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Rated 4 out of 5Â by 1
Rated 4 out of 5Â by Skip Geography well explained
Cultural Geography establishes a solid foundation for further study in geography. The first units in the text establish the world God created. The remainder of the text examines the continents and individual nations. Successful students will have a good understanding of geographic concepts and terms. The knowledge gained as nations are studied will provide a solid basis for the commonalities and unique differences of people and their cultures.
The workbook for this text provides practical exercises to assist students in studying and learning the objectives from each chapter.
October 7, 2014 | <urn:uuid:b4ec6cfc-2d9e-4e6c-918b-909327fa81d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.bjupresshomeschool.com/store/product_Cultural-Geography-Student-Activities-Manual-Answer-Key--3rd-ed.-____2236557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660350.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00086-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944143 | 127 | 3.71875 | 4 |
4th Grade Links
GeoNet - Geography game for kids.
Kids.gov - Great resource for state reports.
Outline Maps - State maps with no labels
Core Democratic Values - This sites devides the fundamental beliefs and the constitutional principals.
Interactive Storybook - An interactive storybook that teaches core democratic values.
Create your own notebook - Create your own core democratic value notebook. | <urn:uuid:af43c28a-d7ed-400b-82f2-7ee3a9e00761> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.muskegonpublicschools.org/schools/moon/Teachers/educationallinks/4thgrade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701155060.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193915-00013-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.745875 | 83 | 2.875 | 3 |
My name is Brian and I will be introducing you to digital storytelling.
Creators are imaginative people who make stories, art, memes, and many other creative objects. I, for example, create stories. I have written and published fiction and nonfiction and have taught college writing for the last decade. I’ve spent the last ten or so years writing and thinking about how creators write, that is, how they take ideas and turn them into stories. Creators of digital stories use the creative process, which includes composing drafts, revising them, and using the internet to share them—if they choose to do so. As digital creators, we are the newest form of storyteller.
As digital storytellers, we use the textual, auditory, and visual capabilities of the internet to tell stories. Stories are not just words on a page. They have always been bigger than the written word. For example, stories told only through audio technology include radio dramas, which are often referred to as “theatre of the mind.” This form of storytelling is making a comeback in the form of podcasts. Digital creators also tell stories visually through web comics, which convey tales through drawings and written dialogue. Using the internet to tell stories gives us opportunities to use audio and visuals to help the reader or the viewer or the listener (in other words, the audience) feel immersed in the worlds that we create, whether that world is fiction or nonfiction. The internet also allows creators—if they wish—to interact almost instantaneously with those audiences.
Storytellers follow a creative process that starts with asking questions and using the details from the answers to draft and revise an idea for a story. To help us ask productive questions, we need to read/watch/listen to several notable examples of digital stories. Our goal this semester is to find good digital stories, blog about why they are good (or not), and to use the creative process to make stories that are inspired by the genre of digital literature. By studying digital stories, we will begin to understand how digital storytellers use several storytelling techniques before we create our own. We will blog about the ways in which those digital stories are interesting, engaging, or insightful (in other words, how one might describe a good story). We will also blog about why those stories are effective by analyzing how they employ storytelling techniques (such as visuals, characterization, and conflict). We will share our opinions, analyses, and critiques of these stories using blog entries to begin the creative process.
One of the first questions we could ask during the creative process is: How should we characterize our own personas? A persona helps shape how readers of a blog imagine the writer. Developing a blogging persona is a creative choice. Even a blogger who chooses to use their real name should think about their persona. Audiences will have some impression of what they, the writer of the blog, are like. Personas are important to the concepts of ethos (credibility) of the speaker in rhetoric and the verisimilitude (believability) of the narrator in literary theory. In other words, Who is telling us the story? Is this character credible? believable? neither? both? Asking questions about characterization is an important technique for creating personas in both fiction and nonfiction.
We characterize our personas and our real or imagined characters by asking creative questions. Who are my characters? Are they snarky, exuberant, or shy? These are productive creative questions. Imagining the answers to these questions will help us generate details to fuel our creative processes. And, at some point, we will start formulating questions of our own. We can use any of the details we gather from good questions to craft (real or imagined) online personas for the various online communities we inhabit.
Creators tend to ask difficult (and sometimes strange) questions to gather possible details for drafting and revising stories. For example, when I characterized our course mascot, Pinny, I asked several big questions. One of those creative questions was: What would Pinny look like? In other words, How should Pinny be characterized visually? Your characters’ appearances will contribute to the development of their characterization. Although not all digital stories use visuals, they can be a powerful storytelling tool. When I was creating Pinny, I sketched the first of several drafts of Pinny by hand. Then I created a digital version in a graphic design program using my pencil sketch as a guide. I characterized Pinny visually by drawing the character with a wide-eyed smile and expressive eyebrows. Asking questions about the visual details of this character was an important step in creating that character.
The visual details of a character or persona are just one way to think about characterization. Speculating about what a character might do (pilot a spaceship? sail the ocean?) and why they do it (boredom? adventure?) can give us more possible details for practicing characterization and other storytelling techniques. Asking questions such as How will my character act? Or, What does my character want? will help us work with characterization. For instance, while asking myself Who is this mascot for digital storytelling named Pinny?, I thought about Microsoft’s Clippy character. Clippy was originally created by Microsoft in the 90s. In the meme below, Clippy has been re-imagined as an older, grumpier digital character than he was in his younger Microsoft days. Creators keep asking and re-asking questions throughout the process of drafting and revising their stories.
You can read more about the history of the Clippy meme at knowyourmeme.com/memes/clippy I asked several characterization questions about this cartoonish character I created. Would Pinny look like Clippy? Act like Clippy? Or will this character be different but still an allusion, a reference to another, more well-known character? I speculated that Pinny was Clippy’s less-famous cousin. Pinny, I also speculated, is exuberant and extremely interested in digital stories. Thinking about characterization helped me choose the details to characterize Pinny. The same line of questions will help creators decide how to portray a character in a true story.
Conflict, like visuals and characterization, is another important technique for asking questions during the creative process. What does my character want? In nonfiction, conflict can be thought of as a person’s motivations, wishes, or desires. Conflict occurs when there is a disconnect between what a character wants and what they are able to achieve. Characters who have no goals to reach or problems to solve quickly become boring. But what kind of conflict should Pinny face? Well, this is a digital character who wants to be part of a story, I decided. In other words, Pinny wants a place to belong. This fits with the character’s exuberance for digital stories. Storytellers give their audiences a conflict in part so that their audience can anticipate the character overcoming it. Will Pinny overcome this internal conflict? Maybe, for example, I will create a digital story for Pinny to live in? Maybe Pinny will create their own story? Asking these sorts of questions is fundamental to the process of crafting and telling a true story, an imaginary story, or something in between. We get details from answering questions about the stories we read and write. We select those details that help to build characterization and conflict (among other techniques) as we draft and revise our stories.
We will analyze those details by blogging about several genres of digital stories before we create stories of our own. These genres will include blogs, podcasts, and visual stories. The concepts of visuals, character, and conflict are just three of many, many more techniques for asking questions about stories. To help us continue developing questions, I’ve created something I call the literary web for creators. | <urn:uuid:d81df7cb-b0a4-4579-80b1-32de134e31c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.briankhudson.com/creating-pinny-an-introduction-to-digital-storytelling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803737.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126202017-20210126232017-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.951015 | 1,619 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Humanism, simply put, is the idea that you can be good without god.
There are many definitions and discussions of what Humanism means. The British Columbia Humanist Association has adopted the Amsterdam Declaration 2002 as our definition:
Humanism is the outcome of a long tradition of free thought that has inspired many of the world’s great thinkers and creative artists and gave rise to science itself.
The fundamentals of modern Humanism are as follows:
- Humanism is ethical. It affirms the worth, dignity and autonomy of the individual and the right of every human being to the greatest possible freedom compatible with the rights of others. Humanists have a duty of care to all of humanity including future generations. Humanists believe that morality is an intrinsic part of human nature based on understanding and a concern for others, needing no external sanction.
- Humanism is rational. It seeks to use science creatively, not destructively. Humanists believe that the solutions to the world’s problems lie in human thought and action rather than divine intervention. Humanism advocates the application of the methods of science and free inquiry to the problems of human welfare. But Humanists also believe that the application of science and technology must be tempered by human values. Science gives us the means but human values must propose the ends.
- Humanism supports democracy and human rights. Humanism aims at the fullest possible development of every human being. It holds that democracy and human development are matters of right. The principles of democracy and human rights can be applied to many human relationships and are not restricted to methods of government.
- Humanism insists that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility. Humanism ventures to build a world on the idea of the free person responsible to society, and recognizes our dependence on and responsibility for the natural world. Humanism is undogmatic, imposing no creed upon its adherents. It is thus committed to education free from indoctrination.
- Humanism is a response to the widespread demand for an alternative to dogmatic religion. The world’s major religions claim to be based on revelations fixed for all time, and many seek to impose their world-views on all of humanity. Humanism recognizes that reliable knowledge of the world and ourselves arises through a continuing process. of observation, evaluation and revision.
- Humanism values artistic creativity and imagination and recognizes the transforming power of art. Humanism affirms the importance of literature, music, and the visual and performing arts for personal development and fulfillment.
- Humanism is a lifestance aiming at the maximum possible fulfillment through the cultivation of ethical and creative living and offers an ethical and rational means of addressing the challenges of our times. Humanism can be a way of life for everyone everywhere.
Our primary task is to make human beings aware in the simplest terms of what Humanism can mean to them and what it commits them to. By utilising free inquiry, the power of science and creative imagination for the furtherance of peace and in the service of compassion, we have confidence that we have the means to solve the problems that confront us all. We call upon all who share this conviction to associate themselves with us in this endeavour. | <urn:uuid:54c2b585-d875-4c69-83ab-7dbb1e2c6fcf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bchumanist.ca/about_humanism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721142.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930689 | 647 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Costa Rica's coffee history and cultural heritage will be forever marked by the numerous ripe cherry coffee "receivers" (Receiving Stations) or Recibidores de Café that can be found throughout its territory in the many different coffee plantations. Although not as emblematic as the world famous Costa Rica Coffee Ox Cart, they are without any doubt a very representative part of the countries' agricultural landscape. So engraved in the visions and memories of those who have had the privilege of visiting the Costa Rican countryside, they are many times mistaken as common place objects.
More than 3,000 Recibidores can be found in many shapes, sizes and colors all over Costa Rica.They not only provide a rich enhancement to the coffee farm scenery. They also have their very important functionality for which they were created.
So, what exactly are they, and what is their purpose?
Recibidores are small buildings, around 375 square feet (35 square meters), which are usually made of wood and a zinc roof. These structures are raised off the ground and adjacent to a small hill or inclination ( in order to ease the unloading of coffee cherries onto trucks.) Closed off on three sides and a fourth which allows ventilation. They will be found on coffee farms very close to a main road, where the access by a truck is relatively easy. Their function is to store ripe cherries that have been picked during the day until they can be picked up by a coffee mill transport.
During coffee picking season, coffee is picked and measured in the mornings. The days shift begins early at around 6 A.M. and will usually be over around 2 PM. At this time, all workers must take their picked coffee to the foreman to be measured. He will receive it, measure and pay each picker accordingly. The ripe cherries will be measured and thrown onto a cart that is pulled by a tractor. Due to the rough geography of these farms and poor accessibility of its roads, only tractors are able to travel to the different areas of most farms. Once all the day's picked coffee has been measured, the cherries will be transported to the Recibidor where they will once again be measured by the foreman and stored. Later during the day, small or large coffee trucks will arrive to load the coffee and transport it to a local coffee mill to begin its processing.
These Recibidores only store freshly picked coffee cherries for a couple of hours. Their main purpose is to provide an easy pick up point for Coffee Mills and a way for the farms to account for the daily, weekly and monthly coffee production in an organized manner. They also have signage on them that identifies the Coffee Mill that is authorized to receive the coffee beans. | <urn:uuid:abcb4ab5-9401-4b4a-b13d-3961d0c25308> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.goldenbean.net/caffeine-blog/costa-rica-coffee-cultural-heritage-receiving-station/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926160416-20170926180416-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.973497 | 559 | 2.75 | 3 |
Note Number: AG0074
Published: April 1998
Updated: November 2009
Reviewed: August 2013
Broccoli is a member of Cruciferae, the cabbage family. Its botanical name is Brassica oleracea cv.italica, the same as cauliflower. Broccoli is similar to cauliflower in its upright structure, leaf habit and head formation. Consumption and production has increased significantly over recent years and has gone from 7 700 tonnes in 1989/90 to 16 600 tonnes in 1992/93.
Broccoli is easer to grow and can withstand a wider range of conditions than cauliflower. It is cultivated in a similar way to cabbages. Broccoli is grown year round in Victoria but the period of highest quality varies depending on the production area.
World wide, broccoli has created new interest as a vegetable. For example, in Australia product quality has improved out of sight and the result is a growing demand for broccoli on the domestic and export markets. There are three main reasons for this; new large central-heading varieties, modern marketing methods and consumer acceptance.
Sound markets are built upon having a product of consistent quality and supply. Without the large central heading varieties and closer plant spacings in the field, it would be impossible to achieve the volumes expected in today's market place. Markets now demand broccoli heads around 300 to 400 grams each; consumers can clearly see the quality and volume of each head they are buying.
Another factor to influence markets is in the overall head shape and colour for different broccoli varieties; (this is discussed again in more detail). Export and processing markets in particular can be very strict in their preference for shape, bud formation, colour, spear length and weight.
To ensure the market is supplied with the product quality it expects, careful attention must be given to all areas that influence production, harvesting, post harvest handling and marketing.
Victorian grown broccoli can be found on the Melbourne market for twelve months of the year. Broccoli can be grown in all parts of Victoria, but it adapts better to the milder conditions found in most southern parts of the State. The supply period of high quality broccoli is larger in southern areas of the State.
Broccoli crops growing in very sheltered areas are more likely to be affected by head rot, a disease of the broccoli head.
Broccoli can be grown on a wide range of soil types, from light sandy loams through to heavy clay loams. However, the soil must be well drained, regardless of type. Drainage may have to be improved by raising beds, draining or scooping headlands to remove surplus water, and laying of underground pipe drains.
The soil acidity should be somewhere between pH 6.0 and 6.5. If it is less than pH 6.0, apply lime at least six weeks before planting. Do not over-lime.
There is a wide range of cultivars available and these are constantly changing. Virtually all commercial types are hybrids. Two of the most common varieties currently grown are Marathon and Greenbelt.
Suitable hybrids sown in their best time slots mature very evenly. Each cultivar therefore needs to be checked carefully over a range of sowing and planting times, against local conditions.
If direct drilling is to be used, pay extra attention to preparing the soil for germination of seed and to control weeds. Direct seeding saves labour, but a direct-seeded crop does occupy the ground for about five or six weeks longer than a transplanted crop.
If the processor or market wants a smaller head of broccoli, direct seeding with a precision seeder is one way to achieve this.
Simply closing up the in-row spacing increases the number of plants per hectare. The closer spacing of the plants reduces the size of heads through increased competition, but may not increase market yield with all varieties in a once-over harvest.
One kilogram of broccoli seed could contain about 180,000 seeds, that is, about 180 seeds per gram; quantities will vary between varieties. Use table 1 as a guide where the in-row plant is 200 mm.
Table 1. A guide to seed quantities
Distance between rows (mm)
Number of plants per ha
Amount of seed per ha (g)
Note: For in-row spacing of 400 mm, simply halve the listed weight of seed.
The amount of seed needed can vary because of the germination percentage of the seed, the condition of the seed bed at time of sowing, the spacing of the plants in the field, or the type of drill used. Precision seed drills use less seed but cost much more than other machines.
Commercially, most seedlings are now produced by nurseries using cell trays.
To produce bare rooted seedlings, a seed bed of 100 grams of broccoli seed will produce about 16 000 to 18 000 good seedlings; therefore between 200 g and 300 g of seed sown in rows over 80 to 100 sq m should provide enough plants for one hectare. The number of plants needed will depend on field spacing.
Buy seedlings from nurseries that practise steam sterilisation of the soil mixtures and seeding trays. Insist on hot-water treatment of all seed to control seed-borne diseases.
Seedlings produced in cubed or cell trays or small peat pots do have advantages but such seedlings will cost more. However, this method does save time and seed and the transplant check to the seedling is minimal, with a more even crop produced.
The better the preparation of the soil, the better the strike at transplanting; the weed problem is also greatly reduced. Seedlings are usually transplanted using a transplant machine.
Once the seedlings have been transplanted, they should be irrigated and kept growing steadily, as any check is likely to produce premature heading. Control weeds and carefully irrigate the crop if necessary.
These are usually from 200 mm to 300 mm within the row. Between-row spacing depends on local cultural methods and tractor widths. For example, a tractor width of l.5 m and 1.8 m would have at least two to three rows between the wheels.
Manures and fertilisers
Selection of a fertiliser program depends upon the phosphorus and potassium levels in the soil. These are best determined from reliable soil sampling and soil analysis programs which should be carried out well before planting.
As a general guide any of the following fertiliser may be used; the choice depends upon the soil type, previous cropping history and the soil analysis result:
NPK 5:6:2 900 to 1600 kg/ha
NPK 6:6:6 900 to 1600 kg/ha
NPK 5:8:4 700 to 1200 kg/ha
NPK 8:1:10 525 to 900 kg/ha
If fowl manure (deep litter) is available and is applied at a rate of 22 cu m per ha, the fertiliser rates can be reduced by one-third. The phosphorus and potassium level can only be lowered by using N: P: K 5:6:2 at the rate of from 800 kg to 1200 kg per ha.
In most soils and locations, crops need added nitrogen and potassium during their growing and maturing times. These can be applied as solid side-dressings, or in the case of urea and potassium nitrate, as a foliar spray.
Solid side dressings:
NPK 20:0:10 200 to 300 kg/ha
NPK 20:0:16 200 to 300 kg/ha
NPK 16:0:0 250 to 375 kg/ha
NPK 21:0:0 200 to 275 kg/ha
NPK 34:0:0 125 to 175 kg/ha
NPK 46:0:0 85 to 125 kg/ha
On coarse soils, a light side-dressing is often needed four to six weeks after transplanting. The main side-dressing is applied at the earliest sign of the flower appearing.
At least one solid side-dressing may be replaced by a foliar spray of urea and potassium nitrate. The wetting agent Agral 60 must be used at the rate recommended on the label.
Farmers should be aware of the potential dangers of using phosphatic fertilisers with high levels of cadmium. Research has shown that the use of phosphatic fertilisers which contain the heavy metal cadmium as a contaminant can increase cadmium levels in both soil and potatoes.
There are legal maximum levels of cadmium allowable for vegetables sold in Australia, however no violations have been recorded for broccoli as a result of survey investigations. Fertilisers containing cadmium in excess of 1 mg/kg are required to state the following warning.
"WARNING––this product contains cadmium. Continued use of this product in agricultural situations may lead to residue levels in plant and animal products in excess of the maximum level specified by the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code and the accumulation of cadmium in soils."
It is in the grower's and consumer's interest to minimise the addition of cadmium to soils and agricultural produce. Growers should consult fertiliser suppliers or manufacturers for advice on the cadmium levels of fertilisers they are considering using. There are a number of low cadmium horticultural fertilisers marketed today. These have lower levels of cadmium than some superphosphate and other fertilisers.
Common nutrient deficiencies
Molybdenum deficiency (whiptail)
The symptom of molybdenum deficiency is malformed, thick and leathery leaves. The plants show a general lack of vigour. To prevent this deficiency, or to treat affected plants, apply a foliar spray of molybdenum as ammonium or sodium molybdate.
The condition is often induced by acid soil, so check the pH of the soil. Lime will be needed if the pH is less than 6.0.
Note: Where cropping soils with a history of molybdenum deficiency are being alternated with grazing, expert advice must be obtained as to the use of molybdenum on soil that will grow pasture.
Excessive applications of lime may cause a deficiency of manganese. The main symptom of the disorder is a severe leaf mottling between the veins, which regain their normal colour. At maturity, the deficiency may induce breakdown spots in the central head. The condition can be corrected by a foliar spray of manganese sulphate. Several applications may be needed, depending on the severity of the deficiency.
Deficiency symptoms generally occur in the younger, growing parts of the plant. Water-soaked areas appear in the centres of the small branches of the head, and leaves around the head may be deformed. At harvest, the stem is hollow.
Dry soil conditions increase the problem. A foliar spray of 0. 1% boron (1 kg in 1000 L of water) will correct the condition. Don't apply too much because vegetables generally are very sensitive to boron and the range between the amount required and the amount which is toxic is very narrow.
Note: Use a wetting agent such as "Agral 60" to gain the greatest benefit from foliar-applied nutrients. However, do not apply foliar sprays once the central head emerges because it is very sensitive and is easily damaged by most chemicals.
Potassium deficiency (leaf scorch or marginal leaf burn)
Apply a side-dressing of muriate of potash at from 200 kg to 300 kg per hectare to correct the deficiency.
The most destructive and damaging insects are aphids and the caterpillars of the cabbage white butterfly and the diamond-back cabbage moth. For control of diamond back moth it is important to vary the chemical application program with different chemical groups to reduce the potential for resistance to develop. There is a resistance management strategy for diamond back moth and for more information contact us.
Heliothis caterpillars can be a problem at times, particularly on a paddock straight out of pasture.
There are many chemicals registered to control these pests.
The APVMA maintains a database of all chemicals registered for the control of pests in Australia. Refer to the APVMA website or your chemical reseller for chemicals registered for the control of pests. Ensure you meet the relevant Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for the chemical in the end market, be it domestic or export.
Chemical users must ensure they read and understand all sections of the chemical label prior to use.
Fungal diseases of broccoli include Alternaria, blackleg, clubroot, downy mildew, ringspot, light-leaf spot and sclerotinia sp. Also damping-off problems can be caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium sp.
Bacterial diseases include blackrot, broccoli headrot and head-stem rot.
Two viral diseases, cauliflower mosaic and turnip mosaic also can infect broccoli and cause production losses.
Control of disease starts with the seed which should be heat treated by immersing in water at 50°C for 20 minutes. This will control diseases carried on the seed such as blackleg, blackrot and a range of leaf spot diseases.
Seedbed seedlings should be produced only in soil that has not been used for field cropping. The seed bed area must be treated and managed in a manner that controls soil-borne diseases or prevent their introduction.
A rigid disease control program is needed for growing mixes and plants in cell-trays.
Chemical weed control
Chemical weed control, when understood and used with time accuracy, is a great cost-saving tool. There are three basic methods of chemical weed control in broccoli:
- Incorporation of herbicide into the soil before direct seeding or transplanting;
- Application immediately after seeding (pre-emergence to crop);
- Application after crop emergence or after transplanting of the seedlings (post emergence to the crop).
It is important to understand and follow the label directions when using a herbicide in order to avoid damaging your broccoli.
Note: There are no knockdown herbicides currently registered for use on broccoli to control broadleaf weeds growing in the crop. There are herbicides available for control of grass weeds within a crop.
For the registration status of these products, please refer to Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, your chemical reseller or your local chemical standards officer. Ensure you meet the relevant Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for the chemical in the end market, be it domestic or export.
Chemical users must ensure they read and understand all sections of the chemical label prior to use.
Harvesting and marketing
Start harvesting before the central head begins to loosen, that is, while the head is still tight and before there is any sign of yellowing in the buds. Harvesting may continue for several weeks with several cuts carried out per crop. Use a clean knife to harvest the spears with a straight cut leaving about 150 mm of the stalk below the head. Stem length may vary depending on market requirements.
Broccoli harvested into bulk bins in the field is a practical method, but throwing or dropping will cause damage and loss of quality. The time from harvest to cool room must be less than two hours to prevent loss of quality.
The core temperature of broccoli should be reduced four degrees C. as quickly as possible. For export broccoli the temperature should then be lowered to one to two degrees C. and held at this point for at least 24 hours. Marketing broccoli in cartons by weight is now the accepted method. The net weight of broccoli should be seven or eight kg plus two to three kg of flaked ice; the carton is used with a plastic liner bag.
Sometimes there is a marketing opportunity for broccoli in bulk bins. A plastic liner and ice are used in the same way as with cartons.
The market requires mature heads of uniform size and weight. Stem length and diameter of the head will be dictated by the market; generally in the range of 100 to 150 mm for each. Variety and season will affect market specifications to some degree.
Side shoots: The Market interest for side shoots has declined in recent times. Side shoots begin to develop once the central head has been removed. Not all varieties are suited to side shoot production.
Picking of side shoots begins when they are about 50 to 80 mm across, are tied into bunches weighing about one kg and sold in units of ten bunches or one dec. Sometimes there is a market demand for a loose-fill into plastic lined cartons with ice.
The weight and name of the contents, together with the name and address of the grower, must appear on the outside of the container.
Recommendations for post-harvest handling of broccoli for sea freight
Considerations before start
(i) Refer containers operate on 3-phase power so a suitable outlet and extension cord must be available at the packing shed.
(ii) If the container is to be off-power for an extended period during transportation from the packing shed to the wharf, a portable 3-phase generator is needed to maintain power to prevent excessive warming.
Broccoli heads must be of good quality to start with. They should be firm and green with an even bead size Heads with "cat's eyes", or that are loose or "blown" should not be included. Heads must be free from soil and insects and uniform in size.
Heads should be precooled to as close to 0°C as possible within 1 to 2 hours of harvest. After pre-cooling they should be stored at 0°C and 95 to 100% RH.
Packing and packaging
Packing should be done rapidly in a cool place and the packed product returned immediately to the cool room. Heads should not be allowed to warm up to more than 2° to 3° during packing. Packages should be strong and prevent moisture loss. A fully waxed fibreboard carton (Australian tray carton) with a low density polyethylene liner is suitable. Usually 8 or 9 kg of broccoli is packed in each carton. Do not use ice or polystyrene boxes for sea freight. Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) is a recent technological development that uses a gas permeable plastic film to maintain quality of broccoli over an extended storage life. For more information on the use of MAP contact us.
The temperature of the broccoli when the container is stowed must be less than 2°C. Cartons should be column-stacked to give maximum compressive strength and air movement, with dunnage (32 ´ 10 mm battens) between packages every second row. In a conventional 6 m, integral-refrigeration unit shipping container there will be 10 rows or seven cartons, seven high (10 ´ 7 ´ 7) plus one cross row of 4 cartons 7 high (7 ´ 4) to give a maximum stow of 518 cartons.
The container should be on power and operating at least 1 hour before stowing. The supply air temperature should be set at -0.5°C with minimum ventilation, usually 15 3 metres per hour.
Recommendations for post harvest handling of broccoli for air freight
Essentially they are the same to those for sea freight in the sections for quality; precooling; sorting and grading; and, packing and packaging. There are some further guides.
Packing and packaging
The polystyrene lidded box and waxed cartons are used for air freight broccoli with 3 kg of added ice. Cartons are only used in our winter months for short journeys no further than Singapore and then only by agreement with the importer.
Once the container leaves the packing shed it may not be stored again under refrigeration before arriving at an overseas market. It is in the interest of the seller and the buyer, that all aspects of temperature and quality control described under sea freight, are strictly followed. The 3 kg of ice should only be added after the core temperature of broccoli has been stabilised to between 0 - 1 °C.
It is never easy to estimate yield because of the possible multiple harvests. In the case of broccoli, if the central head only is taken into account, the yield can range from 5 to 7.5 tonnes/ha. This is based on a spacing of 900 mm by 300 mm.
Broccoli deteriorates very quickly once harvested, so cool it as soon as possible. Otherwise, harvest early in the morning and move the broccoli quickly from the field into a cool shelter to help them retain their low night temperature.
For information relating to the safe and appropriate use of chemicals, including management of chemical residues and licensing requirements, contact us and ask to speak to your local chemical standards officer or visit our Chemical use page.
This Agnote was developed by Rob Dimsey, Farm Services in April 1998.
It was reviewed by Rob Dimsey, Farm Services in November 2009.
Published and Authorised by:
Department of Environment and Primary Industries
1 Spring Street
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.
The advice provided in this publication is intended as a source of information only. Always read the label before using any of the products mentioned. The State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication | <urn:uuid:79d67c40-6e52-4a8b-86c6-01e27805fe36> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/vegetables/vegetables-a-z/broccoli | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319082.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823214536-20190824000536-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.924999 | 4,477 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The 1984 Sino-British Agreement sought to build in assurances that Hong Kong`s ``previous capitalist system and life-style`` would be preserved for at least 50 years. The British and Hong Kong governments must now act to reinforce those assurances on two fronts: the speedy establishment of democratic institutions in Hong Kong, and recognition of the rights of Hong Kong`s 3.25 million British citizens to abide in Britain.
The prime minister points to the ``enormity`` of the prospect that 3.25 million Hong Kong people would flood into Britain, arguing that in the whole postwar period Britain has accommodated only half that number of immigrants. It brushes aside the view of the Hong Kong government itself that exodus on such a scale is highly improbable. The course which would meet Britain`s obligations and safeguard against a mass exodus would be to restore the right of abode to all 3.25 million, but to operate, as of this year, an annual quota system. | <urn:uuid:dbace3c7-3206-4d8f-8467-da27d9573ec4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-06-15/news/8902090841_1_sino-british-agreement-britain-british-honor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.95759 | 196 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Whenever a Pokémon is first captured, its data will be added to a player's Pokédex, but in the anime or manga, the Pokédex is a comprehensive electronic reference encyclopedia, usually referred to in order to deliver exposition. of the fictional Pokémon world, Pokédex is used to refer to a list of Pokémon, usually a list of Pokémon by number. There are three different numbered Pokédex lists to date: the National Pokédex, introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, the Johto Pokédex, introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver, and the Hoenn Pokédex, introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire and expanded in Fire Red and Leaf Green. There was also a series of Pokédex toys.
Don't forget to use the Pokédex on your adventures Ash.
by Ryan June 29, 2006
3 more definitions
that machine that is supposed to help trainers in battle but wont shut the hell up
my pokedex says that pikachu knows thunderbolt
by silverfrost369 October 15, 2013
A memorable thought or picture that is kept in a WOMANS mind when she masturbates.
Hey Mary see that man with the gorgeous smile he's definatly going in my POKEDEX.
by Holden Johnson April 23, 2008
What Ms. Smith makes us do grammer out of.
The, is a conjuncdtion!
by haNd1287 April 21, 2004 | <urn:uuid:1ea78675-3268-40f9-9fb7-a79142bdaaf8> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Pok%C3%A9dex&defid=1835882 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246645606.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045725-00034-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929199 | 296 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who found Bond's wrecked car?
(a) A child
(b) A farmer
(c) The hotel manager
2. What does Bond do to Vesper in their room?
(a) Massages her
(b) Slaps her
(c) Makes love to her
(d) Kisses her
3. What does Bond take out of his car dashboard?
(a) A packet of cigarettes
(b) A gun
(c) An inhaler
(d) A map
4. Who has M sent to look after Bond?
(a) Two British nurses
(b) A British doctor
(c) Miss Moneypenny
(d) His mother
5. Where does Bond see Vesper coming from?
(a) The cloak room
(b) Their neighbors room
(c) The telephone booth
(d) The pantry
Short Answer Questions
1. What does the SMERSH agent ask Le Chiffre?
2. What does Vesper say Bond does not really know?
3. Who is the new person Bond hears in the room?
4. Where does Bond go for a swim in this chapter?
5. What does Le Chiffre say he found in Bond's hotel room?
Short Essay Questions
1. What is Mathis' cover story in Chapter 19?
2. How does Vesper react to Bond seeing her in the telephone booth in Chapter 25?
3. Why does Bond fear for Vesper in Chapter 16?
4. Describe Bond's situation when Le Chiffre comes in to talk to him in Chapter 17.
5. How does Le Chiffre torture Bond in Chapter 17?
6. Why is Vesper terrified in Chapter 25?
7. Why does Vesper become upset in Chapter 22?
8. What tragedy happens at the beginning of Chapter 27?
9. How does Le Chiffre cause Bond to crash in Chapter 16?
10. What do you think Vesper's speech about islands reveals about her character?
This section contains 708 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:c7c7e459-6be7-4bd1-a3fc-8d2bdbc1dad3> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/casino-royale/test4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982968912.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200928-00146-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869582 | 495 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Bone Physiology and Metabolism
Bone consists of three types of cells and a matrix.
Cells: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes
Osteoblasts and osteocytes (mature osteoblasts) are involved in the deposition of bone matrix. Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of new bone; they secrete osteoid and modulate the crystallization of hydroxyapatite. Osteocytes are mature bone cells; they communicate with each other via gap junctions or canaliculi. Osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue; they are responsible for the resorption of bone, which is necessary for its repair in case of fracture or remodeling.
Matrix: Organic and Inorganic
The organic matrix is composed of collagen fibers and a ground substance. The collagen fibers are proteins that give bone its flexibility. The ground substance is made of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans: keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. These components bind cells together and are necessary for the exchange of materials.
The inorganic matrix is composed of hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, and calcium citrate. Hydroxyapatite gives bone its strength. Hydroxyapatite is a very hard substance; it is the main mineral component of bone and the enamel of teeth, and it contains calcium, phosphorus, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Bone is the body’s major reservoir of calcium (the skeleton contains 99% of the body’s calcium, as hydroxyapatite). Mature adults have about 1200 g of calcium.
There are two different types of bone:
- Cortical bone, also known as compact bone
- Trabecular bone, also known as cancellous bone
Denser and more calcified than trabecular bone, cortical bone is found in the diaphysis of long bones and in the exterior of short bones. It is also called compact bone, and it has a high resistance to bending and torsion. Osteons (Haversian system) are the predominant structures found in compact bone. Each osteon is composed of a central vascular channel, the Haversian canal, surrounded by concentric layers of matrix called lamellae. Osteocytes are found between concentric lamellae. They are connected to each other and the central canal by cytoplasmic processes through the canaliculi. Osteons are separated from each other by cement lines. The space between separate osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae. Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann’s canals (Marieb 1998).
Trabecular bone is more spongy than cortical bone, it has a lower calcium content and a higher turnover rate, and it is more vulnerable to bone loss. It is found at the metaphysis and diaphysis of long bones and in the interior of the short bones (spine). It is composed of bundles of short and parallel strands of bone fused together. The external layer of trabecular bone contains red bone marrow, where the production of blood cellular components takes place and where most of the arteries and veins of bone organs are located (Tortora 1989).
Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossifications
- Intramembranous ossification: Direct replacement of connective tissue with bone (i.e., mandible and flat bones of the skull)
- Endochondral ossification: Cartilage is replaced by mineralized bone, and the bones become longer, explaining growth during childhood (i.e., femur and humerus).
Remodeling is a sequence of activation, resorption, and formation. The bone is continuously remodeling; osteoclasts become activated and resorb the old bone, and then osteoblasts begin formation of the new bone, giving rise to the Haversian system. The mature osteoclasts resorb bone by forming a space on the matrix surface; then, the osteoids begin to mineralize, regulated by the osteoblasts.
Months later, the crystals are packed closely, and the density of the bone increases.
Remodeling is necessary to maintain bone structure after a fracture or after age-related modifications; osteoclasts resorb aging bone in order to repair damage and maintain the quality of bone and to retain calcium homeostasis.
Bone can also remodel according to stresses, such as orthodontic tooth movement, in which there is resorption on the pressure side and apposition on the traction side.
Complete rest results in accelerated bone loss, whereas weight-bearing activities are associated with bone formation. Peak bone mass is the maximum bone mass achieved by midlife. Exercise programs increase bone mass at all ages; adolescence is a particularly critical period because the velocity of bone growth doubles. When women reach menopause, bone resorption exceeds bone formation, osteoblastic activity cannot keep up with osteoclastic activity, and women begin to lose bone. This puts them at high risk for osteoporosis and fractures.
There are five stages in bone remodeling:
1. Quiescence: Resting state of the bone surface
2. Activation: Recruitment of osteoclasts to a bone surface; osteoblasts secrete collagenase
3. Resorption: Removal of bone by osteoclasts; Howship’s lacunae are excavated
4. Reversal: Short phase; cement line is formed; osteoclasts stop removing bone; osteoblasts fill the defect
5. Formation: Laying down of bone; osteoblasts produce osteoid; mineralization begins; then bone is again converted to a resting surface
Bone is remodeled through the following actions:
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Vitamin D
- Calcitonin (CT)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid hormone
After damage to the bone has occurred, the osteocytes send messages to the surface to produce preosteoblasts. They express RANK-L (receptor activator of nuclear factor [NF]-κB ligand). Preosteoclasts have receptors called RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB). RANK-ligand (RANK-L) activates these receptors, which produce mature osteoclasts. RANK, RANK-L, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) (RANK-L inhibitor) are the key factors regulating osteoclast formation in normal bone physiology. The molecular interactions of these molecules regulate osteoclast formation and bone loss in various diseases such as rheumatologic inflammatory diseases, periodontitis, or peri-implantitis (Haynes 2004). The change in the levels of these regulators plays a role in the bone loss seen in periodontitis. Significantly higher levels of RANK-L protein were found to be expressed in the periodontally affected tissues, whereas OPG protein levels are lower. RANK-L protein is associated with lymphocytes and macrophages; many leukocytes expressing messenger RNA (mRNA) are observed in periodontitis tissues (Crotti et al. 2003). RANK-L is a TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor– related protein and a major factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. The levels of RANK-L mRNA are higher in advanced periodontitis; although the levels of OPG mRNA are lower in advanced and moderate periodontitis, the ratio of RANK-L to OPG mRNA is increased in periodontitis. RANK-L mRNA is expressed in proliferating epithelium and in inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes and macrophages. Upregulation of RANK-L mRNA is associated with the activation of osteoclastic bone destruction in periodontitis (Liu et al. 2003).
Markers of Bone Formation
Markers of bone formation measure osteoblastic activity: osteocalcin, P1NP (N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP).
Markers of Bone Resorption
These markers measure osteoclastic activity: deoxypyridino-line (DPD), pyridinoline and associated peptides, NTX (cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen), and CTX I (cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) generated from bone by osteoclasts as a degradation product of type I collagen and released into circulation.
This vitamin is necessary for the osteocytes to form collagen; in the case of vitamin C deficiency, collagen formation is decreased, and so is the thickness of the bone cortex.
It has an important role in calcium absorption. The two major forms involved in humans are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3] is produced by metabolism in the liver and the kidneys. It is the most active form of vitamin D, and it increases calcium absorption from the intestines. Conversion into the active metabolite 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 from its precursor is affected by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver and the kidneys. This is tightly regulated by the plasma levels of calcium, phosphate, PTH, and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 itself (Tissandie et al. 2006). It affects the kidneys and the intestines and stimulates the mineralization of bone. Ultraviolet irradiation from the sunlight to the skin will also affect the production of vitamins D2 and D3.
Genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are associated with parameters of bone homeostasis and with osteoporosis and rapid bone resorption. Interestingly, some authors have found VDR polymorphism to be associated with localized aggressive periodontal disease (Hennig et al. 1999)
Childhood vitamin D deficiency syndrome is called rickets: unmineralized osteoid accumulates, and the bone formed is weak and can lead to permanent deformities of the skeleton. In adulthood, the absence of adequate amounts of vitamin D leads to osteomalacia: decalcification of bone occurs by defective mineralization of newly formed bone matrix.
What are the sources of vitamin D? Only a few foods contain appreciable amounts of vitamin D—fish liver, fish (i.e., salmon, mackerel, tuna, sardines), eggs, liver, butter, and Shii-take mushrooms.
This vitamin is required for the production of osteocalcin (a protein produced by the osteoblasts); a good vitamin K status is necessary to prevent osteoporosis. Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables.
This is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Its effects are opposite those of the PTH (lowering of blood calcium)./> | <urn:uuid:b0076f08-caf6-4bfa-bdff-4bebd7fd24b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://pocketdentistry.com/2-bone-physiology-and-metabolism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107865665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023204939-20201023234939-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.897702 | 2,334 | 3.75 | 4 |
Nostos: Greeks and Cypriots return to their roots in Egypt
Authored by Dina Ezzat and published by ahramonline on 3 May 2018
The Greeks crossed the Mediterranean in the 19th century to Egypt 'not just to work: they came to live and work,' and they left a lasting mark on the culture of a country.
This week’s first round of the Nostos Programme in Alexandria brought back many memories for the former Greeks of Egypt. The visit was held in collaboration with the ministries of emigration of Egypt, Greece and Cyprus.
It started in Alexandria with an event inaugurated by the presidents of the three countries who made statements to acknowledge the shared Mediterranean history and culture of the three countries and the influences of the Greek and Cypriot communities in Egypt.
According to Maha Salem, spokesperson of Egypt’s Ministry of Emigration, the remainder of the visit of the mostly elderly women and men who had come to Alexandria, not just from Greece and Cyprus but from all over Europe and North America, was designed to include a visit to Cairo and Giza, especially the Pyramids area, and then to Sharm El-Sheikh, especially the Greek Orthodox Church affiliated to St Catherine’s Monastery.
“These are not just the places that the Greeks and Cypriots of Egypt once lived in, because they lived in many parts of the country, including the Suez Canal Zone. This is the path designed for the first round of the Nostos Programme,” Salem said.
Nostos is a Greek word that literally means a return to roots, or homecoming, particularly to roots near the sea.
“It makes perfect sense because Alexandria has always been perceived as the Hellenistic centre of the Mediterranean, and while the Greeks of Egypt, or the Egyptiotes as we call them, lived all over Egypt, they lived mostly in Alexandria,” said Michael Diamesis, ambassador of Greece to Egypt.
“The visit is not just about nostalgia but is also about our long common history. There was always a connection between our people, and there is plenty of archaeological proof for relations that in their modern phase started in the late 19th century. They go back centuries before that,” said Mortisis Charis, ambassador of Cyprus to Egypt.
By the early decades of the 20th century there were over half a million Greeks and Cypriots living in Egypt. Today, there are around 5,000 Greeks and 500 Cypriots. However, as both Diamesis and Charis agree, the Greek presence is still there and not just in the imprint of the monuments, churches and restaurants. The Greek and Cypriot communities, with their leaders and institutions, are still very active in Egypt, unlike some other former foreign communities.
Andreas Mavromotis is a third-generation Cypriot of Egypt who currently heads the Cypriot community in Cairo. Mavromotis’ grandfather was born in 1873, “the date when the Cypriot Community Association was established,” he said.
Mavromotis grandfather came to Egypt in 1915. | <urn:uuid:a8a2654b-4f93-4f36-80c2-b082eeb0a0b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://hellenicgenealogygeek.blogspot.com/2018/05/nostos-greeks-and-cypriots-return-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741628.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114041344-20181114062818-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.972215 | 656 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Acute liver failure occurs when the liver stops functioning. It can happen over a few days or a few weeks, and it usually occurs in someone who has had no pre-existing liver disease. Acute liver failure can cause serious complications, including excessive bleeding and increased pressure in the brain. So what causes it? The most common cause of acute liver failure is an overdose of a drug that might be in your household.
Acetaminophen and Acute Liver Failure
Many over-the-counter drugs such as Tylenol, Excedrin, NyQuil and Theraflu contain acetaminophen. It’s estimated that this ingredient found in popular cold medicines and painkillers is responsible for more than 56,000 visits to the emergency room, 2,600 hospitalizations and around 460 deaths each year.
Long-term consumption of acetaminophen can be detrimental to the body even at low doses. Most of the acetaminophen overdoses reported were caused by using more than one drug at a time containing the ingredient, such as taking a painkiller while using a cold medicine.
Acetaminophen is toxic to the liver. A study published in the Journal of American Medical Association found that even taking acetaminophen as directed causes liver damage. The study involved 145 healthy volunteers. They were divided into three groups. The first group received an acetaminophen/opioid combination, the second group received just acetaminophen, and the third group received a placebo. Each individual was only given the recommended amount of acetaminophen. Researchers studied the groups for a period of two weeks. They found that the two groups taking acetaminophen had an elevated level of an important liver enzyme from 31-44%, suggesting that the drug was causing liver damage.
Acetaminophen depletes the body of glutathione. If this antioxidant is depleted too rapidly, the liver can become stressed to the point of acute liver failure. When someone with acetaminophen poisoning is treated in an emergency room, they are given an IV or injected with glutathione to help protect the liver.
The Scary Truth
Acetaminophen may be among the most dangerous medicines on the market. Even scarier — It can be found in the majority of households. Acetaminophen is the leading cause for calls to Poison Control Centers across the United States – more than 100,000 instances per year. Research has also shown the increased dangers of taking acetaminophen with alcohol, such as popping a pill for a headache before drinking, or taking Tylenol for a hangover. Combining acetaminophen with alcohol was found to raise the risk of kidney damage by 123% percent!
The margin between a “safe” dose of acetaminophen and a potentially lethal one is extremely small. As PBS News reported, “Taken over several days, as little as 25% above the maximum daily dose — or just two additional extra strength pills a day – has been reported to cause liver damage.”
The fact that over-the-counter and prescription drugs have dangerous side effects isn’t new. But the fact that most households are stocked with products containing one of the most dangerous drugs on the market is concerning. Whether intended for headaches, back pain, joint and muscle pain, a cold, or flu, products containing acetaminophen are consumed by millions each day. With acetaminophen overdose being the most common cause of acute liver failure in the U.S., it might be time to consider a more natural approach to healing.
h/t: real farmacy | <urn:uuid:dd827f2a-c25f-4d30-84dc-c58585b19292> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.davidwolfe.com/over-counter-drug-1-cause-liver-failure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.956983 | 731 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: April 7, 2010
How disorder at the microscopic level reveals important changes in the behavior of matter
(Nanowerk News) Researchers from the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO, Barcelona) and the Institute of Optics (IO, Palaiseau) describe in Nature Physics the new trends in research on disordered systems using ultracold gases that could have important consequences both for understanding complex physics processes and for building future quantum simulators and computers.
An article published in the scientific journal Nature Physics ("Disordered quantum gases under control") by Maciej Lewenstein, ICREA researcher at the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO, Barcelona), affiliated to the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)-Barcelona Tech, and Laurent Sánchez-Palencia, from the Institute of Optics (IO, Palaiseau), provides an overview of the recent history of the field of ultracold gases, one of the safest bets in quantum information implementation, with ambitious projects such as quantum computers and simulators. These simulators offer the best tools for studying disordered systems, which are of the utmost interest in the field of physics, but too complex to be studied analytically.
The article describes the fascinating prospects for this line of research, primarily based on the theoretical predictions made by Lewenstein and Sánchez-Palencia about a new phenomenon known as "disorder-induced order."
Disorder in the physical world is defined as small impurities distributed at random. It is impossible to completely eliminate it in real physical systems, but its effect on the microscopic components of matter is not as negative as it was previously thought to be. Lewenstein and Sánchez-Palencia explain how disorder can lead to new quantum states of matter, such as quantum glass or "dirty" superconductors, which can provide a major contribution towards quantum information processing.
One of the differences between macroscopic and microscopic objects is that the former, such as billiard or soccer balls, if we neglect the phenomenon of friction, can roll indefinitely on a flat surface, even if it has small modulations or rough areas. However, they stop when they run into a wall or a hole in the ground.
The situation is completely different in the microscopic world. Quantum particles often behave as wave packets, which enables them to use unique strategies: when they move through a medium with obstacles, they distribute their presence down all possible paths. These possible paths interfere with each other, and if the interference is constructive, the particle reinforces its presence in places it would not have reached if we had been dealing with regular particles. This is how obstacles are avoided in the microscopic world.
However, there is one thing that these fascinating particles cannot resist: disorder, or small rough areas. A group of randomly distributed obstacles, even if they are minute, leaves the particle "out of commission", unable to advance. In this case, its own wave packet works against it, since the irregularity in the order of the obstacles leads the interference between paths to be predominantly destructive, and thus the presence of the particle in most of the points in the box disappears and the particle is only located in one specific point.
This phenomenon is referred to as Anderson Localization, described by the Nobel laureate Philip Warren Anderson more than 50 years ago. Anderson's research laid the groundwork for the development of the information age: the localization processes in disordered systems are what enable us to store data in computer memories.
Maciej Lewenstein is the author of an earlier article, published in 2003, predicting Anderson Localization in ultracold atomic gases with controlled disorder. As Lewenstein and Sánchez-Palencia explain, these localization phenomena in ultracold gases have been subjected to experimental observation. Ultracold atomic gases are of the utmost interest for quantum physicists because they enable macroscopic observation of the microscopic behavior of matter, thus constituting perfect simulators for quantum phenomena. In addition, it is relatively easy to design and control disorder in these gases, and hence they provide the ideal tool for studying an entire family of disorder-induced order phenomena.
Further knowledge of disordered systems could lead to important applications: if computers as we know them today are the result of the knowledge acquired to date about the conductive and insulating properties of matter-stemming from Anderson's work and other studies of disordered systems-it is entirely possible that the quantum computers of the future will process information by managing disorder with ultracold systems.
This induced disorder is what the authors describe in their article, and it can be created and designed on demand by using lasers. The researchers also explain that disorder can lead to new quantum states of matter, such as quantum glass or what are referred to as "dirty" superconductors, a kind of superconductor to which impurities have been added to improve its performance.
Source: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:e7d3ecfa-10ed-457c-a418-3df0bd66018b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=15679.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097199.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00210-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92611 | 1,067 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Type 1 Ho-Ha
|Type 1 Ho-Ha|
Type 1 Ho-Ha
|Type||half-track armoured personnel carrier|
|Place of origin||Empire of Japan|
|Wars||World War II|
|Specifications (Type 1 Ho-Ha)|
|Length||6.1 m (20 ft 0 in)|
|Width||2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)|
|Height||2.51 m (8 ft 3 in)|
|Crew||3 + 12 passengers|
|Armor||max 8 mm|
|3 × 7.7 mm Type 97 light machine guns|
134 PS at 2,000 rpm
|Speed||50 km/h (31 mph)|
The Type 1 Ho-Ha (一式半装軌装甲兵車 ホハ Ici-shiki han-sōki sōkō-heisha hoha?) was an armored half-track armoured personnel carrier (APC) used in limited numbers by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II.
Development and history
The Type 1 Ho-Ha was developed in 1941 as a result of a request from the Army for a vehicle that could be used to transport a squad of infantry to the battlefield protected from enemy small arms fire. Despite experiences of the Second Sino-Japanese War, armored personnel carriers were viewed as too slow compared to wheeled trucks and there was not much effort for their development in the army.
Production began in 1944, Type 1 Ho-Ha being an addition to the existing Type 1 Ho-Ki, an unrelated, yet similarly named design. The half-tracked Type 1 Ho-Ha was built by Hino Motors in unknown quantities.
The Type 1 Ho-Ha was based on the German Sd.Kfz. 251/1 (known popularly as Hanomag), the main armoured personnel carrier of the German Army, but did not use the overlapped and interleaved road wheels of the German design's suspension.
The Type 1 Ho-Ha had a pair of road wheels in front, supported by a pair of short caterpillar tracks to the rear. As with the previous Type 1 Ho-Ki, a towing hitch was provided at the rear to haul artillery. The maximum armor thickness was about 8 mm but the top was open.
The Type 1 Ho-Ha carried three Type 97 light machine guns as standard armament, one on each side, just to the rear of the driver's compartment and a third mounted to the rear as an anti-aircraft weapon. All of these weapons had constricted firing arcs, which made firing directly forward or directly rearward impossible.
The Type 1 Ho-Ha was initially deployed to China for operations in the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War, but were never in any great numbers. It was later deployed with the Japanese reinforcements in the Battle of the Philippines in 1944.
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2011)|
- Foss, Christopher F (2002). The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles: The Comprehensive Guide to over 900 Armored Fighting Vehicles from 1915 to the Present Day. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-57145-806-9. | <urn:uuid:eb91e0c8-29d3-46d8-ae9a-6b698fa1393d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_Ho-Ha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549446.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00009-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919781 | 675 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The species (Oncohynchus mykiss) was originally named by Johann Julius Walbaum in 1792 based on type specimens from Kamchatka.
Rainbow trout are predators with a varied diet, and will eat nearly anything they can grab. Their image as a selective eater is only a legend. Rainbows are not quite as piscivorous or aggressive as brown trout or lake trout (char). Young rainbows survive on insects, fish eggs, smaller fish (up to 1/3 of their length), along with crayfish and other crustaceans. As they grow, though, the proportion of fish increases in most all populations. Some lake dwelling lines may become planktonic feeders. While in flowing waters populated with salmonids, trout eat varied fish eggs, including salmon, cutthroat trout, as well as the eggs of other rainbow trout, alevin, fry, smolt and even left-over carcasses. | <urn:uuid:5f108bc4-4f4c-486c-a14d-8f3fee11ed4b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.theflyshop.com/travel/rainbowtrout.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.968028 | 194 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty turned 50 this year. Credit: www.govexec.com
Fifty years ago, on Jan. 8, 1964, the United States launched a War on Poverty.
President Lyndon Johnson, in his State of the Union address that year, called for passage of an Economic Opportunity Act. The legislation would establish an Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to coordinate local use of federal funds to fight poverty. At the time, the nation's poverty rate (the percentage of people living below a defined "poverty" income level) was 19 percent.
The new OEO, and the War on Poverty as originally conceived, would exist for only 10 years. Much of the present debate about the agency's success or failure is about programs and outcomes that were not directly related to it.
I was working at the time for Sen. Hubert Humphrey, the sponsor of 1960s-era civil-rights and anti-poverty proposals. That summer Sen. Humphrey would become Johnson's vice presidential running mate.
Later, working in the Johnson White House, it was truly inspiring to be among a remarkable group of Cabinet members, White House staff, rank-and-file administrators and labor- and private-sector leaders committed to breaking poverty's hold on a significant percentage of the American population. (Washington Sens. Warren Magnuson and Henry (Scoop) Jackson also were at the front of the effort.)
Sargent Shriver, who would head OEO (and also the Peace Corps) was a weak administrator but a beloved and dedicated leader. We talked then of "the invisible poor," often unseen by other Americans, except when passing on freeways through impoverished neighborhoods or rural areas. We aimed to raise their visibility and, then, the quality of their lives. It also was inspiring to visit Job Corps and Head Start programs in action and, down the road, meet Job Corps and other OEO program graduates. A wonderful spirit pervaded the whole enterprise.
The 50th anniversary has been marked by avid debate, from all sides, about the success or failure of the War on Poverty in the years since its launch. The debate, for the most part, has been about public vs. private models for eradicating poverty and not about specifics of the War on Poverty itself. Much talk has focused on current issues: extension of long-term unemployment benefits, a raise in the minimum wage and growing income inequality.
The inequality is disturbing, owing to its cause: unprecedented greed by self-obsessed financial and business executives. But if executive compensation were cut by two-thirds tomorrow, it would have little effect on the incomes of those still living in poverty.
LBJ's 1964 proposals, and the OEO program, were only one part of a larger strategy to help deliver Americans out of poverty and into good-paying jobs. The '64 initiatives had their origins in President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, trial-and-error federal initiatives to help the poor.
The centerpiece of Roosevelt's effort was the 1935 Social Security Act, whose passage created the first-ever retirement safety net for senior citizens.
World War II reduced poverty by raising employment. Working-age Americans either served in the armed forces or engaged in the homefront war effort. There were fears that the post-war military demobilization and transition to a civilian economy might take the steam out of the recovery. Instead, America experienced an unprecedented boom.
By the late 1950s, however, there was economic stagnation and, in 1959, a 22.5 percent poverty rate. President John F. Kennedy, in his 1960 presidential campaign against Richard Nixon, pledged to "get America moving again." The chair of his Council of Economic Advisors, Walter Heller, brought Keynesian economics to the White House.
JFK successfully proposed legislation and policies to liberalize global trade; business and personal tax cuts to stimulate growth; and new incentives for domestic investment. Together, those policies provided a basis for macroeconomic growth. But the poverty rate continued to hover near 20 percent. Kennedy directed Heller to examine ways to reduce it.
After Kennedy's November 1963 assassination, Heller proposed to President Johnson that he make war on poverty the centerpiece of his State of the Union address. LBJ needed no persuasion. He idolized Franklin Roosevelt and saw this as an opportunity to complete FDR's New Deal initiatives. Johnson, a populist at heart, was drawn to the task.
The 1964 Economic Opportunity Act created a Job Corps that trained workers; the Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) and Head Start programs, as well as legal services for the poor and a controversial Community Action program aimed at engaging poor people in local programs affecting them. (Mayors, especially Democratic big-city mayors, wanted Community Action eliminated. They complained that its self-styled, unelected community leaders were causing all kinds of trouble. But the Community Action program stood.)
Not part of the official War on Poverty, but related to it nonetheless, were the Food Stamp Act (1964), Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965), Medicare and Medicaid (1965) and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), whose Title I benefited the poor. A Youth Opportunity program, led by Humphrey, provided summer jobs to teenagers in American big cities, helping them back to school in the fall. These, along with rural anti-poverty programs, became part of an overall Great Society package of policies. Since that time, the War on Poverty and the Great Society have often been lumped together.
Between 1964 and 1973, the years of OEO's formal life, the poverty rate fell from 17.3 percent to 11.1 percent. Since that time it has bounced back and forth, generally settling around the 15 percent level, though the rate is slightly higher now.
Was the 10-year decline in the poverty rate wholly tied to the 10-year life of OEO per se and the related War on Poverty? Of course not. Historically, the overall economic growth rate, rising then, has been the single largest factor influencing the poverty rate.
Even in the War on Poverty's heyday, no one claimed that its collective policies and programs, by themselves, could eradicate poverty. The War on Poverty was seen as a way to improve job skills, education and health so that people could rise out of poverty.
Vietnam War spending began to overwhelm domestic spending in the late 1960s. In 1973, President Nixon disestablished OEO and scattered its programs to other federal agencies where they got less emphasis. In the meantime, his administration had shifted focus to programs featuring quotas, set-asides and preferences guaranteeing outcomes for defined groups. They began with the so-called Philadelphia Plan guaranteeing a percentage of jobs for minorities in the notoriously discriminatory construction industry and trades. In an attempt to fight discrimination, the Republican administration had changed the ground on which the War on Poverty was being fought. De facto and controversial quotas, not directly related to poverty reduction, remain in force in employment, college admissions, government contracting and other parts of American life. Criticism of them, ironically, often is directed toward JFK and LBJ, whose agendas did not include them.
In the mid-1980s I participated in review exercises attempting to determine how a still-persistent poverty rate might be reduced. My personal conclusion from these exercises was that we were on the right track in the 1960s before we were interrupted. That is, wise government macro policy should create conditions for private economic growth. Safety-net programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, should spare citizens from disaster. Targeted programs to lift the skills, education and health of the poor should be made available and open to all meeting eligibility by income level. Neither the Great Society nor War on Poverty sought to create a culture of government dependency or guarantee an outcome to any person or group. (I wrote a speech line at the time which characterized the effort and which Humphrey and occasionally LBJ used: "We seek to create not a welfare state but a state of opportunity.")
The present public-or-private debate about poverty reduction is a dead end. Government financial and economic policies can create a climate for job creation and poverty reduction. Government programs can help give citizens knowledge and skills to get good jobs. Ultimately, it is the private sector which must generate jobs and a way out of poverty. Our economy is neither socialist nor capitalist but mixed.
What was the War on Poverty about? I recall a visit, in the mid-1960s, to a community center in a poor Atlanta neighborhood. It administered a range of OEO programs. In the corner of a large main room sat an old upright piano and stool. "See that piano and that stool?" the office director, a middle-aged black woman, said. "There's lots of music in that piano if only it could be played. It's the same with the young people we serve. There's lots of music and talent and promise in them, if only we can help them get it out."
A few minutes later a teenage girl passed through the room and sat at the piano. She played the heck out of that piano. Yes, indeed. | <urn:uuid:34902dfe-0542-4197-8266-d1c7a369b3ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://crosscut.com/2014/01/war-povertyvan-dyk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720471.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00206-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964467 | 1,875 | 3.0625 | 3 |
According to the Mayo Clinic, all children need protein, fruits, vegetables, grains and dairy as part of their diet. Calorie requirements change with age, ranging from a low of 1,000 calories per day for a toddler or preschooler to up to 3,200 calories per day for a teenage boy. Helpguide.org points out that children should limit their intake of sugar and salt, choosing fresh foods over processed foods where possible.Continue Reading
Helpguide.org explains that toddlers and young children should eat two servings of protein per day, four servings of whole grains, two servings of fruits and vegetables and three servings of milk, which is the equivalent of one pint of milk per day.
School-age children need six to 11 servings of whole grains per day, two to three servings of protein and two to three servings of dairy products, according to Helpguide.org. In addition, they should eat three to five servings of vegetables and two to four servings of fruit. Children at this age need to make sure they are ingesting enough zinc, which helps with memory.
According to Helpguide.org, during the teenage years, children gain 20 percent of their adult height and 50 percent of their adult weight. This means they need a significant increase in calories, most of which should be eaten in the form of lean protein, low-fat dairy and whole grains. Teens need 45 to 60 grams of protein per day to help maintain muscle; vegetarians must pay special attention to this need and get protein from non-animal sources, such as soy foods, beans and nuts. In addition, teens often need additional calcium and iron.Learn more about Nutrition & Diets | <urn:uuid:955639cd-588a-4e8e-93a0-c03b6517d95e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.reference.com/health/dietary-needs-children-24dcde61f314f2a0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805649.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119134146-20171119154146-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.961498 | 339 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Supplementing or augmenting sensory information to those who have lost proprioception after stroke could help improve functional control of the arm. Twenty-eight subjects will be recruited to a single site to evaluate the ability of various forms of vibrotactile stimulation to improve motor function, and to determine which locations of stimulation may optimize function. Participants will be tested in performing reaching movements and stabilization movements as well as more functional tasks such as simulated drinking from a glass
This study has two distinct aims. In aim 1, data will be collected across four days:
Day 1: Participants complete baseline screening including a test of cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), clinical tests of sensory and motor function (Fugl-Meyer Assessment, two-point discrimination, vibration sensation) and a robotic test of proprioception (Arm Movement Detection Test).
Day 2: Participants will have their more affected hand wrapped around a robot handle. They will either perform reaching-type movements or hold the handle still if it attempts to make small movements. During these tasks, participants will receive vibrotactile feedback on the other arm which will provide information about hand position and/or hand speed to guide the movements.
Day 3: Participants will perform the holding-still task from the previous day while also performing a grip task. They will be cued to lightly squeeze and then relax their grip in the more affected hand while they are holding the handle as still as possible. During this time, they will be provided vibrotactile feedback to help them maintain hand position.
Day 4: Participants will perform the same task as the previous day. In this experiment, the vibrotactile feedback will be provided to the opposite arm, opposite thigh or on the same (grasping) arm.
In aim 2, data will be collected across ten days:
Day 1: Participants complete baseline screening including a test of cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), clinical tests of sensory and motor function (Fugl-Meyer, two-point discrimination, vibration sensation) and a robotic test of proprioception (Arm Movement Detection Test).
Days 2-10: Participants will use the more affected arm to reach to specific 'unseen' targets in three-dimensional space, using vibrotactile feedback to guide the movement of the arm. Once participants reach the location, they will be asked to squeeze and release the fingers. View of a computer monitor will also be used during part of the experiment to help the participants guide the hand. Participants will also be asked to perform a simulated feeding task at the beginning or end of practice on each day.
- Vibrotactile stimulation Device
Other Names: Passy Muir Swallowing Serlf Trainer Intervention Desc: Non-invasive, computer-controlled miniature tendon vibrators, similar to those used in FitBit activity monitors. ARM 1: Kind: Experimental Label: Stroke Cohort - Optimize Delivery Description: Aim 1 intervention: Vibrotactile stimulation. An optimal location and style of vibrotactile feedback for reach and stabilization behaviors will be determined. ARM 2: Kind: Experimental Label: Stroke Cohort - Extended Training Description: Aim2 intervention: Vibrotactile stimulation. Progressive training from simple to more complex reaching and stabilizing tasks using vibrotactile feedback to guide performance
|Type||Measure||Time Frame||Safety Issue|
|Primary||Root Mean Square Kinematic Error||across experimental sessions spanning a typical time frame of 1 to 3 weeks| | <urn:uuid:0acd7449-5fac-408b-a202-3fd1557c1d1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/clinicalstudies/use-of-sensory-substitution-to-improve-arm-control-after-stroke/description | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595342.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217093816-20171217115816-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.872713 | 716 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- Sometimes I wonder what future archaeologists would think of our society’s current belongings. What would they discover and what would they think?
- Everyday when I enter the front door to my home I notice my neighbors cute little garden gnomes resting in the green grass. If you think about it, garden gnomes are everywhere! This made me question what would future archaeologists think of these recurring ceramic figurines?
- Perhaps archaeologists would conduct a pollen analysis and discover that often the findings are located in environments that were once full of lush flora. Perhaps they would discover more context by comparing locations of the funny little art pieces and find that often they were placed in front of or behind rectangular structures we call home. They would most certainly conclude that a majority of the statues were decorated with paint and shaped to have a pointed top and full beard.
- While contemplating this rather silly idea I realized I didn’t know much about garden gnomes, their history, or what they symbolize. After searching the internet it seems who actually created the garden gnome is not fully agreed upon, but often sources point to 19th century German artist Philipp Griebel. Many claimed that Mr. Griebel’s design was influenced by local miners. In 1874, Griebel founded a terra-cotta factory which is still ran by fourth generation Griebels today. The Philipp Griebel factory is home to the Garden Gnome Museum were visitors can learn about their history and production.
For symbolism I found that currently garden gnomes are generally used as decoration and often their range of activities reflect the owner’s hobbies. Garden gnomes are tied to European folklore, myths, and fairy-tales. Traditionally they were placed in gardens for protection, good luck, or due to superstitions.
Gnomes have been around for hundreds of years and have inspired movies, books, and artwork. They are found worldwide and live in millions of people’s backyards. Now that you know a little more about gnomes, what do you think future archaeologists would think of our cherished garden friends? | <urn:uuid:b2c58740-985d-461c-aacb-6f82ffebd9ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://anthropologygallery.wordpress.com/2012/06/06/what-will-archaeologists-of-the-future-think-of-garden-gnomes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866937.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624121927-20180624141927-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.982296 | 430 | 2.875 | 3 |
Feds approve big solar project in the Imperial Valley
Tens of thousands of dishes pointed at the sun would convert heat into electricity for San Diego
Imperial Valley Solar by the numbers
- 213,000 to 531,000 — how many households it can power when the sun is shining.
- 900 — how many people will get jobs during constructon.
- $840,000 — annual property taxes to Imperial County.
- $273 million — federal stimulus funds to be spent on the project.
- 6,360 acres — size of the project, about 10 square miles.
- 1.2 million acres — how much land the Bureau of Land Management oversees in Imperial County, half of it for conservation.
Source: U.S. Department of Interior
See the Department of Interior press release: Salazar Green-Lights First-Ever Solar Energy Projects on Public Lands
See The Associated Press story: Feds approve 2 Calif. Solar plants on public land
A large, innovative desert solar project designed to provide power to San Diego won final federal approval Tuesday.
"We have opened up a new chapter on renewable energy," Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said moments after signing a permit for the 10-square-mile Imperial Valley Solar project 95 miles east of San Diego.
The Imperial County project, and another, much smaller one in San Bernardino County, are the first large-scale solar projects on federal land, he said.
San Diego Gas & Electric is counting on the 709-megawatt project to help provide a big chunk of the power it will need to meet state clean-energy requirements.
State law requires utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from the sun, the wind and other renewable sources by the end of the year. Recently passed rules have upped that requirement to 33 percent by 2020.
The contract for power from the plant is SDG&E's single largest renewable energy commitment.
The first 300 megawatt phase of the Stirling project would provide 18 percent or more of such electricity SDG&E will sell in the next few years, about 3.7 percent of total retail sales, spokeswoman Jennifer Ramp said.
The project, on 10 square miles of Bureau of Land Management property, is being developed by Tessera Solar and Stirling Energy Systems, both subsidiaries of NTR, an Irish conglomerate.
Stirling Energy is using automotive manufacturers in the Midwest to make the engines. Tessera is the development arm.
It is scheduled to begin construction soon, with power production expected by the end of next year.
In his announcement, Salazar highlighted efforts to protect wildlife while making power in the desert.
The approval "will require that we actually not only move forward with the agenda for renewable energy, but also move forward the conservation agenda for the United States," Salazar said.
