she organised anti-authorities demonstrations amongst rural women through the Natal Girls’s Revolt.
The Black Consciousness Motion, led by Steve Biko, was a new source of resistance that had arisen in the late Nineteen Sixties amongst students who shaped the scholar body SASO. The motion increased in significance when the Black People’s Convention (BPC) was established in 1972. Quite a lot of ladies, comparable women in africa to Baleka Kgositsile, Winnie Mandela and Mamphela Ramphele were energetic in each the Black Consciousness Movement and the ANC underground. Mamphela Ramphele was also involved in youngster welfare and based the Zanempilo Neighborhood Health Centre close to King William’s Town. Later, after her banishment to rural Northern Transvaal, she set up the Isutheng Community Health Programme.
An Africa the place work is a key ethic and value, where girls play an important function, and during which traditional and religious leaders, together with the youth as drivers of change is acknowledged. The Government has tried to make ladies carry passes for many years and each time the women have given their answer. By standing united, protesting with one voice and organising all areas around this depraved regulation, the ladies are trying to attain the abolition of the move regulation system with its vicious attack on their liberty.
The underneath-illustration of girls in technical training, coaching and employment shouldn’t be unique to Africa. The state of affairs in Africa should be seen in the context of the serious financial and developmental issues facing many African countries (Leigh-Doyle, 1991). This, together with the societal perspective to ladies normally, is chargeable for the gender variations each in education institutions and within the workforce. Differential access to academic and training alternatives have led to low proportions of ladies in the formal sector and their concentration in low paid manufacturing jobs with limited career prospects.
On the evening of Sunday, 16 June, white hooligans overran the camp. After this attack, the leaders asked the ladies to leave the camp but they refused to go. At a subsequent meeting Zainab Asvat made a fiery speech by which she denounced the violence, denounced discriminatory laws, affirmed the resisters’ dedication and appealed to the individuals to stay calm but to take note of the circumstances. Zainab was arrested and launched later the identical night african girls. Her braveness and dedication were inspirational and a number of other girls joined in the campaign. Different Indian ladies who took a number one position were Mrs Veeramah Pather, Miss Khatija Mayet, Dr Okay. Goonam and Miss Zohra Meer. In July 1946, Zainab again led a batch of resisters, was arrested, despatched to prison for 3 months. Zainab, Mrs PK Naidoo and Miss Suriakala Patel, have been later elected to the Transvaal Indian Congress Committee. | <urn:uuid:af66c20a-7ff1-449b-985d-2973106c2eb1> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://hrm.stou.ac.th/blog/2021/10/01/the-top-question-you-need-to-ask-for-african-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.951103 | 1,438 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Drones may be a key tool to the future of battling emerald ash borer and other blights that can impact the urban forest, and that buzzing some might have heard in southeast Boulder on Thursday was the sound of a team setting out to prove just that.
From three separate locations south of Baseline Road and east of Foothills Parkway, a group of scientists and researchers sent drones as high as 335 feet over areas including ash trees showing varying levels of damage from the emerald ash borer, a invasive green jewel beetle that feeds on the ash tree species.
“What we’re really interested in is early detection,” said Dan Staley, principal of Arbor Drone, a consulting firm based in Aurora specializing in aerial urban forestry. “The very first indicators of emerald ash borer is what we’re trying to show.”
The squad taking to the streets of Boulder included Staley; his 14-year-old daughter (and mapper), Payne Jungblut; Loren Anderson and Tim Haynie, chief of operations and CEO and founder, respectively, of Colorado Springs-based Spectrabotics, a data analytics firm; and Darren Ceckanowicz, technical director for the environmental program at Colorado College.
The work was made possible both through a matching $50,000 Innovation Grant that Spectrabotics has received from the Colorado Office of Economic Development, as well as a $10,000 grant to Arbor Drone from Denver, where approximately 15 percent of the city’s 300,000 urban trees are ash species and potentially at risk.
“We’re collaborating, just sort of sharing data and sharing platforms,” said Ceckanowicz, who has worked extensively in studying seed migration patterns at tree line in the Pikes Peak National Forest.
The cameras on board the drones had the capability to measure separate and distinct regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, later to be combined and processed for detailed vegetation analysis, Staley said.
The sensors have the capacity to distinguish between tree species and report on vegetation health. Flown at drone height levels, images are two to three times sharper than images from airplanes, he said.
“We’re trying to get the whole spectrum, from healthy trees, to really damaged, and everything in between,” Anderson said. “If we can prove that the technique works and refine it, the idea now is, can we get this into urban foresters’ hands to salvage the ash trees that are being decimated throughout the Midwest?”
To read more of this story go to dailycamera.com | <urn:uuid:7224cd67-3504-4912-909b-750074cf6e81> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.denverpost.com/2017/07/14/boulder-drones-emerald-ash-borers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.957531 | 536 | 2.90625 | 3 |
From Connecticut’s earliest agricultural commerce through the might of the industrial age to today’s leading companies, our state’s natural and human resources have shaped local and national history. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Connecticut brought diverse commodities, such as furs, produce, timber, and iron, to international markets. This skill for supplying and moving goods earned Connecticut the nickname “The Provision State” for its aid to the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The 19th century brought mills and factories, manufacturing everything from textiles to edge tools and cars. Now, aerospace, bioscience, and other technological ventures add to an economic base that still includes farms and businesses more than a century old.
“All in a Day’s Work: Photographs of Women in Connecticut Industry.” University of Connecticut, Archives & Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, 2012. Link.
“Business History Collection.” Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries, 2012. Link.
“Research Guide to Materials Relating to the History of Industry and Commerce.” Connecticut State Library, 2012. Link.
“American Clock & Watch Museum,” 2017. Link.
“Connecticut Museum of Mining and Mineral Science,” 2012. Link.
“New Britain Industrial Museum,” n.d. Link.
“Sloane Stanley Museum.” Department of Economic & Community Development, 2012. Link.
“The Connecticut Antique Machinery Association Museum,” 2017. Link.
“Timexpo® The Timex Museum,” 2011. Link.
“Waterbury Button Museum.” Mattatuck Museum, 2017. Link.
Fuller, Grace Pierpont. An Introduction to the History of Connecticut as a Manufacturing State. Northampton, MA: Smith College, 1915. Link.
New Haven Preservation Trust. Carriages and Clocks, Corsets and Locks: The Rise and Fall of an Industrial City-New Haven, Connecticut. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2004.
Studley, Gerard L., and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Connecticut the Industrial Incubator. Hartford, CT: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, History and Heritage Committee, Hartford Section, 1982.
Roth, Matthew, Connecticut Historical Commission, and Society for Industrial Archeology. Connecticut: An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. Washington, DC: Society for Industrial Archeology, 1981.
Gordon, Robert B., and Michael Scott Raber. Industrial Heritage in Northwest Connecticut: A Guide to History and Archaeology. New Haven, CT: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000.
Mugford, Albert. Leading Manufacturers and Merchants of Connecticut: Historical and Descriptive Review of the Industrial Enterprises of Hartford, New London, Windham and Middlesex Counties. New York: International Publishing Company, 1887.
Mattatuck Historical Society, and Cecelia Bucki. Metal, Minds and Machines: Waterbury at Work. Waterbury, CT: The Society, 1980.
Decker, Robert Owen. Whaling Industry of New London. York, PA: Liberty Cap Books, 1974.
Grant, Ellsworth S. Yankee Dreamers and Doers: The Story of Connecticut Manufacturing. Connecticut Historical Society & Fenwick Productions, 1996. | <urn:uuid:4cc8a5fe-8964-4803-b5cc-b3dc7a26d62a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://connecticuthistory.org/topics-page/business-and-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.81129 | 706 | 2.703125 | 3 |
5 Tips to Get You Started
Before you begin, it's important to understand why kids enjoy playing sports. Here's a hint: it's not about winning.
A survey of 28,000 girls and boys found the No. 1 reason they played sports was because it was "fun," followed by "to do something I'm good at," and "to improve my skills," according to the USTA's parents guide to 10 and Under Tennis. "Winning" didn't even make the top 10.
1. Let them play
Tennis has distinct rules and successful players have spent years developing the techniques and skills required to keep the ball in play. Forget about all the dos and don'ts when you're first introducing a child to tennis.
Once you've covered the very basics, such as how to hold the racquet, encourage unstructured free play using mini-courts and foam or low compression balls that slow down the game and make it easier for kids.
Allowing children to play spontaneously, to experiment and to risk, turns tennis into a haven where they can get away from their over-structured lives and learn to move, play and create on the court, says USTA in its guide.?
2. Keep it short and active
Drop the long lectures on how to properly swing a racquet. Just get them in action. Start with short, fun games that help improve their coordination. For example, the Koosh ball pass is an easy way to start that you can do anywhere.
The Koosh ball pass involves passing a beanbag from your racquet to theirs and back again. Once you've successfully passed it several times, step back and toss gently back and forth. You can make the game more challenging by standing on one leg, tossing the bean bag low or high.
If you have a group of kids, make sure they're always moving. For example, if you've set up a mini-court and more than four children are present, keep them constantly rotating so they're not sitting out for long. Challenge the kids who are sitting on the sidelines to count how many ball bounces or dribbles they can get in a row.
4. Make it fun
If you follow one rule, this is it.??Every time you're about?to introduce a new drill, ask yourself 'Is this fun?' If you aren't sure, it probably ins't.
Check out the USTA's parents' guide to 10 and Under Tennis for fun, easy activities designed for kids.
5. Add friends to the mix
Kids like to play with their friends. So, why invite them along?
If you don't have the resources -- or space -- to include several other children seek out team tennis program geared for young children in your community.
Have some ideas about how to introduce kids to tennis? Share your thoughts and ideas below.
Search for your next tennis event. | <urn:uuid:eca2616b-500b-4e08-ad1e-3147081cdd51> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.active.com/parenting-and-family/articles/5-tips-to-get-kids-excited-about-tennis?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463460.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00207-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964982 | 597 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Water Diplomacy and Sustainable Management in Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, the cradle of our civilization, home to the first records of legal provisions about water resource management included in the Code of Hammurabi and of one of the earliest irrigation systems, is experiencing the results of severe water-related challenges. In the past decade, indeed, the two rivers have been affected by the impacts of climate change, inefficient water management, the development projects of upstream countries, and the absence of a framework agreement on the management of shared water resources between the riparian countries – namely Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
Available data indicates that the Middle East, including the riparian countries of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, will be among the region’s most severely affected by climate change, as average temperatures are expected to increase in the region at twice the global average. Increasing water scarcity will add further pressure on agriculture water availability, which will have a significant impact on food and employment security across the region. Over 60% of MENA populations live in areas with high or very high water stress and yet those most impacted areas produce over 70% of the region’s GDP.
An agreement on the Euphrates or Tigris is not without precedent. There have been efforts to establish institutionalized cooperative mechanisms in the past, when political relations between the countries flourished. Turkey and Syria signed a water allocation agreement for the Euphrates in 1987, and in 1980 Turkey and Iraq established a Joint Technical Committee (JTC). The latter remains, even if Turkish-Iraqi cooperation halted between 1992 and 1998, one of the most promising channels for technical inter-governmental dialogue on shared water resources, and also served as an important platform to establish shared knowledge of water and climate-related challenges in Turkey and Iraq.
The political will to cooperate was likewise manifested when bilateral Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) on water management were signed between Turkey and Iraq and Turkey and Syria in 2009, and again between Turkey and Iraq in 2014 and in 2017. The latter, which to date has been ratified by Iraq while for Turkey it is in the process of being ratified, includes, among other things, joint projects to strengthen understanding of how the region will be affected by climate change.
In 2019, Turkey appointed the former Forestry and Water Affairs Minister Veysel Eroğlu as Special Envoy for Water Affairs to Iraq. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan subsequently called for a long-term solution to Turkey-Iraq water issues. The main challenge, however, remains how to translate general manifestations of political will into a tangible long-term agreement that would also take into consideration future water availability and demands across the region.
Iraq and Syria regard the Euphrates and Tigris rivers as two independent international rivers, claiming that all the riparian countries should have equal shares of water resources. On the other hand, Turkey considers the Euphrates and Tigris to be one river system. Deriving from the Turkish understanding of the two rivers as one single basin, Ankara until now has not considered committing to a long-term agreement on the Tigris river, as wished by other riparian countries. Given the fact that Turkey and Syria abrogated their bilateral relations in 2012, a framework agreement on water allocation that would include all Euphrates and Tigris riparian countries is thus unlikely before there is a change in the political scenario. Both Iraq and Turkey, nevertheless, support inter-governmental cooperation on finding a sound technical solution to the current situation and the forthcoming challenges. Turkey also agreed to temporarily stop filling the Ilusu Dam in June 2018 amid severe drought and water scarcity in Iraq that resulted in violent protests in Basra. At a later stage, the two countries reached an agreement establishing that Turkey will release 75% of water into the Tigris river while filling the dam. Nevertheless, Turkey’s uncoordinated development continues to raise concerns in Iraq, while Turkey calls for increased water efficiency in downstream countries.
Most of the media focus on riparian relations in the Euphrates and Tigris region is on bilateral relations between Turkey and Iraq, although the upstream development in Iran on the Tigris tributaries also has an impact on water availability in the region. For instance, the Kharke and Karun rivers that support the Hawizeh marshlands in Iraq have been severely depleted by Iranian water projects. Despite the improvements in political and security cooperation between Iraq and Iran, their bilateral dialogues on water issues have not registered any progress.
All riparian countries agree that the region needs to strengthen its resilience to climate change impacts. Increasing water scarcity will have dire socio-economic repercussions, with additional subsequent political impacts. In Iraq alone, about 70% of the workforce is employed in the agriculture sector, which depends on transboundary waters for 80%. In the past, farmers who lost their livelihoods due to droughts were targeted by recruiters from terror networks like ISIS/Daesh.
To address these challenges, what is needed is a continuous effort to improve water efficiency across the whole region – increasing agriculture water productivity, modernizing the irrigation systems, reducing water losses and combating seawater intrusion in southern Iraq and Iran – while building institutional capacity in water governance at multiple levels. Informal cooperative efforts, such as the Euphrates Tigris Initiative for Cooperation and the Collaborative Programme Euphrates and Tigris, have contributed to strengthening joint understanding of the main challenges affecting the rivers, and also greater awareness of the opportunities and the possible technical solutions in the region. What is needed now is a strong link between the available technical knowledge and the manifested political will to find a sustainable solution to the regional water crisis in the Euphrates and Tigris region.
This article was originally published as part of the ISPI Dossier MENA’s Fertile Crescent in the Time of Dry Geopolitics. Find it here.
Discovering Opportunities in the Pandemic? Four Economic Response Scenarios for Central Asia
Executive Summary The COVID-19 crisis represents not only an unprecedented economic disruption but also an opportunity for Central Asia. A specific economic policy response may trigger either game-changing reforms that […]
Water – A Shared Resource Requiring Inclusive Water Diplomacy
Changing climate and extreme weather events have fundamental impacts on all aspects of our lives and our planet, including the management of the world’s shared water resources. In order to […]
Waves of Fake News in Transboundary Waters: The Need for Communication Resilience
Systematically generated disinformation campaigns or fake news are forms of information counterintelligence operations that have become a defining feature of today’s informational landscape. Commonly recognized examples include the targeting of election and […]
Sustainable Cybersecurity? Rethinking Approaches to Protecting Energy Infrastructure in the European High North
In this paper, the authors argue for rethinking the existing cybersecurity governance structures and propose an approach that connects cybersecurity and environmental governance. Rapidly increasing digitization has positively contributed to […]
Illusion’s End: Erdoğan and Turkey’s Coming Economic Chill
The rapid depreciation in the value of the Turkish Lira since the beginning of 2018 is the product not only of the collapse of any remaining vestiges of investor confidence […] | <urn:uuid:16feaed2-20fc-4547-8f9d-750900e997a2> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://isdp.eu/publication/water-diplomacy-and-sustainable-management-in-mesopotamia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594808.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423131042-20210423161042-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.941533 | 1,474 | 3.40625 | 3 |
On Feb. 27, 1940, 2.5 inches of rain fell in six hours in Redding, Calif. The following day, rising flood waters closed three bridges leading out of town, including the north end of the newly constructed Market Street bridge, the east approach to the Free Bridge, and both approaches to the Diestelhorst Bridge.
A state of emergency was declared, and by the time the storm had ended, more than 42 inches of rain had fallen, roughly twice the annual rainfall. Several freight cars had been derailed along the railroad track and splashed into the river.
Firemen in boats rescued 50 people from their flooded homes, 400 were homeless in Redding and just as many were stranded in the Anderson area. While most people sought safety, hundreds of farm animals were lost. Two people died, including an 8-year-old boy, John Ammirati, Jr., who drowned in Castle Creek.
The hundreds of people who lived across the river from Redding walked two or three at a time across the Diestelhorst Bridge after signing liability releases. They had to walk through more than three feet of water after crossing over to the far side.
Source: Fitzpatrick, John. “The Last Flood.” The Covered Wagon, 1994, pp. 29-31. | <urn:uuid:01941546-062c-400e-ac27-34509a49885b> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://ijpr.org/post/it-was-heavy-rainfall-floods-redding-1940 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863923.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521023747-20180521043747-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.985881 | 269 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Served on the Western Front from 1916-1918 until he was gassed. Published a Death of a Hero in 1929 which provided a savage and realistic appraisal of life in the trenches.
Engraver, poet, and mystic of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Though probably insane he was read widely by the likes of Wordsworth, and a three-volume edition of his works appeared in 1893 edited by W. B. Yeats.
Brought up in a privileged environment, Brooke was a brilliant scholar publishing his first book of poetry in 1911. He was a friend of Sir Edward Marsh and a leading light in literary circles. Brooke died of blood poisoning during the Dardanelles campaign in 1915. His poems, published in 1918, are often criticised for painting a romantic picture of the war but this is perhaps somewhat unfair as it is possible that his views may well have changed as the conflict progressed.
Politician, priest, and one of the leading metaphysical poets. His work, and that of his contemporaries, heavily influenced the poets of the First World War.
Educated at Charterhouse, Graves enlisted into the Royal Welch Fusiliers at the beginning of the War. Friends of Sassoon, Owen, and Nichols, he survived the conflict publishing his highly successful autobiography Goodbye to All That in 1929. He was Professor of Poetry at Oxford from 1961-66.
Son of Lord Desborough, Grenfell served in the Royal Dragoons during the war. Awarded the Distinguished Service Order for valour.
Haig became Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary force (BEF) in France on December 19th 1915. His career after that is highly controversial. Despite his brilliant defensive strategies and victories in 1918 in which he repulsed the German counter-attacks, he will always be remembered as the strategist and motivator behind the carnage of the Battles of the Somme and Passchendale.
Although noted more for his writings prior to the War, particularly his children's books, Kipling's son was killed in the conflict prompting him to write several poems, most of which were anti-war in their sentiments.
British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1908-15, Minister of Munitions 1915-16, Prime Minister 1916-1922.
German war leader of great esteem he planned and executed the successful engagements along the Eastern Front in the early parts of the War. Gradually Ludendorff became the most powerful officer in Germany and virtually led the country and the armed forces single-handedly, masterminding the brilliant, though ultimately unsuccessful, counter- attacks in early 1918. Dismissed from power in October 1918 after rejecting Allied armistice terms he faded from power although he reappeared in 1923 to play a minor role in Adolf Hitler's Munich 'putsch'.
A scholar of some distinction and friend and executor to Rupert Brooke, whose complete works he edited in 1918. Between 1912 and 1922 Marsh edited the highly influential volumes of Georgian Poetry which included poems by Sassoon, Graves, and Rosenberg.
Born in Chicago and educated at Georgetown. Monroe was the first editor of the journal Poetry which published 'Break of Day in the Trenches'.
Educated at Oxford, Nichols served with the Royal Artillery from 1914-16 and fought at the Somme. Invalided home in 1916 he then went on to work for the Ministry of Information.
Regarded by some as the greatest of all war poets, and possibly one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Born in Oswestry in Shropshire. After failing to attain entrance to the University of London, he spent a year as a lay assistant to the Revd. Herbert Wigan at Dunsden before leaving for Bordeaux, France, to teach at the Berlitz School of English. In 1915 he enlisted fighting on the Western Front. During a spell in the Craglockhart Hospital he met Siegfried Sassoon who encouraged him to develop his poetry. Owen's poems are amongst the most famous and poignant of the war. He died crossing the Sambre canal one week before the Armistice in 1918.
Sassoon was brought up in the a wealthy environment leading the lifestyle of a country gentleman. He enlisted in 1914 joining the Royal Welch Fusiliers where he met Robert Graves. Sassoon's war service was a mixture of brave (almost suicidal) deeds and a growing sense of disillusionment with the conflict. During a spell of convalescence in which he was treated for 'shell-shock' at Craiglockhart Hospital he met and befriended Wilfred Owen who was also being treated there. Sassoon's poetry presents a savage and bitter attack on the nature of the War. He also published a series of autobiographies in which he recounts his life before, during, and after the conflict.
Born in London and educated at Oxford, he enlisted as a private in 1915 and was killed at Arras in 1917. Most of his poetry was published posthumously and depicts an elegiac view of the lost England, with an acute awareness and love of the countryside. | <urn:uuid:18a36891-0475-41cb-a679-d8479b2b1831> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/jtap/rose/biography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323588.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628083538-20170628103538-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.977107 | 1,045 | 2.890625 | 3 |
How the difficulty teachers were experiencing in demonstrating the preparation of iron(II) sulfide to students was solved through action research.
This article describe how the Zoological Society of London is working with teachers to enhance the experience and learning for all who take a trip
Alan Peacock develops the links between science and poetry.
Yes, bees can sting but that shouldn't prevent them being part of primary education.
The Briggs Rauscher reaction is a simple and relatively inexpensive reaction that illustrates oscillatory behaviour and is often used as a chemical
There is a wide range of teaching opportunities in the chemistry classroom using traditional LEGO bricks.
The Royal Society of Chemistry is developing a framework for a relevant and coherent chemistry curriculum for all students.
David Church explains how his class learnt about life cycles and more during his school's'Bee Day'.
Debbie Hicks explores the key role of the farm in teaching science as well as wider educational benefits and suggests activities to engage and exci
The authors describe how children worked with professional scientists to do environmental research in their local river.
A team of year 12 students investigated the likelihood of the various possible causes of death after children had swallowed button batteries
The authors learn through their enthusiasm for fieldwork and biodiversity. | <urn:uuid:f1cd19fa-bbd9-498f-a61e-a7ddb5ee69c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ase.org.uk/resources/search/ages/14-16-16/topic/magnetism-and-electromagnetism-178/ages/5-7-13/ages/11-14-15/topic/microbes-42/topic/animals-18/type/journal_article/topic/habitats-33/topic/chemistry-195 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.947952 | 252 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral, one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments. The crystal lattice of aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, an orthorhombic crystal system with acicular crystal. Repeated twinning results in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching helictitic forms called flos-ferri ("flowers of iron") from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines.
Aragonite is known to help you to solve your problems by enhancing your multi-tasking abilities and encourages you to consider many different options at once. It may assists you in releasing the fear of water or drowning, aids in personal growth and transformation (physical, emotional, and spiritual), and helps you to become a more well-rounded person. | <urn:uuid:18320b31-8337-42a9-8f17-c67e00be78ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.thesouladvantage.com/products/argonite-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302355.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120160411-20220120190411-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.939117 | 215 | 2.59375 | 3 |
No matter what happens now, we have demonstrated that it is possible for us to perform a united services without relinquishing our special philosophy and point of view to make a total America. In the long run this accomplishment may be more important than anything we have done, for unity amidst diversity is a fundamental problem of world peace.
(Chester Barnard 1886-1961)
Amongst the great civilizations and cultures (e.g., those of Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, China, and the Arab peninsula) Iran anciently known as Persia figures conspicuously; it is the citadel of great prophets, reformers, poets, mystics, philosophers, and scientists, ranging from, for instance, Zoroaster, Mani, and Muzdak, and Ferdousi, Attar, Rumi, Khayyam, Hafiz Sherazi, Sa’adi, Mahmood Shabistri, Urfi, Abdul Rehman Jami, Hussain ibn Mansoor Hallaj, Farabi, al-Beruni, al-Khwarizmi, al-Ghazali, Naseer-ud-Din Tusi, Mulla Sadra, and hundreds others, to whom human civilization owes great works and masterpieces of creative, imaginative, and intuitive human genius, so much extolled and paid tribute to by world’s scholars and orientalists.
Suffer no anxiety, for he who is a sufferer of anxiety becomes regardless of enjoyment of the world and the spirit, and contraction happens to his body and soul. (Zoroaster)
The world famous symbolic story: Kalila and Dimna (names of two animals) was originally written in Sanskrit language by an Indian philosopher to communicate political wisdom and golden rules of governance to the benefit of kings and rulers; it was translated in Persian language for the first time, from which it was translated in Arabic. Books of similar nature on political wisdom were originally written in Persian, which form a valuable heritage of ancient political philosophy.
All humans were a single community, but they differed amongst themselves, then God raised Prophets and Messengers to judge on their conflicts according to what He revealed.” - Koran
Taking the first footstep with a good thought the second with a good word and the third with a good deed I entered Paradise” (Zoroaster)
Besides, sacred books of ancient Iran including Zend-Avesta (containing Zoroaster’s revelations) and Yasna available in English translations are still a source of inspiration for many seers, mystics, and philosophers. The great German philosopher Nietzsche inspired by Zoaraster’s mystique wrote his world-renown philosophico-intuitive work: Thus Spake Zarathusra. From Zoaraster to Rumi we see the web and flow of Persian genius in its marvelous unfoldment.
