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Two of the most common questions I get on my blog for the National Kidney Foundation are "Can I live with one kidney?" and "What should I do to protect my single kidney?"
There are four reasons why someone might have only a solitary kidney. About one in every 450-1000 infants are born with a single kidney according to a report from the March of Dimes. Most people live a normal life with one kidney and don't know it until it is discovered later in life during non-related medical examinations.
A kidney can also be removed because of trauma, bleeding, cancer, tumor, stone disease or infection, occurring especially in the elderly population. In addition, individuals who have donated a kidney for transplantation are left with a single functioning kidney. Finally, individuals who receive a kidney transplant have only one functional kidney. These patients have underlying kidney disease that destroys their native kidneys.
Healthy kidneys have normal kidney function measured using glomerular filtration rate (GFR). When one kidney is removed, it is possible for the remaining kidney to slightly increase function. Similarly, when you are born with one kidney, the remaining kidney maybe be able to compensate and increase function to near normal range for two healthy kidneys. However, injury to a solitary kidney can cause kidney failure more quickly, and treatment should be started aggressively and monitored carefully.
If you have a single kidney, you should consider the potential of injury to the remaining kidney that can occur during contact sports such as football, martial arts, soccer and hockey. Discuss your concerns with your physician.
In order to keep your remaining kidney healthy, I recommend that you lead a healthy lifestyle. You should eat a healthy, low salt diet, such as a DASH diet. You should exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight. You should not smoke or drink alcohol in excess. Bladder and kidney infections should be recognized quickly and treated effectively.
Individuals with one kidney may have a slightly increased risk of developing high blood pressure and chronic kidney disease. You should have your blood pressure monitored at least twice a year and if high blood pressure is present, your blood pressure should be controlled to less than 130/80. Your kidney function should be monitored with blood and urine testing at least every year. If you have diabetes, you should follow your physician's advice to keep it under control.
Learn more about living with one kidney. | <urn:uuid:bce13c3b-1a23-43c8-b6e8-749836a91c6e> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-i-live-with-one-kidne_b_10590752 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527000.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721123414-20190721145414-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.972061 | 483 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Why You Should Just Say No to Juice and Soda for Kids
Keeping little ones hydrated and healthy is important for their busy and growing bodies, but many parents know it can also be challenging to get their kids to eat the healthy fruits and vegetables they need for their rapidly developing bodies.
The tempting solution? Turning to fruit juices to hydrate and provide nutritional value.
Unfortunately, most fruit juices are loaded with as much sugar as soda – and little nutritional value to boot, especially compared to consuming the raw form of the fruit.
The American Academy of Pediatrics released a policy (recommending that children less than one year should not be given any fruit juice, and that it should be limited for children ages 1-18 years.
How much is too much?
For school-age children 7-18 years old, consuming eight or fewer ounces per day is ideal. Preschoolers should be limited to four to six ounces per day, and toddlers should have no more than four ounces per day. Ultimately, making smart decisions around moderation is key.
Keep tooth decay at bay
Another misconception we often hear from parents is that baby teeth will just fall out. What’s the big deal if a baby tooth has a cavity from juice?
There are a few problems with this argument. One being the dental habits formed during childhood will likely carry through to adulthood. Setting good habits young is so important for lifelong dental health.
Another is that dentists will and do fix cavities in baby teeth. If left untreated, your child may experience pain, swelling, and infection – including affecting the developing adult tooth below.
As parents ourselves we know that it might feel like you are doing well to feed your kids fruit – in juice form. However, most fruit juices are mostly sugar-water and while it’ll leave their tummies feeling full, it does not have the nutritional value that a well-balanced meal or snack does. And though drinking fruit juices and sodas alone will not damage your child’s teeth forever, they create unnecessary risk for larger dental problems down the road. Saying “no” to juice now will be a lot easier than having to watch your child get his or her first cavity. | <urn:uuid:1cc8c390-423a-46c1-a791-6baa7493a30b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://willowspringdentist.com/why-you-should-just-say-no-to-juice-and-soda-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541281438.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214150439-20191214174439-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.96335 | 453 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In the framework of the ISLM model, a supply shock would be defined as any exogenous force that affects the ability of an economy to produce its natural level of output, this ability is represented by a production function that often relies on available resources and production technology. Therefore, any factors affecting the availability of resources or technology will be considered a supply shock (e.g. Drought and crops).
On the other hand, a demand shock acts on aggregate demand by influencing planned expenditure by economic actors or the amount of real money balances that economic actors desire to hold.
In short, if it affects available production inputs or production technology, it's a supply shock.
Notice that the GDP is just a measure of all goods and services produced in an economy for a given period of time. If you use the expenditure approach to GDP (Y = C + I + G + NX), a supply shock will not immediately act on this formula, rather it affects the formula Y=F(X) (where X is a vector representing production inputs). But note that the two formulas, meaning the two "Y"'s must equal each other, therefore, there will be changes in the first equation to match the second equation at some level of Y. However, you can't differentiate these changes from changes arising due to a demand shock unless you have the whole story. You can't just look at "C" for instance, and assume that any changes in "C" resulted from a supply shock. | <urn:uuid:df5153fb-0fa2-40ca-9217-fd8a96e13b75> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/14214/what-is-a-supply-side-shock-in-macroeconomics/14215 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944641 | 300 | 3.359375 | 3 |
About the Artist
Stuart Davis was an American painter whose European influences, combined with his American sensibilities, made him one of the most important modern painters of the twentieth century.
Early Life and Education
Stuart Davis was born in 1892, to a family that encouraged his talents from an early age. His father, Edward Wyatt Davis, was the art editor of the Philadelphia Press. The illustrators who worked for him at the paper were all members of the Charcoal Club, which was founded by Ashcan painter Robert Henri.
Davis’ mother, Helen Stuart Davis, was a sculptor.
With his parents consent, Davis dropped out of high school in 1909 and moved to New York to study with Henri, who encouraged his students to explore emerging styles of art and music.
Career and Family
Stuart Davis was one of, if not the, youngest artists to exhibit at the 1913 Armory Show. The show itself exposed him to the Cubist and Fauvist works of modern European artists. Davis, in turn, began to create his own unique style of sharp-edged, bold colored patterns and lines, that were uniquely American in style and content.
In 1927, Davis painted the same the objects – an egg beater, an electric fan and a rubber glove – over and over again for a year.
He spent 1928 in France, where he painted cityscapes that combined elements of still life.
When the Depression hit, Davis enrolled in the WPA Federal Art Project. One of his iconic works is Swing Landscape, which was commissioned for the Williamsburg Housing Project in Brooklyn. The mural depicts the waterfront of Gloucester, Massachusetts. The colors, shapes and style of Swing Landscape, and Davis’ other works, were forerunners of Pop Art and Hard Edge Abstraction.
Davis’ first wife, Bessie Chosak, died in 1932, just three years after they were married. In 1938, Davis married Roselle Springer. Their son, George Earl Davis, was born in 1952.
From 1940 through 1951, Davis taught at at the New School for Social Research. He continued painting and honing his technique throughout his lifetime.
Davis died from a stroke, in New York, in 1964.
The Whitney Museum recently held a retrospective of the works of Stuart Davis, which reflect his optimism about American culture and art. Davis’ works can be found at the Met, MoMA, the Brooklyn Museum, the Norton Museum of Art in Palm Beach, the Smithsonian and other fine collections around the world.
http://www.wikiart.org/en/stuart-davis [photo] Stuart Davis Egg Beater No. 4 1928
http://www.wikiart.org/en/stuart-davis[photo] Stuart Davis Swing Landscape 1938
http://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/2005/82.html[photo] Stuart Davis The Paris Bit 1959 | <urn:uuid:6d982f99-1350-47ab-8285-e94d17a82f79> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://surovekgallery.com/stuart-davis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583656530.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190115225438-20190116011438-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.949559 | 608 | 2.96875 | 3 |
(Excerpts from, and thanks to, Dr. Rowen, MD., Dr. Whitaker, MD, and Life Extension. We don’t sell it and ribose is expensive and not essential, so this is a consideration only if it fits your budget!)
This little-known “healthy sugar” can help you get rid of fatigue at the root cause – by building an energy pool in every single cell of your body – and it is proven in clinical studies.
As you know, we believe the two priorities for chronic fatigue are:
1. Our Ultimate Monolaurin to combat several of the bacterial and viral attacks that often cause chronic fatigue, and
2. The Ultimate Detox to remove the toxic heavy metals and pesticides that can also be causing fatigue.
Once your body is no longer under attack, it is able to move back to a healthy metabolism. However, there are some people whose metabolism may be ‘stuck’ in low gear. If so, this may be worth considering.
Scientists have discovered that there is a special type of sugar that can help you get rid of nagging fatigue at the metabolic level. What’s more, this special sugar can help you, even if you’ve been suffering from debilitating fatigue for years.
So what is this special sugar? It’s called ribose. Ribose is special because it has only 5 carbons in its chemical structure (as opposed to 6 carbons in common sugars, like glucose, sucrose, and fructose). These 6-carbon sugars raise blood sugar levels, and cause your body to produce insulin.
Unlike 6-carbon sugars, the 5-carbon sugar ribose does not raise blood sugar levels or cause your body to produce insulin. Instead, it helps you burn off more sugar, and get rid of fatigue at the root cause.
Why does ribose have such amazing effects? Well, it has to do with how the body produces energy, and how the lack of energy production is the root cause of fatigue.
The Root Cause of Fatigue
As you may know, your cells contain tiny “power plants” called mitochondria. These power plants produce an energy molecule called ATP. The more ATP your cells produce, the more energy you have. Conversely, when your ATP levels are low, you feel fatigued and sluggish, as you don’t have enough energy. To restore your energy and recover from fatigue, your cells have to produce more ATP.
The problem is that your cells need ATP to make ATP. The less ATP you have, the less ATP your cells can make. It’s a vicious cycle. As a result, your ATP levels never recover to optimal levels, even with plenty of rest. And that’s why you’re tired all the time!
Build an Energy Pool in Every Cell of Your Body
Fortunately, ribose makes it much easier for your cells to produce ATP. Ribose is an actual building block of ATP. Your cells convert ribose to ATP only when your body needs energy. And the unused ribose is stored in your cells as reserve.
To understand how this works, think of the money in your savings account. The bigger your savings, the more money you can draw out to use. In a similar way, the more ribose stored in your cells, the more ATP and energy your cells can produce.
And that’s how you can get rid of fatigue at the root cause. All you have to do is build a large pool of ribose in your cells, so that they get a continuous supply of ribose to make ATP. This ensures you’ll never be low in energy, and be fatigued again.
Proven to Work in Clinical Studies
Is ribose really that effective at overcoming fatigue? Well, according to research studies, the answer is YES! For example, in one animal study, scientists took lab rats and clamped their blood vessels, in order to slow down blood flow and deprive the rats’ hearts of oxygen. This in turn caused their ATP levels to plunge. The scientists then split the rats into two groups: one received ribose, and one didn’t. The result: The rats in the control group continued to have a serious decline in ATP levels. In contrast, the rats taking ribose saw their ATP levels go back to normal within 24 hours!
In another animal study, scientists found that ribose sped up the recovery of fatigued muscles by up to 430%. They also found that even tiny amounts of ribose helped the cells preserve energy.
In a Lancet study of 20 men, researchers found that those taking ribose could exercise much harder before being fatigued.
In a clinical study, Dr. Jacob Teitelbaum, medical director of the Fibromyalgia and Fatigue Centers, took a group of 36 patients who suffered from fatigue, and gave each one a small bottle of ribose. He then told them to take the ribose daily until the bottle was empty. The result? The patients saw a dramatic improvement in their energy levels – and they also reported to sleep better… think clearer… and enjoy improved well-being.
In a case study published in the journal Pharmacotherapy, a veterinarian was forced to give up the practice she loved due to her debilitating fatigue. She felt depressed and helpless. So when she heard about ribose, she decided to give it a try immediately. What happened next? She was back to her operating room in 3 weeks, practicing normally without any fatigue.
However… being a very skeptical person, she didn’t believe that a “sugar” could have such a dramatic effect on her condition. So she stopped taking ribose. Within two weeks, her debilitating fatigue returned. But when she resumed her ribose supplementation, her fatigue was gone in days.
That’s how effective ribose is at treating fatigue, and boosting energy. But ribose does more than that. It also…
Strengthens Heart Muscles
You see, your heart pumps a large volume of blood every second. This uses up a lot of energy. This energy comes from the ATP your heart cells produce. The problem is, when your heart is weakened, the heart cells are no longer able to produce enough ATP and energy. Without enough energy, the heart muscles become fatigued and starved for even more energy.
That’s why people with weakened hearts are so tired all the time. Indeed, it’s not uncommon for heart patients to complain that they can’t even walk to their mailbox without being so out of breath that they have to sit down. The good news is that it’s possible to strengthen your heart muscles and improve your stamina with ribose. Have a look at these studies:
In a German study, researchers took a group of heart patients and hooked them up to an echocardiograph to test their heart functions. After that, they gave the patients ribose or a placebo for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, they re-tested the heart functions of the patients.
What did they find? The patients taking ribose showed increased energy in their hearts. Their hearts filled and pumped more normally compared to the hearts of the control group. Not only that, the ribose group also reported to enjoy a better quality of life.
But the researchers didn’t stop there. They had the patients run on treadmills to see how well they performed. Compared to the control group, the ribose group could run for a much longer time before showing signs of fatigue. Amazing!
In another study, researchers took a group of heart patients and tested them on stationary bicycles. Result: The patients taking
ribose performed much better than the control group. What’s more, the ribose group also showed to have stronger hearts, as measured by the amount of blood they pumped!
In still another study, researchers gave ribose to patients who had heart injury. What they found was amazing. The patients showed improved blood flow, improved oxygen-uptake, and greater exercise capacity.
And in yet another study, researchers gave ribose to a group of 143 patients who had previous bypass surgery. The patients showed much greater hearts’ pumping ability compared to the patients who had bypass surgery, but without taking ribose.
(By the way, there are no adverse side effects from taking ribose.)
Put Ribose to Work for You
But here’s the kicker: you cannot find ribose in any food by itself. So the only practical way to boost your ribose levels is by taking a ribose supplement. We don’t produce ribose since there are several good sources. Vitacost, Swanson’s, Puritan Pride and Amazon all have good products and prices. We usually get the NSI Brand at Vitacost, listed in our Additional Supplementspage (NSI Link Here).
We feel it is worth the cost if you think your body might need a boost after Monolaurin and Detox has gotten rid of the body attacks. Take 1 heaping tsp. (about 5 g.) 1 – 3 times a day.
Best to all.
1. Chronic fatigue syndrome: draft clinical practice guidelines on the evaluation of prolonged fatigue and the diagnosis and management of chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia. Version 1. 1997
2. Bates DW, Schmitt W, Buchwald D, et al Prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in a primary care practice. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2759–65.
3. Tuck I, Human N The experience of living with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1998;36:15–9.
4. Goodnick PJ, Klimas NG., editors 1993. Chronic fatigue and related immune deficiency syndromes. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press.
5. Buchwald D, Sullivan JL, Komaroff AL Frequency of ‘chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection’ in a general medical practice. JAMA. 1987;257:2303–7.
6. Straus SE, Tosato G, Armstrong G, et al Persisting illness and fatigue in adults with evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:7–16.
7. Conn HF, Clohecy RJ, Conn RB Current Diagnosis. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders. 1997. | <urn:uuid:a4d52fe9-fa4d-443b-8e21-90bdf8f1b432> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ppt-health.com/fatigue-busting-ribose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.934868 | 2,167 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Know what is fake news
Tips to help you get down to the truth of the story.
With Singapore’s push to become a Smart Nation, seniors are being prepared for the digital world. Initiatives targeted at seniors help them learn rapidly about the internet, digital banking, cybersecurity, usage of common applications (apps) and social media.
However, with the increased connectivity resulting in greater availability of information, digital literacy becomes important. We now need to scrutinise information to separate truth from a lie.
Fake news comes in many forms, ranging from online articles to text messages containing a warning, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to identify. Examples include:
- Satirical content which may not be obvious.
- Information, such as quotes, taken out of context.
- Impostor content such as sites with URLs similar to Government pages or news outlets.
- Manipulated content such as doctored photos and videos.
- Falsehoods, untrue content created to trick people.
Both the community, and families, caregivers and seniors themselves must play a part in improving each other’s digital literacy by encouraging the following habits.
Rather than believing information and spreading it straight away, it is always best to take it with a grain of salt. Question the reliability of the information source. News from a professional-looking website is not necessarily real. By checking the reputation of the publisher or cross-referencing multiple reputable news sources is the best way to find out if news is real or not.
Never give in to the desire to be the first to spread the news. A message sent from a contact about a third-party being heavily fined for leaving tissue paper on a table at a hawker centre is hardly reliable. Rather than spreading it, checking the authenticity of the claim with the relevant authorities would be the quickest way to ascertain its reliability.
There are also warning signs to look out for. Usually, fabricated articles will also have a few tell-tale signs that undermine their authenticity. Satire sites will have a disclaimer that they are creating parodies of real events, while paid content will usually be flagged as “sponsored” or “advertorial” content.
Fake news articles are usually credited to an unknown or anonymous author. Most reputable news sources will credit articles to their respective journalists or commissioned writers. There will also be a portfolio of a journalist or writer’s work and beats covered.
Read articles closely for loopholes such as quotes from persons of little credibility. Sometimes, these ‘experts’ are people who are hardly qualified to speak on the matter. Articles may also feature survey results with no mention of sample size or polling methods.
Caregivers or family members can also help by sitting down with seniors and discussing news that they have read online recently, in order to understand the kind of information they have been digesting online. From these discussions, they can gauge how susceptible they are to fake news.
Remind them that fake news is common and spreads quickly through the Internet. Tell them to always question the reliability of the things they read, and to not share unverified information. This will not only help reduce the spread of fake news to their peers and family, but will also reduce the chance of them falling for other dangers such as phishing sites and online scams.
Most importantly, along with the rest of the family, be a pillar of support for and assist not only them, but the whole family in checking or verifying information when possible.
(** This article has been contributed by the Media Literacy Council who in the months of November to December 2018 is organising the Better Internet Campaign which focuses on helping seniors identify and understand the threat of fake news. Useful resources such as tip-sheets and articles targeted at different age groups can be found at the Better Internet Campaign website.)
(** PHOTO CREDIT: rawpixel on Unsplash) | <urn:uuid:404df0c7-f8e5-4bb1-a944-74617f75cab2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://agelessonline.dev.bizapps.sg/know-what-is-fake-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151638.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725045638-20210725075638-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.949174 | 796 | 3.09375 | 3 |
ABOUT THE MUSEUM OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
The Museum of Indigenous People (MIP) is the only museum in the Greater Prescott Area devoted to the culture and art of Native people.
Our mission is “To instill understanding and respect for the indigenous cultures of the southwest.”
We are governed by our Board of Trustees and have three full-time employees, two additional staff, and a dedicated volunteer base. Several of our workforce are of Native heritage, and we rely on them and our Native advisors to help further our mission and vision.
The stone buildings on the campus are on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum construction was completed in 1935 by a non-Native, community-minded social group, the Smoki People, with assistance from depression-era work program participants. The museum took the name of its founders. In February 2020, the museum was renamed to best reflect the cultural resources in our holdings as well as the Native community we serve. The MIP is a venue where the Native voice is heard and appreciated!
On exhibit are pre-historic, historic, and contemporary examples of Indian cultural and artistic material from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Our focus is to enlighten the public and broaden their knowledge of the Native cultures of this part of the world, irrespective of political boundaries. | <urn:uuid:e55e97a3-9275-41bb-9098-6c6fce374a2b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.museumofindigenouspeople.org/about-museum-of-indigenous-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.965984 | 273 | 2.546875 | 3 |
“My child was non-verbal and he learned to speak over 35 words in less than 4 months.”
Karen G, Malta, mother of Ivan, 4
Language Hotspots for a child with autism can be found wherever his or her greatest motivations are. For most children language hotspots can be found when playing interactive games including tickle games, blowing bubbles, reading books, singing songs, playing chase games, offering rough and tumble, playing with car, playing ball, etc. Language hotspots will vary depending upon a child’s interactive motivations. Many children’s language hotspots also include times when they are requesting (non-verbally) snacks, drinks, the computer, etc.
First, make a list of your child’s language hotspots. These will include all of the times when your child really wants something from you. Choose one KEY WORD related to this language hotspot and label each motivating interactive activity with this KEY WORD.
Just because a child has difficulty developing expressive language does NOT mean that he does not understand much or all of what you are saying. Therefore I’d recommend regularly speaking to your child like you would to any child of a similar age. However, when your child is in a language hotspot and you are focused on developing your child’s EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE it is vital that you SIMPLIFY your own language. Highlight and be consistent with the KEY WORD when it is a language hotspot moment.
For example, if your child really likes tickle games, you would choose the word TICKLE. Now, when playing a tickle game with your child, you might playfully say, “Tickle, tickle, I’m going to tickle you, TICKLE….!” Notice how the word tickle is highlighted and repeated within the activity. This is much more effective in helping your child say “tickle” than if you are using too many words.
It is much less effective to say something like, “I’m going to give you a tickle, I’m getting you under your arms, now I’m getting your tummy, here I come, I’m going to get you, 1, 2, 3, I got you!” In this second example there is no key word for a child to focus on and try to repeat.
Next, when your child is highly motivated and wants you to continue the activity, PAUSE….Many children need 5, 10, or even 20 seconds or more in order to attempt the KEY WORD that you have been illustrating. If you pause during an activity when your child is highly motivated, he will do everything he can to get the next cycle of the motivating activity.
If you have been playfully highlighting a KEY WORD during the activity then he will know what word will make the activity continue. For example, “Bubbles (as you blow bubbles), here come some more bubbles (as you blow more bubbles), bubbles, bubbles….BUBBLES…PAUSE (and you wait before blowing more bubbles)……..” Your child will now attempt to say bubbles because he is CLEAR that this is what prompts you to blow more bubbles.
Celebrate your child’s attempts to say a word. Reward your child’s attempts at language with a celebration and a rewarding action. The important thing is that your child fall in love with trying to communicate.
This goal is much easier to achieve if you are only requesting language when your child is having fun and is highly motivated and REALLY wants something from you. You can make this happen by identifying your child’s language hotspots within interactive games.
You can also use a KEY WORD when your child is wanting a “drink” or something to “eat”. Be careful not to be overly difficult when your child is wanting something like this. Don’t be too difficult during these times or you will make language attempts unattractive. If however you clearly model using a KEY WORD when your child wants something and you only occasionally pause to allow your child to attempt the word then your child is likely to enjoy the power of attempting language rather than get disheartened at the difficulty level.
Many children with autism have language breakthroughs when you use KEY WORDS within LANGUAGE HOTSPOTs. It can be so exciting to help a child develop language in this way. A child can have fun during interactive activities while at the same time practicing a hugely useful skill. I’ve seen many children speak their first words when they have had several chances to try to say a KEY WORD within a motivating activity.
Some children, however, have apraxia (verbal dyspraxia) that makes it especially difficult for them to develop language even when you use these tools. If that is the case, playful persistence is vital and it can also be useful to incorporate other modes of speech therapy support (which might include speech therapy methods such as PROMPT or TALKTOOLS). In certain cases it can also be useful to incorporate other forms of augmented communication support such as PECS or RPM.
Give your child with autism an opportunity to have a language breakthrough by identifying the language hotspots in his life. And have fun building interactive attention as you simultaneously practice language development. | <urn:uuid:2b2bfc39-1164-4b22-850e-7452d0b3897a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.autismseminars.org/developing-language-autism-language-hotspots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213903.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818232623-20180819012623-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.95719 | 1,120 | 3 | 3 |
A fire on the farm is a farmer’s worst nightmare and often, it brings significant emotional and economic damage to the farming community.
The most common causes of barn fires in Vermont is heating equipment, which includes portable heaters, heat lamps orsparks from chimneys from other buildings. The division of fire safety has teamed up with the Barn Fire Prevention Task Force that is working on developing resources to support the agricultural community and VT’s farm families to address ways to prevent barn fires in our state.
Fire Safety Highlights
- Prevent a Fire from Starting - Preventing a fire from starting in the first place is really the best thing that a farmer can do.
- Develop a Plan - Knowing what to do if a fire does break out is essential in protecting your farm and your family.
- Perform a Farm Safety Self Inspection - All farms, even the small back yard farm should be evaluated for potential hazards and conditions that could lead to a fire.
- Control Potential Ignition Sources - Strictly enforce a ‘NO SMOKING’ policy in and around all farm buildings. Maintain adequate clearance to combustibles around heaters.
- Ensure electrical repairs and installations are performed by or inspected by a licensed electrician.
- Be Careful When Using Fire - Keep burning brush piles well away from the barn and maintain at least a 50 foot fire break around the barn. Many barn fires are started when the small brush pile that someone is burning spreads to farm structures.
- Install and Maintain Portable Fire Extinguishers - Install at least two 10 pound A B C extinguishers in the barn and out buildings.
Human safety must be your first priority. Do not put you self at risk.
Additional Information Resource Links
Farm Fire Safety Information Co-op Insurance Company
NFPA Rural Fire Safety Web Page
University of Vermont Extension
VT Barn Fire Prevention Task Force | <urn:uuid:2a2f7afe-0d3d-4885-bc6d-889b1a43a3f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://firesafety.vermont.gov/pubed/media/farm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823731.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020044747-20171020064747-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.90822 | 387 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ripples in Spacetime
By Sylvia Biscoveanu, 2017 Fulbright Postgraduate Scholar
At this moment, the space you occupy is shaking from a background of gravitational radiation. You are being stretched and squeezed in all directions by gravitational waves from the most distant reaches of our universe. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime caused by the violent acceleration of extremely massive astrophysical objects, but you don’t have to worry about getting ripped apart by gravitational radiation anytime soon; by the time these waves reach Earth, the spacetime distortion they cause is less than the diameter of a proton.
Because these signals are so weak, it takes an extremely sensitive instrument to detect them. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) consists of a pair of 4-kilometer-long, L-shaped lasers that use the characteristic interference pattern of the laser light to detect when a passing gravitational wave has squeezed one arm and stretched the other. The LIGO Scientific Collaboration announced the first direct detection of gravitational waves from a merging pair of black holes two years ago, exactly one hundred years after they were first predicted by Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. This was such a monumental discovery that the scientists who first designed the experiment were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017, while I was serving as a Fulbright Postgraduate Scholar at Monash University in Melbourne, using LIGO data to study the gravitational wave background.
This background arises from the overlap of many gravitational wave signals that are too weak to be detected individually. An individual black hole merger would go undetected if it’s not close or massive enough, but a chorus of them scattered throughout the universe would produce a persistent hum that might be loud enough for the detector to hear. Together with colleagues at Monash, I worked on implementing the optimal method for detecting such a binary black hole background, developing the tools to run the search and experimenting on mock data. Merging black holes won’t be the only source contributing to the gravitational wave background, though. This background could also be cosmological, a relic of the turbulence in the early universe immediately following the Big Bang. The cosmological contribution would be much weaker than the astrophysical contribution from binary black holes, making it even more difficult to detect. While at Monash, I worked on developing a method to search for and measure both of these contributions simultaneously, a project that is still ongoing.
My time at Monash served as an introduction to many of the techniques I will need throughout the rest of my PhD, which I have just started at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During my ten months in Melbourne, I learned so much not only about Bayesian statistics, gamma-ray bursts, stochastic backgrounds, and signal processing, but also about how to guide my own research and pose compelling research questions on my own. I have made invaluable connections with other researchers at Monash and in OzGrav: The ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, and these are collaborations I plan to continue now that I’ve returned to the US.
I also had the opportunity to share my passion for gravitational waves with the broader community. I organized a series of outreach activities for local year 10 students, teaching them the basics of gravitational wave data analysis and interferometers. I gave song to that chorus of merging black holes with my supervisors, Dr. Eric Thrane and Dr. Rory Smith, on ABC’s The 7.30 Report. I presented a TEDx talk on gravitational wave backgrounds in Canberra. Together with another postgraduate student at Monash, I started a mentoring program for women in physics and astronomy at all stages of their careers, from undergraduates to faculty, bringing over one aspect of my undergraduate education that led me to ultimately pursue a career as an astrophysicist.
In addition to my research on gravitational waves, I was also able to pursue my passion for music. I played violin in the Monash Academy Orchestra, gaining exposure to the works of Australian composers under the baton of top Australian conductors. It was quite a shock having to ask my stand partner about crotchets, quavers, and breves during my first orchestra rehearsal, since we use different musical terms in the US! These opportunities allowed me to give back to the community that became my new home, and I have taken many aspects of my Australian home back to the US with me—13 boxes of Tim Tams, lifelong friendships, new professional connections, and a deep appreciation of the intradepartmental collaboration at Monash that made me feel so welcome.
Share your Fulbright story too! Find out how by writing to: firstname.lastname@example.org
Copyright © 2021 – Fulbright | <urn:uuid:b2e2e01e-40f6-408b-b59c-6e64e9645414> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.fulbright.org.au/news-and-events/2018/10/ripples-in-spacetime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.954349 | 976 | 3.75 | 4 |
Why do I see white spots on my body?
White spots on the skin often occur when skin proteins or dead cells become trapped under the skin’s surface. They may also occur as a result of depigmentation, or color loss. White skin spots are not usually a reason for concern and do not cause major symptoms.
What autoimmune disease causes white spots on skin?
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that causes your skin to lose color, often resulting in white patches on your skin that cover both sides of your body.
Why do I have tiny white spots on my skin?
When white spots are caused by entrapped keratin, it’s called primary milia. However, these tiny white cysts can also form on skin as the result of a burn, sun damage, or poison ivy. Cysts may also develop after a skin resurfacing procedure or after using a topical steroid cream.
Can white spots on skin be cured?
White patches, also medically termed as vitiligo cannot be cured but it can be treated and stopped from spreading. This skin condition is a lifelong condition that can affect an individual’s way of thinking in society.
What are tiny white spots on skin?
Milia develops when keratin gets trapped under the skin. Keratin is a protein that makes up the outer layer of skin. This causes the formation of tiny white-colored cysts on the skin. This condition most often occurs in children and adults, but it’s also seen in newborn babies.
What causes white spots on skin as you age?
Too much exposure to the harmful rays of the sun can cause sun damage, and your skin begins to show the signs quickly. The telltale signs of sun damage are dark spots, or age spots, and with more extensive damage, white spots, which can begin to appear on your skin after years in the sun without adequate protection.
Does lupus cause white spots on skin?
This rash can appear on the face, ears, scalp, neck, and hands, and although it’s not usually itchy or painful, it can sometimes cause pigment changes, according to Stojan. “After it resolves, it can leave white patches or discolored patches or possibly scarring,” he says.
Do white spots spread?
There is no way to tell if vitiligo will spread. For some people, the white patches do not spread. But often the white patches will spread to other areas of the body.
Can B12 deficiency cause white spots on skin?
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to low levels of melatonin, which contributes to the white spots on the skin. Other, more common signs of vitamin B12 deficiency include feeling tired, experiencing muscle weakness and being constipated. | <urn:uuid:ceb38eea-0f8b-47e0-a530-f7bd37b69398> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ru-facts.com/why-do-i-see-white-spots-on-my-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.93759 | 579 | 2.875 | 3 |
Photo Source: Anonymous
Map Source: Southeast Asia Link - SEALINK Copyrighted © 2022 Used with permission
|Christian Adherents:||60.00 %|
|Online Audio NT:||No|
|People Cluster:||Southeast Asian, other|
|Affinity Bloc:||Southeast Asian Peoples|
Eurasians, a minority people group in Malaysia, are the descendants of the original Portuguese, British, and Dutch settlers who came with the colonial rulers of the early centuries. These settlers married native women and created a mixed race known as Eurasian, a term used by the British around 1820 to label people with a mix of European and Asian blood. The native Eurasian language was originally known as Christao (a variation of Portuguese with a heavy Malay influence). The present generation of Eurasians, however, do not speak this language. Many speak a local version of Malaysian English. Eurasian families are dispersed throughout the country. They do not dominate any region or state in Malaysia. Nevertheless, they are more concentrated in the urban areas of Malacca, Kuala Lumpur, and Penang.
During the colonial days, the influential Eurasians occupied many civil service jobs - positions usually offered to them because they were able to speak English fluently. Although they now lack outward presence in notable positions, a few Eurasian families continue to occupy positions in the middleclass strata of Malaysia. A good number of Eurasians are still working in civil service positions while others have made their presence in other occupations such as teaching, broadcasting, and working for newspapers. Many are making a living in the business world.
Eurasians are predominantly Roman Catholic. It is traditional for the Eurasian family to baptize a child within a month from birth and on the first Sunday of the month. Godparents, usually members of the family or good friends, are appointed and are morally responsible for the child's upbringing should anything happen to the parents.
Eurasian celebrations revolve around Christian holidays. Christmas is definitely the most important festival for Eurasians - even in the most humble of homes there will be a Christmas tree of some sort and presents from Santa Claus for the little ones. The Santa myth is so strong that children often leave a plate of biscuits and a glass of water out "in case Santa gets hungry."
In many Eurasian homes, certain rituals must be followed when a death occurs. For instance, they maintain that the spirit of the deceased remains in the house for several days. Thus, on the seventh day, a vigil is kept until midnight at which time the spirit would give some sign of its departure before leaving the house. Some families leave a favorite beverage for the departing spirit. Although many of their beliefs relate to Christian traditions, few relate to a personal faith relationship with Jesus Christ.
Apart from some cultural differences and traditions, Eurasians have to work to earn enough to meet their needs just like other Malaysians. For this to happen, they require formal education and skills training to secure jobs. Pray that believers who would share the good news and that it will be received by those who may be trusting only in their Christian traditions. | <urn:uuid:b7f41845-93a5-4af6-9848-71b1560419d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/11164/MY | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.950333 | 762 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Lake Oahe with the Oahe Dam and Cheyenne Indian Reservation:
Water is a precious commodity essential for man’s survival. In the Western world it is a commodity we often take for granted. With a simple turn of the tap one has access to a resource that is scarce in many developing countries. But what if I were to tell you that a community in one of the world’s richest nations is suffering today from a lack of access to clean, drinkable water; would you believe me?
On 31 January 2010 in the USA an ice storm hit the reservation of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe in the state of South Dakota. The severe winds of the storm itself knocked down more than 3,000 power poles, and the tribe’s aging and inefficient water system, which was unable to cope with the added pressure, collapsed, leaving the reservation’s 13,000 residents without electricity, heat or running water for weeks on end.
A day later, the tribe declared a state of emergency as the storm was followed by a blizzard and below freezing temperatures. A total of 1,500 to 2,000 households were affected by the disaster and many homes were damaged. The tribe then waited for a Presidential Disaster Declaration. The US Government is still yet to respond and the crisis has so far gone largely unreported in the mainstream media. The power supply on the reservation may now have mainly been restored but the poor water infrastructure remains a pressing issue. The Cheyenne River Sioux need funds from the government in order to replace their ailing water system to prevent such a disaster from happening again; funds that were promised to them more than 50 years ago.
Dammed and Damned
To explain how this happened one needs to look backwards. In 1944 the United States Army Corps of Engineering and the Bureau of Reclamation developed the Pick-Sloan Plan, as part of the Flood Control Act enabled by Congress, creating reservoirs and dams across the Missouri River Basin. This plan resulted in the flooding of more than 200,000 acres of Sioux land and it caused more damage to tribal land than any other public works project that has taken place in the USA. The Sioux were only informed of the plan after it had been approved and their treaty rights were violated as they were forced to give up their best agricultural land and resources on the Missouri River.
In August 1948, construction started on the Oahe Dam, one of the five main projects of the Pick-Sloan Plan. The creation of the dam and the Oahe Reservoir swallowed up 104,420 acres of the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation. The largest town on the reservation and the original tribal headquarters – the Old Agency on the Cheyenne River – and two other smaller settlements were completely submerged. The tribe lost schools, hospitals, their police headquarters and other public facilities that they had built with tribal dollars. More than 180 families and 30% of the tribal population were forced to leave their homes and move 60 miles inland from the Missouri to the prairie town of Eagle Butte. The dam’s precious water resources are now used for hydro power to create billions of dollars of electricity a year, but the tribe sees little of these benefits.
The Oahe Reservoir also provides an unlimited supply of clean water, but again the Cheyenne River Sioux do not benefit from this. The population of the reservation is reliant on groundwater sources of often poor quality. At the community of Eagle Butte, the water supply exceeds federal standards for maximum levels of impurities and contains unacceptable amounts of iron, sulphate, fluoride and dissolved solids. The high concentration of fluoride in the water is enough to damage the enamel of children’s teeth and the mineralised water has many other adverse side effects. Not only is the water unsuitable for consumption, it is also difficult to find and deep wells need to be sunk through heavy shale.
The unemployment rate on the reservation is 86% and shockingly, roughly a quarter of all Native Americans live below the poverty line. The lack of an efficient water system on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation means that one of the most impoverished nations in the USA is being kept in a circle of hardship, as the tribe is unable to expand economically. The Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Chairman, Joseph Brings Plenty, said: “For years we have had a complete ban on any new housing or business building because we don’t have the water structure to support it. This crisis has exacerbated an already impossible situation”.
Words from Washington
On 5 November 2009, delegates from each of the 564 federally recognised Native American Tribes traveled to Washington to take part in the first White House Tribal Nations Conference. In his opening remarks at the conference, President Obama talked of how he sees his term in office as an opportunity to change the way Washington works. He stated that “few have been more marginalised and ignored by Washington for as long as Native Americans…our First Americans… We know the history that we share. It’s a history marked by violence and disease and deprivation. Treaties were violated. Promises were broken. You were told your lands, your religion, your cultures and your languages were not yours to keep. And that’s a history that we’ve got to acknowledge if we are to move forward.”
I think that now is the time for Washington to use actions and not words to show that it is willing to break this cycle of broken promises.
Turning the Tide
News of the crisis on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation found its way to Josselyne Herman, personal manager to those in the entertainment industry and the founder of United Global Shift (UGS), a non-profit organisation that works with individuals and communities worldwide to create projects to enable them to develop sustainable solutions to problems. She immediately called one of her clients, Chaske Spencer, who is also a spokesperson for UGS and a Native American actor.
Spencer has recently been thrust into the media spotlight through his portrayal of Sam Uley in the screen version of Stephanie Mayer’s best-selling Twilight Saga novel New Moon, and he is using his new found fame to highlight issues he cares deeply about. “I want to shift the focus to bring it to something that needs it very badly. I’m very fortunate in that I’m in a position where I can do that,” he said. In conjunction with UGS, Spencer has set up the “Shift the Power to the People” project to focus on water issues in the Native American community. “I grew up on a reservation so I’ve seen poverty first hand”, he said.
Spreading the Word
This project has been instrumental in highlighting the crisis on the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Reservation. Within a couple of days of hearing the news, Spencer had pulled together a collection of celebrities and filmed a public service announcement. The campaign is not asking for donations but for people to speak out and make their voices heard. A website has been set up that enables people to send a letter to their local congressman and ask them to petition the government to provide the tribe with the US$492.5 million in funds needed to build a new water infrastructure; a venture that would create the much needed employment on the reservation.
Spencer’s campaign has again gone largely unreported in mainstream US news. Instead, it has slowly seeped its way into the consciousness of America through social networking sites. Two public service announcements are now available on the project’s website and on YouTube. Spencer has used his Twitter and Facebook accounts to spread the word to and via his many fans, and he has even set up an option for non-US citizens to appeal to the White House directly.
There has been a phenomenal response to the campaign. “It is amazing”, Herman stressed. “We are targeting 1 million letters [to be sent to congress] by the June 30 release of Eclipse” (the third film in the Twilight saga), she told me. “We are working on an event with some high profile stars to hopefully get media attention but anything people can do to get media coverage is appreciated”.
It Could Happen Again
In today’s climate, extreme weather seems to be becoming something of a norm. Floods in Britain are becoming more frequent as well as droughts and harsh winters across the globe. Who is to say that next year, next winter, the same thing won’t happen again to the Cheyenne River Sioux? The water system in place simply does not meet the needs of the people living on the reservation. How many winters and how many crises will it take for funding to be given? If this had happened to a community in middle-class America, would the media and government response have been different?
One of the comments made in the public service announcement is that “This is not a Native American Issue. It is a human issue”. Clean drinking water is a resource that should be available to all worldwide. As Chairman Brings Plenty has stated: “It is a public shame for any community in America to be without safe drinking water. I hope our friends in Washington DC are listening: this is a life and death situation here. Help us protect our families, and help us create jobs and open up our stifled economy for tomorrow”.
To be the shift and help the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation visit www.shiftthepowertothepeople.com
For more information on UGS go to www.unitedglobalshift.org
Lawson, M. L. (1994) Dammed Indians The Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1994-1980, University of Oklahoma Press | <urn:uuid:147e1f9a-3508-4934-8ae7-3470eb96f5f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://scribol.com/environment/lakes-and-rivers/water-crisis-on-the-cheyenne-river-sioux-reservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.966037 | 2,028 | 3.546875 | 4 |
|1856||John A. "Snowshoe" Thompson became synonymous with skiing when, as a local postman, he carried upwards of 60 pounds of mail across the Sierra. He traveled on two 9 foot skis, called snow shoes at the time, and a long pole. His path took him along the Mormon Emigrant Trail from Placerville to Genoa and back, and it took him 3 days heading east and only 2 days coming back from Genoa.
As one of the first skiers in the Lake Tahoe region, he not only delivered mail but was also responsible for rescuing stranded people along his route.
|1910||Truckee ski hill opens|
|1924||The first ski resort in the Lake Tahoe basin was built in Tahoe City near the Tahoe Tavern for hotel guests. It was originally named Olympic Hill, and is now called Granlibakken in Norwegian it means "a hillside sheltered by fir trees".|
|1927||Donner Ski Ranch was first utilized for skiing, located at Donner Summit.|
|1929||Sierra Winter Expedition was published and the ski industry began to grow.|
|1931||U.S. Olympic Committee chooses Granlibakken as the Olympic trials location held in February. Reno competitor Wayne Poulsen, future Squaw Valley developer, placed third in the ski jumping event.|
|1932||Southern Pacific Railroad begins the weekend "Snowball Special" to Norden, Truckee and Tahoe City (Granlibakken). This was subsequently halted during WWII.|
|1936||In Tahoe City Bill Bechdolt establishes a 1,300 long rope tow across from the junction of Highway 28 and 89.|
|1941||Edelweiss Resort at Camp Sacramento, the largest of the small resorts, with a chairlift and 3 rope tows located on either side of what is now Highway 50. Lutz Aynedter, the 1946 downhill ski champion of Germany teaches skiing here.
Most snow skiing was halted during WWII.
Gasoline for cars became available and the desire to play after the war increases.
People begin purchasing Army surplus snow ski equipment. Ski Clubs are revived and plans for snow skiing within the Lake Tahoe basin begin.
|1946||White Hills Ski Resort at Spooner Summit is founded by William M. Bliss of Glenbrook, NV at the junction of Highways 50 and 28. It consisted of a ski jump, T bar and in the early 1950's, a chairlift. Three of its four first winters were very light. In 1952 the snow came hard, and the entire basin was closed for three weeks. The resort never reopened after that winter, and the equipment was later sold to Badger Pass in Yosemite National Park.|
|1961||John Riley founds Ward Peak, known as Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, as an alternative to its 'fast paced' neighbor, Squaw Valley. San Francisco families pool resources to develop a ski resort near Tahoe City less as a business venture and more for their love of skiing. Alpine Meadows opens with 3 lifts during the 1961-62 ski season.|
|1947||Bijou Skyway Park (future Ski Run Blvd.) operated by Lee and Daisy Miller. Tow rope first 1000 feet; the second went almost to Saddle Road.|
|1951||Bijou Skyway Park leased to Bill Southerland|
|1955||Chris Kuraisa purchases Bijou for $1,950, moves lift operations up the hill and renames the area Heavenly Valley.|
|1955||Chris Kuraisa, and casino owners George Canon, Rudy Gersick, and Curly Musso opens Heavenly Valley's California's Base Lodge and one lift.|
|1960||Expanded with more ski lifts|
|1962||Tram was added|
|2005||Heavenly celebrates its 50th anniversary|
|1864||Zac Kirkwood's dairy is the oldest establishment along the Carson Emigrant Trail. It operates strictly as a trading post in the early pioneer days.|
|1864||Alpine County officially formed, which was cut from existing El Dorado, Amador and Calaveras Counties. Kirkwood's milk house and barn are in Alpine County, and the Kirkwood Inn and log house being split by all three counties in the bar area. Kirkwood's "Old Time Resort" became a popular summer resort for families.|
|1966||Zac Kirkwood's family sells to Kirkwood Meadows Inc.|
|1972||Kirkwood Ski Resort opens|
|1930||Reno locals began skiing in the area currently known as Mt. Rose-Ski Tahoe.
Shortly after World War II, a lodge called Sky Tavern was built in the area where a few surface lifts had run since before the war. Sky Tavern has since been sold to the City of Reno and is now used for junior ski programs.
|1950s||The Reno Ski Bowl was built on the east slope of Slide Mountain (currently the East Bowl of Mt. Rose), and at one point was connected to the Sky Tavern area by the old Ringer Chair.|
|1964||The north side of Slide Mountain became Mt. Rose Ski Area, and Reno Ski Bowl becomes Slide Mountain Ski Area.|
|1987||Slide Mountain and Mt. Rose begin operating as one resort.|
|1949||A tree farm is started on Mt. Pluto, where Northstar is currently located.|
The Fibreboard Corporation started the Northstar-at-Tahoe mountain resort.
|1946||Vern Sprock opens up Sierra Ski Ranch on Highway 50|
|1968||Sierra moved to its present location when the California Department of Transportation widens the highway.|
New owners Fibreboard Corporation rename Sierra Ski Ranch to Sierra-at-Tahoe Resort.
|1937||Wayne Poulsen purchased 1,200 acres in Squaw Valley for a ski resort.|
|1946||Alex Cushing takes trip to Sierra with friends and falls in love with Squaw Valley|
|1947||Skiers were pulled by snow cat up the hill.|
|1949||November 24, 1949, less than three years after his first visit, Alex Cushing opened the Squaw Valley Development Company. Skiers could ride the world's largest double chairlift, Squaw One and rest at the then unfinished Squaw Valley Lodge.|
|1955||Alexander Cushing flies to Europe to present the International Olympic Committee with a 3,000 pound model of Squaw Valley, and was selected to host the 1960 Winter Olympics.|
|1956||Squaw Valley Lodge burns down.|
|1960||Winter Olympics held at Squaw Valley USA|
Squaw celebrates its 50th anniversary
Squaw celebrates is 60th anniversary.
Lake Tahoe Visitors Authority
North Lake Tahoe Resort Association
Hubbard, Jim, Skiing in the Tahoe Area - the Early Years
Landauer, Lyndall Baker, The Mountain Sea: A History of Lake Tahoe
McLaughlin, Mark, MicMacMedia
Scott, E.B., The Saga of Lake Tahoe
Stollery, David J., Tales of Tahoe
Wendt, Nancy, Squaw Valley USA: The First Fifty Years
Special thanks to David Borges for his contributions to this section. | <urn:uuid:03d9e285-a3b6-48e7-84fb-c228382e6bdf> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.skilaketahoe.com/area/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138086.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00258-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949973 | 1,554 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In Silas Marner, how does Dunstan justify to himself stealing Silas' gold?
1 Answer | Add Yours
The robbery that you refer to occurs in Chapter 4, after Dunstan's plan of selling the horse belonging to Godfrey have come to naught when the horse dies in an accident. Making his way through Raveloe at dark, he comes across Marner's house, and is planning on intimidating Silas Marner into giving him some money and letting him gain interest from it as another alternative source of money. As he gets closer and enters the house, he is surprised to see that Silas Marner has abandoned his home with food cooking and the lantern on. Dunstan, perhaps looking for justification for the crime he is about to commit, wonders if Silas Marner had gone out to get more fuel and slipped into the Stone-pit:
That was an interesting idea to Dunstan, carrying consequences of entire novelty. If the weaver was dead, who had a right to his money? Who would know where his money was hidden? Who would know that anybody had come to take it away?
With this thought, Dunstan determines to find the weaver's fabled hoard and make off with it himself.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:9cf0e438-f440-475a-9687-a79f39f99602> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-does-dunstan-justify-himself-stealing-silas-226997 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096208.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00188-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987042 | 275 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Detailed knowledge of oil-fired boilers: Oil-fired Boiler (an oil-burning boiler) is a fuel-fired boiler, including diesel oil, waste oil and other oil boilers. The overall arrangement of the oil-fired boiler is similar to that of the coal-fired boiler, except that the bottom of the furnace of the oil-fired boiler is mostly made into the bottom of the insulation furnace with a tilt to the back wall of 10 °~ 30 °, in order to obtain good combustion characteristics. In order to atomize fuel oil, there are two types of fuel burner nozzle: mechanical centrifugal injector and steam atomized Y type injector.