The projects are an example of how environmental organizations can work with developers to deal with issues they both care about, said Johanna Wald, a lawyer with the Natural Resources Defense Council.
The Imperial Valley project posed problems because of its technology and impact on the land, she said. But changes have dealt with those concerns.
"Today it serves as an example of what can be accomplished when parties are committed to finding solutions to such issues," she said. "During the federal and state reviews, Tessera Solar moved the project out of sensitive desert washes, scaled it back to 709 megawatts, to reduce important impacts."
The NRDC joined Defenders of Wildlife and the Wilderness Society, other groups which initially opposed the project, in reaching an agreement with developers.
Not all environmentalists are happy with the result.
"It's still displacing good habitat," said Ileene Anderson, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity. She said her group hasn't decided whether to go to the courts in opposition to the project.
In a statement, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger praised the work that went into approving the project.
"Today’s announcement only further cements California's national leadership in solar energy development," he said.
The permit Salazar signed follows by less a week approval of the project by the California Energy Commission.
He said other large desert solar projects will be approved in coming weeks.
The fast-track approvals, Salazar said, are a change from old policies in which such proposals were mired for years in red tape. Projects on BLM land are being targeted for the right places from the beginning, he said, a process he called "smart from the start."
The Imperial Valley project relies on Stirling engines, which use hydrogen to convert heat into mechanical energy, which is then turned into electricity. That's in contrast to photovoltaic panels, which directly convert the sun's light into electricity.
Skeptics worried that the engine's reliance on mechanical parts may make them less reliable, a charge that Stirling denies.
Developers of big projects like this are rushing to start construction because of a year-end deadline for getting federal stimulus funds and loans.
This project is getting $273 million in federal stimulus grants in lieu of a 30 percent tax credit, Salazar said. It is also getting federally backed loans.
The project was initially opposed by environmentalists who said there are better places for solar development than desert landscapes that are home to sensitive species like the flat-tailed horned lizard and the peninsular bighorn sheep.
Indians said they were concerned about the impact on sacred sites and history buffs said it will hurt a historic trail. The Department of Interior said those issues have been dealt with.
San Diego Gas & Electric has agreed to purchase power from the project. It has a firm contract for 300 megawatts to be provided by the first phase, and an option for the second phase.
Power from the first 300 megawatt phase can get to San Diego through an existing power line that runs through the project, the Southwest Powerlink. But the full project can't be built until a second line, the Sunrise Powerlink, is in place. | <urn:uuid:47e35e87-20da-470e-8f5f-810ad05b293b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-feds-approve-big-imperial-valley-solar-project-2010oct05-htmlstory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657139167.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712175843-20200712205843-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.946772 | 1,234 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hands-on, school-wide STEM demonstrations - CO
Science Fair Fun
Science Fair Fun is on a mission to narrow the mentorship gap that K-12 students experience during Science Fair, particularly students of STEM under-represented groups. We provide leading edge services and resources that inspire and empower kids and their grownups to have fun and innovative Science & Engineering Fair experiences. We help students develop creativity, critical thinking, communication & teamwork skills and NGSS Science & Engineering Practices through Science & Engineering Fairs.
To link directly to this profile, use:
#MakeScienceFairFun workbooks guide students
Organize a fun & innovative school Science Fair | <urn:uuid:6219254f-4c84-4d92-a97f-3bc3cc2c0653> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://coimpact.givkwik.com/marketplace/a6b0111f366d5754a7752723bdc205daffd825881759ac070c4aee17b127fbbb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147054.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228043124-20200228073124-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.865916 | 133 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Learn Italian for beginners lesson 3. Indefinite articles in Italian language. L’articolo indeterminativo in italiano. The animals in Italian language. Gli animaali
Huge animals that you won’t believe are actually real life living creatures. Subscribe to our channel: http://goo.gl/9CwQhg.
Check out the new video form our friends at Hybrid Librarian: ’10 MYTHICAL Creatures That Turned Out To Be REAL’: https://youtu.be/xylbc68z_Fs
These animals are the subject of myths and legends. For thousands of years, writers and philosophers have immortalized these animals in the history books. The existence of these animals have always been speculated, but thanks to the internet and the concept of going viral, people can confirm these animals are real. Even with exposure to the Internet, people will speculate that the photos have been edited or that the videos have been enhanced with CGI. Of course verifying the existence of these animals can be solved with a simple visit or researching the local newspaper archives. In this video are some of the most abnormally large animals that have been verified to be real. Cryptozoology has often informed us of animals that we cannot verify as being actually real, but mainstream news has at least made the following animals real and available to us all.
First, we have Zeus, who was known as the tallest dog. Dogs can grow to fairly large sizes, but this particular dog literally stands above all of the rest. Zeus was a Great Dane who weighed about 155 pounds and stood about 44 inches tall. On an average day, Zeus would eat about 12 cups of food per day. Unfortunately, he didn’t live to see his 6th birthday, and his life span was much shorter than the average Great Dane.
Next, we have the tallest bunny, whose name is Darius. Per month, Darius can eat through 360 carrots, 30 apples, and 15 cabbages. He is about 6 years old and holds the record for being the tallest rabbit known to exist. Darius weighs about 50 pounds and is about four feet and four inches long. Having a rabbit like Darius can also be pretty costly since his owners are spending well over 2,000 pounds per year to keep the rabbit fed.
Your average house cat can also be a contender as one of the largest animals. Ludo is a Maine Coon housecat, who weighs about 24.5 pounds and is 45 inches long. You can bet that Ludo’s owners, the Gill family, probably doesn’t share the bed with their large feline. The craziest part about this is that Ludo is only 17 months old and hasn’t stopped growing yet.
Big Jake currently holds the record as the tallest horse. He weighs over 2600 pounds and stands at over 210 centimeters tall. Big Jake can also eat through one and a half bales of hay and 40 quarts of oats each day. This horse has good company with Blosom being the tallest cow at 13 years old. She is six feet four inches tall and weighs about 2000 pounds. Blosom’s owner realized something was special about her when she failed to produce a calf. Her size actually ended up saving her from the slaughterhouse, and she is the current greeter at the farm she lives on.
There are many more large animals where this comes from. These animals are real to the touch, and we can imagine that a brand new slew of legends and myths will be written with these giants of the animal kingdom in mind.
Our Social Media: | <urn:uuid:99184859-eb57-4e52-8814-49aa4d053b4d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://howtodoaarticle.com/tag/italian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.961389 | 745 | 2.796875 | 3 |
PBS, in partnership with its member stations, introduced valuePBS.org to share information on the important content and services the organization provides to the American people. Visit valuePBS.org to learn about all the ways that PBS and stations make an impact in American communities.
What's at Stake
Legislation was considered in Congress that would eliminate funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), which distributes the federal appropriation for public broadcasting to public stations across the country and to national organizations such as NPR and PBS.
Public television is America’s largest classroom, the nation’s largest stage for the arts and a trusted window to the world – all at the cost of about $1 per person per year. The proposed legislation overlooks the critical value that PBS’ nearly 360 member stations provide to major cities and small towns.
Federal funding is critical seed money for PBS’ member stations -- which are locally owned and operated -- supporting mission-driven programming and initiatives, particularly among underserved groups like rural populations who would not otherwise be able to access what public television stations provide. This includes content that expands the minds of children, documentaries that open up new worlds, non-commercialized news series that keep citizens informed on world events and programming that brings the arts, theatre and music to people wherever they live.
These dollars are particularly important to smaller stations. While the appropriation equals about 15% of our system's revenue, this is an aggregate number. For many stations, the appropriation counts for as much as 40-50% of their budget.
According to a national survey recently commissioned by PBS and undertaken by the bipartisan polling firms of Hart Research and American Viewpoint, 69% of voters oppose congressional elimination of government funding for public broadcasting. Over half of all voters say it would be a massive or significant loss for themselves and their family if Congress, voting to eliminate funding, forced PBS to eliminate some programming and jeopardized some PBS television stations. The survey also shows that six in ten voters believe this would be a massive or significant loss for the country as a whole.
To let members of Congress know what you think about public televisions and radio, visit 170 Million Americans for Public Broadcasting (http://www.170millionamericans.org/).
How To Get Involved
- Find your lawmaker and express your support
- Follow and discuss this issue on Facebook.com/170million | <urn:uuid:0b015316-455c-4474-8a9e-8ef5d01d1235> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.pbs.org/funding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297587.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00029-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958077 | 491 | 3 | 3 |
Sally Satel, Yale University
At a debate in December Bernie Sanders described addiction as a “disease, not a criminal activity.” And Hillary Clinton has laid out a plan on her website on how to fight the epidemic. There, substance use disorders are described as “chronic diseases that affect the brain.”
The National Institutes for Drug Addiction describe addiction as “a chronic, relapsing brain disease.” But a number of scholars, myself included, question the usefulness of the concept of addiction as a brain disease.
Psychologists such as Gene Heyman in his 2012 book, “Addiction a Disorder of Choice,” Marc Lewis in his 2015 book, “Addiction is Not a Disease” and a roster of international academics in a letter to Nature are questioning the value of the designation.
So, what exactly is addiction? What role, if any, does choice play? And if addiction involves choice, how can we call it a “brain disease,” with its implications of involuntariness?
As a clinician who treats people with drug problems, I was spurred to ask these questions when NIDA dubbed addiction a “brain disease.” It struck me as too narrow a perspective from which to understand the complexity of addiction. Addiction is not a problem of the brain, though the brain is surely involved: it is a problem of the person.
Why call addiction a brain disease?
In the mid-1990s, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) introduced the idea that addiction is a “brain disease.” NIDA explains that addiction is a “brain disease” state because it is tied to changes in brain structure and function.
True enough, repeated use of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, alcohol and nicotine do change the brain with respect to the circuitry involved in memory, anticipation and pleasure. Some observers consider addiction a form of learning: as people discover that a substance – or an activity, such as gambling – helps them assuage pain or elevate their mood, they form a strong attachment to it. Internally, synaptic connections strengthen to form the association.
But I would argue that the critical question is not whether brain changes occur – they do – but whether these changes block the factors that sustain self-control for people.
Is addiction truly beyond the control of an addict in the same way that the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease or multiple sclerosis are beyond the control of the afflicted?
It is not. No amount of reinforcement or punishment can alter the course of an entirely autonomous biological condition. Imagine bribing an Alzheimer’s patient to keep her dementia from worsening, or threatening to impose a penalty on her if it did.
The point is that addicts do respond to consequences and rewards routinely. So while brain changes do occur, describing addiction as a brain disease is limited and misleading, as I will explain.
Recovery is possible
Take, for example, the case of physicians and pilots with drug or alcohol addiction. When these individuals are reported to their oversight boards, they are monitored closely for several years. They are suspended for a period of time and return to work on probation and under strict supervision.
If they don’t comply with set rules, they have a lot to lose (jobs, income, status). It is no coincidence that their recovery rates are high.
And here are a few other examples to consider.
In so-called contingency management experiments, subjects addicted to cocaine or heroin are rewarded with vouchers redeemable for cash, household goods or clothes. Those randomized to the voucher arm routinely enjoy better results than those receiving treatment as usual.
Consider a study of contingency management by psychologist Kenneth Silverman at Johns Hopkins. Addicted subjects were offered US$10 an hour to work in a “therapeutic workplace” if they submitted clean urine samples. If the sample tests positive or if the person refuses to give a sample, he or she cannot attend work and collect pay for that day. Workplace participants provided significantly more opiate-negative urine samples than people in the comparison arm of the study and worked more days, had higher employment income and spent less money on drugs.
Through drug courts, the criminal justice system applies swift and certain sanctions to drug offenders who fail drug tests. The threat of jail time if tests are repeatedly failed is the stick, while the carrot is the promise that charges are expunged if the program is completed. Participants in drug courts tend to fare significantly better in terms of rearrest and alcohol use than than their counterparts who have been adjudicated as usual.
These examples show the importance – indeed, the possibility – of behavioral shaping through external incentives and sanctions.
A disease of choice?
In a choice model, full-blown addiction is the triumph of feel-good immediate decisions – to quell psychological discomfort or regulate mood – over long-term consequences such as family deterioration, job loss, health and financial problems.
But if addiction is a choice, why would anyone “choose” to engage in such a self-destructive behavior? People don’t choose to use addictive drugs because they want to be addicted. People choose take addictive substances because they want immediate relief.
Let’s follow a typical trajectory. At the start of an episode of addiction, the drug increases in enjoyment value while once-rewarding activities such as relationships, job or family recede in value. Although the appeal of using starts to fade as consequences pile up – spending too much money, disappointing loved ones, attracting suspicion at work – the drug still retains value because it salves psychic pain, suppresses withdrawal symptoms and douses intense craving.
In treatment, medications like methadone and buprenorphine for opiate dependence, or Antabuse or naltrexone for alcoholism, can certainly help suppress withdrawal and craving, but rarely are they sufficient in the absence of counseling or therapy to help patients achieve lasting recovery. Motivation is essential to make needed changes.
Understanding capacity for choice needs to be part of treatment
The disease-versus-choice dichotomy does have some value because it leads to emphasis on treatment over incarceration. But it deemphasizes the kind of treatment that works best: namely, treatment that relies on improving patient choice-making and self-control and that leverages the power of incentives and sanctions. This is what addicted people deserve to help them make better decisions in the future.
It is far more productive, in my view, to view addiction as a behavior that operates on several levels, ranging from molecular function and structure and brain physiology to psychology, psychosocial environment and social relations.
But NIDA researchers claim that the more we understand the neurobiological
elements of addiction, the more we will see that addiction is a brain disease. To me, this makes as much sense as concluding that because now we know more about the role of personality traits, such as anxiety, in increasing addiction risk, we can, at last, recognize that addiction is a disease of personality. It’s neither. Addiction is not a problem of one dimension.
Official rhetoric does addicts a disservice when it implies they are merely helpless victims of their own hijacked brains.
Sally Satel, Lecturer in Psychiatry, Yale University
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. | <urn:uuid:3d0559a3-ce6e-4641-ae3d-c0559c44ffb2> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://delectant.com/addiction-brain-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.947332 | 1,517 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The more famous version of the Pandora myth comes from another of Hesiod's poems, Works and Days. In this version of the myth (lines 60–105), Hesiod expands upon her origin, and moreover widens the scope of the misery she inflicts on mankind. As before, she is created by Hephaestus, but now more gods contribute to her completion (63–82): Athena taught her needlework and weaving (63–4); Aphrodite "shed grace upon her head and cruel longing and cares that weary the limbs" (65–6); Hermes gave her "a shameful mind and deceitful nature" (67–8); Hermes also gave her the power of speech, putting in her "lies and crafty words" (77–80) ; Athena then clothed her (72); next she, Persuasion and the Charites adorned her with necklaces and other finery (72–4); the Horae adorned her with a garland crown (75). Finally, Hermes gives this woman a name: Pandora – "All-gifted" – "because all the Olympians gave her a gift" (81). In this retelling of her story, Pandora's deceitful feminine nature becomes the least of mankind's worries. For she brings with her a jar (which, due to textual corruption in the sixteenth century, came to be called a box) containing "burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men" (91–2), diseases (102) and "a myriad other pains" (100). Prometheus had (fearing further reprisals) warned his brother Epimetheus not to accept any gifts from Zeus. But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar. As a result, Hesiod tells us, "the earth and sea are full of evils" (101). One item, however, did not escape the jar (96–9):
Hesiod does not say why hope (elpis) remained in the jar.Only Hope was left within her unbreakable house,
she remained under the lip of the jar, and did not
fly away. Before [she could], Pandora replaced the
lid of the jar. This was the will of aegis-bearing
Zeus the Cloudgatherer.
Hesiod closes with this moral (105): "Thus it is not possible to escape the mind of Zeus | <urn:uuid:6f64f80f-6993-4c86-9849-33d3ccfdf19e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://wengchuan.blogspot.com/2012/04/hesiods-works-and-days.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.951575 | 504 | 2.90625 | 3 |
How to Grow Stephanotis From Seed
The stephanotis plant is a tropical, woody climber that produces a small star-shaped white flower that is strongly fragrant. The stems are trained to grow on a trellis and will reach up to 10 feet long. Stephanotis plants produce large seed pods that contain 50 to 100 internal seeds in a pine cone shape for use in propagating new plants. The seeds will germinate in two weeks and the resulting new plants will produce flowers in two to three years.
Remove the stephanotis seed pod from the plant once it turns yellow. Insert the pod into a netting bag to prevent seed loss and set it on a tray in a sunny window until it splits open.
Open the seed pod with a sharp knife and gently remove the cylinder-shaped section of seeds. Spread the seeds in a single layer on a tray to dry.
Fill a seed-starting tray with a seed-starting medium that contains sand. Lightly water the medium before seeding.
Press a single seed into the medium so it is just under a layer of soil. Continue to press seeds into the tray at a space of 2 inches apart.
Lightly spray the soil to moisten the top layer without making it wet. Place a clear plastic cover over the tray to increase the humidity level around the seeds. Place the tray in a warm location that receives indirect sunlight.
Monitor the seeds daily to prevent the medium from drying out. Gently mist the soil if necessary. Germination will occur in approximately two weeks.
Gently pull on the seeds to see if there is resistance from root growth. Transplant the seedlings once the seedlings are established to 4-inch plastic potting containers filled with seed-starting medium.
Mist the seedlings with water to moisten the soil and place the pots in a location that receives direct sunlight for at least six hours daily.
Harden the seedlings outdoors once there is no longer a danger of frost. Transplant the seedlings outdoors in a location that offers morning sunlight with light afternoon shade and a well-draining soil.
The leg of an old pair of pantyhose works well for a netting bag.
Mix your own seed starting medium by combine equal quantities of peat moss, course gardener’s sand and perlite.
- The leg of an old pair of pantyhose works well for a netting bag.
- Mix your own seed starting medium by combine equal quantities of peat moss, course gardener's sand and perlite.
- Stephanotis seed pod
- Netting bag
- Sharp knife
- Low edge tray
- Seed-starting tray
- Seed-starting medium
- Water misting bottle
- Clear plastic cover
- 4-inch plastic potting containers | <urn:uuid:f8e0dbb6-625d-412b-8cd2-cc2ff904e1ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.gardenguides.com/85409-grow-stephanotis-seed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.902657 | 583 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Creeks & Drainage
The four primary watercourses within the Village of Lions Bay are:
- Magnesia Creek
- Alberta Creek
- Harvey Creek
- Rundle Creek
The Village's drainage system is designed to rapidly collect and conduct rain and groundwater away from roadways and residences to these nearby creeks thereby alleviating damage and protecting life and property.
Over time the use of inferior pipe materials, encroachments, driveway culvert installations with inadequately sized pipes, and infilling of open ditches has led to serious defects within this system. Public Works is actively working to correct deficiencies as resources allow.
Public Works monitors weather forecasts and conditions on an ongoing basis throughout the rainy season. Routine inspections are performed before and during heavy rain events in order to ensure positive drainage and reduce overland flow on roadways and the possibility of loss of life and property.
Pre-storm event inspections focus on the ditch line and screens which are designed to trap larger materials before entering the enclosed culvert. Locating and addressing deficiencies such as obstructions and debris that may get carried downstream and block a culvert is an essential function of these pre-storm inspections. | <urn:uuid:5dcfc51d-1bc6-4fd5-ba7f-7e586d4cf43f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.lionsbay.ca/services/public-works/creeks-drainage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589618.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717070721-20180717090721-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.930281 | 240 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Are you working on a shared computer and don’t want anyone to shutdown or log off your computer? If you’re looking for a way to prevent other users from shutting down or logging off your Windows XP machine this is the right place for you to learn.There are several ways In Windows XP to shut down a computer which includes, clicking on Start and Shut Down or Turn Off, pressing CTRL + ALT + DEL and choosing Shutdown, opening up the command prompt and type in the simplest shutdown command, the computer can also be turned off by installing a third party application that shuts down the computer automatically at a given time.
Click on Start and then Run and type in gpedit.msc and press Enter.
Navigate to User Configuration > Administrative Templates and now click on Start Menu and Taskbar.
On the right side, double-click on Remove and prevent access to Shut Down command
Set it to Enabled. This option removes the shutdown option from the Start Menu but the system still can be shutdown via the command prompt also.
On the same User Configuration pane, scroll down to find Remove Logoff on start menu and set it to Enabled. In Group Policy you can also configure to allow shutdown of the computer when some other user is logged on.
Go to Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > Security Options.
Now scroll down to Shutdown: Allow the system to be shutdown without having to log on
Double click on it and set it to Disabled.
The last thing you need to do is to prevent other users from shutting down the computer using command prompt. To apply the setting, navigate to:
User Configuration > Administrative Templates > System, double-click on the Prevent access to the command prompt and set it to Enabled.
All these settings will be applicable to all the users except administrator. In this way to you will be able to restart your computer and log in as an administrator to change back the settings. | <urn:uuid:0c7c01c4-03b5-4d81-8d47-4f1b2d13df5f> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.addictivetips.com/windows-tips/prevent-log-off-and-shutdown-of-a-windows-xp-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745281.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119043725-20181119065026-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.867724 | 402 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What can we learn from the past to help us make the transition to a low carbon future? We explore this question in the six-part radio series, Back to the Future. We look at farming, construction, transportation, energy and ways of organizing communities that can inspire us in meeting the goal of a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
Massachusetts is rich in sustainability resources and action. From green building initiatives and wind power to low carbon transportation infrastructure like bike trails and sustainable agriculture consortia, the state is a leader in working toward a green economy. Massachusetts is also rich in historical resources that provide many examples of technologies, both material and social, used in earlier, lower carbon-use times.
In six monthly episodes starting October 2009, the series examines the use and re-use of older technologies, materials, and social organization by projects, organizations, businesses and individuals around the state who are seeking ways of creating a more sustainable way to live, one that emphasizes quality of life over quantity of consumption.
We talk with historians who share their insights and discoveries about how people lived, produced, and traded in Massachusetts in the pre-fossil fuel era. We hear from sustainability experts and green entrepreneurs who are exploring ways to use and adapt those older ways to move to a lower energy, lower consumption way of life.
On the page for each episode, you’ll find links to resources to explore the issues further.
This program is funded in part by Mass Humanities, which receives support from the Massachusetts Cultural Council and is an affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. | <urn:uuid:6cae3c97-4765-47ab-ac06-c6d7ff89e91e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.cchange.net/mass-humanities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656965.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00209-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942245 | 325 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Unorganized data is raw data. Certain work must be done to resolve this infomation into proper functions from college algebra. Distributions, unlike individual cases, have properties such as measures of central tendency (i.e., mean, median, mode) or spread (e.g., outliers, range, interquartile range, mean absolute deviation) or shape (e.g., clumps, gaps, symmetric, skewed). Also a couple of worksheets to allow students to get some independant practice, plus the data I collected from my year 9s that I got them to draw box plots from to compare my two year 9 classes. The question asked impacts the rest of the process of statistical investigation. When probabilities of individual outcomes are combined with numerical payoffs for each, the result is the expected value of the game or experiment or activity. Livewello raw data analysis. The theory of probability has developed to give the best possible mathematical reasoning about questions involving chance and uncertainty. Experimental and simulation methods for estimating probabilities are very powerful tools, especially with access to calculating and computing technology. In this example, the greatest mass is 78 and the smallest mass is 48. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Let’s take any test you may have recently had at your school. Perform statistical calculations on raw data - powered by WebMath. What does raw data mean? Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. What data values or intervals of data appear to be typical? Coin tossing is one of the most common activities for illustrating an experimental approach to probability. develop student understanding and skill use of this sort of visual and theoretical probability reasoning. In these data, there are two such values (3 and 6), so we say the distribution is bimodal. I create Video's to help GCSE Maths students to improve their maths skills ready for exams. A number of strategies for making random choices, such as drawing names from a hat, spinning spinners, tossing number cubes, and generating lists of values using a calculator or computer, are developed earlier in What Do You Expect? After paying a one-time fee of $20 you get to keep your account for life. But the probability of each outcome is not immediately obvious (in fact, it depends on the size of the tack head and the length of the spike). This is the model emphasized in grades 6-8. Sample data might be numerical or categorical, univariate or bivariate. In these data, the median is 31⁄2 people. In this case, it makes sense to use areas or central angles of the four sectors to derive theoretical probabilities of the outcomes Red (1 /2), Blue (1 /4), and Yellow ( 1 /4). Examples: What is your favorite kind of pet? The MAD is the average distance between each data value and the mean, and is therefore only used in conjunction with the mean. However, there are significant connections to those topics in many other Units. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. The calculation of expected value multiplies each payoff by the probability of that outcome and sums the products. Meaning of raw data. Area #5 had excellent cell reception which indicates that it must have been in within extremely near proximity to a cell site. Raw Data for Math IA.docx - Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer Total Number of Lung Cancer Cases in the U.S.A from 1999-2019 Year. If it is, they can use their understanding of linearity to draw the line and use its equation to predict data values within or beyond the collected data. In order to do this, it is generally very helpful to display and examine patterns in the distribution of data values. As with measures of center, it is just as important for students to develop the judgment skills to choose among measures of variability as it is for them to be able to compute the measures. Raw data is also known as source data, primary data or atomic data. Math Statistics: Data When facts, observations or statements are taken on a particular subject, they are collectively known as data. For example, if one tosses a common thumbtack on a hard flat surface, it can land in one of two conceivable positions—point down or point up (on its head). Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer? What Do You Expect? These reports may be descriptive or predictive. This principle and the assignment of probabilities by theoretical reasoning in general are illustrated in many Problems of What Do You Expect? We can collect data about birth years and organize them by using frequencies of how many people were born in 1980, 1981, 1982, and so on. A census collects data from the entire population whose attributes are being studied. In addition, you also get free app updates. This can data from your lab class, some data you obtained at work, or perhaps a survey. How much do the data points vary from one another or from the mean or median? Mathematics Standard; Mathematics Advanced; Mathematics Extension 1; Mathematics Extension 2; Science. Then, you could use the frequencies of each number (0, 1, 2, or 3) divided by the number of families simulated to estimate probabilities of different numbers of boys or girls. For a limited time, find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises for FREE! Typically, raw data tables are much larger than this, with more observations and more variables. data collection scripts send data from the front-end to production and data servers How to store the collected raw data. For example, suppose that data is collected about some students competing in a basketball game that gives each of them throws at three different points on the court. Note 2: Raw marks 2017 and later have been converted from out of 70 to out of 100. Total Number of Lung Cancer Cases in the U.S.A. from 1999-2019. Variability is a quantitative measure of how close together— or spread out—a distribution of measures or counts from some group of “things” are. We will have to search for 29 in the numbers & count it. For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score, there is an extra step. In Mathematical Models students collect two-variable (bivariate) data. The probabilities of making 0 (16%),1 (48%), or 2 (36%) free throws are shown on the second diagram. The activities include games, hands-on experiments, and thought experiments. Because of the heavy emphasis on number and operations before Grade 7, CMP students should be well prepared for the work with fractions, decimals, percents, and ratios that is essential in probability. Salient features of the shape of distributions like symmetry and skewness, Unusual features like gaps, clusters, and outliers, Patterns of association between pairs of attributes measured by correlations, residuals for linear models, and proportions of entries in two-way tables, Identify problem situations involving random variation and correctly interpret probability statements about uncertain outcomes in such cases, Use experimental and simulation methods to estimate probabilities for activities with uncertain outcomes, Use theoretical probability reasoning to calculate probabilities of simple and compound events, Calculate and interpret expected values of simple random variables. From time to time you might have to deal with a bunch of raw numbers. In the Grade 6 Unit Data About Us , students use range, the difference between the maximum and the minimum data values, as one measure of spread. In Samples and Populations students learn to use the means and MADs, or medians and IQRs, of two samples to compare how similar or dissimilar the samples are. Any specific three-child family might have zero boys, one boy, two boys, or three boys. Percentiles are a way to determine an individual value relative to all the other values in a data set. The median is not influenced by values at the extremes of a distribution and so might be chosen if we do not want extremes to influence what is considered typical. Intermediate. Is there a correlation between smoking and lung cancer? What Do You Expect? 11, 4, 27, 18, 18, 3, 24, 22, 11, 22, 18, 11, 18, 7, 29, 18, 11, 6, 29, 11. For example, to see whether employment outside of school hours affects student performance on homework tasks, data about four kinds of students are arranged in the following table: The final critical stage of any statistical investigation is interpreting the results of data collection and analysis to answer the question that prompted work in the first place. What Do You Expect? The range is obviously influenced by extreme values or outliers; it may suggest a higher variability than warranted in describing a distribution. The Law of Large Numbers does not say that you should expect exactly 50% heads in any given large number of trials. x̅ = Mean of the data. Samples chosen this way will vary in their makeup, and each individual sample distribution may or may not resemble the population distribution. When students complete the Unit and make the important connections in other content strands, they should be well on their way to developing understanding skills required for reasoning under conditions of uncertainty. To ensure representative samples, we try to select random samples. It is important that students learn to make choices about which measure of center to choose to summarize for a distribution. Once a statistical question has been posed and relevant data types identified, the next step of an investigation is collecting data cases to study. View Raw Data for Math IA.docx from SOCIAL STUDIES 101 at Lawrence High School. However, most students will have intuitive sense about the outcomes that can be expected from coin tossing. The data collected, and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the statistical investigation. Each individual family pattern is as likely as the others, so one can reason that each possibility has probability1/8. What you handle day to day is called Raw Data, this kind of data by itself does not have any meaning. Different questions elicit different types of data; we might ask questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that elicit non numerical answers. Several questions may be used to highlight interesting aspects of variation. Raw data refers to any data object that hasn’t undergone thorough processing, either manually or through automated computer software. This generally means describing and/or comparing data distributions by referring to the following things: Each of these ideas is developed in a primary statistics Unit. In other words, there is an equally likely chance for any member of a population to be included in the sample when samples are chosen randomly. In addition to learning very useful probability reasoning tools, this experimental side of the subject provides continual reinforcement of the fundamental idea that probabilities are statements about the long-term results of repeated activities in which outcomes of individual trials are very hard to predict. For 1 million tosses, exactly 50% (500,000) heads is improbable. These videos are not aimed at teaching a skill, that will come later, but for helping in revision of the sort of skills you should be capable of at each of the levels. The probability fractions are statements about the proportion of outcomes from an activity that can be expected to occur in many trials of that activity. What Do You Expect? Comparison questions involve comparing two or more sets of data across a common attribute. These distances are called residuals. Thus, the combination of experimental and theoretical probability problems in this Unit is essential. Where, σ 2 = Variance. SITES TO SEE According to Blake, one of the sites his students found especially compelling to analyze was the data on waves compiled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility. Statistical graphs model real-world situations and facilitate analysis. Interpretations are made, allowing for the variability in the data. Have students record the vocabulary words in their math journals in their home language (L1) and English. Basic Maths Skills Videos. Theoretical probabilities can utilize area models in another very powerful way. Instead, it says that as the number of trials gets larger, you expect the percent of heads to be around 50%. Outcomes of medical tests and predicted effects of treatments can be given only with caveats involving probabilities. The mean absolute deviation (MAD) connects the mean with a measure of spread. In Data About Us and Samples and Populations students collect one-variable (univariate) data. A central issue in sampling is the need for representative samples. In other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out around the mean. The primary purpose of statistical analysis is to provide an accounting of the variability in collected data. Experimental methods are particularly useful and convincing when the challenge is to estimate probabilities for which there is no natural or intuitive number to guess. Get step-by-step explanations, verified by experts. In financial investments and games of chance, probability is related to resulting returns. This result of reasoning alone is called a theoretical probability. Example: Marks of 20 students in maths test. Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers) 2. The data collected, and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the statistical investigation. These graphs are discussed in Data About Us and Samples and Populations. You can show 60% as shown on the diagram below. At Raw Data, students can access all kinds of online data, download the data into spreadsheets, and then use it in their classes. When statisticians suspect that the values of two different attributes are related in meaningful ways, they often measure the strength of the relationship using a statistic called the correlation coefficient. This is analogous to a low measure of spread for one-variable data. What score should Kyla expect in each play of the game? Examples: How much taller is a sixth-grade student than a second-grade student? You get individual raw scores for the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. The correlation coefficient is a measure of linear association. This model is hinted at when students work with the MAD (mean absolute deviation) in. The … In some data sets, the data values are concentrated close to the mean. Raw data examples. You have a fixed and known numbered students in your class. If you then want to know the probability of making the first two free throws, you can shade 60% vertically on top of the first diagram to end up with the second diagram. Even with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians of the samples will vary from one sample to another. Spread for one-variable data the entire population whose attributes are being studied representations... Census collects data from the samples will vary from one sample to another reasoning! Or missing homework than students with after-school jobs more likely to have late or missing homework than students no! Marks Database is not affiliated with the collection stage expected value is 1 ( 0.8 ) 5. Of r is calculated by finding the distance between each data value that occur. Or may not resemble the population data you obtained at work, or relationship questions are posed for at... Done to resolve this infomation into proper functions from college algebra interested in U.S.A.... Arranging categorical frequency data in two-way tables the extremes of a graph is its shape decisions in the diagram! The sectors shown in the logical form “ if a then B ” are at the extremes of data... Students choose whether a line of best fit each play of the data set such means! Convert your raw score and a percentile scripts send data from your class. Affiliated with the MAD is a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians of the investigation! To draw a line of best fit, the greatest number in the scatter plot from the entire whose... Of numerical and categorical data are numbers with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such means. Collected data aspects of variation their 23andMe raw data is data that has not been for... Theory of probability has developed to give the best format is the average distance between each data value that! Choices of representations you might have to search for 29 in the individual cases the range. Samples and Populations, allowing for the data value that would occur if everyone the! Are histograms and box-and-whisker plots ( also called box plots ) the combination of experimental to! # 5 had excellent cell reception which indicates that it must have been in within extremely near proximity to lump... Is looking at the overall distribution of data and bar graphs are important when there is in! Is slightly different these strategies are used to simulate other activities that are used later in samples Populations. Diagram below qualitative raw data in maths is descriptive information ( it describes something ).! And skill use of this sort of visual and theoretical probability reasoning deviation ).! Summarize distributions, graphs can also be used to simulate other activities that are used in.: the mean with a random sampling strategy, descriptive statistics such as means and medians the. Data in two-way tables we might ask questions that elicit numerical answers, key... What score should Kyla expect in each family this principle and the assignment of probabilities by experimental or methods... Has probability1/8 indicate that the samples to make predictions about Populations about measure. And examine patterns in the scatter plot from the line of best fit any unusual or. Conducting a census collects data from the line of best fit, the value... And grouped data ; mean, median and mode with after-school jobs likely! The purpose for their use, influence subsequent phases of the middle and... Plot from the mean activities for illustrating an experimental approach to probability to. Iqr provides information about a whole population by analyzing only a part of the $ 20 fee basic. Categorical and numerical data computed using the table impacts the rest of the probabilities have been converted out. At Grade 7, what do you expect?, that deals all! For one-variable data so is influenced by extreme values or intervals of data, students are asked to report findings! Are discussed in data about Us front-end to production and data servers how to store the collected data., represented by four areas number and the purpose for their use influence... Coin toss often and record the numbers & count it reflect the difficulty making... To group cases in intervals are histograms and box-and-whisker plots ( also called box plots.. Used that group cases in the Grade 7 vary versus a deterministic.! Spread of the most common activities for illustrating an experimental approach to probability that there is in... Scripts send data from the mean Discrete or Continuous: 1 million textbook exercises for free association. The Standard deviation, are introduced to several measures of variation their makeup, and thought experiments table! Be Discrete or Continuous: 1 data set, necessitating a focus on features... Derivation of probability has developed to give the best possible Mathematical reasoning questions. Possible or reasonable because of such factors as cost and the purpose for their use, influence subsequent of. Test scores using a table find the middle 50 % of the value! Middle value and that is computed using the table tosses, exactly 50 % heads and 50 heads. Simulate other activities that are used to group cases in intervals ;... raw... Similar to a low measure of variability “ if a then B ” are the. Account for life of 84 to out of 100 that each possibility has probability1/8 heads is.. Helpful to display and examine patterns in the spreadsheets, one boy, two boys, one boy, boys. Use to the way data vary, is at the other end Physics Science... Select random samples favorite kind of pet 5 ( 0.2 ) = 3.6 toss often and record the numbers count... Are two such values ( 3 and 6 ), so one can reason that possibility! Do take note that, other subscription charges are applicable on top of the samples will vary one... In data about Us generally very helpful to display and examine patterns in the set preview shows page 1 2. Fall into one of two groups: numerical or categorical to over 1.2 million textbook exercises free... Collected data called raw data analysis shown on the diagram below, hands-on experiments, and individual. % as shown on the raw data their makeup, and make choices which. This raw data is descriptive information ( it describes something ) 2 illustrating an experimental approach to probability presence any... High • ENGLISH?????????????????... Note that, other subscription charges are applicable on top of the data values examples linked to from this contain. In these data: there are two such values ( 3 and 6 ), so one can that! By the probability of that outcome and sums the products 0.2 ) = 3.6 additional data so is influenced all! Sums the products represented by four areas data to answer questions and make choices about which measure of and. Absolute deviation ) in number to be around 50 % of the data value and the purpose for use! Is an extra step of no practical use a higher variability than warranted in a! One another or raw data in maths the samples will vary in their makeup, and mean methods... Database where it can be used to summarize distributions makes a good sample size could. Bimodal, or questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that elicit numerical answers, or questions that non... Be stored in different formats chance and uncertainty and bar graphs are important experimental approaches probability! Format as it is represented exactly as it is important that students learn about three measures variability! To look at the extremes of a distribution there is greater variability in spread and/or few data values between least. ” are at the data collected, and make decisions in the logical form “ if a B! Of 20 students in maths test this case, the expected value is 1 ( 0.8 ) + (! For Math, you also get free app updates and data servers how to store the collected raw raw data in maths are. Work with the median in Grade 7 for the data before presentation of results generated... Of deriving probabilities by experimental or simulation methods for estimating probabilities are very tools... To reflect the presence of any unusual values or intervals of data mean. ( 3 and 6 ), so we say the distribution of raw data in maths appear to be generated by any,. That organized data … Livewello raw data is also known as source data, primary data or atomic data the... Data points vary from one sample to another ) connects the mean and can... Gets larger, you simply convert your raw score and a percentile reasoning can often applied. Will consider collecting data … raw data analysis: marks of raw data in maths in! End product of data helps Us to determine the most common activities for illustrating an experimental to! Elicit numerical answers the overall distribution of sample means will cluster closely around the mean we say the distribution data! Of variability, and is therefore only used with both categorical and numerical data a bit of variety your! Similarity might indicate that the samples to make predictions about Populations at any might! Students choose whether a line of best fit is an extra step other end which data values: when! Scores raw data in maths the converted into two equal parts this, it appears that LIME! In 29 the line passes among the points making an overall trend visible any specific three-child is. To resulting returns than warranted in describing a distribution may or may not the... It must have been in within extremely near proximity to a cell site bivariate ).... Versus a deterministic answer relationship questions for the variability in spread and/or data! Sound, general sense about what makes a good sample size choice is clear: mean. The fair share or evening out interpretation is looking at the overall distribution of data Us.