The Qur’an, Purana, Upanishad, Granth, Veda, Zend-Avesta, and Gita
Are treasures replete with pearls
O’ man! Pick them up into the lap of thy heart
The light of Torah, Psalm, and Gospel
Was taken up by the Qur’an
And spread here and there
(Dr. M. Jamil Qalander)
Rumi, Hafiz Sherazi, and Khayyam have greatly influenced learned men and women of East and West, especially in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Japan, Germany, Britain, France, and now to a great extent in America. In America, Rumi’s works have been studied from psychological point of view, and have been regarded as of enormous psychotherapeutic value. For example, an American lady specialist in psychiatry has written a book on him: “Rumi: Rebirth in Creativity”
“Knowledge has two wings, Opinion one wing: Opinion is defective and curtailed in flight.
The one-winged bird soon falls headlong; then again it flies up some two paces or (a little) more.
The bird, Opinion, falling and rising, goes on with one wing in hope of (reaching the nest)
(But) when he has been delivered from Opinion, knowledge shows its face to him: that one-winged bird becomes two-winged and spread his wings.
After that, he walks erect and straight, not falling flat on his face or ailing.
He flies aloft with two wings, like Gabriel, without disputation”
Iran like great Babylonia is a great terrestrial museum of ancient civilizations and cultures, historico-archeological monuments and vestiges, stadiums / gymnasiums, palaces, forts, tombs, shrines, temples, and mosques --- all intact and extant till this day.
Iran has been exposed in its history to some tragedies and misfortunes. It was Iran, where there were huge libraries containing oldest records and manuscripts of Persian ancient culture, which, like Library of Alexandria and libraries of medieval Baghdad and Basra, were unfortunately destroyed during foreign invasions and internal wars.
“Diversity, variation, and difference of opinions amongst my community of followers are a blessing”. (Muhammad)
Ever since the advent of Islam in the Arab peninsula and its surrounding regions, Iran has virtually remained isolated and segregated partly due to her adherence to Shia school of thought, and partly due to a misunderstanding created by a saying attributed to the second Caliph of Islam Umar: “I wish, there were walls of mountains between the Arab peninsula and Persia” – a saying that is a hearsay not substantiated by historical evidence.
"...O people, you have some rights on me which you can always claim. One of your rights is that if anyone of you comes to me with a claim, he should leave satisfied. Another of your rights is that you can demand that I take nothing unjustly from the revenues of the State. You can also demand that... I fortify your frontiers and do not put you into danger. It is also your right that if you go to battle I should look after your families as a father would while you are away. O’ people, remain conscious of God, forgive me my faults and help me in my task. Assist me in enforcing what is good and forbidding what is evil. Advise me regarding the obligations that have been imposed upon me by God...”
- Umar (Second Caliph)
Another reason may be the fact that Iran has accepted Islam, but taken and interpreted it according to her spiritual, mystical, and poetic thinking, imagination, and intuition, in contrast to the Arab peninsula, where Islam, after the golden days of early Islamic Caliphate of 6th century, was taken on its face value and applied to different and various situations in a non-philosophical.
…research has shown that what European scholars knew of Greek philosophy, of mathematics, astronomy, and like sciences, for several centuries before the Renaissance, was, roughly speaking. All derived from Latin treatises ultimately based on Arabic originals; and it was the Koran which, though indirectly, gave the first impetus to these studies among the Arabs and their allies. Linguistic investigations, poetry, and other branches of literature also made their appearance soon after or simultaneously with the publication of Koran; and the literary movement thus initiated has resulted in some of the finest products of genius and learning.
(The Koran translated from the Arabic by J.M.Rodwell, with introduction by G. Margoliouth, published by London J.M Dent & Sons LTD, New York E.P.Dutton & Co INC, 1957, page ix of Introduction)
The Shia version of Islam has retained this liberalism inspired initially by the philosophical and religious wisdom of Imam Ali, Imam Hussain, and Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq. Imam Ali himself left behind encyclopedic works now intact and extant in various languages of the world – works that exhibit an intellectual, spiritual, mystical, social, political, moral, and cosmological wisdom of enormous depth, breadth, and magnitude, later on reflected and elaborated in the works of Imam Ja’afar al-Sadiq, and presented in a condensed, but inter-disciplinary, holistic, and multi-dimensional fashion, in the four volume encyclopedia: Treatises of the Brethren of Purity – a masterpiece work of its kind and on its subject, unparalleled and unprecedented in human history.
“The intellect is what arrives at what is correct through reasoning, and recognizes what has not yet happened through what has already taken place. Use your intellect to understand something when you hear about the intellect that examines, that is, and not just the intellect that repeats what it hears, for surely there are many who repeat the knowledge that they hear, and there are few who examine it.” – Ali (Fourth Caliph)
At the moment, Iran is confronted with two kinds of dilemma: (1) First, it is not acceptable to the Sunnis, who form a majority part of the Muslim world, due to its being a Shia community affiliated to Ali and his family and descendants as a spiritual hierarchy, and (2) Second, it is regarded by the West as a community conservative to the extent of being extremists and hardliners, despite the fact that the actual reality is quite the opposite.
Throughout history of the Muslims, after the assassination of Imam Ali, and martyrdom of his son Imam Hussain through evil intrigues and maneuverings of the Umayyad autocratic and despotic rulers Amir Mu’awia and his son Yazid respectively, the close companions and followers of Imam Ali known as Shias on that ground were persecuted, oppressed, suppressed, brutally killed, and banished so much so that they were not in position to show their identity for fears of further persecution and elimination. Logically and naturally under these adverse and hostile conditions and environs, they receded and went underground for centuries. Since they could not afford further persecution to the extent of elimination of their identity, they were forced and compelled to retain their Shia identity by hook and crook. It was this state of affairs, which naturally and logically necessitated a kind of conservativeness on the part of Shias, which may be misunderstood and dubbed as extremism. Iran being a Shia minority within the Sunni majority of the Muslim world has to be conservative, but happily blended with sentiments of compassion and benevolence created by the pathos of the tragedy of Karbala.
“The one who has an intellect longs to be like the righteous people so that he can be of one of them, and he loves them so that he can be united with them in his love, even if he falls short in emulating their actions.” – Ali (fourth Caliph)
Imam Khomaini, who had a keen retrospective insight into, and broad vision of the history of his Shia community, felt an urgent and emergent need to save this community and its culture and civilization from oblivion by resorting to what is normally and commonly designated as Iranian revolution. Despite its apparent and seemingly misleading hardliner show, it has never been, and is a threat to neither West nor East, and nor to fine arts, historico-archeological monuments of any race, creed, religion, and community, and nor to any group or nation on religio-politico-cultural grounds.
“O you who carry knowledge around with you, are you only carrying it around with you? For surely knowledge belongs to him who ever knows and then acts accordingly, so that his action corresponds to his knowledge. There will be a people who will carry knowledge round with them, but it will not pass beyond their shoulders. Their inner most thoughts will contradict what they display in public, and their actions will contradict what they know.” (Imam Ali – the fourth Caliph)
Fortunately, Imam Khomaini’s previous attitude toward America is on its way to liquidation, as Iranian society has entered its second phase of social change dictated by the exegesis of time. Hence, we saw and witnessed this change in the person of President Ali Mohammad Khatami-Aradakhani, a moderate who enjoyed over 70% of popularity by virtue of Pro-Khatami reformist coalition. Later due to changing geo-politics, Iraq crisis, Middle East changing dynamics, global oil and energy needs, and maintaining phases of revolution brought young conservative face – President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, appears as combination of Second / Thirds phase of Iranian revolution as Khatami / Ahmadinejad factors, which would be in position to transform hardliners policies into moderate society. In particular, this time and space put the Iranian society to find the niche of their gradually evaluated real concept of Iranian Islamic democratic system that could bring happy blend between current complex modern ingredients in form of Islamic theocracy and democracy.
“Any one who moves away from the center is not a North star” (Nargis)
A system that is palatable and suitable to Iranian society and matured democratic societies in the oriental and occidental hemispheres of the world.
A political system is the resonance and amplitude of the rhythm of societal values, whereas, good political system is the consonance of these values that produce symmetrical melodies of policies, which are administered through the transmission of the well-composed symphonies of public services and administration under the elected and selected personals of societies living within the boundaries of national and international laws. (Imran Ibad)
Any external interference and intervention in the internal affairs of Iran at this stage would disturb and upset the natural and normal course of change, which Iranian revolution is following and hence it would totally lead to the undoing of the best of what this revolution has brought forth in terms of socio-political structure of tremendous antique cultural values worthy of preservation according to the principles of the law of conservation and unity amidst diversity, as it would be unwise and unjust to interfere in the internal affairs of the inner spiritual, imaginative, and intuitive realm of Great Vatican, which offers another diversity from Christian perspective. So it is high time for international community to develop socio-politico-economico-cultural ties with Iran instead of politico-economico-military segregation and isolation of Iran.
“No one starts a war – rather, no one in his sense ought to do so- without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve by what war….” Clausewitz
Fortunately, there are many political seers and diplomatic sages in the West, especially in America, like Senator Joseph Biden and Madeline Albright and many others, who have an emphatic understanding of Iran’s situations and problems, and have taken bold initiatives to bridge the gulf between US and Iran, and to develop cordial politico-economic relations between the two countries. But these initiatives remained a dream because of the current global situation, the Middle East crisis, and Gulf crisis.
Iranian Quagmire and Conflict Resolution
“What serious-minded men not engaged in the professional business of philosophy most wanted to know is what modifications and abandonments of intellectual inheritance are required by the newer industrial, political, and scientific movements… The task of future philosophy is to clarify men’s ideas as to the social and moral strifes of their own day. Its aim is to become, so far as is humanly possible, an organ for dealing with these conflicts…A catholic and far-sighted theory of the adjustment of the conflicting factors of life is philosophy.”
This complex, complicated, sensitive, delicate, mysterious, interesting, and intriguing conflict requires special local, national, regional and global positioning at distinct and distinguished vertical and horizon vertexes, in order to fathom out as many dimensions, angels, and dynamics to bring sound judgement to resolve conflicting circles that falls directly within the domain and jurisdictions on current US-Iranian Conflict. This conflict also requires revolutionary and evolutionary reactionary elements on both the sides to move in harmony on one end, while evolution – creation compounds to move in cohesion for the sake of unity amidst diversity amidst unity - Developing health bio-chemistry within the bounds of religio-spiritio-historico-philosophico-socio-politico-economico-military-education-legla-cultural arenas that are directly and indirectly related to all fellow human beings, who are sharing same blue and green planet for ages. While some ages were known and still few ages are unknown to majority of rational as well as faithful mind and heart living in this world of 21st century – information and communication age.
“Not perfection as a final goal, but the ever-enduring process of perfecting, maturing, refining, is the aim in living… The bad man is the man who, no matter how good he has been, is beginning to deteriorate, to grow less good. The good man is the man who, no matter how morally unworthy he has been, is moving to become better. Such a conception makes one severe in judging himself and humane in judging others.” (John Dewey)
Given this background and perspective, Iran is in dire need of coming out of the atmosphere of misunderstanding and misgivings spread here and there about her policies and stands, especially in America and her allies due to lack of communication and gulf of polarization in all vital public and private sectors, society and community interacting grounds, and last but not least national and international forums for government-to-government interaction and initiating good inter and intra / national and international public policies, services, affairs, and administration that could facilitate policies, strategies, tactics, and techniques for taking Iran and US in particular out of imminent global conflict through comprehensive individual and collective WILLS. While neighboring countries and regional powers in general can provide timely assistance wisely, in order to diffuse the situation for the sake of regional and international peace, stability, security, and prosperity.
"I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to Him, and not to the priests." - Thomas Jefferson
Due to some misgivings Iran has been unjustly placed in “Patterns of Extremism” – a notion based also on the fact of linguistic barriers that prevent men of one culture to probe the inner beauty, goodness, excellence, sublimity, and magic of another culture. Amongst these misgivings is the perception spread in some significant parts of the world, especially in the western hemisphere about some current significant socio-political segments in Iran as central bunker for terrorism in the Middle East and blockade for the road to democracy. In order to dispel these misgivings, it would be very wise to consult and employ a joint body of orientalists and occidentalists, especially experts in Iranian civilization and culture to bridge the gap of lack of communication and barrier of language, and play a role of liaison in bringing America and Europe in rapport with Iran. Furthermore, this body should find ways and means to initiate and develop a series of dialogues between US and Iran for the sake of maintaining logical understanding of regional strategic balance of power between pre-emptive and strategy of deterrence (defensive with limited offensive capability) doctrines between two sovereign nations and cultures as mandatory steps to avoid as well as contain any future aggression / transgression in thinking, intentions, and actions by any sides. In other words, keeping both sides cool by confidence building measures is indispensable in this arena.
“To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without battle (fighting)”. – Sun Tzu
As in the light of pre and post 9-11 era / Cold war – Campaign against Terrorism, the US-Iran Crisis has all the potential to grow into a mature international conflict being currently seen through the prism of nuclear subject. This prevailing perception divides into two main perspectives that are in dire need of building bridges over two opposing thoughts of philosophical in nature at Iranian and US national stand point in particular, and rest of the world being as witness as well as participants to deal with this delicate theater of threats, fears, concerns, and apprehension due to misunderstanding and miscommunication. Any further delay to resolve this crisis may gradually and consistently warm-up immediate theater of conflicts carrying different and distinct spheres, circles and subjects carrying distinguish and distinct measurements. US-Iran crisis needs far-sightedness and insightfulness approach that could visualize future regional and international paradigm shift, which historically and philosophically comes after ages.
“They possess free will and compulsion besides,
As in oyster shells raindrop becomes pearls.
Outside the shell they are raindrops, great and small;
Inside they are precious pearls, big and little.
These men also resemble the musk deer’s bag;
Outside it is blood, but inside pure musk.”
Iran on one hand, desires to acquire nuclear technology for national energy needs. Hence automatically, genuinely and logically connecting to philosophical offshoots, which are of geo-socio-politico-economico-military-culture in nature.
On the other hand, US and EU as leading world voice with politico-diplomatic supportive voice along with tacit / indirect support from China and Russia in particular and few countries in South East Asia, Middle East, Far East Asia in general [which can be termed as ‘Genuine Force Factor’ to Bridge over the gulf between Iran and US (along with her allies)’ during, immediate, and after the inevitable long-term regional and international conflict of complex and complicated circles of conflict} through the forum of IAEA and UN Security Council trying to acquire clarity of nuclear subject that doesn’t pose apprehension, concerns, and threats to the American strategic interests and efforts in particular and her allies in general to achieve multiple objectives on war against terrorism – Operation Enduring Freedom as outlines in direct, indirect, and supportive comparative respective doctrines, policies, strategies, tactics, and techniques under the ‘Rule of Law’, ‘International Laws’, and respective ‘constitutional Laws’ through retrospective political views, values, and apprehensions.
“If we decide to do this thing, I know we can do it successfully. And there's no doubt in my mind that the whole world hangs in the balance.” George C. Marshall
To pin point, all the above deductions have put US and Iran face to face as two concepts of democratic system struggling to understand better each other socio-psychological-cultural factors of respective diverse societies carrying sound philosophical foundations and existence.
“A fanatic is one who can’t change his mind and won’t change the subject.” – Winston Churchill
Keeping in view all vital tracks of current global movement, while evaluating and considering current comparative oriental and occidental public opinions, national and international perspectives, and comparative doctrinal apprehensions since pre and post 9-11 and cold war in the light of ‘Comparative Rule of Law’; We, however, humbly put forward the following recommendations to be considered by the government and people of Iran, US, and international community (leading countries such as: United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, India, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordon, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, UAE, etc) to finally dispel once for all the climate of misunderstanding and misgivings spread about her within and without the Islamic world in particular and regional / international community in general.
2.Iran is advised to present its Middle East Peace Plan more elaborate, comprehensive, and promising than Saudi peace plan.
3.Iran has every right to support its pro-faith elements in the world. What is needed at this moment is to gradually change the mode of her support so as to bring it at par with international norms and standards of rationality, legality, and morality.
4.It would be further advisable for Iran that as Saudi government in her peace plan has tacitly and implicitly recognized Israeli community’s right to existence and survival, so Iran should experience no difficulty in normalizing her relations with that community.
5.If Iran overcomes her difficulties in developing good relations with America, then her energy needs and potential can be exploited well to the benefit of her native community, especially by assisting in resolving the current global energy crisis. In a nutshell, Iran needs a penta-angular relationship with Russia, China, America, Europe, and the Arab world in the areas of cooperation and collaboration related to regional peace, stability, security, and prosperity through mutual interaction at symposia, seminars, conferences, workshops, and educational programs. Initially, bringing conformity on Washington-Tehran-TelAviv-Moscow-Beijing-London-Paris-Berlin-Kabul-Islamabad-Dehli axis is mandatory to dispel US-Iranian conflict that has all the potential to become the leading conflict of the first quarter of 21st century, which can alter the regional and international frontiers and composition forever.
6.During the current Middle East issue and Iraqi crisis, Iran should explore ways and means to remove climate of polarization, miscommunication, and misunderstanding between her and America through restoring necessary positive diplomatic, socio-political relations with US as a bridge of building mutual trust and confidence, which would save much time, energy, and resources of both the countries that are otherwise spent as a result of this polarization. Iran as a leading member of OIC can play a leadership role in presenting and projecting the real spirit of Islamic culture and civilization as a great pacifist and knowledge inspiring force operative to bring peace, security, and prosperity to all humans in the most scientific, liberal, and humanistic way to the world, in collaboration with other leading countries and thinkers having written on Islam in the same vein and spirit– all this according to Iran’s best traditions of poetico-mystic vision, imagination, and intuition characteristic of her culture, and so much required by ailing, wailing, and suffering humans.
7.In this process of normalization, Iran needs to develop relations of cordiality, trust, and confidence with the Arab world, and for that she has to review and revise her policies, both theoretical and practical, over the disputes related to boundary lines demarcation between her and UAE, as a show of goodwill gesture to her immediate and remote neighbors, which would be certainly and surely reciprocated by positive response on the part of the Gulf States. This move would ultimately lead to de-militarization of the region, resulting -in turn- into enabling the region to act and play its role as a center of excellence in the field of business and industrial projects.
8.Iran has plenty of influence in Iraq through religious, historical, social, political economical and cultural sources and resources. On the other hand, US as well as the Arab and non-Arab allies may put their entire efforts to bring stability in Iraq during her current conflict. Due to strong opposing forces of diverse natures within the Arab / Islamic world, and due to deep clash of perspectives, reasoning, thinking, intentions, logic, and sentiments - the gulf among some nations, communities, societies, regions, and cultures is widening every day. Therefore, Iran due to her vast knowledge and leading role in the geo-socio-politico-economico-cultural areas, and her vast understanding of frontiers of delicate, complicated, complex, sensitive, intricate but mysterious, beautiful, and mystical part of this unique world region is needed to put all real efforts to establish and maintain direct diplomatico-socio-politico-economico—cultural-security ties with US and her allies during their sojourn for logically right philosophical efforts under ‘Rule of Law’ to establish timely effective, positive, and constructive democratic bridge for the sake of avoiding any grave global conflict of adverse consequences worst than Iraqi crisis in the significant part of humanity carrying asymmetrical shape of symmetrical pattern.
9.Iran is considered as a community of Ulemas (religious dignitaries and priests); it is a Muslim Vatican of spirituality and a valuable museum of antique Islamic values taken and understood in their inter-disciplinary, holistic, and multi-dimensional aspects in active inter-faith dialogue with other religions as envisioned by John Gordak in his world renown book on Imam Ali: “The Voice of Human Justice”. These Ulemas by virtue of their Platonic adherence to the trio of spirituality, rationality, and morality can build bridges of understanding, communication, and interaction with international community. They are sincerely advised not to repeat the mistakes made by the extremism of Wahhabism, and its by product: Talibanism.
“You yourself say that belief in God…has kept some men from crime; this alone suffices me. When this belief prevents even ten assassinations, ten calumnies, I hold that all the world should embrace it. Religion, you say, has produced countless misfortune; say rather the superstition which reigns on our unhappy globe. This is the cruelest enemy of the pure worship due to the Supreme Being. Let us detest this monster which has always torn the bosom of its mother; those who combat it are the benefactors of the human race; it is a serpent which chokes religion in its embrace; we must crush its head without wounding the mother whom it devour.” (Voltaire)
In a nutshell, Iran as community of enlightened, open hearted and broad minded Ulemas, moderates, and promising youth – all forming a trio of highly civilized, cultured, and polite community, can easily become a bridge for peace, stability, security and prosperity through her penta-angular relations with Russia, China, Europe, America, and the Arabs, with potential and capability to play as a self-sufficient cultural center of excellence through her projection and symbolization of the principles of Unity amidst Diversity, and Diversity amidst Unity.
“What one human being can be to another is not a very great deal; in the end everyone stands alone; and the important thing is, who it is that stands alone…The happiness which we receive from ourselves is greater than that which we obtain from our surroundings…The world in which a man lives shapes itself chiefly by the way in which he looks at it…Since everything which exists or happens for a man exists only in his consciousness, and happens for him alone, the most essential thing for a man is the constitution of his consciousness…Therefore it is with great truth that Aristotle says, “To be happy means to be self-sufficient.”
In conclusion, every civilization finds it necessary for its survival to adopt the policy of adhering to the quadruplet of mutual accommodation, adjustment, adaptation, and assimilation by entering into a process of negotiations and concessions to make its values more palatable to the outsiders. It should be borne in mind that each and every civilization and culture is a museum of human values, wisdom, and knowledge worthy of being preserved at all costs.
Therefore, in post cold war / 9-11 eras, it is important for the oriental and occidental civilizations in general and US-Iran-Euro-Russia-Sino-Indo-Islamic world in particular to share their common values and cultural heritage through mutual dialogues, conferences, symposia, meetings, forums, seminars, and visits, and thus build an atmosphere of mutual trust and confidence for the sake of peaceful co-existence of all civilizations. Let us consider this globe of ours as a huge museum, which we should never make any mistake to damage by waging unnecessary and irrational modes of war in the name of fighting terrorism. Otherwise, fighting terrorism would become another form of terrorism and it would be like asking peace from the hell.
If common values are not easily recognizable by virtue of barrier of language and lack of cultural communication, then we have to resort back to consult the world renown and qualified body of orientalists and occidentalists who have already contributed to the mutual understanding between east and west for locating good Laws in Reasoning and Faith that could protect the civilizations at large.
While trying to bring enemies of humanity, cultures, civilizations, art monuments of the antique world, museums, libraries, and archeologico-architectural wonders to justice, it should be borne in mind that this endeavor is required more than to killing human generation and damaging natural and man-made environment by coercive methods of using weapons instead of pen in the hands of the joint body of orientalists and occidentalists and well-wishers of east and west, and instead of logical, philosophical, and scientific methods of dialogue and persuasion. Let me illustrate my point by referring to the example wild beast of jungle such as falcons, snakes, tigers, lions, crocodiles, and sharks, if these are liable to be tamed by wise and rational methods of communication, then humans are far more susceptible to rational suggestions and logical maneuverings. This is the point which the Koran brings home by saying: “Repel evil by a method, which is the most beautiful and balanced one. And lo! The person between whom and you there is enmity would become your bosom friend.”
But if politic-military options are used as the only option available on the table to resolve issues and conflicts, then it is bitter fact of history that military solution breeds militancy, further aggravates terrorist activities, and exposes the agents to an atmosphere of insecurity and fear every where as it is evident from our current experiences since 9-11 era. We should take it into consideration that before the collapse of the ex-Soviet Union and US-Iraq two wars, America was received globally as a torch bearer of human rights, liberty, freedom, and respect for human cultures and civilizations, and one of the most innovative and creative civilization of humanity. But now the public opinion all over the world has taken a U-turn, which is not a good omen for the future of American people and rest of the world.
If the current campaign is against global terrorism in the real sense of the term, that is, to protect human values, civilizations, and cultures then it requires efforts of diverse nature. For the sake of this campaign going on against terrorism, it is very much necessary to insure that it should not be let become another form of terrorism creating a gloomy atmosphere of phobias, fears, psychosis, and neurosis at regional and international levels. But it should remain within the limits of rationality and logicality, apart from considering the US methodology of Clear-Hold-Build strategy to win over nonnegotiable demands imposed by elements considered to be detrimental to the broader, universally, and internationally agreed concepts of global peace, security, stability, and prosperity. But the art of global and regional conflict resolution also requires an evolution process that well-defines the articles and parts in conflict, and with the passage of time brings gradual and consistent methods, ways and means that could diffuse the undesirable situations amicably with the strength that could bring harmony within those articles and parts moving in conflict, even to the extend of adopting the motto: ‘forget and forgive from heart and mind,’ while also putting an effort to bring ‘center of gravity’ before the court of Sound Reasoning that enunciates atmosphere of justice for all for the sake of the betterment of Humanity and for the sake of the happy and bright future of humanity both distant and far-distant.
Imran Ibad is writer and author of Science and Art of Global Conflict Resolution and Crisis Management – A Sociological Philosophy of Global Policies, Strategies and Tactics for Peace. He is expert in developing strategic research papers and designing international projects. | <urn:uuid:01d74836-d176-45e5-a8df-91c0205040bd> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=111_0_1_15_M1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00395-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948605 | 7,380 | 2.546875 | 3 |
On August 25, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality finalized the adoption of Alternative Language Notice in the public input process for air, water, and waste permits. The new rule will remove historical language barriers and allow more communities to voice their concerns regarding oil, gas, and petrochemical projects in the state.
Additionally, Spanish, Vietnamese, and other dominant language-speaking communities throughout Texas will now have the opportunity to understand and identify the potential hazardous projects entering each community in their own languages.