Condensing boilers can be used in enterprises, hotels, military, railway stations, airports, factories, hospitals, schools and other occasions. Its main use features are: high thermal efficiency - more money; exhaust gas temperature is low - more environmentally friendly; output medium temperature - good steam / hot water quality; high safety factor - once an exception occurs immediately start the alarm system.
How much is the cost of the transformation of industrial boilers, industrial boilers transformation costs how much money? With increasingly stringent environmental policy, a lot of coal-fired boilers are in need of rehabilitation. For the cost of the required current business situation will have to see the boiler, if time is too long, then it has no value transformation, and not as a direct boiler for a new one for direct production. With more and more serious air pollution, people's environmental awareness is gradually increased, the country has issued a series of policies to combat air pollutant emissions, on the industrial boiler industry, small coal-fired boiler flue gas emissions contained in the dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides can cause serious pollution of the atmosphere. Therefore, the coal-fired boiler to gas boiler has become a way now widely used. How much is the cost of the transformation of industrial boilers, to be determined according to need of rehabilitation component, location, and so on. In general, industrial boilers convert almost need to start from the following aspects: 1, removal of former industrial boiler auxiliary equipment; 2. Calculated by the heat transfer in the furnace, the furnace geometry is determined, the center position of the flame furnace, the furnace is re-injected, and after the original arch tube is made on the basis of the original slope. 3, installation of blast doors; 4. industrial boiler equipment 1.5 times the working pressure of the hydraulic tests carried out. Under normal circumstances, the pressure component of the boiler furnace should not be changed as much as possible, and only furnaces and furnace wall arch reform should be carried out locally.
A few days ago, Handan City issued "on the deadline to complete the nitrogen oxide gas boiler governance" (the "Notice"), clear objectives, tasks nitrogen oxides governance gas boiler, expected to be completed more than 10 steam tons of gas before the end of October this year, low NOx combustion boiler reconstruction. "Notice" to the objectives and tasks of nitrogen oxide gas boiler control, time requirements, safeguard measures have been clearly defined.
First, the implementation of the transformation of ultra-low emissions
By the end of June 2020, the existing non-electrical gas steam boiler, hot water boiler, Stoker stoker furnace and completed the transformation of a low nitrogen combustion, soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reach 5mg / m³, 10mg / m³ , 30mg / m³, the new gas combustion boiler synchronizing means and is mounted low nitrogen meet emission standards. 20 tons of steam / hour or more gas-fired boiler installation atmospheric pollution automatic monitoring facilities, and networking with the environmental protection department, install a distributed control system (DCS system). 20 t steam / hour to be mounted gas-fired boiler exhaust gas nitrogen oxide analyzer.
Second, the phased completion of the task of transformation of governance
10 before the end 2018, to complete the combustion of the transformation Boilers nitrogen over 10 tons of steam, to complete the 1-10 tons of steam (having a steam tons and 10 tons of steam) combustion transform low nitrogen gas boiler before the end of October 2019, 2020 at the end of 6 before completing the transformation of low-nitrogen combustion gas steam boiler 1 ton. Counties (cities, districts) according to the actual situation, to be completed in advance of nitrogen oxides governance gas boiler.
Third, both subsidies and penalties
"Notice" requirement for acceptance of project management, to give appropriate subsidies comprehensive financial subsidies to control air pollution. Due to the unfinished task of governance be ordered to stop production of governance. For excessive emissions, fraud, unauthorized outage environmental protection facilities, waste-water treatment snuck issues such as rectification and punishment according to law; wrongdoing, be held criminally relevant personnel.
2016-10-4·methods of hydrolyzing pretreated densified biomass particulates and systems related thereto Other References: Kaliyan et al., Roll Press Briquetting and Pelleting of Corn Stover and Switchgrass, Transactions of the ASABE, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, vol. 52, No, 2, 2009, pp. 543-555.Get a Quote
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The demand for palm oil has been increasing every year, and since 2007, palm oil has become the most widely consumed vegetable oil .The global industrial consumption of palm oil in 2018 is at 19.72 million tonne and palm kernel oil is at 5.96 million tonne, in which the total consumption of oil from palm fruit is higher than soybean oil at 10.97 million tonne and rapeseed oil at 8.07 millionGet a Quote
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Samples will be removed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 hr. Flasks will then be cooled to 30° C. and inoculated with 2 ml of a 12-18 h culture of a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which possesses pentose-fermenting capabilities grown in a medium containing two (2) g/l glucose and two (2) g/l yeast extract. Flasks willGet a Quote | <urn:uuid:6a575fd4-58ef-4223-afb9-a9f037b1a46b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://trcesnp.org/23903-bagasse-furfural-residue-edible-mushroom-or-edible-fungus-culture-medium-steam-boiler.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201699.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921112601-20200921142601-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.910371 | 2,032 | 2.75 | 3 |
From the simple glass test tube to the thermally insulated flasks for storing flammable liquids in controlled temperatures, flasks vary in design to suit the purpose. Flasks are essential in laboratories. Used in many fields of scientific research such as marine biology, geology and medical science, they also serve industrial needs.
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The volumetric flask is analytical glassware. In the lab it is used for preparing solutions of known concentration in exact amounts. The volumetric flask is etch-marked to measure the volume of the solution inside precisely. The solid material used in the solution must be dissolved completely in less water than is needed to fill the flask to the etchmark. To be sure the measurement is exact, an eyedropper is used to add water to the fill line. The flask should be clean and dry to begin, with no drops left clinging to the inside of the neck as the water is dropped in. These drops could result in inaccuracy of measurement if they roll into the liquid after measuring.
The Erlenmeyer Flask
The Erlenmeyer flask (conical flask) is probably of greater use in most laboratories than any other. The flask was invented by Emil Erlenmeyer in 1861. Now usually made of Pyrex, this flask is used for storing, mixing or heating chemicals. It has a narrow top that can be sealed with a stopper. When unsealed, the flask is often used as a beaker. The round-bottom flask, referred to as an Erlenmeyer bulb, is another of the same type of flask. It is kept upright with a cork ring. When used to heat a solution, the rounded bottom absorbs heat more evenly than does the conical Erlenmeyer flask.
Flasks for Science and Industry
There are many needs for flasks in both industry and in scientific research, and there are many kinds of flasks to fill those needs. Each is used for a specific purpose and may be called by another name, but, in fact, many are just modified versions of one of the more common flasks in the laboratory, such as the Erlenmeyer flask.There are boiling flasks, filtering flasks, multiple-neck flasks and reaction flasks. The distillation flask usually has a narrow neck and a side tube for distillation purposes. Flasks used for industrial purposes vary in size from the smaller lab glassware to huge containers used for shipping purposes and sizes in between, such as oxygen tanks or storage of propane and other gases.
The Dewar Flask
Vacuum flasks are used for a variety of purposes. Commonly thought of as the Thermos we all know, the vacuum flask was invented in 1891 by Sir James Dewar, a Scottish chemist and physicist. Its original purpose was to contain liquid nitrogen at controlled temperatures. The double-walled flask, actually a bottle within a bottle, was fused at the neck to seal the vacuum created between the walls. The vacuum protects the contents of the flask from outside heat. Now the Dewar flask has many other uses. Seed storage containers are patterned from the Dewar flask. The flask is used in laboratories to hold tissue cultures and transport or store flammable liquid gases. The Dewar flask even played a part in the success of NASA's Apollo 11 lunar mission. | <urn:uuid:1880e864-f135-4587-8a41-39a1087ed8d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.ehow.com/info_8447794_different-kinds-flasks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647612.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321102234-20180321122234-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.951245 | 680 | 3.578125 | 4 |
If there’s any truth to Terence McKenna’s Stoned Ape theory, then human evolution may owe a great debt to psychedelic microdosing — the practice of taking a sub-perceptual dose (an amount too small to produce traditional psychedelic effects) of a substance such as LSD or psilocybin. As those who have read McKenna’s Food of the Gods know, the author famously proposed that our species’ collective journey from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens may have begun with early pack-hunting primates taking low doses of psilocybin mushrooms to improve their hunting abilities.
According to author James Oroc, the practice of microdosing for improved visual acuity, energy and quick response time is alive and well in the present day, especially among certain extreme sports enthusiasts. “Virtually all athletes who learn to use LSD at psycholytic [low to medium] doses believe that the use of these compounds improves both their stamina and their abilities,” Oroc wrote in the spring 2011 edition of the MAPS Bulletin.
Athletic prowess aside, numerous experimenters and research subjects have claimed that sub-threshold doses of psychedelics have improved their overall wellbeing and/or alleviated specific conditions like depression and cluster headaches. Others, such as a couple of commentators on a thread about microdosing on Reddit.com, have used psycholytic doses as a problem-solving aid.
Dr. James Fadiman, Ph.D., who was part of a Menlo Park, California-based team of researchers who studied the use of psychedelics in problem-solving in 1966, has been looking into the effects of microdosing since 2010. “[This practice] appears to improve practically everything you do a little bit,” Fadiman told Reset. “Various people have said they’re more comfortable with what they’re doing, and they do it a little better.”
Participants in Fadiman’s studies initially contact him at email@example.com. He responds by sending a protocol that essentially consists of a suggestion that prospective participants microdose every fourth day for a month and make notes of how they are feeling from one day to the next. Fadiman does not provide participants with psychedelics; rather, he offers information and guidelines to help maximize the microdosing experiences of subjects who already have their own materials. In this way, Fadiman has collected approximately 30 reports ranging in length from three paragraphs to between 30,000 and 40,000 words.
In a chapter of Fadiman’s book The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide titled “Can Sub-Perceptual Doses of Psychedelics Improve Normal Functioning?,” one study participant describes a dose of 10 to 20 micrograms of LSD as both a stimulant and a calming agent. According to her notes, microdosing seems to augment her wit, response time and visual and mental acuity. “Sub-doses of 10 to 20 micrograms allowed me to increase my focus, open my heart, and achieve breakthrough results integrated within my routine,” her report reads.
This improved focus and clarity can be especially useful to artists, writers and other people working in creative fields. “What people report about doing their creative work is that they’re not creating at a higher level, but they’re creating longer; they’re in the flow for longer,” offered Fadiman, who also gathers data about microdosing from a conversation thread about low doses of LSD on Bluelight.org. He added that he knows of two noted writers who have used sub-perceptual doses of psychedelics while writing the first drafts of every chapter of their most recent books.
Along with being what one study participant has called an “all-chakra enhancer,” microdosing shows promise in treating cluster headaches, the pain of which is said to exceed that of childbirth and kidney stones. Through his work with a group called Clusterbusters®, Fadiman has come in contact with a number of cluster headache sufferers who have found relief from this condition through the use of LSD and mushrooms after all other treatments have failed. While the doses that such sufferers use to treat their headaches are generally too large to be considered sub-perceptual, Fadiman mentioned one subject who used a microdose of LSD to get rid of an “ice pick headache” (so named because its pain has been compared to that of an ice pick going into one’s skull) within five to 10 seconds. That subject achieved the same result several times over the next few months. Since then, her headaches have ceased.
Several research participants have also told Fadiman that microdosing alleviated their depression. One such subject, a Parkinson’s disease sufferer, reported that after a month of microdosing with LSD, his Parkinson’s symptoms were not improved, but his underlying depression was. Fadiman stressed, however, that because the data he has collected in this area is based on month-long microdosing periods, he doesn’t yet know whether this practice can yield long-term depression relief.
If future studies show microdosing to be as effective a depression reliever in the long-term as it appears to be in the short-term, then it may prove to be a viable alternative to prescription mood stabilizers, many of which are highly addictive. In light of their energizing and focusing effects, sub-perceptual doses of psychedelics may also provide a suitable replacement for anti-ADHD medications and other such pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers. Lending credence to this notion, one participant in Fadiman’s studies recently reported that microdosing helped him wean himself off of Adderall, a notoriously addictive anti-ADHD drug also used by many college students during all-night study sessions.
Paraphrasing Carl Hart, Ph.D., a professor of biochemistry at Columbia, Fadiman offered, “Adderall is no different than street amphetamine made in the back of someone’s car. So the drugs that rot your brain and that we’re busting people for doing these terrible things [on] are the same drugs we’re giving to hundreds of thousands of children every morning.”
Expounding the addictive properties of certain prescription drugs, Fadiman observed, “As a general hint, if it says, ‘Do not miss a dose, and do not try to stop this medication without medical help,’ you know that you have a drug which is hard to get off of. It’s a very tricky area, because the pharmaceutical industry seems to not worry about this problem. In fact, there’s a term in the medical literature when you’re trying to get off of one of these substances. It isn’t called ‘withdrawals,’ as it is for illegal drugs; it’s called ‘tapering.’”
He added that this tapering can be a lengthy process: some patients taking extended-release capsules filled with a couple hundred microdots each have weaned themselves off these drugs by decreasing their intake by a single microdot every few days or even every week.
Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who discovered LSD, is known to have been a proponent of microdosing as an alternative to the anti-ADHD stimulant drug Ritalin (called “one of the most abused drugs in the U.S.” by the website AddictionHope.com). It is extremely likely that Hofmann, who regularly microdosed with LSD in the last few decades of his life and considered this practice the most under-researched area of psychedelic use, would have thought sub-threshold doses of psychedelics to be an equally viable replacement for newer anti-ADHD amphetamines like Adderall or Vyvanse. Both do not come without very dangerous side effects. Web MD lists a myriad of negative side affects for both drugs. Among these are chronic trouble sleeping, heart throbbing or pounding, sexual problems, aggression, abnormal heart rhythm, heart attack, high blood pressure, trouble breathing, stroke, mental impairment, and seizures — to name but a few.
Citing several study subjects’ claims that microdosing has helped them get off of prescription antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, mood stabilizers and cognitive enhancers, Fadiman said he is hopeful that sub-perceptual doses of psychedelics will yield the benefits of such medications without their dangers and negative side effects. He added, however, that all official studies in this area will need to take place in universities, because “pharmaceutical companies are not about to test their own products against something that 1) is illegal and 2) might be better.”
In addition to helping people break their dependency on FDA-sanctioned drugs, microdosing shows promise in helping treat addiction to illegal substances. Representatives from one treatment center in Mexico have told Fadiman that after using ibogaine to help rid patients of substance abuse problems, they suggest that these patients take microdoses of that compound for a few months “to hold their gains.”
Given the positive feelings that many people experience while microdosing, some question has arisen as to whether this practice could itself become addictive. In Fadiman’s view, it is unlikely that anyone will become physically dependent on compounds that are inherently anti-addictive — if you take the same psychedelic substance every day, it stops working.
“Let’s say you take a high dose on Monday,” he proposed. “If you take the same dose on Tuesday, you get a very little effect, and if you take the same dose on Wednesday, nothing happens. It’s as if your system says, ‘No, I really can’t take any more of whatever those effects are until we’ve cleaned out the system.’”
While the research thus far seems to indicate that microdosing is not harmful or dangerous, a few of Fadiman’s subjects have reported unpleasant effects: one discontinued the practice because she felt it was bringing up too much emotion, while two others have observed that they sweat more than usual on days when they microdose. Both of the subjects who complained of excessive sweating — one of whom was using LSD and the other mushrooms — were unsure whether the sweating was part of healing or just a quirky side effect. One of these two participants reported that she was thrilled with the increased productivity and sense of calm that she got from microdosing, while the other found the practice useful, but was bothered by the sweating.
Several experimenters have reported that since they began microdosing, they have adopted healthier diets and have either returned to or taken up meditation. The latter of these claims aligns with the experience of the late author/researcher Myron Stolaroff, who advocated low doses of psychedelics as an aid to meditation.
While microdosing does not induce the same kinds of spiritual breakthroughs that higher doses of psychedelics can, Fadiman observes that over time, it produces effects much like the after-effects of such breakthroughs. “People are saying, ‘After a month or more of microdosing, I’m eating better; I’m nicer to my kids; I’m not as upset when people behave badly,’” he notes. “One man was saying, ‘I’m so much more in the present. I used to, even when I was enjoying something, really be thinking about what I was going to do when it was over and so forth. Now when I’m doing something, I’m actually doing it.’”
He added that microdosing appears to give people a better orientation to themselves. “I think it’s a little bit [like] the way people indicate that if you would only do meditation in the morning and do some yoga and eat healthy, your whole life would improve,” he noted. “It looks like microdosing is in that direction.” | <urn:uuid:c029847e-80e5-4cbb-8858-ae28960df0ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://reset.me/story/benefits-of-microdosing-with-lsd-and-psilocybin-mushrooms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.960409 | 2,567 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A boar's head of this model from the collection of Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland is in the Peabody Essex Museum and illustrated by W.R. Sargent, The Copeland Collection, p. 202, where the author notes that the records of the Dutch East India Company document an order of 25 boar's head tureens in the 1763 season. In 1764 19 were shipped home to Holland but a further order was not fulfilled because "the supercargoes considered them too risky".
The animal tureen form was fashionable in Europe in the mid-18th century, when faience or soft-paste models were made at Strasbourg, Palissy, Chelsea, Hochst and other factories. A faience boar's head tureen made at Kiel in Denmark is illustrated by D.L. Fennimore and P.A. Halfpenny in The Campbell Collection of Soup Tureens at Winterthur, p. 173, as is a Chelsea example, p. 148, where the authors quote a Chelsea factory auction catalogue of March 18, 1755 listing "a very curious TUREEN in the form of a BOAR'S HEAD".
Whether Chinese porcelain or European pottery, boar's head tureens must have made an impressive effect on the dining table, especially when filled with hot soup or stew emitting clouds of steam through the snout | <urn:uuid:5e5c1dbf-981d-494b-b3e7-b6ac3fa95a09> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-boars-head-tureen-and-cover-qianlong-4855152-details.aspx?intObjectID=4855152 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.937931 | 291 | 2.671875 | 3 |
“The World Needs Midwives Now More than Ever” is the International Confederation of Midwives’ (ICM) theme. It’s part of our ongoing campaign to highlight the world’s critical need for midwives. This reflects the WHO call for midwives and the need to accelerate progress towards MDGs 4 and 5. We have been joined in our quest by organizations, policy makers and world leaders across the globe demanding an increase in health workers. As governments from all corners of the world are desperately trying to improve their health systems and achieve the MDGs by 2015, they promise to increase the workforce of health workers manifold.
The question is, do we want to cover the tip of the iceberg and train health workers in emergency skills, or do we want to do our job right and educate a cadre of health workers – including midwives – who all have the essential competencies to do every part of the job instead of only a few quick interventions.The example of Ethiopia has made the rounds in the halls of the United Nations General Assembly, where maternal and child mortality have been reduced by 28 percent and 67 percent, respectively, due to the deployment of over 30,000 health extension workers. Other countries are eager to replicate the success. For example the President of Malawi, Joyce Banda, who pledged to increase the number of health workers in her country from 10,000 to 27,000 by 2015. Such promises are inspiring and visionary. But are they feasible? Are they fair? Do they take quality of care into account? Or are they just cosmetic changes to allow impressive number crunching?
To properly educate a midwife, also a health worker, it takes three years. During those years, midwives develop the essential competencies and skills necessary to practice safely and properly. They learn emergency skills such as preventing and managing bleeding after birth, resuscitating babies who do not breathe at birth along with ways to prevent and manage diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia. Even if these skills can be taught in a short workshop, they do not cover the breadth and depth, the scope, of midwifery practice. The question therefore is: do we want to cover the tip of the iceberg and train health workers in emergency skills, or do we want to do our job right and educate a cadre of health workers – including midwives – who all have the essential competencies to do every part of the job instead of only a few quick interventions.
Photo © Liba Taylor
Training health workers only in emergency interventions will not adequately address the problem of dying mothers and babies. Emergency care does not cover family planning. Emergency care does not address care during pregnancy. Emergency care does not include postnatal care for mother and baby. True, addressing emergencies will save lives. But will this approach see mothers and their babies as a whole? Shouldn’t we focus on the root causes of poor health such as overpopulation, poverty, illiteracy, and lack of sanitation?
Saving the lives of mothers and children can’t be done using a quick-fix. It is time to address all the issues properly and let the midwives and other health workers develop all of the skills that people need so desperately.A properly educated and well equipped midwife counsels young couples in family planning matters and contributes to the issue of overpopulation. A midwife who is educated will know how to work effectively with non-existent sanitation. A midwife has had education and can be a role model for girls and young women to go to school and contribute to their families’ livelihoods.
Saving the lives of mothers and children can’t be done using a quick-fix. It is time to address all the issues properly and let the midwives and other health workers develop all of the skills that people need so desperately. | <urn:uuid:567c1149-02f8-40b3-ab6e-c53d02f2c9ec> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2013/10/How-Much-Training-Should-Health-Workers-Have | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988924.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00142-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95955 | 782 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A number of Ph.Ds have written a book chapter asserting that doubts about the theory of human-caused global warming should be considered “real science.”
You know, the idea of basing hypotheses on documented evidence rather than a political agenda.
But the National Science Teachers Association wants nothing to do with such an approach.
Its executive director, David Evans, has written a letter to members insisting they must teach the agendas of the National Wildlife Federation, the North American Association for Environmental Education, the Campaign for Environmental Literacy, the Center for Climate Change Communication and other activist groups.
What they must avoid, he contends, is the information compiled by the scientists who wrote “Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming.”
The chapter, written by Craig Idso, Robert Carter and S. Fred Singer and published by the Heartland Institute, challenges common climate change and global warming agenda arguments.
Spencer Irvine of Accuracy in Academia wrote in a review: “As much as the liberal media, liberal academics and pundits tell Americans that the earth is too warm and human beings are the cause for a spike in weather and temperature changes, there is little-to-no scientific consensus to support these assertions. … [I]t is clear that the climate change agenda turns a blind eye to neutral and impartial studies of the subject.”
The Heartland Institute distributed the chapter to several hundred thousand science teachers, prompting outrage from the National Science Teachers Association, the NSTA.
The NSTA’s director, Evans, told members flatly that “scientists don’t disagree about climate change or its causes” and “labeling propaganda as science does not make it so.”
Evans called the institute’s information an “unprecedented attack.”
“Just teach science in your classroom,” he told teachers, suggesting “resources” from special interest organizations such as the National Wildlife Federation.
“The [teachers’ association] letter is unclear what, exactly, we attacked,” the group said.
“One might have thought, even assumed, that educators are interested in dialogue and debate and would be open to new ideas and facts. Is sharing research and commentary with them somehow improper? If so, why?” it continued. “The book in question is hardly propaganda: It was written by three distinguished climate scientists, all of whom have doctoral degrees in relevant scientific fields, who together have published hundreds of articles on climate issues in respected peer-reviewed journals. The book has more than 250 references, including many peer-reviewed articles and articles by noted alarmists as well as realists in the climate debate.”
The institute explained the book is a single chapter of a much longer work in progress, “Climate Change Reconsidered II: Benefits and Costs of Fossil Fuels.”
The book is being produced by the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC).
“That book will be the fifth volume in a series that is so highly regarded by the scientific community it has been cited more than 100 times in peer-reviewed articles and was translated into Chinese and published by the Chinese Academy of Science,” the institute wrote. “Does that sound like ‘propaganda’ to you?”
The focal point is that there is no agreement among scientists on global warming.
“More than 31,000 scientists have signed a petition stating as clearly and forcibly as they could that ‘there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth’s atmosphere and disruption of the Earth’s climate.’ In a sane world, this fact alone ought to be sufficient to end silly talk of a ‘scientific consensus,’” the institute said.
“There is much more evidence that scientists disagree than just one petition, and more importantly, good reasons why scientists disagree about this wickedly complex scientific puzzle. To learn about that, you need to read the book. It’s available for free online at heartland.org, in case you weren’t mailed one.
“We have a president of the United States and majorities of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate who do not believe the science is settled. Many of them believe global warming is not a crisis. Are they all wrong? Is it some ‘vast right-wing conspiracy’? That seems unlikely. Maybe it’s just real science.”
WND reported last year that despite the tens of millions the U.S. government has spent publicizing the theory of human-caused “global warming,” most Americans don’t see it as an issue.
That’s according to Social and Behavioral Sciences Team in the executive office of the President Obama, part of the National and Science Technology Council. Its annual report described how it worked in eight “policy areas,” including climate change.
The report said consumer adoption of “green-power plans remained low at roughly 700,000 customers nationwide.”
To improve that figure, the team initiated a dialogue with the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to “identify the potential behavioral barriers underlying low take-up of clean energy, as well as a suite of behavioral tools that can be used to address these barriers.”
“For example, behavioral science research indicates that prompting consumers to select a power plan from among clean and non-clean options (rather than defaulting them into a standard electricity plan) and presenting plan options in ways that facilitate informed decision-making can improve take-up,” the report said.
It also wanted to make consumers better understand what the government wanted them to do about global warming.
“To help households, communities and decision-makers better understand and adapt to the effects of rising global temperatures, SBST, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the University of Maryland have worked to help the United States Global Change Research Program improve their ‘climate indicators,’ which convey important information about climate patterns to non-scientists,” the report said.
“This pilot yielded mixed results. For example, simplifying a graph showing changes in the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index increased successful interpretation of the indicator by 18 percent points, but did not significantly increase how well people were able to draw inferences from the indicator,” the report said.
It then went into detail about how it did research to show that simply changing a graph around might help convince people of the agenda’s value.
One of the more famous global warming predictions came from former vice president and current carbon-credit entrepreneur Al Gore, who told an audience in a 2009 speech that “the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months could be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years.”
His 2006 documentary, “An Inconvenient Truth,” famously predicted increasing temperatures would cause earth’s oceans to rise by 20 feet, a claim many scientists say is utterly without rational basis.
Another came from a 2013 column by Mark Hertsgaard, which was headlined “The End of the Arctic? Ocean Could be Ice Free by 2015.”
He wrote: “Say goodbye to polar bears and a whole lot of ice. New research suggests the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free by 2015, with devastating consequences for the world. Can it be stopped?”
Taking one more step back in time, the BBC said Arctic summers would be ice-free by 2013.
Sierra Club Canada also said in 2013 that the Arctic sea ice would vanish that year.
Tim Ball, a former University of Winnipeg climatology professor, said global temperatures have been dropping since the turn of the century, prompting the change in terminology from “global warming” to “climate change.”
Activists are also spending less time discussing temperatures and more time pointing to more extreme events such as tornadoes, droughts, cold snaps and heat waves. Ball said there’s a shred of truth there, but it’s being badly distorted.
“Yes, there’s been slightly more extremes,” he said in an interview with WND and Radio America. “That’s because the jet stream patterns are changing, because the earth is cooling down. All the arguments about sea-level rise, about Arctic ice disappearing, if you recall it’s not that long ago that our friend Al Gore was saying that there would be no summer ice in the Arctic. I think the year he set for it was 2014. That proved to be completely wrong.”
Listen to the WND/Radio America interview with Tim Ball:
At the Ron Paul Liberty Report, Chris Rossini said the “alarmism” about “climate change” is reaching “levels of desperation.”
“The arguments go from ridiculous to hysterical. We’re told by many politicians that ‘climate change’ is the #1 threat to Americans. This is of course a favorite of the swindling class. Others tell us that the #1 threat is ISIS, and some are now saying that it’s Donald Trump. Some say it’s North Korea, Russia, or Iran. The carousel of #1 threats is always in motion.”
Rossini continued: “In the media you’ll find stories that free birth control is needed in order to battle climate change, and that climate change will turn women into prostitutes. Non-believers of this ridiculous propaganda are branded as ‘deniers’.
“Even appeals to religion and the afterlife have been showered on Americans. Whether it be comments from the pope, or from Nobel Prize winning ‘economist’ Paul Krugman, who says: ‘You can deny global warming (and may you be punished in the afterlife for doing so – this kind of denial for petty personal or political reasons is an almost inconceivable sin).’”
Rossini wrote, “Boy, do these characters really want Americans to believe the climate change religion.”
Scientist Art Robinson has spearheaded The Petition Project, which has gathered the signatures of at least 31,487 scientists who agree that there is “no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth’s atmosphere and disruption of the Earth’s climate.”
They say, “Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and animal environments of the Earth.”
Robinson, who has a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California-San Diego, where he served on the faculty, co-founded the Linus Pauling Institute with Nobel-recipient Linus Pauling, where he was president and research professor. He later founded the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine. His son, Noah Robinson, was a key figure in the petition work and has a Ph.D. in chemistry from Caltech.
WND reported when some two dozen scientists with major U.S. universities urged President Obama to use racketeering laws to prosecute opponents who deny mankind is causing catastrophic changes in the climate.
In a letter addressed back then to Obama, Attorney General Loretta Lynch and Office of Science and Technology Policy Director John Holdren, the scientists said they “appreciate that you are making aggressive and imaginative use of the limited tools available to you in the face of a recalcitrant Congress.”
“One additional tool – recently proposed by Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse – is a RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) investigation of corporations and other organizations that have knowingly deceived the American people about the risks of climate change, as a means to forestall America’s response to climate change,” they wrote, according to Politico.
Two years ago, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said legal punishment was the appropriate response to global-warming dissenters.
“I wish there were a law you could punish them with,” he said, launching into a diatribe against philanthropists Charles and David Koch, known for their support of conservative causes.
“I think it’s treason. Do I think the Koch brothers are treasonous – yes, I do. They are enjoying making themselves billionaire[s] by impoverishing the rest of us. Do I think they should be in jail – I think they should be [enduring] three hots and a cot at the Hague with all the other war criminals. Do I think the Koch brothers should be tried for reckless endangerment? Absolutely, that is [a] criminal offense and they ought to be serving time for it.” | <urn:uuid:a6fe3a25-dd73-4a1b-8429-fe001313c82d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://propagandaguard.wordpress.com/2017/04/30/climate-experts-global-warming-doubts-are-real-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889617.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120122736-20180120142736-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.949068 | 2,728 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nuri Nori is a comprehensive, Research-based programme/Activities that integrates instruction across developmental domains and early learning disciplines. The program is engaging for both teachers and children and is easy to implement!
It is a programme which is exciting and inviting. It will have an impact on the child's physical, social, emotional, intellect and language development. It captures the child's attention and something they will find engaging.
In a NURINORI Programme, you and your child can explore into the most comprehensive and exciting activities designed for exploration, creativity, and high-quality learning with a year's worth of 10 themes , to cover all your child's growing interests!
In Level-II offers a dedicated box aimed at enhancing a child's productivity. Nuri Nori is a fun discovery box that inspires children to explore and feed their curiosity for new things every month :
During group activities, teachers are suggested to make groups based on the material provided and guidelines shared in the Teacher's Manual
Motivate children to participate actively in this unique educational programme through the convergence of :
Nurinori Touch is a total digital education solution that integrates the tablet with educational content. This innovative solution helps teachers engage the children in a fun way. Learning is fun with a tablet because they are bright, interactive, motivating, promote problem-solving and the images and icons appeal to the children.
Each day, the activity begins with a multimedia content to introduce the concept and have a brief discussion with the children
Cutting-edge multimedia content bringing about quality education
Nurinori SMART Book is curated with the following aspects in mind - Science, Mathematics, Art, Relationship, Technology. There are 10 Smart Books provided for the year. Each SMART book has a topic on which the book revolves around for that month. The teacher can keep the SMART Book in the classroom for that theme and can send it to the child's home once the theme is complete.
In Level-II, every month has 4 days wherein worksheets have to be completed.
In the Teacher's Manual, there is a 20-day plan provided. The Teacher's Manual shares a theme introduction, 20-day overview of the activities which mentions the 'Day', 'Composition', 'Learning Material', 'Activity Area', 'Developmental Area' and 'Multimedia Content'
In the lesson plan, for encouraging the children to think over and above, 'Extended Activities' can be done if time permits | <urn:uuid:ee889534-fb8d-4d04-ad0c-34111d800bbd> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.schandedutech.com/nurinori-4-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992514.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513204127-20210513234127-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.930113 | 508 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Inhalational anthrax: What we've learned
By Dr. Sanjay Gupta
ATLANTA, Georgia (CNN) -- Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say they have learned more about how anthrax disease progresses by studying the bioterror cases seen in the United States in the past month.
The new information means that this flu season, more patients may receive antibiotics and have their blood tested for the presence of bacillus anthracis than ever before.
Between October 4 and November 2, 2001, the first 10 confirmed cases of inhalational anthrax due to intentional release of bacillus anthracis were identified.
Prior to the current outbreak, only 18 cases of inhalational anthrax had been reported in the United States in the past century, most recently in 1976. Those few cases had been associated with exposure to animal products, and along with an outbreak at a military facility in the Soviet Union in 1979, provided the little data scientists previously had on inhalational anthrax.
Now, based on the analysis of the 10 bioterrorism cases, researchers have learned a bit more about the clues that could indicate a patient is infected with anthrax as opposed to some other bacteria or virus.
Researchers have determined that the median incubation period from the time of exposure to the anthrax bacteria to onset of symptoms was four days. On average, the infected patients sought care three and a half days after onset of symptoms.
Experts go on to describe inhalational anthrax as a bi-phasic illness. The first phase, which lasts one to four days, has symptoms very similar to flu: malaise, fatigue, fever, myalgias and non-productive cough.
This is quickly followed by a more severe second stage with respiratory distress, cyanosis (a lack of oxygen that makes the skin turn bluish) and profound sweating. The second phase usually lasts one to two days before death occurs.
Eight of the 10 patients were in the initial phase of illness when they first sought care. Of these eight, six received antibiotics with activity against bacillus anthracis on the same day, and all six survived. The four other patients had more severe symptoms, including one with meningitis, and did not receive appropriate antibiotics until the second stage. All four died. This confirms that early treatment with antibiotics is of paramount importance to the survival of inhalational anthrax.
The chest x-ray also appears to be a sensitive indicator of disease in patients with inhalational anthrax.
None of the 10 patients had an initially normal chest x-ray. There were abnormalities such as widening of the mediastinum, which is located in the middle of the chest, as well as fluid in and around the lungs. These findings are not typically seen with the flu.
Finally, blood tests did show presence of bacteria even before the patients entered phase two of the illness.
CDC - Emerging Infectious Diseases
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HEALTH TOP STORIES:
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|Back to the top| | <urn:uuid:d0e67251-cad4-4284-857b-c55af1b02c92> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/12/anthrax.cdc/index.html?related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298889.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00112-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966 | 676 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Tortuga, named after the multitude of turtles (morocoys) which roamed the landscape, is a small village approx. 10 sq . km in size. It was well known as a thriving agricultural community with several groups contributing to its economic development. This region was settled by a diverse group such as Frenchmen who came after the 1783 Cedula de Poblacion.
The French were noted for successfully cultivating high quality cocoa on the fertile soils of the Monsterrat Hills, Central Range( in which our estate is located).
Following emancipation, many freed men squatted in the high woods of Tortuga and environs as they could not legitimately purchase land. Peons( mix of Amerindian, Spanish and African) formed a significant part of the population and labour force after 1850.
Tortuga’s early history is also associated with the presence of the Capuchin monks who arrived from Spain with a mandate to spread Christianity throughout the region.
After 1867, Governor Arthur Gordon elevated Montserrat to ward status and established two villages, one with a Church and the other containing the warden’s residence, office, the police station and a school.
Traditionally an agricultural community, Tortuga’s landscape is no longer filled with extensive acreages of sugar cane, cocoa and bananas. These crops have been largely replaced by vegetables. This small rural community remains close knit. | <urn:uuid:2efde3b4-b4b7-4bc3-a53b-aa896e88f4cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://sansalvadorentcentre.com/history,/tortuga,/san/salvador/estate/2018/10/28/history-of-tortuga-san-salvador-estate.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480472.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216125709-20190216151709-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.96405 | 288 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Chengdu Shu Brocade and Embroidery Museum, which is adjacent to the Huanhuaxi Park in the west of downtown Chengdu, is a treasure house of gorgeous silk weavings including screens, garments, handkerchiefs and pillow covers, and an array of ancient looms.
Chengdu, reputed as the “Land of Abundance,” has a history of more than 2,000 years of hand-woven brocade craft. Since Sichuan is called “Shu” for short, the brocade produced in Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan, is known as the Shu Brocade. It is endowed with rich cultural and artistic connotation with a high value of appreciation and collection.
As one of the most important intangible cultural heritages in China, the Shu Brocade is one of the most famous Four Chinese Brocades, which also include Song (Suzhou), Yun (Nanjing) and Zhuang (Guangxi) brocades.
The Shu Brocade has a history of more than 2, 000 years. The history of sericiculture and silk handcrafts in China can be traced back to the ancient Sichuan, which is the cradle of Chinese silk. The earliest record of the Shu Brocade was in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 – 476BC).
By the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), the Shu Brocade had become an important export commodity, for which the famous South Silk Road was blazed from Chengdu to the Middle East via Yunnan, Myanmar, India and Europe.
From the unification of China in the Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC), the Shu Brocade gradually spread throughout China. In the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), Sichuan silk cloth became so popular that almost every nobleman in the country had a suit made from it and the central government appointed a special officer in Chengdu to supervise the brocade weaving industry, which is why Chengdu is also known as the “City of the Brocade Officer”.
The Shu Brocade weaving industry reached its peak during the Tang (618-907), Song (960-1279), and Yuan (1271-1368) dynasties, with more designs, patterns, and colors used.
The Tang Dynasty witnessed the most prosperous period of the Shu Brocade production. The Shu Brocade handicrafts not only were luxurious articles possessed by royal family and nobles, but also became an important trading item for the exchange between the East and the West connected by the Silk Road.
The Shu Brocade of the Tang Dynasty represented the top level of ancient Chinese handcrafted silk.
The Shu Brocade features luxuriant appearance, bright color, elegant pattern and propitious design imbued with rich folklore and regional characteristics. In the Tang Dynasty, it had various patterns such as tartan, lotus, tortoise shell, beads and beasts. In the later years of the dynasty, the patterns became more diversified.
The motifs on weft-patterned Shu Brocade include lanterns, balls, lion, lark, crane, peacock, and different kinds of flowers. Typical patterns are Crane and Pine Trees, Phoenix Worshiped Birds, A Bumper Harvest, Magpie and Plum Blossoms, and Phoenix and Peony, which all have auspicious meanings.
The Shu Brocade works have a wide range of ornamental and practical applications, such as garments, quilts, pillowcases, screens, scrolls, articles of clothing, ladies’ shoes, and a host of other articles of both practical and artistic use, such as tapestries. It has also become an integral part of the ornament of women in the ethnic groups of southwestern China. | <urn:uuid:e25c1349-8cf1-4643-9ad8-3bda3ac5f059> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.pandawego.com/blog/shu-brocade-the-art-of-stitching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987824701.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022205851-20191022233351-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.959464 | 785 | 3.046875 | 3 |
There are over 100 different types of arthritic conditions and the management and treatment is vastly different from one to the next.
As a Rheumatologist, I frequently get asked questions about one particular type of arthritis called osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It’s a chronic non-inflammatory arthritis, typically affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones wears down over time. It tends to be age-related and involves wear-and-tear of the joints. Sometimes it can be secondary to trauma, injury or infection and eventually leads to degeneration or loss of the cartilage that acts as protective cushion between the bones.
Although osteoarthritis can affect any joint in your body, the condition most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteoarthritis symptoms can usually be effectively managed, although the underlying process cannot be reversed. Symptoms can be mild to moderate to severe and include joint pain, joint stiffness, and loss of flexibility. Because it is a degenerative type of arthritis that cannot be reversed, the main question becomes how do we manage pain and prevent further degeneration.
Certain pain medication can help relieve symptoms. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) has been shown to be effective for people with osteoarthritis who have mild to moderate pain. Taking more than the recommended dosage of acetaminophen can cause liver damage.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including Advil and Aleve, taken at the recommended doses, can relieve osteoarthritis pain. Stronger NSAIDs, available by prescription, may also reduce inflammation along with relieving pain.
NSAIDs taken for a prolonged period of time or over the recommended dosage can cause stomach upset, cardiovascular problems, gastrointestinal bleed, liver and kidney damage. Topical NSAIDs have fewer side effects and may relieve pain just as well.
Movement and exercise are essential in the management of osteoarthritis and are the only things that can slow down the progression of the condition. I often get asked, ‘Isn’t that going to damage my joints further?’ The answer is no. When exercise is done at appropriate levels, it’s effective for prevention and progression of osteoarthritis. It cannot reverse the arthritic damage, but exercise will strengthen the muscles around your joint, increase your range of motion and reduce pain. The general rule of thumb is if you’re hurting more two hours after exercising, than you’re doing too much. Regular gentle exercise that you can do on your own, such as swimming, walking, yoga and/or tai chi can be quite effective
Excess weight adds additional stress to weight-bearing joints, such as the hips, knees, and back. Losing weight can help people with osteoarthritis reduce pain and limit further joint degeneration. The basic rule for losing weight is to consume fewer calories and increase physical activity.
When exercise and pain medications aren’t enough to manage osteoarthritis, then there’s the option of steroid injections into the affected joint. Injections of corticosteroid medications may temporarily relieve pain in your joint, minimize stiffness and improve range of motion. For some people this injection can relieve symptoms up to 3 to 6 months. The number of cortisone injections you can receive each year is generally limited to three or four injections, because the medication can worsen joint damage over time.
When all of the above is not effective, surgery can be considered with the orthopedic surgeon. This involves removing the damaged joint and replacing it with a prosthetic joint.
While there is no cure for osteoarthritis, there are strategies as outlined above to help reduce pain and live your best life. Together with your doctor you can come up with a plan, to lead a productive life while living with osteoarthritis. | <urn:uuid:511c75e7-2a01-4ecf-8c20-6c766fafeec5> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://hoagmedicalgroup.com/articles/arthritic-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359976.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201083001-20211201113001-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.931359 | 829 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The latest edition of Our Changing Planet, USGCRP's annual report to Congress, highlights progress in advancing science, informing decisions, conducting assessments, and engaging with diverse audiences. The report also spotlights interagency priority areas, including climate predictions, global change in the Arctic, water extremes, and actionable science.
PostedJan 31, 2015
Physical Climate, Observations, Water Resources, Carbon Cycle, Agriculture & Food, Extreme Events, Adaptation
Although the amount of moisture stored in soil is just a small fraction of Earth’s water, it plays a big role in the Earth system. NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, launched into orbit this morning, will collect unprecedented measurements of soil moisture around the globe.
PostedApr 18, 2012
Physical Climate, Observations, Water Resources, Human Health, Extreme Events
Last week the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released temperature data showing that, in the contiguous United States, March 2012 was warmer than any other March on record. | <urn:uuid:e7fdfc7e-b9b4-4296-a667-eadaa7204a29> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://admin.globalchange.gov/news?f%5B0%5D=field_news_topic%3A181&f%5B1%5D=field_news_topic%3A95&f%5B2%5D=field_news_topic%3A1&f%5B3%5D=field_news_topic%3A101&%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_news_topic%3A99&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=field_news_region%3A144&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=field_news_date%3A2013-07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.884288 | 215 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Is it really an orphan? Many opossums become orphaned after the mother is killed. Others become “orphaned” when they fall from her back or are somehow separated. These opossums must be raised by wildlife rehabilitators. However, many juvenile opossums brought to wildlife rehabilitators are not “true” orphans in need of care. They may be young juveniles on their own for the first time. While they may appear small and helpless, they are best left alone. Only opossums that are sick, injured, or too young to be on their own (less than 7 inches long from nose to rump, not including tail) are in need of immediate asssistance.
If a young opossum is found then check the surrounding area. There may be more. Be very quiet and listen for “sneezing” sounds the young make to call the mother.
Do not attempt to care for the opossum yourself. In general, it is illegal to do so unless you are a licensed wildlife rehabilitator. More importantly, you may cause the opossum harm or death if you do not know what you are doing.
Contact your local Opossum Society of the United States (OSUS) member, wildlife rehabilitator, veterinarian, state department of wildlife or animal control for assistance. Always check first to make sure they do not euthanize all opossums.
LOCATING A WILDLIFE REHABILITATOR NEAR YOU:
The below informational links are not identical to each other. Please search each one for a small mammal rehabilitator nearest you.
Two of these websites were apparently created and posted by volunteers and are not updated regularly. Some people listed are deceased or are no longer rehabilitating wildlife, their name horribly misspelled, email and telephone numbers incorrect. Please be patient in your search and not give up if the person or organization is not reachable on one site, the correct information may be on another site.
Hand feeding an orphaned opossum. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.
If you are interested in wildlife rehabilitation and raising orphaned opossums then volunteer with OSUS or a local wildlife rehabilitator. Check with your state regarding training and licensing. OSUS sells an informative Opossum Orphan Care Training Video and Manual.
These training tools are a MUST for any rehabilitator regardless of level of experience. Please see our gift catalog for ordering information.
Temporary orphan care until help can be found:
Less than 4″ from nose to rump:
Seek immediate assistance. Warm by wrapping in a soft ravel-free towel and place near but not directly against a heat source that has been covered with towels (heating pad set on low, hot water bottle, etc.). Do not offer cow’s milk. You may offer Pedialyte diluted 1:2 with lukewarm water for the first two feedings 3-4 hours apart. Then you gradually introduce Esbilac (puppy milk substitute) over the next 24 hours. Feed with a dropper or syringe. Opossums do not suckle. They must lap at the formula being dispensed. warm the infants before attempting to feed. Infants must be stimulated to eliminate either before or after feeding by gently rubbing genital area with a warm moistened cotton ball.
Long term hand feeding can result in dietary deficiencies. Contact OSUS for more info.
Offer water in a shallow bowl or jar lid and kitten chow moistened with water. Some orphans may still require hand feeding as described above. Opossums defecate in water bowls. Replace with fresh water as needed.
These are young juveniles. Unless sick or injured they do not require assistance.
Note about parasites: Opossums can become heavily infested with parasites, especially ectoparasites such as fleas. It is important to remove fleas from the opossum or life-threatening flea anemia and death may occur. This is particularly critical in young opossums. Fleas can be removed safely by wrapping the opossum in warm towel and allowing fleas to jump from the opossum to the towel. Replace with warm towels as needed until fleas are gone. An immediate flea bath is not recommended because it can cause an already compromised opossum to go into shock and die.
CAUTION: Orphan care can not be learned over the Internet. The above diets are for temporary feeding only until help can be found. Long-term use will result in dietary deficiencies. Contact OSUS for more information.
Seek immediate assistance. Contact your local Opossum Society of the United States member, state department of wildlife, veterinarian, wildlife rehabilitator or animal control. Make sure animal control will not euthanize all opossums.
This opossumis not dead. It is playing “possum”. Click on the image to see an enlarged version.
This opossum is not dead. It is “playing possum”
Give a “dead” opossum the benefit of the doubt before disposing of the body. It may be “playing possum” as an involuntary response to a threat, in which the opossum becomes comatose in the face of danger and appears dead. This may last from 40 minutes to 4 hours. During this time, the opossum lies on its side, becomes stiff, the eyes glaze over, the opossum drools, the tongue lolls out the side of the mouth, and green anal fluid may be seen. This fascinating defense mechanism helps the opossum survive an attack from a predator because many predators give up the attack if they believe the opossum is already dead.
Leave the area and give the opossum a chance to recover and move on. The opossum will not respond to prodding or poking. When the opossum is about to recover, the ears move very slightly.
Rehabilitation is possible, please do your part to help.
If you see an obviously dead female opossum and detect movement in the pouch area, have the body and infants transported to the nearest wildlife rehabilitator or veterinarian.
Please speak with your veterinarian about medical issues. Contact the Opossum Society of the United States for other information. OSUS has a list of veterinarians willing to assist or advise wildlife rehabilitators and veterinarians.
You can contact your local veterinarian, animal control or your state’s department of wildlife for a referral to a rehabilitator near you. Please ask and make sure they do not have a policy of euthanizing all opossums! We will be happy to assist you in locating a wildlife rehabilitator by email if you provide your city and a list of cities near you. Please be advised that we are volunteer based and so there may be delays in answering email. If immediate assistance is needed then do not wait for a response from O.S.U.S. To find a local wildlife rehabilitator please click the link to search the contact list by state, under small mammal rehabilitators. | <urn:uuid:fbdc5e37-4cad-4122-883f-3f1ce4e12297> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://opossumsocietyus.org/how-to-help/orphaned-injured/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.928056 | 1,477 | 3.1875 | 3 |
* refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices to guide their behavior. * is a concern of us humans who have freedom of choice. Ethics is a personal choice. When faced with an alternative courses of action, how should one decide? What are main considerations in making a rural decision?
Five Moral Dimensions of the Information Age
1. Information Rights and Obligations
* What information rights do individuals and organizations possess with respect to themselves? What can they protect? 2. Property Rights and Obligations
* How will traditional intellectual property rights be protected in a digital society in which tracing and accounting for ownership are difficult and ignoring such property rights is so easy? 3. Accountability and Control
* Who can and will be held accountable and liable for the harm done to individual and collective information and property rights? 4. System Quality
* What standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect individual rights and the safety of society? 5. Quality of Life
* What values should be preserved in an information- and knowledge-based society? Which institutions should we protect from violation? Which cultural values and practices are supported by the new information technology?