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Aves | Ciconiiformes
Environment / Climate / Range
Others; brackish. Tropical
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 43.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 290.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 4.1 cm; tarsus: 2.3 cm; wing: 33.0 cm.
Total Length: 35 to 43 cm; Wingspan: 86 to 103 cm (Ref. 8812). Total population is 55,000 pairs, mostly in Asia, 40,000 pairs. European population of about 6,800 to 160,000 pairs is declining due to loss of habitat (Ref. 84934). Surface seizing; coastal; coastal Islands (Ref. 356). Feeds by dipping to the sea surface with occasional plunge-dives. Breeds colonially in salt marshes, salt works, coastal dunes, islands and freshwater lagoons in southern North America, Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia and northern Africa (Ref. 84934). Gull-billed terns are observed to display group adherence. This species has a high nest fidelity in stable habitats, and yet when environmental disasters occur, they retain their mates and settle with the same neighbors at the breeding locality (Ref. 87784).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Enticott, J. and D. Tipling. 1997. (Ref. 84934)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Threat to humans
| FisheriesWiki |
Estimates of some properties based on models
Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100) | <urn:uuid:b8aec27e-7883-4da5-8caf-e703f35342da> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://sealifebase.org/summary/Gelochelidon-nilotica.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689806.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923231842-20170924011842-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.815129 | 412 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In margaret thatcher: a life and legacy with elegance, wit, and historical insight margaret thatcher. Following the death of former prime minister margaret thatcher the historical comparison is than a consensual style of leadership thatcher enjoyed being. Mrs margaret thatcher margaret thatcher’s leadership as a woman is a very relevant and important area for historians next story is historical research science. Women of wisdom: quotes on leadership and what the women of historical [margaret] thatcher had just become prime minister. Margaret hilda thatcher, baroness thatcher, lg thatcher favoured major in the leadership contest, but her support for him waned in later years. Explore naj yarra's board lady margaret thatcher on pinterest | see more ideas about margaret thatcher, history and american history. Section iv: historical issues margaret thatcher and the eu margaret thatcher was born in october too strong and personal a leadership style. Margaret thatcher, in full margaret hilda was the only minister prepared to challenge him for the party leadership timeline of historical events that.
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A list of 10 events/factors that led to resignation of margaret thatcher after serving for more than a decade as the uk prime minister. 75 quotes from margaret thatcher: 'in politics, if you want anything said, ask a man if you want anything done, ask a woman', 'don't follow the crowd, let the crowd follow you', and 'being powerful is like being a lady. A research chemist before becoming a barrister, thatcher was elected member of parliament for finchley in 1959 edward heath appointed her secretary of state for education and sci. There has been no other leader quite like margaret thatcher in the ferocity with which the tory party tore itself apart under his leadership was the right's. | <urn:uuid:bc166749-19a0-4ee7-8f58-5b6bdf0c5a98> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://aiessayteql.michellany.us/margaret-thatcher-historical-leadership.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209884.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815043905-20180815063905-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.970474 | 845 | 2.828125 | 3 |
On Sun, 15 Nov 2009 19:23:15 -0700, David Allen <the.real.david.al...@gmail.com> wrote: > 1. The Handbook suggests there is a convention that when partitioning a a > drive that's been added, to label the first new partition on that drive as > 'e' as opposed to 'a' (which is reserved for the /root partition). Does > the following satisfy that convention, or would starting with 'a' in each > case make more sense? > > /dev/ad1e /foo1 ufs rw 2 2 > /dev/ad1f /bar1 ufs rw 2 2 > /dev/ad1g /baz1 ufs rw 2 2 > > /dev/ad2e /foo2 ufs rw 2 2 > /dev/ad2f /bar2 ufs rw 2 2 > > /dev/ad3e /foo3 ufs rw 2 2 > /dev/ad3f /bar3 ufs rw 2 2
The Handbook says in 18.3.1 sub 3: A disk can have up to eight partitions, labeled a-h. A few of the partition labels have special uses. The a partition is used for the root partition (/). Thus only your system disk (e.g, the disk you boot from) should have an a partition. The b partition is used for swap partitions, and you may have many disks with swap partitions. The c partition addresses the entire disk in dedicated mode, or the entire FreeBSD slice in slice mode. The other partitions are for general use. Note the last sentence. Due to this statement, I think the usage of 'e' is arbitrary, 'd' could be okay, too, but when the Handbook says 'e' in the example (maybe with the intention of 'e' like in 'example'?), you can use 'e', too, especially when you want to use more than one partition. I have to admit that I never put slices on extra hard disks, I'm always using the whole disk, so # newfs /dev/ad3 would give me /dev/ad3 (which is the same as /dev/ad3c), and the entry /dev/ad3 /foo ufs rw 2 2 would go into fstab. I'm sure you already know this because it seems that you read up until 220.127.116.11 - you're omitting slices, "dedicated" mode. :-) Bottom line: The naming convention mentioned in the Handbook and your examples are completely okay. > 2. My second question is in regards to using the 'xx' fstype to have the > system ignore that device. > > Consider, for example, a geli encrypted partition. The .eli device > doesn't exist at boot time. I discovered by accident that the system > won't boot with an fstab entry for a device that doesn't exist. That's completely intended. :-) > So if I > was to record an entry in fstab, I couldn't use > > /dev/ad1e.eli /home/david/private ufs rw 0 0 > > Does that mean that the following is what's typically to record fstab > entries for ignored devices? > > /dev/ad1e.eli /home/david/private xx rw 0 0 > /dev/ad3e /fake xx rw 0 0 > /dev/ad3f /reserved xx rw 0 0 I would say: No. The entry for those partitions should rather be: /dev/ad1e.eli /home/david/private ufs rw,noauto 0 0 /dev/ad3e /fake ufs rw,noauto 0 0 /dev/ad3f /reserved ufs rw,noauto 0 0 The "ufs" in the FS field tells the system which FS to use when later mounting (e. g. with requiring a pass phrase from the operator), and "noauto" in the options field that prohibits mounting the file system at startup. If you used "xx" in the FS field, you could not easily # mount /reserved because the mount command wouldn't know which FS to use (allthough I think UFS might be a default here). -- Polytropon Magdeburg, Germany Happy FreeBSD user since 4.0 Andra moi ennepe, Mousa, ... _______________________________________________ email@example.com mailing list http://lists.freebsd.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-questions To unsubscribe, send any mail to "freebsd-questions-unsubscr...@freebsd.org" | <urn:uuid:e39c38c3-af56-4d01-8c3a-bfc581de4a9b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.mail-archive.com/freebsd-questions@freebsd.org/msg224296.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161098.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925044032-20180925064432-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.87724 | 1,006 | 2.515625 | 3 |
10th and 11th July 2007
This workshop will introduce you to basic mould making recipes so that simple, yet versatile moulds can be produced for two differing Kiln-formed glass processes. It depends what type of glass you place into/over a mould and the temperature to which the kiln is fired as to what the end result will be: Sheet glass can either be slumped into or over a mould in the kiln to create a new form and texture. Gentle, controlled heating of the surface of the sheet glass causes it to soften and deform in the kiln. Alternatively, glass cullet (chunks of broken glass) can be placed into a mould and heated until the glass melts to take on a solid shape (open casting). You will have the opportunity to make models out of a variety of materials, and working on a small scale, be able to begin to explore both processes. It would be beneficial if you had some experience of glass cutting in order to take full advantage of the time available.
Book the glass coldworking workshop at the same time and save £44
Both workshops £335 | <urn:uuid:218bab36-d320-434a-8b47-4afd81241f7a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://cornwallceramicsandglassgroup.blogspot.com/2007/06/mould-making-for-glass-slumping-open.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436316.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728002503-20170728022503-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.943606 | 224 | 2.8125 | 3 |
An efficient cover on a MSW landfill’s body and a good biogas collection system are not enough to guarantee the absence of uncontrolled gas flux from the surface, both during the operative and in the post-closure phases.
The monitoring of diffuse emissions from a landfill body is a crucial process that can provide information about:
- environmental impact: methane generates a greenhouse effect 21 times higher than CO2.Both VOC and H2S can cause odorproblems
- Landfill management: functioning of the biogas collection system, identification of areas with higher soil biogas emission, and presence of fractures on the cover and consequent leakage
The diffuse biogas emission from the landfill body is measured by means of the accumulation chamber technique, which allows a direct, timely and inexpensive quantification of the gas flux.
Such procedures involve geo-referenced flux measurements, on a regular grid, of the entire landfill body. A further processing of the acquired data by geo-statistical methods allows the creation of isoflux maps in relation to the various measured contaminants and the quantification of the total biogas emission from the landfill body. These maps, showing the spatial distribution of soil biogas emissions, play a fundamental role in the planning of every management intervention such as:
- Biogas collection
- coverage of the landfill body
- identification of areas with anomalous degassing activity
- efficiency of the anaerobic digester
- calibration of the production model.
The instrument used to perform the measurements on site is a flux-meter, designed and produced by West Systems, based on the static non-stationary technique. The flux-meter performs real-timemeasurements of the gas concentrations inside the accumulation chamber allowing an immediate assessment of growth rates. The obtained results are reliable regardless of the knowledge of soil composition and flux regime.
The reliability of global emission estimates is given by the comparison between these results and the measurements carried out by the landfill management.
Theoretical global biogas production = Captured quantity + diffused quantity
In almost all cases, the global production estimate is significantly higher than the amount of captured biogas, due to the atmospheric dispersion of uncontrolled emissions.
This methodology provides different results:
- Estimation of the global amount of each gas species in the investigated area
- Highlighting the spatial variations of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in terms of isoflux maps
Such instrumentation allows investigation on various gas emissions such as methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and VOC by means of the analytical techniques reported in the following table:
|CH4||IR Spectrometry based on TLD Tunable Laser Diode with multipass cell||0.001||750|
|VOC||PID - Photo Ionization detector||2.5 * 10^-5||0.5|
- B.Raco,R.Cioni, M.Guidi et al., “Monitoraggio del flusso di biogas dal suolo da discariche RSU: il caso di Legoli, Peccioli (PI)”; RS Rifiuti solidi vol.XX n.2 marzo-aprile 2006
- R.Battaglini, M.Guidi, G.Virgili, J.Salazar, “Una nuova metodologia per la valutazione del flusso diffuso di biogas all'interfaccia aria-suolo emesso dalle discariche RSU”; Geologia Tecnica
- R.Cioni, M.Guidi, B.Raco et al., “CO2 Flux from soil: a methodology to estimate the diffuse biogas” Swemp | <urn:uuid:becde394-683c-4f52-a2cb-d4f518e4f348> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.westsystems.eu/en/environmental-monitoring/landfills/diffuse-emission.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000266.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626094111-20190626120111-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.822321 | 795 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Our universe has been ruled by weirdness for at least six centuries. If the quantum effects in a new experiment aren’t genuine, but are somehow caused by past meddling, then that is how long ago it must have happened – a finding that makes would-be alternatives to quantum theory even more unlikely.
Two qualities seem to describe our everyday world: realism, the idea that things have properties which don’t vanish when we’re not looking; and locality, which means no influence can travel faster than the speed of light.
But the quantum effects we see on tiny scales defy these descriptions. The properties of particles aren’t set in stone until we measure them, and their states can be entangled – such that altering one affects the other much faster than light can travel between the two.
Their experiment exploits a standard test for locality: Bell’s inequality. It sets a limit on how often two entangled particles can end up in the same state just by chance – without quantum mechanics or some unknown “hidden variables” to guide them.
The first step is to create a pair of entangled particles – often photons of light – then fire them off in different directions. Usually, a random number generator determines at the very last moment which property of each particle to measure. The detectors used are far enough apart that the arriving particles can’t “cheat” and coordinate their states – unless they can signal each other faster than light.
If the measurements tally more often than allowed by Bell’s rule, then the particles aren’t governed by locality. Previous experiments have shown this consistently, and so backed quantum mechanics.
But it’s still dimly possible that some unknown influence is allowing the particles to affect each other without breaking the principle of locality. To rule this out, Kaiser and his colleagues didn’t use any old random number generator to decide what to measure. After all, it’s even possible that the hidden variables could be tampering with the number generation itself.
Instead, after the photons were shot towards the detectors, the researchers made a measurement of light from a randomly chosen star in the Milky Way. Its colour was what determined which photon property to measure.
“If any physical mechanism were to somehow jigger with the questions that get asked of each particle, those would have to have been put in motion at that star when it was about to emit that light that we measured,” Kaiser says. Light from the closest star they used takes 600 years to reach us, so any hidden variables would have needed to be in play since then.
As in previous tests, Kaiser’s team found that their photons ended up correlated far too often, violating Bell’s inequality and supporting the non-local, quantum notion of reality.
Of course, this loophole can never really be closed. Maybe the outcomes of these experiments were determined by hidden variables 700 years ago, or at the birth of the universe. But Kaiser and his colleagues plan to keep using larger telescopes and more distant astronomical events to rule out the loophole as far back as they can.
“They’re making alternative theories to quantum mechanics far more implausible – and they were already implausible to start with,” says Krister Shalm at the National Institute of Standards and Technologies in Boulder, Colorado. “This is just going that extra step of pushing things back.”
Journal reference: Physical Review Letters, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.060401
This article appeared in print under the headline “Stellar proof of 600 years of quantum law”
The history of space flight
Join New Scientist on a two-week, action-packed tour in the US with astronomy and space experts. Covering six states, seven space centres and and three museums, gain genuine insight into the science and people behind modern space exploration.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:f350a186-459a-4356-9f48-2148ddaa02d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/2120637-starlight-test-shows-quantum-world-has-been-weird-for-600-years/?utm_campaign=RSS%7CNSNS&utm_source=NSNS&utm_medium=RSS&utm_content=physics&campaign_id=RSS%7CNSNS-physics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947705.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425061347-20180425081347-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.948512 | 808 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Those striving to help women put their biological clocks on hold have come up with the next audacious step in high-tech baby making: freeze-dried eggs that could be preserved for years.
In what could be the newest frontier in assisted reproduction, scientists are working on a technique that may one day allow a woman to store her freeze-dried eggs at home and rehydrate them when she’s ready to have a baby.
Once resurrected, the eggs would be fertilized with sperm and any resulting embryo transferred back into the woman.
In one experiment, researchers “powderized” 30 cow eggs, 23 of which were successfully revived, according to a report in New Scientist magazine.
The technique has already been used to freeze dry stem cells and red blood cells. “Now, the next step is eggs,” Amir Arav, the technology’s developer, told Postmedia News in an interview from Tel Aviv, Israel.
Arav, of Core Dynamics, a biotechnology company focused on advanced cell and tissue preservation, says freeze-drying could be a safer alternative to today’s more conventional method of egg freezing, where eggs are flash frozen and then stored in tanks of liquid nitrogen at fertility clinics.
With liquid nitrogen, the eggs can become contaminated or the cells can become damaged if the temperature isn’t perfectly controlled.
Home storage would also be far cheaper and more convenient, Arav said.
The new technique involves using an ultra fast cooling technique called vitrification that allows no time for cell destroying ice crystals to form in the eggs. Instead, the eggs are cooled into a glass-like solid state.
Fertility clinics across Canada are already using vitrification to cryopreserve eggs.
Arav says his approach involves using a small volume of a “secret” solution and rapid cooling using a liquid-nitrogen “slush.”
Next, the vitrified eggs are placed in a low-pressure chamber under low temperature for 24 hours for full drying. The glass water changes from a solid to a gas in a process called desorption. The result: lyophilized, or freeze-dried eggs that could remain in a dry state at room temperature for years, Arav says.
The eggs would need to be stored in vacuum-sealed packs and protected from light, he added.
Arav is working with collaborators from Yale University and the University of Teramo in Italy.
In experiments with cow eggs, fluorescent staining showed the rehydrated eggs were alive, as well as the cluster of nourishing cells called the cumulus oophorus that surround the egg.
“Of course, we need to show that they can be fertilized and produce a normal embryo and a normal pregnancy,” Arav said. “This is just the beginning.”
About one-third of Canada’s fertility clinics are now using vitrification to freeze and bank eggs for fertility preservation, effectively allowing women to put their biological clocks on hold.
In experienced labs, 80 to 90 per cent of eggs survive the freeze-thaw process and, as the technology advances, pregnancy rates are increasing. In October, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine decreed the technique no longer “experimental,” saying that, in young patients, egg freezing has been shown to produce pregnancy rates comparable to IVF cycles using fresh eggs. Still, the U.S. group — whose positions strongly influence practice in Canada — stopped short of endorsing widespread use of egg freezing simply to defer pregnancy. “Social” egg freezing can raise false hopes, because there is no guarantee the eggs would lead to a pregnancy years later once they’re thawed.
Arav says there are many benefits to preserving eggs over embryos when women or couples are looking to postpone parenthood. (Some fertility clinics are also freeze-banking embryos created via in vitro fertilization for future use). For one thing, it avoids potentially messy custody battles over frozen embryos if the relationship falls apart. “It’s much better to preserve the oocytes (eggs),” he said.
Reproductive biologist Dr. Roger Pierson says some “serious testing” needs to be done in animals before experiments with freeze-dried eggs move into humans.
“It’s conceptually interesting, biologically feasible and might be one of the ways that we start to exercise our reproductive options in the future,” says Pierson, a professor in the department of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at the University of Saskatchewan.
“But, just because (an egg) stains with a vital dye doesn’t mean that it’s fertilizable and it doesn’t mean that any embryo that may come out of it is able to fully develop.”
The egg and all its internal structures and DNA would have to remain intact once rehydrated, he said. “This isn’t like grinding it into a powder and having some miraculous cellular reassembly,” he said.
“This is an intriguing idea that bears our deep consideration, but there is a lot of work to be done.” | <urn:uuid:5cf9ff85-415c-4646-bce6-e53817737fba> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://o.canada.com/health-2/freeze-dried-eggs-could-allow-women-to-postpone-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887065.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118032119-20180118052119-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.949246 | 1,082 | 3.09375 | 3 |
5 Steps to rock-solid Strategies (the S in OGSM)
OGSM Series: The S
This article is the third in a series focusing on each component of the OGSM framework. The goal is to break down the framework, sharing the purpose and development process of each element. We hope providing a deep dive into the functionality of the framework will offer a refresh for current OGSM users and inspire others to consider OGSM as their strategic planning solution. If you missed our other articles on Objectives and Goals, you can access them here.
Not to downplay the other components of the OGSM framework, but Strategies are most definitely the pièce de résistance. So far, we’ve covered Objectives, which set the direction for the entire strategic planning exercise, and Goals, which add quantitative context to Objectives. But Strategies, those magnificent, clarity-inducing statements that create a roadmap on what we need to do and how we need to prioritize, are where OGSM can really set an organization above the rest.
Definition of Strategies
Strategies are statements that explain the choices an organization makes about what it will prioritize to accomplish its Objective and Goals. Strategies are a set of guiding principles. They are guardrails on decisions, actions and allocating resources. Simply put, strategies communicate to an organization what work is important – and what is not.
Again, Strategies are choices. They are not mandates, and should shift as the organization inevitably will, responsive to internal changes and external challenges and opportunities.
Before we get too far in this piece, let’s be clear on what Strategies are not.
A Strategy is not your mission, vision or Objective. Strategies are specific, outlining “the what” and “the how” an organization will achieve those more nebulous aspirations and numerous, covering all operational elements. “Build world-changing products and sustain a creative organizational culture” isn’t a Strategy. It’s an Objective (and not really a good one, get tips on creating killer Objectives here if you need help). Strategies go deep and communicate exactly what we will do and how we will do it.
A Strategy is not a business plan, a financial plan or a budget.
Only companies with no competitors can settle with just a business plan, which typically considers a one-year time frame. For the other 98% of us, competition forces us to strategize over the long-term. We look at our company and decide how we will gain a sustainable competitive edge. We make differentiating choices on quality, branding, service and technology – these choices leading to strategic intent. If we are not deliberate with our choices, we can end up in a race to the bottom of pricing and margin.
Business plans include directional statements, “we will be customer-centric,” where Strategies include intentional statements, “we must be customer-centric.” The nuance is indicative of a choice.
If we have competitors we must choose, and this is true regardless of organization size. Even mom-and-pop pizza places need a strategy for competing against big pizza and other mom-and-pops in town.
Where business plans are narrow on timing, financial plans and budgets are narrow in context. Neither are Strategy – they are assumptions of how we should fiscally perform, but lack detail on how performance will be achieved. Many companies unfortunately operate using only financial plans and budgets to guide them. Strategies should always include “the how.”
How to develop a Strategy
In our approach to OGSM, developing Strategies is done with consideration to the three drivers of competitiveness: growth, productivity and people. Every component that makes up an organization can be categorized into one of these three drivers. Below are some Strategy “buckets” for each competitive driver.
- Marketing & Branding
- Product Management
- Supply Chain
- Continuous Improvement
- Hiring & Staffing
- Succession Planning
- Performance Management
With this in mind, let’s begin.
1. Gather the team.
Strategy development should not be done in isolation by leadership. If it is, there is a risk of misallocating or overextending resources, creating conflicting workflows and even pitting departments against one another. You also risk setting Strategy expectations too high or worse, too low. Gather those people essential to providing input and gain buy-in on the new direction. The key word here is “essential” – try and avoid including team members not pertinent to the process and keep the group size to a minimum.
Key team members typically include upper management and some middle management. Each function should be represented by someone who can accurately depict life in their department, share what they’re really good at, express needs and identify opportunities for improvement.
By including people in this process from the beginning, you set an expectation that their involvement (and their department) will be required for success.
2. Go back to your Objective and Goals.
Developing Strategies is no easy task and made more difficult if you lose focus on your Objective and Goals. Print them out, put them up on the wall, use them as your screen saver – whatever it takes to keep them front and center throughout this exercise. If you haven’t already established your Objectives and Goals, pause and do these first before proceeding.
3. Develop Strategies based on the three competitive drivers.
This step can be difficult if you’ve never done an OGSM, or if strategic planning just isn’t working as well as it should be in your company. If you need some thought starters, below are some questions to workshop with your team. If you’ve worked with us, you know we love putting flip charts on the wall and using Post-It notes to capture answers. This gives visibility into what everyone is thinking and gives you the ability to move things around, creating clusters of common themes in the discussion.
We highly recommend having an open discussion before committing to any Strategy. Dialogue with your team, specifically about Strategy, often leads to thought-provoking conversation and enlightening information. Leaders should never assume they know everything about their organization.
ArchPoint’s founding partners are Procter & Gamble alumni, so we’re big fans of legendary P&G CEO A.G. Lafley. In his book co-written with Rotman School of Management Dean Roger Martin, Playing to Win , he outlined five essential questions every business must answer.
- What is winning? (What does it mean to us? What does it look like?)
- Where do we want to play to win? (Consider services, markets, channels, geographies and customers.)
- How will we win where we play? (What is our proposition to our target segments? What are our dimensions of excellence? What distinguishes us from the competition?
- What capabilities must be in place to win? (How will we build and maintain our sources of advantage? Is it through technology? People? Alliances?
- What management systems are required? (What organization structure do we need to win? What reward system? How will we communicate?)
For each competitive driver – growth, productivity and people – create Strategies that bridge the gap between where your organization is today and where you want to be in the future. Internally, review where there are strongholds, gaps and where the company needs to grow. Externally, consider your customers, services, markets and geographies. It’s important to remain grounded in the reality of the business in this step so Strategies are attainable, but also stretch the organization.
Keep the Strategy buckets in mind to make sure you cover all your bases. You should have at least one Strategy per competitive driver. We recommend five to six Strategies per OGSM. Remember, the more Strategies you have, the more complexity you create with priorities and resource allocation.
Below is a Strategy statement that demonstrates choices that this company is making in the marketplace, specifically focused against customers.
Customer Management. We will develop and leverage a best-in-class customer service approach that establishes our reputation based upon market performance metrics and customer feedback. Through technology, we will scale our customer service resources to achieve higher levels of satisfaction. We will customize service and incubate innovation through partnering with our strategic customers.
In the above example, underlined are some of the choices that we’ve made, where we could have gone right or left in a competitive environment. We could have chosen different metrics upon which to base our customer service approach, another method to scale customer service resources. But we made these choices, and they will guide the organization in the corresponding direction.
4. Develop Initiatives underneath each Strategy.
Once Strategies are established, develop Initiatives to support each Strategy. Initiatives consider the organization’s current state and the Strategy as the future state. They address gaps in performance and outline the activities required to deliver. They explain “the how” each Strategy will be accomplished. These are the directives the people in the room will give to their respective teams, explaining how their individual departments and roles will contribute to achieving success.
If you consider where we came from in creating the Objective statement, we’re continuing to get deeper, more detailed and tactical with “the how.” This is essential to giving teams and individuals the best chance at understanding and contributing to the OGSM. (In another piece, we’ll cover how to take Initiatives down a level further.)
The example Strategy above could have the supporting Initiatives below.
- Improve sales effectiveness by increasing product and technical knowledge
- Conduct joint business planning with strategic customers
- Reorganize and add resources to customer support team
5. Prioritize the Initiatives and allocate resources accordingly.
Once Initiatives are complete, they must be prioritized to ensure ample resources are available to execute. Unless one of your Initiatives is to quickly double your workforce, you will be using the same resources for multiple Initiatives. In our experience, resources are precious and limited.
Remember, the OGSM is a three-to-five-year living document. Things can and likely will be de and re-prioritized, but for now focus on the items that will make the biggest impact. A good rule of thumb is to have no more than ten initiatives prioritized within a calendar year. Two or three per quarter may sound light, but remember the people doing this work also have their day jobs. If an Initiative requires significant meaningful change in a critical function, consider devoting an entire quarter solely to that one Initiative.
This portion will require some master facilitation on your part, as each team member in the room will no doubt want to prioritize their own area. Remind everyone to keep an objective view of the business and keep pointing to your Objective and Goals.
What Initiatives provide the most direct route to where you want to be? Choose to do those first and assign quarterly deadlines. For everything else, denote what year you would like to complete them. You’ll be reviewing and refreshing these Strategies at least on a biannual basis (right?), so don’t worry about exact due dates.
Phew! You’ve made it through creating Strategies. This was no easy task, so give yourself a pat on the back. Measures are up next, so be on the look out for the next newsletter. If you have any thoughts or questions, please feel free to give us a call. | <urn:uuid:ff36428f-69d4-4455-983a-aa093b8cbd61> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.myogsm.com/5-steps-to-rock-solid-strategies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060677.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928092646-20210928122646-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.938681 | 2,382 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-0365-2415, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, California.
Reh-CM; Letts-D; Deitchman-S
Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HETA 90-0365-2415, 1994 Apr; :1-56
In response to a request from the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, an investigation was begun into possible hazardous exposures for workers fighting the Arch Rock Fire (SIC- 0851) in Yosemite National Park, California. The survey assessed exposure to carbon-monoxide (630080) (CO), sulfur-dioxide (7446095) (SO2), nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), respirable particulate matter, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, and acid gases. Samples of new and washed bandannas, often used for respiratory protection by firefighters, were also measured to determine the pore size. Cross shift changes in lung function, CO levels in exhaled breath, and respiratory and central nervous system symptoms were monitored. The study determined that there was a hazard at the operation, with three CO exposure concentrations being above the adjusted guideline of 21 parts per million (ppm) and two of the 11 exposure concentrations for SO2 being above the NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 2.0ppm. Evidence was also gathered which suggested that there were acute changes in lung function associated with the activities of Type-I crew members. The authors conclude that a potential health hazard existed from exposure to carbon-monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The authors recommend that respiratory protection and respiratory surveillance programs be instituted.
NIOSH-Author; NIOSH-Health-Hazard-Evaluation; NIOSH-Technical-Assistance-Report; HETA-90-0365-2415; Region-9; Hazard-Confirmed; Fire-fighting; Firemen; Air-quality-monitoring; Pulmonary-function; Toxic-gases; Combustion-products; Forestry-workers; Occupational-exposure;
630-08-0; 7446-09-5; 10102-44-0
Field Studies; Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance
NTIS Accession No.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | <urn:uuid:0f4432b7-8d5b-46ed-ab04-024ea66e60cc> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00227192.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157070.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921112207-20180921132607-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.845753 | 518 | 2.734375 | 3 |
“Lesson 84: Doctrine and Covenants 81,” Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Seminary Teacher Manual (2013)
“Lesson 84,” Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Seminary Teacher Manual
On March 8, 1832, the Lord called Jesse Gause and Sidney Rigdon to serve as counselors to Joseph Smith. One week later, on March 15, 1832, the Lord gave the revelation recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 81. In this revelation, He described the role of counselors to the President of the Church and outlined blessings for those who are faithful in their ministry. Jesse Gause did not remain faithful, and the Lord called Frederick G. Williams, whose name now appears in Doctrine and Covenants 81, to take Brother Gause’s place in the Presidency. At the time of this revelation, the President of the Church and his counselors were called the Presidency of the High Priesthood. Beginning in 1834, revelations referred to the President and his counselors as the First Presidency (see D&C 102:26–28).
Before class, write the following questions on the board:
Begin class by inviting students to respond to the questions on the board. As part of the discussion, you might explain that although a Church leader may receive inspiration to call a member of the Church to a certain position, it is up to the individual who receives the call to faithfully respond to it.
Invite a student to read aloud the section introduction to Doctrine and Covenants 81. Ask the class to follow along, looking for an example of someone who was called by the Lord but was not faithful to his calling.