Migrant communities will have access to plain language summaries as well. In Texas, communities in small rural towns through those in large urban areas will have access to non-technical summaries of projects requesting permits in their area. These populations will also receive proper 30-day notice of harmful projects.
The adoption of Alternative Language Notice is key in creating change in environmental justice communities. It reduces harm and helps these communities toward creating a path of reducing the multigenerational damage created in years prior. | <urn:uuid:88a64ef3-3d7d-4fe4-87b1-54087c0fb3a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://seaturtles.org/new-rule-makes-public-input-process-more-inclusive-for-texas-permits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103920118.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701034437-20220701064437-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.933703 | 199 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Coffee Pot Railway
The story of Knysna's beloved narrow-gauge railway (1907 - 1949) - with actual footage of the train in action!
Getting the timber from the forests to Knysna was almost impossibly difficult in Knysna in the 19th Century - so the locals clubbed together and built themselves a railway.
Or that’s how the legend goes.
The actual story is far more nuanced, of course.
Officially the South Western Railway Co. Ltd., the Coffee Pot was the nickname given to the locomotives with their cone-shaped chimneys that puffed along a narrow-gauge line that ran from the government wharf (commonly known as Thesen's Jetty) on Thesen Island, via the present-day suburbs of Costa Sarda and Old Place (alongside the Knysna Lagoon) and up to Brackenhill and Deep Walls (Diepwalle) in the Knysna forests.
The line was built in terms of an act of the Cape Colonial Government: the South Western Railway Co. Ltd. Act. (Act No. 16 of 1904), which provided a subsidy of £800 per mile for the construction, and stipulated various conditions - the gauge (2 feet or 600 millimetres), and the quality of the construction materials had to be equal to that of the Government’s own narrow gauge lines, for example.
The company's directors included local businessmen - the saw millers C.W. Thesen (who served as its chairperson for a thirty-five years) and George Parkes, for example - who realised that ox-wagons (and Parke's own steam-driven tractor - which tended to get stuck in the mud on rainy days) - couldn't meet the demand for timber.
Construction began in 1904, and the line was opened in 1907, with three Orenstein & Köppel side-tank locomotives (0-4-0, 0-6-0 and 0-8-0) providing the motive power. A fourth, British-built model added in 1930. These locos and their rolling stock were capable of carrying up to 70 tons of timber.
The timetable included three stops in the forest - at Bracken Hill, Parkes Station, and Templeman's Station (at Diepwalle) - but with maximum speed of only about 6 miles per hour (9.6 km/h), the whole affair was so relaxed that locals often rode the train the into the forest just for fun.
On one occassion, the driver, Tom Kennet, offered a lift to a washerwoman who was walking along next to the tracks, carrying a heavy load.
“No thank you," she said. "I’m in a hurry today!”
Mr. Kennet was a happy and friendly man who loved stopping to allow his passengers to admire the view, or to pick flowers on the wayside - and he might sometimes have to stop, too, to remove trees that had been pushed onto the line the famous Knysna Elephants.
According to one local resident, Leighton Julyan, “The daily schedule for each weekday was for the train to depart from Knysna at 08:30 am and to branch off from The Siding to Brackenhill where it would arrive at about 11:00 am and leave ten minutes later for The Siding from where it would arrive at Deep Walls at about 1.00 pm. At Deep Walls the locomotive would be turned around on the three-point switch and would then return with a diversion to Brackenhill, arriving in Knysna at about 5.00 pm. Mr. Kennet, the driver of the train, was a familiar sight at about 5.30 pm in stained overalls and a very greasy cap, carrying his lunch tin, walking up to his house near the upper end of Queen Street.”
The South Western Railway Company, Ltd. never made much of a profit (except during the period of the First and Second World Wars), and it was built late in the day: by the 1930s it was cheaper and more efficient to transport by motor-lorries.
The company was eventually forced it to close in 1949, the tracks were lifted, and the locos and most of the wagons were sold and mover to a sugar cane company in the present-day KwaZulu-Natal Province.
All that remains of the Coffee Pot today are a few pieces of railway line embedded into the concrete of Thesen's Wharf - but you can follow part of its journey at the Templeman Station stop on the Garden Route National Park's 'Rooted in Time' self-drive tour. Download .pdf map and brochure here
Please download these well-researched documents that, together, tell a complete history of Knysna's beloved little forest railway:
- Margaret Parkes & V.M. Williams: two articles from the 'Millwood House Museum' newsletter (No. 36, November 1990, an No. 37, February 1991) Download pdf. here
- Allen Duff: ‘Knysna’s South Western Railway’s Branch Line.’ Download pdf. here
Wikipedia: South Western Railway
Wikipedia: Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa | <urn:uuid:01a82d40-a352-4eb9-9a49-c28f8108d987> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/the-coffee-pot-railway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521987.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120182259-20210120212259-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.968381 | 1,117 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Getting ready for kindergarten is fun and exciting. The four year olds are getting filled with new knowledge that will help them excel in kindergarten as they begin recognizing and writing their name.
Pre-Kindergarten is designed to help children prepare for the next learning stages through a safe and nurturing environment. Some concepts that are important for these children are listening skills, following directions, and social interaction.
Ms. Rachel and Ms. Piper and Ms. Michelle help the children learn problem-solving skills and negotiation through positive role playing. The teachers also model the importance of taking turns, sharing, and being responsible for one's actions and behavior by making good choices.
The four year old room is divided into centers where the children can have independent learning time as well as peer interaction. These centers include kitchen/dramatic play, block, computer, science, math, art, and literature which includes audio books.
The children enjoy daily circle time where they discuss the current weather, what day is today, what day was yesterday, and what tomorrow will be. The children also discuss what month it is and how many days are in the month. The children practice counting to 30 daily and speaking in Spanish. Circle time also includes reading books and acting out plays or dramatic events.
Each day the children are given time to be creative in art with paints, crayons, markers, recyclable items, clay, play dough, and other mediums that they can use to express themselves. | <urn:uuid:74bdb207-19ba-4998-b066-551f07c34803> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.americanchildinc.org/Fours.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00379-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969837 | 301 | 3.875 | 4 |
The Hungarian Forint’s Centuries of History
Posted on 1/22/2020
The Hungarian Forint has played a prominent role in the economy and history of the country and much of Europe for more than 700 years.
In fact, the Hungarian name comes from the Italian words fiorino d’oro, which translate to gold florin, the first gold coin struck in Europe.
These coins, which originated from Florence, Italy, became important to European trade as countries adopted it and struck their own Florins. Most of the coins were struck with gold from Hungary, where King Charles I, who ruled from 1308 to 1342, established the mines that provided most of the gold for all of Europe. Its supply of gold made Hungary, which started minting its own gold Forint in 1325, an important power in Europe for centuries.
The Forint was used in some form in Hungary even when parts of the country succumbed to different powers.
In 1754, the entire country came under the rule of the House of Austria. In 1867, in the aftermath of the Prussian War, Hungary became Austria-Hungary. But the Forint was used until 1892, when the new country was switched to the Austro-Hungarian Krone.
The Austro-Hungarian Krone was used from 1892 to 1918, when World War I resulted in the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. Hungary created a new Hungarian Korona but in the war’s aftermath severe inflation forced Hungary in 1927 to convert the Korona to the Pengő at a ratio of 12,500 to 1.
|Hungary began minting its own gold coin Forints in 1325 and continued using
the currency until 1892. It resumed using the currency in 1946.
Click image to enlarge.
The Pengő remained Hungary’s currency until after World War II when inflation again destroyed Hungary’s currency. But this time its effects were even more devastating: The Pengő’s hyperinflation topped out at a rate of 150,000 percent per day.
This inflation made it impossible to collect taxes, because collections were worth nothing the next day. Hungary adjusted its currency to display the Pengő with fewer zeros by issuing Milpengős, which were equivalent to 1 million pengős. The final Pengős series, called the B.-Pengő, indicated 1 trillion pengős. The largest note Hungary issued was for 100,000,000 B.-Pengős, or 100 quintillion Pengős.
In 1946, Hungary changed its currency back to the Forint. The exchange rate was 4 x 1029 to 1 Forint. Hungary still holds the record for the highest currency inflation.
|The largest note Hungary issued was for 100,000,000 B-Pengos,
or 100 quintillion Pengos.
Click image to enlarge.
The Forint has remained Hungary’s currency since 1946 and has proven to be much more stable than past currencies. Hungary’s Forint was even able to stay relatively stable though the country’s transition from Soviet influence in the late 20th Century.
Hungary joined the European Union in 2004. One of the steps necessary to become a full member of the union is to change its currency to the Euro. But although Hungary has said it plans to change its currency, it has not yet met certain criteria necessary to adopt the currency. Hungary’s government does not seem to be pursuing the change and has no definitive timeline for its adoption.
Considering Hungary’s history of inflation, the hesitation to switch from the Forint is perhaps understandable. | <urn:uuid:4165d05e-ac93-4329-8ea3-ea01425294bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/8051/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146341.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226084902-20200226114902-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.962841 | 771 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Muslim perspective of the crusades.
Jerusalem is important to the muslims because in their religious cause it was a sacred place for them because all these important figures in all religions, and that is why they all fought for jerusalem.
The reason of the crusade muslims is because we took it as an offensive war between us muslims and the christians when they attacked the islamic states. According to www.answer wiki.com
"One of the effects that the crusades had on the muslims were that it united them against the crusaders." According to www.answer wiki.com
"the muslim leader spared the lives any of the remaining christians that lived in jerusalem" according to www.answer wiki.com | <urn:uuid:e35102ea-4d9f-4845-9d7e-50c342c9b6d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://tackk.com/kbsasg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103891.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817170613-20170817190613-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.972283 | 156 | 3.125 | 3 |
People seek out injections of Botox, also known as botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, for a number of reasons, from cosmetic enhancement to migraine treatment.
It is known for providing temporary relief of overactive muscles through its promotion of paralysis both long-term and local. However, recent research shows that the toxin can escape the initial injection area and travel in the central nervous system.
A quick summary about Botox
Botox is derived from the bacteria responsible for botulism. There are different types of Botox specified by the classifications of letters A through G.
Botox has been used in more than 11 million cosmetic procedures since 2002. The toxin is injected into the tissue, and once there, it latches onto nerve endings blocking the muscle-contracting chemical known as acetylcholine.
Botox has been used to treat many medical conditions, as well as for cosmetic purposes. Some of the conditions it has been used for include chronic migraine, crossed eyes, profuse sweating, overactive bladder problems, and other muscle issues. The effects of Botox can last as long as three to ten months depending on the circumstances of the condition being treated.
Known possible side effects of Botox injections include headaches, itching, bruising, and pain.
Hijacking the nervous system
These findings came to light in a collaborative study by scientists from the University of Queensland (UQ) Brain Institute, the UQ Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the UQ School of Chemical Engineering, Australia’s national science agency CSIRO, and teams from the U.S., France, and the U.K.
“The discovery that some of the injected toxin can travel through our nerves is worrying, considering the extreme potency of the toxin,” said Professor Frederic Meunier, laboratory leader of the UQ Brain Institute.
No side effects have been identified yet
“While no side effects of using Botox medically have been found yet, finding out how this highly active toxin travels to the central nervous system is vital because this pathway is also hijacked by other pathogens such as West Nile or rabies viruses. A detailed understanding of this pathway is likely to lead to new treatments for some of these diseases,” said Meunier.
“For the first time, we’ve been able to visualize single molecules of Botulinum toxin traveling at high speed through our nerves,” said Tong Wang, a postdoctoral research fellow in Meunier’s lab. “We found that some of the active toxins manage to escape this route and intoxicate neighboring cells, so we need to investigate this further and find out how.”
Toxin equals poison
Though there have not been side effects identified with the travel of Botox into the central nervous system, it is still a toxin. Rather than add unnecessary poison to your body, consider alternative methods for anti-aging, as well as for the treatment of migraines.
—The Alternative Daily | <urn:uuid:b7993935-76df-47ee-9ed4-b2833063cad7> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.thealternativedaily.com/botox-dangers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348521325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606222233-20200607012233-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.926777 | 616 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Date: 02/26/2001 at 11:00:26 From: Morrill Subject: Quadrinomial My student is doing a research project for class and her word is "quadrinomial." She would like some information from you. She could not find any reference to it in the archives. If she is not entering the correct keyword, please let us know. What is a quadrinomial and how is it used?
Date: 02/26/2001 at 12:07:57 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Quadrinomial Hi! I've never seen the word, and it's not in my dictionary, but I can figure out what it has to mean. A "polynomial" in algebra is an expression consisting of a sum of terms, each of which is the product of some number and a power of one or more variables. A "monomial" is a polynomial with one term; a binomial and trinomial have two and three terms. So a "quadrinomial" would be a polynomial with four terms. To find more about this, you'll want to look up "polynomial." I'm not surprised that the word isn't in our archives, because it isn't used often. A Google search revealed a number of references to the word, including several like this one: For What It's Worth - Educational Standards http://www.execpc.com/~jfish/fwiw/fwiw0061.txt An example of a "homogeneous quadrinomial of the third degree," referred to there, is x^3 + 3x^2 y + 4x y^2 + 5y^3 where ^ indicates an exponent. This consists of four terms (quadrinomial), each of which is the product of a constant and three variables (homogenous, third degree). - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2015 The Math Forum | <urn:uuid:d0948c10-aef4-4b21-970a-5b438436e7a1> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/56433.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982935857.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200855-00178-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936605 | 419 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In today’s modern world where mobile gadgets are a trend, the rate of cyber bullying has increased. What is cyberbullying? What does cyberbullying mean? Cyber bullying is the act of tormenting, harassing, or threatening a young person using modern technology, commonly the Internet and mobile phones. Usually, minors are involved – either the bully or the victim is a minor. In cases when adults are involved, it can turn into cyber stalking or cyber-harassment.
Cyber bullying is also different from sexual exploitation. For instance, if an adult contacts a minor and lures the minor to meet somewhere off the Internet, it is not a form of cyber bullying, but rather sexual exploitation. However, most minors that do cyber bullying usually invite sexual predators, especially if the cyber bullying campaign involves posting nasty or lewd photos of the victim online.
There are different methods of cyber bullying but they are usually limited only to the bully’s imagination. In addition, cyber bullying does not mean that the bully remains to be the bully. Sometimes, the bully can also become the victim. With cyber bullying, the roles can be reversed.
The Worst That Could Happen
The worst thing that could happen during cyber bullying campaigns involves killing. Some children have resorted to killing their tormentors or even have committed suicide just to escape the emotional consequences of the act. The act itself is not a one-time thing unless threats of physical harm are involved. Kids will know that cyber bullying is taking place. On the other hand, parents may worry about their children when they start cursing. This tends to make them worry more than understanding the real effects on their kids.
What Happens to the Cyber Bully?
Cyber bullying can escalate to a charge known as a misdemeanour cyber harassment charge. If the bully is too young to be charged, he or she can be charged as a juvenile delinquent. In most cases, acts of cyber bullying do not go so far, but there are parents who will push through with criminal charges. What does cyber bullying mean for the bully then? This would only mean that the bully will lose his social media account because he or she has violated the terms of service of the chosen social media site. If identity theft or hacking is involved, it can be treated as a crime by the law.
Cyber Bullying and Schools
When schools want to take part against cyber bullying through policies and disciplines set for students during off-campus hours, they could face the possibility of being sued for violating the student’s right to free speech. Sadly, these schools often lose the battle.
Schools can be great mediators who encourage parents to be involved against cyber bullying. A school can be the perfect place where education about laws on cyber bullying starts. If a school knows how to fight back and make their stand against cyber bullying, they can still avoid losing a legal battle. It is recommended for schools to let people know about their policy against cyber bullying and for them to make it known that they have the right to discipline students who start cyber bullying campaigns even during off-campus hours.
When thinking about cyberbullying what is it about, what causes cyberbullying and why it still exists, the reasons can be plentiful.
- Plot for Revenge. Cyber bullying can happen as a plot to take revenge on someone. What does cyberbullying mean to victims? Kids who are victims of bullies will always have the desire to fight back. Most of the time, they feel that fighting back is justified because they have experienced being harassed. By cyber bullying other kids, they can feel a sense of contentment and relief from the torment they have experienced. Cyber bullying is rather convenient for them and these kids can even target the bully directly. There are also times when kids target the weak and vulnerable. Motives can vary from one bully to another. For this reason, there is no specific approach to the tackle the incident.
- Bullying Out of Boredom. If boredom strikes, cyber bullying can take place. As unfortunate as it may seem, kids do find entertainment from doing these things. They may also do the act because they want to seek attention mostly from their parents. Because the Internet is the most readily available tool to seek that form of entertainment, cyber bullying happens.
- The Deserving Victim. Cyber bullying may start based on the victim’s social status in school. For instance, a group of girls want to see one particular girl suffer because she may be too bossy when around other students. Alternately, it could also be that a mean girl simply wants to bully a particular student who seems to be doing an excellent job in class. Whatever their motives may be, kids sometimes believe that cyber bullying is just right for some people and that they deserve being the victim. What is worse is that these bullies will not even feel guilty by bullying someone over the Internet especially if they believe that the victim deserves it.
- Confidence Over Not Getting Caught. The Internet can indeed provide anonymity, but this is only a false sense of security that kids get. Many kids strongly believe that posting abusive comments or content online is easy get away with. A cyber bully can simply start a rumour and everything can start spreading rapidly while he or she sits comfortably watching how the situation progress. However, cyber bullies should be aware that the act can be traced. This is especially true when the victim is serious about pushing through with further investigation.
- Feeling of Superiority. Kids with coveted social statuses are more likely to pick on kids with inferior ones. They easily turn to the Internet to make these kids suffer by spreading nasty rumours and even bring down other kids through cyber bullying. There are also kids who hunger for social status and resort to cyber bullying just to get the attention that they have been longing for. It could also be that these “weaker” kids choose to cyber bully just to bring down someone who has already achieved a higher social status.
What Makes Cyber Bullying Different?
Kids who experience cyber bullying are also victims in person. In addition, kids who are being cyber bullied may also find it difficult to escape the incident. Cyber bullying is different from the standard type of bullying in the schoolyard whereas the former can happen at any time of the day, week, or month.
Cyber bullying campaigns are easily spread and can also be posted anonymously as well as reach a wider audience very quickly. Sometimes, it can be challenging to track the source unless the authorities are involved. While choosing to delete inappropriate messages or online content may be possible, it can be difficult to take it down once it goes viral and has reached thousands of viewers.
It is important to have the basic knowledge on what to do about cyber bullying. The first vital step is to educate young kids on the possible consequences of being a cyber bully such as losing access to the Internet or having their social media accounts closed. It also helps to teach children more about the value of respect towards others. The victims should also be taught on how to positively take a stand against the behaviour.
What To Do About Cyberbullying
Parents should be a kid’s refuge especially when something as horrible as cyber bullying takes place. This does not only apply to online bullying but to offline bullying as well. However, the usual scenario is that kids will not turn to their parents if they become a victim of cyber bullying because of one reason – parents have the tendency to overreact to the situation.
Most victims of bullying of any form will choose not to tell, especially their parents, because they fear that by doing so will only make the problems worse. There are also parents who tend to react less to the situation which is unfortunate. These parents do not have the power to at least give their kids some encouragement to stay strong despite such adversity.
What is cyber bullying to parents means that they should always be supportive of their children. A parent may tell their child that it shall pass and it can never hurt them deep enough, but it is likely the opposite will occur. Cyber bullying can have lasting effects especially on the emotional aspect of the victim. It can be a memory that will haunt kids for a long time. Emotional pain in this case is very serious and the last thing a person should do as a parent is to simply brush it off.
Parents should take a stand in the fight against cyber bullying. They should inform the school or a guidance counsellor about any incidence of cyber bullying or even in-school bullying. If things get too out of control, a family counsellor may need to get involved. It is vital for parents to continuously show support for their children and they should emphasize the importance of their kids feeling secure.
Cyber bullying is no joke; kids have died or taken lives because of it. It should be a warning to parents that matters like these should be taken seriously. Parents should also understand that while their children can be victims, they can also take the role of the tormentor. Often, these kids will not even realize that they have already done some form of cyber bullying because they feel that they are committing a justifiable behaviour.
Parents should take action as soon as possible their children is a suspected cyber bully victim before more damage can be done emotionally. Parents should consider two things first before tackling the situation. They should assess their children’s risk for bodily harm and they should know how their children are handling the cyber attacks.
The Value of Education in the Fight Against Cyber Bullying
Education is a powerful tool in preventing cyber attacks as well as dealing with the effects of the behaviour. Education campaigns should be propagated towards young people these days. These kids should know that they can also become cyber bullies without them realizing it; they should know when an act is considered as cyber bullying. More importantly, they should learn how to take responsibility of their actions and realize that any form of bullying – whether offline or online – will never be acceptable and will not go unpunished. Kids these days should be taught how to be sensitive of other people’s feelings.
If kids can understand how bullying can be really emotionally damaging and how the mere power of words can hurt someone, there will be lesser number of children who will want to unite with cyber bullies. These children would think twice about hitting the send button during the contemplation of sending a nasty content about someone. They will think twice about doing something that can hurt others.
It is normal for a young kid to react negatively once he or she sees something nasty posted about him or her. The initial response is to get back at the tormentor – which then makes the victim no different than the tormentor. It is important to teach children to be calm about it and keep their attention away from the hurtful content. Encourage them to do something worthwhile until they eventually find a way to calm down.
Parents and school administrators should learn how to initiate a conversation with a victim in a way that the victim will feel that there is someone out there who is trustworthy. Policies should be well defined so that those who will attempt to commit the act will have the decency to think twice about it.
There are so many campaigns against cyber bullying. Education is valuable to make society safer for all children. Working together to stop cyber bullying means creating an environment that fosters peace and sensitivity towards others. Modern technology should be tools that make things easier and more convenient and not something to be used to hurt or torment other people’s feelings. | <urn:uuid:edaf72d3-e28d-4e90-82c8-fe4d8de21e57> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://nobullying.com/what-is-cyberbullying-in-the-united-kingdom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.968257 | 2,338 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Are you Getting Enough Sleep?
There are many reasons why people don’t sleep well, but a lack of quality sleep can cause numerous issues with health and quality of life. It is important to identify and address the root cause, as many sleep disorders are treatable.
One of the most common yet unrecognized sleep disorders is sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing while they sleep—sometimes as many as hundreds of times per night, and those pauses in breathing can last as long as a minute. The constant interruptions in sleep can cause difficulty with concentration and memory; weight gain; headaches; and other physical and emotional problems.
Dr. Erin Hattan is a board certified Neurologist specializing in sleep disorders for adults and children.
Discuss your possible sleep apnea with your primary care provider, and together you will decide whether a specialist is needed.
LRGHealthcare Sleep Center
Our board certified neurologists and skilled staff are dedicated solely to the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, we evaluate and help manage all sleep disorders, including Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy, Insomnia, Restless Legs Syndrome, and many more. | <urn:uuid:b7f20505-13f3-4587-af82-de01cd427674> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://laconiaclinic.com/specialties/specialty-services/sleep-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.94254 | 241 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In Orthodox Church tradition, Mary of Bethany is honored as a separate individual from Mary Magdalene . Though they are not specifically named as such in the gospels, the Orthodox Church counts Mary and Martha among the Myrrh-bearing Women.
She whom Luke calls the sinful woman , whom John calls Mary , we believe to be the Mary from whom seven devils were ejected according to Mark. There it was—the woman of the “ alabaster jar ” named by the pope himself as Mary of Magdala.
The fifteenth-century Easter hymn “O filii et filiae” refers to three women going to the tomb on Easter morning to anoint the body of Jesus. The original Latin version of the hymn identifies the women as Mary Magdalene (Maria Magdalene), Mary of Joseph (et Iacobi), and Salome (et Salome).
Mary broke the alabaster box so she could not use it for anything else. Had she only taken the lid off, it could have been used for something else or she might have been tempted not to pour out all of the perfume; in her breaking the box , she made a complete sacrifice.
Here a dinner was given in Jesus ‘ honor. Martha served, while Lazarus was among those reclining at the table with him. Then Mary took about a pint of pure nard, an expensive perfume; she poured it on Jesus ‘ feet and wiped his feet with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume.
According to the Gospel of Luke: As Jesus and his disciples were on their way, he came to a village where a woman named Martha opened her home to him. She had a sister called Mary, who sat at the Lord’s feet listening to what he said.
Mary Magdalene as trusted disciple For its part, the Bible gave no hint that Mary Magdalene was Jesus’s wife . None of the four canonical gospels suggests that sort of relationship, even though they list the women who travel with Jesus and in some cases include their husbands’ names.
Mary Magdalene’s life after the Gospel accounts. According to Eastern tradition, she accompanied St. John the Apostle to Ephesus, where she died and was buried. John the Evangelist to Ephesus (near modern Selçuk, Turkey), where she died and was buried.
Jesus’ brothers and sisters The Gospel of Mark (6:3) and the Gospel of Matthew (13:55–56) mention James, Joseph /Joses, Judas/Jude and Simon as brothers of Jesus, the son of Mary .
Mark 16 refers to a young man, presumably an angel, sitting on the right side. In Luke two men, identified as angels in Luke 24:23, appear standing next to the women. Those who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible argue that these multiple accounts are explained by Mary making multiple trips to the tomb.
Las Tres Marías, the Three Maries, are the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene , and Mary of Cleofas. They are often depicted at the crucifixion of Jesus Christ or at his tomb.
heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon it. The modern World English Bible translates the passage as: Behold, there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from. the sky, and came and rolled away the stone from the door, and sat on it.