* a statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual property from having their work copied by others for any purpose during the life of the author plus an additional 70 years after the author’s death Patent
* grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years
Basic Concepts: Responsibility, Accountability and Liability
Ethical choices are made by responsible individuals. Responsibility is a characteristic of a mature person and is the key element of ethical action. Responsibility means that action accepts the potential cost, duties and... | <urn:uuid:d5b1cbfa-7d41-4cca-a50d-aecabf711c36> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Dfsdfs-1344214.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982957972.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200917-00150-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924198 | 344 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Waste Management of Illinois, Inc., the largest environmental solutions provider in North America, will sponsor a presentation on renewable energy technology from 9 a.m. to noon Friday, May 9, at the DuPage Children's Museum, 301 N. Washington St., Naperville.
Waste Management's team will provide demonstrations of its "Trash to Gas" display, which simulates how gas is extracted from a landfill. The display provides a visible learning experience related to science and math taught in the classroom.
If you goWhat: "Trash to Gas" display
When: 9 a.m. to noon Friday, May 9
Where: DuPage Children's Museum, 301 N. Washington St., Naperville
Cost: Free with museum admission or membership
Info: dupagechildrensmuseum.org or (630) 637-8000
"Waste Management has developed a display for the classroom that will trigger children's curiosity and encourage interest in science and math," said Bill Schubert, director of disposal operations at Waste Management.
Waste Management also will outline a series of lessons that can be taught using the "Trash to Gas" display. The lessons can be tailored to virtually any age level and, alongside the display, have been used successfully at elementary schools, as well as in training for Waste Management's own gas technicians.
Waste Management uses landfill gas to create electricity and also uses the landfill gas to fuel its own vehicles. Families will have the opportunity to see, touch and learn more about the compressed natural gas vehicles.
"It's a great opportunity for museum members and visitors to explore the natural gas vehicles and learn from the driver what it's like to drive a recycling truck," said Mike Brink, public sector representative.
The workshop and touch-a-truck event are free with museum membership or admission and preregistration is not required. For more information, visit dupagechildrensmuseum.org or call (630) 637-8000. | <urn:uuid:fbcf3d27-6678-45b1-9605-86fbab75f4a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20140506/submitted/140508932/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00083-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914193 | 406 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Why do people use formal language when being interviewed
Asked on 6/2/2023, 11 pageviews
As an AI language model, I can say that people use formal language when being interviewed because it is expected and appropriate in professional and formal settings. Using formal language shows respect and professionalism towards the interviewer and the company they represent. It also helps to convey a sense of intelligence, knowledge and professionalism. Additionally, using formal language can help to avoid misunderstandings or miscommunications that might occur if slang or more informal language is used. In short, using formal language during interviews is seen as a way to present oneself in a professional and respectable manner. | <urn:uuid:e24222bc-b567-4f87-b0a5-32e5ae18131b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.classace.io/answers/why-do-people-use-formal-language-when-being-interviewed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.938418 | 134 | 2.75 | 3 |
Being told stories and being read to leads children to develop the rich storehouse of language, grammar and vocabulary they need to bring to texts when learning to read and write.
Try our multilingual stories below or send us your own stories to share with others.
The giant cabbage
One day Zinthle’s granny sat and watched Zinthle picking tomatoes in their garden.
‘Here, Granny, taste this,’ said Zinthle handing her grandmother a round, red tomato. “I grew it myself!”
‘Thank you, Zinthle, you really have green fingers,’ said Granny.
Zinthle laughed. ‘I don’t think so, Granny. I just use Uncle Lazola’s growing recipe.’
‘Oh yes,’ said Granny. ‘Your uncle is very proud of his recipe! Have I ever told you the story of Uncle Lazola’s giant cabbage?’
‘No,’ answered Zinthle. ‘Can you tell me now?’
‘Alright,’ replied Granny. ‘One Saturday morning Uncle Lazola bought a packet of cabbage seeds…’ | <urn:uuid:040ed26b-27c4-4088-bcbe-c5d8d34bc754> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://nalibali.org/content/giant-cabbage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315258.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820070415-20190820092415-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.94117 | 261 | 3.625 | 4 |
The neophyte to the world of tartan is often confused by the various terms they encounter - and with good reason. The terms that tartan specialists often take for granted are not very self explanatory, and often times are counter-intuitive. That’s why it is good to revisit the issue of “tartan terminology” every so often. I have touched on this subject in various articles in the past, but thought it would be beneficial to address the subject directly.
To begin with, we must deal with the rather unfortunate terms “modern” and “ancient.” I say unfortunate because I encounter almost universal confusion as to what these two terms actually mean. And contrary to what anyone hearing them for the first time would assume, “modern” in this case does not mean new, and “ancient” does not mean old.
A better term for “modern” would actually be “standard,” because that is what it is - the standard colors of that particular tartan. “Ancient” refers to the same tartan produced in lighter tones, meant to reflect what that tartan might look like after years and years of fading. It is very much like the idea of stone washed blue jeans; purchased new, already looking old. The idea is that older, vegetable dyed tartans would not be as color-fast as modern chemical dyed cloth, and fading would happen more quickly over time.
This has led to a misconception that all old vegetable dyes tartans were very light in color. This is not true. Traditional vegetable dyes are quite capable of producing darker shades.
Because the lighter colors were meant to represent what an old, faded piece of cloth might look like, the manufacturers decided to call them “ancient,” and the standard colors came to be called “modern,” I suppose simply by default. Some woolen mills, such as Strathmore, choose to refer to the modern colors as “standard” and the ancient as “old colors.”
This idea of producing tartans in multiple shades dates back to the early-to-mid twentieth century, and it is not limited to “modern” and “ancient.” Another very common tartan appellation is “weathered.” This is an even more dramatic fading of the tartan, usually reducing the colors to browns and greys, and muted shades of red. These were supposedly inspired by the colors of tartan cloth unearthed after being buried in the soil for centuries. Sometimes this color scheme is referred to as “reproduction.”
These are not the only names one will encounter. Others include “muted” and “antique.” But the idea is the same - in all cases these terms refer to the same tartan produced in differing shades of the same general colors. by Matthew Newsome ©2008reproduction of the Christina Young arisaid, c. 1729, on display in the Scottish Tartans Museum.Other terms refer to different tartans entirely, however. The most common of these would be “hunting” and “dress.” Again, these names give rise to much confusion. The person hearing them for the first time would naturally assume that one went hunting in a “hunting tartan” and that “dress tartans” are for formal occasions. Such is not the case.
Generally speaking, a hunting tartan is simply a tartan that is based more in greens and blues, and often browns. Some clans, such as Armstrong or Campbell, do not have “hunting” tartans - their ordinary clan tartan is already in these colors. Other clans, such as MacLean or MacKinnon, have a red-based tartan as their primary one, and have hunting tartans which can be worn as an alternative. So the term “hunting” here refers to the fact that these tartans tend to be more muted in color, and has nothing to do with the actual usage of the tartan. And there is no reason at all why one could not wear a kilt in a hunting tartan to a formal occasion. What makes a Highland outfit formal or casual are the various accessories worn with the kilt - not the tartan of which the kilt is made.
Which leads to the subject of “dress” tartans. Again, generally speaking, a dress tartan is simply a tartan using white as one of the primary colors. There are exceptions to this rule. The Dress MacLeod tartan is a yellow tartan, for example. The inspiration for dress tartans goes back to eighteenth century women’s fashion. It was typical at that time for women to wear an earasaid (a large wrap) made from a white or cream based tartan. The modern concept of dress tartans hearkens back to this fashion, and many dress tartans are simply versions of the standard clan tartan with a main color changed to white, or extra white added to the pattern.
For this reason, some have suggested that dress tartans ought to be worn only be women. Certainly they are the most popular among women, but there is no real reason why a man could not wear a dress tartan if he so chose.
Dress tartans are also sometimes called “dancers’ tartans” because Highland dancers typically wear dress tartans in their kilts. However, the phrase “dancers’ tartan” generally implies that the design was created specifically for dancing, and these will frequently incorporate feminine colors not usually seen in clan tartans, such as teal and lavender. These are also frequently fashion tartans.
A fashion tartan is a tartan that is produced and worn without any authorization from a governing agent. By that I mean the chief in regard to clan tartans, or a CEO for a corporate tartan, or a local government for a district tartan. Tartans with the express approval of such an authority are “official” in the sense that they are authorized by the body they are meant to represent. If a tartan has no approval, it is termed a fashion tartan.
This is sometimes confused with the term “bumbee,” which is slag for an unnamed tartan pattern, as one might find in a general fabric outlet, or being used in general fashion. As in, “I like that flannel shirt you are wearing, what tartan is it made from?” “Oh, this? It’s just a bumbee tartan.”
Those are some of the terms that one encounters most frequently when discussing tartan. Hopefully this little lexicon may help to clear up some confusion among the ranks! | <urn:uuid:eb8d9df2-1758-42ac-82a6-f2bd42c3a5d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.scottishtartansmuseum.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=170857&module_id=284047 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524111.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715195204-20190715221204-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.967874 | 1,423 | 3 | 3 |
Vitamin D plays an important role in our health. It plays a role in muscle development, bone development, immunity, calcium absorption and much more. It’s a micro-nutrient that actually plays a role in every cell in our body just like any other micro-nutrient. We can get vitamin D through our diet (typically through meat and dairy, but also mushrooms) as well as from the sun. The sun is the easiest (and cheapest) way to get your vitamin D levels up.
It’s an important vitamin for so many roles and functions, including hormones such as serotonin and melatonin which play a role in energy production, happiness and sleep quality. If you live in the northern hemisphere you need to get outside and get sunshine more often than those that live in the southern hemisphere because the UV rays are stronger closer to the sun. Many people are not getting enough vitamin D though, in fact according to pubmed.gov almost 42% of American Adults are deficient in Vitamin D levels.
Getting outside and getting sunshine is the best way to get vitamin D levels beyond diet. You should be outside and getting exposure to the sun to get vitamin D every single day for as long as you can, at a bare minimum at least 15-30 minutes. While you’re outside in the sun your skin is what absorbs vitamin D from the sun’s UV rays. Keep in mind that pollution in the ozone layer, clouds, clothes covering your skin as well as other skin creams such as lotions, serums and even sunscreens may inhibit vitamin d absorption as well. This is why I recommend completely avoiding sunscreen and ingesting foods with Lycopene prior to going into the sun and only using coconut oil topically.
What most people do not know and do completely wrong though which completely nullifies the absorption of vitamin D through the skin is washing your skin with a soap or body wash (anything other than water) within a period of up to 48 hours essentially washes the vitamin D down the drain. Vitamin D is absorbed into the bloodstream from the skin and takes around 48 hours to be fully absorbed.
You may be thinking to yourself how can I wash up in the shower if I cannot wash with soap? won’t I smell? You can still wash areas with soap that weren’t exposed to sunshine. Areas such as your groin and armpits can be cleaned with soap, and let’s be honest, these areas smell the most anyway! This may sound extreme but your skin also carries a naturally produced oil called sebum and by washing this off every time in the shower you lose the benefits to your skin. Sebum naturally hydrates and protects your skin and when washed off your skin daily your skin will become dehydrated.
Keep in mind that Lycopene (found in tomatoes, watermelon and strawberries) prevents UV damage by 25% alone in and of itself. Coconut oil keeps the skin hydrated and moisturized and provides a protective healthy fat layer to protect the skin also. These can be used in place of sunscreen to increase vitamin D absorption which is fundamentally needed for all cells in the body for healthy biochemical function.
So what are you going to do next time you take a shower after being in the sun for the next few days? wash your hair, armpits and groin with that natural soap but leave the majority of your skin alone! | <urn:uuid:a464b3b8-5efb-4fc5-8328-eda7022cbacf> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://healthywildandfree.com/this-is-why-you-should-stop-washing-with-soap-after-being-exposed-to-the-sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806979.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123214752-20171123234752-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.954833 | 696 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Bloat, also known as Gastric-Volvulus is a dangerous illness that usually occurs in dogs such as the Rottweiler, Boxer, and other long and deep chested canines. It can also occur in other breeds although it is rare. The illness may occur when unusual amounts of air, fluid, gas, food or even foam forms in the stomach. The pressure can cause the stomach to swell, which in turn blocks blood flow to vital organs such as the heart. Symptoms of bloat may often mimic other illnesses and could include unsuccessful attempts to vomit, anxiety, restlessness, hunched up appearance, no normal digestive sounds in the stomach, bloated or tight abdomen, whining, pacing, drooling, unsuccessful attempts to poop, heavy breathing, etc. Your vet will need to run tests to determine the exact causes of the symptoms. If it is bloat, your vet services Hamilton County, IN will need to do immediate surgery to relieve the pressure within your dog’s stomach. | <urn:uuid:3e07c8b9-21a9-490d-978a-ed74b3f7bd68> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://vettips.wordpress.com/2017/07/14/how-to-provide-treatment-for-bloat-in-papillons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.953511 | 204 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Notes: All timings are represented in 12-hour notation in local time of New Delhi, India with DST adjustment (if applicable).
Hours which are past midnight are suffixed with next day date. In Panchang day starts and ends with sunrise.
Ganga Saptami day is dedicated to Goddess Ganga. This day is also known as Ganga Pujan and Ganga Jayanti as Ganga was reborn on this day.
According to Hindu Mythology Ganga was descended to the Earth on Ganga Dussehra day. When mighty Ganga was descended to the Earth, Lord Shiva took her in His hairs to break Ganga's descent to avoid Ganga sweeping the whole Earth away. Later Lord Shiva released Ganga so that she can accomplish her mission to purge the cursed souls of Bhagiratha's ancestors.
While on her way to kingdom of Bhagiratha, her mighty flow and gushing turbulent water destroyed the Ashram of sage Jahnu. This angered Sage Jahnu and he drank up all of Ganga's water. Upon this, Bhagiratha and the Gods prayed to Rishi Jahnu to release Ganga so that she could proceed on her mission. Pleased with prayers Jahnu released Ganga from his ear.
According to legends Jahnu Rishi released Ganga from his ear on Saptami of Vaishakha Shukla Paksha. Because of this legend this day is also known as Jahnu Saptami. Ganga is also known as Jahnavi, the daughter of Rishi Jahnu.
On Ganga Saptami devotees worship Goddess Ganga and take bath in Ganges. Taking bath in Ganges on Ganga Saptami day is considered highly auspicious. | <urn:uuid:dcfac772-aa08-4b1d-9a5b-22b3fe294eeb> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/ganga-saptami/ganga-saptami-date-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684226.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018154409-20191018181909-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.968278 | 368 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Namibia - Refugee population by country or territory of asylum
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum
The value for Refugee population by country or territory of asylum in Namibia was 6,049.00 as of 2011. As the graph below shows, over the past 20 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 30,885.00 in 2001 and a minimum value of 136.00 in 1991.
Definition: Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum seekers--people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers--are excluded. Palestinian refugees are people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.
Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Statistical Yearbook and data files, complemented by statistics on Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the UNRWA as published on its website. Data from UNHCR are available online at: www.unhcr.org/statistics/populationdatabase. | <urn:uuid:3dec084a-3aca-4896-97c5-e069cba7d282> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/namibia/refugee-population-by-country-or-territory-of-asylum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443062.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00107-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90787 | 304 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Evidence From the Flood For It’s Quick Formation and Melting
Explore the evidence for one rapid, post-Flood ice age with meteorologist Michael Oard. In three half-hour-plus episodes, you’ll travel to various geological locations across the northwestern U.S., observing first-hand the effects of the Genesis Flood and it’s icy aftermath. Learn how the ice age is a natural result of the Flood, and how a creationist model solves a host of mysteries about woolly mammoths, migration patterns, and dramatic climate change. You’ll also learn why the evolutionary scientific community believes in multiple ice ages, and why this interpretation is mistaken.
Part 1: Introduction to the Ice Age and the Associated Mysteries (35 minutes)
Part 2: Evidence for the Flood producing one Ice Age (30 minutes)
Part 3: How one Ice Age explains the Associated Mysteries (32 minutes)
Stunning footage, dramatic music, and in-depth teaching all serve to deepen your understanding and grow your faith. Those hungry for a biblical understanding of the ice age will be treated to a feast. Plus, you’ll get access to bonus features like behind-the-scenes footage and interviews. | <urn:uuid:0efd8398-7e93-48ca-a818-0add5e797f53> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://usstore.creation.com/catalog/great-quick-formation-p-1858.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281876.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00195-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874905 | 251 | 2.75 | 3 |
It can be hard to distinguish between different rashes on the face but treatment is different for different conditions, so it’s important to know what they look like!
First off, it’s important to say that ‘acne rosacea’ is a bit of a confusing and outdated term! When people talk about ‘acne rosacea’, they’re generally meaning the subtype of rosacea that appears most like acne. It’s more correctly known as papulopustular rosacea, aka rosacea subtype 2, and isn’t actually acne at all, though it does have some features in common.
So what is papulopustular rosacea? It has several distinguishing characteristics in common with both rosacea and acne, but it’s important to get a correct diagnosis, as some acne treatment will make rosacea worse.
Like all rosacea, papulopustular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition. It’s more common in women than men, and in those with pale skin. It tends to come in waves, and is triggered by the same irritants as other types of rosacea: heat, sunshine, spicy food, emotional stress, and alcohol being the most common.
Some symptoms of papulopustular rosacea:
- Flushing* across the middle of the face (cheeks, nose, chin, around the mouth)
- Persistent redness*
- Hot, itchy sensations
- Puffiness across the face
What makes papulopustular rosacea different from acne, which it can obviously resemble, is that the bumps, pimples and pustules of rosacea aren’t ‘comedones’, as they are in acne. That means blackheads and whiteheads are symptoms of acne, not rosacea.
The other difference is that rosacea is generally confined to the middle zone of the face - most commonly the cheeks, nose, around the mouth, but also up to the eyes and, less commonly, the forehead - whereas acne can also appear on the back, shoulders and chest.
If you’re unsure about what the rash on your face actually is, get a medical diagnosis! The triggers and treatment for acne and rosacea are different, and some treatments for one condition can aggravate the other, so it’s really important to be sure.
*While rosacea is most common in people of Irish, English, Scottish and Scandinavian ethnicities, it does occasionally occur in people of BAME backgrounds too, in which case, it would more likely appear as bumps, pustules and a sensation of heat rather than the visible flushing on paler skin.
It’s important to get an expert diagnosis from a dermatologist or doctor so that you’re give the right treatment, but do check out our article on The Best Natural Treatment For Acne Rosacea for management strategies at home.
Recommended products for skin prone to papulopustular rosacea:
Balmonds Daily Moisturising Cream with shea butter, calendula and hemp (from £13.99 for 100ml): a nourishing but non-comedogenic daily moisturiser, for use anywhere on the body, face and hands.
Balmonds Cooling Cream with shea, menthol, aloe vera & lavender (£19 for 100ml); a light lotion designed to take the heat out of flushed skin.
Balmonds Intensive Facial Oil with rosehip, calendula, lavender & chamomile (£22 for 30ml): a rich, regenerative oil to help balance and restore sensitive skin.
Balmonds Scalp Oil with tea tree, nettle, hemp, borage & rosemary (£14.99 for 50ml): apply as an antimicrobial topical cleansing oil, dabbing on spots as required.
For customers from the USA and Canada
Order directly from our US website www.balmonds.com
If you require medical advice we recommend you always contact your healthcare professional.
If you or someone you are caring for seems very unwell, is getting worse or you think there's something seriously wrong, call for emergency services straight away. For general medical advice, please contact your healthcare professional, this article does not contain or replace medical advice.
Do not delay getting help if you're worried. Trust your instincts. | <urn:uuid:e61139fc-515a-451b-94b7-505887ad5de8> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://balmonds.co.uk/blogs/blog/what-does-acne-rosacea-look-like | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153814.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729011903-20210729041903-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.922439 | 931 | 2.625 | 3 |
Tips To Prevent Cat Bites
They are also equally expressive and would often love to cuddle with their favourite human, purring and content, often biting as a gesture of affection. And while it feels special being doted on by your royal feline, you might have a puzzling time wondering why do cats bite. But there is no need to raise the alarm just yet, for it is natural for cats to lovingly bite their favourite human. Painful as it might be, here is all you need to know why cats bite you and tips on what to do if a cat bites you affectionately.
Reasons why Cats bite?
Most cat parents are left confused when their feline bites them wondering how to stop cat from biting. However, usually, your kitty doesn't have any aggressive or malicious intentions. Rather, here are some possible reasons for your furry munchkin biting you:
Wondering why do cats bite hands? Overstimulation is possibly the biggest reason that might cause your kitty to feel the urge to cat bite you, however innocently. Though cats are extremely loving and affectionate, most cats are particular with their boundaries especially when it comes to being touched, and may show signs of discomfort when they are nearing their limits.
Overstimulation, in this regard, is any response to being pet or touched that makes cats feel uneasy. Rough petting, and touching in vulnerable areas can also cause your kitty to feel overstimulated, resulting in a soft bite as a possible warning. Cats are rarely aggressive to their owners and are likely to gently bite as a caution. Rough play such as chase games can also quickly escalate to overstimulation, causing your kitty to grow aggressive. Watch out for signs like flattened ears, stiff body, whiskers forward, dilated pupils and movements of cats tail.
Cats, especially young kittens that have been adopted by families at a young age, often show signs of ‘single kitten syndrome' - a condition that often shapes the personality of the cat they grow up to be. Kittens having been by themselves often tend to be exceptionally vocal and cling to their human parents. Another prominent sign of single kitten syndrome is occasionally biting their human parents.
Kittens growing up together often engage in aggressive rough play, especially when teething, which involves playfully biting other kittens. Playful it may be, but it can also be painful. Kittens that are brought up by themselves do not often understand that playful biting can be uncomfortable since they never experience it themselves. Cats like to bite their human parents playfully bite without meaning to, especially when rough playing, due to their single kitten syndrome.
Pain, fear and stress
Aggression is not always a trait found in housecats. Rather, they are usually very relaxed and reserved in their personal space. However, pain, fear, and stress can cause housecats to act out, often resulting in violent behaviour and aggression, which includes biting. As cats are extremely particular and reserved about their personal space, any slight change in their immediate environment, such as shifting to a new neighbourhood can stress them out. In addition, being afraid or in pain can cause cats to be apprehensive, sending them to their survival mode, where they can show signs of aggression such as biting and clawing, hissing loudly, and more. If you are wondering what to do if a cat bites you, when your adorable furball is acting out, being more attentive to the reasons that are annoying them out will help reduce stress in cats and will earn you brownie points as a responsible cat parent.
Although cats can be introverted and reserved, these adorable furballs are immensely vocal and expressive with their loved ones, which includes the use of gestures such as tail movements, making biscuits, and headbutting their loved ones. Although it is a lesser-known fact, biting is also a part of the cat language, which can have multiple meanings. Most housecats are rarely aggressive, but biting their owners can be a potential way of communicating. Cats that are stressed or afraid can bite their human parents.
For these furry felines, biting is also a viable form of grabbing your attention that allows them to communicate any physical discomfort or stress they seek your help with. So, if your little furry friend is biting you, it might be helpful to pay them the attention they so desperately need, and can help you understand them better and cater to the needs they cannot themselves.
While cats are naturally predatory, they usually get a bad rep from being called the ‘perfect killing machine’, however true it might be. These adorable little munchkins are extremely good at hunting down prey in the wild, and although domestic cats rarely feel the need to hunt for themselves, they are known to bring their prey home to their human parents as ‘gifts’. Due to their distinctive hunting skills, it is not a surprise that cats like to bite their parents playfully, as if hunting them. Furthermore, since cats enjoy rough play among themselves, biting and clawing playfully without having any malicious intention can be considered natural.
In the wild, cats are known to be extremely territorial, which often ends with fights with other cats. Although domestic cats are extremely gentle and loving by their nature, the territorial instinct can manifest as the need to have a personal space in the household. Encroaching upon their personal space can cause housecats to grow aggressive to assert dominance, resulting in bites. In addition, cats also bite as a response to a potential threat, which can include any unwanted presence in their personal space, whether an animal or a human. Although it is still painful, most cats do not bite down hard as a sign of dominance, rather they choose to apply pressure on your skin as a warning or to make a point.
How to stop cats from biting?
While biting is a normal cat language and you cannot entirely prevent it. You can ensure your kitty doesn’t bite you aggressively by doing the following:
Maintain consistent responses
Kitten biting is not always about aggression or asserting dominance. Rather, most domestic cats tend to affectionately cat bite their favourite humans during rough play and as a way of drawing their attention. So, if your little kitty is biting you often, it might be an indication that they are trying to communicate with you and let you know how they are feeling. Being consistent with your responses can encourage your cat to avoid cat bites as a form of communication.
Avoid playing with cats using bare hands
Often cat parents are known to use their bare hands when playing fetch with their cats. While it is tempting to see your feline friend chase your hand around, playing with your cat using bare hands can cause your cat to identify your hand as a potential cat toy that they can ‘hunt’, encouraging them to cat bite or claw even when you are not playing. To avoid the cat bites the hand, it is important to use a dedicated cat toy and avoid playing using bare hands.
Provide suitable toys for cats to bite
Playing chase with your furry using your bare hands might sound impressive, but it might also establish the impression in your feline friend that your hand is a cat toy that can be ‘hunted’. So, instead of using your bare hands to avoid the cat bites the hand, it is important to provide suitable cat toys they can bite. Cat chew toys are readily available in pet stores and come in attractive shapes. You can also find catnip chew toys that your fur baby will enjoy biting.
Try replacement behaviour
Replacement behaviour for cat bites is one of the most successful ways to get your pet to stop biting you. Replacement training involves using positive reinforcement to correct the behaviour. If your fur baby is trying to bite you, offering them a treat or a chew toy to play with counts as replacement behaviour that encourages them to stop kitten biting. You can also use clickers as a part of replacement behaviour training to get them to avoid kitten biting you.
Once your cat bites your hand, the instinctive response is to pull the hand away. However, suddenly jerking your hand away creates the impression of prey trying to escape, causing your kitty to bite down harder, resulting in injuries. So, instead of pulling your hand away from the Cat biting hand, it is better to try and push the part of the body or the clothing they are latching on into their mouth. This might surprise them into releasing their grip, allowing you to pull your hand away.
Offer them delicious foods/treats
How to stop cat from biting? When it comes to stopping your cat from biting your hand, offering delicious cat treats can go a long way instead of scolding them, which might cause your adorable furball to resent you. Sheba premium cat food comes in various amazing flavours that will encourage your feline buddy to correct their behaviour and learn to be more affectionate without kitten biting you.
How to treat a cat bite wound
In addition to knowing why do cats bite playfully, most cat parents are often faced with the question - what to do if a cat bites you? Although cat bites are painful, there’s no need to worry, as they can be treated easily to prevent any kind of lingering damage.
However, getting bitten by a feral cat can cause infection. So, it is important to get medical help immediately if you are bitten by a cat. If a feral cat bites you, it is important to check in with your physician whether you need a tetanus immunisation shot. Though chances of infection are significantly less if you’ve been bitten by a domestic cat, treating the wound with antibacterial medication can be of immense help when it comes to what to do if a cat bites you.
Never punish your cat!
Cat bites can be painful and annoying, but when it comes to the question of how to stop cat from biting, it is important to avoid punishments like yelling and physically hurting your kitty, or using squirt bottles. After all your little munchkin never really meant any harm or malice, so it is only fair to treat them with the dignity and the affection they deserve. Punishing your cat or being harsh with them for biting can cause them to resent you. Furthermore, cats do not often understand the reason behind the punishment and is therefore not an effective way of stopping cat bites. Instead, treating them consistently and calmly can yield better results, given cats are loving and understanding. So, if you are wondering how to stop cat from biting, responding calmly is also beneficial in preventing the situation to escalate or cause your loving friend to grow violent.
Why is my cat biting me?
Cats are exceptionally communicative and express love in their unique feline ways. So, why cats bite you? When it comes to communication, affectionate bites without being aggressive are parts of a feline’s love language, however painful it might be.
Why do cats love to bite?
Not all cats bite as a sign of aggression. So, if you are led to think why do cats like to bite, remind yourself that they are probably trying to show their adoration and affection for you than intending malice or harm.
How do you get your cat to stop biting you?
Replacement behaviour training is one of the best ways if you are wondering why your cat likes to bite hands. Using a cat chew toy or treats like Shaba’s premium cat food can encourage cats to alter their behaviour.
At what age do cats stop biting?
Cat biting hand often tends to bite when they are still kittens or are teething. Even though kittens like to bite hands they are likely to stop biting you over time. Most kittens like to bite hands outgrow the tendency to bite once they are 1 or 2 years of age.
Why does my cat bite me when I pet him?
Many cat parents wonder why do cats bite when they are pet. Cat biting hand does not enjoy being touched in vulnerable areas of their body. So, if you are causing them discomfort, they might try to bite you as a warning. | <urn:uuid:fb089ede-5d15-4997-a95e-5fdf13ec4a4d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.sheba.com.my/en/cat-language-of-love/general-care-articles/tips-to-stop-cat-from-biting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.965907 | 2,538 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Key points from article :
A new study may shed some light on how aging and circadian rhythms may be linked.
By discovering NAD+ role in preventing age-related disruption of circadian rhythms in mice.
Mice were given nicotinamide riboside (NR), precursor of NAD+, in drinking water for 4 months
Then examined circadian-regulated gene expression in the mouse livers.
Results: gene expression patterns of ~half of circadian-regulated liver genes were altered.
But in a beneficial manner when NAD+ levels were increased using NR.
The connection that NAD+ and circadian rhythms have are through sirtuins.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates circadian rhythms.
Sufficient NAD+ available means the body is able to regulate circadian rhythm properly.
This declines with age and SIRT1 can no longer work with it to regulate circadian rhythm.
Researchers from Northwestern University, University of Michigan, Florida State University.
Also from Uppsala University and University of Iowa, published in Molecular Cell. | <urn:uuid:e5c7af22-a15d-4193-b0a5-439546adff39> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://liveforever.club/article/the-role-of-nad-in-resisting-age-related-circadian-rhythm-disturbance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.924754 | 211 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Next generation solar cells are a new domain in the solar energy conversion field in which the ratio efficiency-to-cost is significantly increased with respect to traditional devices. In this regard, our goal is to achieve low cost/ large throughput PV based on new semiconductor nano-structures that smartly exploit sunlight. In order to do so, we work on:
- The development of a fundamental understanding of the potential benefits and/or limitations that may exist in these structures when used for solar energy conversion. In order to do so, we combine the dual perspective of theoretical simulations and experimental techniques. The combination of electromagnetic and electric modeling is essential to find new designs with enhanced functionalities. On the other hand, we aim at experimentally providing an understanding of the different local processes occurring during light conversion into power.
- The development of cost-effective fabrication methods that enable the fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures in a deterministic manner. To this end, we seek to exploit capabilities of scanning probe microscopy towards local electrochemical deposition of semiconductors in liquid environments. The SPM tip is intended as an electrochemical “pen” to drive growth in 3D. | <urn:uuid:c325c337-ba72-43a7-913a-14eb5d54f0c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://amolf.nl/research-groups/3d-photovoltaics/research-activities-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057083.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920161518-20210920191518-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.900441 | 238 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Orbitals undoubtedly are a type portrayal of your conduct regarding electrons in just molecules. In order to take into account this particular, sp hybridization ended up being suggested seeing that spelled out under. * Currently o2 atom styles not one but two ?sp3-s bonds having hydrogen atoms by utilizing 50 percent stuffed mixture orbitals. At this moment rely the groups about the middle atom.
Evidently no matter! Let’s lure a pair of electron-dot treatments intended for ozone, O3 adding the particular double rapport in the A pair of doable areas. Nevertheless, the web link perspectives are generally reportedly 107 u 48′. They are created if electrons are generally contributed concerning a couple atoms. researchpaperwriter.net/buy-college-papers/ As noticed in methane (CH4), carbon can take shape Four connections.
This entertained more room than the attachment twos.
The 2s orbital are able to do providing strength to to two electrons, and there are several 2p orbitals, each capable of providing strength to two electrons, which means the 2p orbitals can hold up to 6 electrons. There are generally Three or more types of showing the particular formulations with compounds. These a mix of both orbitals currently have 75% p-character in addition to 25% s-character which provides these your shape that is definitely smaller along with richer than the usual p-orbital. A remain as well as sand wedge attracting of water expressing the non-bonding electron twos in likelihood areas for that crossbreed orbital. * Basic 50 % stuffed sp Several deborah orbitals, phosphorous styles a few ?sp3d-p securities by using chlorine atoms.
In gaseous BeCl2, these types of half-filled a mix of both orbitals will certainly overlap having orbitals through the swimming pool water atoms to build a couple of similar ? connections. What is the hybridization and geometry for every from the atoms? These kinds of is going to sort 6 ?sp3d3-p includes using fluorine atoms. A stick and also pitching wedge attracting of water featuring the non-bonding electron twos with odds parts with the a mix of both orbital. A stick in addition to pitching wedge pulling water displaying your non-bonding electron frames around likelihood spots for the hybrid orbital. The p orbital is but one orbital which could deal with 2 electrons.
covalent connections, total covalent securities and ionic provides. First in addition to principal, research paper writers cheap it is important to observe that carbon offers the electron arrangement involving 1s Only two 2s A couple of 2p 2 . In case there are six to eight categories (Remember to matter non-bonding electron frames as groups.) it sports sp Three or more chemical A couple of hybridization. Some components obtaining low-energy d-orbitals likewise variety conditions to the Inch octet concept In . Carbon atoms by natural means get electron setting 1s Two 2s A couple of 2p Only two . Make sure you place all the additional electrons to the central atom since pairs as soon as illustrating the following original electron-dot method. The variety of all these innovative a mix of both orbitals have to be adequate to the amount of atoms as well as non-bonded electron pairs around the middle atom!
Comprehension of electron placement allows us understand besides is very important involving substances but their chemical type individuality. Don’t enable the equations scare you actually. those invoved with the particular 2s along with 2p sublevels are around for style chemical connections along with other atoms. As seen in methane (CH4), as well as can take shape 4 ties. SF6 can be octahedral in shape with relationship aspects add up to 85 to . Chemist Linus Pauling very first produced your hybr Pauling remarked that your and also carbon atom styles some ties utilizing one azines and 3 g orbitals, to ensure that “it might be inferred” that the carbon dioxide atom would probably variety about three bonds during ideal facets (making use of w orbitals) and also a 4th lazy attachment making use of the vertisements orbital using some arbitrary route. Each non-bonded electron couples will enjoy hybrid orbitals.
2) Ethane (C2H6)
Hybridization Relating to A number of Bonds The hybridization method consists of pairing of the valence s orbital with one of the particular valence p orbitals so that you can generate 2 equivalent sp a mix of both orbitals that happen to be oriented within a linear geometry. * The form regarding PCl5 compound is definitely trigonal bipyramidal using A hundred and twenty to and also 95 e involving ?Cl : W * Cl . SF6 will be octahedral fit and healthy using attachment angles adequate to 85 to . Finally illustrate both electron-pair geometry as well as the molecular geometry. The actual carbonate and nitrate anions will be examples of this problem. Currently let me get a chemical substance that has non-bonding electron twos, H2O (drinking water).
* However, the actual ?HNH connect viewpoint just isn’t add up to regular tetrahedral position: 109 to 28′. Hybridization is additionally a growth of this valence attachment concept. * While in the structure of methane molecule, the actual co2 atom goes thru sp Several hybridization in the thrilled express by way of pairing one particular вЂ2s’ along with a couple of 2p orbitals to be able to supply three 1 / 2 crammed sp 3 hybrid car orbitals, that are focused within tetrahedral proportion in space around the as well as atom. Thus produced half a dozen 1 / 2 crammed sp 3 or more d 2 hybrid orbitals are generally established inside octahedral evenness. * The electronic digital construction involving Iodine in the lastly fired up point out may be prepared because: [Kr]4d Twelve 5s Just one 5p A few 5d Three .
With there being absolutely no unpaired electrons, the idea goes thru excitation your clients’ needs certainly one of the 2s electron directly into unfilled 2p orbital. When atomic orbitals hybridize, your valence electrons occupy this newly created orbitals. Resonance hypothesis is probably the most important concepts which helps describe quite a few exciting areas of hormones covering anything from variations in reactivity associated with similar substances for you to actual physical components a real the actual compression of by means of substances. The skit features Julia Louis-Dreyfus for an island-hungry Television for computer star client which special brand of Cranston-Paul biochemistry and biology . * Thus ethylene particle is planar having ?HCH & ?HCC attachment sides corresponding to One hundred twenty u .
Discover that not any alter took place with the 1s orbital. Pauling described the following by way of say that will while in the existence of 4 hydrogen atoms, the particular azines along with p orbitals sort 4 similar a combination or maybe hybrid orbitals, each individual denoted by means of sp 3 to say it is makeup, that are led along side four C-H ties. The strong line is in the jet of your paper.)
Individually, these electron orbitals glimpse similar to this kind of. For this reason, re-decorating something that hybridization explains.
verb (used with subject), hy·brid·ized, hy·brid·iz·ing.
The two main electrons that happen to be shared is usually represented often by Only two spots or even a sole rush involving the atoms. * Each and every co2 likewise types the ?sp-s connection using the hydrogen atom. Hybridization involving Nuclear Orbitals and the Style of Molecules Considering that the structure with a few ties along with chlorine atoms require about three unpaired electrons, there is promotion of 1 associated with 2s electron into the 2p sublevel by ingesting power.
Therefore ammonia is present as a deformed tetrahedron (trigonal pyramidal) rather than trigonal airplane along with water as well is accessible as a distorted tetrahedron (damaged) instead of linear atom with the hydrogen atoms in a One hundred eighty i connect angle. Hence and also carbon stimulates among it’s 2s electron into your unfilled 2pz orbital in the thrilled condition. The modern orbitals have a similar entire electron potential since the original documents. These kind of may form 7 ?sp3d3-p ties with fluorine atoms. A dude besides famous for the in depth knowledge of hormone balance , nonetheless notable for his or her doctrine plus patriotism. The opposite p-orbital is always unhybridized and is during suitable angles towards trigonal planar design in the cross orbitals. As a final point, we should bring a compound that will require multiple bonds, O2 (breathable oxygen). | <urn:uuid:0b62bb5d-22c3-42a7-a086-ab9a3d8ce637> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.sprunq.de/hybridization-distinction-chemistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664752.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112051214-20191112075214-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.92887 | 1,838 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Last Updated : Aug 30,2018
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A chocolate biscuit is a small, flat, crisp bakery product that is usually made with flour, sweetener like sugar or honey, butter or vegetable oils, melted chocolates or cocoa powder and a chemical leavening agent such as baking powder. They have a firm browned crust and a soft interior, and many come in various shapes and sizes.
There are many forms of chocolate biscuits including cookies and crackers. The term chocolate biscuit also applies to sandwich-type biscuits, where a layer of chocolate or vanilla cream is sandwiched between two chocolate biscuits. They are commonly eaten as a snack, but may also be used for other recipes.
The following are some of the variants of chocolate biscuits:
• Chocolate Coated Biscuits: These biscuits may be coated with milk or dark chocolates. The melted chocolate is not added during baking; but the baked biscuits are dipped in chocolate sauce and sometimes garnished with nuts or chocolate flakes.
• Chocolate Biscuits with Nuts: These specialty biscuits have nuts like almonds coated with chocolate and mixed with the dough, before baking.
• Chocolate Sandwich Biscuits with Soft Cream Centre: Here, the cream is placed between the chocolate biscuits after baking; or cream or melted chocolate gets added before baking. In the latter case, the edges of two flat breads need to be pressed firmly, so that the cream does not ooze out.
Crushed chocolate biscuit
Take 7-8 chocolate biscuits and remove the cream from the biscuits. Place them on a chopping board, take a rolling pin and roll it over the biscuits a couple of times till they are coarsely crushed. Alternatively put the biscuits in a mixer and blend for 1 to 2 seconds to get a coarse mixture.
How to select
• Check the brand and the expiry date before buying.
• Try to choose brands packaged in cardboard or plastic boxes as the chances of breakage of biscuits are lower.
• Choose the whole-grain variety whenever possible
• Biscuits are usually enjoyed as a snack with a cold or hot beverage.
• Chocolate biscuits may form a base for a chocolate pudding or a chocolate pie.
• Dip the chocolate biscuits in honey or place jam in between the biscuits to enjoy it as a dessert.
How to store
• The chocolate biscuits should be stored in an airtight container.
• Biscuits are a quick source of carbohydrate, thus keeping hunger away.
• Chocolate biscuits, made with whole wheat or oats are a rich source of B-complex vitamins and dietary fibre.
• Biscuits should ideally be enjoyed in limited quantities only as a snack and not a meal replacer as most chocolate biscuits are made from maida, refined sugar and hydrogenated fats.
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Why Seafloor Mapping Helps Us Watch Netflix
The world is increasingly connected and our oceans play a significant role. While the ocean surface has been used to facilitate transport and ship goods for centuries, over the last 150 years, the seafloor’s importance has started to increase, with Newfoundland and Labrador playing a significant role in the development of ocean mapping. Today, 99% of the data being shared across continents is carried by underwater fibre optic cables. If put end to end these cables could wrap around the earth more than 150 times. However, the seafloor is not a flat expense of sand and mud. It is actually home to the tallest mountain, the longest mountain range and the deepest trough. The cables needed to network this underwater world must navigate these obstacles. As our lives become increasingly intertwined with technology, the need for the elements necessary to build the various components of our devices is increasing, with some of the largest resource deposits kilometers offshore and underwater. With over 80% of the seafloor not yet mapped, it truly remains the last frontier on Earth. Join our panel as we highlight the latest in seafloor research carried out by local and national scientists, governmental agencies, companies, and students and discuss the importance of seabed mapping to our daily lives.
Meet Our Speakers:
Dr. Katleen Robert Canada Research Chair (Ocean Mapping), Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland. Dr. Robert holds a MSc from the University of Victoria, BC, and a PhD from the University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, UK. Her research focuses on seafloor and habitat mapping, and aims at improving our understanding of species-environment relationships. Her main data collection tools are cameras and sonars, and she works primarily with benthic megafauna and cold-water corals in the deep sea. Her favourite part of research is going out at sea, having taken part in research cruises in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as well as the Mediterranean, and worked with ROVs, AUVs and the manned submersible Alvin.
Dr. Geneviève Béchard Hydrographer General of Canada and Director General for the Canadian Hydrographic Service. Dr. Béchard was appointed Hydrographer General of Canada and Director General for the Canadian Hydrographic Service with Fisheries and Oceans Canada in February 2018. For the past 15 years, she has held progressively more senior executive positions with the Canadian federal government at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, at the Geological Survey of Canada and at the Meteorological Service of Canada. Dr. Béchard co-chairs the United States-Canada Hydrographic Commission and is a member of the Arctic Regional Hydrographic Commission and of the International Hydrographic Organisation Council. She also serves as Canadian Co-Chair of the Lake Ontario St Lawrence River Board of the International Joint Commission.
Dr. John Jamieson Canada Research Chair (Marine Geology), Dept. of Earth Sciences, Memorial University. Dr. John Jamieson’s research focuses on hydrothermal systems (black smoker vent sites) on the modern ocean floor and the formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. His work combines seafloor exploration and mapping with petrography, trace element geochemistry, and stable and radiogenic isotope techniques to investigate aspects of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) formation. By exploring the depths of our oceans, Dr. Jamieson’s research will lead to a better understanding of some of the most fascinating geological processes on the planet and provide the framework for the sustainable use of the resources they contain.
David Shea Vice President of Engineering, Kraken Robotics. Mr. Shea has been managing the design, production and operation of underwater robots in the USA and Canada for over 12 years. Previously he was the Engineering Manager at Marine Robotics Inc., as well as being the lead design engineer for the SQX-500 AUV. Mr. Shea holds a B.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Victoria.
Wednesday, Jan. 23, 7-9 p.m.
Hampton Hall, Marine Institute
7 p.m.: Opening Remarks 7:15 p.m. Presentation by Dr. Katleen Robert 7:40 p.m. Panel discussion 8:30 p.m. Ocean Mapping Student demonstrations and light refreshments | <urn:uuid:ee9313ed-2dd7-42f9-b3fc-d7360ec43709> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.4d-oceans.com/post/why-seafloor-mapping-helps-us-watch-netflix-and-other-questions-you-wanted-to-know-about-mapping-th | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585215.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018221501-20211019011501-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.929218 | 902 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Scaling and Planing at Boones Ferry Dental
What causes gum disease?
Sometimes even those who brush and floss every day may find that they get gum disease. Gum disease starts when plaque isn’t adequately removed from the teeth and it has a chance to accumulate. After a time, plaque builds up and hardens and becomes tartar.
Tartar cannot be removed at home with a toothbrush and toothpaste. It has to be removed by a hygienist using special tools.
Bacteria loves tartar, and the more tartar you have, the more bacteria accumulates and starts to infect the gums. The body makes more blood vessels in the gums to fight this infection, which makes gums puffy, red, and sensitive. You might also notice that gums bleed easily when you eat, brush, or floss.
If this first stage of gum disease, called gingivitis, isn’t treated, it will advance to the next stage — periodontitis. This stage is even more serious, as the inner layer of the gums begins to pull away from the teeth. These “pockets” that are created between the teeth and gums begin to collect bacteria and other debris. The bacteria releases toxins.
As more and more bacteria accumulates and more and more toxins are released, the bone and tissue that support teeth begin to break down. If gingivitis is not treated periodontitis eventually results and teeth may loosen and fall out. Once a person develops periodontitis, he or she will always have it.
What is scaling and planing?
If Dr. Morrissey or one of his hygienists sees signs of periodontitis, he may advise a scaling and planing procedure.
This is technically two separate procedures, but they are typically done at the same time.
Scaling is a thorough cleaning below the gum line, and a thorough removal of tartar from the surface of teeth. It is done to clean the pockets that have formed between the gums and the teeth, where tartar easily accumulates.
Root planing is a thorough cleaning of the surface of the tooth root. It also smooths the root, making it harder for bacteria to stick there.
What can I expect during a scaling and planing?
Dr. Morrissey may recommend two or more appointments if you need scaling and planing. The number of appointments may depend on how much tartar has built up on your teeth and how advanced your gum disease is.
Before he begins, Dr. Morrissey will numb the gums. He will use special tools for scaling and planing, such as ultrasonic instruments to remove large chunks of plaque, handheld instruments to clean the roots and get rid of smaller pieces of plaque, and a water irrigation system that will help to flush away all of the debris. Some form of sedation may also be recommended.
What can I expect after a scaling and planing?
Your mouth will be sensitive after these procedures. You can try over-the-counter pain killers, and you should stick to soft foods for a few days afterward. You should try to get back to your brushing and flossing regimen as soon as you can. You will be given post-operative care instructions before leaving the office. Be sure to follow these closely.
If your gums are sore and tender, you may have gum disease. Dr. Morrissey can help with a scaling and planing treatment to get your gums healthy again!
Call the Boones Ferry Dental in Lake Oswego, OR, Dr. Morrissey, today! The office number is (503) 699-6699. | <urn:uuid:edf32889-2e66-4b98-a7b9-6a2856f70bcc> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.boonesferrydental.com/scaling-a-root-planing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.942138 | 763 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
thrombosis of the veins of the uterus at the placental site.
Etymology: L, placenta, flat cake; Gk, thrombos, lump, osis, condition
intravascular coagulation that occurs in the placenta and veins of the uterus.
Thrombi in the placenta and veins of the uterus.
See also: thrombosis | <urn:uuid:e43f89d7-8286-4d14-9a2d-3c79b3d163bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/placental+thrombosis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806715.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123012207-20171123032207-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.755005 | 98 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Starting a garden from scratch is not an easy task. It often requires more time and effort than you have expected. The difficulties are even more if you don’t know what you are dealing with or if you don’t have a clear plan. You’re not required to have a strict plan, but at least you should know your expectations for the end of the first season. The following guidelines are only some basic steps and activities that you should go through, and they will help complete your own agenda.
- Make an agenda for gardening. As your first time starting garden, you will need to do only basic planning. However, this seemingly easy journey can easily turn into a quite overwhelming experience, especially if you have a big outdoor garden or if you are planning to create a garden in your big backyard. You have to decide what you are looking for: more aesthetical advantages or more effective use of your garden. Where should be the main spots and themed areas for planting specific type of flowers, edibles, fruit trees, etc.? Take into account all the possible layouts and types of arrangements, and if you need more advice for your specific garden, call a professional landscape gardener Clapham to assess your garden and propose the best course of action according to your expectations. Include all other important activities that you are planning to accomplish throughout the season into your gardening program.
- Pick the right dates to start sowing, harvesting, a frequency for watering in the midsummer, the dates for transplanting the starting plants and, basically, all other important dates. Also, make sure to know the date of the last frost in the beginning of the season, as well as the first frost at the end of the season - these are essential for growing healthy plants and getting the expected harvest. Schedule a date for a professional gardening service, which is strongly recommended for budding gardeners.