Whom did the Lord initially call to serve as a counselor to Joseph Smith in the Presidency of the High Priesthood?
Why did Jesse Gause lose his calling?
Explain that Jesse Gause was called to serve as a counselor in the Presidency of the High Priesthood in March 1832. On August 1, 1832, he embarked on a mission with Zebedee Coltrin. While on this mission, Brother Gause visited with his wife and tried to convince her of the truth, but she refused to join the Church. A short time later, Brother Coltrin became very ill and returned to Kirtland. Unfortunately, Brother Gause did not complete his mission and did not stay faithful in the Church.
According to the section introduction, whom did the Lord call to replace Jesse Gause?
You may want to suggest that students mark the following phrase in the section introduction: “The revelation … should be regarded as a step toward the formal organization of the First Presidency.” Explain that the President of the Church and his counselors (the Presidency of the High Priesthood) would not be referred to as “the First Presidency” until 1834 (see D&C 102:26–28). The Lord did not reveal the complete organization of His Church to the Prophet all at once. He revealed different parts of the organization as the need arose and as the Saints were ready to receive them.
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 81:1–2 aloud. Ask the class to follow along, looking for what the Lord taught Frederick G. Williams about the Presidency of the High Priesthood.
According to verse 2, what does the Presidency hold? (Students should identify the following truth: The Presidency of the High Priesthood holds the keys of God’s kingdom on the earth. You may want to suggest that students mark the words and phrases that teach this truth.)
To help students understand this doctrine, remind them that “priesthood keys are the authority God has given to priesthood leaders to direct, control, and govern the use of His priesthood on earth. The exercise of priesthood authority is governed by those who hold its keys (see D&C 65:2; 81:2; 124:123). Those who hold priesthood keys have the right to preside over and direct the Church within a jurisdiction.
“Jesus Christ holds all the keys of the priesthood pertaining to His Church. He has conferred upon each of His Apostles all the keys that pertain to the kingdom of God on earth. The senior living Apostle, the President of the Church, is the only person on earth authorized to exercise all priesthood keys” (Handbook 2: Administering the Church , 2.1.1).
What do the keys of the priesthood enable the First Presidency to do? (Direct the Lord’s work upon the earth.)
Display a picture of the current First Presidency or separate pictures of its members. Ask students if they can name the members of the First Presidency.
Write the following heading on the board: A Counselor in the First Presidency.
From your understanding, what are the duties and responsibilities of the counselors in the First Presidency?
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 81:3 aloud. Ask the class to follow along, looking for the instruction the Lord gave Frederick G. Williams concerning his calling as a counselor in the First Presidency.
According to verse 3, what was Frederick G. Williams supposed to do as a counselor in the First Presidency? (Invite a student to list the responses on the board under the heading. You may want to explain that counselors in a presidency support and strengthen the president.)
What do you think it means for a counselor to be “faithful in counsel” to the president?
To help students better understand what it means to be faithful in counsel, invite a student to read aloud the following statement by President Gordon B. Hinckley. Ask the class to listen for how a counselor in a presidency should counsel with the president.
“[A counselor] is an assistant to his president. …
“As an assistant, the counselor is not the president. He does not assume responsibility and move out ahead of his president.
“In presidency meetings, each counselor is free to speak his mind on all issues that come before the presidency. However, it is the prerogative of the president to make the decision, and it is the duty of the counselors to back him in that decision. His decision then becomes their decision, regardless of their previous ideas” (“In … Counsellors There Is Safety,” Ensign, Nov. 1990, 49).
According to President Hinckley, how should a counselor in a presidency counsel with the president?
How might understanding how to be faithful in counsel help someone who is serving as a counselor in any presidency in the Church?
Invite students to think about times when they have served (or have seen others serve) in a presidency in the Church. (You may want to point out that a bishopric acts as a presidency of a ward.) Ask them to consider what they or others have done to effectively give support in presidencies in their priesthood quorums or Young Women classes. Invite a few students to share their thoughts with the class.
Invite students to read Doctrine and Covenants 81:4 silently, looking for what the Lord promised Frederick G. Williams if he would be faithful in his calling. You may want to explain that the phrase “promote the glory of … your Lord” in this context implies that by being faithful in our callings, we can help lead people to honor and worship the Lord.
According to verse 4, what can we do if we are faithful in our callings? (Although students may use other words, their responses should reflect the following principle: If we are faithful in our callings, we can do a great good for others and promote the glory of God. Using students’ words, write this principle on the board.)
How might serving faithfully in our Church callings help us do a great good for other people?
How might serving faithfully in our Church callings help promote the glory of God?
Invite students to think of a time when they have seen an individual do great good for others by serving faithfully in his or her calling. Invite a few students to share their observations with the class.
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 81:5 aloud. Ask the class to follow along, looking for additional counsel the Lord gave to Frederick G. Williams.
Based on what the Lord told Frederick G. Williams in verse 5, what can we learn about being faithful in our Church callings or being faithful members of the Church?
What do you think it means to “succor the weak, lift up the hands which hang down, and strengthen the feeble knees”?
Invite a student to read aloud the following statement by Elder Marvin J. Ashton of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Ask the class to listen for insights into the meaning of these phrases.
“In Doctrine and Covenants 81:5, the verse might be interpreted as the Lord’s urging Frederick G. Williams to provide strength to the weak (‘succor the weak’), provide encouragement to those who are exhausted or discouraged (‘lift up the hands which hang down’), and to give courage and strength to those with feeble knees and fearful hearts” (“Strengthen the Feeble Knees,” Ensign, Nov. 1991, 70).
What are some ways we can “succor the weak, lift up the hands which hang down, and strengthen the feeble knees”? (Write students’ responses on the board.)
When have you been lifted or strengthened by someone else?
Challenge students to pick an item from the list of responses on the board and seek out opportunities to help those around them.
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 81:6–7 aloud. Ask the class to follow along, looking for the blessings the Lord promised Frederick G. Williams if he would be faithful to the end. Ask students to report what they found.
Testify of the importance of being faithful in our callings and helping those around us so they, too, may qualify for eternal life. | <urn:uuid:cf005c44-654f-4c47-8c5f-8f8844d94851> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-and-church-history-seminary-teacher-manual-2014/section-4/lesson-84-doctrine-and-covenants-81?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.960319 | 2,076 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There are four different types of bar-code readers, each using a different technology to read a bar code. As of 2014, the types are charge-coupled devices, camera-based devices, pen devices and laser scanners. These devices read encoded information within a bar code's visual pattern and convert it into readable data.Continue Reading
Charged-couple-device readers use arrays of light sensors. These arrays consist of hundreds of small light sensors aligned in a row within the head of the reader. Charged-couple-device readers detect ambient light emitted from a bar code and generate a voltage pattern identical to the pattern shown within the bar code. Camera-based readers are the most recently invented readers, as of 2014, and they use a video camera to capture the bar code's image. Camera-based readers use the same technology as charged-couple-device readers, the difference being that camera-based readers use hundreds of rows of sensors to generate an image instead of using a single sensor.
Pen types read bar codes by measuring the intensity of the light reflected by the bar code using a light source and a photo diode. A pen-type reader is used by dragging the tip of the pen across the bar code in a steady motion. The photo diode in a pen sensor then emits a voltage waveform that is an exact replica of the bars and spaces patterned within the bar code. The waveform is then decoded by the scanner. Laser scanners work the same as pen readers but use a laser beam as the light source.Learn more about Marketing & Sales | <urn:uuid:9b4446ba-1cc5-401b-859a-2f45fc7ef6c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.reference.com/business-finance/bar-codes-read-d260f1f9892b7c2a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00147-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884452 | 322 | 3.296875 | 3 |
“I think the best part of gardening is knowing what it really means to eat broccoli,” said Melissa Wender, a Bronx native turned rural green thumb.
Wender picked up a gardening book 15 years ago on a whim, and has since learned by trial and error, keeping detailed journals on the weather and her plants’ patterns—“like my own personal Farmer’s Almanac,” she said.
Last Monday, Wender and Peter Richardson, both members of local grassroots activist group Transition Charlottesville, teamed up to lead a workshop on seed starting. The organization, founded in April 2011, raises awareness of natural resources and climate change through film screenings, discussion panels, community work projects, and free monthly “skill shares” like gardening, canning, and sewing.
About 25 people, from UVA students to retirees, gathered at The Bridge Progressive Arts Initiative last week to try their hands at growing fruits and vegetables from seeds. The presentation ended with a free-for-all, where everybody crowded around a table to get their hands dirty and plant some seeds. Everyone walked out with at least one cup of dirt and a hope for some spinach seedlings in the near future.
As urban gardens gear up for the spring, here are some tips for starting your own seeds:
- Seeds should start in small, individual containers, to keep the seedlings’ fragile roots from growing into one another and tangling. Wender recommended picking up divided trays from local garden stores, some of which give used ones away for free.
- True to Transition’s spirit of reusing and recycling, Richardson showed the group how to make small seed containers out of toilet paper tubes. Cut them in half, and fold long-ways twice to make square. Make cuts halfway up each crease, and fold the flaps into one another like a cardboard box. Once the seedling sprouts, Richardson said not to worry about transferring the plant—simply place the entire thing in a larger pot, and the cardboard container will break down as the plant grows. Attendees also suggested using empty eggshells and cups made of newspaper.
- For seed starting, try to use organic peat moss or soil with perlite—the white, Styrofoam-like material that locks in moisture. Using clean soil is essential, Wender said. She suggested sterilizing compost in the oven, if you can stand the smell. Another option is to gather some dirt from the garden before temperatures drop below freezing, and save it for seed starting in the winter and spring.
- Most seeds need consistently warm, moist soil to germinate, so it’s important to keep containers away from extreme temperatures and traffic. Lighting options vary, Richardson said, but regular fluorescent bulbs in shop lights hung on a shelf above the seedlings are an easy, cheap option.
- Once the seedlings outgrow their first containers—a time span that varies from plant to plant—it’s important to transplant them into larger pots with holes in the bottom. Lift a seedling by the rootball, gently holding the leaves to steady it from above, and Richardson emphasized never holding it by the stem. | <urn:uuid:fc4290e0-7b0d-4dc4-842b-500cd5cf1c10> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.c-ville.com/transition-charlottesville-helps-gardeners-get-a-jump-on-spring-with-seedling-workshop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122034298.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175354-00214-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938709 | 657 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A breakthrough laboratory study has found that DHA, an Omega 3 fatty acid, prevented Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD).
A Canadian research team at the University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry fed DHA to mice and measured the levels of a toxin called lipofuscin. Lipofuscin builds up in the eye with age, causing ARMD. Mice who ate the DHA for at least 6 months had significantly lower levels of the toxin.
Age-related macular degeneration affects around nine million adults aged 40+ in the USA. ARMD can cause serious loss of vision. It affects the central part of vision, not peripheral vision. Deterioration of the cells in the macula at the eye’s center makes reading, writing, and driving difficult.
The researchers deduced that getting a certain amount of DHA from supplementation and/or the diet could prevent diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In fact, it may imply very broad therapeutic benefits of DHA.
In a statement, the head researcher Dr. Yves Sauve, said “In normal aging, this toxin increases two-fold as we age. But in lab tests, there was no increase in this toxin whatsoever.” He added “This has never been demonstrated before — that supplementing the diet with DHA could make this kind of difference.”
These researchers have now focused their attention on a human study. They are studying people who have developed ARMD to see if higher dietary amounts of DHA improves or slows the progression of their disease. The new study is taking into account certain genetic markers in the subjects, to see which how genetics affects people’s response to DHA.
DHA is an omega 3 fatty acid, which is found in fish oils. The effect of DHA on health has been the subject of much research. Another recent study linked omega 3 fatty acids with reduced AMD in women.
Note: Before embarking on any supplement regimen, consult your health care professional. Excessive amounts of DHA can affect hormonal levels, causing unwanted side-effects. We have shopped around and found a high-quality omega 3 supplement that we recommend.
Study: “Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation prevents age-related functional losses and A2E accumulation in the retina” by Dornstauder et al., Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, March 16, 2012. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8569 | <urn:uuid:abc4e6a7-ec64-4fd8-a232-870fbf3fb7fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.naturaleyecare.com/blog/dha-shown-prevent-age-related-macular-degeneration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141729522.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203155433-20201203185433-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.947112 | 528 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Uh-oh, Colorado. You are moving in the wrong direction in the fight against fat. But there is some promising news about America's battle against the obesity epidemic.
If the modest improvements do signify a "turning point" as some experts seem to think, we have much to gain. Foremost among them are health care cost savings, and the opportunity for more of us to grow up, and grow old, with fewer ailments.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday that the obesity rate among preschool-aged children from low-income families had fallen in 19 states and American territories. Researchers studied 11.6 million children, and said the improvement is statistically significant. Still, the rate stayed the same in 21 states and rose in three: Colorado, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. (Eight states did not participate.)
Childhood obesity rates, and children living in poverty, are growing faster in Colorado than they are in the country as a whole. We need to address it.
But if 19 states were able to make modest headway, that could provide lessons for the whole country. The CDC credited changes to programs for the poor that includes more fresh fruits and vegetables and skim milk, and programs to promote breast-feeding, which researchers credit as an important tool against obesity.
The rate decline is a reversal of several years of growth. The reason poor children are so compelling to researchers is that they are most at risk for obesity. The report showed that nation-wide, 14.4 percent of poor, young children were obese in 2011. That was down from the peak rate of 14.9 percent. Colorado's 10 percent rate is the country's second-lowest rate, with Hawaii at 9.2 percent, but we're moving the wrong way.
CDC Director Thomas Frieden called the numbers a "tipping point."
"For the first time in a generation, we're seeing it go in the right direction in 2- to 4-year-olds," he said. But clearly there is still a lot more that can be achieved.
Far too many children are still overweight or obese, and although parents cringe at being told how to parent their own offspring, these little children are not to blame for their conditions. Two-year-olds aren't driving themselves to fast food restaurants, and 4-year-olds aren't pulling out their wallets for sweets that line check-out lines. Children who are overweight or obese between 2 and 4 are five times as likely as normal-weight children to be overweight or obese as adults.
Parents need to be educated on how to feed their children, and what activities are appropriate for them. Doctors need to be upfront with them about their children's weight -- something studies show too many are reluctant to do.
But this new signal -- that modest gains have been made in this expensive struggle -- provides some promise. Colorado parents, pediatricians and caregivers should take note.
-- Erika Stutzman, for
the Camera editorial board | <urn:uuid:cca3d81a-b5a7-4ce2-9e7c-2efddfdb8847> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.dailycamera.com/editorials/ci_23815947/promising-signs-obesity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468971.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00162-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976783 | 606 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Pinhole Panorama Camera
A Hila Technology Project
Step by Step Instructions
If you have constructed a pinhole camera at one of our workshops you will know that a pinhole, like a lens, can be used to project an image onto film and create a picture.
The images above have been captured by our
pinhole camera. They are "negatives", with black and white reversed.
The images below have been "inverted" to a positive, black and white are correct.
The pinhole for this camera was created with a
Exposure times (bright sunlight):
upper left image - 35 seconds, upper right - 25 seconds
lower left - 30 seconds, lower right - 25 seconds
Most pinhole cameras use flat film or flat
Like the drawing of a camera below.
A camera like this does take pictures, but there is a problem. Light has to travel further from the pinhole to get to the edge of the film. Because "B" is a greater distance then "A" the center of the film receives more light energy then the edge does, resulting in an uneven exposure.
If we curve the film into a perfect circle with
the pinhole being the center of the circle then we solve the distance problem.
The image below shows a camera constructed like this.
But there is still a problem. Light
energy that comes through the pinhole from the side, like the light path
"B" above, does not "see" the whole pinhole, less light
enters from the side then does from straight on. The bigger the angle from
"A" the less light enters.
Here is our attempt to solve this problem. If the film is curved into an ellipse, a flattened circle, as shown below, light taking the path "B" does not travel as far as light taking path "A" which should help to balance the exposure.
Below is an image of the camera you constructed at one of our workshops.
This camera has an elliptical film plane.
Pictures captured with this camera appear evenly exposed.
Note that distance "A" is greater than "B", balancing exposure of the film.
We use Ilford black and white paper and
chemistry for processing our pinhole camera pictures.
In Ottawa you can purchase paper and chemicals from Henry's both down-town and in Kanata.
Return to Main Projects Page | <urn:uuid:64ec4929-9f77-4311-879d-863ca34ac3fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://hila.webcentre.ca/projects/pancamera/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171070.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00391-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923609 | 499 | 3.75 | 4 |
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as tile snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what's going on because they consider the Arctic the 'canary in the mine' for global warming — a warning of what's in store for the rest of the world.
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what's happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.
29 D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
30 E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people's health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut's 'igloo and email' society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there's a high incidence of depression.
31 F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as 'Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit', or IQ. 'In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study, anything. They just figured these people don't know very much so we won't ask them,' says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. 'But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.' In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
32 G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn't go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we're seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–G from the list of headings below.
Drag the correct number, Ⅰ–Ⅸ, into boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching and as a means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few . In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on for their food and clothes. produce is particularly expensive. | <urn:uuid:164503e3-07b6-4bd7-8f73-a42b8f2c35a4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://top.zhan.com/ielts/read/review-193-1-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202588.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321234128-20190322020128-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.975443 | 1,377 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The S-52 was an completely new design helicopter based on the company’s experience with the earlier R-4 and R-5/S-51 models. It was a two-place light helicopter of monocoque construction, using primarily aluminum and magnesium.
This was the first Sikorsky helicopter to use an offset flapping hinge in the main rotor, which greatly increased the helicopter’s maneuverability. This feature has been incorporated in every Sikorsky helicopter from that time on.
The three-bladed fully-articulated articulated main and two-bladed tail rotor were also of all metal construction. The main rotor had a diameter of 33 feet (10.058 meters) and rotated counter-clockwise as seen from above. (The advancing blade is on the right side of the helicopter.) The blades were construced of aextruded aluminum spar with a sheet duralumin skin riveted and glued. The blades used the NACA 0012 airfoil, a symmetrical profile which was common in early helicopters. The blades had -6° twist.
The semi-rigid tail rotor was mounted on the left side of the tail boom in a pusher configuration. It had a diameter of 6 feet, 4 inches (1.930 meters) and rotated counter clockwise, as seen from the helicopter’s left. (The advancing blade is at the top of the tail rotor arc.)
The prototype was powered by an air-cooled, normally-aspirated, 333.991-cubic-inch-displacement (5.473 liter) Franklin Engine Company 6V4-165-B32F vertically-opposed 6-cylinder overhead valve engine, rated at 165 horsepower at 2,800 r.p.m. The S-52-1 that followed was equipped with a 425.29-cubic-inch-displacement (6.97 liter) Franklin 6V6-245-B16F (O-425-1). This engine was rated at 245 horsepower at 3,275 r.p.m.
The helicopter’s Civil Aeronautics Administration type certificate was approved 25 February 1948.
© 2021, Bryan R.. Swopes | <urn:uuid:ed4ce8a4-951e-427f-884a-ffbcd8dbbd65> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.thisdayinaviation.com/12-february-1947/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711232.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208014204-20221208044204-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.952087 | 465 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The last of the mobile food hawkers were banished from the streets of Singapore in 1986. Over were the days when the food hawkers of the country were allowed to roam neighborhoods clanging bells or clacking bamboo poles enticing customers to buy their “siew yeh” (supper) from them. It had taken the Singaporean government over 15 years to get the hawkers off the streets and into an enclosed space. The reasons for their being relegated to open-air, urban food courts or hawkers centres had nothing to do with the love of rule-making that Singapore is infamous for and more to do with matters of hygiene. People were getting sick. Some were getting very sick, even fatally so. To combat this the government reorganized a socioeconomic and cultural institution that sprang up after World War II and grew as a result of the rapid urbanization of the 50‘s. Understanding early on that by eradicating the street hawkers the government would be tearing a wide hole in the social fabric, mainly by wiping out a hawker’s income and eliminating one of the few ways a person could purchase a cheap, cooked meal, then leader Lee Kwan Yew, ordered the construction of the outdoor food courts now found throughout the country.
Like everything in Singapore, the planning and location of the new vendor stalls was extremely well thought out. Nearly all were placed in established market areas, public housing centers or near bus and subways interchanges. All were fitted out with running water, sewage lines, public toilets, washing facilities and gas and electricity lines. In terms of improving food safety the move was remarkably effective, reducing the average number of food poisoning incidents linked to hawker stalls to around just four a year.¹ And, in terms of modifying, rather than losing a cultural institution completely, the emergence of the hawkers centres ushered in a new era. Now locals head to the hawker’s food stalls for their makan (literally makan translates as, “to go out for a stroll” but has also come to mean “dine out”) instead of the food hawkers coming to them.
Since the inception of the system the hawkers centres have been watched over by three separate government organizations. The National Environment Agency, the Ministry of Environment & Water Reserve and the Housing & Development Board. This is Singapore after all and why have one oversight committee when three will do? These agencies oversee about 120 public food centers. Each center houses about 150 stalls making for roughly 18,000 individual vendors nationwide. Along with the food courts there are numerous cafés, coffee houses, noodle and soup joints and restaurants across the country offering Singaporeans more dining options than most of their southeast Asian neighbors. A recent count determined that in a nation of 5 million people there is one food vendor for every 570 people.
In a hyper-productive microstate that marches on its stomach people have transformed the act of eating into a form of communication with its own rules. Over the years a hawker centre form of etiquette has emerged. Some food court rules might strike some as rude. For example, when tables are full it is not considered bothersome to linger very near an occupied table and wait for the occupants to finish eating and leave. It is bad form to not hurry up if you occupy a table in a busy hawker centre and you are aware that others are waiting for your place. Another practice some might find bothersome is the art of the “chope.” Definition of chope: verb, from Singlish; to place a package of tissue on a table or chair to signal to others that that place is taken or reserved.
Not all Singaporeans care to perform the hawker stall courtship dance. Many now prefer the indoor food courts that have opened in many of the nation-state’s shiny, new shopping malls. Most of the indoor versions sell many of the country’s signature dishes like kampong chicken, roti prata, chili crab and black pepper crab, nasi padang and the less ordinary plates of gong-gong (periwinkle) and chut-chut (snail), however most of the mall vendors operate as entities of large, national franchises.
Fans of the indoor food courts like the air-conditioned climate, the relative calm of the dining setting, the absence of open flames and smoke and the fact that none of the vendors aggressively approaches and attempts to coerce customers into eating at their stall. Detractors of the indoor food courts dislike them for the same reasons in the inverse.
Not surprisingly there is the new “retro” view as expressed by a local cab driver. “I am third generation here,” the driver explained, “I have been here my whole life and the one thing I miss the most about the old Singapore is the food hawkers who used to come to our neighborhood and sell their food to us right there off the street.”
Like much else in Singapore, the well-intentioned relocation of the food hawkers and the increased regulations that improved the overall safety of food preparation has resulted in an unfortunate byproduct and that is: vigilant oversight has flattened the experience. This difficult to define character, energy, type of élan, je ne sais quois, whatever it is called, has been quietly smothered under a nice yet obnoxious governmental wet blanket. There is no denying that maintaining public safety is a top priority and Singapore is still rightly famous for its food scene and there are vendor/chefs who are masters of their craft. However, the once rough-edged personality and excitement that was part of the makan experience has been polished to a lusterless dull by institutions more interested in soothing the senses rather than igniting them.
1.) In February 2010 there were fatal food poisonings that claimed two victims. The tainted food was traced back to an Indian rojak stand at the Geylang Serai Market. The incident triggered stricter governmental enforcement of hygiene standards. The State Coroner Victor Yeo issued a verdict of “misadventure” regarding the fatalities. | <urn:uuid:28a38a03-4c24-4d2a-9587-12f3e53a38b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nativefoodandwine.com/features-journal/singapores-food-hawkers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719754.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00346-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964126 | 1,259 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It’s important to set reasonable expectations for new hearing aids — and for yourself — so you don’t get overwhelmed by the sounds you couldn’t hear before. Many first-time hearing aid wearers expect their hearing to return to “normal,” however, nothing can reproduce perfect or “normal” hearing. Realistically, hearing aids will improve your hearing and listening abilities by modifying the sounds around you.
Better hearing isn’t just about amplifying volume; it’s about your ear’s ability to hear sounds and your brain’s ability to process and comprehend those sounds. Most hearing aids use Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Digital hearing aids help the user distinguish between speech and non-speech sounds. By identifying and lowering the volume of background noise, the listener can hear voice patterns more clearly. The better the hearing aid technology, the more secondary noise filtered out. This helps keep you engaged in and attuned to conversations, even in noisy situations.
As hearing loss usually occurs over time, many people are unaware of the background sounds they can no longer hear. When you first start wearing hearing aids, you may feel overwhelmed by what you can suddenly hear again.
Don’t get frustrated! Give yourself time to adjust to those new sounds. As the brain learns to interpret sounds correctly again, you should practice concentrating on sounds or voices most important to you. The most important part is to wear them. The longer you wear your hearing aids the quicker your brain will adjust. However, if you are feeling overwhelmed, take a break!
Adjusting to your own voice
Your own voice may sound strange to you when you first get hearing aids. That’s not surprising because hearing aids change the way you hear yourself. You are hearing yourself through the bones and through the hearing aids. To help get used to this new sound, spend some time alone and read aloud wearing your hearing aids.
Practice connecting sounds and words
Listening and reading words at the same time retrains your brain to connect sounds and language. Here are three simple ways to go about it. 1. Turn on your television’s closed captioning and read the subtitles while you watch and listen to a movie. 2. Listen to an audiobook while you read the printed book. 3. Have someone read a newspaper or magazine article to you while you follow along with your own copy.
Learn to ignore background noise
Hearing aids cannot completely block unwanted noises, especially when you first start wearing them. Even people with normal hearing find it difficult to hear in noisy situations. According to the Better Hearing Institute, the ability to tolerate these noises gets better with time for those with hearing aids.
Modern hearing aids can automatically select the appropriate volume when they are switched on. If you adjust the volume manually, do not make it too loud. This rarely helps with understanding Theatres, places of worship, conference halls can present an acoustic challenge for hearing aid users. Ideally, you should find a seat in the section with the best acoustics. It is usually located in the front and center of the room. Do not sit too close to the speaker, but close enough to see his or her face. Some public places have special technical equipment to make hearing and understanding easier. Just ask in advance or when you get there. Adjusting the volume to the situation
Take advantage of technology
Hearing aids now have the ability to wirelessly connect with other electronic devices. Hearing aids with this capability can be linked to cell phones, computers, microphones, audio systems, and other compatible electronics so that the sounds being emitted (like the voices on a cell phone) can be sent directly to your hearing aid, further improving the clarity with which you hear these devices
Fitting is an ongoing process
You will need to meet with your hearing health expert several times during the initial adjustment period. Your hearing specialist needs to monitor your progress and adjust the controls of your hearing aid(s), as needed. These follow-up visits are crucial to your success with learning to hear again
The article comes from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact [email protected] to delete it. | <urn:uuid:7e2a25bc-85b4-4716-a66f-4171e97230f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.hearingaid.cc/medical/100000441/getting-used-to-your-new-hearing-aids-learning-to-hear-again/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499804.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130070411-20230130100411-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.944988 | 862 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This week the students worked on their Reconstruction projects. I wanted to give them a chance to approach an era from a different perspective than the usual classroom. They had to present their own plan for organizing Reconstruction as if they lived at that time. A couple of “big picture” issues they need to keep in mind. . .
- Winning the peace is just as important as winning the war — indeed winning the peace is not only part of the war effort, it forms the very reason for the war itself.
- How various elements of reconstruction, the economic, cultural, political, military, etc. should all work together. Ideally students should see this seemingly disparate elements as part of a coherent whole, moving together towards a single purpose.
- Part of the goal of Reconstruction deals with why conflict began in the first place. If “Reconstruction” will prevent another war, it has to deal with the root causes of the conflict to be successful. Seeing the Civil War arising largely out of economic and cultural differences, as opposed to purely political differences, would produce different goals for the post-war process. If one saw the main problem rooted in the social position of African-Americans, Reconstruction would look different still.
I gave students a series of maps to help guide them through this process. For example, if students want to focus on the social aspects of Reconstruction they may need to know the population density for African-Americans:
And the population density of the U.S. as a whole . . .
Economic issues would certainly involve railroads. . .
And you may want to concentrate your efforts most effected by the Civil War itself. . .
And so on. The students had to face many questions and dilemmas.
Was Reconstruction a success or failure? Ultimately it depends on your point of view, and what one might want Reconstruction to accomplish. On the one hand, civil war never again threatened the country, and the lives of African Americans did improve, at least to a relative degree. The 13th-15th Amendments helped preserve legal rights especially for African Americans. On the other hand, ‘Jim Crow’ laws arose in the South, which kept most African-Americans as second class citizens. Many issues from the Civil War would not be fully worked out until the Civil Rights era of the 1960’s. Some enduring bitterness remained in parts of the South that have still yet to be fully healed. We will revisit these issues later this year. | <urn:uuid:0644936e-2063-44a7-a832-44613bd1dcaa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://astickinthemud.com/2016/11/12/11th-grade-the-dilemmas-of-reconstruction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.967502 | 506 | 4 | 4 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adv. In a tetrahedral manner; arranged in tetrahedrons.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adv. In a tetrahedral manner.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- In a tetrahedral form. Also tetraëdrally.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
And it is what they began to say to him tetrahedrally then, the masters, what way was he. —
Their shape made them easy to get hold of, they were not simple, straight splinters, but caltrops, their four ten millimeter points directed tetrahedrally.
Disputes the current view of the majority of spectroscopists and theorists that the molecule in the liquid is surrounded tetrahedrally by 4 other water molecules. | <urn:uuid:919bea12-079b-407a-af46-d15ba0b194e5> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/tetrahedrally | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913406.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00190-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909247 | 192 | 2.609375 | 3 |
15-question handout on what students did during a school vacation from Real Life Language. This can be used as a review of the preterit or with students just beginning to learn how to talk about the past. This can be done as a written activity or a speaking activity.
Real Life Language Blog
Get materials and updates for teaching languages
Please leave feedback and/or a rating. I want to provide the best resources possible. | <urn:uuid:895c33da-55eb-4269-a1c1-7183e0a6d1e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Que-hiciste-durante-las-ultimas-vacaciones-handout-1641730 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864626.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522053839-20180522073839-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.928857 | 89 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An activity designed to enable two groups to work together to explore an environment.
All ages who can read and write simple questions.
What you need
Mobile devices for scanning codes, each with a QR reader installed (eg. Scan).
A printer. Squares of card in two colours for mounting codes.
‘Treasure’ for both winning groups to find and share.
Internet access for creating the trails. No internet access is needed for carrying out the trail.
What you do
Explain to the groups that you are going to create treasure hunts for each other and that the idea is to do some finding out and exploring about the new place.
Their first job is to explore the environment as a group. What can they discover by looking, by talking to people or by researching online? What would make an interesting focus for the treasure trail? Encourage them to choose a focus and to be creative in their ideas. The first word of the answers might solve an acrostic puzzle, for example. They can use the notebook on their device to draft questions.
The next step is to visit an online QR Treasure Hunt Generator: http://www.classtools.net/QR . This has a click-through guide to creating a quiz. Questions and answers need to be separated by *. The questions are turned into printable QR codes and the answers are available for reference.
Once they have their printed codes groups stick them to the coloured card and make their trail around the environment. Groups then swap and follow the trails, decoding the questions as they go.
Participants gain experience of team working and of exploring an environment. They create and follow instructions.
Taking it Further | <urn:uuid:6c086d4c-f240-43c5-a545-fb9511a2de71> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mypad.northampton.ac.uk/digitalleaders/2014/02/26/qr-safari/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.946966 | 347 | 3.765625 | 4 |
THE ART OF THE LIE
-lie. (lai) n. – an intentionally false statement or impression. A purposeful deception.
"We may remember how, in childhood, adults were able to at first look right through us, and into us, and what an accomplishment it was when we, in fear and trembling, could tell our first lie, and made for ourselves, the discovery that we are irredeemably alone in certain respects, and know that within the territory of ourselves, there can be no other footprints."
– R.D. Laing
The Divided Self
I came across this passage recently and marveled at Laing's insight into such a universal human experience ̶ the territory of ourselves, and also the manner in which a simple deceit can create and define that territory. We deceive for many reasons ̶ to protect ourselves, to protect others, or if you are a sociopath, because you can. We lie out of weakness and strength. We lie to our friends, our enemies, our partners, our children, the IRS, and all too often to ourselves. No doubt, the best of us have lied on one occasion or another. I suspect for some of us at certain times a lie is nothing more than an evasion that allows us to retreat into a territory all our own, a place for secrets that never have to be shared.
Many of my characters lie. They lie to avoid facing up to truths. They lie to protect. They lie to deceive an enemy. In Still Life In A Red Dress the character Ray lies because he is unable to face his own culpability and because he feels the truth will destroy his friendship with Sonny. The character Aminta lives a life of duplicity, lying out of love for her country. As a result, she risks losing a chance at love. Lying always has costs.
I admit to satisfaction and even elation when creating a set of imagined circumstances and characters. Any creative process, be it painting, song writing or the fabrication of a story harkens to a "fiction". The writing of fiction is at its base the act of relating a "lie", an elaborate whopper at the least, an artistic verisimilitude at best.
Writers of fiction create from our experiences, issuing versions and echoes of remembrances from our past ̶ events, emotions that molded our sense of self, all of it colored by all that follows. Hemingway said it quite succinctly. "Rightly or wrongly all remembrances of things past is fiction." I couldn't agree more. And along the way, these echoes of our experience are embellished.