Spikenard, also called nard , nardin, and muskroot, is a class of aromatic amber-colored essential oil derived from Nardostachys jatamansi, a flowering plant in the honeysuckle family which grows in the Himalayas of Nepal, China, and India.
Performed out of affection, the anointment is said by Jesus to have been preparation for his burial. In the New Testament, John describes ” anointing from the Holy One” and “from Him abides in you”. Both this spiritual anointment and literal anointment with oil are usually associated with the Holy Spirit.
While it usually contains a variety of other minerals, alabaster is made up primarily of one main defining mineral. Alabaster is the fine- grained form of the mineral gypsum (calcium sulfate). Marble, especially white marble, is mainly calcite (calcium carbonate). | <urn:uuid:0af71295-fb54-4fbf-beb6-80072278faa5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ccaugusta.org/jesus/which-mary-anointed-jesus-feet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.964739 | 930 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Ever since Edison introduced us to the very first modern, prototypical, electric light bulb in 1879, we have seen everything illuminated by these incandescent bulbs in their Soft White color temperature, measured at 2700K (Degrees Kelvin). The light created by these bulbs has given off a slightly yellowish glow for over 130 years, making the colors in our homes feel warm and cozy the entire time.
Still, this might be nice in bedrooms and living rooms, but what about in a bathroom, kitchen, basement, or garage, where you’re trying to apply the right makeup, prepare food, play ping pong, or repair a bicycle tire? Sometimes, it’s better to have truer, white lights, that show truer colors and more contrasts, with an overall “brighter” feel to them. With the advanced technology of CFLs and LEDs, light bulbs now come in a vast range of color temperatures, providing many options to choose from when lighting the rooms in your home.
The three primary types of color temperature for light bulbs are: Soft White (2700K – 3000K), Bright White/Cool White (3500K – 4100K), and Daylight (5000K – 6500K).
The higher the Degrees Kelvin, the whiter the color temperature. Although the whiter lights will appear “brighter” than those of a lower Kelvin reading, the amount of Lumens (measurement for brightness) does not change, and true brightness is not affected.
Although our eyes have adjusted to the Soft White color temperature of incandescent bulbs over the years, this doesn’t mean that they are necessarily the best option for all lighting applications. For example, because of their warmer color temperature, these soft white lights often pull warmer colors from a room (reds, oranges, etc.), altering the contrasts throughout the space. With that in mind, here are some tips on how to light the different rooms in your home most effectively:
Best for bedrooms and living rooms; providing a traditional warm, cozy feel to them
Best in kitchens, bathrooms or garages; giving rooms a whiter, more energetic feel
Best in bathrooms, kitchens and basements; good for reading, intricate projects, or applying makeup – provides the greatest contrast among colors
The CRI is the measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce colors of various objects compared to an ideal light source such as incandescent (only because it’s what our eyes are used to) or natural light. The scale is from 0-100, and those lights with a CRI closer to 100 have an ability to show truer colors across a wide spectrum. It’s important to consider for some applications, but definitely not for all. For example, it’s very important in a retail store to have lights with a high CRI, so that colors appear as they truly are. Whereas in a factory (CRIs often in the 70s or 80s), or with street lamps (CRIs in the 30s or 40s), color accuracy isn’t nearly as important as the overall amount of light produced; or lamp cost.
Ultimately, the decision is up to you; these are just some tips. The great thing is that there now exists a range of options to choose from, so you can create the look and feel you desire for each and every room in your house. Have fun with it, and stop by a Batteries Plus Bulbs today to learn more about it. Our trained associates will be enthusiastic to guide you through our extensive selection of energy-efficient CFL and LED bulbs!
Save money and your favorite device
We repair broken Apple® devices, including iPads®, iPhones® and iPods®, most Samsung® devices and many more. Plus, we have screen protectors for cell phones and tablets.
In-store services include (among others):
• Cracked Screen Replacement
• Button Replacement
• Camera Repair
• Charge-port Repair
• Headphone-jack Repair
• Speaker Repair
• Battery Installation
• Screen Protector Installation
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Batteries Plus Bulbs is owned by Roark Capital Group, an Atlanta-based private equity firm. Roark invests primarily in consumer and business services companies, with a focus on the franchise, food and restaurant, specialty retail, environmental services, waste management, and business services sectors.
With the opening of the first all-battery retail store in 1988 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Batteries Plus, as the brand was then known, quickly became the uncontested leader in the battery market, differentiated by superior product knowledge, product availability, helpful service and advice. | <urn:uuid:c0f7e329-f1b9-4e3e-b127-94db1a299c78> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://blog.batteriesplus.com/2013/seeing-things-in-a-different-light | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00037-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934906 | 1,034 | 2.75 | 3 |
History, tourist information, and nearby accommodation
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Birthplace of Winston Churchill
One of the great treasure houses of England, Blenheim Palace was a gift from a grateful Queen Anne to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough for his victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. A descendant of the Duke was Winston Churchill, who was born in a small room near the grandiose main entry. An exhibit tells the story of Churchill's life and times.
The interiors are truly magnificent: one of the most ebullient expressions of the Baroque style in England. Designed by John Vanbrugh, and completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, with grounds by Capability Brown. Take your time, there's a lot to take in.
When John Churchill, leader of the English forces in the War of the Spanish Succession, triumphed over the French at Blenheim, in modern Austria, he might have suspected that Queen Anne would offer him some kind of reward.
Surely he could not have foreseen just how generous the monarch would be. Churchill owed his good fortune to his wife Sarah, who was the queen's confident and best friend. Anne made Churchill the 1st Duke of Marlborough and had Blenheim Palace built for him on the former royal manor of Woodstock.
The monarch had Parliament grant £240,000 for the construction of Blenheim, a huge sum in those days. So influential was Marlborough, mainly through the considerable political machinations of his wife, that it was said he was effectively the ruler of the country.
The architect responsible for creating one of the finest stately homes of his or any other age was John Vanbrugh. It was a curious appointment, as Vanbrugh had limited architectural experience, but the results, though not to everyone's tastes, speak for themselves. The Duchess wanted Sir Christopher Wren to take charge of the project, but for once she did not get her way.
The Duke chanced to meet young playwright John Vanbrugh at a playhouse, and, it is said, was so impressed that he offered him the commission on the spot. There is more to the tale than this, for Vanbrugh had already begun the extravagant Castle Howard in Yorkshire, in conjunction with architect Nicholas Hawksmoor. Churchill probably knew of the work at Castle Howard and desired something equally extravagant at Blenheim.
In the park at Blenheim is Fair Rosamund's Well, the supposed site of a house built by Henry II for his mistress, Rosamund de Clifford. Several legends surround Rosamund. One claims that the king built his lover's bower at the centre of a maze, through which he alone knew the path. Another tale claims that Rosamund took her own life, but an alternative version tells that Henry's volatile queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, poisoned her rival for the king's affections.
If that was the case, he got his wish, for Vanbrugh created a lavish building, supremely ornate and very military in bearing. The house was designed to be seen from afar, which may explain something of the immense size and bulk of the edifice, which seems quite overdone up close.
Work did not progress smoothly, however. Political factions in Parliament complained over the cost of the palace and the flamboyance of the design. Sarah Churchill, peeved that her favourite, Wren, had been bypassed for the commission, criticized Vanbrugh's work at every opportunity. Finally, she had Vanbrugh banned from the building site, though the architect snuck back in secret to view progress.
The work of completing Blenheim Palace was left to Nicholas Hawksmoor. When Blenheim was finally opened to the public in 1725 Vanbrugh and his wife attempted to view the palace but they were refused entry. So controversial was Vanbrugh's design that, far from making his name, he received few other commissions as an architect.
Long before that time Queen Anne had fallen out with Sarah Churchill and refused further money to pay for the palace construction. The Duke and Duchess were exiled, only to return the day after Anne died in 1714.
House or home?
Blenheim is not to everyone's taste. Alexander Pope famously remarked after seeing Blenheim
'Thanks, sir, cried I, tis very fine,
but where do you sleep or where d'ye dine?
I find by all you have been telling,
that 'tis a house but not a dwelling'
To be fair to John Vanbrugh, he was handed a difficult commission; he was to design not just a house, but a memorial; a monument to Churchill from a grateful nation. Grand houses at that time were seldom designed with comfort in mind; they were designed to impress, even to overwhelm visitors. This vision carried through to the chapel. Here a gargantuan memorial, designed by William Kent, and sarcophagus to the Duke takes up much of the chapel wall.
The original gardens at Blenheim, as designed by Vanbrugh, were typically grandiose. Vanbrugh dammed a small river to create three streams separated by islands, and across the whole built 'the finest bridge in Europe'. The gardens were relatively unchanged until the 4th Duke brought in Capability Brown to transform the formality of the gardens into the then-popular landscape garden style.
This Brown did, damming the River Glynne to create a huge lake, with cascades at each end, planting trees and creating undulating hills and viewpoints. Brown allowed the river to submerge the lower sections of Vanbrugh's bridge, softening the massive contours. He also planted the parterre and Great Court with grass. This latter work was later undone in the 20th century so that today visitors approach the palace entrance across an arid court of stone.
In 1984 Blenheim Palace was named a World Heritage site.
Blenheim for Families
There's a lot to offer families visiting Blenheim, and the Pleasure Gardens have most of it; children love the hedge maze, and for older children, there is a giant chess set and a ground maze, plus pitch and putt and a miniature village. But the biggest hit of all for the younger generation is the miniature railway, which makes regular trips between the palace and the Pleasure Grounds. The park also allows plenty of space for picnics or running around.
An exhibit called ‘Blenheim Palace: the Untold Story’ recounts the erstwhile life of the palace as seen through the eyes of its servants, using animatronic figures and innovative film and projection technology.
Children and adults alike may also enjoy attending one of the many events hosted throughout the year in the Palace and grounds; check the Palace website for details of jousting, horse trials, craft fairs, or even the Blenheim Triathlon.
Most photos are available for licensing, please contact Britain Express image library.
About Blenheim Palace
Address: Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England, OX20 1PX
Attraction Type: Historic House
Location: In Woodstock, on the A34
Website: Blenheim Palace
Historic Houses Association
OS: SP441 160
Photo Credit: David Ross and Britain Express
We've 'tagged' this attraction information to help you find related historic attractions and learn more about major time periods mentioned.
Find other attractions tagged with:
Baroque (Architecture) - Capability Brown (Person) - castle (Architecture) - Christopher Wren (Person) - Henry II (Person) - John Vanbrugh (Person) - Queen Anne (Person) - William Kent (Person) - Winston Churchill (Person) -
NEARBY HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low to exceptional) on historic interest
Oxfordshire Museum - 0.5 miles (Museum)
Bladon Church & Churchill's Grave - 0.9 miles (Historic Church)
Combe Longa, St Laurence Church - 1.7 miles (Historic Church)
North Leigh Roman Villa - 2.8 miles (Roman Site)
Stonesfield, St James the Great Church - 3 miles (Historic Church)
Tackley, St Nicholas Church - 3.3 miles (Historic Church)
North Leigh, St Mary's Church - 3.8 miles (Historic Church)
Godstow Abbey - 5.1 miles (Abbey)
Nearest Accommodation to Blenheim Palace: | <urn:uuid:6eb93491-8ba2-450f-8d63-f7e9584562ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.britainexpress.com/counties/oxfordshire/houses/Blenheim.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154356.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802172339-20210802202339-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.962566 | 1,814 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Within the past month, a controversial decision was made by the University of Chicago. Namely, the university sent letters to each incoming freshman stating that it does not support the idea of ‘trigger warnings’ on campus. This has sparked a massive online debate about the benefits and detriments of having trigger warnings and safe spaces on academic campuses. They were first instituted as a way to make students feel more comfortable in class – lectures with potentially upsetting subject matters are marked with a trigger warning, and safe spaces are designated all over each campus. Now, those with mental health issues, and even those who simply have not grown up with as much privilege as others, are fighting back against the University of Chicago’s decision.
Upon this announcement by the University of Chicago, an article was published in The Huffington Post detailing how this decision could detrimentally affect underprivileged students. For one, the University of Chicago is assuming that trigger warnings were put into place to deter students from disagreement and debate. However, they date back to a long time ago. It was around 1900 that the term ‘trigger warning’ was initially put into place, when doctors were attempting to discover what exactly triggered PTSD experiences in soldiers. More recently, it has migrated into the online space to mark articles that may trigger harmful behavior or regression. For example, a post about an eating disorder would be posted with ‘trigger warning’ to warn those in recovery that it might trigger disordered behavior. The root of trigger warnings, therefore, is protection rather than attempting to quell debate. Outlawing them may cause more mental health issues on campus.
Unfortunately, the number of mental health issues on college campuses only continues to grow. A large percentage of college dropouts do so because of a mental health issue. Alerting students that a lecture may cover potentially triggering material could be the deciding factor in whether or not a student continues in school. It is commendable for the University of Chicago to be promoting debate during a time in which society fears universities are becoming too politically correct, but they may have wanted to go about it in a different way.
The letter is worded in a way that makes it seem as if those with mental illness are somehow in control of how they react to certain things, and are therefore weak for not being able to handle controversial topics. The University of Chicago responded by encouraging struggling students to visit their counseling center and other helpful mental health facilities. While it is wonderful that the university advocates for mental health treatment, the letter itself can be deemed irresponsible. All in all, it will be interesting to see the progression of this situation.
For more information and behavioral health news, visit the New Horizon Counseling Center website. | <urn:uuid:90edb7e3-0afc-451c-9507-7147611fef30> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://herrickliptonnhcc.com/the-effects-of-trigger-warnings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.968766 | 548 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Roman religion, both by native instinct and deliberate policy, was widely inclusive, comprised of different gods, rituals, liturgies, traditions, and cults. Romans, considered by Cicero as the religiosissima gens (the most religious peoples), not only worshipped their own traditional Latin gods and associated divinities imported from the culturally respectable and authoritative world of their Greek neighbors, but often acknowledged the gods of peoples they otherwise considered to be quite alien (such as, for example, the Semitic Aphrodite of Mount Eryx). They even annexed the gods of despised enemies, such as Carthage's Tanit-Caelestis, in a process of evocatio which assigned foreign gods Latin names. Between the late third century B.C. and the third century A.D., some eastern cults, such as those of Cybele (also known as Magna Mater), Isis, and Mithras, permeated the Roman world. These exotic cults differed from Judaism, another eastern religion, whose rites were "sanctioned by their antiquity" (Tacitus, Histories V.5) and which flourished throughout the Mediterranean world from the time of the Babylonian Captivity through the Roman diaspora and after. The cults of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras captivated Roman citizens with intriguing rituals and the promise of spiritual renewal in this world and salvation in the next.
Romans were particularly receptive to foreign cults at times of social upheaval, when old beliefs no longer provided answers to new uncertainties and fears. In 204 B.C., during the Second Punic War, the Romans consulted the Sibylline Oracles, which declared that the foreign invader would be driven from Italy only if the Idaean Mother (Cybele) from Anatolia were brought to Rome. The Roman political elite, in a carefully orchestrated effort to unify the citizenry, arranged for Cybele to come inside the pomerium (a religious boundary-wall surrounding a city), built her a temple on the Palatine Hill, and initiated games in honor of the Great Mother, an official political and social recognition that restored the pax deorum.
After Cybele and the foreign ways of her exotic priesthood were introduced to Rome, she became a popular goddess in Roman towns and villages in Italy. But the enthusiasm that accompanied the establishment of her cult was soon followed by suspicion and legal prohibitions. The eunuch priests (galli) that attended Cybele's cult were confined in the sanctuary; Roman men were forbidden to castrate themselves in imitation of the galli, and only once a year were these eunuchs, dressed in exotic, colorful garb, allowed to dance through the streets of Rome in jubilant celebration (97.22.24). Nevertheless, the popularity of the goddess persisted, especially in the Imperial period, when the ruling family, eager to emphasize its Trojan ancestry, associated itself with and publicly worshipped Cybele, a goddess whose epithet, Mater Idaea, designated her as Trojan and whose cult was deeply connected with Troy and its origins.
Worship of the Egyptian mother goddess Isis was a popular alternative to the cult of Cybele (1991.76). By the middle of the first century A.D., with the political integration of the many lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean, the cult of Isis was transformed from a secret rite popular among the lower classes of Rome but not permitted within the sacred confines of the city, to a highly structured public cult closely associated with the emperors. During the reign of Vespasian, Isis was officially welcomed into the Roman pantheon, and a public temple within the sacred walls of the city was erected for her.
Although the cult of Isis, with its distinctive maternal and female characteristics, principally attracted women, the annual spring and autumn festivals held in her honor drew both sexes, of all classes, people celebrating different occasions and customs-springtime renewal, grief and joy. Plutarch describes the pervasive presence of the goddess and her exotic clothing: "the garments of Isis are dyed in rainbow colors, because her power extends over multiform matter that is subjected to all kinds of vicissitudes" (Isis and Osiris, 77).
Unlike the public rituals and processions dedicated to Cybele and Isis in Imperial Rome, the worship of Mithras was secret and mysterious. At the end of the first century A.D., the Iranian god Mithras, creator and protector of animal and plant life, began to appear in Italy, becoming especially popular with Roman legionaries, imperial slaves, and ex-slaves. Not limited to the class of soldiers, however, Mithraists could also be found in the circles of the imperial households. In the absence of Mithraic literature, evidence of the cult, its rituals, and customs comes from archaeological finds and depictions of the god.
The religion of Mithras was practiced in small groups, with ten to twelve participants. Initiates into this secret cult immediately entered a priestly hierarchy, an order of seven grades, each with specific planets, costumes, rituals, and disciplines aimed at self-advancement. Members of the cult met in a mithraeum, an underground vaulted grotto with complex astronomical and planetary symbolism. The small space of the cavern, the cult practices, and the ritual meal were modeled on the original space and deeds of Mithrasthe sacrifice of a bull and the eating of its flesh (1997.145.3).
The Roman pantheon presented a wide range of cults and gods with different functions, but foreign cults promised something different, something the traditional Roman cults could not-change, both in everyday life and even, at times, in the afterlife. The selectivity and initiatory rituals of these new cults fostered a strong sense of community, focusing on the religious affiliation rather than on the public status or race of an individual within the state. As the Roman author Ovid reported, "who would dare to drive from his doorstep one whose hand shakes the sonorous sistrum [of Isis]... when, before the Mother of the gods, the flute-player sounds his curving horn, who would refuse him alms of a copper coin" (Letters from the Black Sea, I, 1, 37ff.) (45.16.2). By the end of the fourth century A.D., the official cults of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras, emblems of Roman paganism, were either completely suppressed or drastically altered and Christianity (an eastern cult as well, once called a "destructive superstition" by Tacitus) became the dominant religion of the Roman world.
Moser, Claudia. "Eastern Religions in the Roman World". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/errw/hd_errw.htm (April 2007)
Related exhibitions and online features | <urn:uuid:1806e943-7585-4197-94e2-a6da73ee938c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/errw/hd_errw.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007510.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00005-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953109 | 1,447 | 3.984375 | 4 |
sinh, sinhf, sinhl - hyperbolic sine function
#include <math.h> double sinh(double x); float sinhf(float x); long double sinhl(long double x);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
These functions return the hyperbolic sine of
x, which is defined mathematically as:
sinh(x) = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2
On success, these functions return the hyperbolic sine of
x is a NaN, a NaN is returned.
x is +0 (-0), +0 (-0) is returned.
x is positive infinity (negative infinity), positive infinity (negative infinity) is returned.
If the result overflows, a range error occurs, and the functions return HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the same sign as
See math_error(7) for information on how to determine whether an error has occurred when calling these functions.
The following errors can occur:
errno is set to ERANGE. An overflow floating-point exception (FE_OVERFLOW) is raised.
C99, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
The variant returning
double also conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux
man-pages project. A description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/. | <urn:uuid:df965ada-9c8c-4159-af41-8854696884da> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://manual.cs50.io/3/sinhl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882103.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024080855-20201024110855-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.761772 | 360 | 2.96875 | 3 |
We can be gullible In the standard economic model, individuals are savvy enough to take into account the incentives of an information provider when deciding whether the information is believable. In reality, we tend not to fully notice that the information provider may have goals other than to tell us the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth
We can be gullible This neglect of the information provider’s incentives can lead to excess impact of the beliefs of the information provider. This is persuasion
Experiment The subjects are paid for the precision of the estimates of the number of coins in a jar.
Experiment Since the subjects see the jar only from a distance, they have to rely on the advice of a second group of subjects, the advisors, who inspect the jar from up close.
Experiment: advisors’ incentives Two experimental treatments are used to vary the incentives for the advisors.
Experiment: advisors’ incentives In a first experiment, advisors are paid for how closely the person they advised guesses the number of coins. In a second experiment, advisors are paid for how high the guess of the person they advised is.
Experiment: advisors’ incentives In a first experiment, advisors are paid for how closely the person they advised guesses the number of coins. In a second experiment, advisors are paid for how high the guess of the person they advised is. Will the subjects’ estimates be swayed by the advisors’ incentives? Or will the subjects adjust the advice they receive in light of the advisors’ incentives?
Experiment: advisors’ incentives In a first experiment, advisors are paid for how closely the person they advised guesses the number of coins. In a second experiment, advisors are paid for how high the guess of the person they advised is. Despite the fact that the advisors’ incentives are known to all … … the estimate of the subjects is 28 percent higher in the second experiment.
Experiment: advisors’ incentives We see that the participants in the experiment do not make adjustments for the conflict of incentives of the advisors.
Financial advice In a financial setting, behavioral economists have analyzed how small and large investors respond to recommendations by financial analysts.
Financial advice Forecasts by Wall Street analysts are notoriously bullish (biased upward) 94.5 percent of recommendations are Hold, Buy, or Strong Buy Will investors take this advice with a grain of salt?
Financial advice: large investors It turns out that large investors are savvy about the incentives of financial advisors They take into account advisors’ biases and discount the information they provide For example, they respond to a Hold recommendation by selling the shares of a company, and they discount heavily positive recommendations by affiliated analysts.
Financial advice: small investors Small investors—unfortunately—are subject to persuasion. They follow the financial advisors’ recommendations literally for example they hold a stock in response to a Hold recommendation They do not make adjustments for the additional distortions due to analyst affiliation. In other words, small investors are gullible
Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram These two psychologists did the key experiments to show that the beliefs of others tend to have excessive effects on us because we can’t resist the pressure to conform
Solomon Asch’s experiment The subjects are shown two large white cards with lines drawn on them: the first card has three lines of substantially differing length on them, while the second card has only one line. The subjects are asked which of the lines in the second card is closest in length to the line in the first card.
Solomon Asch’s experiment In a control treatment, the subjects perform the task in isolation and achieve 98 percent accuracy.
Solomon Asch’s experiment In the high-social-pressure treatment, the subjects choose the line of comparable length after four to eight subjects (who, unbeknownst to them, are confederates) unanimously choose the wrong answer. On average, over a third of subjects give the wrong answer to avoid disagreeing with the unanimous judgment of the other participants. video
Stanley Milgram’s experiment In Milgram’s experiment, a group of subjects is told that their task is to monitor the learning of another subject (a confederate) and to inflict electric shocks on this subject when he makes an error. Video 1, 2.12
Stanley Milgram’s experiment Encouraged by the experimenter, 62 percent of the subjects escalate the electric shocks up to a level of 450 volts, despite hearing the subject scream in pain.
Stanley Milgram’s experiment This proneness to obedience comes as a surprise to the subjects themselves. When a different group of forty subjects is provided with a description of the experiment and asked to predict how far subjects would go in inflicting shocks, no one predicts that 450 volts would be reached.
Soccer referees: home team gets an advantage Behavioral economists measured the length of extra time that referees assign at the end of a game of soccer; in the extra time the teams can score goals. They found that referees on average give twice as much extra time (four minutes versus two minutes) when the extra time is bound to help the local team (one goal behind) than when it is bound to hurt it (one goal ahead).
Soccer referees: home team gets an advantage The effect is larger when stakes are higher (toward the end of the season) and when the social pressure is larger (larger attendance at the game). Referees respond significantly to pressure by the local public, despite official rules on what determines the length of extra time.
High-productivity cashiers in a supermarket chain increase the productivity of coworkers that are present in the same shift. The effect is not due to exchange of information, such as on a price tag. The positive peer effect occurs only when the more productive coworker is behind and therefore can observe the other worker’s productivity.
Cashiers in a supermarket “We find that when more productive workers arrive at shifts, they induce a productivity increase only in workers who are in their line of vision. We find no effect on workers who are not in their line of vision. … We interpret these findings as consistent with the notion that productivity spillovers are due to social pressure.” – Mas, Alexandre, and Enrico Moretti. 2009. "Peers at Work." American Economic Review, 99(1): 112–45.
Cashiers in a supermarket Social pressure reduces shirking in business settings
Conclusion Peer effects are real They occur because of – We can be easily swayed by others because we often ignore others’ desire to sway us, and – We are vulnerable to social pressure
Video Social Influence, Brain Games, National Geographic, YouTube, April 30, 2014 Social Influence | <urn:uuid:ddc22e72-d646-4133-8b63-710e86ec09bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3730065/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.937865 | 1,381 | 2.890625 | 3 |
29 Aug 2013
ORANGES AND ITS HISTORY
more participants at Jenny Matlock's Alphabet Thursday
One day Mr. Pomelo and Mrs Mandarin married and the Orange was born and became a tree. In general, it is believed that sweet orange trees have originated in Southeast Asia, or southern China, and that they were first cultivated in China around 2500 BC.
This proves that even before Jesus Christ we had already products produced in China. Today we get them mostly in form of toys or textiles.