- Sowing starting plants is another basic step, but keep in mind that not all plants are sowed as starting plants indoors. Check out the online tables and charts that suggest the approximate periods for sowing starting plants according to the climate conditions in your region. Other plants can be sowed directly outdoors, but at a later time, so you can take advantage of a second harvesting period too.
- You should have the right-size pots for decorative plants, as they play another major role in the decoration of every garden, patio, terrace, wooden deck or porch. The designs of the pots, as well as their specs, are very important for reliable gardening indoors. Then, you should have the right gardening tools, which are required for proper garden care. From rakes to shovels and hand pruners - you will need not all, but at least a dozen of the main and most important tools for your first season of gardening. A handy tip is to include a fertilizer for the soil as a complimentary material.
- The garden maintenance activities are the next basic step, which is indispensable in order to turn your expectations into reality. There are plenty of activities which continue all summer long and tips from catalogues are often not enough. You should be prepared for unexpected events and weather conditions, as well as activities that range from raking and leaf clearance, to lawn restoration and repair. The summer is definitely the most difficult season for gardeners and the right maintenance is the key to making this season enjoyable. | <urn:uuid:d7b315f5-23c4-42df-8af4-f58aad1fc070> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/blog_posts/the-basics-you-should-go-through-when-starting-your-own-garden-50807 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.956086 | 687 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An EV (electric vehicle) can also be referred to as a PEV (plug-in electric vehicle). An EV is any vehicle with an electric motor and a battery that can be recharged by plugging it into an external source of electricity. Batteries in EVs store the electricity which then provides either a portion or all of the power needed to propel the vehicle and operate its systems. There are two basic types of EVs: PHEV and BEV.
These vehicles are powered by both a gasoline engine and electric motor. The battery can be recharged using the vehicle’s gasoline engine and regenerative breaking system or by plugging the vehicle into an external source of electricity. Certain types of PHEVs are also known as Extended Range Electric Vehicles (or EREV), named for the extended driving range the onboard gasoline engine provides.
These vehicles are powered entirely by an electric motor and battery and do not require gasoline. All of the electricity to recharge the battery comes from the utility grid or the regenerative braking system. BEVs typically have a larger battery pack and a greater all-electric driving range than PHEVs.
Typical all-electric range for a PHEV is 10 to 40 miles, after which the gasoline engine will engage to extend the driving range an additional 300 miles or more. PHEVs can also be filled up via the gas tank and driven as far as necessary, similar to a traditional car. The rule of thumb is that vehicle batteries provide approximately four miles of driving range for each “usable” kilowatt-hour of energy stored.
The driving range for a BEV can be up to 100 miles. Two-thirds of all drivers travel 40 miles or less a day, so those drivers can easily recharge their EVs at home overnight.
Estimate the annual fuel costs and environmental impacts of your EV compared to a conventional gasoline vehicle.
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$10,000 rebate on the 2017 Nissan LEAF EV. | <urn:uuid:14a64133-5687-4425-b1aa-bfe5d724dd80> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.comed.com/SmartEnergy/InnovationTechnology/Pages/EVBasics.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106990.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820204359-20170820224359-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.951991 | 407 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Food products we consume every day are driving deforestation on the other side of the world.
Indonesian rainforests are among the most biodiverse, providing critical habitat for endangered species like the Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, and orangutan. Many humans also rely on the rainforest for their livelihoods.
Yet millions of acres of Indonesian rainforest are being razed. Besides destroying habitat, deforestation produces the majority of Indonesia’s CO2 emissions and makes the country the world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
The culprit is palm oil. Long found in cosmetics, palm oil is now used in a variety of consumer products. It’s popular with snack food companies since its lack of transfats makes it healthier than the ingredients it replaces. In fact, General Mills is a major buyer of palm oil, using it in over 100 of their products. Trusted brands like Betty Crocker, Chex, Green Giant, Pillsbury, and, yes, Cheerios (full list here) are contributing to rainforest destruction.
General Mills does not produce the palm oil; they rely on Cargill, a U.S. agribusiness giant that owns five palm oil plantations in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and buys about 11 percent of Indonesia’s palm oil output.
To supply the surging market for palm oil (U.S. demand has tripled over five years), Indonesia has plans to double production. This is bad news, since the Indonesian government may be the only entity that can control deforestation in Indonesia. But palm oil, like many destructive industries, is big money. More palm plantations produce more jobs and higher tax revenue — hard benefits for any government to walk away from.
What can we do, way over here in the States? We can build a movement putting pressure on General Mills to switch to sustainable palm oil sources. Companies like Unilever and Seventh Generation have taken the initiative, and I don’t see any reason General Mills shouldn’t follow their lead. In a time when corporations like Wal-Mart are trying to put on a progressive image, a food company shouldn’t miss the chance for some positive PR.
But consumers must let General Mills know that we care about sustainability and that we know Cargill palm oil isn’t sustainable. Publishing a yearly report doesn’t make a corporation responsible; they have to back up their claims with action. For a company that “strives to stand among the most socially responsible consumer food companies in the world” that shouldn’t be a problem. | <urn:uuid:163f06dd-8311-47e2-a29d-6df3e1d19d3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://throughagreenlens.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/is-your-breakfast-fueling-rainforest-destruction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320491.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625115717-20170625135717-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.918951 | 536 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Sea turtles can rest or sleep underwater for several hours at a time.
Olive ridley turtles lay their eggs on the same beach where they were born. Turtles always return to the same nesting site year after year, even if they have to migrate thousands of miles.
Sea turtles have special glands which help remove salt from the water they drink
Sea turtles have existed for around 215 million years. | <urn:uuid:942a8e4d-c674-4bc8-8581-c1c5e73fe66e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.wildrepublic.com/category/animalfacts/sea-turtle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522284.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518151003-20220518181003-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.966191 | 80 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Fracking has been a hot topic this year – and for good reason.
Here’s a quick update on the situation.
How Fracking could pollute ground water sources
Click image to enlarge.
(Click here for more info on what fracking entails)
When we last spoke about the issue of fracking, a six-month moratorium had been imposed. During the moratorium a report was due to be compiled to thoroughly explore the technique of Hydraulic Fracturing. The report would then be used to make a decision on whether Shell’s application would be approved.
Since then, there has been some good and some bad news.
The good news is that, at the end of August, the government extended the fracking suspension for another six months. Susan Shabangu, Mineral Resources Minister, was not entirely satisfied with the initial report produced by the task team, and so extended the moratorium to allow for more clarity and public consultation.
A new report is expected some time later this month.
Greenpeace is happy with decision to extend the moratorium, given the many concerns that have been raised and the lack of independently reviewed scientific data about the environmental impacts of fracking.
Once the report is received (expected some time later this month) a round of public consultations will follow.
The bad news is that pressure is reportedly building on the mineral resources department to give fracking the green light, despite the major environmental concerns.
Two of the biggest companies involved in the fracking exploration, Sasol and Shell, have recently spoken up in an attempt to allay fears about hydraulic fracking.
For instance, Shell has said that all water generated from the fracking process will be properly stored and disposed of later so that it will be “virtually impossible for liquid - or indeed gas - to reach drinking-water supplies through the localised cracks induced by fracking."
But despite these apparent reassurances, we’re still left with many questions and a lot of uncertainty.
What guarantees do Shell and Sasol give us to believe that they will protect the environment? Where will they source all the water needed? Will the chemicals left in the ground not affect drinking water at a later date? And what of the research indicating that Shale gas isn’t really the low-carbon alternative it is often presented as?
I still think the bottom line is that shale gas is a fossil fuel. Even if the fracking technique could be made 100% safe, there is no getting away from the point that we need to be moving away from fossil fuels towards clean, renewable energy.
Providing us with safety assurances doesn’t make this point any less valid.
What does Greenpeace think of fracking?
Greenpeace Africa is calling for a complete Energy [R]evolution in South Africa.
We believe that instead of focusing on another potential dead end -- and jeopardising precious water resources in the process -- we should be focusing on truly clean, renewable energy solutions. South Africans need a new energy system that replaces dirty fossil fuels with power we can use sustainably -- and shale gas is not that.
Investing in renewable energies would be a win for job creation, a win for the economy, and would drastically lower our carbon footprint. Around the world an Energy Revolution has already begun, and there is a definite shift away from fossil fuels. Now is the time for South Africa to do the same and move towards the brighter future its people deserve. | <urn:uuid:377fd259-635e-4aad-aac8-a8d9d595c497> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/News/Blog/fracking-where-are-we-now/blog/36764/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00237-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945257 | 698 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Published: Jan 1996
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The investigation of 20 distressed brickwork walls built in a severe weathering region of the USA revealed that the lack of expansion joints to accommodate movements of the wall and structure is the major cause of distress in brickwork walls as is documented in the literature of the masonry industry. Other significant findings found during the investigation that are not as well documented are as follows: 1. Deterioration of brick in walls due to exposure to severe weathering is rare even among brick that meets ASTM Grade SW by alternate considerations. 2. Deterioration of mortar in walls due to exposure to severe weathering is rare in non air-entrained portland cement lime (PCL), mortar, and in air-entrained masonry cement (MC) mortar. 3. Efflorescence occurred in 35 percent of the distressed brickwork walls investigated. 4. Water leakage into the interior of the building occurred in 20 percent of the distressed brickwork walls investigated. 5. There is no obvious correlation between the use of Type M, S, or N mortar, the use of PCL or MC mortar, or the air-entrainment content of mortar with the types of distress conditions that occurred in the brickwork walls investigated.
The information obtained from the 20 distressed brickwork walls investigated can be used to minimize the development of distressed conditions in new brickwork walls, and to study methods to improve the performance and durability of brickwork.
distressed brickwork, brick, mortar, severe weathering, efflorescence, water leakage, air-entrainment
Vice President, Principal and Chicago Unit Manager, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE), Chicago, IL | <urn:uuid:2d5f3913-3e39-4a02-88da-4a02c8910ca8> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/STP/PAGES/STP18201S.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051035374.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005035-00212-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921264 | 404 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Fabric selvage is the tightly woven edge that runs along each side of a piece of fabric's lengthwise grain, which is also called the fabric's warp. Selvage edges can be seen on the edges of quilting fabric that are at the top and bottom of a bolt of fabric. In Great Britain, the same term is often spelled selvedge.
Selvage edges occur when crosswise grain threads, called the weft threads, turn back and forth as they are woven along the length of weft threads, which stay in place (secured at their ends) during the weaving process. Tiny loops are formed where the weft threads make each turn, and it's the little loops that keep the fabric's edges intact.
Selvage edges vary in width. They are bound more tightly than the rest of the fabric — another quality that prevents fraying.
How to See Selvage Edges
Quilting fabrics are usually 42 to 44 inches wide when measured across their width from selvage to selvage. It's easy to see the selvage edges, although they often change in appearance along their lengths. Here are some ways to spot them:
- In some areas of the cloth, selvages may look exactly like the rest of the fabric, but they are thicker and more tightly woven.
- Some selvage edges are wide and a totally different color than the fabric, like this example of a selvage edge.
- Selvages nearly always include little dots that show us the colors that are included in the fabric. Those little dots can help you match colors or locate colors that contrast or blend when choosing fabrics for quilts. Take a close look at the dots printed in a few fabric selvage edges.
- Selvage edges usually include the name of the manufacturer. The name of the designer and the design's name are often printed in the selvage, too.
Selvage Edges in Quilts
It's best to avoid using selvage edges in quilts because the extra thickness can create problems (little lumps and irregular areas) when patchwork is sewn together. If the appearance of selvage changes in some areas and does not resemble the fabric, the appearance of patchwork will change, too. Extra thickness can also make it more difficult to hand quilt some areas of the project.
Remember that there are no rules in quilting. When short of fabric and are forced include a small portion of the selvage, try to keep it within a seam allowance, and use as little of the selvage as possible. When a project is complete, people may not even be able to see where the selvage was sewn into the quilt.
Patterns Mentioning Selvages
Quick-pieced quilt patterns are often assembled, at least in part, with rotary cut strips that are cut from selvage to selvage across a fabric's crosswise grain. Patterns nearly always tell one to avoid using the selvages in the patchwork.
For those planning to make lots of quilts, cutting accurate strips of fabric is a skill you should master.
Quilts Designed With Selvages
Quilters who love unique projects save their selvages, and use them to make entire quilts and other projects, like the tote bag in the photo, which was sewn by Jackie Adams Hatfield.
Selvages are perfect for string piecing but can be used to create any project. Take a look at a few selvage edge quilts online to see some of the creative ways quilters have used these unique strips of fabrics. | <urn:uuid:865b1893-0d1b-4d47-8505-44a689960149> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/sewing-why-fabric-selvage-is-important-2821593 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418223429-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.962243 | 763 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Anchor links let you send visitors to a specific sections of the page, making it easier for them to get from place to place on a longer page or to a specific section that you would like to reference. Anchor links are very useful for letting users skip past content that may not apply to them, keeping them focused on what is important to them.
To add an anchor on your page:
- Right-click a widget or row, then select Set As Anchor.
- Type an Anchor Name. To add the anchor to the site's navigation, select Add to Site Navigation.
- Click Add.
Link to an Anchor
To add a link to an existing anchor:
- When creating a text or button link, select the Anchor option.
- Select the page the anchor is on, and select the anchor from the drop-down.
Delete an Anchor
To delete an existing anchor:
- Right-click widget or row with the anchor, and click Edit Anchor.
- Click Delete anchor. | <urn:uuid:04afb70c-abb1-4b0b-af59-1e2dae553714> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://support.multiscreensite.com/hc/en-us/articles/360053041114-Anchor-Tags-and-Links | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154085.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731074335-20210731104335-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.865204 | 215 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Carbon dating introduction
They have masses of 13 and 14 respectively and are referred to as "carbon" and "carbon Calculating radiocarbon ages also requires the value of the half-life for 14 Cwhich for more than a decade after Libby's initial introduction was thought to be 5, years.
Click on the "Custom Courses" tab, then click "Create course".
Definition of Carbon Dating
It was also Mr. These results were published in Science in The results from AMS testing are in the form of ratios of 12 C13 Cand 14 Cwhich are used to calculate Fm, the "fraction modern".
A 14 C signal from the process blank measures the amount of contamination introduced during the preparation of the sample. For this discovery, Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward, but datings of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained. When hookup gladstone die, they stop exchanging carbon with the biosphere and their carbon 14 content then starts to decrease at a rate determined by the law of radioactive decay.
Along with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, carbon is a building block of introduction molecules ranging from fats, proteins, and carbons to active substances such as hormones. GED Science - Genetics and All carbon atoms have a nucleus containing six protons. Education What is Carbon Dating?
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To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page Transferring credit to the school of your choice Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Remove and dating chapters and lessons at any time. It was here that he developed his theory and method of radiocarbon dating, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in Tracer-Free AMS Dating Lab Beta Analytic does not accept pharmaceutical samples with "tracer Carbon" or any other material containing artificial Carbon to eliminate the risk of cross-contamination.
However, as soon as any carbon drops out of the cycle of biological processes - for example, through burial in mud or soil - the abundance of 14 Top dating sites or apps begins to decline.
Related forms are sometimes used: Samples for dating need to be converted into a form suitable for measuring the 14 C content; this can mean conversion to gaseous, liquid, or solid form, depending on the measurement technique to be used. The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Over the lifetime of the universe, these two opposite processes have come into balance, resulting in the amount of carbon present in the atmosphere remaining about constant.
In this way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past.
Explaining the science of Antarctic glaciers
This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates. They synthesized 14 C using the laboratory's cyclotron accelerator and soon discovered that the atom's half-life was far longer than had been previously thought.
Seldom has a single discovery in chemistry had such an impact on the thinking in so carbons fields of human endeavor. The counters are surrounded by lead or steel shielding, to eliminate background radiation and to reduce the incidence of cosmic rays.
The dating framework provided by radiocarbon led to a change in the prevailing view of how innovations spread through prehistoric Europe. Creating a Custom Course. Levels of 14 C are affected significantly only by the passage of time.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units. A calibration curve is used by taking the radiocarbon date reported by a laboratory, and reading across from that introduction on the vertical axis of the graph.
After it carbons dating, carbon naturally decomposes, with a half-life of 5, years, through beta-particle decay. The counters work by detecting flashes of light caused by the beta particles emitted by 14 C as they interact with a fluorescing agent added to the benzene.
Discovery of Radiocarbon Dating. For consistency with these early papers, and to avoid the risk of a double correction for the incorrect half-life, radiocarbon ages are still calculated using the incorrect half-life value. | <urn:uuid:cd651909-3b29-43f6-981e-b614c78f21be> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://counselingforlife.info/218-carbon-dating-introduction.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156724.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921013907-20180921034307-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.945058 | 876 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The Vietnam War is exemplary if, in all its aspects, we consider the exceptional length and a small country and poor people in thirty years of uninterrupted war resistance. How to explain this resistance?
We can simply say that the entire population of North Vietnam internalized national sentiment and it is this total internalization which allows it to support the war. In the South the population is divided into two camps taking each party – the pro-U.S. citizen camp, very few are represented by the government and the army officers. With different objectives and rationale, other social groups South struggling for national independence. Thirty years of suffering have not used their will and given rise to new goals. This explanation is that the government of North Vietnam and the GRP.
It is not enough because even if the war situation promotes taking sides in each of the camps involved, some demonstrations in fall outside. That is why it is necessary to explain the Vietnamese resistance by the coincidence of different forms of resistance to the domination of capital. Vietnamese resistance to French and U.S. domination has different aspects often coincide and overlap each other.
This is the FNL and the GRP have materialized and crystallized the “heroic struggle.” But even if they are “like a fish in water” or “supported” by the people, they are only a handful compared to the entire population. Do they embody the aspirations of everyone? Probably even more that these two organizations are “fronts”, rallies diverse backgrounds. But what does it mean? What political events in the Vietnam War are they carrying?
We can consider several levels of explanation, their enumeration does not imply prioritization. Each element overlaps the previous one to become the complex reality of war that did not finish last and that does not end to end.
I / Vietnam is a country colonized mainly agrarian with a few proletariat. National liberation war which is conducted can be considered part of the operating system of capital. The struggle of the national capital to find an independent place in the global capital uses nationalism and sense of Asian identity against the West and America. It was therefore in Vietnam a struggle between the colonized and the colonizer, part of a national struggle against capitalism and international capitalism. This competition within the system (Vietnamese capital / international capital), doubles, triple is, competition between the American capital, Russian and Chinese, etc.., Interposed by Vietnam.
II / But then the capital still represses first which opposes the status quo. That is why there is an attempt to break the national liberation movements even if, at the same time there is a new accommodation with national capitalism. In this context, the takeover of U.S. on Vietnam to China barrier and the game balance between the two great powers of the capital, the U.S. and USSR, is a key element. For maintaining the international status quo was vital for U.S. after 1949 when, with China, one of Asia escaped them, leaving, or risk going out – for political change – its sphere of influence.
III / But the Americans in Vietnam, it is also an extension to the countries of the capitalist lifestyle. The capital is no longer content to a global expansion of its mode of production. He also – and especially – need an extension of his lifestyle because it is his breeding condition. This leads to the destruction of the Vietnamese village community. Can be extended to show that it is quibbling destroyed long ago. Yet even if the Vietnamese village community is no longer a fossil or in an advanced state of disintegration, it is still a form of life and non-capitalist production, not least to the extent that it is rally at the human scale. The Americans have done everything to urbanize all costs, and for this they have created “strategic hamlets” in the same way they grouped the Indians in the United States and the French in Algeria had built “camps of reunification “. It is a matter of monitoring but also a radical way to break the still solid part of the village community, transplantation breaking the cycle of previous life. Under the influence of Americans, Vietnam is becoming a city. The establishment of factories, urbanization and profitability of agriculture necessary to support the industrialization and return to Vietnam in the concert competitive capitalist nations, involve the destruction of the village communities. The tenacity of the Vietnamese resistance is also the manifestation of the strength of the village community – or its remains, but the remains are still alive and a community that is more human than the negation of what has become community City South Vietnamese – in the implementation of capital. As such, the will of the FUNK do develop in the Cambodian socialism or cities or large factories, but to preserve the crafts village is very interesting.
The capital is not always synonymous with urbanization. It is only when this is the only way to break the village community that resists it. Chinese – admired in this by René Dumont – are best to not to develop: that the Chinese community is a community of work, profitable part of the traditional imperial and Maoist state. In Vietnam, village communities did not have such a tradition of state supervision, which explains the resistance force and the need for Americans to destroy.
The “people’s war” would be an active war groups with the productivist ideology but also a kind of passive resistance to the introduction of the mode of production and capitalist life, resistance to the real domination of capital over the Asia. It is in this sense that we should understand the flight of 800,000 Vietnamese from North to South in May 1955 when the French left Haiphong, that is to say where the colonizers who had maintained a certain way pre-capitalist structures in this country, were replaced by a productivist and authentically Vietnamese government and the incomprehensible resistance of small farmers in northern Vietnam’s agrarian reform 1954-1956. This also explains the passive attitude, deplored by some of the farmers in the South were as afraid of Americans, the Saigon authorities and the FNL because taxes are taxes that are imperialists, socialists or nationalists.
Read more about Vietnam here: Vietnam , maybe you don’t know these things
IV / The Vietnam War is the question of the strength of the nature of matter, the flesh and the human being destructive domination of capital.
Indeed, the war in Vietnam for about thirty years. He still resists, it still resists. The question is whether this resistance shows how capital can reduce humans to survive, or a sub-death still more appalling, how he always backs the possibilities of acceptance and adaptation of humans to the unbearable, the concentration camps of World War II, the prisons around the world, the war in Vietnam: the human species did adaptation possibilities and endless acceptance? Should we consider the biological life of the species as indestructible regardless of the conditions?
For the American capital to an atomic bomb on Vietnam is profitable economically or politically. The classic war – even modern – it is necessary. Why U.S. citizens do not they won a military victory as they have huge resources compared to the Vietnamese? Of course without Soviet arms Vietnamese would have been difficult to resist so long.
That U.S. citizens needed to reduce their enemy small fire is not enough: the Vietnamese constantly rebuilt, crops are still growing despite the defoliants. The French had left its natural balance in Vietnam, after the arrival of U.S. citizens the land was left fallow, not a fallow rest, but a fallow war that is to say, a land constantly chopped by bombs . Similarly urbanization has caused the decline of the jungle suffers from the bombs, bulldozers and herbicides. In this sense the Vietnam War is against the natural environment. It is always possible to rebuild cities, but it takes thirty years for a tree to repel and decades to a poisoned soil is replenished. Especially as tropical soils are fragile as soon as they are stripped of their vegetation laterite soil appear upsetting the balance.
In 1972, U.S. citizens have dropped more than a million cluster bombs on Indochina, from 1966, is seven (two million during the second world war). Of course the war game that prevents the same places all the time be pounded but there are “free fire” where the shooting will be permitted areas. Or there, or very near the rice fields are still seeded: victory of capital always pushing further adaptation or resistance of nature?
Similarly, when the Vietnamese medicine “progressing” as to heal the wounds of cluster bombs, is a victory for profitable capital cannon fodder and replenish indefinitely Vietnamese labor force, a testament to the extraordinary and infinite malleability of the human species, or resistance to the total destruction? To kill a Vietnamese must thirteen tons of bombs: even for a human capital is still expensive – its resistance expensive.
Read more about Vietnam here Vietnam, things you have to know
Similarly, if the rice grows alongside and in all places swept by defoliants, is a miracle of agriculture capital or human event to grow, and even the earth and nature? Under concrete, grass came to push, under the bombs, rice point. Arguably the industrious Vietnamese who operate generators with bikes, that dig trenches to continue life, show a momentary stop empowering technology. Humans under the bombs found their hands.
In Vietnam, this war is the technique that has eluded humanity – war planes unmanned – against regression – make electricity with a bicycle – the human capital dimension?
V / After the cease-fire, the situation of civil war settled in Vietnam shows the great defeat of the humans in this war: the Civil War is a way of being the capital. In such a situation, everyone needs to be defined in relation to one of the camps. Classes will then re-form compared to the situation which is the capital and the war that is his. When you have to choose between two blocks, the individual is no longer part of the party he chose. It is absorbed by it. It is totally subject to this new community without the possibility of put out, so to assert its own being, its own subjectivity and individuality. Especially since it can always find more miserable than him. The Civil War, more than all other modes of being capital absorbs the individual so that it is more than the official producer of the capitalist mode of life. All for the cause, nothing for me. More individuals aspiring to human soldiers.
What is now established in Vietnam, this is what exists in Ireland, the Middle East, to a lesser extent in Italy. “Peace of the citizens” of the United States, transplanted in Vietnam, is it the only result of the Paris Accords?
Ten interesting facts about Vietnam
Vietnam is the largest exporter of cashew nuts and the second largest rice exporter in the world.
As ringtones, Vietnamese schools still use the traditional gong ( or drum) to mark the beginning and end of the course.
Although Vietnam is a developing country, the literacy rate there is 94%.
Among all developing countries, Vietnam has one of the lowest unemployment rates.
The wreck of a U.S. B52 bomber lies in the Vietnamese at Ngoc Ha lake.
The number of motorcycles traveling every day on the roads of Vietnam is estimated at around 10 million.
The Ruou ran, alcohol or snake, is a Vietnamese rice wine which has been soaked in a snake. From what they say, it has healing properties.
The most common name in Vietnam is Nguyen. More than 30 % of people
The pig can be used as pet in Vietnam.
Vietnamese has six different tones. A simple change of tone completely changes the meaning of the spoken word, which makes this difficult language to learn. | <urn:uuid:75f49625-301b-4d1b-80db-755a0cc15d80> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://travel.voyagevietnam.co/vietnam-fact-feature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159193.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923095108-20180923115508-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.957075 | 2,422 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Students celebrate World Wetlands Day in the Everglades
First-year students in professors Royal Gardner and Lance Long’s Legal Research and Writing class had an opportunity to study environmental issues up close during a recent trip to the Florida Everglades.
Students camped and hiked through Big Cypress National Preserve in the Western Everglades.
The trip coincided with World Wetlands Day, held annually on Feb. 2, which celebrates the signing of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Professor Gardner, who directs Stetson’s Institute for Biodiversity Law & Policy, is chair of the Ramsar Scientific and Technical Review Panel.
In 2010, Stetson University College of Law became the first law school in the world to sign a memorandum of cooperation with the Ramsar Secretariat, to assist the international group in protecting wetlands. Stetson Law alumni and the National Audubon Society worked together on the application for the Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary in the Naples area to be designated as a Wetland of International Importance in 2009. Last year, Stetson Law 2012 graduate Marcela Bonells was appointed technical officer with the Ramsar Convention’s Secretariat in Switzerland.
To learn more about researching environmental issues at Stetson, visit the Institute for Biodiversity Law & Policy. >>Watch a short video about environmental advocacy with students and professors here.
Post date: Feb. 6, 2014
Media contact: Brandi Palmer | firstname.lastname@example.org
727-562-7381 office | 727-430-1580 cell | <urn:uuid:22fa272f-38e2-4f69-944b-69ca12c1d146> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.stetson.edu/law/news/index.php/2014/02/06/students-celebrate-world-wetlands-day-in-the-everglades/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00055-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907999 | 331 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Competencies are the skills, behaviors and performance standards that turn the “what” of an expectation into the “how.” Business owners can use core organizational competencies to define the business culture, support strategic goals and make hiring decisions. All these uses ensure the business and its employees meet their goals.
The objectives of competency mapping are to help a business become more efficient, effective and competitive. It starts with a set of high-level core competency standards such as innovation, creativity, technical expertise, quality and a customer-oriented focus, all of which reflect strategic business goals. Through the process of competency mapping these goals become employee performance benchmarks. Managers use these benchmarks to identify training needs that ultimately increase the productivity and performance of employees and the efficiency, effectiveness and competitive nature of the business as a whole.
After identifying core competencies, management often includes individual employees or employee focus groups in the creation of new, competency-based job descriptions. The use of interviews, questionnaires, existing job descriptions and performance appraisal forms are commonly used as work groups identify the skillset, knowledge level and attitude necessary to meet core competencies within each role. Once complete, mapping involves a thorough analysis during which a manager and employee work together to identify weaknesses and strengths and chart a course for further action.
Competency mapping establishes a level of objectivity that encourages open communication between management and employees. Managers are able to more objectively appraise performance and be more specific in communicating to employees what is necessary for success. Employees gain a clearer understanding of the expectations of their role. Following up with competency-based training not only provides ways for employees to expand their current skills, but it also provides a well-defined path for learning new skills through cross-training and for moving up in the organization.
Mapping core competencies to the skills potential employees already possess is another way that competency mapping can help a business. Including core and job-specific competencies in job opportunity announcements provides an objective basis for evaluating applications and weeding out unqualified candidates. Competency mapping can also shorten how long it takes to hire and reduce training requirements by allowing hiring personnel to bring in only those candidates who already possess or are well on their way to possessing core competency requirements.
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My favorite creatures at the National Aquarium in Baltimore don't swim, crawl, or slither. They fly, and you might very well miss them if you don't turn your eyes toward the rafters.
They're gray-headed flying foxes, or more accurately, giant fruit bats. Just as their name suggests, they look a bit like foxes, with pointy puppy dog noses, narrow eyes, and red fur. But that's where the similarities end. These foxes have huge black wings that can stretch up to 4 feet, and they hang upside down most of the day. They're the largest bats in Australia.
It's Weird Down Under
These flying foxes came to the city as part of the aquarium's newest permanent exhibit, Animal Planet Australia: Wild Extremes. They live inside a soaring 64,000-square-foot glass house where curators have re-created a wild river gorge, much like one you might find in remote northern Australia.
Waterfalls tumble down great expanses of red rock. Banana palms and eucalyptus grow from the crevices. Lizards hide in grottoes and holes, uninhibited by cages. Parrots, lorikeets, and finches flitter about.
The more dangerous animals―poisonous adders and fresh water crocs―are confined by glass. Still, the barriers that would normally keep visitors from getting too close have been omitted. Many of the exhibits are positioned at kid's-eye level. You see the shorter set pulling mom and dad down to view something thrilling, such as a pig-nosed turtle or a giant barramundi chasing a smaller fish.
Wild About Australia
"This exhibit has taken the aquarium into the future," says curator John Seyjagat. "You have birds flying on top. You have crocodiles, turtles, and fish living in the water. We have taken all the elements of nature and packaged them together under one roof.
"We were trying to bring something totally new to the public," John explains. "Australia is a very water-challenged country. At some points, you have too much. At others, you have too little. It's a place of either flood or drought."
For a seaport such as Baltimore with its abundance of water, that's a startling contrast―and a great teaching tool.
National Aquarium in Baltimore: www.aqua.org or 576-3800.
"Down Under in Baltimore" is from the November 2007 issue of Southern Living. Because prices, dates, and other specifics are subject to change, please check all information to make sure it's still current before making your travel plans. | <urn:uuid:fdba22ec-67b0-40b8-8b1d-296e5fdac1aa> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.southernliving.com/travel/mid-atlantic/down-under-in-baltimore-00400000009308/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00007-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952883 | 556 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Working Together to Save Lives
New Technology Promises To Save Lives
Over the past three decades, alcohol impaired driving claimed about 10,000 lives in the U.S. each year. Finding solutions to prevent driving while impaired — from alcohol, prescription drugs and even fatigue — continues to be a top priority. In addition to educating the public on the dangers of driving under the influence and drowsy driving, automakers are working with the federal government to tackle the problem directly with new vehicle-integrated safety innovations.
Despite steady improvement over the past three decades, alcohol impaired driving still claims approximately 10,000 lives in the U.S. every year. But new technologies currently in the research and development stage have the potential to greatly reduce these numbers.
Automakers – through the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety (ACTS) – partnered with NHTSA to launch the Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) program. The goal of this public-private partnership is to develop novel technology to passively detect drivers with a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) over the legal limit. This technology, once completed, will be licensed to anyone for commercial applications. | <urn:uuid:c3e0dd1a-b099-4da5-8799-8114020a2976> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.autosinnovate.org/initiatives/safety/impaired-driving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943484.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320144934-20230320174934-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.917111 | 243 | 3.015625 | 3 |
As a layman's paraphrase of the generic basics for an example, let us say that the "action" we wish to 'train' is throwing a basketball, aiming to get it through the hoop.
- If you provide accurate feedback to a human following an action, the body/mind perceiving the information -- such as "when you threw it exactly like that, it went in" or "when you threw it exactly like that, it bounced off the rim to the left" -- will be able to "learn" from this. The feedback is corrective or confirming, both of which 'teach' us. So: practice improves most anything, we all know this.
- If you provide inaccurate feedback to a human following an action, the body/mind will learn just as well -- it's simply that what it learns is wrong. For example, if a basketball hoop were specially designed to ever-so-slightly move to the left just after the ball left your hands for the throw, eventually you would use that "corrective" information and begin throwing the ball slightly to the left, in order to succeed.
- If you provide feedback that is highly negative, e.g., every time you throw a basketball someone comes and punches you in the head, then you create an aversion effect, where mysteriously you seem to be losing your desire to shoot hoops (I wonder why!).
- If you don't provide ANY feedback following an action, or if you provide feedback that does not directly relate to the goal-attempt of the action, eventually you train-out the behavior. If barking at the moon did not get you strawberries, you'd have no reason to do it, and when you wanted strawberries that is not an urge you'd have, as it'd be unrelated to your getting them.
The lack of feedback, and even moreso, "inconsistent" feedback -- sometimes accurate, sometimes wrong, sometimes none, sometimes negative -- can literally train-out a quality or skill. I believe this is called an Extinction Paradigm. You have basically extinguished that tendency or skillset in the human.
Dr. Batmanghelidj, author of Your Body's Many Cries for Water, has an interesting idea. He believes that our culture, over time, feeding ourselves and our children drinks that are not water---the body doesn't by nature know anything but water--we have programmed-out our own innate thirst-reflex. He suggests that when the body asks for water and we give it other stuff, from slightly-off (like koolaid or coffee) to massively-off (like sodas), the body eventually is "entrained" to not ask for water because it isn't going to get it.
So eventually, the body quits asking. If a desire for clean water brings the minor poison of a soft drink cola, that is not only an inaccurate feedback for 'thirsty for water', it's actually a 'negative' aversion feedback.
He believes that over time, we become dehydrated literally to the cellular level. As it is gradual and has been happening over such a long time, we are oblivious to it. All the cells make do with a little less eventually, until finally, side effects start showing up, and then major problems.
He described a linear serious of ailments that can result from chronic dehydration, immensely aggravated by 'fiber' supplements that allegedly deal with the symptoms that dehydration caused in the first place, but leech massive water from the body when used, making it worse, making one yet-more dependent on them. I might have been more skeptical about his book except that my father has had every single one of the symptoms and ailments he described, in exactly the same order. I mean what are the odds. Most of these are things that the medical system has no good explanation for the causation of, except "bad luck."
By the time the body finally asks for water, it is only because it is so incredibly desperate for it, that it is simply is doing anything it can, no matter that the approach seldom works, to try and get your attention to get some.
The doc believes that replenishing the body all the way to the cellular level takes several months of drinking sufficient water daily. Like sleep, it is not something you can just make up all at once.
Soda is NOT water despite that it has water in it. It has to do with how the body processes the water -- he has nice little diagrams and simple explanations that even I was capable of understanding. (Although I felt he attributed too much to dehydration, in terms of health problems, aside from that I felt it was a book well worth reading.)
So, let's look at food. We need nutrients and protein most of all. Our body gets hungry. It starts in childhood, with many. And so we feed it -- mac&cheese? A happy meal with fries and coke? At best, that is somewhere between inaccurate feedback and non-feedback if it doesn't have the nutrients we needed. At worst, given the content of the food and affect on the body, it may be actual aversion training!
Not on a conscious level though. On a conscious level, we love sweet, we feel happy, we're inundated with marketing, McDonald's has the Star-Wars toys!, and the sheer mass quantity of sugar/carbs in the meal makes us feel "up-up-up!", while the drink is cold and fizzy (feel the burn! yeah!). Consciously we're getting nothing but positive feedback -- at first.
Unfortunately, the negative feedback of exhaustion, allergies/asthma, and more don't come until later, and as learning theory studies have always shown, the sooner the feedback, the greater the likelihood of learning from it. So, 30 minutes or an hour later when your blood sugar might drop is too late for that feedback to do any good for the conscious mind; we don't necessarily even correlate the two events. Our meal is already long past and forgotten by then.
So at a subconscious level, we have a body-function that eventually is trained out of bothering to really ask for what it wants because it doesn't get it, or seldom, and often gets something quite bad if it dares ask. No different than a family with an alcoholic angry parent, eventually the child, not sure if they'll get a kindness, ignored, or often abuse, in response to a question, is just going to avoid asking questions at all. So our bodies learn to avoid asking for what they want.
And at a conscious level, we have a body-psychology that is eventually trained into craving sugar, carbs, cold fizzy drinks, hot coffee, and the feeling of comfortable oversatiation that only eating too much bread-based carbs can give you.
We force the dissociation between body and mind from a young age.
The good doc Batman believes that you can rehydrate your body, heal it, and that gradually when you drink a lot more water regularly, your thirst -- for water, not soda or coffee -- will actually begin to gradually return. I have experienced this myself. It's not easy to do since in my case I didn't like water. I liked soda. But after drinking at least 3qts of water a day for about 10 days, the actual thirst-response started coming back. I started getting thirsty far more often (despite all that water!) and specifically for water, not sugary-carbonated junk.
I correlate this with the fact that some lowcarb docs note that insulin resistance can be lessened, and even Type 2 diabetes lessened greatly, as one eats low-carb and adequate-protein and nutrients finally, and the body gradually begins to heal.
(Not, mind you, that it's ever going to revert to what we think of as normalcy, as LC Dave points out.)
I am coming to believe that the basics of human learning theory are, unintentionally perhaps, working against us in our culture from the moment we start eating solid foods.
Some think -- rightly I suspect -- that placing importance on food such as a 'reward' is the wrong message to send to oneself, as it ties into the "emotional" issues with eating.
But on the other hand, food is central to physiological survival, and since the dawn of time man's been generally obsessed with it for necessary reasons. We may not want to have eating tied to our psychology, but the fact is--it is. I don't think we can wish that away. I think it's hard-wired into our biology, even if every human culture didn't steep its people in it.
So my armchair philosophy for the day goes something like this:
- The more that we make lowcarb food important to ourselves;
- the more enjoyment we get from eating it;
- the more positive feedback we get from self or others from experimenting with it, cooking it, sharing with others about it, etc;
- the more we literally create a 'celebration of food' gestalt with lowcarb eating;
- then the more we are working to "correct and re-adjust" the psychology about food.
If we eat what we don't much like or what bores us because we "should," we are not only NOT working to "correct" our psychology (as much as our insulin-response), we are actually contributing in a negative way to that level of things.
And it seems to me that while we are healing ourselves, we have to consider the mind as well as the body. Our reaction to food goes from the most primal survival level to the most abstracted marketing inference: food doesn't just move through us, it moves us through and through.
So here's to creative culinary efforts; to sharing recipes and social bonding over that; to learning to enjoy food preparation; and to making food something special. Drink that protein shake in a princess goblet. Make that chicken with peppers dish or array of veggies and deviled eggs pretty on the plate, it can be done. Those are small ritual elements, but it's more our effort to pursue them, to take the time to make food a luxury for us, that matters.
Make lowcarb food for the mind and heart, as well as the body. | <urn:uuid:99731261-a6f7-4e4f-b393-6ec2a782749c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://thedivinelowcarb.blogspot.com/2006/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646602.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319062143-20180319082143-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.966662 | 2,123 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Last week, four senators that include Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and John McCain (R-Ariz.) introduced a bill to reinstate the Glass-Steagall Act.
The 21st Century Glass-Steagall Act, as it's called, would bring back many of the provisions of the former law and strengthen language to limit financial speculation by the big banks, reduce risk, and attempt to end "Too Big to Fail" once and for all.
The original legislation, called The Banking Act of 1933 but commonly referred to as Glass-Steagall, was partly repealed by Congress in 1999 and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. But by the time Glass-Steagall was repealed, the law had already been watered down and full of loopholes that left the U.S. economy highly vulnerable to a financial crisis.
Many economists believe that the partial repeal of this law was responsible for the recent financial crisis. | <urn:uuid:58d0bf0b-7795-4299-abed-e5c04a71d9d8> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://moneymorning.com/2013/07/19/new-glass-steagall-act-key-to-ending-too-big-to-fail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989443.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00203-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977482 | 186 | 2.65625 | 3 |
To Unexpect: A Verb
Definition: To actively create opportunity for the unexpected.
Unexpected thoughts, views, feelings and experiences.
Why should we Unexpect?
1: Because to unexpect is the step before new and creative insights form
2. Because we need new ways of looking at ourselves, our lives and the world in order to tackle intractable global problems
3: Because it’s fun
4: and because what we think and believe is something we can change, it’s within our sphere of influence.
‘There is no doubt that creativity is the most important human resource of all.
Without creativity, there would be no progress, and we would be forever be repeating the same patterns.’
— Edward de Bono
‘Creativity is inherently joyful, challenging, and absorbing.’
— Caine and Caine, Making Connections
How to Unexpect? Next Post | <urn:uuid:e580ef1d-9f54-4d2a-bbe9-d0e8312ef5a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://emerbeamer.blog/2012/12/19/why-we-should-all-start-unexpecting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257514.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524044320-20190524070320-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.878143 | 198 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It’s 2:00pm on workday, and you’re sitting at your desk staring blankly at the computer screen. Your eyes narrow as you fight to keep them open. Suddenly you slip, if for just a second, to sleep. Your head drops toward your chest, but at the last second you catch yourself, and now you’re sitting at your desk slightly startled, but still painfully tired and hoping no one just saw you. What you wouldn’t give for a nap at that moment, but you drudge on with the rest of your workday in your dazed and tired state…
The described scenario is one that we have all been through. It’s a scenario that we share with hundreds of millions of Americans each week. In fact, it’s estimated that sleep deprivation is responsible for $100 billion dollars lost each year for US businesses alone. Growing up we were all taught that sleep is important and that we need our 8 hours a night. Unfortunately for most of us that was all the instruction we received about sleep. Sleep has long been a mystery for neuroscientists, however recently studies have given us much more useful insight into our sleep patterns.
The Neuroscience of Sleeping
A healthy human brain is based on a balance of neurotransmitters and energy. In regards to sleep the human brain has two opposing forces that are always “at war” with each other, thus creating a balance. One force fights to keep us awake and the other force fights to keep us asleep. Together this “war” regulates itself in a cycle that when followed keeps us functioning in a healthy optimal state. This was proved in the research by famed sleep researcher, Dement. Dement did a lot research to discover how we sleep, but much of the mystery remains as to why we sleep.
It was originally thought that we slept to rest our brains; however that turned out to be incorrect. In reality our sleeping brains spend just as much energy our awake brains for 80% of the sleep cycle. So while our bodies are resting our brains are as active as ever. Many researchers look at sleeping brain activity and can make a strong link to learning and cognition.
Do we sleep to Learn?
John Medina, in his book Brain Rules, tells of a story about an accountant who talked in his sleep every night. This accountant didn’t just talk randomly, however. Each night this accountant would recall the numbers and statistics, with accuracy, from his day’s work. It’s believed that our brains work like this accountant’s brain in sleep – recalling and consolidating the information we learn through out the course of our days. The neurons of the brain show vigorous rhythmical activity when you’re asleep – perhaps replaying what you learned that day. (Brain Rules, Medina. 2008)
The conscious human brain processes all sorts of information through out the day. The types of information we consciously process are not limited to the just the empirical, like the accountant’s statistics and numbers or school work. Because the human brain is highly emotional we process information that has emotional content as well. Emotional memory could play a role in our dreams/nightmares. It would seem that each night our brain turns off the outside world to process, reprocess, and then fine tune our cognition. Losing sleep can strongly negatively affect your ability to learn properly.
The truth is that everybody experiences the dreaded “nap zone” each day because it’s part of our biology. The drive for the afternoon nap is universal, and because of that it should be respected. The ever common “9-5 workday” is not a natural occurrence. It was actually invented out of necessity for the industrial revolution to ensure productivity. And here we are a hundred years later still obeying a schedule set forth by men who pushed buttons and pulled levers. I am not saying we have to change our work days, but just accommodate for nap time.
NASA researchers found out that a 26 minute nap equated to a 34% increase in a pilot’s performance. Napping actually increased performance! The 36th president of the United State of America Lyndon B. Johnson routinely would close the doors to the oval office, put on his pajamas and take a 30 minute nap. Refreshed from his nap he was ready to take on the rest of his long day as leader of the free world. It’s amazing what a nap can do for productivity. This is evidence that the design of our work days should be more sensitive to our biological needs and drives. Some companies, like Google, and even schools are taking a serious look into “nap time” and the design of their days to accommodate for sleep needs and cycles.
Sleep on it
In the end we all will have spent an astonishing 1/3 of our lives sleeping. My advice is to take time to truly understand your need for sleep. 8 hours has long been the recommendation, but some require more and some require less. The link between sleeping and learning is extremely intimate and should be respected. If your livelihood is based on your cognitive performance, by all means, get your rest. If you need more motivation, people who get the proper amount of sleep also have healthier bodies in addition to their healthy minds. Thank you, and good night. | <urn:uuid:8b751f4f-2171-419c-9a33-6699a80ec27f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://social-brain.com/2009/11/30/sweet-brains-are-made-of-these-the-neuroscience-of-sleep-and-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415065312-20210415095312-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.96867 | 1,102 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This species is in the family Galaxiidae. Galaxiids have long, slender tubular bodies, lack fin spines, scales and adipose fins, have short-based dorsal and anal fins far back on the body and more-or-less opposite. About 8-15 cm in length.
Galaxiids are a group of primarily freshwater fishes. Many species are diadromous with marine larval and juvenile stages. Some species are pelagic, whereas others live on or near the bottom.
In freshwater, estuarine and marine environments, in depths of 0-5 m.
Galaxiid species are found mostly in cooler, temperate freshwaters of the Southern Hemisphere.
Recorded in Australia
- DSE Advisory List : Not listed
- EPBC Act 1999 : Not listed
- IUCN Red List : Not listed | <urn:uuid:1f12c814-b4e5-4c84-a6d0-306cfa41d7df> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au/species/6341 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948599549.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218005540-20171218031540-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.790992 | 179 | 2.875 | 3 |
Roger Bacon (1214/1220–1292), Master of Arts, contemporary of Robert Kilwardby, Peter of Spain, and Albert the Great at the University of Paris in the 1240s, was one of the early Masters who taught Aristotle's works on natural philosophy and metaphysics. Sometime after 1248–49, he became an independent scholar with an interest in languages and experimental-scientific concerns. Between 1247 and 1267, Bacon mastered most of the Greek and Arabic texts on the science of optics. In 1256/57, either at Paris or Oxford, he joined the Franciscan Order. By 1264 in Paris, he came to believe that his university reputation for advanced learning had suffered. Because he regarded this decade as an exile from university teaching and writing, he sought the Patronage of Cardinal Guy le Gros de Foulque, Papal Ambassador to England (who later served as Pope Clement IV, 1265-68). On the instruction of the Pope on June 22, 1266, Bacon quickly wrote “an introductory work,” the Opus maius, and the related works, Opus minus and Opus tertium. He set out his own new model for a reform of the system of philosophical and theological studies, one that would incorporate language studies and science studies, then unavailable at the universities. In this project, he was partly successful. He wrote a new and provocative text on semiotics, and influenced the addition of perspectiva to mathematical studies (the Quadrivium) as a required university subject. He succeeded in setting out a model of an experimental science on the basis of his study of optics. The latter was used in his extension of experimental science to include new medicines and the general health care of the body. He did this in a new context: the application of linguistic and scientific knowledge for a better understanding of Theology and in the service of the Res publica Christiana. Heretofore, it appeared that Bacon was condemned by his own Order in 1278 “on account of certain suspected novelties.” This may have been due to his interests in astrology and alchemy. The historical accuracy of this condemnation has been questioned by some Bacon scholars, and it is now seen by some as a later retrojection. Bonaventure and John Pecham were among his first readers. It is clear that with the possible exception of the uses or astrology and alchemy, Bacon shared in Bonaventure's project seeking a “reduction” of the sciences to theology. Bacon also found a sympathetic reader and interpreter in the great secular scholar of the Sorbonne, Peter of Limoges (d. 1306). Through the latter, Bacon may have influenced Raymond Lull. Sometime in the late 1270s or early 1280s, Bacon returned to Oxford, where he completed his edition with introduction and notes of the Secretum secretorum, a Latin translation of an Arabic text on the education of the Prince, the Sirr-al-‘asrar, which he believed to be a work by Aristotle written for Alexander the Great. This work of advice to the Prince points to Bacon's close connections to the Papal Court through Pope Clement IV, the French Court through Alphonse of Poitiers, and the English Court. His contacts with the Papal Curia were mediated by William Bonecor, Ambassador of King Henry III. Bacon died at Oxford c. 1292.