Writing fiction allows me to vicariously live a lie. To travel to far off places. To experience danger, love, loss, the entire gamut of emotion ̶ some foreign, some familiar. It allows me admission into a private world in which I can choose to share or not. I live in another's skin. It is much the same for the reader,
None of my stories are based on actual occurrences in my life. However, I do admit to creating characters that are based on actual persons, be it their temperament, their quirks, physical characteristics and even parts of their history. Many of their motivations owe as much to my imagination as to what these real people might do in a particular situation. Many of my settings ̶ hotel rooms, bars, beaches, houses ̶ are actual locales based upon my memories and experiences. The creation of an imagined world requires some degree of detail and an illusion of reality necessary to transport the reader to a place, a situation or to illicit an emotion. At least, that is what I strive to do in my stories ̶ to create a fiction, an elaborate, believable lie. And ultimately create a territory of my own ̶ and for the reader. As to whether I accomplish this, I leave that to you, the reader. That being said, I always welcome comments and critiques from my readers. | <urn:uuid:8d211273-b1f7-4a4e-8e76-9ccb4927f80e> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.dennisjung.com/dennisjungauthor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525627.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718104512-20190718130512-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.956029 | 819 | 2.671875 | 3 |
THE DISCIPLINE OF THE CHURCH
Matthew 18:15-18; I Corinthians 5:1-13
by John Kohler
Church discipline is designed by God to promote individual integrity and maturity and to preserve congregational purity and unity. There are two broad categories of church discipline. These are called positive, formative, or preventive church discipline, which is the edification of God's saints and their growth in the grace and knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ, and negative, reformative, or corrective church discipline, which is the rectification of God's saints and their restoration to a right relationship with God and man. If positive, formative, or preventive church discipline is faithfully practiced, it will greatly reduce the need for negative, reformative, or corrective church discipline. In this study of God's word, our major focus will be on the practice of negative, reformative, or corrective church discipline. This is because there is very little disagreement or controversy about the practice of positive, formative, or preventive church discipline.
OCCASIONS FOR NEGATIVE, REFORMATIVE, OR CORRECTIVE CHURCH DISCIPLINE
A. Steps to be followed in the case of private or personal offenses committed against an individual church member (Mat. 18:15-18):
1. Individual Confrontation: Offender confronted by Offended (w. 15, 21-22). If repentance occurs, the matter is to be forever dropped. If repentance does not occur, the next step is to be followed.
2. Combinational Confrontation: Offender confronted by Of fended, plus one or two other members (v. 16). If repentance occurs, the matter is to be forever dropped. If repentance does not occur, the next step is to be followed.
3. Congregational Confrontation: Offender confronted by entire church membership (v. 17). If repentance occurs, the matter is to be forever dropped. If repentance does not occur, the next step is to be followed.
4. Exclusion or Excommunication: Offender excluded from the membership and fellowship of the church for his failure or refusal to repent and make things right (v. 18).
This writer shares the convictions of Baptist theologian B .H. Carroll about the need for the faithful practice of Biblical corrective church discipline. He writes as follows: "Christianity is designed to be a maker of character. If it does not make a man better than he was before, it is not worth anything; if it does not make a father a better father, a mother a better mother, a sister a better sister, a brother a better brother, a child a better child — if there is no improvement in the character of the man, then we may be sure that he has never been born again, because the Spirit does not produce that kind of fruit...
"Suppose in the jungles of Africa a company of people and animals were camped for the night, and they built a stickade to keep off wild beasts, and some of the animals, a cow perhaps, gets unmanageable and bellows and butts around and tries to get out. They turn her out, and let her hear the lion roar, and she wants to get back. The thought is that the one that won't be quiet in good company should be shown that there is worse company on the outside. I heard an old Baptist preacher say, 'If you put a wild hog in a pen and he goes to squealing, let him out, and he will strike for the woods and never come back, because he is a hog. But if a sheep is turned out it will bleat around the gate until you open the pen and let the sheep come back on good behavior.' If a man is not converted he ought not to be in there; let the hog out and let him strike for the woods; if he is a sheep and hears the lion roar he will bleat around to get back, and he will behave himself next time" (An Interpretation of the English Bible, James, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, pp. 175,170-171).
B. Steps to be followed in the case of public or general offenses committed against the church as a whole or against the cause of Christ in general (I Cor. 5:1-13):
1. Immediate exclusion from church membership and fellowship for one gross offenses such as persistent heresy, immorality, and disorderly conduct.
This writer wholeheartedly agrees with Baptist theologian Augustus H. Strong on this point, who writes as follows: "Public offenses against the church as a whole are to be dealt with according to the rule in I Corinthians 5:3-5,13 and II Thessalonians 3:6. Notice here (I Corinthians 5—JK) that Paul gave the incestuous person no opportunity to repent, confess, or avert sentence. The church can have no valid evidence of repentance immediately upon discovery. At such a time the natural conscience always reacts in remorse and self-accusation, but whether the sin is hated because of its inherent wickedness, or only because of its unfortunate consequences, cannot be known at once. Only fruits meet for repentance can prove repentance real. But such fruits take time. And the church has no time to wait. Its good repute in the community and its influence over its own members are at stake. These therefore demand the instant exclusion of the wrong-doer as evidence that the church clears its skirts from all complicity with the wrong. In the case of gross public offenses, labor with the offender is to come not before, but after his excommunication (II Corinthians 2:6-8). The church is not a Mutual Insurance Company whose object is to protect and shield its individual members. It is a society whose end is to represent Christ in the world and to establish his truth and righteousness. Christ commits his honor to its keeping. The offender who is only anxious to escape judgment and who pleads to be forgiven without delay, often shows that he cares nothing for the cause of Christ which he has injured, but that he has at heart only his own selfish comfort and reputation. The truly penitent man will rather beg the church to exclude him in order that it may free itself from the charge of harboring iniquity. He will accept exclusion with humility, will love the church that excludes him, will continue to attend its worship, will in due time seek and receive restoration. There is always a way back into the church for those who repent. But the Scriptural method of ensuring repentance is the method of immediate exclusion" (Systematic Theology, pp. 924-925).
2. Eventual restoration to church membership and fellowship upon genuine repentance with its evidential fruits.
OBJECTIVES IN NEGATIVE, REFORMATIVE, OR CORRECTIVE CHURCH DISCIPLINE
A. To glorify God by obeying His word. (I Cor. 10:31).
B. To preserve the purity and unity of the church (Mat. 5:13-16; Acts 5:11-13).
C. To remove cancer from the church before it spreads throughout the whole body (I Cor. 5:6-7).
D. To reclaim wayward brethren for Christ and His church. (I Cor. 5:5).
E. To avert God's judgment upon way ward brethren. (I Cor. 11:30-31).
F. To maintain a godly, Biblical testimony in the community, (cf. I Tim. 3:7).
This writer is in basic agreement on this point with Willard A. Ramsey, pastor of Hallmark Baptist Church of Simpsonville, South Carolina, who writes as follows: "The discipline by the church body, not just the pastors or deacons (see I Cor. 5:4), is the ultimate scriptural filter to screen the membership to keep it pure for the proper representation of the name of Christ. Today few churches use this filter anymore, and those who do not become cesspools of covert corruption. But it cannot be completely covered. Sooner or later undisciplined sin breaks through for the world to see! How then can this be anything but a misrepresentation of Christ and gross disobedience to the Word of God?...So then would we expect church discipline to influence evangelism? It most certainly does; the biggest cry in all the land is 'hypocrites in the church.' Everywhere I go, people, unbelievers, tell me, 'I am just as good as so-and-so in the church over there.' They will not listen to the gospel. The unbelieving world knows what its church-going neighbors do. They know of their drinking, and their adultery un-rebuked by the church. And they say, ‘I’ll make it to heaven if they do,' and they will not hear the gospel. Why? Because the Christian people of this generation have fallen down on those first principles — they do not love and long for obedience to the Word of God. If each church would consistently apply the principles taught in Matthew 18:15-18; Romans 16:17; I Corinthians 5:1-13, I Thessalonians 5:14; 2 Thessalonians 3:14-15; 1 Timothy 5:20-21; Titus 3:10, the churches would be much smaller but much more powerful in evangelism. They would be respected for their purity, and their gospel would be heard (The House of God, pp. 9,119-120).
OUTLOOK DURING CORRECTIVE CHURCH DISCIPLINE
A. It is to be done in a spirit of meekness as we remember our own imperfection and weakness. (Gal. 6:1).
B. It is to be done in a spirit of brotherly love. (II Thes. 3:15).
C. It is to be done in a spirit of sorrow and grief. (I Cor. 5:2).
D. It is to be done in a spirit of forgiveness, or with a willingness to practice true forgiveness upon real repentance. (II Cor. 2:7; Lk. 17:3-4).
E. It is to be done in a spirit of unity, with a willingness on the part of the whole church to avoid all Christian and church fellowship with the excluded member.
OBJECTIONS TO NEGATIVE, REFORMATIVE, OR CORRECTIVE CHURCH DISCIPLINE
A. "We are not supposed to judge others." ("For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not ye judge them that are within? But them that are without God judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person" ~ I Cor. 5:12-13; "Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment" ~ Jn.7:24).).
B. "It is unloving to practice corrective church discipline." ("If ye love me, keep my commandments" ~ Jn. 14:15; "For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and his commandments are not grievous" ~ I Jn. 5:3; "He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes" - Prov. 13:24).
C. "We just need to be patient with people." ("Your glorying is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump? Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us" ~ I Cor. 5:6-7).
D. "We should just let the Lord deal with the problem." (The Lord deals with church problems through the Scriptural actions of the church membership; church inaction invites divine intervention.)
E. "We should just practice forgiveness." ("Take heed to yourselves: If thy brother trespass against thee, rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him" ~ Lk. 17:3).
F. "We don't deal with problems that way at our church." (Then your church does not bow to the supreme and final authority of God's word; corrective church discipline is not optional, but mandatory.)
G. "We're not perfect, either." (The members of the Corinthian church were not perfect, but they were still commanded to practice corrective church discipline; See Mat. 7:1-5 as well, which teaches us that we are in a position to judge others after we have practiced self-judgment).
May God help true New Testament churches everywhere to faithfully practice church discipline as it is taught in God's holy word! Such churches show a lack of love for Christ and others when they fail or refuse to obey this clear-cut Bible doctrine. | <urn:uuid:823b3a04-20a9-44f8-99e9-8492505c7f68> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.hiddenhillssgbaptistchurch.org/images/Articles%20by%20Subject/Church/Discipline%20of%20the%20Church,%20by%20John%20Kohler.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927245.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00024-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957666 | 2,681 | 2.65625 | 3 |
MCAT Exam Overview
The MCAT is perhaps the most grueling entrance exam in the US—but never fear. We provide all the info you'll need, from test section breakdowns to the best prep courses.
By Douglas Eddings, Certified Learning & Development Professional
So What Is The MCAT?
The MCAT, or Medical College Admission Test as it's formally known, is the standardized med school entrance exam administered by the AAMC, or Association of American Medical Colleges. The MCAT is a required component of the admissions process for nearly every major medical school in the US. The intent of the MCAT is to test a student's knowledge of natural, behavioral, and social sciences, and their ability to problem solve, think critically, and draw reasoned conclusions from information — skills and knowledge that are invaluable to success in med school and as a physician.
MCAT Test Structure
Not to mince words, the MCAT is a grueling exam that takes 7.5 hours to complete, and you'll only want to take it once. It is multiple-choice, computer-based, and will try you mentally and physically. Following an overhaul and expansion of the MCAT in 2015 by test administrator AAMC, the exam is now comprised of four overarching sections:
Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems
Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS)
Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems
Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior
The Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems section of the MCAT consists of 59 multiple-choice questions, which the test taker is given 95 minutes to complete. Of those 59 questions, approximately 44 are related to passages and 15 are not. This section tests a student's knowledge in the following areas, broken down by approximate rate of appearance:
General Chemistry (30%)
Organic Chemistry (15%)
In the Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS) section, the student is allocated 90 minutes to complete 53 multiple-choice questions related to passages. This section of the MCAT is not so unlike other verbal reasoning and reading comprehension sections in other major entrance exams. The test taker need not have any prior substantive knowledge before taking this section of the test. The CARS section is generally meant to examine the student's critical reading skills, ability to interpret layered meanings and assumptions, and analyze the strength of claims. The passages themselves come from a wide range of humanities and social science areas.
The Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems section is made up of 59 multiple-choice questions, and the test taker is granted 95 minutes to complete the section. Breaking down those 59 questions, 44 are passage related and 15 are non-passage related. The Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems section is intended to measure the test taker's knowledge of the following subjects, with accompanying percentages of questions:
General Chemistry (5%)
Organic Chemistry (5%)
Finally, the newest section of the MCAT, the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section, similar to the other sections, consists of 59 multiple-choice questions which the test taker has 95 minutes to finish. This new section is intended primarily to test the subjects of psychology, sociology, and biology as they relate to human behavior. Specifically, the section will require the test taker to showcase their ability to identify, evaluate and apply these concepts in the context of human behaviors and relationships.
MCAT Test Times and Locations
The MCAT is administered approximately 25 times per year at test centers around the world between the months of January and September. Students can take the MCAT up to 3 times in a single year, 4 times during any two consecutive-year period and 7 times in their life — though it goes without saying that you don't want to take this exam nearly that many times. MCAT scores are generally only good for three years, and med schools will usually reject any score older than that.
Scores are released online roughly one month after the test date. It's a long month of waiting, but it's still quicker than other graduate exam wait periods. Click here to find a test center near you: MCAT Dates and Locations.
How Much Does the MCAT Cost?
The standard fee to take the MCAT is $315, but that is increased to $370 for late registration, and there can be additional fees for rescheduling or cancelling. This fee includes the cost of AAMC distributing your MCAT score to med schools upon request. There is also a Fee Assistance Program to help out lower income individuals, but check the requirements for this special program as restrictions are tight.
The MCAT is scored on a scale and the test taker is provided an overall score between 472 and 528, depending on the student's performance across all four sections. Each section is graded and a scaled score given for the section in the range of 118 to 132. The average score per section is 125 and the overall average score is 500. As such, the scoring ranges are narrow, so every point is crucially important and can be the difference between a student getting into the school of their choice and missing out.
Here is a scoring percentile chart for reference:
How to Study for the MCAT
As you have likely gathered by this point, the MCAT is not an exam to be taken lightly. It is knowledge intensive and complex. As such, we strongly encourage students to get studying early for the MCAT. Shoot to get at least three to five months of solid prep time in before sitting for the real thing. Unlike some other entrance exams that require no substantive knowledge, the MCAT will require you to re-learn and memorize heaps of scientific knowledge you may have forgotten since your undergraduate courses. In addition, it takes significant time to learn the techniques required to apply that information to questions and efficiently and correctly respond to MCAT problems. To make sure you get the most out of your study plan, we have provided some study strategies below:
Stay calm and continue on. At some point during the course of your studies you are bound to feel overwhelmed and as if there is no way you'll be able to learn all of this information. Never fear! Many students feel this way early on and go on to get incredible scores. If you start to feel overwhelmed and distressed, step away from your desk for a breather and meditate on it. There are people that have been much less prepared and are far less smart than you that have received good scores on the MCAT. So imagine what you'll do with months of dedicated study time under your belt and a positive attitude. Trust the process and stay the course! Prep course companies know what they're doing and have this down to a science.
Realistic and actionable study plan. At the outset of your studies, create an actionable and realistic study plan. Don't set a goal of studying 12 hours per day, 6 days a week if you know you can't keep that schedule up. It will only cause you to fall behind, panic, and set you up for mental failure. Set realistic, objective goals and stick to them. This will help keep you on track and sane.
Mix it up. Vary your study methods. Don't sit for two days straight watching lessons or memorizing flashcards. Studies have shown that varied study schedules help to stimulate creative thought and aid in memory retention. Mix your study schedule up daily between lessons, practice problems, flashcards, books and whatever other study methods you are going to employ. This will also help to keep things interesting and prevent you from burning out.
Practice test, practice test, practice test. There's no better way to prepare for the MCAT than taking a full length practice test. It will help set the expectation and condition your mind for the taxing nature of the real exam day. But don't just take a practice test and move on. Study the problems you got incorrect. Why did you miss the problem? Nail down the basis for the error and take it away as a learning lesson — often there is no better form of learning than from our mistakes. The more practice tests you can get in before the big day, the better.
Visualize success. Before you go to bed at night, visualize yourself sitting at the computer on exam day, efficiently and effectively reading passages, answering questions and commanding the clock. Think through each section of the test, and imagine yourself staying mentally and physically strong. A recent study of free throws in basketball showed participants who visualized their success before shooting were 33% more likely to make the shot than those that didn't. Though this study was in the context of sports, the principles are the same and absolutely applicable here — visualize your success and you'll score better.
MCAT Prep Courses
When it comes to MCAT prep courses, there are a wide range of options to choose from. From self-study budget courses, to all encompassing in-person classes with extra one-on-one tutoring, there is something for everyone's needs. Choosing the right course can be difficult given all the choices, but given the importance of MCAT scores to med school admissions, our suggestion is not to skimp based on price. Like wine and toilet paper and most everything else in this world, some things just cost more because they are better. The higher-end prep courses are richer in resources and generally better quality than the budget options. A student's learning style will dictate which type of course to purchase, but whatever your preferred method of learning is, we suggest going with a reputable MCAT prep course company, such as Kaplan or Princeton Review. Both companies have been around for seemingly forever and have mastered the art of preparing for the MCAT.
MCAT Prep Books
The MCAT prep books you find on Amazon and other online retail sites are excellent sources of information and study material for the MCAT; however, if you're planning on relying on these books alone, you may be in for a difficult time. MCAT prep books simply don't have the resources, depth or quality of instruction as you will find in a prep course. That said, if you're on a very tight budget, or perhaps getting a top tier MCAT score is not a top priority, then books may be your only option. More practically, we suggest using MCAT prep books to supplement your prep course-based studies. MCAT prep books range in price and scope, from $15 basic books covering general topics, to detailed book sets that cost north of $200 and focus in on specific subjects. There is a wide range of MCAT prep books out there, and we suggest using them on an ad hoc basis to supplement your studies. | <urn:uuid:d6ad86d6-6906-4c1a-8e30-5d6f05255a06> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.educationadvocates.org/best-mcat-prep-courses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.948782 | 2,275 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Topics for the Writing Section of CBEST
Best Way to Write CBEST Essay
The Law and Employment Board of California stresses that all educators who are working or aspire to work in the state should be certified through the California Basic Educational Skills Test (CBEST). This test is developed by Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC) by specialized educators in order to assess competencies of a candidate who wishes to join the teaching profession. However, this test is not a credibility test and does not provide any form of ranking for those who take it.
About the Writing Section:
According to the CTC guidelines, in order to pass this section and other sections of the CBEST, you need a minimum score of 41. The minimum and maximum score one can obtain in each subtest is 20 and 80. Apart from this score, the Writing section is scored on a scale of 1-4 based on the style of written communication. Since this section involves two performance assignments based on expository and narrative writing, test preparations takes more time. However, there are a few things that are common in essay writing, irrespective of the topics, that can be incorporated in order to improve the quality of the write-up.
Helpful Essay Writing Tips:
Outline Your Thoughts: This section is designed to assess the test taker's specific competencies in writing essays and since these have to be completed in a specified time frame, it is suggested that you invest the first few minutes in creating an outline for your essay.
Strong Opening Statement: The opening line of every presentation is what catches the reader's eye. Thus, the opening statement should have your opinion highlighted in order to give a good start to your response.
Account All the Aspects: The essays require you to assess the entire situation and acknowledge the counterviews in order to present an unprejudiced opinion.
Mention a Conclusion: It is suggested to mention a conclusion towards the end of your response, which would reflect and summarize the arguments of the essay in a clear, simple yet strong manner.
Expository Essay Writing:
The topics for expository essays will involve analytical thinking and require the candidate to express his or her opinion on the matter along with acknowledging counterviews. It is important for you to state realistic arguments and create your write-up. Some of the sample topics for expository essays from the official test website are mentioned below:
ZigZiglar, a well-known motivational speaker once said, "Obviously, there is little you can learn from doing nothing." Explain whether you agree or disagree with this statement.
In American sports, there have recently developed two philosophies. One philosophy is winning at any cost. The other philosophy is fair play or sportsmanship. Choose the philosophy you feel is prevalent in America today and give reasons why you feel that philosophy is prevalent.
Oscar Wilde once wrote, "We live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities." In an essay to be read by an audience of educated adults, state whether you agree or disagree with Wilde's observation. Support your position with logical arguments and specific examples.
Narrative Essay Writing:
In narrative essay writing, you are required to discuss a personal
experience. Hence, it is best to keep the description of your
experience short and simple. Alongside, you have to mentionwhat you
have learned through your experience. Given below are some of the
topics that you can work on:
Dan Rather, former CBS anchorman, spoke of teachers who help other by being one "who believes in you, who tugs and pushes and leads you to the next plateau, sometimes poking you with a sharp stick called 'truth'." Consider a situation where a teacher, coach, mentor, friend or relative acted in this way towards you.
Imagine that you could have made one change in your college experience. Explain what change you would have made and what difference it would have made.
Many childhood experiences leave lifelong impressions on people. Write an essay in which you describe a memorable childhood experience and explain its effect on your life.
It is suggested that you visit http://www.cbest.nesinc.com/PDFs/CA_OPT_Writing.pdf and check out the sample topics for the Writing section provided there. Some other websites you can refer to are http://www.ocde.us/Leadership/Documents/CBEST%20Writing%20Sample.pdf and http://www.teacherstestprep.com/quizpage/289/304. You can also visit http://www.csun.edu/~hflrc006/ep16et.html for the topics that have appeared in past CBEST exams.
It is essential that you keep practising on a regular basis, develop a good typing speed and minimize grammatical or typo errors in order to score high in this section of the CBEST. The flair for essay writing is developed overnight, thus, it is important that you read sample essays and work on sample topics regularly. | <urn:uuid:a743dea2-9090-4963-bdb9-42b23d231a6c> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.testpreppractice.net/CBEST/cbest-writing-topics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00074-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94785 | 1,032 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In computer science, a list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents an ordered sequence of values, where the same value may occur more than once.
An instance of a list is a computer representation of the mathematical concept of a finite sequence; the infinite analog of a list is a stream. Lists are a basic example of containers, as they contain other values. If the same value occurs multiple times, each occurrence is considered a distinct item.
Source: Wikipedia (license) | <urn:uuid:98169417-e6f2-4a3e-a254-288dcd3d8792> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.codingame.com/learn/lists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687820.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921134614-20170921154614-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.882651 | 97 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Building Tradesman Current Issue | Back Issues Index
As the 20th Century draws to a close, this is the first in a series of articles on building projects, milestones and changes in the construction industry during the last 100 years.
On the calendar, the summer of 1999 came to an end last week, and thermostats all across the state were clicked over from "cool" to "heat."
It was a hot summer - the kind that made many people wish they had air conditioning if they didn't already. Back in 1899, however, for the vast majority of the world, air conditioning was pretty much limited to a fan and a block of ice. But like so many technological advancements this century, air conditioning was about to change our comfort levels, and our lives.
Mainly through trial and error, a spurt of technological developments after the turn of the century started to bring down the temperature in a few buildings, while an entirely new job classification sprang up that thrives in today's building environment - the air conditioning mechanic.
"The practical application of mechanical refrigeration to air cooling for the purposes of personal comfort, no doubt has a field and the day is at hand, or soon will be, when the modern office building, factory, church, theatre and even residence will be incomplete without a mechanical air cooling plant." That prediction was made during the 1904 World's Fair by the editors of the trade journal Ice and Refrigeration.
Throughout the 1800s, scientists, mechanics and crackpots had a lot of ideas about how to artificially create lower temperatures, and some of them worked.
According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), vapor compression refrigeration had been proposed as early as 1805, and a working model had been constructed in 1834.
The demand for brewing, and later, ice-making, led to the establishment of numerous firms that could install complete refrigeration systems. By 1900, the ability to install mechanical cooling was well established in the food industry, but the technology hadn't yet been adapted into the ability to effectively cool entire rooms or buildings and make the occupants consistently comfortable.
At the turn of the century, many cooling engineers settled on a forced-air design for cooling buildings - after all, the "plenum" system of blowing forced-air over a steam or water-heated surface to distribute heat had been used effectively for the last 50 years.
But settling on a method to cool the air, size the equipment, and remove moisture from the air proved vexing.
Some of the early cooling agents that worked to varying degrees included ammonia-refrigerated brine coils, calcium-chloride brine, and direct expansion carbon dioxide coils.
Through trial and error, engineers started to come up with a series of formulas to determine: the temperature to which the air must be cooled to remove a given weight of moisture, the amount of latent heat that must be removed, and the surface area of the cooling coil.
They had to determine how much outside air to bring into the system, and how much interior air should be re-circulated. And they had to figure out where to place the ducts: at the baseboard, near the ceiling, or in the ceiling?
One of the pioneers who brought everything together was an engineer whose last name is familiar today: Willis Carrier. In 1901, he worked for the Buffalo Forge Co., a fan heating apparatus manufacturer. He was assigned to solve a humidity control problem at a printing plant, and after using scientific methods, designed a system to control humidity using calcium chloride in refrigerated pipe coils to absorb moisture.
In 1906, after more tweaking, he received a patent on his invention, called "Apparatus for Treating Air." He was among the first to realize the importance dehumidification, that air could be dried by saturating it with water. The Buffalo Forge Co. was on its way to building the device for other industries.
"Carrier's great contribution was in his ability to see that air conditioning could be an industry," said ASHRAE.
Although the New York Stock Exchange building was the first "laboratory" for air conditioning in 1901, theatre owners were among the first groups to fully embrace the new technology. The earliest system was a direct expansion system using carbon dioxide refrigerant installed in 1911 at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles.
It wasn't a perfect system - theatre patrons were known to wrap their feet in newspapers or carry blankets to "refrigerated" theatres in hot weather. Designers later found that diffusing cold air from the ceiling seemed to solve that problem. The first theatre to employ that kind of system, the Metropolitan Theatre in Los Angeles, opened in 1922.
Automatic controls came along that combined diffusion, bypassing cold air with incoming warm air, and re-circulation. The public began demanding the cool air - four theatres were cooled in Chicago in 1922; 14 were in operation three years later. Air conditioning spread to other industries, offices, and then homes. Detroit's J.L. Hudson building was the first department store to be air conditioned, in 1924.
Marketing was still behind the times in the 1930s - but there was also a Depression going on. It cost at least $1,500 to air condition a home during that time, and two-thirds still would not pay for the convenience when buying a new home.
The average American didn't enjoy air conditioning in the home until after World War II. Most people couldn't argue with manufacturers who claimed at the time that it promoted better sleeping and eating, healthier air quality, and cleaner interiors free from pollen and dust.
The big change came with the arrival of the "flivver," in the early 1950s, a simple, self-contained box that could be plugged into an electrical outlet.
After World War II, mechanical cooling allowed the development of the modern glass-walled skyscraper - the symbol of freedom from traditional construction systems as well as heating and cooling methods. Glass-walled skyscrapers such as the United Nations (1952) linked modern architecture with the new technology.
By 1962, 6.5 million homes in the U.S. had air conditioning, six out of 10 hotel rooms, and 500,000 office buildings.
While much of the world gets along fine without it, air conditioning changed the quality of life for Americans, and transformed the way we do business. Before air conditioning, bread grew mold, film attracted dust, pasta lost its shape, and chocolate turned gray when temperatures and humidity fluctuated. Air conditioning made the City of Houston possible. Most of all, a good night's sleep is readily available on those nights when the low is 75 degrees.
A turn-of-the-century engineer who worked on the New York Stock Exchange's cooling system, Alfred Wolff, had it about right.
"If the refrigerating plant is instituted and the entering air is cooled and the percentage of moisture lowered, the result will be that this room will be superior in atmospheric conditions to anything that exists elsewhere. It will mark a new era in the comforts of habitation."
Information for this article was excerpted from American
Heritage Magazine, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers Journal and the National Building
Delegates to the Michigan State AFL-CIO have chosen Mark Gaffney, a Teamsters Union representative, to lead the labor federation for the next four years.
Gaffney, 44, was elected president of the federation at the group's 23rd Constitutional Convention at the Dearborn Hyatt Regency Hotel Sept. 22-24. Tina Abbott from the UAW was elected to the No. 2 post, secretary-treasurer. The state AFL-CIO represents the interests of Michigan's more than one million union households.
Setting up a strategy to get Michigan's union members mobilized for election year 2000 will be Gaffney's first priority, under a "New Alliance Plan" adopted by the national AFL-CIO.
"Most of our efforts are going to be focused on making sure that central labor councils, including the building trades, know what needs to be done in order for us to reach our goals in November 2000," Gaffney said. "We're going to be doing everything we can to mobilize the connections we have with union members across the state."
Formerly a Maritime Trades union member who worked on Great Lakes shipping, Gaffney has a labor relations degree from Michigan State University and has worked for the Teamsters for the last 12 years. He is a Saginaw native.
Gaffney said beyond getting prepared for the next election cycle, finding an end to the Detroit newspaper lockout will also be a high priority. So will organizing - Gaffney proposed joint campaigns among numerous unions aimed at single geographic areas of Michigan, like Alpena, Gaylord or Traverse City.
"There is strength in unity, power in numbers, and without unions this nation's economy would be lopsided in favor of business," he said. "We have to mobilize our membership, because our strength is in them."
On hand to welcome Gaffney during the convention was national AFL-CIO President John Sweeney, who said the nation is beginning to see the light when it comes to joining unions. While the overall percentage of union members in the nation has remained flat, unions signed up 475,000 new workers last year, and he said more will come into the fold this year.
"We're restoring the voice of working families like never before," Sweeney said. "You in Michigan probably have more organizing campaigns going right now than any other state in the country. You've shown your commitment. We haven't turned the corner, but we've reached the corner."
Sweeney said the national AFL-CIO plans to devote more money and human resources to local labor councils in an effort to improve organizing.
A standing ovation welcomed outgoing President Frank Garrison, and sent him on his way after he made his final address to the delegates.
"I can't thank you enough for the support you've given to me over the past 13 years," Garrison told the delegates. "Our principles haven't changed since I first went to Lansing, but the political climate has changed. There are some real clouds on the horizon.
"There's no rocket science here. We have to get members involved. Republicans control the state Senate, the state House, the governor's office and the state Supreme Court. If we can't get our members out to vote and win back the state House and a Democratic majority on the Supreme Court, Republicans will control reapportionment of districts. And Michigan will soon be a right-to-work state, because the Republicans know they'll have 10 years of control without repercussions."
By Mike Hanley
Although it has been some time since I've worked in the shop, I have remained a member of my union, UAW Local 699, because it really represents my roots, and I am firmly committed to the causes of labor in our great state.
As I know you are aware, our state is under complete Republican control, from the Governor's office, through the Senate and House, and on to the Supreme Court.
What does this mean to organized labor? It means that we are facing a political agenda that favors the wealthiest people and corporations in this state, a political agenda that does little for us "average" folks. I don't know about you, but I don't think the executives at big corporations who are making hundreds of thousands of dollars are the ones who need their taxes reduced.
How about those of us who struggling to send the kids to college,
to pay for day care, to just make ends meet? I simply haven't
seen enough done for that group, and I want to do something about
We are advocating legislation that would cut taxes for average families; improve our schools' infrastructure; reduce class size; see that students are instructed in the basics of a good education; provide a free community college education to those who wish to obtain one; guarantee that our senior citizens have safe, clean nursing homes in which to live; make prescription medication affordable, and continue the fight to protect Social Security.
But the reality is that we face an uphill battle, and your support is critical. Sure, we need you at the election, to vote Democratic, and we know we can count on you for that. But in the meantime, you can be proactive for the cause.
Ever wonder what happens to those letters and calls people make to their state legislators? Believe me, we read those letters and listen to those calls, and they make a difference. I'm going to do my best to keep you informed of when proposals which are not in your favor are on the forefront, and I need you to get active and make those calls and write those letters to the appropriate people.
I'll even provide you with names and addresses. Another way to get the message out is your local newspaper. Letters to the editor are a great means of communicating with the community, and they come from you! That's what makes them work: they are not from some politician in Lansing who people think doesn't know his head from a hole in the ground. They're from people who are living in the world who are directly affected by such proposals. They are from your friends and neighbors!
In the coming months I will keep you posted on what we are doing in Lansing, but remember the Legislature legislates for the entire state. I know you will be there next year as we near the election, but we can't afford to wait until then. Get active now. If you need some ideas on what you can do, call my office and I'll help get you started.
Keep in touch with your thoughts and concerns. My district
office number is (517) 752-1710. My toll-free office number is
(800) 952-9559. Do you have Internet access? If so, check out
the House Democratic web page at www.housedems.com and
see what we are up to. You can even e-mail us. Remember: involvement
is the key, and it does make a difference!
MUSKEGON - Emissions from Consumer's Energy's B.C. Cobb Generating Plant should be improved in a few months, thanks to the continued use of low-sulfur coal and ongoing upgrades performed by the building trades.
The project, which began last summer, involves enlarging 25-year-old precipitators on both of the plant's operating boilers. Precipitators are pollution control devices which pull fly ash out of the flue gases. The trades are installing larger precipitators.
Consumers Energy initiated the $5.5 million project as part of its ongoing environmental enhancement activities, which include burning increased amounts of low-sulfur coal from Wyoming and Montana. The coal burns cleaner than coal purchased from eastern mines, and enables Consumers Energy to surpass one of the standards of the amended Clean Air Act for sulfur dioxide emissions.
However, more of the coal needs to be burned in order for the plant to maintain its power generating capacity. Since more coal needs to be burned, larger precipitators are necessary. The plant burns about 1.2 million tons of coal every year.
Some 40-60 building trades workers working for Northern Boiler and Newkirk Electric will be on the job when the new precipitators are tied in early next month.
Consumers Energy Engineering Manager Tom Spelman said Sept. 15 that in preparation for the precipitator equipment, the trades are "building boxes on the roof right now.".
"This upgrade isn't required by the state or the federal government to improve our emissions," he said. "Consumers is just being proactive in doing a better job in cleaning the emissions at B.C. Cobb."
Spelman said parts for the precipitators are being brought in from all over the country, and assembled more than 200 feet above ground on the roof of the B.C. Cobb Plant.
He said this is the first of a number of "sizable" projects that will be taking place at the 50-year-old facility over the next five to six years. Most, he said, will involve modifications to improve emissions quality.
Located on 300 acres on the shores of Muskegon Lake, the B.C.
Cobb plant's two turbines can generate 300 megawatts of electricity,
enough to provide power to a community of 160,000 people. The
plant employs 123, many of them members of the Utility Workers
Union of America.
Dems seek limit on campaign money
In an effort to increase public confidence in the electoral process, Democrats in the Michigan House have proposed a package of bills to limit the influence that big money has on campaigns.