In Europe, the orange was introduced to Italy by the crusaders in the 11th century and were grown widely in the south for medicinal purposes, but the sweet orange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area. Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges in private conservatories, called orangeries. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe but only by the rich !
Spanish explorers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710 at least they did one healthy thing.
When Mr. G. and I compare our childhood, he in Italy had eaten oranges, figs, grapefruits, dates, pomegranates, etc, all things which I had never heard of as a child in Germany. I ate appels, pears, cherries, and berries.
I always remember the very first time I had eaten an orange. It was on a 6 December, at St.Nicholas when I found an orange together with sweets in my little boot I had put outside my room. I must have been 9 years old in 1952. It was something very special and hard to get in the after war times.
Of course that changed and from the 60th/70th on oranges became a common fruit just like an appel. Everybody today can afford to buy oranges. Even worse, Belgium's city Binche, (I wrote about it here ) is famous for its carnival where the "Gilles" march through the town with baskets of oranges. .
These oranges are thrown to, and sometimes at, members of the crowd gathered to view the procession. The vigour and longevity of the orange-throwing event causes sometimes injuries, blue eyes and – some residents choose to seal windows so that they can't be broken. The oranges are considered good luck because they are a gift from the Gilles and it is an insult to throw them back. | <urn:uuid:7b4e0276-9439-4bb8-9996-f6148c7461ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://gattinawritercramps.blogspot.com/2013/08/oranges-and-its-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424079.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722142728-20170722162728-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.983847 | 538 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What are white body aircrafts and why they cost more?
Every airline has its own distinct branding consisting of colour, graphic, and typographic identifiers but a vast majority of aircrafts are painted white. In fact, some carriers have abandoned their colourful liveries in favour of a mostly white canvas with a few decals.
Originally, aircraft were designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort, as well as to increase cargo space. However, in order to maximise revenue and profits, airlines quickly caved in to economic factors and reduced the extra passenger space. They are used in science, research, and military applications. The military employs some wide-body aircraft as flying command posts. The primary reason for aircraft being painted white or light colours is to reflect sunlight. Other colours absorb the majority of the light. This is critical because when sunlight is absorbed by an aircraft, it heats up the aircraft’s body. Painting a passenger plane white reduces both the heating and potential damage caused by solar radiation, not only while the plane is in flight, but also while it is parked on the runway. One of the primary reasons aircraft are white is that they spend so much time in the sun. On the ground, aircraft in hot countries will struggle to keep cool while loading and unloading passengers in the sun. A predominantly white paint job helps to reflect some of that heat away.
Commercial aircrafts are routinely inspected for surface damage such as cracks and dents for obvious safety reasons. Nothing works better than white paint because these dents, oil spills, and other flaws are almost always darker than white, making them easier to identify and repair. a collision between a bird and an aircraft in flight, or one that is taking off, landing, or flying at low altitude. Bird strikes are common and can pose a serious risk to aircraft safety. White exteriors can improve visibility and potentially increase bird detection and avoidance. Darker aircraft colour schemes, on the other hand, may reduce contrast between the aircraft and the visual background. As a result, birds’ ability to detect aircraft in time to avoid collision may be compromised.
Airplanes are extremely complex objects, requiring millions of parts and hundreds of millions of man-hours to design. Airplanes necessitate high-quality aluminium, a plethora of expensive materials, and a significant amount of labour. While it is possible to reduce costs by switching suppliers, the cost is well justified. After all, the company must make money even after paying its employees and other expenses. | <urn:uuid:1587b246-a4b2-43b5-8341-719696bdc4e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/innovation/what-are-white-body-aircrafts-and-why-they-cost-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545090.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522063657-20220522093657-00722.warc.gz | en | 0.966118 | 507 | 3.09375 | 3 |
SIM-Subscriber Identity Module
The terms SIM, smart card, and UICC have an unfortunate tendency to be used interchangeably. The UICC is hardware. A SIM is a software application. Generally speaking a smart card is a UICC running a SIM as well as possibly other applications.
SIM is actually just an application running on a smartcard. A given card could contain multiple SIM’s, allowing, for instance, a given phone to be used on multiple networks.
A typical SIM contains several categories of information. One is the actual identity of the card itself. The SIM needs to have a unique identity to the network. This allows the network to identify what sources the subscriber is entitled to, billing information, etc. A second category relates to the actual operation of the device. Information such as the last number called, or the length of the phone call can be stored. A third category of information is personalized information. Phonebooks or calendars fall into this category.
Uses of SIMs
SIM cards can be used in any kind of device or situation where there is a need to authenticate the identity of a user. They are particularly useful when there is a need or desire to provide different types or levels of service to many users who have different configurations.
The primary use of SIM cards in the United States is in cell phones. There are other uses as well. The US military issues smart cards as identification to its personnel. These cards are used to allow users to log into computers.
Europe has seen a wider use of these cards. The credit and debit card industry has integrated this technology in their cards for years. Similarly, a number of European phone companies have used these as phone cards to use in public telephones. The card companies in the United States have evidently not seen enough fraud to have a business justification to switch to this technology. There is some speculation that American credit cards will use a future generation of the technology when the added robustness and security of the system will make more economic sense. | <urn:uuid:435abf95-63d0-4fca-b7d7-6d763f377f92> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?title=Techniques&oldid=2322 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320443.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625064745-20170625084745-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.940181 | 413 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Greenpeace International says more than 100,000 people are dying each year because they are inhaling smoke particles from peatland fires in Indonesia.
The environmental organisation has called on the Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to act urgently to protect peat forests in the country before his term of office ends in July.
Large swathes of peatland have been destroyed by fires, particularly in the Sumatran province of Riau, but also in northern Sumatra. A noxious haze spreads every year to neighbouring Malaysia and to Singapore, causing severe health problems in Indonesia and in towns on the western side of the Malaysian peninsula.
“How the president deals with this emerging global threat and public health emergency will define his green legacy,” said the forest campaigner at Greenpeace Southeast Asia, Yuyun Indradi. “Industrial plantation companies are turning parts of Sumatra into a giant tinderbox. Will the president take urgent action to strengthen laws that protect all forest and peatland before his term is up, or will he see his legacy go up in smoke?”
Greenpeace says that modelling by researchers in 2012 attributes an average of 110,000 deaths a year in Riau to peat and forest fires. “These deaths are primarily associated with long-term seasonal exposure to smoke particles,” Yuyun said. “This increases to nearly 300,000 deaths during an El Niño year. The fires are also responsible for destroying people’s livelihoods.”
Indonesia is the only member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations that has not ratified the association’s Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, signed in 2002.
As this year’s burning season approaches, a new law has been proposed in Singapore that aims to punish firms found liable for causing haze, but there is a big question mark over how such a law could be implemented. Pinpointing exactly who is responsible for the fires is extremely difficult.
Peatlands are critical carbon stores and are typically saturated with water, but when cleared and drained for industrial-scale oil palm and pulp and paper plantations, they become prone to fire.
Greenpeace has just released a short documentary, “Forest Fire Families”. One of the people interviewed is Laskar Harianja, a villager whose farm was destroyed. He talks about what happened on his land: “Before, when the forest was still intact, the soil could conserve water and protect the peat. Now the fires burn much deeper, and much faster. When the fire came, my three children and I tried to extinguish it, [but] we lost everything.”
Greenpeace says that protecting Indonesia’s peatlands is key to reducing the likelihood of the fires responsible for the haze wave, but there is still no legal protection of all peatland and forests.
“Protecting all peatland and forests is the best long-term solution we have to stop the fires and avoid a public health disaster in the future,” Yuyun said.
New mapping analysis from Greenpeace shows that fires are five times more likely to occur on peatland than on mineral soils and 75 percent of peat fires occur in Riau.
The analysis shows that fire hotspots in 2013 were 3.5 times more frequent on peat that was not forested as of 2011 than on peat that remained forested.
Riau – the Indonesian province that has the most oil palm plantations – accounts for just five percent of the country’s land area, but 40 percent of all fire hotspots and nearly three-quarters of all fire hotspots on peat.
“In May 2011, Indonesia introduced a two‐year moratorium on permits for new concessions in primary forests and peatlands,” Greenpeace states in its new briefing paper “Sumatra: Going up in smoke”. The moratorium was a welcome step, Greenpeace said, but it didn’t protect all forests or peatlands.
Greenpeace analysis shows that, in February 2014, more than 30% of fire hotspots occurred on land that was meant to be protected under the moratorium. Of all the fire hotspots on moratorium land, nearly 80 percent occurred in peat areas, and this was despite the moratorium’s stated goal to temporarily halt new land clearance in these areas.
The president is keen to tout a “green” economic transition and the moratorium was a step in the right direction, Greenpeace said, but little had been done since then. “We urge the president to issue a strong regulation that protects all peatlands before his term is up, and help diffuse what is quickly becoming a carbon time bomb.”
Yuyun added: “Companies including Colgate-Palmolive, Nestlé, the plantation companies Golden-Agri Resources and Asia Pulp & Paper, Wilmar International, and more recently Procter & Gamble have pledged to eliminate forest destruction from their supply chains following global pressure and campaigning from Greenpeace. We urge other companies like IOI, Kuala Lumpur Kepong, Musim Mas, and the APRIL/RGE Group to commit to no deforestation.”
This year is widely expected to be an El Niño year, which would bring extended drought conditions in Indonesia. It’s thought that the impact of the fires during the burning season could exceed that experienced last year.
In October and November 1997, the haze from fires in Indonesia spread as far the Philippines to the north, Sri Lanka to the west, and northern Australia to the south. In the Malaysian state of Sarawak on Borneo, there was a pollution index reading of 860.
An Air Pollutant Index reading of 301 or more is considered to be hazardous, 201 to 300 is very unhealthy, 101 to 200 is unhealthy, 51 to 100 is moderate, and zero to 50 is rated as good. A sustained reading of above 400 can be life-threatening to ill and elderly people.
In June last year, air pollution levels hit 401 in Singapore and 746 in Muar in Malaysia’s Johar state. States of emergency were declared in Muar and the nearby town of Ledang, and in the worst affected areas of Riau. Hospitals in Riau recorded increases in cases of asthma and lung, eye and skin problems and Malaysians also reported breathing problems, headaches, eye problems, and skin rashes.
Indonesians on Sumatra and their neighbours in Malaysia and Singapore have suffered the pollution from the annual slash-and-burn clearance for years.
When the haze from Sumatra spread in June last year, the US-based World Resources Institute (WRI) said initial data showed that about half of the fires were burning inside oil palm and pulpwood plantations.
Indonesia’s peatlands cover less than 0.1 per cent of the Earth’s surface, but their destruction is causing four per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions every year.
Riau is estimated to hold 40 percent of Indonesia’s peatland carbon stores, equivalent to more than a year’s worth of global greenhouse gas emissions, with peat reaching depths of 14 metres or more in some locations.
According to Greenpeace, the annual clearing of Indonesia’s peatlands releases some 1.8 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases and some put the figure at 2 billion.
Indonesia is now the world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, following behind the U.S. and China.
No less than 10 million of Indonesia’s 22.5 million hectares of peatland have already been deforested and drained.
Fires on peatland are notoriously difficult to extinguish, and it can take hours to put out a blaze on just one hectare of land.
Greenpeace is calling for all peatland to be protected, no matter how deep it is or where it is located. Planting on peat more than three metres deep is illegal in Indonesia, but the law is widely flouted.
Protecting deep peat alone is not enough, Greenpeace states. “Plantation development around the edge of a peat dome, even in areas where the peat depth may be one metre or less, threatens the whole system. Drainage, for example, for oil palm plantations, drains off water from adjoining forested areas, and the general water table begins to fall.”
Land burning by oil palm plantation owners was the main cause of the massive fires that wreaked ecological, economic, and health havoc in Indonesia and Malaysia in 1997-1998.
Fires burned thousands of squares miles of rainforest, plantations, conversion forest, and scrubland in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Papua New Guinea, Bali, Lombok, and Sarawak.
According to government statistics, 750,000 hectares were affected, but environmental organisations said at least 1,714,000 hectares went up in smoke. By mid-1998 the estimate had climbed beyond five million hectares. It was estimated that, in 1998, between 180,280 and 284,000 hectares burned in East Kalimantan alone.
In March 2012, at least 2,800 hectares of the environmentally precious Tripa peat forest in northern Sumatra were devastated by fires, and most of the hotspots occurred on the deepest peat. The illegal burning is being carried out in an area that should be off-limits for conversion as it lies within the Leuser Ecosystem.
The area is home to the highest-density population of Sumatran orangutans in the world, but it is estimated that at least one hundred of them have perished in forest clearing and peat burning.
Greenpeace is calling for the following actions:
- Enforcement of the existing moratorium and its expansion to ensure that all peatlands are off-limits to new oil palm, pulp, and other plantations;
- a strengthening of the draft peat regulation to guarantee the full protection of all peatlands, including those within concession boundaries;
- the development and implementation of a government plan for the protection, rehabilitation, and sustainable management of forest and peatland landscapes, including community-based solutions;
- a review of existing concession permits and a crack-down on illegality;
- the establishment of a national public register of all concession types, including oil palm, pulp and coal;
- the development of an independent national deforestation monitoring system; and
- the creation of a database of low-carbon lands that are potentially available for development.
Greenpeace briefing: Sumatra:Going up in smoke | <urn:uuid:e52ccbaa-e04a-4e21-b554-4b7a115691f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://changingtimes.media/2014/05/29/greenpeace-calls-for-urgent-action-to-prevent-deadly-peatland-fires-in-indonesia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668544.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114232502-20191115020502-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.952613 | 2,215 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Seneca Park Zoo is home to four Burmese pythons, one female and three males. The female, Abby, and one of the males, Mr. Slithers, reside inside the Zoo’s E.C.O. Center. Abby was hatched in 1995, while Mr. Slithers was born in 2011 and arrived at the Zoo in June of 2013. Males Garrett and Caulkins are a part of the Zoo’s program animal collection.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status: Vulnerable. It has been slaughtered to supply the world leather market, as well as for folk medicines and captured for the pet trade. In recent years, extensive captive breeding has lessened the animals threat but unauthorized release of pet Burmese pythons in the Everglades has introduced an invasive species into a fragile environment.
The jungles and scrublands of Burma, Malasia and Thailand compose the Burmese python’s habitat.
The Burmese python eats appropriately sized mammals, birds and rodents.
The Burmese python is one of the largest of all snakes, growing up to 20 feet and weighing up to 200 pounds. It continues to grow throughout life.
Females are typically larger than males.
The Burmese python is not venomous; it kills its prey via constriction.
This species has a reputation for docility, but they are very powerful animals that can inflict severe bites.
These pythons reach adult size by age four. | <urn:uuid:5c3972a6-4ad8-40e6-8088-85ca495dbcfe> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://senecaparkzoo.org/animal-pages/burmese-python/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513222.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222033812-20190222055812-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.93979 | 317 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Greenland National Park is the largest national park in the world encompassing an area of 375, 000 square miles of the northeastern part of Greenland. The park includes part of the inland icecap and part of the surrounding ocean.
As opposed to the American national parks, the Greenland National park was set up as biosphere reserve, rather than for the enjoyment of the people. Hence, in the past it was difficult to secure a permit to enter the park without having a specific research project in mind. Today the rules are a little more lenient, but still the permit process is complicated and time consuming.
No one lives in the park on a permanent basis. The Danish army patrols the coastline of the Greenland National Park with dog sleds. The patrol unit is called the Sled Patrol Sirius, named after the Sirius star. 6 teams of 2 men each, skis with their dog sleds along different areas of the coastline. Each man serve two years in Greenland and uses his second year to teach a new recruit.
The Sirius Patrol’s headquarters, called Danneborg, is located in the southern part of the National Park. A few hundred miles north of Danneborg is a weather station called Danmarkshavn. It is manned by 7 men.
Still farther north on the coast is a military installation called Station Nord that is maintained from year to year by 3 to 5 men. Station Nord was a refueling station for American planes during the Cold War. Now it is basically an eyesore and a sad reminder of the incredible damage that vehicles can do to the fragile arctic ecology.
During the summer the park receives a larger number of visitors. Most of them are scientists carrying out various research projects. A few climbing and trekking expeditions may also visit the park. Most of these expeditions concentrate in the southern end of the park. | <urn:uuid:7aeb6186-5080-4d73-8c3f-1175dd8a7718> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.arcticthule.com/history/national-park | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00375-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964312 | 377 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Self-healing surfaces are theoretically the perfect solutions to easily worn-out gadgets, but our dreams come crashing down as soon as deliberate contact is involved; as existing materials don't conduct electricity, they can't be used in capacitive touchscreens and other very logical places. If Stanford University's research into a new plastic polymer bears fruit, though, our scratched-up phones and tablets are more likely to become distant memories. The material can heal within minutes of cuts through fast-forming hydrogen bonds, rivaling some of its peers, but also includes nanoscopic nickel particles that keep a current flowing and even respond to flexing or pressure. The material is uniquely built for the real world, too, with resilience against multiple wounds and normal temperatures. While the polymer's most obvious use would be for mobile devices whose entire surface areas can survive the keys in our pockets, Stanford also imagines wires that fix themselves and prosthetic limbs whose skin detects when it's bent out of shape. As long as we can accept that possible commercialization is years away, there's hope that we eventually won't have to handle our technology with kid gloves to keep it looking pretty. | <urn:uuid:caa2033d-b5ba-414f-9a9e-6992c72dce96> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/12/stanford-self-healing-plastic-responds-to-touch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824994.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00004-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966014 | 233 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Physiotherapy for Pain
Neurological physiotherapy will help a person with pain symptoms following injury to the brain or peripheral nerves, disease, or a result of degenerative changes. Pain is a subjective experience and affects everyone differently.
Physiotherapy will reduce pain and promote movement and functional ability. An initial assessment with your physiotherapist will identify your main problems by assessing your range of movement, mobility and muscle strength and deciding the outcome you want.
Each person will have their own individual programme tailored to their symptoms.
Physiotherapy treatment often includes:
Neurological physiotherapy will improve your quality of life by reducing your pain and the physical and emotional stress that comes with it.
- Progressive exercise to increase range of movement and strengthen muscles. Your physiotherapist will identify what movement are irritating the pain and will target this area.
- Stretching tight muscles which can reduce muscle spasm and relieve pain.
- Activities to improve posture and comfort when sitting, walking and sleeping.
- Massage to encourage circulation, reduce swelling and relax tight muscles.
- Passive and active mobilisation of joints to relive pain and stiffness.
- Electrotherapy such as TENS which can control the amount of pain that you experience.
- Hydrotherapy to ease muscle tension and improve joint flexibility.
- Advise about how to self manage pain outside treatment session e.g. at home or at work
↑ Back to Top | <urn:uuid:3f9282e9-b20a-4f92-b5e6-4a21f0669ce6> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.neurologicalphysiotherapy.com/neuro-symptoms-we-treat/chronic-pain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651820.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325044627-20180325064627-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.918836 | 298 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What does healing mean to you? Like a zen koan, it’s a question that can unfold and inform. Regardless of one’s individual answer, there’s power in saying “yes” to healing. Opening ourselves to the possibility can bring adjustments that pave the way for physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing.
When considering the meaning of healing, it’s important to distinguish between healing and a cure. To cure is to make something go away; healing is an expression of greater wholeness. Whether a health challenge, a behavioral change, or a growth point in a relationship, there is always an internal and an external aspect of healing. When we get the internal attitude and the external support right, power to heal is released.
Healing is often about discovering what is holding us back in the first place. We all get in our own way at times; whether it’s constantly staying tied to work via cell phone or sacrificing sleep in favor of getting more done, it’s easy to be resistant and persistent in patterns that aren’t serving us. The internal component of healing is often an allowing, a relaxing, and a willingness to see things differently. The external component can entail many things, one of which is plant medicine.
Plant Medicine and Integrated Healing
If we take into account the amount of stress that most of us are under in a normal day, as well as the lack of good nutrition in the average diet, it’s no wonder that we are experiencing unprecedented levels of diabetes, obesity, autism, anxiety, cancer, autoimmune conditions, and other expressions of imbalance. Medicinal plants could play a much larger role in most people’s lives by helping them maintain a balanced, healthy state.
Plant medicine works through the introduction of nutrients that bind with many sites in the body. These nutrients support proper biochemical processes, many of which increase physical, mental, and emotional resiliency. Plants differ from pharmaceuticals in that they are supportive and therapeutic without being dictatorial. They don’t force a particular function on the body; instead, they offer support in ways that allow greater adaptability and capacity for homeostasis. The body can often use the same medicinal plant to address either a hyper or a hypo state of imbalance, frequently making these plants more effective agents for healing than pharmaceuticals. The same is true of the potential of medicinal plants in helping the body maintain an existing state of wellness.
Of all medicinal plants, cannabis is recognized as one of the most important. It is unique because it is the only plant to contain significant amounts of different cannabinoids. Many doctors and nutritionists claim that cannabinoids should be listed as essential nutrients: whereas deficiencies of certain vitamins can beget specific conditions (vitamin C and scurvy, vitamin D and rickets), a diet low in cannabinoids leaves a person more susceptible to imbalances. Cannabinoids are a big deal.
The Role of Cannabinoids in Maintaining Health
Most people reading this article are familiar with the role cannabinoids play in supporting the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a modulating system that resets the nervous system and helps to protect it from a host of stressors. It also balances the immune system and increases cell-to-cell communication. Cannabis is the closest thing to a panacea of all the plants available: it lowers blood sugar levels, reduces muscle spasms, relieves anxiety, is used to manage psychosis, and features anti-inflammatory, pain relieving, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties. We are still in the infancy of reaching our full potential with this plant.
Products like Irie’s aim to capture the unique healing properties of cannabis with extracts high in one of its primary cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD). In each extract blend, CBD delivers a wide range of benefits of its own, which can figure into maintaining an existing state of wellness as well as addressing a state of imbalance. To augment these benefits, other medicinal plant extracts are added to create specialized blends like Irie’s CBD Calm, CBD Stress Support, CBD Lifeline, and CBD Flex. Each one is meant to accentuate a particular healing quality of CBD.
For example, CBD Calm includes the essential oils of lavender and peppermint, which potentiate and magnify the calming effects of CBD to help soothe the nervous system. CBD Stress Support adds extracts of four adaptogenic herbs: maca, mucuna, ashwaganda, and holy basil, which together are meant to help balance hormones, blood sugar levels, energy levels, and the stress response itself. CBD Lifeline, designed to address more serious health issues, includes frankincense, ginger, and sandalwood – powerful oils chosen based on their long history of helping people with medical conditions. CBD Flex incorporates Celadrin, whose esterified fatty acids create a sort of “fish oil on steroids” intended not only to relieve pain but to address joint healing directly. The same process of blending CBD with complementary medicinal plant extracts and herbs is used in the creation of specialty chocolates, honey sticks, and coconut sticks in Irie’s product line.
True healing often starts with a shift in how one relates to oneself – a willingness to pinpoint where our issues are stemming from, and to address them at their source. This shift is not always easy. CBD products like Irie’s are meant to help provide support at the most fundamental level, when our normal way of operating is not getting it. They are, in a sense, a “yes” to healing. | <urn:uuid:fa01974b-d446-405c-ae1f-d0b234fe1ed9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://medicalsecrets.com/healing-mean-can-cbd-help/?replytocom=269 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.937117 | 1,163 | 2.65625 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Using De Moivre's formula to express sin 4θ in terms of sinθ and cosθ. Using this result, express sin4θcosθ in terms of sinθ only. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution So sin4θ = [cosθ+isinθ]^4 using Binomial .... cos4θ= cos^4(θ) -6cos^2(θ)(sin^2(θ)) +sin^4(θ) & sin4θ= 4cos^3(θ)(sinθ) -4cosθsin^3(θ) so for the last part of the question I assume you replace the cos^2(θ) with 1-sin^2(θ) and then sub this result into cos4θ from above. But I am a little lost about "express sin4θcosθ in terms of sinθ only." where does the sin4θcosθ come from?? Is this the right approach?? I have seen similar question but its just asked to represent sin4θ in terms of cosθ or visa-verca the extra cos term is messing with my head ??? Thanks. | <urn:uuid:33a93e53-0d63-4f46-986d-ad3f62dd4dd6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/use-de-moivres-to-express-sin-4theta.596114/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.824961 | 280 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pawa`s Efforts in eliminating FGM
Female Genital Mutilation has been reported to occur in all parts of the world, but it is most prevalent in the western, eastern, and north eastern regions of Africa, where the majority of our Pan African members are originally from.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) has no known health benefits. On the contrary it is known to be harmful to girls and women in many ways. First and foremost it is painful and traumatic. The removal of or damage to healthy, normal genital tissue interferes with the natural functioning of the body and causes several immediate and long term health consequences.
Communities that practice FGM report a variety of social and religious reasons for continuing with it. Seen from a human rights perspective, the practice reflects deep rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. Female genital mutilation is nearly always carried out on minors and is therefore a violation of the rights of the child. The practice also violates the rights to health, security and physical integrity of the person, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.
Decades of prevention work undertaken by local communities, governments and national and international organizations have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of female genital mutilation in some areas but this is a practice that still in 2009 affects members of our organization. Members of Pawa`s organization Musu Kambeng Kaffo and other affected members work and focus on the elimination of FGM within their respective communities but this battle continues as three million girls are estimated to be at risk of undergoing the procedure every year.
Pan African Women’s Association in joining the global battle against FGM hopes to secure the well being of its members, women and children at large.
JOIN US IN THIS BATTLE BECAUSE WE TOO DESERVE TO FEEL WELL- WE ARE WORTH IT!!!!