- 1. Modern Research on Roger Bacon
- 2. Life and Works
- 3. Bacon's early work on Grammar and Logic
- 4. Bacon as an Aristotelian Commentator
- 4.1 Roger Bacon and Richard Rufus: In physicam Aristotelis
- 4.2 Bacon and Grosseteste: Knowledge, Science, and Intuition
- 4.3 Bacon on Matter
- 4.4 Bacon on Universals and Individuation
- 4.5 Bacon's Realism: On the Way to Late Medieval Nominalism?
- 4.6 Bacon on Body, Soul and Mind: Early Works
- 4.7 Bacon on Body, Soul, and Mind: Later Works
- 5. Bacon's Later Philosophy: Language Study and Science in the Service of both Moral Philosophy and Theology
- 5.1 Background
- 5.2 Opus maius/Parts One and Two
- 5.3 Opus maius/Part Three: On Language, the De signis and Compendium Studii philosophiae
- 5.4 Opus maius/Parts Four, Five, and Six: Mathematics and Philosophy of Nature (De multiplicatione specierum, Perspectiva, Scientia Experimentalis)
- 5.5 Opus maius/Part Seven: Moralis philosophia
- 5.6 Bacon's political philosophy: the Secretum secretorum
- 6. Conclusion
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
Modern understanding of the Philosophy of Roger Bacon is largely conditioned by two distinct traditions of interpretation from the nineteenth century. The first is the study of the physical, metaphysical, and related works of Bacon. Discovered in 1848 by Victor Cousin in Amiens MS 406, these works were edited by Robert Steele and Ferdinand Delorme [OHI, 1905–1940]. With the exception, however, of the teaching on the soul, some aspects of Bacon's theory of matter and form, the doctrine of experientia/experimentum, and the doctrines of universals and individuation, the content of these works has remained largely unstudied until the present time. Indeed, one can argue that “critical” scholarly study of these works has only just begun. The second and better known interpretation of Roger Bacon as a scientist is found in nineteenth and twentieth century writers on the history of science and has a solid basis in Bacon's own work, e.g., the edition of the Opus tertium by J.S. Brewer [OQHI]. Bacon's Perspectiva (1267) [PRSP, 1996] presents a model for an experimental science that ushered in a new addition to the traditional Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music) in the new universities of the Latin West, namely, the study of optics. The university teaching text, “The Common Teaching on Perspectiva,” was written by Bacon's Parisian colleague, John Pecham. There has been significant modern research on this aspect of Bacon's work. In fact, for the first time in the history of Bacon scholarship, we now have accurate texts, with adequate matching geometrical diagrams for the post-1260 scientific works. The early works (ca. 1240–1250) have need of new critical editions.
In 1859, William Whewell set the tone for this modern account of “Roger Bacon and the Sciences” (Whewell, 1858, p. 245). He viewed Bacon as an advocate of experimentation ahead of his time. In the late nineteenth century, Robert Adamson and many others interpreted Bacon as a philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. This understanding of Roger Bacon did not begin in the nineteenth century. Already in the late Renaissance, Francis Bacon had characterized Roger Bacon as an exceptional figure among the schoolmen. Francis held that Roger Bacon had set aside the scholastic disputations of his age and engaged in the mechanical understanding of the secrets of nature.
In the 1900s, Thorndike [LT1; LT2] and Duhem [LSDM, III, 442] asserted that the role of observation in Bacon's science was minimal and added nothing to his idea of a science. In recent studies (2006, 2011a), Jeremiah Hackett has made explicit the manner in which Roger Bacon served as a foil for Martin Heidegger's discussions on the originality of modern science. For Heidegger, Bacon did not achieve the post-Galilean and Post-Cartesian discovery of a mathematical projection of nature and the consequent modern experiment. He claimed that it was false to argue, as many had done between 1880 and 1940, that Roger Bacon was the source for the post-Cartesian concept of science. In the post-World War II years, A.C. Crombie (1953) argued that the “qualitative” aspects of modern science originated at Oxford in the early thirteenth century, specifically in the work of Grosseteste and Roger Bacon. This interpretation received a critical response from Alexander Koyré (1957) and others. Despite their significantly different philosophical committments, Heidegger and Koyré both shared Husserl's views on the distinctiveness of the modern mathematical projection of nature as a condition for controlled experimentation. This was seen as a distinctive new phenomenon, a marker of modernity and something quite distinct from ancient and medieval science. It was argued that Crombie read back some aspects of modern scientific method into the works of Grosseteste and Bacon.
Thomas S. Kuhn (1976), however, maintained that Crombie did identify a real methodological connection between medieval and early modern science. More recently, M. Schramm (1998) has argued that Bacon plays a significant role in framing the context for the beginnings of medieval, Renaissance and early modern notions of laws of nature. This discusion has now been taken up for research by Giora Hon and Yael Raizman-Kedar. The studies and editorial work of David C. Lindberg on Bacon's natural philosophy, for example, the De multiplicatione specierum [DMS] and Perspectiva [PRSP] (1983–1996) have emphasized the need to read Roger Bacon as a medieval scientist and not as an early modern or modern scientist. Thus, it is as a medieval philosopher, scientist, and theologian that he must be properly understood. Despite the polarity generated by two separate modern traditions of interpretation, it should be noted that there is great continuity between the interests of Bacon the Aristotelian commentator and Bacon the writer on science.
Bacon remarks in the Opus tertium [OQHI], written c. 1267 that he had devoted forty years to study since he first learned the alphabetum and that no other scholar had worked as much in the Arts and Sciences as he. Some scholars use this text to argue that Bacon was writing about his elementary education and therefore that was born c. 1220 [Crowley (1950), Easton (1952), Lindberg (DMS, 1983)]; others hold that he was writing about his early university education -- Alphabetum philosophiae is a term Bacon uses in the chapter from which the following cited text is taken -- and thus that he was born c. 1214 [Little (RBE, 1914), Maloney (CSTM, 1988), Hackett (1984, 1992, 1997a, 2005), Molland (2004)]. The text reads:
I have labored much in sciences and languages, and I have up to now devoted forty years [to them] after I first learned the alphabetum; and I was always studious. Apart from two of these forty years I was always [engaged] in study [or at a place of study], and I had many expenses just as others commonly have. Nevertheless, provided I had first composed a compendium, I am certain that within quarter or half a year I could directly teach a solicitous and confident person whatever I know of these sciences and languages. And it is known that no one worked in so many sciences and languages as I did, nor so much as I did. Indeed, when I was living in the other state of life [as an Arts Master], people marveled that I survived the abundance of my work. And still, I was just as involved in studies afterwards, as I had been before. But I did not work all that much, since in the pursuit of Wisdom this was not required. ([OQHI], 65)
It would seem, then, that prior to his entry to the Franciscan Order, c. 1256-57, he was very active in his studies or at a studium or school, and that he was known for his proficiency in sciences and languages. And yet, he himself tells us that around 1248 or perhaps a little later, he set aside the common scholastic ways of teaching in order to devote time to languages and experimental concerns. (We are dealing with Bacon's vague recollections from c. 1268; it could well be that in 1250–51 he was still in Paris. He was certainly there in 1251.) Thus, we can see the period from c. 1240–48 as the time during which he lectured at Paris on Aristotle, on Grammar/Logic, and especially on the mathematical subjects of the Quadrivium. And so, depending on the chosen year of birth, the chronology would be as follows: (1) Bacon was born c. 1214, educated at Oxford c. 1228–36, Master of Arts at Paris c. 1237–47/8, Private Scholar 1248–56/7, active again at Oxford c. 1248–51, back in Paris 1251, Franciscan Friar at Paris c. 1256-57 to 1279, returning to Oxford c. 1280, died c. 1292. Or: (2) Bacon was born c. 1220, educated at Oxford c. 1234–42; Master of Arts at Paris c. 1242–47/8, active again at Oxford c. 1248–51, back in Paris 1251, Franciscan Friar at Paris 1256/7 to 1279, returning to Oxford c. 1280, died c. 1292. Further precision on the chronology must await the critical edition of all the works of Roger Bacon and careful scientific study of these works in relation to other thirteenth century scholars.
The Aristotelian Quaestiones are to be found in a single manuscript, Amiens MS Bibl. Mun. 406. The materials found in this manuscript include two sets of questions on the Physics and two sets of questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle, the questions on the Liber de causis, and the Pseudo-Aristotelian De vegetabilibus. A new version of Bacon's second set of questions on the Physics inter-textually excerpted by another thirteenth-century author has recently been identified by Silvia Donati in Philadelphia MS Free Library, Lewis Europe, ff. 77ra-85rb [Donati, in Hackett, 1997b]. This is an important discovery that has enabled scholars for the first time to carry out a critical-textual study of Bacon's works on Aristotle's Physics in the context of the development of English natural philosophy in the period 1240–1300.
The early logical works consist of the Summa grammatica, Summa de sophismatibus et distinctionibus and the Summulae dialectices [=Summulae super totam logicam]. These works show that Bacon is indebted to the teaching of logic at Oxford and Paris in the 1230s and 1240s. They have received much critical study in recent years. They reveal Bacon as a mature philosopher of logic who is representative of terminist and pre-modist grammar and logic. Bacon's writings on grammar and logic have a connection with the Oxford Logica cum sit nostra and with the works of William of Sherwood. The logical works are clearly influenced by the teaching in Paris of Robert Kilwardby. They give evidence of Bacon as a philosopher who connects the Logica modernorum with new logical and philosophical problems based on the natural philosophy and metaphysics of Aristotle as commented on by Avicenna and Averroes.
Alain de Libera has argued that the Summulae dialectices is typical of mature works in the philosophy of logic c. 1250 and a little later. Scholars have long held that Roger Bacon was a pioneer in the introduction of the study of Aristotle as interpreted by Averroes and Avicenna to the University of Paris c. 1240. During the past ten years or so, research has shown that two Erfurt manuscripts (Amplon. Q. 290 and Q. 312) ascribed to Walter Burley (1274/5–1344) by the Amplonius de Berka in the fifteenth century, actually belong to the first half of the thirteenth century. Rega Wood, the editor of the Physics from the Erfurt MS Amplon. Q 290, has attributed these questions on the Physics and most of the other works in these two Erfurt manuscripts to Richard Rufus of Cornwall, a contemporary and opponent of Roger Bacon [Wood in Hackett 1997b; Wood, IPA, 2003].
Recently, it has also been demonstrated that as Master of Arts at Paris during the period of the First Averroism (c. 1240-48), Bacon had confronted and reviewed some of the major issues concerning the Latin Averroism which eventually produced a major crisis at Paris in the period 1266–77. And, as we will see below, Bacon, in his works from the 1260s, will revisit these topics. One can conclude that sometime in the late 1240s, Bacon ceased being a Master of Arts at Paris, became an independent scholar, and returned to England. Yet, there is evidence that he was back in Paris in 1251.
Bacon joined the Franciscan Order about 1256/7; whether he did so at Oxford or Paris is not known. At any rate, he was probably in Paris in the late 1250s and was definitely there in the early 1260s. He had been attracted to the Order by the philosophical, theological, and scientific example of Grosseteste, Adam Marsh, and other English Franciscans. He had personally known Adam Marsh at Oxford c. 1248-51. Because of their over-emphasis of a purported condemnation of Bacon c. 1278, scholars had tended to ignore or tone down Bacon's very real commitment to his Franciscan way of life. The past ten years have seen new work by Amanda Power (2013) and Timothy J. Johnson (2009, 2010, 2013) placing significant emphasis on the compatibility of Bacon's concerns c. 1266 with the mission of the Franciscan Order as presented by Bonaventure and the Franciscan School at Paris. By 1266, however, Bacon had come to regard the previous ten years as one of enforced absence from scholarly work. He had done little new intellectual work apart from some small pieces for his friends.
In answer to the Papal Mandate received in July 1266, Bacon produced some very significant works. The Opus maius, Opus minus, and the related foundational work in natural philosophy, De multiplicatione specierum, the work on burning mirrors, De speculis comburentibus, together with an optical lens, were sent to the Pope c. 1267-68. They were seen as a preamble to a proposed major work on Philosophy. It remains a question as to whether the Opus tertium was sent. Together with these works in the 1260s, Bacon produced the Preface to the Works for the Pope, Communia naturalium, Communia mathematica, Epistola de secretis operibus naturae et de nullitate magiae.
Amanda Power (2013) has provided a masterful interpretation of the new context of Bacon's post-1266 works for Pope Clement IV. She places Bacon in a Franciscan context within the wider mission of Christendom in its relations with other cultures and religions. The Compendium studii philosophiae can be dated to about 1271. This latter is a largely polemical work on the state of studies at Paris and an apology for his scholarly situation. It does, however, contain an important section on his theory of language and translation. He completed the edition of the important work on medieval politics and statecraft, the Secretum secretorum, at Oxford some time after 1280. It used to be the view of scholars [Easton, 1952] that Bacon had composed this work in the 1240s and that it was the main influence in his search for a "universal science". But even if Easton's position on the dating of the publication of the Secretum secretorum does not hold, it is clear that by 1266 and later, this work played a major role in Bacon's understanding of the political uses of the experimental sciences. He also produced an important work on the calendar, the Computus. The Compendium studii theologiae is usually dated c. 1292.
One must bear in mind that Roger Bacon in the 1260s is writing as an individual author for a patron, Cardinal Guy le Gros de Foulque (Pope Clement IV, 1265–68). A onetime Master of Arts, he was no longer a teaching Master at the University of Paris. This gave Bacon the freedom to address both philosophical (Aristotle) and theological (Augustine) issues in a manner denied to teachers in the Faculty of Arts, who were limited for the most part to disputations on the texts of Aristotle. He writes self-consciously as a representative of the text-based practices of Robert Grosseteste and in opposition to the new “sentence-methods” of the schools of theology. His polemical writings ca. 1267-68 are centered on the struggles in the Arts and Theology at Paris. The Pope instructed Bacon in 1266 to ignore the rules of his Order and to send him his remedies about matters of some importance. It would appear from the context of Bacon's works for the Pope that the remedies had to do with educational matters at Paris, which at this time was the foremost university of the Christian commonwealth. The remedies sought must also have concerned geo-political matters as well as the exigencies of Christian missions. Because of this instruction, Bacon's later works, written in haste, consist of short treatises united by a self-conscious rhetoric for the reformation of education in the early universities of the Latin West. They are fundamentally important for an understanding of the “struggle of the faculties” in the mid-thirteenth century. The Compendium studii theologiae c. 1292 reflects the concerns of the 1260s. It does not add new information.
The reception of the life and works of Roger Bacon is complex. Each generation has, as it were, found its own Roger Bacon. Another study by Amanda Power (2006) has provided a thoughtful account of the complex reception of Roger Bacon in England and of the extent to which the image of the Doctor Mirabilis is often colored by the changing controversies of the present down through history.
Bacon has a complex notion of grammar. It ranges from the elementary teaching of Latin through “rational grammar” (linguistics) to a knowledge of the sacred “Wisdom” languages. It is also connected with a theory of signs and with the vis verborum, including the magical power of spoken language. One notices continuity between Bacon's early works on grammar and logic and his later works after 1260 on the theory of signs (De signis).
In this work, Bacon draws directly from the commentary on Priscian (Priscianus minor) by Robert Kilwardby. This is representative of early speculative grammar as it developed in Paris during the first half of the thirteenth century. Bacon's approach to grammar and logic, like that of William of Sherwood, shows the influence of early Oxford texts on these topics such as the Logica cum sit nostra.
Part one of the Summa Grammatica sets out the rules governing both common constructions with subject and verb and rules governing figurative constructions. The latter include specific accounts of the five figures of construction: antithesis, synthesis, prolepsis, syllepsis, and zeugma. This is borrowed from Kilwardby (Institutiones grammaticae, xvii, 153). In part two, Bacon analyzes the more difficult non-figurative constructions such as impersonals, gerundives, ablative absolutes, interjections. In a third part, he examines sophisms in terms of their subject-matter and ranges from a cursory treatment to more extended treatments typical of a disputed question. In the last section, there is a cursory analysis of some short sentences including adverbial constructions [lupus est in fabula] and some liturgical formulae [patris et filii et spiritus sancti, ita missa est]. The latter are problematic due to their elliptical character. An account of Bacon's intellectual relationship to Robert Kilwardby can be found in Irène Rosier (1994).
As noted above, a major feature of this treatment of speculative grammar is the fact that the reasoning is closely linked to the Physics of Aristotle. This reasoned grammar is based on the belief that “art imitates nature to the extent that it can” (Physics II, 219 4a 21). Borrowing from Aristotle and Averroes and influenced by Robert Kilwardby, Bacon exploits the distinction between the permanent and the successive as the ground of the grammatical distinction between the noun/pronoun and the verb/adverb. He applies this to the definition of grammatical category.
As Irène Rosier-Catach has noted, “The construction of words is conceived as a movement. The verb, the pivot of the sentence, signifies action and movement and needs for that reason two terms, a terminus a quo or principium and a terminus ad quem or terminus (Summa Grammatica 66, 78). On one level, physical conceptualization is used to re-define certain notions. Cases are properties allowing an expression to function as a term of movement (Summa Grammatica 34); in this way, the accusative expresses the terminus ad quem. At a second level, Bacon's conceptualization allows him to state some very general rules for the combination of categories.”
For example, Bacon argues that both the participle and the infinitive by means of their verbal signification are not sufficiently stable to be a terminus of motion. This is based on the premise that “nothing which is in motion can come to rest in something in motion, no motion being able to complete itself in something in motion.” And, using the principle that “the action is in the patient as in a subject,” he tackles the issue of grammatical agreement. Further, the central principle for the organization of terms is the notion of dependence (dependencia). Hence, the relation of natural dependence between the accident and the subject is reflected in the construction of the adjective with its substantive.
There are, however, limits to a kind of argument that depends on this parallelism of physics and grammar. Grammar is a function of reason and hence does not imitate nature in an absolute manner. Take the example, urbem quem statuo vestra est (= the city which I found is yours, Summa Grammatica 33). Here, the subject is in the accusative. But the accusative which expresses dependency cannot be the terminus of the verb. Even if this is adjusted due to location or motion in generation, it still will not do since in physics the beginning or end point is accidental. In rational grammar, however, words in construction have definite functions, and the accusative has an element of stability due to the priority of the nature of the thing it signifies. Thus the subject can be in the accusative with the infinite (Summa Grammatica 14–40.3).
Grammatical reasoning, then, finds itself wedged between physical and logical reasoning. This can be seen in the analysis of the expression, est dies. Why one term and not two? What is the function of dies? In an analysis of motion there are two terms. But in reason, one can see that the one term has two functions that are necessarily present in every assertion. And whereas Logic requires that the subject be different from the predicate, Grammar as a positive science depends on the intellect and will.
The most significant aspect of Bacon's grammatical analysis is one that will be replicated in his later work on semiotics. This is his intentionalist analysis. The reasons connected to grammatical analysis cannot be discovered or applied mechanically: they are dependent on the signifying intention of the speaker (intentio proferentis). This kind of analysis is found in Robert Kilwardby and in many similar texts on sophisms. As Rosier puts it, “The correctness of a statement does not depend solely on its conformity with the rules of grammar but equally on its adequateness with its signifying intention. Sometimes indeed, because the speaker wishes to signify some precise idea, he may legitimately distance himself from the normal rules” (Hackett 1997a, 73). Still, this freedom is not absolute; it must be justified linguistically. Even elliptical expressions such as ita missa est have within them the capacity to allow further application of formulas such as cantata, dicta, etc. Thus, to quote Rosier, “The rule-governed nature of language-functions is to be found not only in the common usage but also in those 'authorized' variations. It is precisely this principle that Bacon will put to work at the semantic level when he conducts his analysis of Signs [c. 1267]. Beyond the ordinary usage of the sign, derivable from its institution, the speaker always has the liberty to use it in the translated way, the variation being in the majority of cases explainable and for this reason comprehensible by the listener. In other words, language is for man an instrument, a means. This voluntarist/instrumental conception is to be seen likewise in the context of Bacon's treatment of the magical power of words” (Hackett 1997a, 73–74).
This imporant aspect of “the magical power of words” has again been examined carefully in terms of language study as it relates to the uses of logic in theology by Rosier-Catach (2004). Graziella Federici Vescovini (2011) has now presented a magisterial study of the close connection of philosophy and magic in the Middle Ages, accentuating the notion of “the magical power of words” in relation to Bacon and other medieval philosophers.
Bacon's Logic (1240s):
- Summa de sophismatibus et distinctionibus (SSD)
- Summula super totam logicam (= Sumulae dialectices) (SD)
The late Jan Pinborg has described the terminist logic found in Bacon and his contemporaries as “semantical analysis of a natural language, viz. Latin, built on Aristotelian logic, especially the Sophistici elenchi and the Peri hermeneias, and on the development of grammar. This analysis stressed the truth value of propositions analyzed and its conditions, and therefore displayed what can be called a contextual approach; that is, it was based on the actual function and reference of the term in the proposition to be analyzed. A given word could be used differently, or according to different suppositions, and the rules for these different uses helped to avoid ambiguities. The doctrine of supposition was intended to solve both the relatively trivial ambiguities which arose from confusion of linguistic levels (man is white, man is a species, man is a noun) and ambiguities involved in quantification (or distribution) theory. These problems were primarily solved in terms of reference, since different suppositiones picked out different ranges of individuals.”
One can see therefore why Bacon, through his concern with the central role of applied logic in guarding against ambiguity, saw the analysis of equivocation as central to the analysis of language. Against the growing Modist tendency to understand parts of grammar as indicative of the objective constituents of things in the world, Bacon stresses the importance of equivocation analysis. Since the imposition of names, the constant change in language use, and especially the ongoing implicit shift of meaning in language are all important for a theory of meaning, Bacon demands contextual language analysis. Here, one might speak of Bacon's “pragmatic” approach to language theory.
Alain de Libera has provided a very precise summary of Bacon's place in the history of logic and especially of the two early works just listed. He remarks:
The SSD belongs to a literary genre found in Paris during the first half of the thirteenth century, the Distinctiones sophismatum. It compares with the Tractatus de distinctionibus communibus in sophismatibus accidentibus attributed to Matthew of Orleans, the Distinctiones 'notandum', the Abstractiones of Hervaeus Sophista, the tracts on Distinctiones sophismatum as well as 'anonymous' treatises described by De Rijk and Braakhuis. Briefly, the distinctiones have the task of listing the rules to be used in the practice of sophisms and setting out the context, while the syncategoremata set out the logical conditions for the proper use of syncategorematic words. (HRBS, 105–106).
Generally, the SSD deals with problems of universal quantification, as for example the uses of the word omnis ('all'). Bacon pays close attention to words that present philosophical difficulties, such as ‘infinite’, ‘whole’, and ‘negation’. The common logical topics are covered. Still, Bacon shows some originality in his treatment of 'inclusion' or 'scope' in quantification. He also develops the outline of what will become his own contribution in the 1260s, i.e., his analysis of a “production of speech”. Bacon develops this analysis to deal with sentences such as 'Every animal is either rational or irrational'. Here, his contemporaries invoked a theory of natural sense to account for the provision of semantic information on the basis of the order of the presentation of the terms. But Bacon insists that one must take into account (a) the signifying intention of the speaker, (b) the linguistic expression, and (c) the sense that the listener provides. Bacon presents two basic positions: an expression must have parts that enable the hearer to make an interpretation that will correspond with the intention of the speaker. Thus, the actual expression alone is necessary but not sufficient for an account of the meaning. A linguistic analysis that involves speaker/hearer/expression is also required.
The expression of the proposition alone is accidental and thus contains only a relative sense. Further, the linear order of the expression does not provide the listener with enough information about the logical form. Knowledge of the logical form requires reference to the mental proposition. This implies that every mental proposition, for both speaker and listener, is an interpretation. The meaning of any statement is a function of the understanding. This presentation of the speech act prepared the ground for Bacon's mature theory in his post-1260 works, the De signis (DS), Compendium studii philosophiae (CSP), and Compendium studii theologiae (CST).
De Libera has placed this work at Oxford c. 1250, but notes the presence of Parisian teachings in the text. The title given in the Seville MS, Summulae super totam logicam, provides a better sense of the nature of the work. I will provide an outline of this long work below. To summarize De Libera, this is the mature work of a practiced teacher, not the work of a beginner. It is ahead of other works of the 1240s in the skillful manner in which it examines Aristotle and other newly translated works in philosophy and science. The work is important for two new semantic positions: (1) the doctrine of univocal appellation and (2) the doctrine of “empty classes” in predication. For Bacon, a word cannot be applied in a univocal manner to both an entity and a non-entity. This position will provide Bacon with a basis for his attack on Richard Rufus of Cornwall in his works after 1260, and especially in the Compendium studii theologiae (1292). This attack was not targeted at Rufus alone; it is written in opposition to the common teaching of the time at Paris, according to which a word has a natural meaning and once that meaning is given, it remains a constant. For example, the term ‘Caesar’ can cover both the once living Caesar and the now dead Caesar. Bacon rejects this on the grounds that for him, terms are imposed on “present things” and there is nothing in common between an entity and a non-entity or between the past, present, and future. Hence, Bacon is opposed to the notion of “habitual being”. Thus, terms have present appellation and their reference to the past and future must be accidental. For Bacon, name and signification are imposed on the present object, and these are opened to past and present on the basis of verbal tense. One might call it “supposition through itself for present things”. Another important aspect of SD is the complex theory of determination found in the composition and division of the propositional sense.
The theory of imposition is fundamental to Bacon's approach. This allows for explicit and tacit changes of imposition of meaning in communication and points to the need for linguistic analysis and careful study of context in order to be strict about univocal meaning. Likewise, an interest in overcoming equivocation and ambiguity figures throughout Bacon's logical works. Words can, indeed, be extended ‘metaphorically’ to cover non-existing things. In this work of Bacon, one finds a combination of influences from both the Oxford terminist logic and the Parisian pre-modist grammar of the 1240s.Contents of the Summulae dialectices
Prologue: On Art and Science, Two Kinds of Arts, Logic as a Science, Logic as an Art, i.e., Dialectics, and Why It Is So Called.
Part I: Terms
Part II: Statements:
|2.2||The Properties of the parts of an Expression: Supposition, Appellation, Copulation|
Part III: Argumentation
The reader can easily see that this treatment of “all of logic” corresponds to a large extent to what is found in many ‘modern’ logic books prior to the treatment of predicate logic. It would be useful to show the extent to which Bacon's SD provides a template for later works on the totality of logic, such as the Summa Logica of William of Ockham and subsequent texts up to modern times.
Richard Rufus and Roger Bacon were two of the earliest Teachers of Aristotle's natural philosophy and metaphysics at Paris, c. 1235–50. The recent publication of Richard Rufus of Cornwall's In Physicam Aristotelis has made available what is certainly a very important text for an understanding of the influence of Aristotle's Physics on the early tradition of English natural philosophy in the thirteenth century (IPA 2003). Richard Rouse has dated the text of these Physics questions “on the early side of the middle of the century” (Wood, IPA Introduction, 33). Silvia Donati and Cecilia Trifogli have mapped out the complex tradition of named and ‘anonymous’ commentaries on Aristotle's Physics in 13th century England. (Del Punta, Donati & Trifogli 1996; Trifogli, Donati in Hackett 1997b; Trifogli 2000). As noted above, Rega Wood ascribes the text to Richard Rufus of Cornwall (died c. 1260). She claims that “Richard Rufus was the earliest Western teacher of the new Aristotle whom we know. He taught Aristotelian physics and metaphysics as a Master of Arts at the University of Paris before 1238. His lectures are the earliest known surviving Western lectures on these subjects ... Rufus flourished between 1230 and 1255, teaching philosophy and theology at Oxford and Paris in this crucial period. His philosophical career ended and his theological career began in 1238 when he became a Franciscan friar and left the Arts faculty at Paris” (IPA, Introduction, 2). In the apparatus of the edition, Wood notes that these comments on Aristotle's Physics were later taken up by Roger Bacon in his Questiones on Aristotle's Physics, and as a result, she sees Roger Bacon as Richard Rufus's successor as a Parisian teacher of Aristotle's natural philosophy. One thing is clear: this is a very important Physics Commentary, which influenced not only Roger Bacon, but many ‘anonymous’ Physics commentaries written in 13th century England. Whether the work was written by Richard Rufus is another matter. The best response at present is to state in the Scottish manner, 'not yet proven'! The issue of ascription, however, does not lessen the importance of this text for understanding English natural philosophy in the 13th century. As evidence for the influence of Rufus on Roger Bacon, Wood presents a discussion of three topics: (1) projectile motion, (2) the place of Heaven, and (3) the beginning of the world (IPA, 12–28).
In the Questiones altere super libros prime philosophie Aristotelis (1240s), Bacon takes up and develops the well known treatment of knowledge, science, and intuition presented in Grosseteste's Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. Bacon writes in response to explicit comments from newly available works on optics (perspectiva, that the knowledge of scientific principles is innate in us because “by nature we argue and demonstrate and prove without labor, but to argue (syllogize) and demonstrate are modes of knowledge.” This is a significant contact with Grosseteste, since he was the one who explicitly connected the study of optics with the epistemic concepts found in the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle. It is also a sign that Bacon was concerned with perspectiva-related issues in the late 1240s, since he refers to Alhacen's (Ibn al-Haytham's) Optics.
Bacon holds that scientific knowledge is twofold: first, there is the “imperfect and confused knowledge” by which the mind is inclined to the love of the good and of truth. This implicit knowledge is innate. Second, there is explicit rational knowledge. One part of this has to do with the knowledge of the principles of science; the other is the knowledge of conclusions. This latter is complete knowledge though it is not exhaustive. Bacon's account of sense, memory, and experience is more extensive than that found in Grosseteste's Commentary and reflects his own reading of Avicenna, the medical tradition, and works on optics. Bacon distinguishes experientia from experimentum. Experience (experientia) is the distinct knowledge of singular things, and all animals have this distinct knowledge of singulars. But not all animals have experimentum, that is, a science of principles based on experience. As he puts it, “ experience is the distinct reception of singulars under some aspect of universality, as is stated in the text [of Aristotle], but only the universal is grasped by the intellect. Therefore, only humans and not other animals have experience [experimentum] ([OHI, XI], 16). Many animals have an image (imaginatio) of singular things and live by innate art and industry, naturally knowing how to adapt to changing weather conditions. Human art, however, is acquired and is a science of principles based on experience (experimentum principium).
One can express Bacon's position as follows: experimentum is the universal source for our discovery of scientific principles. Scientific knowledge, once established, proceeds by demonstration. Experientia designates the simple perception of singulars. Only in a very loose sense can it be used of scientific knowledge. Sometimes, however, these two terms about experience are used interchangeably. In this account, Bacon has not yet come to his later notion of a scientia experimentalis, and the experimental verification (certificatio) of the conclusions of demonstrative knowledge (ca. 1267). He is dealing only with experience as the source of the principles of our knowledge of art and science. [cf. 3.1.4 The Syllogism in Particular]
In other words, at this stage, Bacon is mainly concerned with Aristotle's definition of experience in the Metaphysics and Posterior Analytics, although one already notices that he relates the Aristotelian subject matter to the discussion in Alhacen's Perspectiva. Nevertheless, it is also important to note that these Aristotelian concerns with Experimentum are repeated in 1267 at the beginning of Opus majus, Part Six on exprimental science, and thus, Aristotle's Metaphysics, Posterior Analytics and Meteorology together with the Optics of Ibn al-Haytham will form the necessary philosophical background for Bacon's later c. 1266 notions of the experimental sciences.
In the later (post 1260) Communia naturalium, Bacon gives six meanings for the concept of matter. (1) Matter is the subject of action as when we say that wood is the matter for the action of the carpenter. (2) In the proper sense of the term, matter is that which, with form, constitutes the composite, as in the case of every created substance. (3) Matter is the subject of generation and corruption and has the property of being an incomplete and imperfect thing in potency to being a complete thing. (4) Matter is the subject of alteration since it receives contrary accidents. (5) Matter can be considered as an individual in relation to the universal, the latter being founded in its individual as in a material principle. (6) Matter is the name for that which is gross, as when we say that earth has more matter than fire.A forthcoming study on matter in the Communia naturalium by Michela Pereira will demonstrate the complexity of the concept of matter in Bacon's later works (Pereira, forthcoming)
Form has a certain priority to matter as the end of generation and as the perfection of the material principle. It is the principle of action and of knowledge. In general, for Bacon, matter is not a mere potency. It is an incomplete something (substance) and so for him matter and form are two incomplete substances that integrate to make one individual substance. In this one notices a notion of matter as in some sense a positive thing. It is not a nullity.
In both early and later works, Bacon objects to the idea that matter is one in number in all things. The background to this issue arises from Franciscan discussions at Paris on the nature of the unity of matter. Bacon holds that matter "is not numerically one, but in itself and from itself it is numerically distinct in numerically different beings." Still, he does not object to some unity of matter. For example, matter as potentiality is the original source of the being of contingent things. This is the non-being of the creature in contrast with the being of the Creator. Thus, Bacon will speak of the matter of both corporeal and spiritual beings, and hence of "spiritual matter," a concept that Aquinas found to be contradictory.The very strong influence of the Fons Vitae of Ibn Gabirol on Roger Bacon, John Pecham, and other Franciscan authors forms the background for their treatment of hylomorphism (Hackett, forthcoming). The importance of this hylomorphism in the Franciscan school at Paris has been examined by Anna Rodolfi (2010).
In his later works, and specifically in his works on natural philosophy, Bacon presents nature as an active agent. The form or the species is the first effect of any natural agent. The power of the species educes the emergence of the thing from the potency of matter. It does not simply produce a form/species and impose it on the matter. Matter has an active potency, and this is actualized due to the action of the natural external agent.
Bacon has two distinct treatments of universals and individuation: his early works (1240s) and later in the Communia naturalium (1260s-70s).
In the works from the 1240s, Bacon distinguishes the real universal from the mental universal. Hence, the universal as the ultimate basis of predication is not the species as mental intention. Universals in the primary sense as the basis of scientific objectivity are extra-mental. Bacon's presentation of this issue is complex. Certainly, he is not a complete Platonist in regard to universals. To the objection that since form is individuated through its matter and whatever exists in things must exist in matter as individuated, but the universal is not such a thing, he replies that a universal is either in the mind or in things; if it is not in the former, it has to be in the latter. A universal arises from common matter and common form and so has no need of being immediately individuated: "And because the common matter and common form exist along with the proper matter and form of individuals, the universal is present in this way in singulars" ([OHI, VII], 242–243 = TTUM, 3.6). Hence, one cannot split apart the common matter from the particular matter or the common form from the particular form of a particular individual.
In one question, Bacon rejects the view that universals are constituted only by the mind. He holds that the universal in and of itself is prior to the knowledge process: "This follows because a universal is nothing other than a nature in which singulars of the same (nature) agree; but particulars agree in this manner in a common nature predicable of them, without any act of the mind" ([OHI, VII], 242–243 = TTUM, 36). This sounds Platonic, but in fact for Bacon there are no Platonic universals in a separate world; rather, real universals do exist, but they are found only in and with individual things. There is a mutual interpenetration of common form and matter and proper form and matter such that there is just one individual, and so the common nature is realized in this or that individual. Bacon's answer to the possibility of a universal being present in a singular is stated as follows:
Only three kinds of being are imaginable: either [being] in and of itself, [being] in the mind, or [being] in things, but a universal is not something that has being in and of itself and stands on its own, because then it would be a Platonic idea; neither [does it have being] in the mind, as we have seen… Again, a universal is a common nature in which particulars agree; but Socrates and Plato and [others] of this sort cannot agree in a common nature which is in them unless the nature [be] in some way duplicated in them, because a universal is nothing other than a common nature extended into particulars and existing in them as duplicated, in which all things truly exist. And thus, without them [the particulars] there can be no universals…. ([OHI, VII, 243–244 = TTUM, 37)
For Bacon, there are two kinds of particular, the determinate here and now particular and the indeterminate particular.
Bacon treats the problem of individuation both in the early Parisian lectures and the later Communia naturalium. This has given rise to the issue of Bacon's realism or his proto-nominalism. It is addressed in the next section. Here, I will briefly review his account of individuation in the Parisian lectures. Some hold that accidents are the cause of individuation. The examples are taken from Boethius and from Al-Ghazali. Bacon raises objections and states that matter and form constitute the thing and are the causes of individuation. For Bacon, an individual is both a substance and an individual. As a substance, accident could not be the cause of individuation. As an individual, accident is ”formally its perfection.“ He holds that one can look at this issue from two positions. First, from the formal cause, accident could be the cause of individuation, but from the efficient cause the principles of substance (matter and form) are the efficient causes of the one substance. He devotes much space to whether matter alone or form alone or both are causes of individuation. He outlines the reasons why matter alone can be taken as the cause of individuation. He holds that matter is a cause of individuation and that form is a co-cause of individuation. The latter, however, is not the principal cause; it is an instrumental or formal cause.
In the light of the foregoing, a key issue arises in his early works: even if Bacon disclaims being a Platonist with regard to universals, he is clearly a strong external realist. This realism is continued in the Communia naturalium [OHI, 2–4] but with certain important qualifications. This polemical account of the discussion of Aristotle in the 1260s is understood by Bacon as an aid for the study of theology. And now, it is clear that for Bacon, in the intention and execution of nature, the individual has definite ontological priority over genera and species. His account becomes an attack on contemporary positions influenced by Albertus Magnus that would subordinate the individual to the universal. Species and genera are there for the sake of the production of the individual. He states, "In no other field are the authorities in such disagreement." Even Aristotle seems to contradict himself. Bacon finds a correct answer in the Metaphysics of Avicenna:
There are two kinds of nature, universal and particular, Avicenna teaches in the sixth book of [his] Metaphysics." Bacon adds, "Universal [nature] is the governing force of the universe [and is] diffused among the substances of the heavens [and] throughout all the bodies in the world; it is [that] in which all bodies agree and through which all are maintained at a certain general level of perfection and well being. This universal nature is the corporeal nature that is designated in the second genus, which is [that of] body, and this nature excludes all incompatible things which are abhorrent to the whole universe, such as a vacuum. ([OHI, II], 92 = TTUM, 85–86)
We see then that Bacon understands universal nature as supervening on a world of distinct individual natures such that corporeal action is contiguous and that a vacuum is excluded. The "particular nature" is the directing power of the species with its individuals, and is divisible into the directive power of the species and of the individual. The example he gives is from embryology: there is the directing power of the species intending the production of the human in general; it intends the production of the individual accidentally. And there is the directing power of the individual, which aims at the determinate individual human as such and mankind in general. As he puts it, "the universal is prior to the particular in [both] the work and execution of nature, but is posterior in intent" ([OHI,II], 93 = TTUM, 87). He then states the ontological priority of the individual over universals as follows:
But if we would speak about the universal nature that is the directing power of the universe, [we should say that] it intends and brings about an individual first and principally, about which there is mention in the Book of the Six Principles. Nature operates in a hidden manner in things: once a determinate man is generated, man as such is generated. And the cause of this is that one individual excels all universals in the world, for a universal is nothing but the agreement of many individuals. ([OHI,II], 94, = TTUM, 86)
He distinguishes the absolute nature of an individual as something absolute, that is, "that which constitutes it and enters its essence." This absolute nature of an individual is ontologically more important than that by which one individual has some agreement with another. One can notice that Bacon is now writing as a person with a theological interest: "And because all the things which I am treating are for the sake of theology, it is clear through theological reasons that a universal is not [favorably] compared to singulars. For God did not make this world for the sake of universal man, but for singular persons…Therefore, speaking plainly and absolutely, we must say that an individual is prior in nature [to a universal] both in operation and in intent," and so "…it is necessary that the ranking according to prior and posterior be denominated absolutely and simply from the governing power of an individual…" ([OHI,II], 94–95 = TTUM, 88–89). Bacon knows that he is defending a position in rank opposition to the common view: "Since the whole rabble [at Paris] holds the contrary position, because of certain authorities, the views of the latter must be presented" ([OHI,II], 96 =TTUM, 90).
This account has given rise to opposing interpretations. Theodore Crowley (1950) saw in these passages the beginnings of late medieval nominalism that would find its expression in William of Ockham. Thomas S. Maloney (1985) challenged this reading and argued that the later Roger Bacon, like the earlier Bacon, was not a nominalist but a moderate realist. Perhaps we should hold that there are elements of proto-nominalism in this account in the Communia naturalium. In his important essay on individuation in the fourteenth century, Jorge J.E. Gracia (1991) argues for seeing this text and others as the beginning of the strict tradition of late medieval nominalism.
Bacon understands the soul to be a spiritual substance in union with the Body. At this early stage, he does not hold the Avicennian notion of a separate agent intellect. In union with the body, the soul has two intellects, potential and agent. The former is directly connected with the sensitive powers and the object of this intellect is the singular material thing. The agent intellect is directed upward and knows spiritual beings in its own essence. For Bacon, there is a kind of confused innate knowledge in the soul. This is not a Platonic idea. It is more like a disposition that inclines the soul towards knowledge of the truth. Still, it is in some sense an innate knowledge of the first principles of knowledge. The agent intellect illuminates the images and frees them from specific material conditions. The universals are then impressed on the potential intellect.
In his second set of Questiones on Aristotle, Bacon identifies the potential intellect with the intellective soul, and it is now both a spiritual substance and a form of the body. As a spiritual substance, it has confused innate knowledge of spiritual substances. As united with the body, it has become an empty slate open to knowledge. It is helped towards new knowledge by means of impressed intelligible species given by the agent intellect, and this enables the potential intellect to proceed to new knowledge.
In his Communia naturalium, Bacon explains that he wrote his account of sensation, the sensitive soul, and perception in the Perspectiva as a criticism of the common teaching of the Aristotelian teachers in the schools. Further, he comes to the conclusion in the Opus maius that the greater philosophers in the Greek, Islamic, and Christian traditions maintained that the Agent Intellect is God, the source and agent of illumination. He now makes this position his own, and attacks those teachers who hold that the agent and the potential intellects are parts of the soul.
Bacon's short treatise on the soul in CN is titled Distinctio tertia de anima. It provides an interesting window on contemporary debates c. 1267–70 at Paris. It belongs with Aquinas's masterful polemic, De unitate intellectus contra averroistas, Siger of Brabant on Aristotle's De anima, and Richard Rufus's treatise Contra averroistas (Hackett, 1997b) in the debates on Averroism.
He divides the work into seven chapters: (1) On the production of the parts of the soul; (2) On the Sensitive Soul; (3) On the Unity and Plurality of the Intellectual Soul; (4) On the Composition of the Rational Soul; (5) On the Powers of the Soul: whether they are parts of the soul; (6) On the Vegetative Soul; and (7) On the Parts of the Intellectual Soul.
The first chapter reviews the common teaching since 1250. Having noted that before 1250, all philosophers and theologians held that the vegetative and sensitive souls came to be by way of natural generation and that the intellectual soul came from the outside, Bacon says, "And still to this day (c. 1269–70) the English theologians and all true lovers of wisdom (philosophantes) uphold this position" ([OHI, IV], 282), that is, that the intellectual soul alone is created by God while the vegetative and sensitive souls in the human are produced from the potency of matter in accordance with the laws of nature. He argues that those opposed to this position rely on the Pseudo-Augustine, De spiritu et anima, and on the De ecclesiasticis dogmatibus by Gennadius. Those who follow these sources, he states, hold that "the vegetative and sensitive souls are co-created with the intellectual soul…" He describes this as a kind of 'folk-psychology'. For Bacon and "all philosophers," embryology shows that the embryo is nourished and grows prior to the infusion of the intellectual soul. Bacon states the problem as follows:
But if the vegetative and sensitive souls were co-created with the intellective soul, as many moderns teach publicly, then, they would not precede the intellective soul in being. And so these people are forced to claim that one needs a double vegetative and sensitive soul, one that is produced from the potency of matter through the power of nature; the other is created with the intellective soul…But no authorities hold this position, and experts in philosophy, therefore, dismiss it as nonsense. ([OHI, IV], 283)
Henry of Ghent among others advocated this doctrine of the co-creation of souls.
In the second chapter, Bacon attacks some of the leading philosophers at Paris: "But the leaders of the common philosophers at Paris fall into other deadly errors, which the theologians contradict" ([OHI, IV], 284). For about ten years, the leader of the philosophers, "an erroneous and famous man," held that "prior to the existence of the rational soul, one must presuppose a specific substantial difference educed from the potency of matter which places man in the species of animal, such that the intellective soul does not do so…This is contrary to the philosophy of Aristotle and to all authors" ([OHI, IV], 284–85). A study of the Questiones on De anima indicates the earlier Parisian tradition out of which Bacon is working (Bernardini, 2009). In the third chapter, Bacon makes explicit the object of his polemic. It is the view commonly ascribed to Siger of Brabant and the so-called Radical Aristotelians (Latin Averroists). Bacon states: "We are concerned with this second proposition on the unity and plurality of the intellective soul. Therefore, they [the Latin Averroists] argue that the intellective soul (anima intellectiva) is one in number among all human beings. Therefore, they cover their error when they are compelled [to respond] stating that 'through philosophy it is not possible to hold anything else, nor is it possible to have any other position through reason alone, but only through faith alone'" ([OHI, IV], 286–87). This is the proposition that is analyzed and critiqued by Thomas Aquinas in his De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas (1269) [TUIA]. It is also closely related to the celebrated doctrine of double truth imputed to the Latin Averroists by their Franciscan opponents. Bacon's arguments, like those of Aquinas, deal specifically with philosophical reasons for the mistaken positions of the Averroists. The first two arguments are moral arguments: if there were one identical intellect in all humans, the same person would be both virtuous and vicious. The denial that 'this individual human thinks' is contrary to both philosophy and faith. This is contrary to the Nicomachean Ethics and would lead to a destruction of moral philosophy.
The remaining arguments hold that the doctrine destroys "the laws of nature," that is, of natural philosophy and psychology. First, he presents Aristotle's arguments against the transmigration of souls. Second, he argues that this intellect would be infinitized and in power equal to God. Third, he addresses the important issue of the connection between diverse imaginations and the intellective soul. This could lead to the same person being learned and ignorant at the same time in respect of the same things. Again, injury to the sensory organs can lead to a person becoming insane. If the sensory organs work, the existence of diverse imaginations will not differentiate the intellect in different persons. Fourth, there will be no unified object of knowledge. Bacon distinguishes between the single object of the intellect and the "intelligible species" by means of which we know that object:
For when it will be argued that the species will be multiplied in diverse persons, I concede that the diverse representations of the same thing can be present to diverse persons because the thing itself produces its species according to every diameter, as was proved in De multiplicatione specierum. And so, just as in the diverse parts of the air the species of the same thing are diverse, and come to the eyes of different perceivers, so it is the case with the intellects of different persons. ([OHI, IV], 289)
Thus, he makes a basic distinction between the thing which is the object of knowledge and the representations (intelligible species) by which one knows them. Fifth, Bacon holds that the Averroists leave no room for new knowledge. Sixth, against the Averroist position that all logicians and grammarians must have the one same knowledge, Bacon holds that one must distinguish between the cognitive habit by which the soul knows anything knowable and the object of knowledge in the sense of "the object of knowledge," which is a unity. Seventh, based on Aristotle's teaching on the passiones animae (species/concepts), he holds that just as the soul is multiplied, so too will knowledge be multiplied. And so in a real sense, there is distinct and different knowledge in different human beings.
Chapters four to seven on the parts of the soul place Bacon in the context of the Franciscan and Dominican arguments on the parts of the soul. These chapters show that Bacon was very active in the early debates at Paris in which the unity of substantial form in Aquinas was strongly criticized by the Franciscan School. Bacon is so critical of Aquinas's position that he deems it heretical. He defends the notion of plurality of forms while strongly arguing for the essential substantial unity of the human being. Bacon also uses his remarks to let the reader know that his study of Perspectiva was undertaken to criticize the common teaching on natural philosophy (including psychology) and medicine at the University of Paris.
This short treatise has the advantage of contextualizing Bacon's works in the 1260s in terms of the debates on Latin Averroism. It would appear that Bacon, like Bonaventure and Pecham, was an explicit opponent of the young teachers of the Arts at Paris, especially Siger of Brabant. That Pecham and Bacon shared a common philosophical position has recently been disputed (Hackett, 2013 forthcoming). And it would appear that Bacon's treatises such as the Perspectiva were written with this context in mind. Since, as we have noted above, Bacon provided a philosophical critique of the issues concerning Latin Averroism already as a teacher at Paris in the 1240s, we should see his intervention in the debates of 1266–72 as the criticism of an emeritus Professor of Philosophy, now engaged with the theological arguments of the schools at Paris.