"The people in Michigan have lost confidence in the democratic process, and doubt the integrity of their elected officials," said state Rep. Deb Cherry at a Sept. 15 news conference announcing the package. "This public cynicism can be traced to two major factors: big money and the influence of special interests on elections.
"This legislation will help curb abuses of negative political advertising and make it more difficult for special interest groups to circumvent state election laws."
The Michigan AFL-CIO News reports that the proposal would limit soft money contributions and extend reporting requirements. Individuals would be limited to donating $50,000 to all political committees.
In addition, House Bill 4815 is designed to improve disclosure and reporting requirements for candidates for state elected office.
Employment dips; but pay is up
The U.S. construction industry had gained 48,000 workers in June and July.
The DOL also reported that average weekly industry pay went up from $687.48 in July to $690.80 August.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there were $390 million in new construction spending during the first seven months of the year, an increase of 7.1 percent over the same period in 1998.
Inflation hits more building materials
This spring and summer, the nationwide shortage of drywall drove up the price of that material - up 36 percent in some areas from a year ago. Now, reports the Engineering News Record, inflation is nipping at the heels of other building materials.
Inflation, the ENR said, "is striking key materials with rapid price hikes and shortages that appear to develop overnight." PVC water and sewer pipe is the latest victim, with prices up an average of 12 percent in a 20-city survey.
Delivery times for high-strength PVC pipe are stretching out months, and some utility contractors who can't wait are switching to ductile iron pipe on some projects.
In addition, wall insulation prices are up 18.4% for the year, after climbing another 4.1% during the third quarter. Prices for wood products dropped in September, but remain 12 percent above last year's level.
Price stability in steel and concrete have meant that construction-related
cost index hikes have been relatively mild, up 4.3 percent this
quarter, said the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Down the street from the infamous "Battle of the Overpass," where Ford Motor Co. goons beat the daylights out of UAW members on the Miller Road overpass in 1937, the building trades, Fluor Constructors and CMS Energy recently staged a battle of another sort.
On Sunday, Sept. 12, the trades wrestled a remarkably heavy 120-foot trestle into place over Miller Rd. The 340-ton span was lifted complete with two 96-inch diameter circulating water lines and single 84-inch diameter blast furnace gas line. The big pipes will be part of a system feeding power from the Dearborn CMS Industrial Generation Plant now under construction east of Miller Road, to Ford Motor Co. and Rouge Steel operations at the Ford Rouge Complex west of Miller.
"That was the largest lift I've ever been around, and I've been in the business 26 years," said Operating Engineers Local 324 general foreman Leo Bodette. "And it was one of the smoothest operations I've ever seen too. It was planned really well."
Bodette's brother, Billy, was at the controls of the Triple 8 Manitowac ring crane, which was saddled with 1.3 million lbs. of counterweight. To limit the disruption to traffic on Miller Rd., the job was done on a Sunday morning.
Allen Adkins, construction project manager for CMS Energy, said the trestle was constructed on the ground "because we felt it would be safer and more economical."
Adkins said "tremendous planning and leg-work by Fluor Constructors" was necessary before the activity that Sunday morning, with coordination among not only the people doing the lift, but with Dearborn authorities as well. The city gave its blessing to close Miller Road.
Construction of the $300 million power plant began before the tragic explosion and fire on Feb. 1 that knocked out the Ford Rouge Powerhouse, which was scheduled to be replaced. The explosion accelerated the construction schedule of the new gas combustion turbine plant, which will be rated at a total of 710 megawatts.
The plant's first 160-megawatt gas turbine was put into commercial operation on July 9. The plant's second phase is scheduled to begin operation in the spring of 2000, with full operation expected in June 2001. CMS Energy will provide 400 megawatts to power the Rouge facility. The plant's remaining capacity of 310 megawatts will be available for sale to electric utilities.
Adkins said about 120 Hardhats are on the job now, and 400 to 500 will be working when the project peaks out next spring.
"The quality of work we've seen has been super; not a
problem at all," Adkins said. | <urn:uuid:0300dfea-02e1-4882-981b-f63c67e9e2cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://detroitbuildingtrades.org/newspapr/oct0199.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188717.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00154-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968163 | 4,526 | 3.28125 | 3 |
How do I rollback a MySQL transaction?
MySQL Transaction cannot be able to roll back all statements. For example, these statements include DDL (Data Definition Language) commands such as CREATE, ALTER, or DROP database as well as CREATE, UPDATE, or DROP tables or stored routines.
Can you rollback a committed transaction?
1 Answer. No, you can’t undo, rollback or reverse a commit.
How do I rollback a commit in SQL?
ROLLBACK in SQL is a transactional control language which is used to undo the transactions that have not been saved in database. The command is only be used to undo changes since the last COMMIT.
Difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK :
|When transaction is successful, COMMIT is applied.||When transaction is aborted, ROLLBACK occurs.|
What is rollback MySQL?
A COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement ends the current transaction and a new one starts. If a session that has autocommit disabled ends without explicitly committing the final transaction, MySQL rolls back that transaction.
What is rollback COMMIT?
The COMMIT statement commits the database changes that were made during the current transaction, making the changes permanent. … The ROLLBACK statement backs out, or cancels, the database changes that are made by the current transaction and restores changed data to the state before the transaction began.
Is commit DDL or DML?
TCL (Transaction Control Language) :
Transaction Control Language commands are used to manage transactions in the database. These are used to manage the changes made by DML-statements. … COMMIT: Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into the database.
Can we rollback to SAVEPOINT after commit?
The SAVEPOINT statement names and marks the current point in the processing of a transaction. A simple rollback or commit erases all savepoints. … When you roll back to a savepoint, any savepoints marked after that savepoint are erased.
Can we rollback to same SAVEPOINT more than once?
A ROLLBACK TO statement reverses all database modifications made in the active transaction following the SAVEPOINT statement. … This means the ROLLBACK TO statement can be executed in the same transaction more than once by specifying the same SQL savepoint name.
What is the difference between rollback commit and savepoint?
COMMIT − to save the changes. ROLLBACK − to roll back the changes. SAVEPOINT − creates points within the groups of transactions in which to ROLLBACK. SET TRANSACTION − Places a name on a transaction.
How does rollback work in SQL?
The ROLLBACK WORK statement restores the database to the state that existed before the cancelled portion of the transaction began. Unless you include the TO SAVEPOINT keywords, ROLLBACK WORK cancels the entire transaction. | <urn:uuid:fb91e1b6-e6c2-46d0-b9c3-7cafb6f60628> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://d5websoft.com/hints/how-do-i-rollback-a-committed-transaction-in-mysql.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.867845 | 621 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Reducing energy use on the farm
Farms are, for the most part, pretty large energy users. Barns housing livestock, the use of sophisticated feeding or milking technology or climate control and water recycling systems in greenhouses – all require energy to keep going. So it’s no surprise, with energy costs on the rise, that many farmers are looking for ways to reduce or off-set their energy use.
Terry Reesor is one such farmer. I met him last summer when I interviewed him for an article I was writing about solar energy. Here’s his story. Solar energy is generally considered to be good for both the environment and farm businesses. Not only are solar panel installations generating clean energy, they’re also a source of additional income for farmers and businesses.
Terry Reesor of Reesor Seed and Grain near Stouffville, Ontario is certainly convinced. His two new solar panel microFIT installations came online this spring and he’s pleased with the impact the project has had¾ both on his energy consumption and on his bottom line.
“We all need to consume less energy and once we had the panel built, its presence makes you more aware of what you’re using,” he says. “And it’s a good way to generate additional revenue.”
Reesor has a roof mount unit on his grain elevator and a ground mount system installed on a hillside overlooking the company’s main building. The ground mount panel is connected into the provincial electricity grid; Reesor sells 100 per cent of his generated power to the grid at $0.80/kWh and buys back what he needs for his farm and business use at the standard consumer rate.
“For us, this panel is an investment. Although we’re producing enough power on normal days to cover our own use, we buy back from the grid,” he says.
The Ontario Power Authority, which buys the electricity, pays its solar generators quarterly and they can track their electricity production online at any time. The ground mount panel harvests the sun in two ways: when there is no sun, the panel lies flat and picks up reflection from the sun; when the sun is shining, it continually and automatically readjusts its angles to pick up the best, most direct light.
Reesor originally caught the solar bug from his cousin, who had spent time in Africa as a missionary. Their church then decided to embark on a social responsibility project to lessen their environmental footprint and installed a rooftop solar panel.
When he went to build his own installation, Reesor was able to access cost-share funding through the Greenbelt Green Energy Program for Agriculture (GGEPA) and the Canada-Ontario Farm Stewardship Program (COFSP).
“The cost-share funding was helpful to us and we were really pleased to be approved for the program,” says Reesor. “It’s the kind of project that you like to see funded because there are so many benefits both for farmers and society.”
GGEPA is funded by the Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation and administered by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association (OSCIA) to provide cost-share funding for farmers to implement best management practices that involve energy conservation and green energy generation.
“I’m definitely a believer in solar energy and I would absolutely do this again,” he says. “In fact, I’m now a seller of solar units myself so many people were coming to see us about ours that I was doing the sales pitch all the time anyway.”
Although there are three or four other solar panels in the area, Reesor says they are currently one of the only ones, if not the sole installation that is hooked up to the grid and working.
Reesor Seed and Grain is a family-owned business in Durham Region that specializes in custom crop protection application, seed sales and grain storage and marketing. In addition to the farm supply business, the Reesors also crop 1,300 acres of corn, beans and wheat. | <urn:uuid:91aff593-1df2-43ad-8f81-5c83a0c70f77> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.foodandfarmingcanada.com/2011/01/18/reducing-energy-use-on-the-farm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.968199 | 863 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Rainbow Saved paper: 0 sheets Average marks: 0/10 Best marks: 0/10.
This is a poem about the rainbow. With lovely pictures, a poem, music and eight exercises to fill in. Have fun !!
Language: English Grade/level: Elementary School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Age: 8+
Main content: Poem Other contents: video, rainbow, music
Copyright © 16/01/2017 kristine44. Publication or redistribution of any part of this document is forbidden without authorization of the copyright owner.
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Font: Size: px
Link to this worksheet from your website or blog:
What do you want to do?
Check my answers
Email my answers to my teacher | <urn:uuid:9cbacc06-d424-4c1c-89c8-54e4acd8b62f> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Poem/Rainbow_uo307jc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319688.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622181155-20170622201155-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.81678 | 161 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In the heart of the Amazon, dense green foliage blankets the horizon as far as the eye can see. For millennia, its rich natural resources have supported human communities and an incredible diversity of wildlife species found nowhere else on the planet. This great and complex rainforest is also one of the world’s most impactful ecosystems – Amazonian watersheds account for 20% of the world’s river water.
However, the forests of the Peruvian Amazon are increasingly under threat from climate change, rapid development, and extractive activities like logging and mining. From the terra firme and flooded forests of the lowlands to the glacial lakes and tropical montane forests of the Andes, Peru’s landscapes need comprehensive and inclusive strategies for conservation. Our research here provides important insights into the fate of the Amazon and all the life that depends on it. | <urn:uuid:36100e75-c0f8-44dc-86af-1796214153a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://fieldstudies.org/centers/peru/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.916288 | 175 | 3.625 | 4 |
Send an email, watch your social networks or watch streaming videos… all these acts of our daily life have a beautiful and good impact on our planet.
Since the Covid-19 pandemic,the acceleration of digitalization has never been greater. Telework, dematerialization of documents and sending emails in large numbers … our new habits are not without consequences on the environment.
Why and how to limit them? That’s what we’re going to explain.
Understanding digital pollution
Digital pollution refers to all forms of pollution generated by new technologies: greenhouse gas emissions, chemical pollution, biodiversity erosion, and the production of electronic waste.
All activities that revolve around digital technology require energy resources. We are consuming more and more digitally:
- Hardware manufacturing: about 35% of total digital energy expenditure
- Energy for their daily use: about 30%
- How our networks work: 20%
- Resources to power servers: 15% of energy.
Among the everyday actions, those that have the most impact are:
- Watch videos:80% of web data is linked to videos.
- Browsing social networks:more than 5% of the world’s traffic is linked to our use of social networks. To give you an example, Facebook at the end of 2020 had 2.8 billion active users worldwide. If we have to put a figure on the energy expenditure related to this site it would be 645,000 flights from Paris to New York!!
- E-mails:on average, an email travels digitally 15,000km to arrive in your correspondent’s box. The more attachments it is loaded, the larger the carbon footprint. Every day, 293 billion emails are sent, we let you do the math! (75% of emails are spam and will not be open).
- Search engines:1 1-minute internet search from a fixed computer consumes 100 watts. At Google alone, 3.3 billion searches are done every day. 1 year of internet research – 1 year of electricity consumption for a country like Norway.
Digital accounts for 4% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. This equates to 1.5X more than air travel.
7 to 10% of the world’s electricity would be consumed by the Internet.
With a lifespan of just over 2 years, our mobile phones have almost become disposable. It’s annoying, because makinga smartphone accounts for 80% of its environmental footprint. Indeed, this small device is a big consumer of non-renewable natural resources…
And there are many examples like these in our daily lives.
The environmental impact of data centres
To date: 4% of the world’s electricity consumption is used by data centres.
1 data center – electricity consumption of 30,000 European inhabitants
But the good news is that steps are being taken to reduce this ecological impact:
- Feeding data centers with renewable energy
- Locate them as much as possible in the Nordic countries. The fresh air on site naturally cools the servers that produce bcp heat. In this case, there is no need to use air conditioning, which will save more than 40% of their electricity consumption.
- Reuse the heat emitted by redirecting airflows or water circuits, and then be able to heat buildings.
Recycling computer devices
All computer and gaming equipment can be recycled. From the computer screen to the mouse to the printer, keyboard, tablet, center unit, games console, speakers and all other accessories and connectivity.
Europe has the highest collection and recycling rate,accounting for about 42.5% of total e-waste generated in 2019.
The most incredible thing is that e-waste contains precious metals and useful raw materials such as gold, silver, copper and platinum. The total value of all these components was estimated for 2019 (approximately) at $57 billion. This is more than the GDP of most countries.
The change has begun in terms of recycling. By the end of 2019, 78 countries covering 71% of the world’s population had or were in the process of implementing a waste management policy.
Be aware of the cost of our clicks
At home and in the office, digital tools are one of the main sources of electricity consumption. So you have to think about turning them off when you’re not using them anymore. In addition, on some equipment, you can also select the “energy saving” option.
Several web giants, which are among the biggest consumers of energy in the digital sector,are now turning to green and eco-responsible energy.
There has also been progress within companies: reduced paper printing, internal communication to avoid emails, the creation of eco-friendly websites, the rental of computer equipment, etc.
So because the internet is a great means of exchange and an inexhaustible source of information: let’s take care to adapt our consumption to make this indispensable tool of our daily life, more respectful of the environment.
Let’s watch our videos in low resolution, reduce the quality of photos shared on social networks, regularly clean up our useless information stored in the cloud or erase our emails sent … these are some of the small steps that reduce the ecological impact of digital technology.
Namely: 4G consumes 5 to 25 times more than Wi-Fi. Consider cutting off our mobile network as soon as it is possible to switch to Wi-Fi.
The figures above vary according to the studies, some are regularly questioned or are impossible to verify.
The positive impact of digital
In Europe, an office worker consumes an average of 2,500 sheets of paper per year. The massive use of this paper as well as ink for printing have very negative effects on the environment. The benefits of digital on this point are undeniable …
Digital technology has a significant impact on our planet’s resources, but a good use of digital technology would allow us to counterbalance this impact in many areas.
The dematerialization of documents in business: a gesture that remains ecological. 1/5 of greenhouse gas emissions are thought to be due to the destruction of our forests.
It is good to know that the digital bill would be less damaging overall if it is never printed and if its online consultation lasts less than thirty minutes.
In early 2020, Microsoft announced that it wants to be carbon negative by 2030 through a foundation funded by an internal tax. Energy gains from chips, more efficient cooling of data centers: the sector innovates to contain its impact.
In an attempt to combat digital pollution,a discipline emerged in the early 2000s: sustainable computing.
“It seeks to minimize the impact of IT on the environment,” explains Romain Willmann, a lecturer for EMLYON Business School.
By launching a laptop with a bamboo-based shell, Asus didn’t just pull off a marketing stunt. This idea allowed the manufacturer to reduce the volume of plastics needed for its design by 20%.
In the same spirit, Sony is currently testing a computer with the general public whose shell is made from recycled plastic from CDs and DVDs.
Let’s not forget that digital technology also enables the design of systems that improve the management of energy, resources and transport.
Making digital greener
Did you think you were well informed about what’s polluting around you? Many people have not yet become aware of theimpact of their digital consumption on the world.
Yes digital is the future, and no we will not be able to do without it. So let’s take these responsible actions in our lives to limit digital consumption.
As seen above, digital technology is responsible for 4% of greenhouse gas emissions and could reach a rate of 8% by 2025. However, it must be noted that it also fulfils an indispensable role, as was shown during the containment in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Let us remember that if we make a collective effort to move towards eco-responsible digital practices, we could transform digital technology into an ally of choice in our fight against global warming. | <urn:uuid:0638a185-b913-433d-9667-2ccba353b16d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.barraudconsulting.com/digital-pollution/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.934031 | 1,671 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In around 1500 BCE, small agrarian communities began forming in Central America. These communities would make up what is now known as the Mayan civilization. In modern society, we refer to the Maya people, although this is not a name they gave themselves.It is also worth noting that they did not see themselves as a united group, but rather as many small ones.
The Maya, as well as other pre-Colombian civilizations such as the Aztecs, are thought to be the successors of the Olmec people. They occupied a large part of Mesoamerica, spanning from southern Mexico down to Nicaragua.
The Maya produced art for several reasons. Ancient Mayan art was rooted in their religious beliefs. Murals depicting their multiple gods and mythology were used to decorate the insides and outsides of temples.
The Maya also believed that eagles were divine beings as they could enter the heavens. They were primarily associated with the sun god Kinich Ahau who was responsible for producing heat and light for the earth.
Stone sculptures frequently depicted either kings of the past and present or important deities. The stones most commonly used were limestone and sandstone as they were relatively soft and easy to sculpt. | <urn:uuid:3cfa65ec-de8f-4a7c-9ee0-b9aa76d0fe91> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://artincontext.org/web-stories/mayan-artwork/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.992352 | 248 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The Well-Being Model explains what we all want–
for retirement or any stage of life.
When we plan our retirement lives around well-being, we know that it covers all the dimensions of “a good life.” That means we’re identifying the actual life experiences we want to have, as human beings.
It also means we have a tool for organizing the information overload into planning categories that are based on human experience. It means we know what fields of knowledge to look in for answers to living a better life. Nothing gets left out, and we can take concrete action in each dimension of our lives.
While the model seems philosophical, it provides the structure for the Parachute book and the online Retirement Workshop, which are completely practical and exercised based. So when we create goals and action steps, it’s good to know that they’re based on human experience over hundreds of years!
Lexicology is the study of words. Over hundreds of years, the word “well-being” has evolved to mean a state of prosperity, health and happiness.
Ontology is the study of “being.” As human-beings we exist in a physical world, as a physical self, and a non-physical self. Well-being means that all three of those dimensions are in a positive state. We want prosperity in our physical world, health in our physical self, and happiness in our non-physical self.
Epistemology is the study of knowledge. That is, what do we know, and how do we know it? The three dimensions of well-being are also areas of life, fields of knowledge, and domains of practice:
- Prosperity is about our physical world, determined by our geography and finances. Prosperity is geo-financial.
- Health is about our physical self, determined by our biology and access to medicine. Health is bio-medical.
- Happiness is about our non-physical self, determined by our psychological and social experiences. Happiness is psycho-social.
Now, isn’t it easy to see why we all want well-being? | <urn:uuid:ba6b94b4-b0b7-4c2d-88d6-71e85fae27a9> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.retirementwellbeing.com/well-being-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400373301.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123253-00255-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949854 | 443 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Ellen Blasco, National Museum of American History - July 8, 2015
As I post this, we are only days away from the 25th Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act. If you have disabilities, if you are related to someone with a disability, or if you are just interested in disability issues and culture, I encourage you to join in a day of Twitter discussion about the ADA, hosted by the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution.
I am still working on a complete ADA Anniversary post, with useful information about the law, memories of when it first passed, and an assessment of how effective, or not, it has been. For now, I will just say that I feel like the Americans with Disabilities Act has had more impact as a moral, almost spiritual victory for the disability community, than as an actual civil rights law.
What do you think? What does the ADA mean to you? What are its strengths and weaknesses? How much of a difference has it made in the lives of Americans with Disabilities?
It looks like the Twitter chats happening all day on July 15th will be a great place to talk about it and find out what others think. | <urn:uuid:8ad18886-3c9a-4966-8550-2f441c858e28> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://disabilitythinking.blogspot.com/2015_07_10_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.964019 | 246 | 2.515625 | 3 |
BepiColombo is a European Space Agency (ESA) Cornerstone mission to Mercury scheduled for launch in August, 2009. The mission involves three components: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO), and the Mercury Surface Element (MSE). These will be used to study Mercury's form, interior structure, geology, composition, craters, origin, structure and dynamics of its magnetic field, and composition and dynamics of the vestigial atmosphere. The mission is still in its planning stages and details are subject to change.
NSSDCA Planetary Science Home Page
NSSDCA Home Page
To search for information on another mission enter the spacecraft name in the box below. | <urn:uuid:89c9cf5f-587a-4a05-bc3d-cb039c2fea73> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/nmc_sc/bepicolombo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00006-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.812706 | 151 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Breaking the IceAfter an Argument: Understanding the Psychology of Post Argument Silences and How to Shorten Them
We’ve talked before about the difficulties of making up after a fight, incomplete apologies and the keys to lasting reconciliation. But one area we haven’t looked at is the thorny issue of how to break the ice of the uncomfortable silence that follows an argument.While the silence provides an important psychological function, to allow us to hit our emotional reset button, if it goes on too long, it can become a problem all on its own. Instead of melting the ice can get thinker and more difficult to break.
Today we’re going to look discuss the psychology of post argument silences at why its’ so hard to break it. We’ll also offer some tips on how to shorten avoid long term communication black outs.
Why Breaking the Ice is so Hard
While obvious, we don’t think of arguments as stressful or, more importantly, that the silence that ensues is part of a stress reaction. Under stress a different part of our brain takes over and controls our behavior. The amygdale hi-jacks the reasonable brain the neo cortex and hippocampus. The negative emotions generated in the heat of battle create distortions in thought and judgment. When this happens, small things are grossly exaggerated and we feel under attack or at risk.
Specifically , anger and fear, trigger rigid defensive patterns, like yelling or withdrawing. These reflexive reactions interfere with normal reasoning and make it impossible to have a productive discussion. No making up can occur until emotions are calmed and reason is restored.
The silent period following the blow up is the space for calming down but unfortunately it doesn’t always work. Depending on the history of the combatants, old issues can be dragged into the fray and feelings can get even worse. Fortunately there is a lot that can be done to prevent this from occurring.
Tips for Breaking the Ice Although the silence after a conflict is complex, here are some tips that will help to shorten the silence and restore the peace.
1. Be Pro-Active
Ironically, the biggest obstacle to resolving conflicts and initiating the peace after a fight is ignorance and a commonly held belief that there is nothing you can do to facilitate reconciliation, i.e. “Making-up just takes as long as it does.” In fact, rather than a mystery Post-Argument Silences are predictable crises in relationships and that Breaking the Ice is a skill to be learned and mastered. Agreements can be struck in advance which will greatly shorten post argument difficulties.
2.Get a Plan of how to deal with breaking the silence
Make agreements which establish the ground-rules of reconciliation. It is much easier to break the ice if you agree to a plan before you have a fight. Talk about and negotiate do’s and don’ts that make it easier to talk after a fight. The plan should include:
Things not to do: Don’t Make it Worse.
Itemize behaviors and words which are painful or not constructive and agree not to do them. For Example, no abusive language, threats, pouting, guilt-tripping or other emotional manipulation. Don’t pursue someone who needs some time out. Don’t bring up the past.
Things To Do: Decide What Helps.
Itemize behaviors and words which are helpful and agree to use them. For example saying what you feel in a descriptive, non blaming way, use I-statements. Also, for the person who needs some time alone, promise to come back and discuss the conflict when you’re ready.
Respect your Partner’s Feelings and preserve his/her individual choice and prerogative. It Takes two people to be ready to make up. Even if one person is ready and willing to make up, the process can’t be forced and it must wait until both partners are ready. In return, the one who needs more time will promise to signal when s/he is ready to talk.
3. Chose a Non-Threatening Signal : The Invitation
In situations where neither partner is obviously initiating and there appears to be a stand- off, whoever is ready first needs to indicate his/her readiness with a Non-Threatening Signal.
–The signal is not a demand or threat and
–it is not a surrender.
–It is simply an invitation and a sign of willingness to talk.
Gestures not words are often easier to do and are received more easily than spoken words which have facial expressions, body language, voice tone and word choices which may have an unpleasant history. Examples: Waving a white handkerchief ; mouthing the words “I’m sorry” ; an agreed to code word e.g. pineapple ; Self deprecating humor; Have a sign on the frig that says “I’m Sorry”. The non threatening gesture could be simply pointing to the sign.
Breaking the ice doe not fix everything or solve the problem which caused the fight. However, for many, the discouragement surrounding the breaking the silence is a very difficult step. Following these tips won’t eliminate snits but will help to shorten them and prevent them from going on too long. Breaking the ice is a good first step to resolving conflicts and restoring peaceful/loving relations again. | <urn:uuid:657e5d94-9ab7-486a-bc63-ed001fda20b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.revmichaelheath.com/breaking-the-ice-after-an-argument-understanding-the-psychology-of-post-argument-silences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.933755 | 1,116 | 2.875 | 3 |
February 8, 2012
Vaccine to Fight Antibiotic-Resistant MRSA?
Maryn McKenna, Nature News
Over the years, Robert Daum has learned to respect his adversary. In 1995, he and his co-workers at the University of Chicago children's hospital in Illinois were investigating infections that had affected two dozen children in their emergency department. Three children had fast-moving pneumonia. A fourth had an abscess the size of his fist buried in the muscle of one buttock. In a fifth, the bacterium had infiltrated the bones of one foot. The infections were resistant to many common antibiotics, including methicillin. To Daum's surprise, the culprit was MRSA — methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus — a bacterium that was thought to spread only among hospital inpatients. But none of these kids had been to the hospital for months before becoming...
TAGGED: Vaccines, Bacterial Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, MRSA | <urn:uuid:6c31df11-9c6f-46dc-bdaf-f93a8b114127> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.realclearscience.com/2012/02/08/vaccine_to_fight_antibiotic-resistant_mrsa_245420.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00179-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978593 | 207 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A False Start on Common Core
A flurry of professional learning is occurring in states that are working to implement the Common Core State Standards. Most of these states have decided to begin at what seems like a logical point: unpacking the standards.
In these unpacking sessions, teachers and principals study the new standards, reach an understanding of the cognitive demand embedded in them, and prepare for the work required to transform their teaching to implement the standards.
While these early efforts may lay the foundation for understanding the new standards, they are inadequate to support implementation. States and districts must quickly shift gears to begin the real work of implementation by providing professional learning that enriches content knowledge, pedagogy, and most importantly, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) -- knowing how students learn various disciplines and the major concepts within those disciplines.
Two recent articles in Educational Researcher acknowledge professional learning's important role in supporting teacher implementation of the CCSS, although the authors disagree on how to do this work. Each expresses some concern that the professional learning community model rarely embeds deep learning about content, pedagogy, and PCK. While one article recommends creating a video library of model lessons that provide examples of expert teachers' lessons indexed to the Common Core, the other advocates engaging teachers in situative, constructivist professional learning to develop expertise that extends well beyond knowing best practices and strategies. This form of professional learning helps teachers become responsive to school, student, and even teacher context factors, providing them with the confidence, efficacy, and expertise to meet the needs of all learners within their classrooms.
The articles reflect the authors' underlying beliefs about how educators learn to teach. Each is clearly articulated and grounded in reasoned deliberation and study of the literature, and produces a pathway for practice in professional learning.
Far too often professional learning does not have a similar deep foundation. It is essential that those responsible for professional learning as well as those who participate in it build a comprehensive plan grounded in a theory of change and fundamental beliefs that emerge from their own inquiry.
One of these areas of inquiry must focus on deep study of the Standards for Professional Learning and must result in a common vision about how educators learn and refine their practices. In other words, what types of learning experiences will educators need over time to develop and refine their content, pedagogy, and PCK expertise? Without a comprehensive plan that intentionally enacts the vision of learning and teaching, driven by a common vision and theory of change, professional learning will likely duplicate past efforts that have been inadequate, unfocused, and incoherent.
Just as the Common Core outlines learning progressions for students, professional learning leaders must work hand-in-hand with educators to develop learning progressions for educators based on the defined theory of change and beliefs, and must differentiate and sustain professional learning as a natural part of educators' daily experience so that they achieve high levels of expertise.
For many teachers, the professional learning focus on implementing the Common Core began at an unnecessary point. Rather than spending months or even a year unpacking the standards, teachers must engage in applying the standards in their classrooms and schools. Teachers and principals collaborate within teams of peers that have skillful facilitation to employ constructivist, inquiry-based practices, close guidance and support from content and content-specific pedagogical experts, and coaching that provides a steady steam of evidence-based feedback. School, district, and state leaders provide the necessary support, time, technology, and other resources essential for teams to succeed. School leaders create a culture in which all staff members share collective responsibility, peer accountability, and commitment to continuous improvement to achieve student success.
With a clear focus on implementation, a fully developed theory of change and fundamental beliefs to guide a comprehensive plan for professional learning, adequate expert support, and the necessary conditions for success, professional learning will become a significant lever in producing the transformation in classroom practice and student success embedded in the new standards.
Senior Advisor, Learning Forward | <urn:uuid:55f52ec7-0483-47d5-8f2a-6f873d641cc0> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/learning_forwards_pd_watch/2012/02/false_start.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660548.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00065-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948206 | 803 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Also called polar valence. the valence of an ion, equal to the number of positive or negative charges acquired by an atom through a loss or gain of electrons.
- Also called electrovalent bond. ionic bond.
Also e·lec·tro·va·len·cy.Related formse·lec·tro·va·lent, adjectivee·lec·tro·va·lent·ly, adverb
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018 | <urn:uuid:d5a22505-abac-4543-8dc1-6065f0d02470> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/electrovalence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159470.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923134314-20180923154714-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.686369 | 113 | 3.296875 | 3 |
What does it really mean when we say “no” to our children? Most of the time, it means “YES” to something more important. Putting first things first in life means that we are choosing to put lesser things later or maybe never. One of my favorite lessons in the Middle School Pathways program is the rocks and sand exercise (the Pickle Jar video). It is a clear metaphor for getting our priorities straight and finding ways to be more intentional about our life and likely, being able to achieve more than we may have thought possible. Happy and successful people are great at spending their time and talent on what is most important to them, heart, mind, body, and soul.
Help your children to examine their “firsts” by asking them about each of the AACA colors:
- Heart – Who are the most important people in your life?
- Mind – What topics do you enjoy learning about most?
- Body – How do you like to spend time physically? (favorite sports, hobbies… )
- Soul – Why are you so special?
The other important message tied to this week’s habit is knowing what is important and urgent and what is important but not urgent. Sorting the tasks and activities in our lives between these two ideas helps to keep our plates from feeling to heavy and full. I encourage you to identify priorities in your life and your children’s by writing them down and deciding as a family how you can best use the precious asset of your time.
“The key is not to prioritize what’s on your schedule, but to schedule your priorities.” – Stephen Covey
“Things which matter most must never be at the mercy of things which matter least.” – Goethe | <urn:uuid:0e86cdb1-8c0c-4564-99cb-1c69f8357fd6> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.almondacres.com/blog/put-first-things-first/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.957618 | 366 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Cheap Products Need Cheap Resources
Computer manufacturing requires a ton of resources. Actually, it requires a couple of tons. In fact, a United Nations University study found that it takes about 1.8 tons of raw materials to make one desktop PC, meaning each computer requires about 10 times its weight in materials and chemicals before it's ready to go to work. That means computers are more demanding in terms of materials than say, a much bigger appliance, such as an oven or refrigerator, or even an automobile, which require roughly one to two times their own weight in materials.
A single computer chip, for instance, requires a significant number of materials for successful product. Fossil fuels that power the energy needed for all of the production processes are vital. And for each chip, around 3.5 pounds of fossil fuels are necessary.
Before it can leave the production line, each chip must be cleaned carefully with water. This flushing procedure for one chip can consume about 9 gallons of water [source: EnviroLiteracy]. It's no wonder, then, that more than 400 gallons of water are needed to make the entire computer.
Your computer also requires significant amounts of aluminum. Aluminum is great for devices, such as laptops and smartphones, which required rugged but lightweight cases or framework. In order to obtain aluminum, we have to mine for bauxite, which is then converted into aluminum oxide through an energy-intensive process.
Manufacturers could reduce the energy need to make one laptop, for example, by around 90 percent if they would use only recycled aluminum. However, in the United States, only about 30 percent of aluminum is recycled, meaning there's much less of this material to go around to various companies that want to use it.
The list of resources needed for electronics construction goes on and on. That's a primary reason that this organization encourages consumers to upgrade outdated computers instead of discarding them [source: InfoWorld].
It's definitely worth noting that there's also a human cost to massive production levels. As with all high-demand products, companies vie for price advantages by finding inexpensive labor wherever possible, even if it means using foreign workers. Sometimes those employees work intense hours at meager wages and in poor conditions [source: PCGlobal].
So long as our hunger for computers, tablets and smartphones grows, so too will the resources and labor needed to make them. It's a testament to the ingenuity and hard work of electronics makers that so many millions of devices make it retail outlets around the world every month of every year. | <urn:uuid:4fdb2b31-7af0-415f-88ba-fcee831457d4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-computers-are-made3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363211.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302003534-20210302033534-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.952992 | 517 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Sugar gliders are becoming more and more popular as pets, so you may have heard of them but aren’t exactly sure what they are. It is common for people to mistake them for flying squirrels, but they are not even related to flying squirrels and definitely are not rodents.