BREAKING SOCIAL ISOLATION AND ENCOURAGING GOOD MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICES OF AFRICAN WOMEN
Many African women have expressed to Pawa the lack of social and support networks they need to meet their everyday demands. Their challenges range from loneliness, to being a single woman, bringing up children in a foreign land, family conflicts, violence within the home, divorce or lack of awareness of public services ,how to access these services within the Norwegian society and the possibilities found in Norway. These challenges lead to mental health conditions and point to signs that the majority never seek help.
The aim is to contribute to healthy mental health attitudes within African women by developing Pawa to a well functioning and strong resource network that can identify the challenges of the women and contribute to the prevention and the improvement of the mental health of women, at the same time encourage them to come in contact with and put into use their inner strengths and resources in a positive way. | <urn:uuid:514994fb-d605-4f3c-acb8-3e5a4a3d15d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.pawa.no/?page_id=42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.952512 | 604 | 3 | 3 |
Creating Republican Governments, 1776–1790
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain the development of state constitutions
- Describe the features of the Articles of Confederation
- Analyze the causes and consequences of Shays’ Rebellion
The task of creating republican governments in each of the former colonies, now independent states, presented a new opportunity for American revolutionaries to define themselves anew after casting off British control. On the state and national levels, citizens of the new United States debated who would hold the keys to political power. The states proved to be a laboratory for how much democracy, or majority rule, would be tolerated.
THE STATE CONSTITUTIONS
In 1776, John Adams urged the thirteen independent colonies—soon to be states—to write their own state constitutions. Enlightenment political thought profoundly influenced Adams and other revolutionary leaders seeking to create viable republican governments. The ideas of the French philosopher Montesquieu, who had advocated the separation of powers in government, guided Adams’s thinking. Responding to a request for advice on proper government from North Carolina, Adams wrote Thoughts on Government, which influenced many state legislatures. Adams did not advocate democracy; rather, he wrote, “there is no good government but what is republican.” Fearing the potential for tyranny with only one group in power, he suggested a system of checks and balances in which three separate branches of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—would maintain a balance of power. He also proposed that each state remain sovereign, as its own republic. The state constitutions of the new United States illustrate different approaches to addressing the question of how much democracy would prevail in the thirteen republics. Some states embraced democratic practices, while others adopted far more aristocratic and republican ones.
Visit the Avalon Project to read the constitutions of the seven states (Virginia, New Jersey, North Carolina, Maryland, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) that had written constitutions by the end of 1776.
The 1776 Pennsylvania constitution and the 1784 New Hampshire constitution both provide examples of democratic tendencies. In Pennsylvania, the requirement to own property in order to vote was eliminated, and if a man was twenty-one or older, had paid taxes, and had lived in the same location for one year, he could vote ([link]). This opened voting to most free white male citizens of Pennsylvania. The 1784 New Hampshire constitution allowed every small town and village to send representatives to the state government, making the lower house of the legislature a model of democratic government.
Conservative Whigs, who distrusted the idea of majority rule, recoiled from the abolition of property qualifications for voting and office holding in Pennsylvania. Conservative Whig John Adams reacted with horror to the 1776 Pennsylvania constitution, declaring that it was “so democratical that it must produce confusion and every evil work.” In his mind and those of other conservative Whigs, this constitution simply put too much power in the hands of men who had no business exercising the right to vote. Pennsylvania’s constitution also eliminated the executive branch (there was no governor) and the upper house. Instead, Pennsylvania had a one-house—a unicameral—legislature.
The Maryland and South Carolina constitutions provide examples of efforts to limit the power of a democratic majority. Maryland’s, written in 1776, restricted office holding to the wealthy planter class. A man had to own at least £5,000 worth of personal property to be the governor of Maryland, and possess an estate worth £1,000 to be a state senator. This latter qualification excluded over 90 percent of the white males in Maryland from political office. The 1778 South Carolina constitution also sought to protect the interests of the wealthy. Governors and lieutenant governors of the state had to have “a settled plantation or freehold in their and each of their own right of the value of at least ten thousand pounds currency, clear of debt.” This provision limited high office in the state to its wealthiest inhabitants. Similarly, South Carolina state senators had to own estates valued at £2,000.
John Adams wrote much of the 1780 Massachusetts constitution, which reflected his fear of too much democracy. It therefore created two legislative chambers, an upper and lower house, and a strong governor with broad veto powers. Like South Carolina, Massachusetts put in place office-holding requirements: To be governor under the new constitution, a candidate had to own an estate worth at least £1,000. To serve in the state senate, a man had to own an estate worth at least £300 and have at least £600 in total wealth. To vote, he had to be worth at least sixty pounds. To further keep democracy in check, judges were appointed, not elected. One final limit was the establishment of the state capitol in the commercial center of Boston, which made it difficult for farmers from the western part of the state to attend legislative sessions.
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Most revolutionaries pledged their greatest loyalty to their individual states. Recalling the experience of British reform efforts imposed in the 1760s and 1770s, they feared a strong national government and took some time to adopt the Articles of Confederation, the first national constitution. In June 1776, the Continental Congress prepared to announce independence and began to think about the creation of a new government to replace royal authority. Reaching agreement on the Articles of Confederation proved difficult as members of the Continental Congress argued over western land claims. Connecticut, for example, used its colonial charter to assert its claim to western lands in Pennsylvania and the Ohio Territory ([link]).
Members of the Continental Congress also debated what type of representation would be best and tried to figure out how to pay the expenses of the new government. In lieu of creating a new federal government, the Articles of Confederation created a “league of friendship” between the states. Congress readied the Articles in 1777 but did not officially approve them until 1781 ([link]). The delay of four years illustrates the difficulty of getting the thirteen states to agree on a plan of national government. Citizens viewed their respective states as sovereign republics and guarded their prerogatives against other states.
The Articles of Confederation authorized a unicameral legislature, a continuation of the earlier Continental Congress. The people could not vote directly for members of the national Congress; rather, state legislatures decided who would represent the state. In practice, the national Congress was composed of state delegations. There was no president or executive office of any kind, and there was no national judiciary (or Supreme Court) for the United States.
Passage of any law under the Articles of Confederation proved difficult. It took the consensus of nine states for any measure to pass, and amending the Articles required the consent of all the states, also extremely difficult to achieve. Further, any acts put forward by the Congress were non-binding; states had the option to enforce them or not. This meant that while the Congress had power over Indian affairs and foreign policy, individual states could choose whether or not to comply.
The Congress did not have the power to tax citizens of the United States, a fact that would soon have serious consequences for the republic. During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress had sent requisitions for funds to the individual former colonies (now revolutionary states). These states already had an enormous financial burden because they had to pay for militias as well as supply them. In the end, the states failed to provide even half the funding requested by the Congress during the war, which led to a national debt in the tens of millions by 1784.
By the 1780s, some members of the Congress were greatly concerned about the financial health of the republic, and they argued that the national government needed greater power, especially the power to tax. This required amending the Articles of Confederation with the consent of all the states. Those who called for a stronger federal government were known as nationalists. The nationalist group that pushed for the power to tax included Washington’s chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton; Virginia planter James Madison; Pennsylvania’s wealthy merchant Robert Morris (who served under the Confederation government as superintendent of finance in the early 1780s); and Pennsylvania lawyer James Wilson. Two New Yorkers, Gouverneur Morris and James Duane, also joined the effort to address the debt and the weakness of the Confederation government.
These men proposed a 5 percent tax on imports coming into the United States, a measure that would have yielded enough revenue to clear the debt. However, their proposal failed to achieve unanimous support from the states when Rhode Island rejected it. Plans for a national bank also failed to win unanimous support. The lack of support illustrates the Americans’ deep suspicion of a powerful national government, a suspicion that originated from the unilateral and heavy-handed reform efforts that the British Parliament imposed on the colonies in the 1760s and 1770s. Without revenue, the Congress could not pay back American creditors who had lent it money. However, it did manage to make interest payments to foreign creditors in France and the Dutch Republic, fearful that defaulting on those payments would destroy the republic’s credit and leave it unable to secure loans.
One soldier in the Continental Army, Joseph Plumb Martin, recounted how he received no pay in paper money after 1777 and only one month’s payment in specie, or hard currency, in 1781. Like thousands of other soldiers, Martin had fought valiantly against the British and helped secure independence, but had not been paid for his service. In the 1780s and beyond, men like Martin would soon express their profound dissatisfaction with their treatment. Their anger found expression in armed uprisings and political divisions.
Establishing workable foreign and commercial policies under the Articles of Confederation also proved difficult. Each state could decide for itself whether to comply with treaties between the Congress and foreign countries, and there were no means of enforcement. Both Great Britain and Spain understood the weakness of the Confederation Congress, and they refused to make commercial agreements with the United States because they doubted they would be enforced. Without stable commercial policies, American exporters found it difficult to do business, and British goods flooded U.S. markets in the 1780s, in a repetition of the economic imbalance that existed before the Revolutionary War.
The Confederation Congress under the Articles did achieve success through a series of directives called land ordinances, which established rules for the settlement of western lands in the public domain and the admission of new states to the republic. The ordinances were designed to prepare the land for sale to citizens and raise revenue to boost the failing economy of the republic. In the land ordinances, the Confederation Congress created the Mississippi and Southwest Territories and stipulated that slavery would be permitted there. The system of dividing the vast domains of the United States stands as a towering achievement of the era, a blueprint for American western expansion.
The Ordinance of 1784, written by Thomas Jefferson and the first of what were later called the Northwest Ordinances, directed that new states would be formed from a huge area of land below the Great Lakes, and these new states would have equal standing with the original states. The Ordinance of 1785 called for the division of this land into rectangular plots in order to prepare for the government sale of land. Surveyors would divide the land into townships of six square miles, and the townships would be subdivided into thirty-six plots of 640 acres each, which could be further subdivided. The price of an acre of land was set at a minimum of one dollar, and the land was to be sold at public auction under the direction of the Confederation.
The Ordinance of 1787 officially turned the land into an incorporated territory called the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River ([link]). The map of the 1787 Northwest Territory shows how the public domain was to be divided by the national government for sale. Townships of thirty-six square miles were to be surveyed. Each had land set aside for schools and other civic purposes. Smaller parcels could then be made: a 640-acre section could be divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres, and then again into sixteen sections of 40 acres. The geometric grid pattern established by the ordinance is still evident today on the American landscape. Indeed, much of the western United States, when viewed from an airplane, is composed of an orderly grid system.
Visit Window Seat to explore aerial views of the grid system established by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which is still evident in much of the Midwest.
The land ordinances proved to be the great triumph of the Confederation Congress. The Congress would appoint a governor for the territories, and when the population in the territory reached five thousand free adult settlers, those citizens could create their own legislature and begin the process of moving toward statehood. When the population reached sixty thousand, the territory could become a new state.
Despite Congress’s victory in creating an orderly process for organizing new states and territories, land sales failed to produce the revenue necessary to deal with the dire economic problems facing the new country in the 1780s. Each state had issued large amounts of paper money and, in the aftermath of the Revolution, widespread internal devaluation of that currency occurred as many lost confidence in the value of state paper money and the Continental dollar. A period of extreme inflation set in. Added to this dilemma was American citizens’ lack of specie (gold and silver currency) to conduct routine business. Meanwhile, demobilized soldiers, many of whom had spent their formative years fighting rather than learning a peacetime trade, searched desperately for work.
The economic crisis came to a head in 1786 and 1787 in western Massachusetts, where farmers were in a difficult position: they faced high taxes and debts, which they found nearly impossible to pay with the worthless state and Continental paper money. For several years after the peace in 1783, these indebted citizens had petitioned the state legislature for redress. Many were veterans of the Revolutionary War who had returned to their farms and families after the fighting ended and now faced losing their homes.
Their petitions to the state legislature raised economic and political issues for citizens of the new state. How could people pay their debts and state taxes when paper money proved unstable? Why was the state government located in Boston, the center of the merchant elite? Why did the 1780 Massachusetts constitution cater to the interests of the wealthy? To the indebted farmers, the situation in the 1780s seemed hauntingly familiar; the revolutionaries had routed the British, but a new form of seemingly corrupt and self-serving government had replaced them.
In 1786, when the state legislature again refused to address the petitioners’ requests, Massachusetts citizens took up arms and closed courthouses across the state to prevent foreclosure (seizure of land in lieu of overdue loan payments) on farms in debt. The farmers wanted their debts forgiven, and they demanded that the 1780 constitution be revised to address citizens beyond the wealthy elite who could serve in the legislature.
Many of the rebels were veterans of the war for independence, including Captain Daniel Shays from Pelham ([link]). Although Shays was only one of many former officers in the Continental Army who took part in the revolt, authorities in Boston singled him out as a ringleader, and the uprising became known as Shays’ Rebellion. The Massachusetts legislature responded to the closing of the courthouses with a flurry of legislation, much of it designed to punish the rebels. The government offered the rebels clemency if they took an oath of allegiance. Otherwise, local officials were empowered to use deadly force against them without fear of prosecution. Rebels would lose their property, and if any militiamen refused to defend the state, they would be executed.
Despite these measures, the rebellion continued. To address the uprising, Governor James Bowdoin raised a private army of forty-four hundred men, funded by wealthy Boston merchants, without the approval of the legislature. The climax of Shays’ Rebellion came in January 1787, when the rebels attempted to seize the federal armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. A force loyal to the state defeated them there, although the rebellion continued into February.
Shays’ Rebellion resulted in eighteen deaths overall, but the uprising had lasting effects. To men of property, mostly conservative Whigs, Shays’ Rebellion strongly suggested the republic was falling into anarchy and chaos. The other twelve states had faced similar economic and political difficulties, and continuing problems seemed to indicate that on a national level, a democratic impulse was driving the population. Shays’ Rebellion convinced George Washington to come out of retirement and lead the convention called for by Alexander Hamilton to amend the Articles of Confederation in order to deal with insurgencies like the one in Massachusetts and provide greater stability in the United States.
The late 1770s and 1780s witnessed one of the most creative political eras as each state drafted its own constitution. The Articles of Confederation, a weak national league among the states, reflected the dominant view that power should be located in the states and not in a national government. However, neither the state governments nor the Confederation government could solve the enormous economic problems resulting from the long and costly Revolutionary War. The economic crisis led to Shays’ Rebellion by residents of western Massachusetts, and to the decision to revise the Confederation government.
Which of the following states had the most democratic constitution in the 1780s?
Under the Articles of Confederation, what power did the national Confederation Congress have?
What were the primary causes of Shays’ Rebellion?
A group of farmers in western Massachusetts, including Daniel Shays, rebelled against the Massachusetts government, which they saw as unresponsive to their needs. Many were veterans of the Revolutionary War and faced tremendous debts and high taxes, which they couldn’t pay with their worthless paper money. They felt that they didn’t have a voice in the Massachusetts government, which seemed to cater to wealthy Boston merchants. They wanted their debts to be forgiven and the Massachusetts constitution to be rewritten to address their needs, and when these demands weren’t met, they rebelled.
- checks and balances
- the system that ensures a balance of power among the branches of government
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|Honeydew Quick Facts|
|Scientific Name:||Cucumis melo|
|Origin||Originated in Africa|
|Colors||Green while young turning to white and later yellow when they mature|
|Shapes||Polymorphous, round, oval to oblong ellipsoid or football- shaped, (8)-15– 30 cm long|
|Flesh colors||Either white, pale greenish, yellow, or orange.|
|Taste||Sweet and succulent|
|Major nutrients||Vitamin C (34.00%)
Vitamin B6 (11.54%)
Vitamin B9 (8.00%)
|Health benefits||Provides Hydration, Promotes Weight Loss, Curbs Hypertension, Nourishes the Skin, Improves Overall eye Health, Boosts Immune System, Caring for hepatitis, Prevents and Treats Diabetes, Recommended for Pregnant Women, Protect boils|
|More facts about Honeydew|
Honeydew is annual, trailing, prostrate or rarely climbing herbs which grow best in full sun or diffused sun and normally prefers well-drained, dark, warm soil, with high organic matter content. Melons can be grown on heavier soils if well drained in which case raised beds may be beneficial. Stems are angular and hirsute, sometimes becoming circular and glabrous. Leaves are sub-orbicular to reniform, shallowly 5-7-lobed, lobes obtuse, both surfaces covered with soft villous hairs; size variable, 8–15 cm long and broad, smaller in wild forms. Flowers are usually andro-monoecious; male flowers fascicled, perfect or female flowers solitary. Male flowers with villous, campanulate calyx of 5 subulate lobes, 5 lobed sub-campanulate yellow corollas, and 3 free stamens. Bisexual flowers are similar with pubescent globose, ovoid or cylindrical ovary, with short, simple style and 3–5 obtuse stigmas.
Honeydew is a member of the melon family of fruits also known as honeydew melon. Melons are normally polymorphous, round, oval to oblong ellipsoid or football- shaped, (8)-15– 30 cm long and weighs about 1.5–3.6 kg. They are green while young turning to white and later yellow when they completely mature. Melons have sleek skin and flesh is either white, pale greenish, yellow, or orange colored. Normally fruit is sweet and succulent in taste which is wonderful for desserts. Seeds are ovoid to ellipsoid, creamy white to brown. Peak season of this fruit is from July through September. The sweet juicy flesh of a honeydew melon is one of summer supreme pleasures.
Honeydew melons ( Cucumis melo ) are believed to have originated in Africa where wild landraces are found, however the exact distribution of these wild melons are unclear because of frequent occurrence of plant escapes from cultivation.
Melons have been domesticated in eastern Mediterranean, Middle east and West Asia for more than 4,000 years ago and afford probably the best melons in the world. Important centers of genetic diversity of cultivated melon have been developed in Iran, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, China and India. For the whole inodorus group, Pitrat et al. reported the origin to be in Turkey and the Middle East. Later Columbus carried honeydew melon seeds with him to America, as did Spanish explorers settling California. Today, most of America’s honeydew is still grown in California.
Apart from their sweet and succulent taste, honeydew is a good source of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Consuming 170 gram of honeydew offers 30.6 mg of Vitamin C, 15.45 g of Carbohydrate, 0.15 mg of Vitamin B6, 388 mg of Potassium, 32 µg of Vitamin B9, 0.065 mg of Vitamin B1, 0.264 mg of Vitamin B5. Moreover many Amino acids 0.008 g of Tryptophan, 0.022 g of Threonine, 0.022 g of Isoleucine, 0.027 g of Leucine, 0.031 g of Lysine are also found in 170 gram of honeydew.
Health benefits of Honeydew
Honeydew melon is a hydrating fruit that has wonderful nutritional and healing benefits. Honeydew is high in vitamins C and B-complex and minerals such as copper and silicon. It also contains highly mineralized distilled water that has the capability to deeply hydrate, rejuvenate, purify, and alkalinize the entire body. Listed below are some of the popular health benefits of honeydew:
1. Provides Hydration
Honeydew melon juice is considered one of the outstanding hydrating agents which have an ability to store water in its flesh and offers important minerals to the body when the body needs them. Consuming 1 glass of this refreshing juice supply magnesium, zinc, iron and potassium to the body and therefore it is highly favored as a great alternative to mineral water. This delightful juice contains 90% water which will keep you away from dehydration for longer time.
2. Promotes Weight Loss
Honeydew melon consists of huge amount of fiber which helps to regulates digestion as well as help lower overall body cholesterol level. Improved digestion means that your food intake is digested properly and quickly resulting to regular bowel movement. This will decrease chances of having digestion-related problems like constipation and the likes. Aside from its fiber content, honeydew melon is also low in calories. This is very desirable for those who are very keen in keeping their bodies fit. Intake of this fruit will do your body many good because weight management avoids many more serious disease and illnesses like high blood pressure, heart ailments, or worst cancer.
3. Curbs Hypertension
Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure. Research has proven that consuming or drinking the extract of this fruit is wonderful for those who are hypertensive. It is because of its higher potassium content that avoids blood elevation and its effects.
4. Nourishes the Skin
Vitamin C found in Honeydew melon regulates and heightens collagen production and growth in the body. Collagen plays vital role in keeping the skin healthy, fair, and young looking because it is the type of protein that helps to repairs and nourished the skin tissues and blood vessels. Collagen beautifies the skin on a cellular level. If you want beautiful skin from the inside out, better eat plenty of honeydew melon.
5. Improves Overall eye Health
Lutein and zeaxanthin are two important phytonutrients present in honeydew melon which is essential for better functioning of the eyes. These phytonutrients helps to improve the overall eye health resulting in better vision and reduced chances of eye related disorders such as cataracts, ARMD or age-related macular degeneration, age-related blindness and the likes.
6. Boosts Immune System
Honeydew melon serves the body with Vitamin C that plays important role for a stronger immune system. If your immune system is strong enough, the body will be able to fight off irregular bacteria build-up, excess fat development, and illnesses on its own. You will not have to worry with getting sick easily. Research found that this fruit fills up the body up to 34% of Vitamin C demand.
7. Caring for hepatitis
Honeydew is the main ingredient that is popular in the world of Chinese medicine to treat hepatitis. Filipino also used it as the main ingredient to treat those who face the problem of menstrual blood flow is not smooth when in Indian is used to treat swelling and smallpox.
8. Prevents and Treats Diabetes
Honeydew consists of properties that help to regulate the insulin production in the body. Diabetes is an effect either of high blood sugar levels because of inadequate production of insulin in the body or the inability of the body to react from insulin or both. Aside from its insulin stimulating components, honeydew melon is also very low in glucose despite its sweet taste. This fruit will certainly satisfy those who like consuming sweet food and drinks. Aside from satisfying their sweet tooth, glucose intake is low therefore decreasing risks of having diabetes. This notion also applies to those who are previously suffering from diabetes.
9. Recommended for Pregnant Women
During pregnancy, the body needs higher level of vitamin and mineral intake. This is the period that your body should receive utmost nutrients because immunity tends to be weaker than normal. The body should get as much nutrients more than ever. Honeydew melon fills the body with various nutrients particularly during pregnancy. It is high in potassium that maintains healthy heart condition. It also has Vitamin C that fortifies the immune system. If you want to be healthy to give birth to a healthy child, it is highly recommended to eat honeydew melon as much as you can.
10. Protect boils
Researches show that honeydew consists of carotenoids, one rather than food substances that may avoid boils. Honeydew making milk that can offer protection rather than boil seven times better than that which feeds contains carotene content is low.
How to Eat
- All melons of the Inodorous group are commonly and widely consumed when ripe as fresh dessert fruit.
- They are eaten fresh, made into refreshing drink, fruit salad with and without vinaigrette, melon sherbert, ice cream, or smoothie.
- Honeydew is generally used with prosciutto wrapped honeydew melon balls.
- Melons can be cut into halves, quarters, wedges, cubes, or scooped into balls with a melon baller.
- Most melons will benefit from a squeeze of lemon or lime juice to enhance the flavor and served at room temperature.
- Immature melons are also cooked or pickled.
- In Turkmenistan, honeydew melons are processed to a dried traditional product known as ‘kavun kaki ’.
- Seeds are dried, roasted and eaten.
- Rejected melons are used as cattle feed to keep them from dehydration during the dry periods.
How to store Honeydew
• Store at room temperature till ripe, after that refrigerate.
• To freeze:
(1) Slice melon in two and take away seeds as well as skin.
(2) Slice or even cube melon, or perhaps cut into balls.
(3) Placed in protected air-tight storage containers or even heavy-duty freezer bags.
• Freezer time shown is perfect for top quality only – foods stored continuously frozen at 0° F could keep safe forever.
Ways to eat honeydew
Honeydew melons sport pale-green to cream-colored rinds along with light-green flesh. They will flavor more gratifying as compared to a number of other melons, which has a taste similar to honey. Honeydew are consumed alone or even combined with some other melons as well as fruits, their sharp consistency as well as fairly sweet taste playing opposite the more syrupy sweet taste of some other summer time fruits. Whether you buy honeydew through the grocery store or even farm stand, or if you are developing it in your own back garden, making certain correct ripeness enables you to take pleasure in the honeydew at its maximum taste.
– Reduce the melon lengthwise.
– Eliminate the seeds and also the fibers which connect these to the pulp.
– Slice the melon directly into cubes, taking out the skin.
– Maintain the remaining portion of the melon within the refrigerator, protected along with plastic material film
Honeydew melons really are a rejuvenating as well as fairly sweet contrast to salty meats. Make use of them along with prosciutto or even prawns in the salad. | <urn:uuid:ec3b2f5e-df27-4aed-acd3-7f12d68fe969> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/honeydew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.930996 | 2,544 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Karate is a traditional Japanese martial art that has gained immense popularity worldwide. The practice of this martial art aims to develop physical and mental strength, discipline, focus, and respect in individuals. But what does karate teach a child, and how can it benefit them?
Karate is a martial art that has become increasingly popular among children in recent years. It is an excellent way for children to learn discipline, focus, respect, and self-defense skills. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which karate can benefit a child and teach them important life skills.
The Physical Benefits of Karate for Children
Karate is a physically demanding activity that requires strength, flexibility, and endurance. Children who practice karate develop these skills gradually and steadily. Regular practice of karate can benefit a child’s physical health in the following ways:
Improved Coordination and Balance
Karate involves various movements and techniques that require coordination and balance. Through consistent practice, children can improve their coordination and balance, which can help them in other areas of life, such as sports and academic activities.
Increased Strength and Stamina
Karate involves various exercises and techniques that help children develop their physical strength and stamina. The practice of karate involves striking and kicking, which can help build muscular strength and endurance.
Karate involves various stretching exercises that promote flexibility and mobility. Improved flexibility can help prevent injuries and promote overall physical health.