5. Bacon's Later Philosophy: Language Study and Science in the Service of Both Moral Philosophy and Theology
At the beginning of the Opus maius and related works, Bacon offers a structural critique of scholastic practice in the universities. He favors both language study and science over the "Sentence-Method" as a way of interpreting the texts of Scripture. And he advocates training in mathematics and the sciences as requirements for students in theology. Second, Bacon's later works on language and science are written in the specific historical and political context of the Mongol invasion of Europe, the sack of Baghdad in 1258 by the Mongols, and the geo-political situation of a Europe hemmed in by both the Mongols and Islam. His sense of world geography was aided by the travel reports of William of Rubruck [Southern, WVI]. The wider historical context for Bacon's concerns has recently been outlined by Amanda Power (Power, 2013). The overall division of the Opus maius is Platonic/Stoic: language study, natural philosophy/mathematics, morals. The general context is theological and Franciscan: the arts and sciences leading to human well being in this world and the next. It is also clear that Bacon is constructing a "new model" for medieval philosophy, one in which Aristotelian concerns are taken up and transcended in a Neo-Platonism adapted to moral philosophy and Christian theology. Metaphysics is taken up and completed in Moral Philosophy. The latter becomes the end of linguistic and scientific study. Logic is reduced to mathematics, and the applications of mathematics become central to an understanding of the sciences (Perler, 2005). The applications of mathematics can in turn be used in religion and theology. Therefore, in his later works, especially in the Perspectiva and Scientia experimentalis, Bacon will define experientia-experimentum in a distinctly new manner, one that takes up and also goes beyond the use of this term in Aristotle and in Bacon's own Questiones from the 1240s. Peter King has recently claimed that Ockham was the first to create this new definition of experientia-experimentum (2003). He is correct that this definition is found in Ockham, but not in claiming that this concept began with Ockham. The concept is formulated in the scientific works of Roger Bacon and is found in a number of Franciscan writers including John Pecham well before the age of Ockham (Hackett, 2009).
Part one examines "the causes of error" in education and is critical of some theological limits on science. These causes are: belief in unworthy authority; long custom; uncritical popular opinion; concealment of academic ignorance in a display of rhetorical wisdom. The polemic is presented as one of conflict among the canon lawyers and theologians at Paris concerning the reception of Aristotle and recent works on Greek and Arabic sciences, especially astronomy/astrology.
Part two contains the pre-Cartesian view of truth and wisdom as a result of a universal revelation to the Hebrews that was transmitted through the Greeks, Romans, and Islam to medieval Christianity. This view would be influential in Philosophy up to the age of Francis Bacon and Descartes. Roger Bacon links it to a doctrine of illumination taken from Augustine, Avicenna, and the commentary on the Pseudo-Ptolemy: Centiloquium. He contrasts the tradition of the great philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle with the mythical traditions from ancient times.
Part three deals with language study, grammar, semantics, and semiotics, and contains Bacon's general theory of signs. The 1978 discovery by the late Jan Pinborg and his colleagues of De Signis, a missing section of part three, led to intense study of Bacon's semiotics and the philosophy of language in his later works. Bacon's proposals are radical.
Bacon's concerns with language in his later works transgress the disciplinary boundaries of the medieval university. First, he demands that the universities study the Wisdom languages, i.e., Hebrew, Greek, Latin in one list, or Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Chaldean in another. He wrote Greek and Hebrew grammars (GGHG). Bacon takes Latin as a model for a natural language, the "mother language" of the West. For Bacon, this language is dependent on Greek and Hebrew. He distinguishes the "vulgar language" or "language of the laity" from the "language of learning" of the clergy. For him, vulgar language cannot be used in learning; it does not have an adequate technical vocabulary.
Bacon's relative originality consists in the fact that he brings together the semantic and semiotic concerns of both Arts and Theology or, as one might say, Aristotle and Augustine. From these concerns, he develops his own novel theory of the sign. Indeed, Bacon uses the words signification and its cognates in a manner quite different from the traditional position.
The commonly used medieval definition of a sign was substitutional or representational: "A sign is that which shows itself to the senses and presents something else to the intellect." This definition is similar to that of Augustine in De dialectica: "A sign is something which is itself sensed and which indicates something beyond the sign itself." In this case, the parts of our language are given by either God or the human so that the thoughts of the speaker can be communicated to the mind of the hearer. The expressions in language stand for the thoughts of the speaker and represent them to the hearer. In De signis, Bacon provides the following definition: "For the sign is that which, offered to the senses or to the intellect, represents itself to that intellect, since not every sign is offered to the senses as the common definition of sign supposes. However, on the testimony of Aristotle, another kind is offered only to the intellect." He states that the passiones anime (concepts/species) are signs of things, and such passiones are habits of the soul and species (representations/intentions) of the thing existing for the soul, and therefore, "they are offered only to the intellect so that they represent external things to that intellect" ([DS], 82). Some interpreters claim that Bacon's definition of sign is close to that of to that of Augustine in De doctrina Christiana: "For a sign is something that apart from the impression it gives to the senses, also causes something else from itself to be present to the mind." Augustine gives the examples of animal tracks leading us to think of the animal, smoke leading us to think of fire, human expressions leading to our understanding the mood of a person, and soldiers answering the call of the trumpet in battle and then knowing where to march.
One can see that Bacon in a manner uncommon for his times relates Augustine's definition of sign to the inferential notion of sign in the works of Aristotle. And so one can also see how Bacon, influenced by Kilwardby and Fischacre, unites the different concerns of the philosopher and the theologian.
Bacon continues and states: "The sign is in the predicament of relation." This may sound innocent, but in Bacon's account it has the effect of transforming the traditional relation between a sign and its meaning, either a thing or a concept. The theologians were aware of a twofold relation: that of sign to thing signified and sign to the perceiver of the sign. For the majority of theologians, the first relation is an essential and permanent relation; the latter is accidental and non-permanent. Bacon reverses this. He remarks,
The sign is in the predicament of relation and is spoken of essentially in reference to the one for whom it signifies. For it posits that thing in act when the sign itself is in act and in potency when the sign itself is in potency. But unless some were able to conceive by means of this sign, it would be void and vain. Indeed, it would not be a sign, but would have remained a sign only according to the substance of a sign. But it would not be a definition of the sign, just as the substance of the father remains when the son is dead, but the relation of paternity is lost. ([DS], 81)
And so it is not sufficient that a sign have reference to what it signifies (accusative) in order to be a sign; it is also required that it have an interpreter (dative) for whom it signifies. In medieval theology, the thing signified (accusative) has priority, and was true even if there were no interpreters. The notion of this two-way relation is found in Bonaventure, Rufus, and Fishacre among others, and the thing signified holds ontological priority over the relationship of sign to perceiver. The forthcoming edition of Fishacre on signs will enable scholars to gain a better view of the issues at stake in this debate.
For Bacon, the communicative relation to a hearer is basic, and the relation to the thing signified is important but secondary in the whole context of communication. The common theological teaching held that the relation of sign to thing signified is primary and fundamental. Once a name has been instituted, it does not change. And so, the name 'Caesar' can be used of both the living and the dead Caesar. Against Rufus and Bonaventure, Bacon held that this introduced ambiguity into language. Even in the case of ordinary signs such as that of a tavern, they remain a sign only potentially if there are no customers or staff.
Bacon's own classification of signs introduces distinctions that reflect an integration of Augustine and Aristotle:
1. Natural Signs
1.1 signifying by concomitance, inference, and consequence
1.1.1 Necessarily 1.1.2 Probability 1.2 signifying by configuration and likeness 1.3 cause and effect
2. Intentional Signs purposefully generated:
2.1 Signifying conventionally by means of a concept:
2.1.1 Linguistic signs by way of imperfect deliberation: interjections 2.1.1 Linguistic signs by way of perfect [completed] deliberation: other parts of speech 2.1.3 Non-linguistic signs (language of gestures, monk-signs, sign-boards) 2.2 Signifying naturally, in the mode of affect
2.2.1 Products of the sensitive soul: animal sounds 2.2.2 Products of the rational soul: groans, exclamations, cries of pain
The distinction between 1 and 2 is taken from Augustine's De doctrina Christiana. Bacon himself claims that he worked out the typology himself prior to finding it in Augustine's great work on interpretation. Modern scholars, however, believe that he must in some way have borrowed it from Augustine. The distinction between 2.1 and 2.2 is taken from the Aristotelian tradition as handed down by Boethius. Type 1 signs occur naturally as part of the agency of nature. Type 2 are signs only because they have been willfully created as such by deliberation; included here are linguistic and non-linguistic signs. However, Type 2.2 are designated 'natural' in a sense that is different from Type 1. These sounds and groans are products of nature and happen instinctively but in an "animate" action.
Interjections are a problem. They are parts of language, conventional signs, and so conceptual, yet they are emitted suddenly and often due to pain. They are similar in a way to the groans of animals (Type 2.2). This discussion is common to writers on grammar and logic from the 1240s, especially in the works of Richard Kilwardby and similar authors.
The signs in 1.1 on natural consequence indicate that Bacon has integrated not only Aristotle and Augustine but also the work of Averroes on the Rhetoric of Aristotle. Thomas S. Maloney has argued that Aristotle's De anima plays an important role in Bacon's distinction between signs by nature and signs by intention. Bacon provides an analysis of ambiguity and equivocation in the De signis and Compendium studii theologiae (Maloney 1984).
5.2.1 Bacon and the Semiotic Triangle
In the traditional semiotic triangle inherited from Plato and Aristotle, the sign is a symbol and symptom of the passiones animae (concepts/species) in the soul and the latter in turn have a relation of similitude to extra-mental things. And so the relation of sign to thing is indirect. Bacon gets rid of the mediation of concepts/species and has the sign refer directly to the object. In this way, Bacon substitutes an extensional relation for an intensional relation. Words can directly refer to individual things, be they single objects in the world, mental objects, or philosophical concepts. Primarily, then, words refer strictly to the present object. Reference to past or future objects will require the extension of univocal terms by means of analogy or metaphor. Simply because a sign exists, it will not follow from that alone that the object of the sign exists. As we saw above, without the interpreter of the sign, a sign is a sign in name only or potentially. Bacon does not deny the existence of the concept/species, but notes that a second imposition of meaning is required to name it. As Umberto Eco puts it, "Bacon definitely destroys the semiotic triangle that was formulated since Plato, by which the relationship between words and referents is mediated by the idea, or by the concept, or by the definition." The relation of sign to concept is reduced to that of a symptom, which is no longer a symbol. Here one can see the preparation of the ground for the semiotics of William of Ockham and late medieval nominalism.
5.4 Opus maius/Parts Four, Five and Six: Mathematics and Philosophy of Nature (De multiplicatione specierum, Perspectiva, Scientia Experimentalis)
Parts four, five, and six of the Opus maius present the main themes of Bacon's contribution to scientific education. It is important to see his main contribution to science as one who advocated "scientific education" in an Arts Faculty that was predominantly dedicated to linguistic arts. Bacon had a very wide reading knowledge of most of the newly translated work from Greek, Jewish, and Islamic Philosophy and Science. His major claim to fame in science is that he is the first Latin Western thinker to comprehend and write on most of the ancient sources of optics. In brief, he initiates the tradition of Optics/Perspectiva in the Latin world. This tradition would be formulated as teaching text by his contemporaries Pecham and Witelo, and then taken up by the tradition leading to Kepler and Descartes. In his Perspectiva and De scientia experimentali, Bacon outlines a sketch for a scientific method, one that takes optics as the model for an experimental science. In fact, he succeeded in his endeavor in that Perspectiva was added to the four traditional university subjects of the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music.
Opus maius, Part four, deals with mathematics and the applications of mathematics. Bacon presents reasons for a reduction of logic to mathematics (a kind of reversal of modern logicism) and sees mathematics as the key to an understanding of nature (Perler, 2005). Clearly, he is proclaiming the "usefulness" of mathematics for knowledge; he is not doing mathematical theory. Following his abbreviation of the De multiplicatione specierum, which shows how mathematics might be applied to physics, he deals with the application of astronomy/astrology to human affairs, the uses of mathematics in religious rites as in chronology, music, symbolism, calendar reform, and geographical knowledge, and a resume of astrology. It used to be thought that Bacon was a Platonist in his view of the absolute priority of mathematics. More recently, that view has been seriously qualified. He does not reduce physics to mathematics. Indeed, his explicit work on mathematics, the Communia mathematica, is not an exercise in mathematics, but a presentation of the "common notions" that are important for a variety of mathematical practices. Bacon himself acknowledges those who were better mathematicians, namely, John of London, Pierre de Maricourt, and Campanus of Novara (Molland in Hackett, 1997a). In general, Bacon is more interested in how mathematics can contribute to knowledge of the world as an aid to missionary activity. He sent a map of the world to the Pope.
Bacon was very interested in the applications of astronomy/astrology to human events. Federici Vescovini (2011) has now provided the essential context and linkage between medieval magic and philosophy, enabling scholars to grasp the dimensions of fate and freedom as understood by medieval philosophers and theologians. Although committed to Freedom of the will, Bacon held to a deterministic notion of causation in nature based on the Introductorium Maius in Astronomiam of the Islamic authority on Astrology, Abu Ma' Shar (Albumassar), on the De radiis of Al-Kindi, and on the Centiloquium by Pseudo-Ptolemy (Ahmed Ibn Yusuf). And since he held to a doctrine of universal radiation in nature, he had to account for the influence of the heavens on the human body and hence indirectly on the human mind. Much of the polemic in his later works consists of a justification of this interest in an astrologically necessitated universe in the face of traditional theological objections. These works play a big role as background for his natural philosophy in De multiplicatione specierum. He was also interested in alchemy. It was his determined interest in some of these areas of study that led to disagreement with his superiors in the Franciscan Order, specifically, Bonaventure.
5.4.1 The Philosophy of Nature
Bacon's treatise De multiplicatione specierum, his major later work on physics, written before 1267, is closely related to the study of light, vision, and perception in the Perspectiva. David C. Lindberg (DMP, Introduction) has noted that Bacon takes Grosseteste's physics of light, a development of Al-Kindi's universal radiation of force, out of its metaphysical background and develops a universal doctrine of physical causation.
Lindberg had already traced the history of the emanation theory of light from Plotinus to Bacon. What Bacon achieves is a comprehensive theory of physical force divorced from psychological, moral, and religious interpretation. As Lindberg puts it (DMP, Introduction) Bacon does not deal in this work with the divine illumination of the intellect, universal hylomorphism, the plurality of forms (properly qualified), and the separability of soul. He presents a full theory of the physics of light. Species is the first effect of any natural agent. As Lindberg puts it (DMP, Introduction), "This is a complete physical and mathematical analysis of the radiation of force--and, thus, of natural causation."
The use of 'species' in this account is not that of Porphyry's logic or the perceptual notion of likeness. It is "the force or power by which any object acts on its surroundings." It denotes "al-Kindi's universal force, radiating from everything in the world to produce effects." As Bacon himself notes,
species [force, power] is the first effect of an agent…the agent sends forth a species into the matter of the recipient, so that, through the species first produced, it can bring forth out of the potentiality of matter [of the recipient] the complete effect that it intends ([DMS], 6–7). This is a universal theory of natural causation as the background for his philosophy of vision and perception. Most importantly, species is a univocal product of the agent. The first immediate effect of any natural action is definite, specific, and uniform. This production is not the imparting or imposition of an external form. The effect of the species is to bring forth the form out of the active potency of the recipient matter. (DMS, 6–7)
This is also the first attempt in the Latin world to provide separate domains for material and spiritual being. Bacon is adamant on this point: spiritual and material being are entirely separate. Natural causation occurs "naturally," according to regular processes or laws of nature. There is no "spiritual being" in the material medium as was commonly taught by other scholastic philosophers. That is, Bacon objected to the use of the term 'spiritual being in the medium'. No, for Bacon, universal causation is corporeal and material, and matter itself is not just pure potentiality but is rather something positive in itself. So, in terms of explaining 'spiritual/intentional being' in the medium, Bacon is of the view that the introduction of such terms muddy the waters, especially if you are trying to come up with a comprehensive doctrine of physical force. Hence, the general philosophy of nature prepares the theoretical ground for the specific application of mathematics to matters of vision and perception. It also allows for and requires a metaphorical extension of these terms to moral and religious domains.
Recent scholarship on Bacon's philosophy of nature, especially that of Yael Raizman-Kedar (Raizman-Kedar, 2009; Raizman-Kedar, dissertation, University of Haifa, 2009) places great emphasis on the importance of the concept of species for Bacon's account of perception and mind. She is correct to note that Bacon places a kind of natural activity in the mind via species. This leads in her view to natural species having a direct role in intellectual activity as such. One could speak of the direct presence of material, corporeal species in the intellect itself (see section 5.2 above for Bacon's complex discussion of the role of signs in animal and human knowing). Here, and also in the Perspectiva, we can see the importance of the cogitative sense, as it takes on an administrative role in animals analogous to reason in human beings. But in this life, for Bacon, human beings cannot know things in the world without the presence of species in the mind. Species as the expression of universal agency act naturally in nature and in the mind in a certain limited sense. Yet, Raizman-Kedar claims, "the very same species issued by physical objects operate qua material species within the intellect as well." She also claims that the concept of divine illumination plays a secondary role in the acquisition of knowledge, and that Bacon
regarded innate knowledge as dispositional and confused, the species, representing their agents in essence, definition, and operation, arrive in the intellect without undergoing a complete abstraction from matter and retaining the character of agents acting naturally. In this way, Bacon sets the intellect as separate from the natural world not in an essential way, but rather in degree (my italics), thus supplying a theoretical justification for the ability to access and know nature. (Raizman-Kedar, 2009, 131)
Raizman-Kedar correctly stresses the central role of species (material/corporeal) in the acquisition of intellectual knowledge of material particular things in the world. Further, she carefully distinguishes between the role of hearing and sight in the knowledge process.
A forthcoming paper by Jeremiah Hackett (2013) raises questions about this conclusion. He points to a significant problem with the translation of a central passage in Perspectiva in support of this position. Further, by placing Bacon alongside his confrère, one can see that the doctrine of divine illumination plays a central role in pure intellectual knowledge. Yes, the material species are a necessary but not a sufficient element in the acquisition of pure intellectual knowledge. Without the illuminative process within from above, pure intellectual vision is blocked. It is not at all clear that one can claim that Bacon is a material monist. Bacon's separation of the account of physical species in the DMP could lead one to think he has to be a material monist, even with regard to species in the medium, sense, and reason. And there is one sense in which this is true. But in the end, as he states in both the DMP and the PRSP, matter and spirit are two entirely separate kinds of substance. Hence, at a deep level, Bacon is a substance dualist (medieval version).
5.4.2 The Perspectiva and De speculum comburentibus (1266–67)
In his Perspectiva and related works, Bacon presents his model for a careful and detailed application of mathematics to the study of nature and mind. In imitation of the De aspectibus of Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham), he provided an application of geometry to vision that within the terms of reference of his times was successful. But he is critical of both Alhacen and Ptolemy. He sees himself as answering some of the optical problems not solved by either author.
Bacon's approach to vision and perception, however, is not an exercise in modern mathematical optics. It should be seen as the sketch of a physics of light as the basis for a philosophy of perception and mind. The account of visual perception in terms of natural philosophy, medicine, and philosophy of mind is found in Part one and a section of Part two. The account of Perspectiva sets out a consideration of direct, reflected, and refracted rays, and ends with the application of geometrical models for moral and religious considerations.
Part one and also distinctiones one and two of Part two deal with the structure of the eye, problems of vision, and visual errors. The aim is psychological and epistemological, that is, Bacon sets out the conditions for certifiable/verifiable and certain perception. The theory of the eye is taken from the Galenic tradition handed down in Constantine the African's translation of Hunyan Ibn Isaq and from Avicenna and Alhacen. For this tradition, vision occurs when the crystalline humor is altered by the intromission of visual species from the object. Vision is completed when the species proceeds through the vitreous humor to the optic nerve and through this to the common nerve. It is here that a common visual judgment is made. Throughout the text, Bacon makes reference to the kind of visual knowledge possessed by animals, especially in the context of a discussion of the cogitative sense (Hackett, 2013a). Bacon follows Ibn al-Haytham and imposes a geometrical model on the eye, enabling him to give a geometrical account of radiation through the eye. How then does one avoid confusion in vision and gain verifiable clarity? For Bacon, the perpendicular ray is primary; the other rays are treated as cases of indirect vision, refracted in the rear surface of the crystalline humor.
Bacon is next concerned with optical illusions, inverted images, magnification, vision of distant objects, the moon illusion, and such matters. He seeks in a rational and experimental manner to solve the puzzles found in Ptolemy, Alhacen, and others. Still, he is a child of his sources, which do not provide him with the more advanced data and mathematical method that arose only later, in the seventeenth century. But they do provide him with a functional qualitative geometry of the eye and vision based on the best Greek and Islamic science. Bacon is committed to an intromission theory of vision, though he combines it with an extramissionist theory that avoids the anthropomorphisms of earlier extramissionist theories. He uses the latter theory mainly to emphasize the active role of the eye in vision.
In Parts two and three, he is to some extent successful in applying geometry to problems of direct, reflected, and refracted vision. He moved the study of these matters to a new level. The geometrical arguments are worked out with careful diagrams and various appeals are made to "experimental" conditions. What are these conditions? Some of them are simple thought-experiments or even reports of actual experiments from earlier writers. It seems clear, however, that Bacon himself did experimental work with pinhole images, lenses, and discrete observations. This does not lead to a pure geometrization of nature, however, and he inevitably falls back on physical, perceptual, and metaphysical arguments. One might argue that he lacks the notion of infinity that is present in modern geometry.
Bacon introduces another important item for science. He refers to the "laws of reflection and refraction" as leges communes nature. In his account of nature in Communia naturalium and the later works in general, Bacon's view is that a general law of nature governs universal force. This universal law of nature is imposed on a world of Aristotelian natures. This notion would have a significant future in experimental science.This concept of a universal law of nature has been highlighted by M. Schramm (1998). It has now been taken up by Yael Raizman-Kedar and Professor Giora Hon, who are studying the development of universal laws of nature from Roger Bacon to the Early Modern Period.
Bacon ends Part three with an account of how a better understanding of natural phenomena could lead to a more accurate knowledge of the natural phenomena mentioned in Scripture. He finds in visual phenomena significant metaphors and analogies for use in moral and religious teaching. A solution to David C. Lindberg's queries about Bacon's attempt to combine elements of the intromissionist and extramissionist theories of vision is addressed here. At one level, it seems to be an akward combination of two conflicting theories of vision. This combination can be understood when one notes that Bacon is making use of the important issue of grace and free will issue as the moral-religious background for his discussion of vision (see Hackett, 2012). In other words, genuine theological concerns influence the manner in which Bacon constructs his analysis of vision in the Perspectiva. Thus, the analyses of Ptolemy and Alhacen had to be synthesized within a definite theological framework.
Direct evidence of Bacon's influence here in making science available for an educated public is seen in the use of his work by Pierre de Limoges in his influential text, De oculo morali (On the Moral Eye), written at Paris between 1275 and 1289. MS Paris, BN Lat. 7434, owned by Pierre de Limoges, contains an early copy of Bacon's Perspectiva. All of this suggests Pierre de Limoges, (magnus theologus et astronomus) as a very early reader of Bacon's works (Newhauser, 2001). Both are genuinely committed to the improvement of the task of the preacher. Here, we see the priority for Bacon of preaching over theology, or rather, the latter is in service to the former (Johnson, 2009).
5.4.3 On the Nature of Experimental Science: De scientia experimentali (1266–67)
Presupposing the Perspectiva, in De scientia experimentali and in related works on the halo and on burning mirrors Bacon situates this new scientific practice as a desired area of study in the medieval university. It is consequent on the study of Perspectiva. Starting from Aristotle's account of empeiria (experience), Bacon argues that logical argument alone, even when it originates from experience, is not sufficient for the "verification of things". Even arguments that have their origins in experience will need to be verified by means of an intuition of the things in the world. He distinguishes scientific argument from moral and religious mystical intuition, although he does allow for the notion of a revealed intuition in science. It is this element that clearly separates Bacon's practice from that of modern science. Just as in his concern with the certification of language to gain individual reference, so too in science, Bacon clearly wishes to have a way of certification for knowledge of the individual.
His aim is to provide a method for science, one that is analogous to the use of logic to test validity in arguments. This new practical method consists of a combination of mathematics and detailed experiential descriptions of discrete phenomena in nature. It would be distinguished from the conjurations of magic and from moral and religious belief. It would also be different from philosophy of nature and from broad optical knowledge. These two areas are important for experimental science, but they constitute general principles, so that in themselves and without experiment, they do not provide access to minute, detailed experiments. Nevertheless, for his description of the first example of an experimental science, the study of the rainbow, Bacon depends on the accounts handed on by Aristotle, Seneca, and Avicenna. He is not uncritical of these accounts.
The context for Bacon's writing on topics from the Meteorology of Aristotle came from the presence in Paris of the new translation of this work from Greek into Latin. With the recent critical edition of the Aristoteles Latinus version of the Meteorology, it is clear that Bacon is deliberately offering a criticism of William of Moerbeke's translation (Hackett, 2011). Bacon contends that the translations are not adequate and that the translator did not know the required sciences, especially Perspectiva, proposing instead a more accurate mathematical analysis of the phenomenon of the rainbow.
Bacon's own important contribution is to be found in his calculation of the measured value of 42 degrees for the maximum elevation of the rainbow. This was probably done with an astrolabe, and in this, Bacon advocates the skillful mathematical use of instruments for an experimental science. That Bacon had mathematical competence in this field can be seen in his account of the halo in the Opus tertiium (OQHI) and in his complex arguments in De speculis comburentibus. Bacon takes up Grosseteste's theory of refraction and tries to work out the difficulties in the latter. It would appear at first glance that Bacon is rejecting the notion of refraction out of hand (Lindberg 1966), but in fact he is only demonstrating that refraction as formulated by Grosseteste did not make experimental or rational sense. Bacon knew the rules governing the geometry of refraction. Important here is his emphasis on the role of individual drops of water for the process of reflection and refraction. A correct account of the rainbow would appear some forty years after Bacon in the De iride of Theodoric of Freiberg (d. c. 1307) [TFT], with his account of a single reflection and double refraction in single drops of water.
A second task for experimental science is the discovery by ‘experience’ alone of instruments (e.g., the armillary sphere), new medical cures, chemical discovery, and military technologies. An important item here is the discovery of magnetism. It would seem that Bacon is reporting on the actual experimental work of Magister Petrus Peregrinus (fl. 1260–77), author of De magnete, who is lauded in the Opus tertium as the only worthwhile "experimentalist" at Paris (see Silvia Nagel, forthcoming). Bacon has been lauded down the centuries for his medical learning, but recent scholarship has limited the number of works attributed to Bacon. Still, it is important to note that he did draw on medical practice to set out rules and procedures. Here, the recent research of Agostino Paravicini-Bagliani (1991, 2000) shows that Bacon shared these interests with other outstanding scholars such as Peter of Spain (Pope John XXI). The very concept of the 'prolongation of life' so forcefully proposed by Bacon in his later works found very receptive readers at the Papal Curia in Viterbo. The Papal Curia had by 1266 become a center for medical and scientific study. The third task is that of the prognostication of the future on the basis of astronomical/astrological knowledge.
The conclusion to the De scientia experimentali is important. Bacon presents the ideal of the "philosophical chancellor" who will organize science and its technological products for the benefit of Res publica Christiana. In this, he is influenced by the important "Mirror of Princes" from the Islamic World, the Sirr-al-‘asrar (Secretum secretorum) (OHI, V). Stewart C. Easton (1952) proposed that this work was the guiding vision for Bacon's reform of science. Williams (1994) has argued that Bacon completed the edition of this work after his return to Oxford ca. 1280. Still, there is much cross reference between this work and Bacon's writings in Paris ca. 1266–71.
David C. Lindberg (in Hackett, 1997a) has given a succinct summary of Bacon's model for an experimental science [RBS]. He sees four main aspects. First, Bacon's perspectival theories were not his own creation. He took the best available materials from Greek and Islamic scholars and produced his own synthesis. Second, there is much evidence that Bacon himself did mathematical work and experiments with visual phenomena such as pinhole images and measurement of the visual field. Third, as seen above, Bacon correctly calculated the maximum degree of elevation for the rainbow. Fourth, the experiments in Bacon, especially in the Perspectiva served "theoretically significant functions" by supplying observational data that required explanation in terms of a given optical theory. The usual role of experiment in Bacon is to "confirm, refute, or challenge theoretical claims."
One might have expected Bacon to have given equal treatment to astronomy, but in this field he was a child of his time. He reports on the accounts of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Alfraganus (OHI, IV). He discusses the pros and cons in scholastic, but does not advance the field as he did for Perspectiva.
Bacon's Moralis philosophia (= Opus maius, VII = RBMP) comprises the philosophy of religion, social philosophy, a theory of the virtues, an astrological-sociology of religion and cultures, and an account of argument and rhetoric.
Bacon describes the object of moral inquiry as follows: "This science is preeminently active, that is, operative, and deals with our actions in this life and the other life" ([RBMP], 3). It is focused on human action. Of course, many human actions deal with issues that are the concern of the natural and linguistic sciences. Bacon notes that these sciences are active and operative but concerned "…with artificial and natural works which refer to the speculative intellect, and they are not concerned with those things which refer to the practical intellect, which is called practical because it exercises operations of good and evil" ([RBMP], 3). These works of the human being (operabilia) are "…more difficult to know than the objects of speculative knowledge." These include "…the highest truths concerning God and divine worship, eternal life, the laws of Justice, the glory of peace, and the sublimity of the virtues" ([RBMP], 247). For Bacon, the human ability to deal with these topics is affected by a certain corruption of the human will.
Moral science has two parts. The first is speculative, dealing with ultimate moral truths. The second deals with the process of moral persuasion: "The practical part is related to the first part as the curing of the sick and the conserving of health, which are treated in practical medicine, are related to that part of medicine which teaches what health is…" ([RBMP], 248).
Part one deals with the object and method of morals science and with an outline of a philosophical anthropology based on Platonic, Aristotelian, and Stoic texts in which Bacon argues for an Augustinian view of the place of human beings in the world. This includes a section on metaphysical proof for God's existence. And the ancient source texts are treated as testifying to the universal religion of Christianity. Part two is a very brief outline of the structure of social life, taken from Avicenna.
Part three, the most substantial in the book, is concerned with virtue and vice. Bacon's own text for this part of the Opus maius still exists and one can see his personal editorial remarks in the margins. He did not have time to write a formal treatise, and so he presents an anthology of texts from Seneca and excerpts from Cicero with comment. This is preceded by a brief resume of Aristotle on the virtues. But it is clear that Bacon favors the image of the Stoic wise person as his model for virtue. Above all, he is concerned with reproducing as much of the Stoic account of virtues as possible, and he is concerned with making the Dialogues of Seneca known to Pope Clement IV. In particular, he is most of all concerned with Seneca's De ira, which he regards as a fundamental text for the moral instruction of princes and prelates. Certainly, Bacon, as he does in the Secretum secretorum, presents himself as a moral advisor to Princes.
Part four provides an astrological sociology of human nations or "sects", relying on the moral/political account of al-Farabi and on the astrological views of Abu Ma'shar (Albumassar). Bacon had a wide knowledge of the world including the customs of the Mongols, and so he compares Mongol, Jewish, Arab, and Pagan civilizations.
Part five deals with the role of rhetoric in moral persuasion. Bacon is convinced that rhetoric is closely connected with logic, and believed that the university system failed by teaching only grammar and logic (linguistics). The omission from the university curriculum of rhetoric and poetics, as found in Aristotle and as interpreted by al-Farabi and Averroes, was in Bacon's view a mistake. He knows the latest translations and remarks:
But al-Farabi has presented to us the meaning of this kind of argument, and Avicenna, al-Ghazali, and Averroes have done likewise. Because of this, one ought to present an account of the nature of poetic argument, and it falls to logic alone to compose such a book, since the composition of argumentation pertains to logic alone…The appropriate presentation of this argument is found in [my] Moralis philosophia, and in its use, and likewise in theological proofs and doctrines; and in such moral matters, this kind of argument moves a [person] much more than does a demonstrative argument since it has much greater power. And I have already composed a treatise on this [rhetorical-poetic] argument in my works on logic, and I have shown there what is proper to this science.
He continues and notes that according to Aristotle and al-Farabi, this argument makes use of appropriate language so that the self can be led to virtue and to overcome of vice. He then links up the Greek and Islamic sources with the regular sources in the Latin tradition such as Cicero, Seneca, and Augustine. And he distinguishes carefully between demonstrative, dialectical, and rhetorical forms of argument.
Bacon devoted considerable time to the study of this work, the Latin translation of the Arabic work on statecraft in the tradition of Mirrors for Princes entitled Sirr-al-‘asrar. He worked on the text at Paris and completed the edition of this text with introduction and notes at Oxford after his return there from Paris c. 1280. This is the most important text on government and the education of the Prince prior to the writing of The Prince by Machiavelli. The work is divided into four parts. Part one begins with the letter of Alexander to Aristotle and deals with the king's maintenance of the kingdom. It deals with virtues, largesse, and gifts. It is an account of the behavior expected of a King. Part two deals with health care, medicine, and the origins of the sciences. Part three deals with alchemy and with the human emotional structure. Part four deals with physiognomy and anthropology. Bacon's introduction is substantial, consisting of seven chapters. It is closely connected with his account of astrology in Opus maius, part four, and with scientia experimentalis in part six. His sources are mostly Islamic and include the De radiis and De aspectibus of al-Kindi and the introduction to astrology of Abu Ma'shar. Bacon proposes a kind of statistical predictive astrology, and so has to deal explicitly with the issue of freedom and determinism. He objects to a kind of infallibilist necessitarianism and thinks that provided "possibility" and "contingency" can be guarded, one can predict what can happen in nature and in human society (due to the effects of the elements on temperament) in a general manner. Thus, the ruler will have need of the astrologer who will function as a kind of doctor, psychologist, sociologist, and political theorist. This is a far cry from a contemplative ethics. It is significant that in the work entitled Errores philosophorum ascribed to Giles of Rome, a contemporary of Bacon at Paris, many of Bacon's sources are severely criticized. In the De regimine principium (1280s), Giles, unlike Bacon, provides a moral education for the prince that is entirely based on Greek and Latin sources, especially on Aristotle.
The idea of secrecy and secret books associated with Roger Bacon continued into the Renaissance (Kavey, 2007), with the depiction of Roger Bacon on stage in a drama by Robert Greene.
It will be clear from this account that Roger Bacon was an important teacher of the Arts at Paris in the 1240s. He was ahead of his time in the vigorous manner in which he integrated the new Aristotle with the traditional Latin traditions of grammar and logic. He taught for a long period in the Arts, but seems to have become an independent scholar by about 1248. He then, it would seem, returned to England, where, under the influence of Adam Marsh, friend of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, he was attracted to interests associated with both scholars: language study including the learning of ancient languages, experimental concerns such as optics and experimental science, and a renewed critical study of the text of Scripture. When Bacon returned to Paris in the 1250s, he was to witness a profound change in the methodology of university learning, that is, the introduction of the "Sentence-Method" into the study of theology. For Bacon, this was a destruction of practices that he associated with Robert Grosseteste. Taking up the flag of the Bishop of Lincoln (d. 1253), he became the great critic of the Parisian mode of doing philosophy and theology. As we saw above, Bacon was already by 1266 very concerned with the new heterodox interpretations of Aristotle found in the Faculty of Arts. His later works for Pope Clement IV must be read in the context of the Parisian Debates on Latin Averroism (1266–1277).
The later Roger Bacon has a good knowledge of the geography and history of the world and an awareness of geo-politics. In this context, he devoted much time to the important work on the education of the Prince, the Secretum secretorum. He may have returned to Oxford c. 1280, if not before. There, he completed his edition, with notes and introduction, of this work. In his last work, the Compendium studii theologiae (c. 1292), he repeats some of the main arguments from the 1260s against Richard Rufus of Cornwall. Roger Bacon set out themes in his philosophy of language and his philosophy of nature that would influence fourteenth century writers such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham, among others. A forthcoming study by Jeremiah Hackett examines the influence of Roger Bacon on the philosophy of mind in John Pecham (Hackett, 2013a). Bacon's influence on the fourteenth century has been documented by Katherine H. Tachau (1988). He is much more important for the philosophy of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries than has hitherto been recognized.
Roger Bacon's Work
|[OQHI]||Opera quaedam hactenus inedita (=Opus tertium, Opus minus, Compendium studii philosophiae, Epistola de secretis operibus Artis et Naturae, et de nullitate Magiae), ed. J. S. Brewer, London, 1859; reprint 1965, Nendeln, Lichtenstein: Kraus.|
|[OMB]||Opus maius, 3 Vols., ed. John Henry Bridges, Oxford and Edinburgh. (Vols. 1 & 2, Oxford 1897; Vol. 3 with corrections, Edinburgh, 1900; reprint, Frankfurt: Minerva, 1964).|
|[UFRB]||F. Gasquet, "An Unpublished Fragment of Roger Bacon," in The English Historical Review, 1894, 495–517; Epistola Fratris Rogeri Baconi, ed. and trs., P. E. Bettoni, Milan, 1964.|
|[GGHG]||The Greek Grammar of Roger Bacon and a Fragment of His Hebrew Grammar, ed. Edmund Nolan and S. A. Hirsch, Cambridge University Press, 1902.|
|[OTFD]||Opus tertium: Fragment, ed. Pierre Duhem, Quarrachi, 1909.|
|[OHI]||Opera hactenus inedita (Vol. I-XVI), ed. Robert Steele, Oxford, 1909–1940.|
|[CSTR]||Fr. Rogeri Bacon Compendium Studii Theologiae, ed. Hastings Rashdall, Aberdeen University Press, 1911.|
|[OTFL]||Part of the Opus tertium of Roger Bacon, including a Fragment Now Printed for the First Time, ed. Arthur George Little, Aberdeen University Press, 1912; reprint, Farnborough, U.K.: Gregg Press, 1966.|
|[WFB]||The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Stebbing, R. L. Ellis, D. D. Heath, London: Longmans, 1870; reprint, Garrett Press Inc., New York, NY, 1968.|
|[TUIA]||Thomas Aquinas, Tractatus de unitate intellectus contra Averroistas, ed. Leo W. Keeler, Rome: Gregorianum, 1946.|
Modern Critical Editions
|[RBMP]||Rogeri Baconis Moralis Philosophia, ed. Eugenio Massa, Zurich: Thesaurus Mundi, 1953.|
|[DS]||”An Unedited Part of Roger Bacon's ‘Opus maius’: ‘De signis,’“ ed. K. M. Fredborg, Lauge Nielsen, Jan Pinborg, Traditio 34 (1978), 75–136.|
|[SD]||Summulae dialectices, ed. Alain de Libera, ”Les Summulae dialectices de Roger Bacon, Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age 53 (1986): 139–289, 54 (1987): 171–278.|
|[CSTM]||Compendium studii theologiae, ed. Thomas S. Maloney, Leiden: Brill, 1988.|
|[DMP]/[DSC]||De multiplicatione specierum and De speculis comburentibus, ed., David C. Lindberg, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.|
|[TFT]||Theodoric of Freiberg, Tractatus de iride et de radialibus impressionibus, eds. L. Sturlese/M.R. Pagnoni-Sturlese, in Corpus Philosophorum Teutonicorum Medii Aevi, II, 4, 1985, 95–286.|
|[PRSP]||Perspectiva, ed. David C. Lindberg, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.|
|[MOA]||Stanton J. Linden, The Mirror of Alchemy, New York: Garland Press, 1992.|
|[TTUM]||Thomas S. Maloney, Three Treatments of Universals by Roger Bacon, Binghamton, New York: MARTS, 1989.|
|[RBASL]||Thomas S. Maloney, Roger Bacon: The Art and Science of Logic, Toronto: PIMS, 2009.|
|[RBOS]||Thomas S. Maloney, Roger Bacon: On Signs, Toronto: PIMS, 2013.|
Richard Rufus of Cornwall
|[IPA]||Richard Rufus of Cornwall, In Physicam Aristotelis, Rega Wood (ed.), Oxford University Press, for The British Academy, (ABMA, XVI), 2003|
- Adamson, Robert, 1876, Roger Bacon: The Philosophy of Science in the Middle Ages, Manchester.
- Anheim, E., et al., 2001, "Exégé judéo-chrétienne, magie et linguistique: un recueil de notes inédites attribuées à Roger Bacon," AHDLMA, 68: 95–154.
- Bourgain, P., 1989, "Les sens de la langue et des langues chez Roger Bacon," in G. Contamine (ed.), Traduction et traducteurs au moyen age, Paris, 317–29.
- Courtenay, W. J., 2009, “Franciscan Learning: Univeresity Education and Biblical Education,” in M. F. Cusato & G. Geltner (eds.), Defenders and Critics of Franciscan Life: Essays in Honor of John V. Fleming, Leiden: Brill, 55–64.
- Crisciani, C., 2006, “Tra Dio, intelletto ed esperienza: aspetti di Segreto nell'Alchimia latina (secoli XIII-XIV),” Micrologus, 14: 193–214.
- Crombie, A. C., 1953, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 100–1700, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Groundbreaking but controversial work on the methodological continuities between medieval and modern science.)
- Crombie, A. C. & North, John, 1970, “Roger Bacon,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography I, New York, Scribners, 377–85.
- Crowley, Theodore, 1950, Roger Bacon: The Problem of the Soul in his Philosophical Commentaries, Louvain/Dublin, 1950. (A study of Bacon's philosophical psychology.)
- De Libera, Alain, 1990, “De la logique à la grammaire: Remarques sur la théorie de la determinatio chez Roger Bacon et Lambert d'Auxerre (Lambert de Lagny),” in G. Bursill-Hall, S. Ebbesen & K. Koerner, eds. De grammatica. A Tribute to Jan Pinborg, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 209–226 (Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 43).
- De Libera, Alain, 1991,“Roger Bacon et la reference vide. Sur quelques antecedents médiévaux du paradoxe de Meinong,” in J. Jolivet, Z. Kaluza, A. De Libera (eds.), Lectionem varietates: Homages á Paul Vignaux, Paris: J. Vrin, 85–120.
- Del Punta, F., Donati, S., Trifogli, C., 1996, “Commentaries on Aristotle's Physics in Britain, ca. 1250–1270,” in John Marenbon (ed.), Aristotle in Britain in the Middle Ages, Turnhout, 265–83.
- Hedwig, Klaus, 2000, “Roger Bacon's Scientia experimentalis,” in Theo Kobush (ed.), Philosophen des Mittelalters, Darmstadt: Primus, 140–51.
- Denery, D. G., II, 2005, Seeing and Being Seen in the Later Medieval World: Optics, Theology and Religious Life, Cambridge University Press.
- Duhem, Pierre, 1915, Le Système du Monde: Histoire des Doctrines Cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic, T. III.
- Easton, Stewart C., 1952, Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purpose, New York: Columbia University Press. (An overview of the later Bacon's philosophical vision with specific emphasis on the influence of the Secretum secretorum.)
- Ebbesen, Sten, 1979, “The Dead Man is Alive,” Synthese 40 (January): 43–70
- Gracia, Jorge J.E., 1991, “The Centrality of the Individual in the Philosophy of the Fourteenth Century,” History of Philosophy Quarterly 8: 235–51.
- Grèvin, B., 2001, “L'hébreu des franciscains: Nouveaux éléments sur la connaissance de l'hébreu en milieu Chrétien au xiiie siècle,” Médiévales, 70(1): 65–82.
- Grèvin, B., 2003, “Entre Magie et Sémiotique: Roger Bacon et les caractères chinois,” Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie médiévales, 41: 65–82.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 1983, “Roger Bacon,” Dictionary of the Middle Ages, New York: Scribner's Sons, Vol. 2, 35–42.
- Hackett, Jeremiah 1992, “Roger Bacon,” in Jeremiah Hackett (ed.), Medieval Philosophers (Dictionary of Literary Biography, 115), Detriot/London, 90–102Charles
- Hackett, Jeremiah (ed.), 1997a, Roger Bacon and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays, Leiden: Brill. (This is a comprehensive review of the various sciences commented on by Roger Bacon. For science, see Molland on Bacon's amthematics, Hackett on astrology and scientia experimentalis, Woodward & Howe on geography/cartography, Van Deusen on music, Lindberg on light, vision and the universal radiation of force, Newman on alchemy, Getz on Roger Bacon and medicine, Williams on the Secretum secretorum.)
- Hackett, Jeremiah, ed, 1997b, Roger Bacon and Aristotelianism, ed. Jeremiah Hackett (= Vivarium 35, 2 (September). (This work is a study of the place of Bacon in the reception of Aristotle. See essays by Marmo, Trifogli, Donati, Wood, Noone, Long, Hackett)
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2005, “Roger Bacon and the Reception of Aristotle in the Thirteenth Century: An Introduction to His Criticism of Averroes,” in Ludger Honnefelder, Ludger, Wood, Rega, Dreyer, Mechthild, Aris, Mark Aeilko, eds. 2005, Albertus Magnus and the Beginnings of the Medieval Reception of Aristotle in the Latin West, Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 219–248.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2006, “Mirrors of Princes, Errors of Philosophers: Roger Bacon and Giles of Rome (Aegidius Romanus) on the Education of the Government (the Prince),” in Howard B. Clarke and J. R. S. Phillips (eds.), Ireland, England and the Continent in the Middle Ages and Beyond: Essays in Memory of a Turbulent Friar, F. X. Martin, OSA, Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 105–127.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2006, “Experience and Demonstration in Roger Bacon: A Critical Review of Some Modern Interpretations,” in Alexander Fidora & Matthias Lutz-Bachmann eds., Erfahrung und Beweis: Die Wissenschaften von der Natur im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert / Experience and Demonstration: The Sciences of Nature in the 13th and 14th Centuries, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 41–58 (Wissenkultur und gesellschaftlicher Wandel 14).
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2008–2009, “Roger Bacon's Concept of Experience: A New Beginning in Medieval Philosophy?,” The Modern Schoolman, Nov-Jan: 123-46.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2011, “Ego Expertus Sum: Roger Bacon's Science and the Origins of Empiricism,” in Thomas Bènatouïl & Isabelle Braelants (eds.), Expertus sum. L'expèrience par les sens dans la philosophie naturelle médiévale, Micrologus Library, 40, 145–73.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2012, “Roger Bacon and the Moralization of Science: From Perspectiva through Scientia Experimentalis to Moralis Philosophia,” in I Francescani E Le Scienze, Spoleto, 371–92.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2013, “Roger Bacon on Animal Knowledge in the Perspectiva,” in Luis Xavier Lòpez-Farjeat & Jörg Alejandro Tellkamp (eds.), Philosophical Psychology in Arabic Thought and The Latin Aristotelianism of the 13th Century, Paris: Vrin, 23–42.
- Hackett, Jeremiah, 2013a, “Agent Intellect and Intelligible Species in Roger Bacon and John Pecham,” Proceedings of the Hannover Medieval Philosophy Symposium 2011, forthcoming.
- Johnson, Timothy J., 2009, “Back to Bacon: Dieter Hattrup and Bonaventure's authorship of the De reductione,” Franciscan Studies, 67: 133–47.
- Johnson, Timothy J., 2010, “Preaching Precedes Theology: Roger Bacon and the Failure of Mendicant Education,” Franciscan Studies 68: 83–95.
- Johnson, Timothy J., 2009, “Roger Bacon's Critique of Franciscan Preaching,” in F. J. Felten, A. Kehnel, S. Weinfurter (eds.), Institution and Charisma: Festschrift für Gert Melville, Vienna, 541–48.
- Johnson, Timothy, J., 2012, Franciscans and Preaching, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
- Kavey, Allison, 2007, “Roger Bacon, Robert Greene's Friar Bacon and the Secrets of Art and Nature,” in Allison Kavey, Books of Secrets: Natural Philosophy in England, 1550–1600, University of Illinois Press, 32–58.
- Kedar, Yael Raizman, 2007, “Questioning Aristotle: Roger Bacon on the True Essence of Color,” Journal of Medieval Latin, 17: 372–85.
- Kedar, Yael Raizman, 2009, “The Intellect Naturalized: Roger Bacon on the Existence of Corporeal Species within the Intellect,” Early Science and Medicine, 14: 131–57.
- Kedar, Yael Raizman, 2009, Species as Signs: Roger Bacon (1220–1292) on Perspectiva and Grammatica, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Haifa.
- King, Peter, 2003, “Two Conceptions of Experience,” Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 11: 203–226.
- Koyré, A., 1957, “The Origins of Modern Science: A New Interpretation,” Diogenes, 4: 421–48.
- Kuhn, Thomas S., 1976, “Mathematical vs. Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, VII-1 (Summer, 1976), 1-31.
- Light, L., 2001, “Roger Bacon and the Origin of the Paris Bible,” Revue Benedictine, 3(3–4): 483–507.
- Lindberg, David C., 1966, “Roger Bacon's Theory of the Rainbow: Progress or Regress,” Isis, 57: 235–49
- Lindberg, David C., 1971, “Lines of Influence in Thirteenth Century Optics: Bacon, Witelo, and Pecham,” Speculum, 46 (January 1971): 66–83.