The Mental Benefits of Karate for Children
Karate is not just a physical activity; it also has several mental benefits for children. The practice of karate can help children develop the following mental skills:
Karate can benefit children both physically and mentally. It can improve coordination, balance, strength, stamina, flexibility, focus, discipline, self-control, respect, and self-confidence. Additionally, karate emphasizes self-defense and character development, teaching important values such as honesty, integrity, and perseverance. When choosing a karate school for children, parents should look for experienced instructors, a safe and clean training environment, a positive and supportive atmosphere, and consider the style of karate taught at the school.
Focus and Concentration
Karate involves several techniques and movements that require focus and concentration. Children who practice karate learn to focus their attention on the task at hand, which can help them in other areas of life, such as academics.
Discipline and Self-Control
Karate is a disciplined practice that requires self-control and self-discipline. Children who practice karate learn to control their emotions and impulses, which can help them make better decisions in other areas of life.
Respect and Humility
Karate emphasizes respect for oneself and others. Children who practice karate learn to respect their instructors, peers, and opponents. They also learn humility and the importance of self-improvement.
Karate and Self-Defense
Karate is a martial art that emphasizes self-defense. Children who practice karate learn self-defense techniques that can help them protect themselves in dangerous situations. However, it’s important to note that karate also teaches children to avoid physical confrontations and to use their martial arts skills only in self-defense situations.
Karate can provide numerous physical and mental benefits for children, including improved coordination, strength, focus, discipline, respect, self-defense skills, character development, and self-confidence. When choosing a karate school for your child, it’s important to consider factors such as experienced instructors, a safe and clean training environment, and a positive and supportive atmosphere.
Karate involves physical activity that can help children maintain a healthy weight. Regular practice of karate can help children burn calories, build muscle, and improve their overall physical fitness.
Karate can help children develop self-confidence as they learn new skills and techniques. As children progress in their karate training, they gain a sense of accomplishment and self-confidence, which can benefit them in other areas of life.
Karate and Character Development
Karate is not just about physical and mental development; it’s also about character development. Karate teaches children important values, such as honesty, integrity, and perseverance. These values can help children become responsible, respectful, and successful individuals.
Karate teaches children physical and mental skills, including improved coordination, strength, focus, discipline, and respect. It also promotes self-defense techniques and character development, such as honesty, integrity, and perseverance. When choosing a karate school for your child, look for experienced instructors, a safe environment, and a positive atmosphere that aligns with your child’s goals and interests.
Choosing a Karate School for Children
If you’re considering enrolling your child in a karate school, it’s important to choose a school that aligns with your child’s goals and interests. Look for a school that has experienced instructors, a safe and clean training environment, and a positive and supportive atmosphere. You may also want to consider the style of karate taught at the school and whether it’s a good fit for your child.
FAQs for the topic: What does karate teach a child?
What is karate?
Karate is a form of martial art from Japan that has become a popular sport around the world. It focuses on training movements that involve striking, blocking, and kicking. Children can start practicing karate from as young as three years of age, and it can help them build physical and mental strength.
What does karate teach a child?
Karate can teach a child many things, such as discipline, focus, self-confidence, respect, and patience. It can help them to work on their fitness, balance, coordination, and flexibility. Since karate is both a mental and physical activity, it can also improve their cognitive abilities and relieve stress.
Is karate safe for children?
Yes, karate is usually very safe for children when they practice it under the guidance of a qualified instructor. The instructor will teach them how to fall safely, how to protect themselves, and how to avoid injuring themselves or others. Karate also emphasizes respect and sportsmanship, so children are taught to control their behavior and use their skills responsibly.
Can karate improve social skills?
Yes, karate can improve a child’s social skills by teaching them how to interact with others in a respectful and cooperative way. In a class, children work together and support each other. Karate also often involves group activities that encourage teamwork. This can help children develop leadership skills, build friendships, and become more confident in social situations.
Do you need any special equipment to practice karate?
Children usually need a karate uniform, known as a gi, and a belt to hold it together. They may also need some protective gear such as gloves, shin protectors, and a mouth guard to practice sparring. Sometimes special training equipment such as focus pads, kicking targets, or agility ladders are also used to practice different techniques. However, these are usually provided by the dojo or studio. | <urn:uuid:fa81f46f-501c-4232-afa4-568dd9742cd9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dojoscore.com/what-does-karate-teach-a-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.962408 | 1,473 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Union, South Carolina
A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, New Zealand, Serbia, the Caribbean, and Fiji. Few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. When the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie.
The first of Carnegie's public libraries opened in his hometown, Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1883. The locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylised sun with a carved motto - "Let there be light" at the entrance. His first library in the United States was built in 1889 in Braddock, Pennsylvania, home to one of the Carnegie Steel Company's mills. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest. From the 1890s on, his foundation funded a dramatic increase in number of libraries. This coincided with the rise of women's clubs in the post-Civil War period, which were most responsible for organizing efforts to establish libraries, including long-term fundraising and lobbying within their communities to support operations and collections. They led the establishment of 75-80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country.
Carnegie believed in giving to the "industrious and ambitious; not those who need everything done for them, but those who, being most anxious and able to help themselves, deserve and will be benefited by help from others." Under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, he funded separate libraries for African Americans. For example, at Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library.
Most of the library buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival, and Spanish Colonial. Scottish Baronial was one of the styles used in Carnegie's native Scotland. Each style was chosen by the community, although as the years went by James Bertram, Carnegie's secretary, became less tolerant of designs which were not to his taste.Edward Lippincott Tilton, a friend often recommended by Bertram, designed many of the buildings. The architecture was typically simple and formal, welcoming patrons to enter through a prominent doorway, nearly always accessed via a staircase. The entry staircase symbolized a person's elevation by learning. Similarly, outside virtually every library was a lamppost or lantern,meant as a symbol of enlightenment.
In the early 20th century, a Carnegie library was often the most imposing structure in hundreds of small American communities.
SIX MILE PRESS
Stephen T. Powell
Central, South Carolina
January 1, 2012 | <urn:uuid:f5513a44-2999-4900-b89e-3c7d462b9a99> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://sixmilepress.blogspot.com/2011/12/carnegie-libraries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806736.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123050243-20171123070243-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.979379 | 611 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Organic Swedish pig production according to KRAV’s regulations performed better than conventional Swedish pig production on 11 of 20 sustainability indicators if the comparison was made per kg of pork, and on 18 out of 20 indicators if the comparison was made per hectare. The indicators included both environmental, social and economic aspects. The organic pork had poorer economic sustainability at the farm and slaughterhouse level, but better at retail compared to the conventional one. Climate impact was the same for both systems, while organic production had a higher risk of eutrophication and acidification, but lower for ecotoxicity, negative impact on biodiversity and loss of soil carbon. The social risk for the pigs was significantly lower in organic production, but there are risks for social problems for workers and local communities associated with imported soy and the use of renewable energy.
In a so-called Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA), the environmental, social and economic sustainability of Swedish organic pig production has been compared with that of Swedish conventional pig production. The results were calculated per 1000 kg of boneless cooked pork and per 1000 hectares of pig production. For the environmental part, common indicators such as climate impact, eutrophication and acidification were used, but also indicators that are less common such as toxicity to assess adverse effects from emissions of toxic substance (for example as a result of the use of pesticides), effects on biodiversity and the change in soil carbon.
With regard to social sustainability, so-called social life cycle analysis (SLCA) was used in which the “social risk” for workers (in feed production, on the pig farm and in the slaughterhouse), the local community, actors in the value chain, society, consumers and pigs was assessed based on a large number of social aspects on a scale from 0 (no risk) to 100 (very high risk). One aspect for workers was, for example, the risk of child labor. For example this was judged to be low for soy workers in Brazil (applies to imported soy in conventional production). The welfare of the pigs was assessed using 19 indicators that included, for example, the incidence of various diseases and injuries, outdoor access, access to roughage and distraction materials, etc. Data was obtained from previous scientific studies, statistics, reports and from a global database of social aspects (Soca). Risks in different subsystems were aggregated based on how long it took to produce 1000 kg of pork or conduct 1000 hectares of pig production. This means, for example, that the conditions for the pig during rearing plays a greater role than the conditions during slaughter, as the pig spends much longer time on the farm.
Economic sustainability was measured with the indicator Value Added / Life Cycle Costing (VA / LCC). This was calculated separately for the pig farm, the slaughterhouse and the retail. The Life Cycle Cost includes all running costs (including wages) that an operator (farm, slaughterhouse or retail) has for production and the Value Added is calculated as the price an operator receives for pork. The quota thus says something about the profitability of the farm, slaughterhouse and retail.
The results showed that the organic pig farm performed better than the conventional one on 18 of the 20 indicators examined when the production systems were compared per unit area. Conventional production performed better for the economic indicators for the farm and the slaughterhouse. Although the price of organic pork is higher, organic production had higher costs due to it being more labor-intensive and since it uses more feed than conventional production. This means a VA / LCC quota of less than one for organic production, which means that the price the farmer gets does not even cover the running costs. On the other hand, this quota for retail is significantly higher, 27 for organic and 13 for conventional, which signals a high willingness to pay for organic pork among consumers and high margins in the retail sector for both organic and conventional pork.
If the comparison is instead made based on the production of 1000 kg of pork, organic production performed better than the conventional one on 11 of the 20 indicators. In terms of environmental impact, both production systems had the same climate impact, while eutrophication, acidification and consumption of fossil resources were higher in organic production. Ecotoxicity, impact on biodiversity and ground carbon loss were lower in the organic production. In terms of social sustainability, the “social risk” was higher in organic production for workers and the local community, a result of social risks linked to organic soy from China and from accidents linked to renewable energy production. But for other actors, the social risk was lower for organic production, especially for pigs, it was significantly lower in organic production due to, among other things, larger spaces, outdoor access and access to roughage. However, there were indicators for pigs where the conventional system had a lower risk, for example in terms of the presence of parasites.
The authors conclude by stating that LCSA has the advantage of including both environmental, social and economic aspects in the sustainability analysis. Previous LCAs on pork have mainly dealt with the environmental aspects. However, choosing a number of relevant indicators can be difficult and the choice also affects the result, as well as how the indicators are designed and weighed together.
Read the whole study here:
Zira S, Rydhmer L, Ivarsson E, Hoffman R, Röös E (2021) A life cycle sustainability assessment of organic and conventional pork supply chains in Sweden. Sustainable Production and Consumption 28, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.03.028
See also this study on SLCA for the two systems but using a slightly different methodology:
Zira S, Röös E, Ivarsson E, Hoffman R, Rydhmer L (2020) Social life cycle assessment of Swedish organic and conventional pork production. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01811-y | <urn:uuid:b4ff124e-8b5c-425e-95d0-04d7e9c6ae3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://blogg.slu.se/food-system-group/2021/04/11/organic-and-conventional-swedish-pork-production-compared/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053759.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916204111-20210916234111-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.960709 | 1,230 | 3.125 | 3 |
Spanish translation of unlace
desatar los cordones de
Example Sentences Including 'unlace'
As she perched on the blanket and started to unlace her boots, she remembered what the constable had said and leapt to her feet.THE RIVAL QUEENS: A Countess Ashby de la Zouche Mystery (2002)
She complied willingly enough, and began to unlace her shift as she approached.TREASON KEEP (2001)
Trends of 'unlace'
View usage over:
Translation of unlace from the Collins English to Spanish Dictionary
Join the Collins community
All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month. | <urn:uuid:a458baca-407f-48ca-b8b6-f2870bbbdca3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-spanish/unlace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00182-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891893 | 144 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The effects of this storm were pretty substantial. It hadn't even been a month since the infamous Hurricane Katrina had hit, and Rita old made the effects Katrina had on Louisiana worse. In fact, because Rita hit so soon after Katrina, a record-breaking 2.5 to 3.7 million people evacuated from the Texas coastline in preparation. Rita left areas of Texas and Louisiana without power for several weeks, and resulted in a total of $12 billion in damage. And that number is reported in 2005 US dollars; the damage would have amounted to about $15.2 billion in 2012 US dollars. On top of the material damage, as many as 120 deaths across 4 different states were reported. Texas reported 113 of these deaths. While only 7 were directly related to the hurricane (caused by winds, flooding, tornadoes, storm surges, or oceanic effects), all were in some way related to the storm.
This image shows Hurricane Rita as it starts to make its landfall on the Gulf Coast on September 23, 2005.
This image is a storm track map of Hurricane Rita's entire progression. | <urn:uuid:3174e713-5053-4602-bf14-13a4594bbaa7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://enb110-efp-2012.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00162-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960997 | 222 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The OECD has a long history of engagement with major United Nations (UN) processes on human development and well-being. Through its policies and important official texts, it has contributed to shaping the framework of international and national policies regarding people’s evolution and development. These policies are of great importance given that the working environment is becoming more and more global, dynamic, multidimensional and complex. Consequently, the effectiveness of human resources is a matter of major importance, leading most organizations and enterprises to pursue employee’s professional development and the comprehensive improvement of their skills. This study, through the qualitative analysis of the OECD’s text “OECD SKILLS OUTLOOK 2017: SKILLS AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS” comes to examine the types of skills proposed by the OECD and their characteristics, the benefits of developing and cultivating these skills, the ways they are planned and whether their planning is influenced by the spirit of corresponding international and European policies. The analysis of the text shows that there is a strong demand for mixed skills. In addition it seems that the design and development of the right and appropriate skills is a complex and multidimensional issue, as several agents are called upon to work together and contribute to both international and national levels. Regarding the benefits, one of great importance is that right skills help countries integrate into global markets and specialize in the most technologically advanced industries. Besides they help individuals face the potential of unemployment, job losses and lower job quality.
This work by European American Journals is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License | <urn:uuid:70b08465-5d34-499a-b683-177d003d0f26> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-development-and-economic-sustainability-ijdes/vol-6-issue-4-september-2018/occupational-and-professional-development-oecd-policy-analysis-on-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104496688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704202455-20220704232455-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.931925 | 331 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Tetraodontiformes
(Puffers and filefishes) > Aracanidae
Etymology: Aracana: From a city in Bolivia.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; demersal; depth range 5 - 60 m (Ref. 9563), usually ? - 20 m (Ref. 9563). Temperate
Eastern Indian Ocean: Australia (southern Western Australia to Western Victoria and Tasmania).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 15.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9563)
Occurs in shallow waters, more commonly in depths less than 20 m (Ref. 9563).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
May, J.L. and J.G.H. Maxwell, 1986. Trawl fish from temperate waters of Australia. CSIRO Division of Fisheries Research, Tasmania. 492 p. (Ref. 9563)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 15 - 18.3, mean 16.8 (based on 52 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.7502 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01995 (0.00906 - 0.04395), b=3.01 (2.83 - 3.19), in cm Total Length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.3 ±0.4 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:8033f281-f6ac-4c15-9abc-fb3a8b4e032c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Aracana-ornata.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829429.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218143757-20181218165757-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.688435 | 520 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Low platforms, which were used as honorific seats, were the earliest type of raised seating furniture to appear in China. Sitting platforms were called ta; the relatively longer chuang was used both for sitting and reclining. By the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), the platform had increased in height with decorative panels or kunmen-shaped openings decorating the sides.
When daybeds (ta) were made in ancient times, although the length and width were not standardized, they were invariably antique, elegant and delightful when placed in a studio or room. There was no way in which they were not convenient, whether for sitting up, lying down or reclining. In moments of pleasant relaxation they would spread out classic or historical texts, examine works of calligraphy or painting, display ancient bronze vessels, arrange dishes of food and fruit, or set out a pillow and woven mat.
Wen Zhengheng, Early 17th century
Wen's descriptive imagery recalls painted scenes from the Song and Yuan paintings wherein scholarly gentlemen recline on platforms surrounded with the trappings of the literati lifestyle.
During the late Ming, some sophisticated connoisseurs preferred the archaic style of the box-style platform over the modern daybeds with free-standing legs. Although the old tradition gave way to popular fashion, some limited use continued throughout the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). | <urn:uuid:2d3010ba-89de-4edf-9557-089ed55cf148> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.chinese-furniture.com/cgi-bin/ccf.cgi?stt=stp&pgn=c_furniture/c_platforms.html&id=$1329801161-199.87.252.141-15792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031910-00138-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971112 | 284 | 3.125 | 3 |
NYC Urban Garden: Get the Kids Involved
Did you know that gardening is really good for your kids? Researchers have been digging into the NYC urban garden. It turns out that while you’re raising tomatoes and cucumbers on your patio, you’re also planting the seeds for a great future for your kids. Here’s what gardening can do for your children:
1. Get Them Up Close and Personal With Nature
Out in the country, kids are surrounded with opportunities to interact with nature. But if your kids try digging a hole in the park, there’s going to be trouble. By creating an NYC urban garden in your home, your kids will have a chance to not only observe nature but engage with it: digging in the dirt, pulling weeds, harvesting vegetables or picking flowers. The whole process is there for them to experience and enjoy. This will change the way they see the world; they’ll have a deeper understanding of where the food on their plate came from.
2. Grow Confidence While You’re Raising Vegetables
Gardening takes time. There are no cheat codes that will help seeds grow faster. This helps your kids develop patience. When plants start to grow and harvest time arrives, it has a tremendous positive impact on your children’s confidence and self-esteem. They’re literally able to see their efforts bear fruit. This can be a transformative experience for your child.
3. Help The Kids Become More Adventurous Eaters
Children are much more likely to eat vegetables they’ve grown themselves in their own NYC urban garden. There’s something about actually picking the peas that makes them less terrifying on the dinner plate. Children who garden tend to eat more vegetables, and more different types of vegetables, than children who don’t.
4. Provide an Alternative To Screen Time
If you’re a parent, you’re worried about how much time your child spends interacting with screens. Between the cell phone, the computer, and video games, how much time does your kid spend plugged in? But if you tell them to unplug, there’s one reply familiar to all parents, “What am I supposed to do now?” Having an NYC urban garden to work and play in provides a healthy alternative to screen time.If you’re ready to get started creating an NYC urban garden for you and the kids to enjoy, give us a call! We are happy to help you plan your family-friendly garden oasis in the city. | <urn:uuid:b7f449b9-3890-4091-96f7-00dba54e1d31> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.floralstudionyc.com/blog/nyc-urban-garden-get-the-kids-involved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.924308 | 528 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Coal may be the most loathed energy source among sustainability advocates, but it isn't going anywhere, especially now that governments are investing billions in carbon capture and sequestration projects for coal plants. Any country with significant coal reserves and a government that pays little attention to safety and environmental hazards stands to profit handsomely. Enter China.
In the grand scheme of things, China doesn't have much coal—the country gobbles up 47% of all coal produced globally but has only 14% of the world's reserves. According to some estimates, China has enough domestic supply for 30 years of consumption at 3.6 billion ton per years (the level at which it plans to cap production).
But Fred Palmer, chairman of the World Coal Association and an executive at Peabody Energy, the largest privately owned coal company in the world, thinks that China will be a major player in coal production. In an interview with the U.K. Guardian, he elaborates:
There's obviously not unlimited metallurgical coal and there's not unlimited high-quality thermal coal, but when you get to the lower ranked coal such as lignite you just [need to] put gas fires on them. You can either generate electricity there, or turn it into pipeline quality natural gas or liquid fuel. The Dakotas, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas all have large, large amounts of lignite. Or in western China and Mongolia you have lower-ranked coals...I think Xinjiang province in the west of China where they say there's a trillion tonnes of resources will be the new Middle East.
Xinjiang province, dubbed the country's "coal sea," supposedly contains over 2 trillion tons of coal. That may be true, but the province has poor railway transportation, which means it won't be easy (or affordable) to transport the coal anywhere useful. The Chinese government is rapidly trying to build up railways in the area, but in the meantime, the country's ever-growing energy demands mean that it is still dependent upon coal imports from countries like Canada, Australia, and Indonesia.
And Palmer's Peabody Energy has a vested interest in promoting Chinese coal dependence. Palmer is building a port in Washington state to ship coal to China, and the company recently signed a "Memorandum of Understanding" with two Chinese companies to build a large surface coal mine and a combined coal mine and coal-to-natural gas conversion facility. The latter project will be in Xinjang province.
So yes, it's possible that China will become a major player in coal production a decade or so down the line. But in the meantime, the country's real resource stranglehold over the U.S. comes in the form of rare earth metals, which are used in electric car motors, wind turbines, solar panels, and lithium-ion batteries—basically anything that could help wean us off dirty fuels. The U.S. is expected to remain reliant on Chinese supplies for at least the next 15 years until domestic mining ramps up. If anything, then, China is more like the Middle East of electronic components. | <urn:uuid:39e709af-c3f7-4785-b53f-7f60ffec23b9> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.fastcompany.com/1736409/china-trying-harness-2-trillion-tons-coal-reserves-global-energy-dominance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297628.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00084-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952751 | 635 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The number of people dying of heart and circulatory diseases before the age of 75 has risen for the first time in 50 years, according to figures from the British Heart Foundation (BHF).
The charity found that 42,384 under-75s died from conditions including heart attack and stroke in 2017, compared with 41,042 in 2014. There was also an increase in the heart and circulatory disease mortality rate among under-65s: 18,668 people died in 2017, a 4% increase on the 17,982 deaths seen five years’ earlier.
Since the 1960s, changing lifestyles and advancements in treatment has seen the number of deaths from such conditions fall by half. But the slight increase in the mortality rate in 2017 indicates that progress is slowing down.
Between 2012 and 2017, the premature death rate for heart and circulatory diseases in the UK fell by just 9%, compared to a fall of 25% in the five years before. BHF said this was partly because of a significant slowdown in the rate of improvement in death rates per 100,000 people, combined with a growing population.
Another contributing factor is that deaths in people aged under 75, as a proportion of all heart and circulatory disease deaths, are on the rise – 28% of those who died from these conditions in 2017 were under 75 (26% in 2012), while 12.2% were under 65 (11.2% in 2012).
BHF chief executive Simon Gillespie said the charity was deeply concerned by the apparent slowdown in progress.
“In the UK we’ve made phenomenal progress in reducing the number of people who die of a heart attack or stroke. But we’re seeing more people die each year from heart and circulatory diseases in the UK before they reach their 75th, or even 65th, birthday,” he said.
“Heart and circulatory diseases remain a leading cause of death in the UK, with millions at risk because of conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes. We need to work in partnership with governments, the NHS and medical research community to increase research investment and accelerate innovative approaches to diagnose and support the millions of people at risk of a heart attack or stroke.”
By 2030 the charity wants to see better survival rates from heart disease, new and better treatments for circulatory diseases and better methods to identify people at risk of such conditions. It has set a target of increasing the heart attack survival rate to 90% by this time.
Separate BHF research from last year predicted the number of people with diabetes suffering heart attacks and strokes will likely rise by 29% by 2035, unless the rate of diabetes diagnoses does not slow down.
Another study published earlier this year suggested that shift work has a harmful effect on cardiovascular function, potentially due to the prevalence of “unhealthy” lifestyle choices such as smoking and poor diet among shift workers, as well as biological factors like disturbances to circadian rhythms. | <urn:uuid:d1c0ba27-f4bc-4863-80d3-32e74022e7ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/heart-and-circulatory-disease-deaths-in-under-75s-on-the-increase/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00769.warc.gz | en | 0.963462 | 606 | 2.53125 | 3 |
You can repair anything
Even the fragile contruction of a spiderweb
It seems impossible, but American artist Nina Katchadourian decided to offer the spiders in a Finnish forest some help by mending their broken webs. The contents of her repair kit: red yarn, scissors, tweezers and glue.
She repaired the webs by inserting short bits of red yarn directly into the web. Sometimes she starched the threads, which made them easier to work with. The short threads were held in place by the stickiness of the spider web itself; longer threads were reinforced by dipping the tips into white glue. She continued until the whole web was repaired or up to the point where it could not longer hold the weight of the threads.
In the process, Katchadourian often caused further damage when the tweezers got tangled in the web or when her hands brushed up against it by accident.
The morning after the first patch job, Katchadourian discovered a pile of red threads lying on the ground below the web. At first she assumed the wind had blown them out; on closer inspection it became clear that the spider had repaired the web to perfect condition using its own methods, throwing the threads out in the process. The repairs were always rejected by the spider and discarded, usually during the course of the night, even in webs that looked abandoned.
The rejected patches retained their form, although in a somewhat "wilted" condition without the rest of the web to suspend and stretch them. She framed the patches and exhibited them.
She even did some advertising for her new, somewhat improbable, but poetic repair service.
The original repair kit is now on show at Platform21. | <urn:uuid:0ca62af8-4074-4e26-a47b-1518c5c8a9b9> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.platform21.nl/page/4932/en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00481-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976351 | 348 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Volunteers. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 09 May 2021, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Volunteers. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers
Volunteers. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 11 September 2019, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Volunteers [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019 [cited 2021 May. 9]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2019, Volunteers, viewed 9 May 2021, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers
Get citations as an Endnote file:
Data about people in Australia who volunteer are primarily drawn from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2014 General Social Survey (GSS). Volunteering in that survey is defined as the ‘provision of unpaid help willingly undertaken in the form of time, service or skills, to an organisation or group, excluding work done overseas’ (ABS 2018).
3 in 10 people are volunteers
In 2014, 31% of the Australian population aged 15 and over participated in voluntary work. Over a 12-month period, volunteers contributed an estimated 743 million hours to the community. In 2012–13, the estimated value of voluntary work in not-for-profit organisations was $17 billion (ABS 2015).
In Australia, volunteers provide substantial benefit to their communities. Organisations report that they bring new insights, enhance the image of the organisation, increase efficiencies and volume of operations, and improve effectiveness. Volunteering also broadens the networks and professional skills of the volunteers.
Volunteering is an indicator of wellbeing. It also has links to the economic and health status of a nation. It benefits the economy and the health and wellbeing of volunteers by providing a personal sense of satisfaction and making them happier (AIHW 2017).