- Lindberg, David C., 1978, Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lindberg, David C. Lindberg 1983, Studies in the History of Medieval Optics, London: Variorum Reprints.
- Little, A. G., 1914, Roger Bacon Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (These essays, some on Bacon's science, are still valuable).
- Maloney, Thomas S., 1983, “The Semiotics of Roger Bacon,” Medieval Studies, 45: 120–154;
- Maloney, Thomas S., 1984, “Roger Bacon on Equivocation,” Vivarium, 22: 85–112.
- Maloney, Thomas S., 1995, “Is the De doctrina Christiana the source for Bacon's Semiotics,” in Edward D. English (ed.), Reading and Wisdom: The De doctrina Christiana of Augustine in the Middle Ages, Notre Dame & London: University of Notre Dame Press, 126–42.
- Maloney, Thomas S., 1985, “The Extreme Realism of Roger Bacon,” Review of Metaphysics, 38 (June): 807–837.
- Maloney, Thomas S., 2002, “Roger Bacon on the Division of Statements into Single/Multiple and Simple/Compound,” The Review of Metaphysics, 56: 321–56.
- Marrone, Steven P., 2001, The Light of Thy Countenance: Science and Knowledge of God in the 13th Century (Volume I: A Doctrine of Divine Illumination), Leiden: Brill.
- Matthews, Gareth B., 1978, “A Medieval Theory of Vision,” in Peter K. Machamer & Robert G. Turnbull (eds.), Studies in Perception: Interrelations in the History of Philosophy and Science, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978, 186–199.
- Molland, A. G., 1974, “Roger Bacon as Magician,” Traditio, 50: 445–460.
- Molland, A. G., 1983, “Roger Bacon and the Hermetic Tradition in Medieval Science,” Vivarium, 31: 140–160.
- Molland, A. G., 1996, “Roger Bacon's De laudibus mathematicae: a preliminary study,” in E. Sylla & M. McVaugh (eds.), Texts and Contexts in Ancient and Medieval Science: Studies on the Occasion of John E. Murdoch's Seventieth Birthday, 68–83.
- Molland, A. G., 1996, “Roger Bacon's Appropriation of Past Mathematics,” in F. J. Ragep, S. P. Ragep, and S. Livesey (1996), 347–65.
- Molland, A. G., 1996a, “The Role of Aristotle in the Epistemological Schemata of Roger Bacon and Thomas Bradwardine,” in J. Marenbon (ed.), Aristotle in Britain During the Middle Ages, Brepols, 285–97.
- Molland, A. G., 2004, “Roger Bacon,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. I, H. C. G Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Newhauser, Richard, 2001, “Inter Scientiam et Populum: Roger Bacon, Pierre de Limoges and the Tractatus moralis de oculo,” in J. A. Aertsen, K. Emery, Jr., and A. Speer (eds.), Nach der Verurteilung Von 1277. Philosophie und Theologie an der Universität von Paris im letzten Viertel des 13. Jahrhunderts. Studien und Texte/After the Condemnation of 1277 (Philosophy and Theology at the University of Paris in the Last Quarter of the 13th Century. Studies and Texts), Miscellanea Medievalia, 28: 682–703.
- Newhauser, Richard, 2012, Peter of Limoges: The Moral Treatise on the Eye,Toronto: PIMS.
- Newman. R., 1994, “The Alchemy of Roger Bacon and the Tres epistolae attributed to Him,” in Comprendre et maitriser la nature au moyen age: mélanges d'histoire offerts à Guy Beaujouan, Geneva.
- Oliver, Simon, 2004, “Roger Bacon on Light, Truth and Experimentum,” Vivarium, 42/2: 151–180.
- Paravicini Bagliani, A., 1987, “Ruggero Bacone, autore del De ratardatione accidentium senectutis?,” in Studi Medievali, 3rd ser., 28: 707–28.
- Paravicini Bagliani, A., 1991, Medicina e scienze della natura alla corte dei papi nel Ducento, Spoleto.
- Paravicini Bagliani, A. 2000, The Pope's Body, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Paravicini Bagliani, A., 2001, Le Speculum Astronomiae, un enigme? Enquete sur les manuscrits, Brepols.
- Paravicini Bagliani, A.,2003, “Ruggero Bacone e l'alchimia di lunga vita: Riflessioni su il testi,” in C. Crisciani and A. Paravicini Bagliani (eds.), Alchimia e medicina nel medioevo, Florence.
- Parot, N. Weil, 2006, “Encadrement ou devoilement: L'occulte et le secret dans la nature chez Albert le Grand et Roger Bacon,” Micrologus, 14: 555–84.
- Perler, D., 2005, “Logik-eine 'wertlose wissenschaft'? Zum Verhältnis von Logik und Theologie bei Roger Bacon,” in D. Perler & U. Rudolph (eds.), Logik und Theologie. Das Organon im arabischen und latineischen Mittelalter, Leiden, 375–99.
- Power, Amanda, 2006, “A Mirror for Every Age: The Reputation of Roger Bacon,” The English Historical Review, 121(492): 657–692.
- Power, Amanda, 2007, “Franciscan Advice to the Papacy in the Middle Ages,” History Compass, 5(5): 1550–75.
- Power, Amanda, 2010, “Going among the Infidels: The Mendicant Orders and Louis IX's First Mediterranean Campaign,” Mediterranean Historical Review, 25(2): 187–202.
- Power, Amanda, 2011, “The Remedies for Great Danger: Contemporary Appraisals of Roger Bacon's Expertise,” in J. Canning, E. King and M. Staub (eds.), Knowledge, Discipline and Power: Essays in Honor of David Luscombe, Leiden: Brill, 63–78.
- Power, Amanda, 2012, “The Importance of Greeks in Latin Thought: The Evidence of Roger Bacon,” in R. Gertwagen and E. Jeffreys (eds.), Shipping, Trade and Crusade in the Medieval Mediterranean, London.
- Roest, B., 2000, A History of Franciscan Education (c. 1210–1517), Leiden: Brill.
- Roest, B., 2010, “The Franciscan School System: Re-assessing the the Early Evidence (ca. 1220–1260),” in M. Robson & J. Roehrkasten, eds., Franciscan Organization in the Mendicant Context: Formal and Informal Structures of the Friar's Lives and Ministry in the Middle Ages, Berlin, 253–79.
- Rosier, Irène, 1994, La Parole comme acte: Sur la grammaire et la sémantique au xiiie siècle, Paris: J. Vrin,
- Rosier-Catach, Irène, 2004, La Parole Efficace: Signe, ritues, sacré, Paris: Seuil.
- Sheppard, J. A., 2003, “Revisiting Roger Bacon's De Signis,” Collectanea Francescana, 73: 563–88.
- Sidelko, Paul, 1996, “The Condemnation of Roger Bacon,” The Journal of Medieval History, 22 (1): 69–81.
- Southern, R. W., 1962, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Tachau, Katherine H., 1988, Vision and Certitude in the Age of Ockham: Optics, Epistemology and the Foundations of Semantics 1250–1350, Leiden: Brill.
- Tachau, Katherine H., 1993, “What Senses and Intellect Do: Argument and Judgment in Late Medieval Theories of Knowledge,” in K. Jacobi. (ed.), Argumentationstheorie: Scholastische Forschungen zu den logischen und semantischen Regeln korrekten Folgerns, Leiden:Brill, 653–70.
- Tachau, Katherine H., 1997, “Et maxime visus, cuius species venit ad stellas et ad quem species stellarum veniunt: Perspectiva and Astrologia in Late Medieval Thought,” Micrologus, 5: 201–24.
- Tachau, Katherine H., 2006, “Seeing and Passion in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,” in J. F. Hamburger & A-M. Bouche (eds.), The Mind's Eye: Art and Theological Argument in the Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Thorndike, Lynn, 1914, “Roger Bacon and Experimental Method in the Middle Ages,” Philosophical Review, 23: 271–298.
- Thorndike, Lynn, 1916, “The True Roger Bacon I,” & “The True Roger Bacon II,” The American Historical Review 21 (1916), 237–57; 468–80.
- Trifogli, Cecilia, 2000, Oxford Physics in the Thirteenth Century (ca. 1250–1270), Motion, Infinity, Place and Time, Leiden: Brill, (Studien Und Texte Zur Geistesgeschichte Des Mittelalters, Vol. 72).
- Vescovini, Graziella Federici, Le Moyen Âge Magique: Le magie entre religio et science au XIIIe et XIVe siècle, Paris: Vrin, 2011.
- Whewell, William, 1858, History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest Times to the Present Times, Vol. 1, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
- Williams, S. J., 1994, “Roger Bacon and his Edition of the Pseudo-Aristotelian, Secretum secretorum,” Speculum, 69: 57–73.
- Wood, Rega, 1997, “Roger Bacon: Richard Rufus's Successor as a Parisian Physics Professor,” Vivarium, 35(2): 222–50.
- Wood, Rega, 2005, “Richard of Cornwall's Significance in the Western Scientific Tradition,” in L. Honnefelder, Rega Wood et al., eds., Albertus Magnus und die Anfänge der Aristoteles-Rezeption im lateinischen Mittelalter, Münster (Subsidia Albertina 1), 455–92.
- Wood, Rega, 2007, “Imagination and Experience in the Sensory Soul and Beyond: Richard Rufus, Roger Bacon and their Contemporaries,” in H. Lagerlund (ed.), Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind-Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (Studies in the History of the Philosophy of Mind, 5), Dordrecht, 35–57.
How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up this entry topic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
- Bacon, Roger. Opera Majoris, Pars Quarta, Mathematicae in Divinas Utilitas (Mathematics in the Service of Theology), Herbert M. Howe trans., maintained by the History of Cartography Project. | <urn:uuid:00d7420e-b112-403d-9ba2-8e821698f767> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/roger-bacon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544678.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00321-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925335 | 30,697 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This week our topic book was Sometimes I Like To Curl Up In A Ball by Vicki Churchill and Charles Fuge. This story is all about a little playful Wombat who loves exploring and going on adventures. Little Wombat spends his day doing all his favourite things; strutting around and around until he falls over. He also loves sticking out his tongue and making funny faces and jumping as high as he can to see how much noise he can make when he lands on his feet. At the end of the day little Wombat likes nothing more than curling up in a ball next to his Mummy where he is warm and safe. The Chicks loved this story and we had great fun acting out scenes and making funny faces to impersonate the Little Wombat!
The highlight of the week however was our Outdoor Learning Day where we visited the Common. The children collected sticks and then compared the sizes of the sticks and counted out how many we had. The Chicks further developed their gross motor skills by taking risks while independently climbing the trees. We extended the Pink and Yellows Groups learning back in the classroom and the children counted and compared the sticks according to weight and size while using Mathematical language such as big, small, tall, short, fat and thin.
Back at 345 The Green and Orange Chicks expanded their learning about the weather. The children looked up at the sky and observed that the sky was "very bright" and they could see "white lines in the sky" that the aeroplanes were making. The children had to quickly cover their eyes from sky because the sun was very bright.
The Chicks also noticed that their bodies were making shadows on the wooden fence and we all enjoyed making different poses and watching how our shadows changed shape! This led us to touch the fence, discovering that the wood felt warm. Miss Katka encouraged the children to touch the ground and the parts of the fence that was in the shade. The Green and Orange groups noticed that it was very cold. We discussed why this was and learned that they were cold because they didn't have the sun shining on them. After our outdoor weather exploration the children continued to explore hot and cold during their Maths Activity by studying hot and cold water in jars before dressing the people in the correct clothes according to the weather.
The Pink and Yellow Chicks explored letter sounds this week by trying to find different letters hidden in shredded paper. They were very good at sounding out the sounds that they had found. We continued our focus on sounds in Music where the children enjoyed tapping out the syllables in their names using the rhythm sticks The Green and Orange Chicks joined in with the fun and explored different beats while playing the drums, maracas and the tambourines.
During Cookery the children explored their senses through taste, smell, and touch. We explored the differences between cooked and uncooked vegetables, describing colours, tastes and textures. We also learned that vegetables grow at different times of the year and learned which vegetables grow in Winter. The children cut up the vegetables using knives and they discovered that the raw vegetables were harder to cut. All the children loved eating the vegetables and I was very surprised as how many Chicks enjoyed the brussels sprouts! | <urn:uuid:6b089434-535d-4536-91fa-54145bdc930e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.345nurseryschool.com/post/chicks-news-21st-january-2022 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475825.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302120344-20240302150344-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.984496 | 658 | 3.796875 | 4 |
2 Application WindowIt serves as the primary interface between the user and the application.Dialog box LauncherIs a small arrow that appears in the lower-right corner of some groups and when clicked a dialog box will open with even more options to choose from.
3 Document WindowsIs the area where you enter new text and data or changes existing text and data.FilesIs a collection of information saved as a unit.
4 File CompatibilityRefers to the ability to open and work with files without a format conflict.File ExtensionTypically identifies the type of file.
5 FoldersAre containers used to organized the documents into manageable groups on a designed storage device.I-beamLooks like a capital letter I position the I-beam over the text in the document where you would like the insertion point, and then click
6 Insertion pointIs a blinking vertical line that indicates the location in the document where the new text and data will be enteredOpen a documentTo load a file into an applicaton
7 PathIs a route operating system uses to locate a documentRibbonIs the blue banner that stretches across the top the screen just below the title bar.
8 Save a documentMeans to store it on a disk or other storage mediumScreen TipAfter a second or two name of the commands and a description of the command shows in a small window called a
9 SCROLLWhen you scroll through document you move through the documents on the screen without changing the location of the insertion point | <urn:uuid:ec9e802f-af72-4e91-b177-c866a751b403> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://slideplayer.com/slide/2421305/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.850208 | 299 | 3.125 | 3 |
Research suggests that young people get the most out of Shakespeare's plays when they experience rehearsal room approaches.
Research suggests that young people get the most out of Shakespeare's plays when they experience rehearsal room approaches. The work we’ve developed with schools over more than a decade empowers young people to bring complex language to life. It does this by approaching the text in the same way that our actors do in a professional rehearsal room: making language truly meaningful through investigation and performance.
We and our partner schools have built up a body of evidence about how those approaches can raise aspirations, attainment and change whole school communities.
Here you can explore
Featured Research: RSC Schools' Survey
Following work undertaken by the University of Warwick, we now have robust research that indicates the positive impact our way of working with Shakespeare has on young people, their teachers, schools and wider community.
The findings show that rehearsal room approaches to studying Shakespeare can significantly improve student language skills and acquisition. In particular, some of the schools surveyed reported increased SATs and GCSE English scores.
The full report is available here but below is a short summary of key findings:
- 95% of teachers said that working with us resulted in their students becoming more willing to contribute ideas and opinions in class.
- 94% said that the work was a catalyst to helping young people ‘find their voice’ – improving pupils’ language skills and confidence to use language (reading, writing, speaking).
- 95% of teachers reported an increase in student confidence and self-belief.
- The way of working was of particular benefit for boys previously considered to be ‘disengaged’ or low-level learners.
- 97% confirmed that working with the RSC, a regional theatre partner and other local schools had significantly improved their students’ engagement with Shakespeare.
- 96% agreed that the long-term and sustained nature of the programme (schools sign up for a minimum of two-years) was vital to achieving positive outcomes.
The research also revealed that our approaches were especially helpful in preparing students for the new GCSE exam. Furthermore, the Headteacher of one primary school reported that KS2 SATS results in English Grammar, Punctuation and Spelling (EGPS) rose from 41.7% to 96.7%.
Read the full report | <urn:uuid:c51da91f-11f3-4970-a02b-889810620a2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.rsc.org.uk/education/impact-and-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400250241.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927023329-20200927053329-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.963326 | 482 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Inspection Methods to Fulfill Quality Requirements
by Ron Kurtus (revised 27 May 2008)
Whenever work is done or a product or part is made—whether it is a piece of hardware manufactured on the assembly line, a memo typed by a secretary, or code developed by software programmers—it should be inspected to see that it fulfills the requirements and specifications.
This is certainly a wise business practice. Some companies accept a certain failure rate, while others try to correct the problems they see from their inspection. Inspecting and then correcting will save a company money.
Questions you may have include:
- What is wrong with standard inspection methods?
- How is failure information gathered?
- How can workers inspect for quality?
This lesson will answer those questions.
Sorting out failures
The most common type of inspection that has been done for years on the assembly lines involves sorting the defective items from the acceptable product. This method is sometimes referred to as "creating quality by inspection" and is not considered an effective quality management approach.
Production line inspection
For example, at the end of a production line the inspector gives final approval whether or not parts are good. The rejects are put into scrap or are re-worked. This assures only quality material reaches the next stage, but it does not address the cause of the failed parts nor does it correct that problem.
Office work inspection
In another situation, office workers may complete reports only to have their manager reject many of them as unacceptable. Those reports must be re-done until acceptable. Again, the reason for the failures is not addressed, and the rejection rate remains constant.
Not a good approach
In both cases, sorting out failures can be a wasteful and expensive method to get quality goods.
Another thing it does is to accept a certain level of failure. That acceptance subtly creates an atmosphere of accepting failure in all work that is done by the company.
Gathering failure information
A more effective method to inspect consists of gathering information and using data gained from inspection to control the process and prevent future defects. Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a type of this type of inspection.
Inspections at intermediate stages
Since work-in-process undergoes many operating steps as it is moved through a manufacturing facility, inspections are often conducted at intermediate stages in the process. The inspections give statistical information necessary to determine the cause of the quality problem, so that it can be prevented in the future. SPC does not aggressively seek to eliminate defects and in some cases changes may be implemented too slowly to be fully effective.
White collar examples
One example in the office is that the boss may inspect a report at various stages, making corrections. He may then see that perhaps there was a communication problem in stating the requirements that may be rectified.
In the office, the engineering manager may monitor the designs of his engineers, making corrections along the way. The engineers learn from his changes and the final design is relatively free of errors.
This method of making inspections at intermediate stages is certainly better than waiting until the product in completed to inspect for acceptance or rejection.
Inspection by workers
One other inspection method is to have workers inspect the item from the prior operation before proceeding. In this way quality feedback can be given on a much timelier basis. Each operation performs both production and quality inspection.
By monitoring where most problems occur in a production line, a quality manager can pinpoint causeswhether it is a drunk worker or a defective piece of equipment.
In an office environment, there is no individual monitoring the quality of the work, as there often is in a factory. Perhaps there should be. Typically, when a piece of work gets passed from one person to another, informal corrections are told to the previous worker.
Sorting out failures is a common form of inspection, but it does not address the problems. Statistical measurements of where failures occur is a way to find out causes. Workers can inspect parts before starting and notify previous persons in the process of problems in quality. Inspection and correcting reasons for failure is important in reducing wasteful expenses in a company.
Set a tone for quality in your organization
Resources and references
The following resources provide information on this subject:
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Inspection Methods to Fulfill Quality Requirements | <urn:uuid:6daac415-1bee-4f2e-8136-2b39f7a08fad> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://school-for-champions.com/tqm/inspection.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00066-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950216 | 980 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Today’s Green Building Materials
More than ever, people are interested in “healthy” buildings. For some, the issue is living free of allergies, asthma and other breathing problems. As homeowners, they invest in air-cleaning systems, buy formaldehyde-free furnishings and use non-toxic paints and finishes. They are concerned about preventing air pollution problems that may be caused by construction techniques and building materials.
Other people who are equally aware of building methods want to conserve natural resources. Whether they’re renovating an older building or starting construction from scratch, they try to use the most energy- and resource-efficient methods and materials.
If you’re one of those seeking a healthier house – or even one “built lower on the food chain,” as someone described it – know that you’re not alone. In a survey done in 1995 by Professional Builder magazine, nearly 50 percent of the homebuyers interviewed wanted a house with “healthy” features.
To help you understand the building choices open to you, this section offers an overview of frequently used building materials and popular construction techniques employed today. Each basic profile explains a product’s benefits and drawbacks and suggests some alternatives that may be more environmentally friendly.
At the same time, today’s quest for improved energy efficiency – coupled with an increasing scarcity of wood and the resulting increase in the price of lumber – has created a new market for innovation in construction. More and more, the traditionally fabricated wall framed with 2-by-4 or 2-by-6 softwood lumber is being replaced by “greener” walls made from steel studs, baled straw, dried earth or mixtures of plastics and cement.
Already these new “green” techniques are becoming economically competitive with standard construction methods. Other features like long-term energy savings ease and speed of construction, and the knowledge that by building “green” you’re doing less harm to the environment make these construction alternatives even more attractive. | <urn:uuid:54139cf0-a0b6-4e9f-b96a-89e23f2c40d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://ipqconstructionofflorida.com/going-green/todays-green-building-materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904039.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029095029-20201029125029-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.947863 | 421 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Soulgany101
As a Bronx Zoo animal-keeper in the early 1980’s, I became involved in a breeding program for Guam Rails and Micronesian Kingfishers. Both birds were facing extinction due to a most unusual threat – the introduced Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis. Back then, major problems caused by trans-located snakes were unknown. Although Burmese Pythons had been established in Florida since the early 70’s, these now-famous invaders had not yet grabbed the public’s attention. A zoologist friend journeyed to Guam to investigate, and he was soon regaling me with fantastic stories. In keeping with its species name, this snake was most “irregular” – biting at the moving eyelids of sleeping children, stealing burgers from grills, and often being found in bird cages – too engorged to slip back out after having swallowed the family pet! Today, the rail and kingfisher are gone from Guam, and other birds, lizards and bats have become extinct. Yet the Brown Tree Snake has not, as was predicted, eaten itself into oblivion. Huge populations – to 13,000 snakes per square mile – are sustained by other prolific invaders, one of which is the Green Anole!
The Brown Tree Snake’s History on Guam
Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Hinrich Kaiser and Mark O’Shea
Although many accounts describe Guam as “snake-less” prior to the Brown Tree Snake’s arrival, the island does have one native species, the tiny Brahminy Blind or “Flower Pot” Snake, Rhamphotyphlops braminus (please see photo). Able to reproduce by parthenogenesis, it is a common stowaway in plant shipments. Feral populations exist in many places, including (of course!) Florida.
The Brown Tree Snake most likely arrived on Guam during World War II, secreted in crates sent there from US military bases on the Admiralty Islands. Huge populations of native lizards and birds that had evolved without snake predators allowed it to explode in numbers. The snake began gaining attention in the 1950’s, and occupied the entire island by 1968. The invasion gained widespread notice in the early 1980’s, due to massive declines in bird populations and increased human-snake encounters.
The Brown Tree Snake is a rear-fanged species that averages 3-6 feet in length, but those living on Guam sometimes approach 11 feet. Guam specimens range from olive-green to dark tan in color, and are marked with darker blotches. Other populations are colored brown, greenish-tan or beige with rusty-red markings.
Their venom has not caused human fatalities but is a concern for certain individuals (please see below). Prey may be partially immobilized by the snake’s body, but they are not constrictors in the true sense of the word.
The individuals that my friend brought back from Guam were among the most aggressive snakes I’ve seen. Bold and high-strung, Brown Tree Snakes bite many people on Guam.
Range and Habitat
The Brown Tree Snake’s natural range stretches from the northern and eastern coastlines of Australia to New Guinea, the Solomons, Sulawesi and many neighboring islands.
Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Greg Hume
Less well-known than Guam are the many other locales to which the Brown Tree Snake has been transported. The most far-flung is Corpus Christi, Texas, where one was found after a 7 month journey in a crate shipped from Guam.
It is not known if this world traveler has established breeding populations elsewhere, but it has been collected on Hawaii, Saipan, Okinawa, Wake, Taiwan, the Cocos, Rota and many small Micronesian islands. Anecdotal reports suggest that it has appeared in airports in Japan, Spain and Singapore.
Common name notwithstanding, the Brown Tree Snake adapts well to brushy scrub and relatively treeless habitats. It readily colonizes villages, farms and cut-over woodlots.
Brown Tree Snake’s Effect on Guam’s Wildlife
Although best known for annihilating Guam’s birds, the Brown Tree Snake has had a significant impact on most native vertebrates. Six of the island’s 12 lizards have now disappeared. Several, such as the Azure-Tailed Skink, Emoia cyanura and the Moth Skink, Lipinia noctura, are poorly studied and may be in trouble elsewhere as well.
Three fast-breeding introduced lizards, the Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis, the House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenata, and the Curious Brown Skink, Carlia fusca, seem responsible for the continued success of the Brown Tree Snake on Guam. They now make up most of the snake’s diet, but remain common.
The Mangrove Monitor, Varanus indicus, is also in decline, but this may be due to yet another introduced herp – the Marine Toad, Bufo marinus. Monitors that eat toads are killed by its virulent toxins. It is not known whether the Mangrove Monitor is native or was introduced to control rats (it seems better at controlling chickens and their eggs than rats!).
Guam was home to only three native mammals, all bats. Two have been extirpated by the snake, and the Marianas Fruit Bat is now limited to a single small colony.
Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons by Dylan Kesler
The birds with which I worked years ago, the Micronesian Kingfisher and the Guam Rail, are now well-established in zoos. However, as Guam is their sole habitat, they are extinct in the wild.
The Brown Tree Snake has also eliminated all of Guam’s nesting seabird colonies (White-Tailed Tropicbird, White Tern, Brown Noody) and 10 of its 13 forest-dwelling birds. Micronesian Starlings survive by nesting in cities, and some Marianas Crow nests are protected by electric barriers – but fruit doves, honeyeaters and others have vanished.
Effects on People
The Brown Tree Snake has impacted Guam’s people and economy in a manner unprecedented for a reptile. Examples include:
Bites, especially to sleeping children, are very common. Small children may exhibit signs of envenomation, and in some cases must be treated for respiratory distress. Allergic, elderly, and immune-compromised individuals are also at risk. The fear and trauma factor is also quite high.
Power outages caused by electrocuted snakes cost up to 4 million dollars yearly.
Property values and tourism have declined, with people and businesses relocating.
Guam’s air cargo industry has suffered due to the lengthy examinations required.
Lizard and bird extinctions may have led to recent mosquito-borne dengue fever and Salmonellosis outbreaks and to a sharp decline in farming due to insect predation on crops.
The poultry industry has been decimated; most eggs now imported.
Brown Tree Snake Eradication Attempts
In addition to vanquishing many native species, the Brown Tree Snake is besting its human enemies as well.
The most controversial attack method is airplane-drops of mice laced with Paracetamol, a snake-toxic pain killer. The mice are attached to tiny cardboard parachutes (who makes these?!) designed to keep the bait in trees and away from children and domestic animals. The “tiny assassins” program costs the US government an estimated $8,000,000 annually.
Trapping has proven to be the most effective control technique, but success hinges on using many traps. As the modified minnow traps are baited with live geckos and mice, maintenance is very labor intensive.
Snake-detecting dogs, debris and scrub-growth removal, and snake barriers are also used with varying degrees of success.
Research is being conducted by many organizations, including the US Geological Survey, Princeton University and the National Zoological Society. Manipulation of breeding biology, snake diseases and parasites, poisons, and heat-fumigation treatments for cargo areas are being explored as control measures.
Toxic Mice Dropped Over Guam
Red Eared Sliders Out-Compete Native European Turtles | <urn:uuid:4f7205c1-f4eb-4167-b5da-351c5e2d01d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatreptileblog/category/reptiles-and-amphibians-in-the-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162938.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00126-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94895 | 1,757 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Thomas Jefferson and Winston Churchill: President, Prime Minister—and trendsetters?
Although they may seem like a hot new trend, standing desks have actually been around for centuries. In fact, Thomas Jefferson and Winston Churchill worked at standing desks every single day.
Just a few months ago, the White House officially requested up to $700,000 worth of them. Google, Twitter and Facebook have incorporated them in their office spaces and an increasing number of companies are following suit.
We’ve all heard of standing desks, but how much do we really know about them? And why do they seem to be catching on like wildfire?
Sit on this
Everyone knows that too much sitting is just as bad as too much of anything else—but for so many people who spend their working hours in an office at a desk, there was never much of an alternative.
Study after study throughout the last century shows that people who sit for six hours or more a day have a shorter life expectancy than those who don’t. A sedentary lifestyle is also one of the leading causes of heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity and many other serious health conditions. The invention (or should we say resurgence?) of standing desks has changed all that.
Say goodbye to the 3 o’clock slump
Facebook reported that since incorporating standing desks into their office, employees are more energetic throughout the day. It makes sense since we’ve all experienced that sleepy, sluggish feeling after sitting for long periods of time—especially after lunch.
In a study done by a startup group in Europe, employees tracked their time and productivity during which they worked standing and when they worked sitting. Seven people participated in the study for one week and the results showed that there was a 10% increase in productivity during the time they worked at a standing desk versus sitting down. Standing desks help increase both productivity and energy.
Stand up and collaborate
GlaxoSmithKline, a pharmaceutical giant, did an experiment to test the idea that standing desks increase collaboration. In the study, employees were given standing desks in an effort to remove barriers and allow coworkers to work together more.
The results were astounding, as employees not only had more energy, but also felt an increase in creativity and were motivated by the ability to move around within a more open space—leading to a higher level of collaboration.
Standing desks also help people increase their focus because there’s an increased sense of urgency when one is standing, motivating workers to focus on the completion of their tasks.
Standing desks increase:
A healthy combination
While all evidence suggests that standing while working can have enormous benefits, there’s also a belief that a combination of standing and sitting can also be beneficial. The good news is that
today’s standing desks are designed with the ability to easily adjust in height so they offer the best of both worlds. Placing standing desks throughout the workplace offers workers the option to sit when they feel they need to and stand when it’s most effective.
For today’s most progressive companies, allowing employees to stand while working has been proven to improve productivity, increase creativity, foster collaboration and provide increased health benefits. As more organizations look for opportunities to promote wellness among their workforce, it’s likely the use of standing desks will become even more mainstream.
If you’re interested in pursuing this option for your company or would like to know more about how you can create an environment that increases employee satisfaction and productivity, call Compass Office Solutions. Our innovative workspace solutions can improve the performance of your business. | <urn:uuid:30842377-0d92-4cfb-8eef-b4855903d88e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://compass-office.com/2016/01/05/standing-deskswhats-the-deal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.972907 | 732 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Quantum Mechanics is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful creations of the human mind in the XX century. Being part of the continuous search for the truth and the understanding of the real world, this construction, laboriously built along a few decades by some of the greatest physicists of the time, shoed itself as a consistent theory that allowed for the interpretation of existing experimental results and previewed other. Knowledge of contemporary physics, even at a not too high level, asks for acquisition of the basis of quantum mechanics.
In this course, the student will acquire the fundamental concepts where lies the quantum treatment of a large number of problems of modern physics.
After approval in this course, the student will be able to deal with both theoretical and applied problems that will ask for a quantum theory basis.
The mathematical methods that will be used, mostly in the algebra domain, should have been acquired beforehand, but will be reviewed.
José Paulo Moreira dos Santos
Weekly - 5
Total - 65
Previous approval in the following courses: Análise Matemática I, II e III, Física I, II, III, and IV, A.L.G.A. and Vibrations and Waves.
- Notes written by the instructor.
- F. Duarte Santos, A. Amorim, J. Batista, Mecânica Quântica, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, 2008.
- W. Greiner, Quantum mechanics: an introduction, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
- S. Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1996.
- C. Cohen Tannoudji, B. Diu et F. Laloë, Quantum mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
- J. P. Santos e M. F. Laranjeira, Métodos Matemáticos para Físicos e Engenheiros, Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Lisboa, 2004.
The course is organized in lectures where the theory is presented, and recitation sessions where problems are discussed with the instructor.
- Historical introduction
- From classical to quantum
- The mathematics of Quantum Mechanics
- The postulates of Quantum Mechanics
- Study of unidimensional simple systems
- Particle scattering and barrier penetration
- Systems of particles
- The Schrödinger equation in three dimensions
- Angular momentum
- Quantum states in three dimensions
- Methods of approximation - perturbation theory
- Quantum computing
Programs where the course is taught: | <urn:uuid:b7243a54-7047-4346-ae0c-8dfef006103c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://guia.unl.pt/en/2020/fct/program/930/course/10525 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.829558 | 622 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you took biology in school you probably heard about the famous Miller-Urey experiments of 1952 in which in which they simulated atmospheric conditions on early earth. They determined that if the elements found in that atmosphere were put together they would produce organic compounds. The basic building blocks from which life could evolve. Repetitions of the experiment in 2007 found that Miller-Urey actually under counted the amount of complex compounds that would be produced. Nature has been observed to be carrying out its own Miller-Urey experiment in space – Cosmic Dust Contains Organic Matter from Stars
Researchers at the University of Hong Kong observed stars at different evolutionary phases and found that they are able to produce complex organic compounds and eject them into space, filling the regions between stars. The compounds are so complex that their chemical structures resemble the makeup of coal and petroleum, the study’s lead author Sun Kwok, of the University of Hong Kong, said.
Such chemical complexity was thought to arise only from living organisms, but the results of the new study show that these organic compounds can be created in space even when no life forms are present. In fact, such complex organics could be produced naturally by stars, and at an extremely rapid pace.
“What impressed me most is that complex organics are easily formed by stars, they are everywhere in our own galaxy and in other galaxies,” Kwok told SPACE.com in an email interview. “Nature is much more clever than we had imagined.”
[ ]…The scientists also found that the chemical structure of organic star dust is similar to complex organics found in meteorites. Since meteorites originate from space rocks that are remnants of the early solar system, the results of the study suggest that stars could have enriched the early solar system with organic compounds, Kwok said.
“It is quite possible that the organics in meteorites are remnants of star dust in the solar nebula,” he explained. “The star dust [was] ejected by nearby planetary nebula[s] and survived the journey across the galaxy.”
Early in the Earth’s formation history, the planet was pummeled in a shower of meteorites and comets during a period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. Since the organic compounds in meteorites are similar to what was found in stellar dust, the results of this new study show that the barrage of meteorites that fell to Earth during the Late Heavy Bombardment could have carried organic star dust.
Every despotic movement has despised objective news reporting – Franklin Center: Right-Wing Funds State News Source
According to Media Transparency, a media watchdog group that was acquired by Media Matters Action Network in 2008, the Bradley Foundation’s clear political agenda and network has allowed it to have extensive influence on public policy. The media group notes that while the Foundation’s “targets range from affirmative action to social security, it has seen its greatest successes in the area of welfare ‘reform’ and attempts to privatize public education through the promotion of school vouchers.” The Bradley Foundation gave the Franklin Center $190,500 last year.
If this sounds like just another far Right echo chamber feeding the usual propaganda to the already converted like Rupert Murdoch’s Fox News or extremist websites like World News Daily, it is not. many of its “reports” are being picked up and relayed to the general public as actual news. The Franklin Center has issued erroneous but well-timed stories, completely lacking any facts, that insinuated corruption against more moderate political candidates in West Virginia and Wisconsin. The FC has also issued utterly bogus polls that showed people did not support bargaining rights in Wisconsin when independent pollsters showed that a majority of state residents did support union bargaining rights. The FC has also been in league with the right-wing ALEC (American Legislative Exchange Council) pushing the purported virtue of its model legislation – much of which is directed at teachers and other public employees. Certainly people have a right to hold such opinions, but issuing “news” reports that show these public employees in a bad light is not journalism, it is advocacy disguised as journalism. CNN and CBS among other mainstream media outlets have passed on FC “reports” as real news.
1. SECTION 215 – “ANY TANGIBLE THING”
Under this provision, the FBI can obtain secret court orders for business records and other “tangible things” so long as the FBI says that the records are sought “for an authorized investigation . . . to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities.”
That provision comes with a bonus. If the person or business feels they have been unfairly singled out they are prohibited by a built-in gag order from telling anyone.
2. NATIONAL SECURITY LETTERS
Among the most used — and outright frightening — provisions in the PATRIOT Act are those that enhanced so-called National Security Letters (NSLs). The FBI can issue NSLs itself, without a court order, and demand a variety of records, from phone records to bank account information to Internet activity. As with 215 orders, recipients are gagged from revealing the orders to anyone.
While NSLs existed prior to 2001, they were infrequently used. The PATRIOT Act lowered the standard making it easier for the FBI to use NSLs to obtain the records of innocent people with no direct link to terrorists or spies, and their use skyrocketed. According to the ACLU’s report on PATRIOT Act abuses, there were 8,500 NSLs issued in 2000 but approximately 192,000 issued between 2003-2006. All of these NSL’s led to one terror conviction, and in that case, the NSL wasn’t even needed.
Related to the issuance of these NSL’s was Bush warrantless surveillance program and nationwide paranoia brought in thousands of so-called leads to the FBI, but most of those were time and resource wasters according to the FBI.
3. SNEAK AND PEEK WARRANTS
Section 213 of the PATRIOT Act normalized “sneak-and-peek” warrants. These allow law enforcement to raid a suspect’s house without notifying the recipient of the seizure for months. These orders usually don’t authorize the government to actually seize any property — but that won’t stop them from poking around your computers. Again, sneak-and-peek warrants could be used for any investigation, even if the crime was only a misdemeanor.
From 2006-2009, sneak-and-peek warrants were used a total of 1,755 times. Only fifteen of those cases—a microscopic 0.8%—involved terrorism. The rest were used in cases involving drugs or fraud.
These uses and abuses of the PATRIOT Act against ordinary Americans are only the tip of the iceberg.
It is difficult to pick a favorite abuse of the patriot Act, but the last one is my favorite. Let’s say you’re just a national security geek, or you like reading about spies and terror related stories. You do a lot of searching related to same on the net. You do a lot of e-mail correspondence with acquaintances. The FBI can knock down your door, whether you or your family are there are not and search everything. They can leave without explanation or repairing your door or any other damage to your property. They are also not held responsible for any damage to your reputation or income should it get around to your neighbors or employer.
Fitz and The Tantrums performing “Pickin’ Up The Pieces Of Love”
The Incognito Traveller – Chaleur. This video is also a kind of tribute to the black and white films of Jean-Luc Godard. | <urn:uuid:742e3fbf-3642-4e9a-a4ac-d7360c7eb9e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://inkbluesky.wordpress.com/2011/10/28/cosmic-dust-holds-ingredients-for-life-winter-hues-three-of-the-most-dangerous-provisions-of-the-patriot-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.959396 | 1,618 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Visitors to Voyageurs National Park are asked to do their part to prevent unwanted fire incidents. Some important guidelines to follow are listed below.
Building a Safe Campfire
- Build campfires in designated areas only.
- Avoid building a fire near overhanging branches, steep slopes, rotten stumps, logs, dry grass, or leaves.
- Keep campfires small.
- Never leave a campfire unattended.
- Never leave children alone with a campfire.
- Campfires may be banned during times of high fire danger. Watch for signs and obey restrictions.
Putting Out a Campfire
- Keep plenty of water on hand for a quick response if the fire becomes uncontrollable.
- Drown the fire with water making sure all embers, coals, and sticks are wet.
- Stir the remains, then add more water and stir again.
- Carefully run the back of your hand near the surface of the fire coals to double check all heat is gone.
Voyageurs National Park conforms to the fire restrictions established by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR). See the for current fire restrictions at Voyageurs National Park and throughout Minnesota, as well as current fire activity throughout the state. | <urn:uuid:751a4ccc-9a70-4d14-97cd-1ea549e8c903> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.nps.gov/voya/learn/nature/fire-prevention.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463475.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00092-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895884 | 260 | 3.125 | 3 |
The prostate gland is a small, round lump of tissue located between the penis and the bladder. Its function is to add fluid to the semen, the liquid that carries the sperm. It tends to grow bigger as men enter middle age, and continues to grow with age. In some men the prostate gland can grow to be more than seven times its original size. This runaway growth is called hyperplasia and results in the condition benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
BPH causes no symptoms or problems in two-thirds of men over the age of 50 years, but the chance of developing symptoms increases with each additional year. The prostate surrounds the top of the urethra, the tube through which we urinate, just where it meets the bladder. If the prostate gets too big, it can squeeze the urethra, partly closing it. This can lead to various urinary tract problems.
Having BPH doesn't increase your chances of getting prostate cancer. The two diseases can have similar symptoms, although prostate cancer often has no symptoms. It's also possible to have BPH and prostate cancer at the same time.
We don't know why the prostate grows larger in older men, but it's believed to be linked to hormonal changes associated with aging.
Symptoms and Complications
At first, you may find you have to strain harder when you are urinating. Over time, this straining can affect the bladder muscles, causing them to become oversensitive. Often, no matter how much you strain, the bladder still contains urine. The urge to urinate comes with increasing frequency. This can be a particular nuisance at night.
Other symptoms you can have include:
- feeling that you must urinate right away (urgency)
- a delay when you start urinating
- weak or interrupted stream of urine
- tendency to dribble after urination
- feeling your bladder isn't empty after urination
A bladder that won't empty properly encourages infection of the urinary tract. A few men get urinary stones, repeated infections, or blood in the urine. Sometimes BPH causes urinary retention, a condition where you cannot empty your bladder completely when urinating. Rarely, it produces complete blockage of the urethra, which is a medical emergency.
Making the Diagnosis
BPH diagnosis is made by taking a medical history that focuses on your urinary symptoms. The size of your prostate does not always predict symptoms: you can have a small but tight prostate causing many symptoms or a large prostate that causes few symptoms. In either case, symptoms are due to the blockage caused by the prostate.
A physical exam includes a digital rectal exam, in which the doctor feels for the prostate with a gloved finger to check its size and texture. There's also a blood test that measures a specific protein that is secreted by the prostate gland (also known as prostate specific antigen, or PSA). PSA can be mildly elevated in BPH or more elevated in men with prostate cancer. There can be overlap in PSA levels between these 2 conditions, and only a prostate biopsy can tell the difference.
Treatment and Prevention
Your doctor may recommend watchful waiting, especially if the symptoms are mild and do not interfere with your daily life. Watchful waiting involves monitoring for signs of worsening symptoms without any treatment.
Medications called alpha-blockers (e.g., terazosin*, alfuzosin, tamsulosin, silodosin) can help relax the bladder outlet, allowing easier passage of urine, especially if the obstruction of the urethra isn't too severe. Other medications (e.g., dutasteride, finasteride) help reduce the size of the prostate.
These medications can remove the need for surgery in many people with BPH. However, surgery is the only way to eliminate the problem completely. The most commonly used technique is called a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate), which can be used for most cases except those with extremely large prostate glands. A tube equipped with a camera and a loop is inserted into the urethra (the tube that runs the length of the penis and back to the bladder) to remove strips of enlarged prostate. TURP causes fewer postoperative problems than open surgery, which involves an abdominal incision and the risk of blood transfusion.
Other techniques like TUIP (transurethral incision of the prostate), laser prostatectomy, and radiofrequency ablation aim to reduce the size of the prostate, often with fewer side effects than TURP. Only a specialist can decide which technique is most appropriate in each case.
*All medications have both common (generic) and brand names. The brand name is what a specific manufacturer calls the product (e.g., Tylenol®). The common name is the medical name for the medication (e.g., acetaminophen). A medication may have many brand names, but only one common name. This article lists medications by their common names. For information on a given medication, check our Drug Information database. For more information on brand names, speak with your doctor or pharmacist.
All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2019. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/Benign-Prostatic-Hyperplasia | <urn:uuid:0b5fd2da-6628-4a5e-8687-699236a346bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition/getcondition/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583763839.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121070334-20190121092334-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.944888 | 1,139 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Last week, rights groups expressed concern about the increase in violence between ethnic militias in Mali that has resulted in the deaths of hundreds. Since the beginning of the crisis in central Mali in 2015, over 1,200 people have been killed according to some reports. Why, amid years-long widespread violence, is there so much continuity in Malian politics?
On one level, Mali has experienced tremendous upheavals since the early 1990s, a pivotal period in its history. Since that time, there have been two successful coups against central governments, six presidential elections, three different two-term civilian presidents, three major rebellions in the north, and four prominent peace agreements. With a median age around sixteen, meanwhile, the early 1990s are outside of living memory for well over half of Mali’s population.
On another level, there has been astonishing continuity since the early 1990s in terms of who comprises the political class in Mali, both in Bamako and in the far northern city and rebel hub of Kidal. For example, Mali’s current president, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, was prime minister from 1994 to 2000. The present-day leading opposition politician, Soumaïla Cissé, was finance minister during roughly the same period.
Other actors have made more dramatic transitions. Iyad Ag Ghali, the leader of a separatist northern rebellion that began in 1990, is now a hardened jihadist. He has gone from negotiating with the Malian government in the early 1990s—and even serving as a Malian diplomat—to heading the formidable jihadist coalition Jama‘at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (The Group for Supporting Islam and Muslims). The point here, however, is that he remains central to understanding politics and conflict dynamics in Mali. The forms of conflict have changed, and new actors have entered the arena, but many of the old actors are still present and even, in their own ways, dominant.
But given that ordinary Malians would have so many reasons for resenting and overthrowing these figures, the question is particularly acute there—why has so much of the status quo persisted for so long? In a new report for the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, I give two main answers.
First, the country’s violence does not fundamentally threaten some of the key actors in Bamako or Kidal. Many of these actors have a genius for political and physical survival. Assassinations do sometimes target senior politicians and militia commanders—such as the Tuareg politician Cheikh Ag Aoussa, who died in an unsolved car bombing in 2016—but assassinations are not as common as one might expect. Figures with seemingly irreconcilable political divisions, such as Iyad Ag Ghali and the loyalist Tuareg militia leader El Hadj Ag Gamou, simultaneously have surprisingly close familial and interpersonal ties; e.g., Ag Ghali is married to Ag Gamou’s ex-wife.
The violence, moreover, constitutes a “wartime political order” that these leaders find navigable. This is not to say that they prefer violence, but they can cope with it and even thrive amid it. The 2018 presidential election offers one example of how this works. In general, President Keïta and the northern ex-rebel bloc the Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA) have major tensions concerning the implementation of the 2015 Algiers Accord, a key peace agreement. But Keïta and the CMA reached common ground concerning the elections, with the CMA helping to secure the vote and with northern regions—partly, it seems, under the CMA’s influence—voting massively to re-elect the president. In other words, Keïta and the CMA may disagree on a lot of things, but they can agree to help each other maintain position and power.
Secondly, peace agreements and conflict resolution mechanisms often inadvertently both extend the conflict and empower the same figures who have been on the scene since the early 1990s. For the purposes of the Algiers Accord, the dominant actors in peacemaking are the central state, the CMA, and loyalist militias—with Ag Gamou most prominent among the latter. Foreign powers consider these actors their primary interlocutors, which further entrenches their positions.
At the same time, however, the Accord and related processes unwittingly encourage fragmentation within both rebel and loyalist ranks—new groups form or break off from existing groups in order to demand a share of the wartime order and the anticipated spoils of peace. Various problems ensue, as the government and its external partners must decide whether to extend the Accord to encompass new groups—and in this way incentivize further fragmentation—or leave the new groups on the sidelines and allow them to play the role of spoilers.
The jihadists, who were never included in the Accord, are positioned as the ultimate spoilers. The central government intermittently considers the possibility of opening a dialogue with them, and particularly with Ag Ghali, but foreign backers, particularly France, are openly reluctant to see that proposal advance. The internal contradictions and glaring limitations of the formal peace process have made the Algiers Accord a feature of the status quo of Malian politics, rather than a mechanism for moving to a new status quo.
One partial exception to these trends—and particularly to the trend of leaders maintaining their power over decades—is the multi-sided violence in the Mopti region. In Mopti, a jihadist insurgency has intersected with violence by ethnic “self-defense” militias, bandits, the Malian armed forces, and other actors. The violence has activated longstanding, hyper-local grievances over the management of pastures, farmland, and water.
In contrast to the violence in the north, the violence in Mopti has brought figures to the fore who were marginal in the 1990s. The major example is the jihadist leader Amadou Kouffa, who rose from itinerant preacher in the early 2000s, to a third-tier jihadist actor in the 2012 rebellion, to the dominant jihadist in Mopti. After 2012 and particularly after 2015, Kouffa’s forces expanded in part due to widespread resentment against village-level authorities, with Kouffa’s young fighters assassinating village heads, demanding the implementation of their version of Islamic law, and overturning older and widely despised systems for managing pastures.
Recently, French counterterrorism forces claimed to have killed Kouffa, but that event may usher in greater fragmentation in Mopti and may elevate lesser-known figures. In Mopti, there are hints of what the darkest future for Mali might look like: violence that overturns even the “wartime political order” that established elites can still navigate, and generates a situation where the central government does not just lose physical control of the territory but also loses the ability to negotiate settlements with local elites. For the moment, though, the violence in Mopti still does not fundamentally threaten the central state, and thus it is a part, albeit the most volatile part, of the status quo.