In 2014, 5.8 million people participated in voluntary work—more than half (54%) were female. Younger people were more likely to be volunteers, with 42% of people aged 15–17 volunteering, followed by 39% of people aged 35–44 and 35% of people aged 65–74. While limited information is collected at national level about younger volunteers, the literature suggests that they volunteer to engage in their community for a combination of reasons, similar to volunteers of other age groups. Reasons include a combination of personal gain, desire to contribute, and social, cultural and family expectations. A 2015 study identified that the key motivators for people aged 12–25 for volunteering were linked to factors such as socioeconomic circumstances, education, gender, location, and cultural identification (ARACY 2015).
The volunteering rate in 2014 was higher for people who had attained a Bachelor degree or above. A total of 41% of this cohort had participated in voluntary work, compared with 32% whose highest non-school qualification was an advanced diploma or below, and 25% who did not have a non-school qualification.
Patterns of volunteering varied by geographic location, with 30% living in Major cities volunteering in the past 12 months, 33% in Inner regional and 39% in Outer regional and Remote areas.
Couples with children were more likely to volunteer than individuals without children or couples without children (38% compared with 25% and 29% respectively). People who worked part time were more likely to volunteer (38%) than those who worked full time (30%), were retired (27%) or not in the labour force for a different reason (30%).
Volunteering rates increased with increasing household income—39% of people living in households with the highest quintile of gross household income volunteered, compared with 23% in the lowest quintile.
Volunteers in Australia are generous with their time. In 2014, 50% of all who had volunteered in the previous 12 months contributed more than 50 hours during that period and almost one-fifth (19%) contributed 200 or more hours. Half (50%) of all volunteers had been volunteering for more than 10 years, and 70% had parents who had been volunteers.
In 2014, almost two-thirds (63%) of people who volunteered did so for 1 organisation, 24% for 2 organisations and 14% for 3 or more. The most common types of organisations were sports and recreation (31%), education and training (24%) welfare/community (21%), and religious groups (19%).
Overall volunteering rates have fluctuated over time. In 2002 and 2006, 34% of all people aged 18 and over reported volunteering in the previous 12 months. In 2010, this increased to 36% and in 2014 it decreased to 31%.
Across age groups, fluctuations have been more noticeable, including increases in 2010 among those aged 45–54 and 55–64 and the subsequent steep decline in these age ranges in 2014, along with declines in all other age groups (Figure 1).
This line graph shows the changing proportion of people aged 18 and over who undertook unpaid voluntary work in the last 12 months, by age group, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Volunteering rates across age groups have fluctuated over time, including increases in 2010 amongst the 45–54 (39% in 2006 to 44% in 2010) and 55–64 (32% in 2006 to 43% in 2010) year age groups and the subsequent steep decline in these age ranges in 2014 (down to 32% for 45–54 age group and 29% for 55–64 age group), along with declines in all other age groups.
Figure 1 data table (120KB XLSX)
These decreases reflect the broader changes noted in the GSS of a decrease in the levels of involvement in activities that connect people to their broader community. The ABS Measures of Australia’s progress, 2013 also noted a decrease in the time and opportunity that Australians have for recreation and leisure, and social and community interaction (ABS 2014). The proportion of people providing help and assistance, such as home maintenance jobs, gardening, running errands and unpaid childcare to others outside their household, also declined (49% in 2010 down to 46% in 2014).
For more information on volunteers in Australia, see General Social Survey: Summary of Results, Australia 2014
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2014. Measures of Australia’s progress, 2013. ABS cat no. 1370.0. Canberra: ABS.
ABS 2015. Australian national accounts: Non-profit institutions satellite account, 2012–13. ABS cat. no. 5256.0. Canberra: ABS.
ABS 2018. Information paper: Collection of volunteering data in the ABS, March 2018. ABS cat. no. 4159.0.55.005. Canberra: ABS.
AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) 2017. Australia’s welfare 2017. Cat. no. AUS 214. Canberra: AIHW.
Walsh L & Black R 2015. Youth volunteering in Australia: an evidence review. Report prepared for the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. Canberra: ARACY.
We'd love to know any feedback that you have about the AIHW website, its contents or reports.
The browser you are using to browse this website is outdated and some features may not display properly or be accessible to you. Please use a more recent browser for the best user experience. | <urn:uuid:859e1830-7a0b-42a0-a675-77963f3cf185> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/volunteers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988882.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508121446-20210508151446-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.953448 | 1,603 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Airbus A350-900 is an aircraft in the ITA Airways fleet, and is one of the most modern, efficient and technologically advanced planes on the market. The aircraft is used for intercontinental routes.
In comparison to aircraft of the previous generation, it is:
• Quieter, with a 40% reduction in noise emissions
• Weighs less than eight tons = less fuel = 25% less CO2
• Fuel consumption per passenger is reduced by 25% with a reduction of more than 20,000 tons of CO2 per year
• 12 additional tons of payload on longer trips or 1,200 additional nautical miles
The A350-900 is one of Airbus's flagships: compared with previous generations, the weight of the structure has been reduced by 70% thanks to the widespread use of composite materials, titanium and aluminum alloys, while fuel consumption is also 25% lower. Other significant features include the cabin altitude (the air pressure breathed by passengers), which corresponds to an altitude of approximately 1,800 meters, compared to 2,400-2,500 meters for its rivals, thereby reducing fatigue and the physical impact of sitting for several hours at a time.
Reduced weight, advanced aerodynamics, efficient engine. All of the above help to shape the plane's optimal onboard experience.
One of the six A350-900s that are currently part of the ITA Airways fleet was the first to have the Born to Be Sustainable livery, as an illustration of the airline's commitment to sustainability.
In the following video, "The new Airbus A350 with the sky blue ITA Airways livery" : | <urn:uuid:8333e4cd-7904-4768-b607-8f4635e51058> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ita-airways.com/en_eg/fly-ita/ita-world/sustainability/airbus-350-900.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.949253 | 334 | 2.640625 | 3 |
They were as follows:
- tuberculosis (consumption), 2051
- diphtheria, 1117
- stillbirth, 909
- old age, 865
- pneumonia, 783
- heart disease, 668
- cholera infantum, 653
- apoplexy (stroke) & paralysis, 628
- typhoid fever, 498
- convulsions, 431
- cancer, 391
- casualty, 350
- dropsy (edema, excess fluid in the tissues), 333
- inflammation of brain, 332
- inflammation of bowels, 327
One thing that jumped out at me was that the third leading cause of death was stillbirth. I suppose this highlights the importance of prenatal care. It is also possible that part of the problem was women having very closely spaced pregnancies, which could compromise the health of the mother and hence her unborn child. According to the Mayo Clinic, closely spaced pregnancies may not allow the mother to recover sufficiently from a previous pregnancy or replace stores of essential nutrients. In addition, when a woman becomes pregnant within twelve months of giving birth it is even possible that the placenta partially or even completely separates from the uterus, which would obviously have dire consequences. Becoming pregnant within eighteen months of giving birth can also result in low birth weight or pre-term birth.
The other interesting (and depressing) thing I found when I read a little more was the number of infants who died under one year of age. Of the roughly 40,000 births in the state in the 1886-1887 time period about 11% died before their first birthday. Even worse, about 42% of newborns who died in their first year of life actually died within a month of their birth. This could also have something to do with closely spaced pregnancies for the reasons mentioned above. Obviously, there are many other possible reasons for these sad statistics, but it is beyond the scope of this little article to go into them here. Just as a comparison, in 1900 the infant mortality (children dying before their first birthday) was approximately 100 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. By 2000, that rate had dropped to 6.89 deaths per 1,000 live births.
One final note belongs in the “the more things change the more they stay the same” category. If deaths from diseases preventable with antibiotics or vaccinations (excepting pneumonia) are removed from the 1886 list, the causes of death in the 1880s aren't that different from what is seen today.
1880s (in Michigan): stillbirth, old age, pneumonia, heart disease, stroke, convulsions, cancer, edema.
2009 (in the US): heart disease, cancer, lower respiratory diseases, stroke, casualty, Alzheimer's, diabetes, influenza/pneumonia, nephritis.
Heart disease, stroke, cancer and pneumonia were killers then and unfortunately, remain so today. I wonder where things will stand in another 120 years or so.
- Twentieth Annual Report Relating to the Registry and Return of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Michigan for the Year 1886 by the Secretary of State of the State of Michigan. 1888. Thorp & Godfrey, State Printers and Binders. Lansing.
- Mayo Clinic Staff. Family Planning: Get the facts about pregnancy spacing. May 2011. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/family-planning/MY01691.
- Twenty-First Annual Report Relating to the Registry and Return of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Michigan for the Year 1887 by the Secretary of State of the State of Michigan. 1889. Darius D. Thorp, State Printer and Binder. Lansing.
- MacDorman, M.F. and T.J. Mathews. Recent Trends in Infant Mortality in the United States. 2008. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Brief Data Number 9. Hyattsville, MD
- Deaths: Final Data for 2009. January 2012. National Vital Statistics Report (NVSR) Volume 60, Number 3. National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, MD. | <urn:uuid:add7e2d6-81b7-4e34-9cdd-e1df692386e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://kalamazoogenealogy.blogspot.com/2012/05/killers-1880s-mortality.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186608.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00301-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942664 | 866 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The capsicum plant produces edible peppers, which are fruit to a botanist and vegetables to a cook. All pepper plants are capsicums. Different species grow pods ranging from large and sweet to small and hot.
Capsicum plants produce pods which contain their seeds. Any seed-containing part of a plant is its fruit. The pepper pod is strictly a berry, because it contains more than one seed. Botanists define plants with edible roots, stems or leaves as vegetables.
Cooks use capsicum pods, or peppers, as a vegetable and add them to savory dishes. Dried and powdered peppers make the spices chili and paprika. Other fruits cooked as vegetables include tomatoes, beans and okra.
Sometimes the law decides. In 1893 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the tomato was as vegetable because it was served with dinner. At that time, importers paid duty on vegetables, but not fruit. Since then, a vegetable is any plant consumed as part of a savory dish, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture horticulturist, Victor Boswell, writing for "National Geographic" magazine in 1949 -- reprinted by Texas A&M University Extension in 2000.
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- Ornamental Pepper Plants That Are Poisonous | <urn:uuid:f02d989d-423e-4245-9b32-ed9e9510b773> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.gardenguides.com/12399577-is-capsicum-a-fruit-or-a-vegetable.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313803.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818104019-20190818130019-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.91506 | 352 | 3.8125 | 4 |
If, like so many curious travellers, you have long found yourself drawn to the vibrancy and passion of Latin America, a holiday in Mexico could be just the recipe for you. Packed with first-class culture, natural beauty and a famously delicious cuisine, Mexico presents an array of exciting options for all types of tourist.
All of the most important information including packing lists, tips and links to a Mexico holiday can be found right here!
Dive into our (free) travel guides below!
The Key Info
With a total area of almost 2,000,000 km², Mexico is one of the largest countries in Latin America and the thirteenth largest on earth.
Indeed, with a population 129 million, Mexico is the world’s most populous Spanish speaking nation and the second most in Latin America after Brazil.
Mexico shares borders with the United States, Guatemala and Belize, whilst the nation famously has extensive coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the more tranquil Caribbean Sea.
The national language of Mexico is Spanish, yet the nation is also home to a wide variety of minority languages including Nahuatl and Yucatec Maya. In fact, the nation has more than 68 officially recognised national languages.
Mexico in numbers
- Population: 129 million
- Total size of the country: 1,972,550 km²
- Capital city: Mexico City
- Currency: Mexican Peso
- Language: Spanish
- Religion: Roman Catholic (83%), Protestants (7%), non-religious (5%)
The 5 largest cities in Mexico
The largest city in Mexico is by far the national capital of Mexico City. Other key cities in the nation include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla and Toluca.
# 1 Mexico City
As the capital city of Mexico, Mexico City is one of the largest and most populous cities on the planet. In fact, the population of Greater Mexico City is currently estimated to be a whopping 21.3 million. Dating back to 1325 when the settlement was founded by Aztecs on Lake Texcoco, the city was originally known as Tenochtitlan. The city did not become known as Mexico City until 1524 when Spanish conquistadors renamed what is generally seen as the oldest city in Latin America.
Today the city is the beating heart of the Mexican economy and one of the nation’s most visited places. Renowned for history and culture, the city is brimming with treasures both new and old. The iconic Plaza de la Constitution or Zocalo as it is commonly known is home to the impressive Metropolitan Cathedral, which is built in the famous Spanish-era style.
Nearby, the Palacio de Bellas Artes showcases murals by Diego Rivera whilst across town the world-leading Museo Soumaya and Collecion Jumex house masterpieces of sculpture and painting from across the globe.
Chapultepec Park is surely one of Latin America’s finest and most vibrant public parks whilst the nearby Roma neighbourhood is home to Mexico City’s finest bars, cafes and restaurants making it popular with foreign visitors.
Located in the Mexican state of Jalisco, Guadalajara is the nation’s second most populous urban area with a population of around 5 million people.
Guadalajara is famous across Mexico and Latin America as a cultural centre, with the Mariachi style of music having it’s origins in the city. Other key cultural elements of life in Guadalajara include the area’s unique cuisine and architecture. Food here is a key draw for visitors who come to try the special blend of pre-colonial and Spanish styles, and key dishes include the spicy meat stew birria. As for the city’s famous architecture, the sheer number of neoclassical Spanish buildings here make Guadalajara one of Mexico’s most atmospheric destinations. Key buildings include the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Teatro Degollado.
Monterrey is a city in northeastern Mexico in the state of Nuevo Leon. Widely considered to have the best quality of life in the country, this city is perched atmospherically at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains.
Monterrey is known to be the most Americanized of all cities in Mexico, with an ultra modern central district contrasting the colonial architecture of buildings such as the Metropolitan cathedral. Indeed, Monterrey makes a great place to stay for tourists looking to explore the nearby mountains.
Founded in 1531 by conquistadors, Puebla is the capital city of the state of Puebla. Famous across Mexico for its excellent universities, delicious cuisine and stunning architecture, this is one of the most pleasant cities to visit for foreign tourists in Mexico.
For foodies, Puebla is particularly attractive, as this city is home to some of the best loved Mexican food on the planet including Mole Poblano and Chiles en Nogada.
Famous for its architecture, Toluca is a city of almost 900,000 located close to the national capital Mexico City. A worthwhile overnight stay for tourists in the region, Toluca is a friendly and liveable city whose key attractions include the beautiful Spanish-era cathedral as well as the Museo be Bellas Artes.
Top Tourist Attractions
# 1 Palenque
This jaw dropping complex of Maya temples located on Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is quite rightly the nation’s top historical attraction. Dozens of temples sit amid lush jungle that teems with wildlife including howler monkeys and all manner of exotic birds. To explore Palenque is to breath in thousands of years of history and this, coupled with the stunning location, make these temples some of the most downright stunning on earth.
# 2 Teotihuacan
Located north of Mexico City, this complex of ancient Aztec ruins is one of Mexico’s most visited historic sites. The centre of the attraction are the Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, iconic stepped examples of this ancient architectural style that once served as key centres of spirituality for the Aztecs. Indeed, Teotihuacan is believed the have been the region’s largest city and epicentre of Aztec culture.
# 3 Oaxaca
The fact that the third key attraction for Mexico is itself a city speaks volumes as to the beauty and charm of this settlement. Indeed, the entire place is a UNESCO world heritage site due to the unrivalled depth of culture, cuisine and history that can be found in Oaxaca. The city is somehow both a centre of colonial culture as well as a key regional hub of indigenous identity and perhaps this paradox sums up Oaxaca more than any guide ever could.
# 4 Chichen Itza
Mexico’s best known architectural wonder may be crowded at the best of times yet a visit to this ancient Mayan city is nonetheless essential for those visiting the Yucatan peninsula. The complex of buildings including the iconic stepped pyramids is nothing short of breathtaking, particularly when visited at dawn.
# 5 Cabo Pulmo
Located in Baja California, Cabo Pulmo is a tiny village and Marine Protected Area that offers some of the most spectacular snorkelling on the planet. The sheer diversity of species on offer here in unrivalled, with sea turtles the real draw among a slew of other fascinating creatures.
Holidays in Mexico
- January 1: Año Nuevo (New Year)
- January 6: Three Wide Men Day
- February 5: Constitution Day
- March 21: Birth of Benito Juarez
- Jueves Santo (Maundy Thursday), Viernes Santo (Good Friday) and Pascuas (Easter)
- April 2: Día del Veterano y de los Caídos en la Guerra de Malvinas (Day of the Islas Malvinas)
- May 1: Día del Trabajador (Labor Day)
- May 5: Battle of Puebla
- May 10: Día de la Madre
- September 15: Grito de Dolores
- September 16: Independence Day
- November 2: Day of the Dead
- November 20: Revolution Day
- December 25: Christmas Day
Do I Need a Visa
A passport or provisional passport is needed for all European citizens to get into Mexico, an identity card is not sufficient to get into the country.
Children need their own passport to get in whilst European citizens need a visa if they plan on staying longer than 90 days.
The national currency is the Mexican Peso (MXN). 1 peso is divided into 100 centavos (¢).
Banknotes are available at 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 pesos, and coins at 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos as well as 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos.
Credit cards are particularly common in Mexico City, so finding the right bank for you should not be a problem. However, when traveling outside of major cities, such as Mexico City or Guadalajara, it is advisable to pack enough cash.
Dos and Don’ts in Mexico
These are the rules and practices that you need to know when travelling to Mexico, to avoid feeling uncomfortable or even being disrespectful.
|Try the local food! Mexico is home to some of the most delicious cuisine on the planet and it is as diverse as it is tasty.||Jumping the queue (this is considered extremely rude)|
|Head to local museums and galleries in the big cities, Mexico is home to a wonderfully rich art and cultural heritage.||Wear jewellery or expensive watches.|
|Head to a football game to soak up the atmosphere and better understand contemporary Mexican culture.||Do not leave the big cities without cash as you may not encounter an ATM for some time.|
|Travel by bus through Mexico – train connections are not well developed for passenger transport, while domestic flights can also be pricey.||Walking around after dark (it’s best to call a taxi from the hotel). However, never get in a taxi you waived down in the street.|
|In places that aren’t safe always have a small amount of money to hand over in theevent of a robbery.||Drink alcohol in the streets|
Must Haves for Your Mexico Packing List
Since Mexico is generally a hot and dry country, it is best to pack light and breathable clothing. Only if you are planning a trek into the mountains will warm clothing be necessary, whilst trips to the beach will require a change of swimming costume for sure!
- Lightweight t-shirts, shirts and trousers
- Comfortable, durable sports shoes
- Sandals or flip flops for the beaches
- A small wallet that you can wear
- Complete toiletry bag
- The correct travel adapter
- The Taxi App (Easy Taxi, Link)
Secret tips from bloggers worldwide
- Head to the beautiful city of Merida, the Yucatan capital that’s home to stunning colonial buildings and delightful museums.
- For stunning, quiet beaches look no further than Yelapa, an untouched beach town near Puerto Vallarta that is as yet pristine.
- Copper Canyon is a great place for outdoor adventures, with this vast expanse four times larger than the Grand Canyon! Take the Chihuahua al Paifico railway through this arid region for classic desert vistas!
TOP Instagrammable Places in Mexico
Fun Facts About Mexico
Did you know..?
- ..that Mexico is officially named the United Mexican States
- ..that Mexico is home to over 30 UNSECO World Heritage sites
- .. that Mexico is home to around 10% of all the world’s biodiversity
- …that Mexicans work an average of 43 hours per person per week, the highest on the planet!
- …that Mexico is the world’s largest producer of silver, mining over 5,600 Metric Tonnes of the stuff in the year 2017 | <urn:uuid:0c7a897b-00eb-4c12-83f2-d0d1bc9381c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.mypostcard.com/en/world-map/north-america-travel/mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.930666 | 2,507 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Techniques to create a single image that captures the experience of this celestial phenomenon
Standing under a dark sky and watching a meteor shower is a breathtaking experience. Creating a compelling photograph of that experience, however, is difficult. Even the most active meteor showers, the Perseids and Geminids, produce only 50 to 100 meteors per hour, or just one or two per minute. Those numbers refer to meteors visible anywhere in the sky. Even an ultra-wide 16mm lens on a full-frame camera can only see roughly one-fifth of the sky. The longest exposure you can use with a 16mm lens before the stars begin to make obvious streaks is about 30 seconds. Put all those figures together, and it’s clear you’re unlikely to capture more than one meteor in a single exposure—if you even capture one.
Photographing Meteor Showers By Stacking Multiple Images
So how do you make a photograph that captures the feeling of watching an active meteor shower? The answer, in brief, is to shoot back-to-back 30-second exposures all night with the widest lens you own. Once you get home, comb through your images to locate those containing meteors, then stack all of those frames as layers in a single Photoshop file. Choose one image as the background star and land layer, then mask out everything but the meteor streak from all the remaining layers. The result will be a composite image containing all the meteors that fell within your lens’ field of view during the entire night.
The most photogenic meteor showers of the year are the Perseids, which peak every year around Aug. 12 to 13, and the Geminids, which peak around Dec. 13 to 14. The Perseids rain down most frequently between midnight and dawn; Geminid meteors start streaking across the sky around 9 or 10 p.m. and continue all night.
You’ll capture a lot more meteors if you can find a dark location well away from city lights. For help locating a dark-sky location near you, check out jshine.net/astronomy/dark_sky. You’ll also see more meteors when the moon is below the horizon. The 2016 Geminids coincide with a full moon, which will significantly reduce the number of meteors you see but will also make it easier to hold detail in the land. The moon will rise at about 11 p.m. during the peak night of the 2017 Perseids and will be about 70 percent illuminated. You’ll enjoy moon-free skies nearly all night during the peak of the 2017 Geminids. Clouds, of course, will shut down the show. Check out cleardarksky.com/csk for a forecast of cloud cover at your chosen location.
Meteor showers have radiants, a point in the sky from which the meteors appear to originate. Meteor showers are named for the constellations containing their radiants. Most meteors travel roughly 30 degrees from their radiant before becoming bright enough to see. You don’t have to find the radiant to see meteors. During an active shower, meteors will appear in all parts of the sky, which means you can point your camera in any direction and capture meteors. To capture images like my shots of the Perseids and Geminids, however, you’ll need to compose so that the radiant is within the frame some time during the night.
Like all celestial objects, radiants appear to move across the sky as the earth rotates. The radiant for the Perseids, which is near the star Al Fakhbir, is in the northeast sky during the peak of the shower. The radiant for the Geminids, which is near the star Castor, rises to the northeast, is nearly straight overhead at 2 a.m., and is setting to the west at astronomical dawn.
Gear And Exposure Basics
I shot both the Perseids and Geminids with a Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II USM lens set to 16mm. Even better would have been a 14mm, which can cover about 30 percent more sky than a 16mm. My exposure for each frame was 30 seconds, ƒ/2.8, ISO 6400.
For the Perseids, I positioned the camera to look northeast, started shooting at midnight, and shot about 540 frames before astronomical dawn. Only 39 frames contained bright meteors.
For the Geminids, I set up looking south, so the radiant would be near the top of the frame during the peak of the shower. Out of 900 frames, only 51 contained a bright meteor.
For both images, I also shot several frames at 2 minutes, ƒ/2.8, ISO 6400 to get better detail in the land.
Processing Your Meteor Shower Images
After locating the meteor-containing images in Lightroom, I selected all of them and opened them as layers in a single Photoshop document (Photo > Edit In > Open as Layers in Photoshop). I chose one two-minute exposure with good detail in the land and dragged it to the bottom of the layer stack. Then I chose a layer containing the radiant to be the background star layer and dragged it to just above the good-land layer. Then I selected each meteor on all the other layers with the Pen tool, added a layer mask, filled the path with black (which hid the meteor), then inverted the mask (Control+I) to reveal the meteor and hide everything else. In a final step, I masked out the dark land from the background star layer to reveal the properly exposed land underneath.
When you first composite your meteor shower image, the meteors will appear to be crisscrossing the sky at random. Almost all of the meteors in both images actually originated at the radiant (a few were strays), but that pattern is hidden because the radiant appears at a different place in each meteor-containing layer, since I shot the images over a period of hours. To reveal that pattern, I used two different methods to rotate each meteor-containing layer so that the meteor streaks appeared to originate at the radiant.
The radiant for the Perseids is circumpolar, which means it makes a giant circle around Polaris. That makes it possible to use Polaris as the center of rotation while using Free Transform to rotate each meteor-containing layer to align its stars with the stars in the background layer. Target the meteor-containing layer, invoke Free Transform, then drag the point of rotation to Polaris. To identify Polaris, use a star-stacking program like StarStaX to create a temporary star-trails image. The star trails will form concentric circles around Polaris. In the final image, each Perseid meteor will appear to originate at the radiant, as if all the meteors had been captured in one exposure.
This technique is impractical for the Geminid meteor shower in mid-December, since the radiant crosses almost the entire sky. Trying to align the stars in each meteor-containing layer with those in the background star layer would push many meteor streaks entirely out of the frame. To create my Geminid image, I used Free Transform to rotate each meteor streak around its center so it would appear to originate at the radiant.
I certainly didn’t see all of the meteors in either image fall simultaneously, but I did watch them fall one-by-one as I stood under the moonless sky, awed by the celestial fireworks display. The techniques I described in this article are the best way I know to make single images that capture that experience. | <urn:uuid:1a795c7e-26fc-4d17-921a-ab90aeb033d8> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://baterbis.com/photographing-meteor-showers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362605.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203060849-20211203090849-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.927324 | 1,572 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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