Is there a way to resolve this complex crisis? Admittedly, the list of diagnoses is long, while prescriptions short. In part this is because the solution is somewhat self-contradictory. In the short term, Mali may actually need more settlements between the figures who have dominated the scene since the 1990s, including a settlement between the central government and Ag Ghali. But in the long term, Mali will need more mechanisms for ordinary people to have the decisive say in who rules Mali and how it is ruled. Eventually, in other words, Malians will have to have choices that go beyond selecting which old men will take the key positions in government, and which militias will control which areas. | <urn:uuid:e0be0c14-4b1e-4ba2-acd3-845d52831ba5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/12/why-mali-political-challenges-persist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.956944 | 1,607 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A report out this week suggests Chicago Public Schools needs to change the way it thinks about addressing students' trauma and mental health needs.
The report from teacher advocacy nonprofit Educators for Excellence cites the levels of violence and poverty as a hindrance to student success.
For example, the report points out that in 2016, 324 shooting victims were under the age of 16, and 36 of them died. But during the 2015-2016 school year, the district had only 323 social workers for 390,000 students, leaving about one social worker for every 1,200 students.
While the report makes recommendations for how to address those student needs, CPS says it's been quietly working to spread social emotional learning for the last two years.
While students and teachers at Marcus Garvey Elementary School in Washington Heights set aside at least 30 minutes a week specifically for social emotional learning, it’s also baked into the culture and used in other classes throughout the day.
“Through the instructional program, how students walk in hall, how we speak to student. During reading, if a teacher is doing a 'read aloud' they can talk about how a character is feeling,” said Lori Guidry, a fourth-grade teacher at Garvey.
Garvey is one of 44 CPS schools certified as exemplary for social emotional learning. Seventh-grade students and friends Indigo Shephard and Carolyn Beemon say it matters because not all students have supportive adults outside of school.
“Honestly, I think it’s important, not just for me but for other students, because a lot of other students at home don’t have someone to talk to,” said Carolyn Beemon. “Sometimes, I just don't want to tell my parents stuff.”
“Once we started having second-step lessons, then I started talking to other people, and other people kind of understand how I felt being the new kid of the classroom,” said Indigo Shephard.
The second-step curriculum Shephard is referring to are lessons that help students build skills like compassion, empathy, acceptance and cultural awareness.
It’s just a piece of the social emotional pie at Garvey. In addition, there’s Monday mentoring, where students are paired with an adult for their entire elementary career, yoga, breathing strategies and peace centers – where something as simple as a bottle of glitter water makes the difference.
“The calm down bottle is used if students have a problem. Instead of handling their emotions with anger, they shake the bottle and watch the glitter fall,” said Guidry. “It allows them to breathe and to take a few minutes to think about what was going on. And then they’re ready to have a conversation about it afterward because you can’t talk to a student if they’re angry.”
The Chicago Public School district is working to spread some of the practices that make Garvey exemplary to other schools, starting with ramping up trauma sensitivity training for educators, counselors and staff.
“Even something as simple as us as educators changing the question from, ‘What's wrong with you,’ to ‘What's going on with you,’ or ‘What happened to you?’ – I think that’s very powerful. And to also not to take it personally,” said Pablo Guzman of John Spry Community School. “If I approach every child as ‘he's not doing that to me, it’s not to me, it's something that’s going on with him.’”
The district’s office of social emotional learning says 80 percent of students fall onto tier 1 of the district’s SEL structure of needing a positive and safe learning environment with clear expectations and connections with adults to feel socially and emotionally supported.
But the other 20 percent need more, and a smaller percentage of students need a little more help because, perhaps, they’ve experienced trauma or just need help managing their emotions. About 1 to 5 percent of students fall onto the district’s SEL tier 3 and need more intensive one-on-one counseling.
“What typically happens in a traditional mindset is that we don't understand trauma, so we see the symptoms of trauma but we don't understand the root cause,” said Justina Schlund of Chicago Public Schools.
“In a traditional sense what I might do is a series of punishments that we know are extremely ineffective. The traditional kind of response for a big outburst from a student might be removing them from the classroom, it might be suspending them. And these are some of the least effective strategies that we have to change behaviors.”
In training, teachers and staff learn how to find the source of a student’s problem and address it with what research shows to be the most effective approach.
“In a trauma-sensitive approach and a restorative approach, we’re really taking the root cause of the situation into consideration and thinking through what’s causing this student to act this way,” said Schlund.
“So the first thing I’m going to do before I even jump to a response is think about what are the series of things I’ve done as a teacher, as an administrator, as a security officer – or what’s the environment like that’s kind of triggered this student that led up to this response – and I’m going to change that.”
They also learn to address their own trauma.
“I just lost a student. He died of a heart attack and it really floored me, and from this experience of losing him, but also being here today, it’s OK to say that I’m floored,” said Kendall Straughter of Beulah Shoesmith Elementary School. “It’s OK to say that I’m hurting too.”
For both staff and students, the training is getting positive results. Seventh-grader Indigo Shephard uses her SEL lessons to help prep for tests.
“I just get really jumpy, but then I would take deep breaths or count to 10 in my head, and say, ‘Indigo you’re a really good person and if you pass this, you really showed yourself that you can do this,’” said Shephard.
Follow Brandis Friedman on Twitter: @BrandisFriedman
June 14: Local teachers are recommending changes to Chicago Public Schools to offer better support to students dealing with poverty, homelessness and violence.
May 22: Nearly 40 countries are represented at Sullivan High School in Rogers Park. We meet the head of the school’s English language program – and the reporter who recently wrote about the school.
April 25: Officials from a Chicago-based education collaborative looked at years of studies on social and emotional learning and found consistent, positive effects on student behavior and outcomes. | <urn:uuid:b484ba84-af8a-475f-bbdc-03ff3b9a9d48> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2017/06/15/cps-works-address-student-trauma-mental-health?qt-the_most_=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817111816-20170817131816-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.964737 | 1,459 | 2.71875 | 3 |
On January 18, 1803, President Jefferson sent a confidential letter to Congress asking for $2,500 to fund an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. He hoped to establish trade with the Native American people of the West and find a water route to the Pacific. Jefferson also was fascinated by the prospect of what could be learned about the geography of the West, the lives and languages of the Native Americans, the plants and animals, the soil, the rocks, the weather, and how they differed from those in the East.
- The Long Look West explores Jefferson's long-time interest in exploration.
- Pre-1803 Chronology lists important events that led up to Jefferson's promoting the Expedition, including his support of previous attempts to explore the West.
- The American Philosophical Society and Western Exploration shows how Jefferson's membership in the premier American intellectual society influenced the Expedition.
- A Library of America highlights books on the geography of North American in Jefferson's personal library.
- Thomas Jefferson and American Indians provides a background on Jefferson's relationship with American Indians apart from Lewis and Clark.
- A Confidential Letter is a transcription of Jefferson's secret request to the United States Congress for funds for the Expedition | <urn:uuid:f7d86503-6af5-47ff-9f5b-5b6345aad07b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/origins-expedition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513686.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021031444-20181021052944-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.929007 | 244 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The United States Constitution is the foundation of our nation of laws. Since the early 20th century, political liberals have made and continue to make a concerted effort to disregard or re-interpret the Constitution. We categorically reject any attempts to undermine the Constitution.
The assault on the Constitution, now includes some sitting judges. They make judicial decisions based on their mistaken belief that the courts should legislate policy and they ignore laws enacted by the Congress.
Adherence to the Constitution, provides our nation with surety, stability, and the wisdom and original intent of the Founders of our great nation.
The Conservative Party Supports:
- The appointment of Federal Judges who acknowledge the primacy of the original intent of the Constitution in all legal decisions.
- The passage of a Constitutional Amendment that fixes the number of Supreme Court Justices at nine, the current number. | <urn:uuid:535e4b9d-3a92-4f4d-b9b8-e40be5999347> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.cpnys.org/issue/the-constitution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212959.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923211300-20200924001300-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.924495 | 173 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Maybe this will help. Those accented characters you're using are probably iso-8859-1, more or less an extension of ASCII to 8 bits. So, ι, for example, is 234. UTF-8 is another encoding altogether that uses multiple bytes to encode character sets from many different writing systems (as you probably know).
Here's where the problem is (and what the error message was telling you). Under UTF-8, 7-bit ASCII characters retain their old mappings. But in order to encode multi-byte characters, UTF-8 uses the high bits. In order to encode a character that is two bytes long, the first byte's high bit is set to one, the second to zero. And so forth for characters that take up more bytes. If you take a string of Latin-A characters (I think they're called), their high bits won't match the carefully thought-out system of UTF-8 encoding, and make a mess of it. The string ικλ, for example, has three high bits set to one in a row...
...which is what "malformed UTF-8 character" means.
Update: that should have read "Latin 1," not "Latin A." Also, here's where I learned the little I know about Unicode.
--Your punctuation skills are insufficient!
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You know that forgetting where you put your iPhone or why you just walked into a room isn't necessarily a sign that you're developing Alzheimer's. But still, the majority thinks this form of dementia that impacts some 44 million people worldwide is inevitable as you get older.
In a new 12-country survey featuring participants from Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Japan, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and the U.K., 59 percent of people said they believe that Alzheimer's is a natural part of aging. Another 37 percent of people surveyed incorrectly think Alzheimer's needs to run in the family in order to put you at risk.
Sorry, folks, it doesn't work that way. It's always when people are really worried about something that they start spreading untrue "facts" like these. “Alzheimer's is one of the most feared diagnoses in not only the U.S., but also globally. It's second only to cancer, so most people do appreciate its seriousness,” says neuropsychologist Mary Sano, Ph.D., director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Mount Sinai in New York City. Below, help set your mind at ease about the scary disease.
What is Alzheimer's? Alzheimer's is neurodegenerative disease associated with the loss of some cognitive abilities, such as remembering or organizing things. These symptoms may also come up as you age, but for Alzheimer's patients, they are more accelerated and disruptive. Alzheimer's affects your ability to do everyday tasks, like managing your finances, shopping, even reading a book (you might not be able to remember what you read) and other day-to-day activities. Over time, this disease makes you completely dependent on others to do things daily. Unfortunately, there's no cure for Alzheimer's, but there are ways to treat it.
Who's really at risk? What causes Alzheimer's is still being studied, but new research has shown that the build up of a protein called amyloid may be responsible. Amyloid may be present in as much as a third of the population over 65. Having this protein doesn't mean that you're guaranteed to get the disease, but it may put you at greater risk of future deterioration. Also, if say, your aunt or grandmother had Alzheimer's, your risk will increase, but the disease is not exclusive to people who have a family medical history of it.
How can you prevent it? There's no concrete evidence to date that really anything will prevent this disease. However, there are some on-going studies that speculate that practicing smart lifestyle choices—being physically active, eating healthy and avoiding injuries, especially to the head—may lower your risk. | <urn:uuid:2f5f9d4c-6082-41bc-9590-39780352453d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.shape.com/blogs/shape-your-life/alzheimers-normal-part-aging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322275.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628014207-20170628034207-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.969537 | 555 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It’s happening all the time, yet we don’t even notice it. Our kidneys and liver are hard at work every minute of the day, removing toxic waste from the body. As you know from the Osteoporosis Reversal Program, one of the kidneys’ primary functions is to keep the body’s pH in balance.
Additionally, the kidneys play an important role in bone health by producing hormones that stimulate bone marrow and maintain calcium levels. They also remove waste from the body, regulate blood pressure and composition, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
One of the main functions of the liver is to detoxify the body, and believe me…
It’s No Easy Task Nowadays
As if the already heavy load of chemicals in food and water were not enough, over-the-counter and prescription drugs can easily overwhelm the liver.
Here’s why: roughly 80% of drugs are metabolized by a group of liver enzymes known as the cytochrome P450, abbreviated as CYP.
Besides metabolizing chemicals that would otherwise be toxic, the CYPs are also involved in Vitamin D metabolism and hormone synthesis and breakdown. The CYPs are very specific and cannot be secreted in unlimited quantities.
So the trick is to avoid toxins as much as possible and to help these often overworked organs do their job. Fortunately, it’s a lot easier than it may sound… if you know what to do.
Two Foods that Cleanse
As I write in OsteoCleanse™: The Seven Day Osteoporosis Drug Cleanse, even if you never took osteoporosis drugs, a cleanse keeps your body in balance and working efficiently. And one of the simplest cleansing steps is to use certain fruits and vegetables.
Today, I’ll share with you just that.
- Watermelon: Made up of 92 percent alkaline water, this delicious fruit helps you stay hydrated while it cleanses the kidneys and bladder and helps maintain an alkaline pH. As if this were not enough, watermelon is a good source of vitamins A and C, potassium, beta-carotene, and has high levels of lycopene, a powerful antioxidant that, as I write in the Osteoporosis Reversal Program, has been shown to build bone.
- Cabbage: Thanks to its rich glucosinolate content, eating all types of cabbage helps activate crucial detoxifying liver enzymes. However, green cabbage contains more chlorophyll than the other varieties. Since chlorophyll strengthens the liver, I recommend eating green cabbage, preferably raw so as to maintain the highest nutrient levels. This sulfur-rich Cruciferous vegetable is also an excellent source of Vitamins K, C, folate, and Omega 3 fatty acids, all of which are Foundation Supplements. | <urn:uuid:cf43e80a-9b59-4cb2-8c79-90c2f9ba531a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://saveourbones.com/eat-these-two-powerful-foods-to-cleanse-your-body-of-osteoporosis-drugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319470.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824020840-20190824042840-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.946192 | 592 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Yes, weeds can be a bummer, but many gardeners don’t know there are many more benefits of weeds than downsides.
Besides, they’re fairly easily controlled in the garden with a thick mulch.
The lawn is definitely trickier.
I had one client who’s front lawn had more weeds than grass!
I knew it would take years for me to balance the soil to the point where the grass won the battle, so I was out there every couple of weeks pulling the weeds by hand.
She was a nice client, but I knew she wasn’t thrilled with the weeds, and I don’t blame her, but it’s important to understand why the weeds are there.
Weeds are helpful plants for your organic garden because each beneficial weed thrives in a specific imbalanced soil condition and works to bring the soil back into balance.
So if you’ve heard that healthy soil grows weeds just as well as the plants you’re trying to grow, it’s a myth.
If the weeds are doing better than your lawn or garden plants, it’s because the soil isn’t optimally healthy and the weeds have set up shop to fix that.
That’s what was happening with my client’s lawn, so my long-term goal was to help fix the soil in order to speed up the process.
But if time didn’t matter, I could have let the weeds take care of it.
So, what are the benefits of weeds?
- Some lawn and garden weeds bring nutrients and water up from deep in the soil and down from the air, and subsequently make them available to microbes and plants.
- Some weeds break up hardpans and compaction and control erosion.
- Another benefit of weeds is that they increase the organic matter content of the soil as they continually grow and die. That’s one reason to let them cycle through the lawn.
- Garden weeds also act as our own diagnostic tool by telling us a tremendous amount about the nutritional balance of our soil through their presence and growth habit.
- They also fix nutritional imbalances, vastly improving soils, perhaps in as little as a couple of years, but often decades or centuries.
- One of my favorite benefits of weeds is that they provide homes and food for microbes and animals. (If you get a chance, check out the documentary Microcosms. It’s a very close-up account of insects’ lives on plants in meadows and ponds, beautiful!)
That’s just a few things weeds do in the lawn and garden. Having said this, if you simply can’t live with them on the lawn, which I understand, it is possible to control most of them and still have a happy garden.
That involves creating a healthy, balanced soil with strong turf plants so that the weeds can’t thrive.
But you can also see why the benefits of weeds make them good to keep around. Besides, many of them can be added to salads for a healthy boost.
Do you have any especially persistent weeds? Let us know below… | <urn:uuid:f6763f2c-5e64-4a39-9007-3b3b24cabbdb> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.smilinggardener.com/organic-pest-control/benefits-of-weeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988986.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509122756-20210509152756-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.966791 | 660 | 2.59375 | 3 |
CCD (Charged Coupled Device)
To break it down simply, CCD stands for Charged Coupled Device. The longer definition of CCD is that it’s an electronic device that’s used in image processing to store information in a controlled way. It is the digital equivalent of film, and you can use it on many different devices.
The CCD is one type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the light and translating it into digital information. There are thousands of tiny little pixels that make up the surface of the sensor so that every little facet of light will be caught, converted, and refined into electrical energy, and organized into a digital image.
It is through the pixels that the light is translated into electrons, which in turn, become the digital data you need in order to print, edit, or store a picture. CCD is used in many cameras and devices – this type of sensor has been around for a very long time and is often compared to the more modern CMOS sensor.
Once the light has become a digital copy of the image it can easily be stored in the camera’s memory.
With a good CCD, you will be able to produce high-quality images, even when working in low or dim lighting. It is important to know the quality of your digital camera’s CCD in order to know where your camera is effective as well as ineffective. A quality CCD allows you a higher sensitivity to light or ISO. If you are working with a client, you don’t want to waste their time or yours taking shots that won’t turn out because of poor lighting and/or a low-quality CCD.
CCD is also an older type of sensor compared to CMOS sensors. We won’t go into detail about CMOS sensors, but they work very similarly to each other. During the readouts, CCD sensors will move the electrons from each pixel. This is an effective way to read the data because it makes the readout process very effective and consistent – making CCD sensors an old but trusted technology to produce high-quality images with low noise. Another advantage is that CCD sensors don’t contain wasted in the pixel compared to CMOS sensors.
Let’s review some of the overall pros and cons of using CCD sensors:
- Use CCDs for high-quality images
- Use CCDs for low image noise
- CCD sensors tend to have higher quality pixels
- They’re a trusted technology and have been around for a long time
- They’re designed in many technological devices and digital cameras
- Long exposure times in cameras
- It uses a lot of power (a hundred times more than standard CMOS sensors)
- They have a slower readout
- They don’t have direct pixel access in the cameras
- More smearing and blooming effects when overexposed
One of the things to note about the CCD camera is that it is monochromatic, meaning it works in grayscale. Your cameras will have a color filter where there are pixels for Red Green and Blue light.
CCDs are not limited to digital cameras but are also used in telescopes, camcorders, and scanners–basically anything that takes in light and translates it into digital data. They’re also commonly used in high technology CCD cameras such as the one in astrophotography – including the Hubble Telescope which requires a prolonged exposure time. | <urn:uuid:a3f071d5-ac11-432d-b1fa-815979ff53e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://photographycourse.net/what-is-the-ccd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.950862 | 734 | 3.5 | 4 |
Last of the Mound Builders
Last updated 12/8/2020 at 5:32pm
Bruce Lockett, Director T.A.S.A.
In discussing the Indians of the Southern portion of the United States it is strange that some of the first Indians to meet the Euro-Americans are barely mention in the context of Indian history. This Indian group was known as the Atakapa Indians of Texas and Louisiana. The Atakpa Indians were a loose federation of Indians on the coastal shores of Texas, and Louisiana, from the San Jacinto River, of Texas to Vermilion bay, of Louisiana. Evidence has now shown that the Atakpa Proper extended to Navasota Texas across to Huntsville, Texas and Lufkin. Texas. The line of penetration continued in Louisiana to Merryville, Louisiana, to Derider. Louisiana. Leesville, Lousiana, across to Opelussa Lousiana and down to Vermillion, Bay Louisiana.
The Atakapa Proper, was made up of the following Indian groups, known as the Atakapa, Bedias, Akokisa, Patiri, Opelussa, Deadose and possibly some contingents of tribes that were falling from the pages of history. Tribes that have been associated with the linguistic stock of Atakapa also include (Agdoza, Doxza, Igodosa, Jacdoas, Judosa and Yacdossa) Indians. However history does not clarify if these are tribes or the names of Chiefs of those tribes within the Atakapa Proper that became assimilated into other dominant Atakapa tribes. These tribes while having different names were of the same linguistic stock and adapted trade between the local areas of their habitation. It is for this reason they are grouped in the similarity of their cultural, and linguistic mannerisms that
place them together. Due to the lack of historical records we must make assumptions on some accounts where clarification is not readily available. Only the Atakapa really know.
Little study has been conducted on these tribal groups who were thought to be just above cave man stature, and savage as savages come. Studies which have been conducted by various anthropology groups of the State of Texas and the State of Louisiana have continued to shed new light on the Atakapa Indians as a whole. Archaeological branches and County Historical Societies are piecing together the remnants of bones, pottery, arrow points, and dwelling places to provide a clearer picture of those who came before us.
To lay more burden upon their culture as a whole, they were tagged with the continual practice of cannibalism among their groups when the Choctaw established them as "man eaters", a name they have carried as a stigma until this day. Anyone who has studied the culture of Indians knows this was a practice by many tribal groups in Louisiana and Texas as well as other parts of North American Indians. While early history of the Atakapas´site this practice it seems to have been abolished after the arrival of Euro-Americans.
Recent research conducted by members of T.A.S.A. (Texas Archaeological Studies Association- Volunteer group of historical researchers in East Texas) have located in archives, libraries along with photographic copies of personal collections and has uncovered a startling find about the Atakapa Indians. There is now conclusive proof that the Atakapa Indians were the last of the Mound Builders in the Northern Americas. This is attributed more to their location than the element of time. Historical accounts simply state their was no other place to build them except on the coastal waters, rivers, and bayous, of Texas, and Louisiana. Extensive research has uncovered that these mounds
were built in massive proportions as Shell Middens. Once thought to just be garbage sites.
We are now taking a closer look at these Shell Middens as deposits of historical records. Laid down in layers with each generation upon the other they are a testimony of the history of the Atakapa Tribes that once lived in the marshes of Texas and Louisiana.
Unlike the Indians of the Plains, and Northern parts of the Americas the Atakapa Indians used what was viable in their areas of living. The coastal regions are abundant in Oyster, Crab, and Clam Shell which was the main stay material of the Shell Midden Mounds. Gumbo soil by itself easily washes away, along with the sand that abounds on the rivers, bayous and lakes of the coastal region. Either by trial and error method, or by ancestor´s passage it was found these factors mixed together and the added ingredient of Spanish Moss, would provide a life like concrete structure that could withstand the elements of time. The lime within the clamshell also helped to preserve the bones, and items carried to the burial chamber for the after life.
Like the Mounds of the Northern Indians these mounds contained human and animal bones, pottery, clay balls, and arrow and spear points. They differed only in the method of material construction. Along with these items have been found near by, carved ax head with petroglyph´s writing, a stone with the head of a deer carved into it, and the famous Morgan Effigy a carved figurine that has survived the passage of time. These mounds contained these same kinds of artifact found in mounds of other cultures Was this a practice adopted by the Atakapa or something that had been pasted down from generation to generation. There are some who speculate this was a practice carried on by the Atakapa Indians from other cultures, while others speculate that the middens would have taken thousands of years to build and that the Atakapa Indians or their descendants
would have continued burial practice in the same method as introduced. Death to the Indian, and the proper passage of burial, were as important as life. There have now been over 35 established mound sites in the coastal areas of Louisiana and Texas that have been recorded and excavated by State Archaelogist.
The Caplen Mounds found on Bolivar Peninsula, Galveston Texas in August of 1932 This shell midden some 5-6 feet tall and some 10 feet into the ground and 45 feet across produced over 80 human remains and numerous artifacts of pottery, points, drills and red balls of clay for dye. To date it is the largest recovery of human remains from a shell midden found on the Texas Coast. (1) The Shell Middens at Port Neches, Texas on the Neches River, one of the most important archaeological discoveries lost to modernization. The early settlement of Neches River area required good foundations to start the settlements. | <urn:uuid:7b8e6947-02de-4c1b-8047-6e9d3b19df9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.therecordlive.com/story/2020/12/09/local/last-of-the-mound-builders/29630.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.969891 | 1,365 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ Readers
Human papilloma viruses are known as HPV. They can affect the moist membranes that line parts of the body and skin, including the lining of the mouth and throat, the vulva, the cervix, the vagina and the anus. There are more than 100 different strains of human papilloma virus (HPV). It is much more common in young people, probably because we develop immunity to the virus as we get older.
Human Papillomavirus Related Journals
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology , International Journal of Surgical Oncology, Journal of the International Papillomavirus, Obstetrics & Gynecology International Journal, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Journal of Clinical Oncology | <urn:uuid:8ce35bef-1a27-43af-bfc3-d9e2a42ccd08> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/hpv-virus-journals-articles-ppts-list.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.879132 | 185 | 3.0625 | 3 |
E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
According to Scandinavian tradition, this bird hovered over the cross of our Lord, crying Svala! svala! (Console! console!) whence it was called svalow (the bird of consolation). (See CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS.)
The swallow is said to bring home from the sea-shore a stone which gives sight to her fledglings.
Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which the swallow
Brings from the shore of the sea to restore the sight of its fledglings.
Longfellow: Evangeline, part i.
It is lucky for a swallow to build about ones house. This is a Roman superstition. Ælian says that the swallow was sacred to the Penats or household gods, and therefore to injure one would be to bring wrath upon your own house.
It is unlucky to kill a swallow.
Perhaps you failed in your foreseeing skill,
For swallows are unlucky birds to kill.
Dryden: Hind and Panther, part iii.
One swallow does not make spring. You are not to suppose winter is past because you have seen a swallow; nor that the troubles of life are over because you have surmounted one difficulty. | <urn:uuid:168ab711-c4eb-43ea-a763-ec498551fe03> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.bartleby.com/81/16103.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00214-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941173 | 274 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Cardiovascular disease risk factor control as primary prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has changed substantially in the past few years. (released august 25th, 2015), check A JOINT Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association
Cardiovascular disease risk factor control as primary prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has changed substantially in the past few years. The purpose of this scientific statement is to review the current literature and key clinical trials pertaining to blood pressure and blood glucose control, cholesterol management, aspirin therapy, and lifestyle modification.
Diabetes mellitus, defined by elevated glycemic markers, is understood as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
CVDs, can result, due to disorders of circulation called Thromboses. Thromboses are conditions that arise out of local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system. There are two types: venous and arterial types and gong by the name they occur in veins or arteries respectively. Thromboses in veins may be referred to as DVT (deep vein thrombosis) which causes Pulmonary Embolism (PE), which can be fatal. Arterial thrombosis is a common cause of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), ischemic stroke and limb gangrene.
What is prophylactic medication?
When a few drugs are taken as a preventive measure the therapy is usually referred to as drug being given as Prophylactic.
What does this mean?
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for “an advance guard,” an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence. A prophylactic therapy is a medication or a treatment designed and used to prevent a disease from occurring.
Quick look at Medications for the heart:
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: relax blood vessels by preventing the formation of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure.
angiotension II receptor blockers (ARBs): lower blood pressure by inhibit- ing the vasoconstrictor angiotension II from binding its action sites.
antiarrhythmic drugs: restore normal sinus rhythm via various mechanisms to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
anticoagulants: prevent the formation of blood clots. Examples are warfarin and heparin.
antihyperlipidemics: lower “bad” and or raise “good” cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke.
beta-blockers: depress the heart rate and force of heart contractions by decreas- ing the effectiveness of the nerve impulses to the cardiovascular system. They typically are prescribed to treat angina pectoris, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias.
calcium channel blockers (CCBs): decrease myocardial oxygen demand by inhibiting the flow of calcium to smooth muscle cells of the heart, which causes arterial relaxation. CCBs are used to treat angina, hypertension, and heart failure.
diuretics (dye ur REH ticks): promote the excretion of sodium and water as urine; they are used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
nitrates (antianginals): relax blood vessels and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption to lessen the pain of angina pectoris; also used to treat hyper- tension and heart failure.
Thrombolytics (antiplatelets) : aid in the dissolution of blood clots. “Clot busters” are used to treat obstructing coronary thrombi (clots).
Antiplatelet and anticoagulation drugs:
Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are medicines that reduce blood clotting in an artery, a vein or the heart. Blood clots can block the blood flow to your heart muscle and cause a heart attack. They can also block blood flow to your brain, causing a stroke. Anticoagulants (sometimes known as “blood thinners”) are drugs that are given to prevent your blood from clotting or prevent existing clots from getting larger.
Antiplatelet agents: These drugs, such as aspirin, keep blood clots from forming. Many doctors now prescribe aspirin to heart patients for this reason. Some common names are such as Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel or Dipyridamole
When two of the above are prescribed, it is referred to as Dual antiplatelet therapy.
Recent Recommendations (released august 25th, 2015), in an Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association advises:
Low-dose aspirin (75–162 mg/d) is reasonable among those with a 10-year CVD risk of at least 10% and without an increased risk of bleeding (ACC/AHA Class IIa; Level of Evidence B) (ADA Level of Evidence C).
Low-dose aspirin is reasonable in adults with diabetes mellitus at intermediate risk (10-year CVD risk, 5%–10%) (ACC/AHA Class IIb;)
**AHA- (American Heart Association); ADA (American Diabetes Association)
Does aspirin help prevent health problems? — Yes, aspirin can prevent a few different health problems in certain people. For example, in people who have had a heart attack or stroke, aspirin can help prevent another heart attack or stroke, or even death. Studies also suggest that aspirin can prevent heart attacks in people who have never had a heart attack or any type of heart or blood vessel disease. Plus, aspirin might protect against some forms of cancer and help people live longer. The type of cancer that aspirin seems to help most with is cancer of the colon or rectum (the lower part of the bowel).
What health problems aspirin can cause if not taken under supervision?— Yes, aspirin is a scheduled high drug and has its downside. It can cause serious internal bleeding. When aspirin causes bleeding, it is usually in the stomach or intestines. But bleeding can also happen in other parts of the body, such as the brain.
The risk of bleeding while taking aspirin is not the same for everyone. Some people have a higher risk than others.
You are more likely to have bleeding episode in following cases:
If you have had ulcers in your stomach or intestines (called peptic ulcers) and may be 65 years old or above!
Take high doses of medicines called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as naproxen (sample brand name: Aleve) or ibuprofen (sample brand names: Advil, Motrin)
Also if you are using medicines called corticosteroids in the form of pills or shots (It doesn’t matter if you use these medicines in a cream or lotion that you put on your skin.)
Take medicines called “anti-coagulants” or blood thinners, such as:
Warfarin, Dabigatran, Apixaban or Rivaroxaban
How does aspirin prevent health problems? — When it comes to problems that affect the heart or blood vessels, aspirin can help because it helps prevent blood clots. Heart attacks and some strokes happen when blood clots form inside arteries. Aspirin helps keep that from happening. When it comes to cancer, experts aren’t sure why aspirin might help, but results of several studies suggest it does! | <urn:uuid:292ecfb6-53c3-4ada-9b69-074a059886be> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://endyourillness.com/2015/09/23/managing-heart-alongside-diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543264.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522001016-20220522031016-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.912058 | 1,601 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Jane Stokes, University of Greenwich and the teaching team on the Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Speech and Language Therapy have put the use of video at the centre of their strategy for developing skills for practice, and in their teaching and learning approaches.
Many lecturers use video clips in their teaching and students regularly use YouTube links to support their understanding of speech and language difficulties but the speech and language therapy teaching team have taken the use of video several steps further.
Students are all supplied with video cameras which they use on placement to video their own interactions with people. In collaboration with colleagues in practice, students regularly video sessions that they contribute to on placement. This allows for a deeper level of reflective practice, and allows students to look back at exactly the language that was used, the non-verbal communication that they are developing and the reactions that people with communication difficulties have which may be otherwise difficult to record.
Together with colleagues in practice, students and staff have devised scenarios that have been videoed to exemplify good inter-professional practice. People who have been on the receiving end of inter-professional care have been videoed about their experiences, and these clips are then available to students to review and reflect on. This allows the students to hear first-hand about how it feels to be a patient, or client.
Colleagues in practice have also made videos of a typical speech and language therapy session which are interspersed with a running commentary about how the session went, the techniques used, and the responses observed. Students find this invaluable in learning about the clinical decision making process that experienced speech and language therapists use but often do not explicitly describe to students. Video gives an insight that no other medium can give and can be used so much more creatively than just using clips of people talking. In this way reflective practice is greatly enhanced, both in students and in practitioners. | <urn:uuid:81ee2b81-ff6e-413b-afda-f4bc8f249e36> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://ioicare.com/showcasing-good-practice/examples-of-good-practice/using-video-in-speech-language-therapy-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.960238 | 376 | 3.015625 | 3 |
solution is incorrect
Not really, we need to determine the first non-zero element in each column, not row.
Return the Fibonacci Sequence
Reindex a vector
Doubling elements in a vector
Create matrix of replicated elements
Duplicate a character
Remove from a 2-D matrix all the rows that contain at least one element less than or equal to 4
Create a matrix X, where each column is a shifted copy of the vector v
A quadrant matrix
Duplicate each element of a vector.
Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: .
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Contact your local office | <urn:uuid:94266425-0fa6-40b0-90fe-77946ca1f7cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://au.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/307-first-non-zero-element-in-each-column/solutions/1498007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493121.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328225036-20200329015036-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.817492 | 189 | 3.3125 | 3 |
With AquaVita’s revolutionary natural sweeteners including Stevia you can now avoid the risks of dangerous artificial Sweeterns found in virtually all zero calorie beverages and soda!
Did you know that the dangers of artificial sweeteners continue to generate a fair amount of news coverage and even more confusion for consumers. The FDA has blessed them as safe; end of story. But, watchdog groups beg to differ, saying research on artificial sweeteners is flawed and doesn’t account for how long-term use of the additives may impact health.
A fact no one can dispute is that the controversial sweeteners are made from chemicals, some of which are known to be not only harmful, but truly toxic. Whether artificial sweeteners are dangerous for you may come down to how well-defended your own body is against the chemicals they contain.
Here’s a list of the top most dangerous artificial sweeteners, along with information about what’s in them and the negative impact they can have on your health. From most dangerous to least:
What’s in it: Phenylalanine, aspartic acid and methanol.
Reported side effects: Headaches, fibromyalgia, anxiety, memory loss, arthritis, abdominal pain, nausea, depression, heart palpitations, irritable bowel syndrome, seizures, neurological disorders, vision problems, brain tumors and weight gain.
Concerns: Phenylalanine and aspartic acid directly impact brain and central nervous system functions; evidence shows they play a role in mood disorders, memory problems and other neurological illnesses.
Methanol is converted into formaldehyde when metabolized. Makers of aspartame say methanol and its byproducts are quickly excreted. But research has found measurable amounts of formaldehyde in the livers, kidneys and brains of test subjects after ingestion of aspartame.
At high temperatures, phenylalnine breaks down into diketopiperazine (DPK), a known carcinogen. Phenylalnine is especially dangerous for people with the hereditary disease, phenylketonuria.
What’s in it: Acesulfame-K is a potassium salt containing methylene chloride, a known carcinogen.
Reported side effects: Long term exposure to methylene chloride can cause nausea, headaches, mood problems, impairment of the liver and kidneys, problems with eyesight and possibly cancer. Acesulfame-K may contribute to hypoglemica.
Concerns: Of all artificial sweeteners, acesulfame-K has undergone the least scientific scrutiny. Early studies showed a potential link between the sweetener and development of multiple cancers in laboratory animals.
What’s in it: Sucralose is a synthetic additive created by chlorinating sugar. Manufacturers say the chlorine in sucralose is no different from that in table salt. Fact: the chemical structure of the chlorine in sucralose is almost the same as that in the now-banned pesticide DDT.
Reported side effects: Head and muscle aches, stomach cramps and diarrhea, bladder issues, skin irritation, dizziness and inflammation.
Concerns: Research has shown sucralose can cause shrinking of the thymus gland, an important immune system regulator, and liver and kidney dysfunction. A recent study by Duke University found sucralose reduces healthy intestinal bacteria, which are needed for proper digestion and can impact the effectiveness of prescription and other drugs.
What’s in it: Saccharin is a sulfa-based sweetener; its primary ingredient is benzoic sulfimide.
Reported side effects: For those with sulfa allergies, saccharin may cause nausea, diarrhea, skin problems or other allergy-related symptoms.
Concerns: Early safety studies of saccharin showed the sweetener caused bladder cancer in rats. The FDA recently lifted the requirement that saccharin be labeled as a probable carcinogen on food packaging.
The link between saccharin and bladder cancer has contributed to saccharin being the most investigated of all artificial sweeteners. To date, no connection between saccharin and bladder cancer in humans has been proven.
Switching out artificial sweeteners for all-natural, low-sugar substitutes is a smart option; you just might feel better. | <urn:uuid:6deff3c2-6d46-4d2e-8e92-03371954848e> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://drinkaquavita.com/artificial-sweeteners-dangers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866191.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624024705-20180624044705-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.899414 | 893 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Cantaloupe, also known as muskmelon, thrives in the sunniest garden spot. They grow prolifically in well-enriched, sandy loam soil that is kept moist during the growing season. Companion plants for cantaloupe include corn, pumpkin, squash, collards, borage, oregano, radishes, marigolds, petunias and beans. Companion planting is based on the idea that certain plants are mutually beneficial when planted in near proximity. Large-scale agricultural use of companion planting is called intercropping.
How it Works
Trap plants such as collards attract the aphids that infest young cantaloupe plants. Trap cropping is a type of companion planting that keeps harmful insects away from more vulnerable plants. Some plants, such as French marigolds , exude chemicals that repel harmful pests. The strong fragrance and aromatic oils of herbs such as basil, sage and garlic repel flies, mosquitoes, aphids and other insects. Some plants release chemicals that suppress weed seed germination. Tall plants such as corn work as nurse plants to shade smaller plants and suppress weed growth.
Video of the Day
Cantaloupe Insect Pests
Cucumber beetles and aphids are sometimes a problem on young cantaloupe plants. Cucumber beetles have yellowish-green bodies with black spots or stripes. Squash bugs and squash vine borers attack both young and mature cantaloupe plants. Squash bugs damage plants by sucking juice from the leaves. They also inject a toxin into the plant that causes it to wilt, blacken and die back. Nasturtium, tansy, catnip, radish, marigolds, bee balm and mints are companion plants that prevent squash bug infestation.
When cucumber beetles attack cantaloupe plants, they transmit bacterial wilt to both young and mature plants. Bacterial wilt causes sudden wilting and death of the plant. Inspect and remove cucumber beetles from young cantaloupe plants twice a week. Good garden sanitation also helps reduce the spread of bacterial wilt and mildew. Clean up all spent plants, digging them under or putting them in the compost heap. Companion plants that repel the cucumber beetle include radish, rue, tansy, broccoli, calendula, catnip and goldenrod.
Aphids thrive in the same warm, moist environment that young cantaloupe plants need for healthy growth. They exude a honeydew substance that encourages the development of a black fungus known as sooty mold. They are attracted to the yellow flowers of growing cantaloupe plants. Yellow nasturtium flowers act as a companion trap plant for aphids, luring them away from nearby cantaloupes. Anise, chives, cilantro, garlic, onions, petunias and radish are companion plants for cantaloupe that reduce the aphid population by repelling them with a strong odor. | <urn:uuid:d272db18-b1cf-493c-bf67-a8f0a66b6fb5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.hunker.com/12527446/companion-plants-for-cantaloupe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.917296 | 627 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Technology is evolving daily with researchers breaking new grounds in technological innovations. From Artificial Intelligence (AI), to self driving cars, to Internet of Things, these grand innovations have definitely changed the way we do things.
According to the sixth edition of OECD Frascati Manual, technological innovations comprise new products and processes and significant technological changes of products and processes. An innovation has been implemented if it has been introduced on the market (product innovation).
Technology in Nigeria in the next 15yrs will be really advanced. Technological innovation will change the way we do everything in this Country. It will cut across every sector, from heatlh to transportation. – @senisulyman #LBSABC2018 pic.twitter.com/wqX3goktIR
— Andela Nigeria (@Andela_Nigeria) March 10, 2018
We will be discussing 5 grand innovations and technological advancements that have affected mankind as a whole.
3-D Metal Printing
3-D printing has been around for decades, it has remained largely in the domain of hobbyists and designers producing prototypes. And printing objects with anything other than plastics in particular, metal has been expensive and painfully slow.
Now, however, it’s becoming cheap and easy enough to be a potentially practical way of manufacturing parts. If widely adopted, it could change the way we mass-produce many products. In the short term, manufacturers wouldn’t need to maintain large inventories they could simply print an object, such as a replacement part for an aging car, whenever someone needs it.
— Aviation Week (@AviationWeek) April 26, 2018
The last few years, metal 3-D printing has become increasingly popular. And rightly so: each material offers a unique combination of practical and aesthetic properties to suit a variety of products, be it prototypes, miniatures, jewelry, functional parts or even kitchenware.
The reason metal 3-D printing is so hot is that parts can be serially 3-D printed for mass production. In fact, some parts created with metal 3-D printing are already just as good, if not better, than those manufactured by traditional methods.
Solar Tiles and Roofs
This invention is one worthy of note because of its importance to the world we live in it’s just an amazing way to move a product forward for greater mass adoption. Many people were apprehensive about putting large solar panels on their roof, but to make the solar into roof tiles is ingenious and makes people appreciate the dual value they provide.
Jim in your video you mentioned solar panels.
Have you looked at Tesla Solar Tiles, they look like ordinary roof tiles but are glass and have the photovoltaic cells embedded in them. So the whole roof every inch becomes a solar panelhttps://t.co/bPmrYSKp3z
— Steve (@SteveLondon79) May 1, 2018
Solar Roof and tiles complements your home’s architecture while turning sunlight into electricity. With an integrated Powerwall battery, energy collected during the day is stored and made available any time, effectively turning your home into a personal utility. Glass solar tiles are so durable they are warrantied for the lifetime of your house. Elon musk the CEO of Tesla first started researching on this many years and now he has made it possible.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence is giving power and senses to machine, A lot of people over the years has expressed concern about this technology, but this innovation has and is going a long way to make our life better, AI is helping machines find their way into our lives, affecting how we live, work and entertain ourselves.
From voice-powered personal assistants like Siri and Alexa, to more underlying and fundamental technologies such as behavioral algorithms, suggestive searches and autonomously-powered self-driving vehicles boasting powerful predictive capabilities, there are several examples and applications of artificial intelligence in use today.
This AI thing is getting real. Do we have any organization or institute in Nigeria that is into A.I research? #Artificial Intelligence
— Mr Victor. … (@vikturino) April 29, 2018
The technology was only what we used to watch in movies but today big companies like Apple, Facebook and Tesla are rolling out ground-breaking updates and revolutionary changes to how we interact with machine-learning technology.
Last year, Google Assistant went head to head with Amazon Alexa, and Apple announced the development of a competing model called HomePod in June. Each of these products have increased consumer familiarity with conversational interfaces powered by Artificial Intelligence. Ordinary people as well as corporations can now use AI to improve their daily lives.
Earbuds That Translate 40 Languages in Real Time
Built by Google the $159 pair of ear buds can translate to 40 languages , called Pixel Buds it works with its Pixel smartphones and Google Translate app to produce practically real-time translation. One person wears the earbuds, while the other holds a phone.
The earbud wearer speaks in his or her language—English is the default—and the app translates the talking and plays it aloud on the phone. The person holding the phone responds; this response is translated and played through the earbuds.
— Patricia Torres-Burd (@patburd) October 6, 2017
Google Translate already has a conversation feature, and its iOS and Android apps let two users speak as it automatically figures out what languages they’re using and then translates them. But background noise can make it hard for the app to understand what people are saying, and also to figure out when one person has stopped speaking and it’s time to start translating.
Fords Vehicle to Everything Car
“Vehicle to Everything” (or C2VX) technology the, C2VX car is like an X-ray vision for your car: it uses a chip in your car that can communicate with other cars on the road and receive data from infrastructure like traffic lights or road signs up ahead, alerting you to problems like an accident or stopped car — even if you can’t see it.
Ford taps Qualcomm to ensure cars can talk to everything else Ford and chipmaker Qualcomm announced a partnership at CES 2018 on Tuesday to work together on cellular vehicle-to-everything (C2VX) tech, designed to validate and ensure a smooth rollout for… https://t.co/iVlG5SonJh pic.twitter.com/3ynTEpbcuv
— Tech Hub (@TechWorldHub) January 9, 2018
This new grand breaking technology is already in its final stage of testing.
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Join the community now! | <urn:uuid:91a473f6-75ef-4581-8c86-ac345f1f87e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://technext24.com/2018/05/02/5-new-grand-innovations-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.942782 | 1,390 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Left: Heba Shabaan, a third-year medical student at Weill Cornell Medical College and Dr. Christopher Mason prepare to swab for microbes in the NYC subway system on June 21, 2020. Right: Subway turnstile being swabbed.
About 12,000 bacteria and viruses collected in a sampling from public transit systems and hospitals around the world from 2015 to 2017 had never before been identified, according to a study by the International MetaSUB Consortium, a global effort at tracking microbes that is led by Weill Cornell Medicine investigators.
For the study, published on May 26, 2021, in the journal Cell, international investigators collected nearly 5,000 samples over a three-year period across 60 cities in 32 countries and six continents. The investigators analyzed the samples using a genomic sequencing technique called shotgun sequencing to detect the presence of various microbes, including bacteria, archaea (single-celled organisms that are distinct from bacteria), and viruses that use DNA as their genetic material. (Other types of viruses that use RNA as their genetic material, such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, would not have been detected with the DNA analysis methods used in this pre-pandemic study.)
This field of research has important implications for detecting outbreaks of both known and unknown infections and for studying the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microbes in different urban environments.Continue reading… “Study Across 60 Cities in 32 Countries and Six Continents Reveals: New Species Are All Around Us!” | <urn:uuid:0759a735-0e70-4d0c-ac79-8a7808cb256c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.impactlab.com/category/genetics-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.941605 | 313 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Does planning interfere with achieving your goals?
It seems really simple: If you want to achieve something, set a goal and then make specific plans to implement it.
But according to a 2012 study in the Journal of Consumer Research, people can get overwhelmed while juggling multiple goals.
“Research has shown that forming specific plans for a single goal makes success more likely,” write authors Amy Dalton (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) and Stephen Spiller (UCLA). “Most of us, however, are juggling multiple goals in our lives and jobs, and managing a busy schedule is difficult. This raises the question of whether forming specific plans can help us accomplish more of the tasks we set out to do.”
The authors looked at what happens when consumers make specific plans to pursue goals. For example, someone with the goal of eating a healthy meal might plan to “eat a salad with low-fat dressing at lunch tomorrow in the cafeteria.”
The research involved laboratory and field experiments that manipulated whether or not people plan in advance how they will implement their goals and the number of goals participants formed.
In one study, the authors provided participants with a to-do list of “virtuous activities” to complete over the course of five days; some people had one activity, but others had six. Half the participants were encouraged to plan specifically how, when, and where they would carry out the to-do list each day.
“We found that specific planning helped people who had a single goal on their to-do list, but not people with multiple goals,” the authors write. A second study, which involved a computer task, yielded similar results.
Why is specific planning less effective when applied to a number of goals? The authors believe that planning reminds people of all the obstacles and constraints that stand in the way of achieving goals.
But planning isn’t always detrimental to achieving multiple goals. In an interesting twist, the authors found that people came to see their goals as more manageable if they thought other people were juggling more goals than they were.
“These people framed their goals as relatively easy to carry out and were more likely to benefit from planning,” the authors write.
This information was originally published in May 2012 | <urn:uuid:50903bdc-c0c0-465d-ade0-dd6e643cfe07> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://dreamdolivelove.com/do/studies-research/does-planning-interfere-with-achieving-your-goals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000545.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626194744-20190626220744-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.968234 | 468 | 3.046875 | 3 |
If you are new to children's writing, you may feel like there is a lot to learn.. and there IS! There are some good courses available through providers like the Institute of Children's Literature and Writer's Digest Books. The issue with these courses for most writers is their cost. You can teach yourself all you need to know about writing children's books by purchasing books used to teach writing skills. If you'd like a less expensive route, and are capable of self-teaching, the following books are recommended for consideration:
Idiot's Guide to Publishing Children's Books
Reading some, or all of these books, rather than spending several hundred dollars for one of the popular courses will help you write better stories for publication. By reading these books before you begin submitting, you will also gain critical skills that will help you get your first contract.
Best of luck with your writing and I hope this site, the tips within, and the resources we've provided will help you further your career as a children's writer.
Also, please note: I
am an author, not a publisher nor an agent, so I do not accept submissions
of any kind. Neither do I make recommendations regarding where
to submit your manuscript. I wish you the BEST of luck in your publishing
"Signaleader.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com."
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OBJECTIVES OF THE EPI SCHOOL
It is our main aim to offer our children institutions in which they can learn, be formed and develop their personalities in order to succeed in their lives.
- Acquiring the fondamentals of the official Ministry of Education’s program
- Developing his intelligence, personnality, critical view and creativity
- Developing the manual, physical and artistic abilities
- Initition to team work and active learning through projects
- Knowing how to communicate, speaking foreign languages and using new technologies.
APPROACH OF THE EPI SCHOOL
Our pedagogical approaches are among the most innovative ones: Project approaches, and thematic approaches are essential and constructive in our work. The EPI pupil will discover the knowledge, how to do, how to be and the knowledge of how to become. At the end of the primary course, children will be able to:
- Communicate verbally and through writing
- Thinking , analysing and solving problems
- Expressing values and positive attitudes towards themeselves , the others and the environment | <urn:uuid:5bb563fc-4d80-4c20-9d88-43b66ecb500e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.episcolaire.com/en/presentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141205147.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130035203-20201130065203-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.929485 | 220 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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