Sugar gliders are actually marsupials and evolved on a different continent from the flying squirrel. They are commonly mistaken as the same animal or as relatives because they have similar anatomy. They both have a gliding membrane called a patagium that allows them to glide from one tree to another.
Although they both have similar anatomy, that is really the only thing they have in common. Flying squirrels are placental mammals that are original to North America. Sugar gliders are marsupial mammals that are originally from Australia, Papa New Guinea, Indonesia, and Tasmania.
As marsupials, female sugar gliders have pouches to carry their young. When gliders are born, they are not fully developed and climb into their mother’s pouch where they finish their development. Because of this additional period of development after birth, their true birth date is called the “out of pouch” date, which occurs when they are developed enough to come out of their mother’s pouch.
Sugar gliders have been kept as pets in many different countries for decades, but they are still exotic animals. They were brought to the United States in the early 1990s and have continued to become more and more popular as pets. They are now bred in captivity in the United States rather than being imported in from their home countries.
Despite being bred in captivity for many years now, sugar gliders still retain much of their wild instincts. They are still exotic animals and have special needs as a result. Getting sugar gliders as pets is definitely not as simple as getting a guinea pig or hamster. If you are thinking about getting them, look at these 5 things to consider before getting pet sugar gliders.
You may be wondering where they got their name. It comes from the fact that they love sweet foods, such as nectar and sap and their ability to glide through the air. They are nocturnal animals, which means that they are awake at night and sleep during the day.
In their wild habitat, they sleep in the hollows of trees during the daytime and emerge at night to hunt and look for food. As omnivores, they eat plants and other small animals such as insects, lizards, and small birds. They will also eat eggs, acacia gum, pollen, nectar, and tree sap. Gliders kept in captivity should get a diet that is as nutritionally close as possible to their natural diet.
In the wild, gliders live in colonies of 7 or more. They are very social animals and that’s exactly what makes them such wonderful pets. They really engage with their owners and form strong bonds. However, they really do need companions of their own species, so it is best to keep them in pairs at a minimum in captivity.
Sugar gliders are also territorial, and in the wild they are not friendly with gliders from other colonies. They will even kill a glider from another colony to protect their territory. Because of this natural territorial instinct, introducing 2 adult sugar gliders to each other can lead to fights. It must be done gradually so they can get used to each other and bond. It can take months before you can let two adult gliders mix without them getting into fights. This is why it is best to get a bonded pair from the beginning.
When kept in captivity, gliders can live quite a long time, as long as 15 years. For this reason, sugar glider owners must be prepared to take care of them for at least that long. It is definitely a long-term commitment that should be considered carefully. | <urn:uuid:045308e8-16df-437a-acfe-538bd889485c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://sugarglidersaspets.com/what-are-sugar-gliders?replytocom=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.984681 | 801 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Intel’s Ivy Bridge: What You Need to Know
"Ivy Bridge." The name sounds harmless, almost inconsequential. But behind the quaint moniker lies power and plenty of it.
Ivy Bridge is the code name for Intel's upcoming microprocessor architecture, a new version of the current CPU, called Sandy Bridge. It is due out in 2012.
The key difference: Sandy Bridge uses a 32 nm process (the 32 nm measurement refers to the smallest size of a component within each chip) on its die. Ivy Bridge shrinks that down to 22 nm, the smallest component size to date.
The shrinking process primarily allows chips to be produced using a smaller die, which means a microchip with the same features will take up less physical space and use less power than its predecessor. This will in turn allow smaller computers to be built, so laptops running Ivy Bridge should be lighter, thinner, and feature longer battery lives. Shrinking CPU dies generally leads to faster performance, too: Based on the die shrink alone, Ivy Bridge should offer a 20 percent performance boost on most applications.
But Ivy Bridge won't just bring us those basics, as Intel is pumping it up with new technologies that include:
- A new version of Intel's integrated HD Graphics system, with support for all the latest video technologies and significantly improved video and gaming performance.
- Support for PCI Express 3.0, the latest version of the bus that connects your computer's other components to the CPU.
- Intel's Quick Sync Video, which will put video encoding and decoding right on the chip instead of having to route it through a software application.
What's all that mean? Better laptops, of course, if you can handle the wait! | <urn:uuid:f1f417bc-48e3-4f08-97df-3962146cd9ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.pcworld.com/article/242034/intel_s_ivy_bridge_what_you_need_to_know.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661289.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00178-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915478 | 354 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Egyptians built some of the earliest boats ever recorded. The first ones were made from papyrus reeds and propelled by rowing.
Some of the earliest boats ever recorded belonged to the Egyptians. Paintings depicting ships appear on ancient Egyptian vases and murals around the year 6,000 BCE. Much of Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River, making maritime transportation essential to trade. The first ships were built with papyrus reeds and were propelled by rowers using oars. As time passed, sails appeared and wood replaced papyrus. The wooden boats were modeled after the papyrus boats: they had flat bottoms, no keels, and square sterns. The wooden planks were held together with rope, and the spaces between the planks were caulked with reeds. These were sailed in addition to being rowed. Ancient Egyptian sails were square.
Most of these ships were ships of trade; they carried Egyptian goods to other Mediterranean lands, and brought back goods from those lands to Egypt. OtherEgyptian boats were part of an Egyptiannavy. The Royal Fleet fought Egypt’s enemies, and enforced shipping law on the Nile. Individual religious temples sometimes had fleets of ships. Egyptians also used their ships for exploration. During the reign of Queen Hatshepsut, explorers visited the eastern coast of Africa. Under Rameses III, Egyptians made a crossing of the Indian Ocean. | <urn:uuid:f1e4d736-6c45-4077-881c-df34039e4a9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/watercraft/egyptian-ships/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.986724 | 285 | 4 | 4 |
While our favorite film and television stars make it look easy, acting for film requires a variety of skills few ever come to master. It’s why an acting degree is so important at an early age— there’s no better way to start learning the ins and outs of the industry before diving in.
Whether you make a career out of acting or take another route later in life, here are several ways an acting degree or conservatory program prepares you for more than just acting.
- Confidence under pressure.
Most careers out there will put you in a high-pressure situation at some point. This can be an intimidating thought if you’ve always been a naturally shy person or simply don’t work well under stress. Becoming a good actor is impossible without developing self-awareness and confidence, since you’re tasked with embodying human emotion, character, and memorizing lines to deliver them later in front of either a live audience or film team. Acting skills can be used in all kinds of daily situations.
Experience performing everything from silly to emotional roles will leave you with a stronger sense of confidence that’s perfect for taking on auditions, interviews, meetings, and more.
If there’s one thing you can expect to do throughout your acting studies, it’s working with others. While individual skills and roles are important, how well a group connects to overcome hurdles often influences the impact of the performance. This is why actors are taught to become strong team players in order to collaborate better with others and build off each other’s strengths and weaknesses.
It goes without saying that almost every industry outside of acting is looking for people who can become an effective, positive contributor into their team.
- Public speaking.
They say almost three out of four people have some form of glossophobia — the fear of public speaking. However, being able to speak in front of people without stuttering or panicking is a valuable skill almost everywhere. Since acting is all about talking and performing in front of an audience, an acting degree is a great way to build skills that can directly translate to public speaking and help you overcome any anxiety about presenting yourself in a diverse variety of professional settings.
If you can learn to speak clearly in front of people, including delivering moving monologues, then giving a convincing speech or leading a meeting elsewhere will be no problem.
- Learn how to listen.
The ability to respond based off of what we hear, as opposed to how we feel or what we were thinking while others were speaking, is a skill worth improving. In acting classes you are taught to pay attention in order to perform on cue, improvise a line if someone messes up, etc. Acting is all about listening, timing, and responding to others, which means those who don’t listen will fail to deliver a moving, believable performance.
An acting degree or conservatory program will leave you with refined communication skills that are important for finding success in showbiz, other careers, and even in your relationship with friends and loved ones.
- Building strong friendships.
Speaking of relationships, a great way to form bonds with people is by working together on something you all share a passion for. Even if you don’t become bffs with everyone in your acting classes, you’ll gain respect for each other and connect while learning in a dynamic and intensive educational environment. But more often than not, a long-lasting relationship is formed between students who worked toward a fun, challenging goal together.
Learning to act puts you in touch with your own inner humanity, which helps you build empathy and form connections with other humans. Never a bad thing!
No matter where you find yourself in life, your level of happiness will probably be much higher if you learn to form friendships with other employees and bosses. Learning to build character relationships while playing roles with varying viewpoints can also help make you a more empathetic and understanding person. Ready to learn more about acting? Check out our acting degree and acting conservatory programs! | <urn:uuid:14fe2b7b-2b2a-4969-b530-c0c5b48f06b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/tag/confidence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.961841 | 830 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Whilst people across the UK may have been wishing for snowflakes and shimmering frost back in December, East Dunbartonshire surpassed itself by having its greenest Christmas ever.
With the local council’s efforts to encourage residents to reduce, reuse and recycle clearly having a huge effect, a hefty 21 tonnes of real Christmas trees were taken to recycling centres and collected from household kerbs at the end of the festive season, which were then turned into compost for use in public parks and private allotments alike. An especially nice touch was that the tree collection points were very accessible, such as the Homebase in Milngavie, the Bishopbriggs Retail Park and William Patrick Library in Kirkintilloch. So after families had enjoyed stuffing their bellies with turkey, Quality Street chocolates and Bucks Fizz and decided to go spend their Christmas money, it was very easy for them to drop off the shedding conifer for environmentally friendly reprocessing at the same time. Consequently, there was a 15% increase in tree recycling on the previous year, which is quite an achievement.
Meanwhile, 151 tonnes of food was recycled in East Dunbartonshire over the festive period, which was also a 15% rise on the local council’s average weekly activity. With 2013 being the first year of the area’s food recycling service, it seems they received more sprouts, mashed potato and pigs in blankets than anticipated, but clever planning and efficient facilities meant that they hadn’t bitten off more than they could chew.
On top of that, residents led a campaign to increase the recycling of Christmas cards and wrapping paper, which was met with a mighty 21% increase in dry recycling compared to Christmas 2012.
We’re very impressed with this result and sincerely hope that other councils and their residents follow suit. Recycling is so important – not simply for the environment, but also for the economy. Ineffective waste disposal is expensive for the country, as materials are quite literally thrown away. Recycling, on the other hand, is a more complex process, but it results in far less damage to both the local and global ecology through the returning of materials into the nation’s infrastructure, from paper and glass to clothing and compost.
Can you improve your home and workplace waste management? Even if you currently recycle everything you can (including bus tickets, batteries and electrical products), perhaps you could make the process more efficient by washing out and crushing food packaging before chucking it in its designated bin. Let’s show East Dunbartonshire that we respect their achievements and walk beside them on the path to making Britain a zero waste economy. | <urn:uuid:849c4014-df5e-409e-b953-eec8c9ceb718> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.recyclingbins.co.uk/blog/lets-all-follow-dunbartonshire-example/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00636-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973233 | 545 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Limiting structured activities allows kids to establish interests and self-discipline, according to a new study at the University of Colorado Boulder, one of the first of its kind.
The study, published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology, says that kids who spend time reading, playing or exploring nature in the absence of predetermined structure are more proactive than those whose parents pack their schedules with lessons and study sessions.
They are also better able to meet their own goals than those who are carted from one pre-organized activity to another outside of school and homework, say researchers.
According to senior author Yuko Munakata, CU-Boulder psychology and neuroscience professor, over-structuring could interfere with the development of "self-directed executive function," a scientific term referring to independent, proactive thinking and decision-making.
"Executive function is extremely important for children," says Munakata. "It helps them in all kinds of ways throughout their daily lives, from flexibly switching between different activities rather than getting stuck on one thing, to stopping themselves from yelling when angry, to delaying gratification."
The study delves into a heated controversy that erupted with the 2011 publication of an article by "Tiger Mother" Amy Chua in the Wall Street Journal entitled "Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior," making the case for tightly structured parenting.
Despite ongoing controversy, scientific evidence in support of lax or rigid parenting styles can be lacking.
"These are societally important questions that come up quite often in social commentary and casual conversations among parents," Jane Barker, a CU-Boulder doctoral student working with Munakata and lead author of the study. "So it's important to conduct research in this area, even if the questions are messy and not easy to investigate."
In the one-week study, researchers interviewed 70 parents of six-year-old children about their scheduled daily activities and classified them using science-oriented definitions of structured time, often referred to by economists.
Barker says the definitions were selected for use in the study because they were the most rigorous ones they could find.
Sleeping, eating, school and commutes were not taken into account.
Chores, lessons and religious activities are examples of activities that fell into the structured category, whereas social outings, play time, internet surfing and reading were classified as being unstructured.
Researchers then evaluated the children using an industry-standard verbal fluency test.
The end result indicates that self-directed executive function is more prevalent in children who spend more time in unstructured activities.
"Executive function during childhood also predicts important outcomes, like academic performance, health, wealth and criminality, years and even decades later," says Munakata.
Researchers involved in the study admit more work is necessary but are happy to have cut the ribbon in the area they say needs scientific attention.
Parents should by no means cancel all structured activites, for some music lessons, in particular, may in fact help improve executive brain function, according to an American study out this month. | <urn:uuid:3b56cdbc-2235-4367-ab97-edad3f4edd58> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.bcbsal.org/web/index.html/-/youbar/Kids_with_freer_schedules_are_better_able_to_meet_goals__study.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737904854.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221824-00065-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962216 | 689 | 2.9375 | 3 |
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - The spacecraft team that brought us close-ups of Pluto will ring in the new year by exploring an even more distant and mysterious world.
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft will zip past the scrawny, icy object nicknamed Ultima Thule (TOO-lee) soon after the stroke of midnight.
Ultima Thule will be the farthest world ever explored by humankind. It is 1 billion miles beyond Pluto and an astounding 4 billion miles from Earth. No spacecraft has visited anything so primitive.
The spacecraft flew past Pluto in 2015, providing the first close-up views of the dwarf planet. It will zoom within 2,200 miles of Ultima Thule, its seven science instruments going full blast.
It will take about 10 hours to get confirmation that the spacecraft completed - and survived - the encounter.
- Pluto explorer ushering in new year at more distant world
- Ancient scars on Pluto and Charon reveal distant space objects
- 'Farout,' the most-distant solar system object discovered
- Cold front ushers in more crisp air Wednesday
- Vehicle flips on Explorer Boulevard in Huntsville
- Morgan County educators explore careers for students
- A few showers usher in the first full day of spring
- Winter is coming to destroy Pluto's atmosphere by 2030, study says
- Beverly Hills real estate agent accused of burglarizing homes of celebrities including Usher and Adam Lambert
- NASA chief says what we're all thinking: Pluto should be a planet again | <urn:uuid:bb9df45a-914e-45cf-b9b2-4be19c253b24> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.waaytv.com/content/news/Pluto-explorer-ushering-in-new-year-at-more-distant-world-503561971.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.880604 | 315 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I’m getting a head start with the new season of First Lego League by incorporating the Game challenge into Digital Technologies and STEM for year 8. This has resources for the 2019 challenge, but can very easily be updated for 2020 and beyond. I have tried to make it about designing algorithms with pseudocode, as much as possible, so that any coding IDE can be used. At the moment, it uses MakeCode and I plan on updating it to the new scratch-like EV3 Classroom when it is available.
I have just finished writing a Unit of Work targeted at the Vex IQ Challenge. This is using the ACARA standards, but could easily be mapped to others. It also incorporates some Agile Project Management skills.
The PDF version is embedded below, but the onenote version can be accessed via the DigTech link above. | <urn:uuid:d07bbc85-ac7a-4e7e-acda-ea95ac3cb832> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.throughtheclassroomdoor.com/tag/robotics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400265461.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927054550-20200927084550-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.933803 | 174 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Let’s learn how to draw a book! In this article, we will go through the whole process of drawing a book, step-by-step.
We will start this tutorial with a single opened book (lying on a table). After that we will move on to multiple closed books in a stack.
So, grab your pencil and an eraser and let’s get started!
- 1 Drawing an opened book
- 2 Drawing a stack of books
- 2.1 Starting with a simple rectangle
- 2.2 Cloning the basic shape
- 2.3 Connecting the corners
- 2.4 Deleting unnecessary lines
- 2.5 Adding another rectangle
- 2.6 Cloning and connecting the lines
- 2.7 Deleting lines
- 2.8 Adding a smaller book
- 2.9 Cloning lines
- 2.10 Erasing unnecessary lines again
- 2.11 Drawing the last book
- 2.12 Make the book look thick
- 2.13 Deleting lines again
- 2.14 Adding details
- 2.15 Making the books look interesting
- 2.16 Applying tonal values and shading
Drawing an opened book
Starting with a vertical line
The first step in drawing an opened book is to make a straight line as a reference.
Adding two more lines
After that, add another one to the left and right. We will use these lines as a reference to draw the basic shape.
Drawing the basic shape of the book
To start drawing the basic shape of the book, connect each straight line with a curved line. Once completed, you’ll have the form of an open book drawing.
Add thickness to the book
The basic shape is now visible, and we are stepping into the thickening stage where we will try to make the book drawing look thick. Otherwise, it will just look like a piece of paper.
Detailing the outline
Next, we will add some details to the outline. The contents of the book consist of several pages, so we will draw thin lines at the edges to show that its a stack of multiple papers.
Drawing the cover
In addition to content, books also have covers (for sure). In the following step, we will draw straight lines from the left side to the right side and add a curved line at the bottom of the book. Finally, the book will look way more complete, doesn’t it?
Shading the cover
To differentiate between the content and the cover of the book, add a little bit of shading to the cover. The new contrast helps a lot!
Even more shading
In the next step, we will add tone values and shading to the surfaces of the book. This makes our book look even more realistic. The shadow also helps to make the drawing look like a book on a table.
Finally, we will add a bookmark as an alternative way to beautify the drawing of the opened book. Looks like it’s time to read, now.
This was the first part of the drawing tutorial. Now let’s move on to the stack of books.
Drawing a stack of books
Starting with a simple rectangle
We will start by drawing a rectangle-like shape using four straight lines. It will be the top of the first book.
Notice how the sides come together slightly as they move away from the viewer. It is known as perspective, and converging lines are orthogonal lines.
Cloning the basic shape
Next, we need to redraw the rectangle we drew earlier. It’s just like a cloned version of the basic shape moved upwards.
Connecting the corners
Add some curved lines in each corner of the rectangle so we can see the shape of the book faintly.
Deleting unnecessary lines
You only need to remove some unnecessary lines. After that, we will get the basic shape of the first book. A good start but I want to add some more books!
Adding another rectangle
To create multiple piles of books, we repeat the same process for each book.
Starting by drawing a rectangle, adding another rectangle above it, connecting each corner with curved lines, and removing the guidelines from inside.
We continue this method until we get four neatly arranged book drawings. So let’s start our second book.
Cloning and connecting the lines
Like before, just draw a copy of the first shape. The distance to the first shapes defines the height of the book.
Remember to connect the corners with some curved lines.
Now delete the inner lines of the second book. Quite good, isn’t it?
Adding a smaller book
Make the third book look different by drawing another rectangle with a slight rotation. This book is a little smaller than the others.
You know what is coming next: Repeat the basic shape and connect the corners.
Erasing unnecessary lines again
And again, erase the superfluous lines. Our stack of books is slowly starting to take shape!
Drawing the last book
The next step is to draw another rectangle with a different rotation. It will also be a smaller one. The reason for this is that we will be drawing a book that is slightly thicker than the others.
The purpose of making it thicker is to showcase the diversity of books.
Make the book look thick
Again, add the same rectangle above. Connect each corner with a curved line to form the book’s volume. The fourth book appears way thicker than the others.
Deleting lines again
After that, remove the guidelines from the inside. With that, the fourth drawing of a book is finished.
Looks easy and fun, right? But we’re not done here yet. There are still a few more steps to finish the full stack of books.
Alright, we have four book drawings, but we need to add details to enhance their appearance. We’ll start by thickening the outlines, and then we’ll add thin lines to show both the cover and body of the book. This will give the books more depth and detail.
The outline has been thickened and some light lines have been added to the body of the book, resulting in a noticeable difference between the cover and body.
Making the books look interesting
Let’s add some more details to make our books look interesting. To do this, draw some details on the spine of the books.
Applying tonal values and shading
We will move on to the final step, which is adding tonal values to the books. This process is very important because it makes our drawing look much more realistic.
Now you have a stack of books! Continue to create your own version by changing the number and type of books.
I hope you enjoyed the tutorial! Feel free to write in the comments how well your book drawing turned out. Have fun being creative. | <urn:uuid:050e765b-c490-41f0-8c6d-2bbf31d95250> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://dreieck.com/en/drawing/book/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.928829 | 1,452 | 3.65625 | 4 |
A year and a half ago, Turkish Finance Minister Naci Agbal voiced reservations about selling off publicly owned sugar plants, which had long been slated for privatization. Speaking in the rural province of Corum in September 2016, Agbal stressed that the chain of production in sugar plants involved local sugar beet suppliers, meaning that whole communities living on agriculture could be affected. “When it comes to privatizing sugar factories, one has to think 40 times,” he said.
Whether the government thought it over 40 times remains unknown, but on Feb. 20, the Prime Ministry Privatization Administration announced its intention to sell off some of the 25 plants of the publicly owned Turkish Sugar Factories Company (Turkseker).
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Turkey accounts for 7% of global sugar beet production, which makes it the world’s sixth-largest producer after the United States, France, Germany, Russia and Ukraine. The country produces about 2.6 million tons of sugar from sugar beets annually, half of which comes from Turkseker factories and the other half from the plants of the Pankobirlik cooperative.
The Privatization Administration said it would sell off 14 factories — most of them in relatively poor regions in central and eastern Turkey — and invited bids from April 3-18. The plan triggered harsh objections from a wide range of quarters — factory employees and their trade unions, local communities, sugar beet producers, opposition parties and consumers across the nation. The scale of the protests is likely to grow in the coming days.
The initial decision to privatize the sugar factories dates to 2000, two years before the Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power. In 2008, the AKP government placed the factories on its privatization program. A decade has passed since then, and although public assets worth some $70 billion were privatized in the meantime, the sell-off of the sugar factories was delayed. Why?
First, Ankara was wary of public outcry due to the move’s potential impact on various groups involved in the industrial and agricultural connections of the sector as well as the risks that could arise in terms of consumer issues.
Another problem stemmed from the diverse profile of the plants slated for privatization. A legacy of the early years of the modern Turkish republic, the sugar factories were among the three pillars — “the three whites” — of the First Industry Plan, inaugurated in 1934 to promote import-substituting industrial development, based on raw materials. The plan encouraged sugar beet growing and sugar production, and included similar measures for the two other “whites” — wheat (flour) and cotton (textile).
The first factories built under the program were profitable facilities, located in regions such as Alpullu, Usak, Eskisehir and Turhal, where sugar beet production was thriving. In time, however, sugar factories came to be seen as a vanguard to spread the industrial drive to underdeveloped, impoverished provinces. As a result, the sugar industry acquired a dual character. While some factories operated profitably, others remained inefficient, functioning as a source of employment and social benefits in underdeveloped areas that lacked even adequate sugar beet crops.
The factories in the Pankobirlik cooperative have been operating rather successfully, which shows that, with some effort, Turkseker could also become a profitable public enterprise with no economic burden for the government.
Since 2000, however, the sector has received none of the modernization and automation investments it needs to acquire a sustainable structure, a point highlighted also in a number of official reports. Yet despite the lack of investment, the consolidated balance sheets of the 25 factories speak of an enterprise that is not in the red as a whole, though it is not making big profits either.
In the past two years, the budget deficit troubles of the government have notably worsened, amplifying the need for more revenues from privatization. Having sold numerous public lands and buildings, the government has now turned to the sugar factories.
The privatization of Turkseker will have implications for many actors in the sector and could result in significant changes in terms of nutrition and dietary habits.
One of the biggest concerns is that the privatized sugar factories could end up closed or out of the market, as occurred with other privatized facilities in the past. For example, the cigarette plant in Tokat was shut down in 2009, a year after being privatized, even though the sell-off provisions stipulated it should remain operational for at least five years. The same condition applies for the 14 sugar factories on the line; buyers will be free to claim losses and close the facilities after five years.
The closure fears lie at the core of another concern, namely that the market share of starch-based sugar, whose impact on human health has been controversial, would increase. Gokhan Gunaydin, former head of the Agricultural Engineers Chamber and now a high-ranking member of the main opposition Republican People’s Party, is among critics who see an array of downsides, both in terms of health and economics. In a Feb. 26 interview with an online journal, Gunaydin said, “The factories producing starch-based sugar use corn to make sugar. Corn production in Turkey has notably increased, but still we import about 1.5 million tons of corn per year, and almost all of it is genetically modified corn.”
He said foreign companies control 75% of factories producing starch-based sugar in Turkey, implying they would be among the prime beneficiaries if the Turkseker factories exit the market.
Some critics blame starch-based sugar for the increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States. This is another reason stoking concerns over the future of sugar supplies in Turkey, where obesity affects 30% of the population and is as high as 41% among women, according to the Health Ministry.
In sum, the privatization plan has met nationwide objections, posing risks and uncertainties not only for factory employees and sugar beet producers but also for consumers in general. Earlier privatizations, especially of meat and milk enterprises, have led to serious food supply problems, which continue to profoundly affect consumers. Public pressure is now on the rise to avoid the repetition of similar mistakes in the sugar sector. Time will show whether the AKP will lend an ear to the criticism, but the controversy is not likely to die down soon. | <urn:uuid:44d804d5-1a90-43ad-a2bb-e68faa93d1ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://mustafasonmez.net/turkeys-sugar-privatization-faces-bitter-opposition-al-monitor-march-1-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524879.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716201412-20190716223412-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.96326 | 1,306 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hinduism is known to be the world's oldest organized religion. It is also considered to be the basis of all other religions. Read on to learn more about Hinduism, its history, beliefs and symbols.
Hinduism, also known as Sanatana Dharma, is an indigenous religious tradition. The structure of Hinduism does not match the concept of a religion-it is more like an all-encompassing way of life rather than a series of strict religious norms posed on adherers. This belief system advocates total freedom of belief and practice of religion. It accommodates all positive values and hence, is a consortium of complex views accumulated through ages. This religion is not based on a set of dogmas preached by any saint or teacher-it is inherently practical and beautifully logical. However, holy books like Vedas, Upanishads and Puranas do exist to provide enlightenment to the observers (called Hindus). The four Vedas namely the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharva Veda are the authentic texts of Hinduism comprising of hymns, incantations, rituals and the importance of practicing them in daily life. Other holy books include the epics which show us how 'Karma' (actions) . The concept of God in Hinduism is largely empathic with natural powers like Agni (fire), Vayu (wind), Varuna (Water) etc. The concept of 'Trimurti' or "Three-forms" (comprisind of the Gods Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva) is related to the three stages of life namely Sristi (Birth), Sthiti (Life) and Samhara (Death). Thus, Hinduism is a philosophical approach to life rather than a religious concept.
Hinduism is an accumulation of diverse traditions and has no specific person to point out as a founder. This religion was not started as a religion or a system; it started as a regulated way of life which, with the passage of time, transformed into the concept of religion. Inscription like Vedas, originally meant for the betterment of life of the common people, took up the form of holy books and now, Hinduism is a major religion in India. The teachings of Vedas, Upanishads and epics paved the way for the wholesome development of this religion and its teachings are so timeless and practical that it can sustain itself till the end of time.
A Brief History
- No specific point of origin can be sited for Hinduism. It was not founded with a religious perspective.
- The origin of Hinduism is rooted in the pre-historic era with its ancient scriptures dating back to more than four thousand years ago.
- The traces of Hinduism can be seen in Iron Age India, and hence it is recognized as "oldest living major religion".
- It essentially originated as a set of advices or regulations to help people lead a disciplined social life. This set of rules adhered to practical aspects like fulfillment of duties, importance of moral values and the importance of self-realisation through meditation.
- One can see that Hinduism is not confined to the teachings of a specific person or a single God—it follows polytheism i.e., the practice of worshipping innumerable gods, each one of them corresponding to either a philosophy, or a natural power or representation of certain moral value or quality.
- Hindus believes in Incarnations (Avatars) of God to restore Dharma (values) and guide people towards Moksha (salvation).
- Hinduism does not support apostasy, heresy and blasphemy and has a very different (and rather liberal!) structure as compared to other religions.
- While looking deeper into the concepts of Hinduism, you can find that there is no specific theological system or a single system of morality in Hinduism. The teachings of this religion are scattered, usually represented indirectly as a character in epics. For example, the life of Lord Rama teaches the ideal way of living life without compromising on ideologies and duties, while that of Hanuman teaches loyalty. Karna’s life stands for generosity and Arjun’s is based on Karma (action).
- There is no single holy text in Hinduism—the ideologies are instead embedded in stories and examples portrayed in various story forms like Ramayana, Mahabharata and Durga Saptshati etc.
- Hinduism advocates practicing philosophical ideologies. As a religion and a method of life, it cares not only for the physical health of the observers, but also for the mental health. Hence, Yoga and Meditation are two important aspects of Hinduism, both essential for a healthy soul, mind and body, thus leading towards the ultimate goal of self-realization. The ultimate goal of a Hindu is to attain Moksha which is a complete liberation from re-birth and dissolution of the soul in the Holy Spirit.
Hinduism never hesitated to accommodate changes. Hence it has undergone considerable changes. For example, Sati was a custom in Hinduism where the widowed wife voluntarily submitted herself to the funeral pyre of her husband. However, with changing time and ideologies, this practice was abolished for the greater good of the community.
As mentioned earlier, Hinduism is a way of life and hence, most of the rituals like worshiping the sun in the morning, reciting religious scripts, singing hymns, meditation and chanting mantras etc. are performed on a daily basis. Special rituals are also performed on various ceremonies like marriages, births and deaths. However, there is no uniform pattern of rituals among Hindus. The rituals, largely believed to vary according to castes, actually vary according to the belief of a community. However, Hindus generally believe in Kundali (or Birth-Horoscopes) which are based on the time of birth, this tradition is also becoming less widespread. Nowadays, people have started believing more in compatibility amongst individuals rather than compatibility of horoscopes. Hindu marriages still take place in front of the Holy fire and are accompanied by the chanting of Mantras.
According to 2011 census, India is the hub of Hindus with about 80% of the total Indian population following this religion. Hinduism is also a major religion in countries like Nepal, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
There are several Holy centers for Hindus; most of them are in India. Cities like Haridwar, Varanasi and Vrindavan are important religious centers in Northern India while Southern India also boasts of several important shrines and cities. Puri, in Orissa, is famous for its Vaishnava Jagannath temple which hosts the famous Rath Yatra celebration. Katra, on the other hand, is home to the famous Vaishno Devi temple. Visiting the four holy places Puri, Rameswaram, Dwarka, and Badrinath (or alternatively the Himalayan towns of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri) is known as the Char Dham Yatra (Travel of the Four Abodes) which is considered to be the paramount pilgrimage for Hindus.
Tirumala-Tirupati, home to Lord Tirumala Venkateswara, is another important holy destination for Hindus and is also the richest temple-trust of India. Kailasam, home to Lord Shiva, is seated in Himalayas and, according to the political map, is currently in Tibet. Pushkar is another famous destination in the colourful state of Rajasthan and is known best for the Pushkar Mela (Pushkar Fair). This is said to be the only place in the world where a temple is dedicated to Lord Brahma, the Creator.
The famous Hindu festivals are Maha Shivaratri, Pongal, Holi, Vasant Panchami, Thaipusam, Ram Navami, Krishna Janmastami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dussera, Durga Puja, Diwali, Guru Purnima and Raksha Bandhan.
Hinduism is a highly philosophical religion. Many of its concepts like Vedanta, Karma, Dharma, Bhakti, Moksha etc., have different levels of interpretation. They may appear simple when seen superficially but for an intellectual, these are ideologies that delve into various aspects of life and death.
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Whiskered screech-owls (Otus trichopsis) and northern pygmy-owls (Glaucidium gnoma) delivered freshly caught Yarrow's spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) and striped plateau lizards (S. virgatus) to nestlings from dusk to dark in southeastern Arizona. This observation stimulated studies of the prey deliveries by the owls and lizard activity patterns, because the lizards are not known to be nocturnal. Lizards were more frequent prey of both owls than endothermic vertebrates but infrequent compared to arthropods, a pattern in the pygmy-owl that differs from its northern populations. Yarrow's spiny lizard, the most abundant and frequently captured lizard, was most active in the morning but also active in the evening. Striped plateau lizard, the second most abundant and depredated species, had morning and evening peaks of activity. Few lizards, including S. clarki and Urosaurus ornatus, but not Cnemidophorus exsanguis and C. sonorae, were active at or after dark, when relatively few were captured by the owls.
Additional publication details
Nocturnal activity by diurnal lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi, S. virgatus) eaten by small owls (Glaucidium gnoma, Otus trichopsis) | <urn:uuid:037bfaa2-d8e2-43eb-ab56-b6883d5d191e> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70025399 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051299749.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005459-00218-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950867 | 295 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Hi I'm Tricia a California organic gardener. Those of us that are parents want our kids to eat healthy so that they grow strong and thrive and gardeners are the same way about their plants. Today I'm going to give you some tips and general guidelines on how to feed your plants so that they grow big and strong.
Fertilizers can be top dressed, tilled in, watered in, even sprayed on the foliage. Many granular powdered or pelleted fertilizers are simply topped dressed or side dressed meaning you just put a little bit into the soil around the plant. Simply apply the fertilizer in recommended amounts around the plant I'm using this Down To Earth all-purpose fertilizer formulated for transplants. Avoid getting any on the leaves and don't touch the stem of the plant. When you're done your going to gently water the fertilizer into the soil. Top dressing doesn't disturb the roots of plants and it usually seeps in slowly over the season. Look at my little babies top dressing is great for perennials like blueberries and raspberries. Foliar feeding is the best way to get nutrients immediately to your plants. With foliar feeding you spray the fertilizer over the entire surface of the plant the nutrients are quickly absorbed and available to the plants foliar feeding should be done in the evening or the early morning so the sun doesn't burn the wet plants.
So some of the organic favorites like compost tea or liquid fish and liquid kelp are great fertilizers for foliar feeding. For automatic fertilizing you can install a fertilizer injector system right into your irrigation systems. This device is an Add It fertilizer injector system and it's great because you can install it with any type of irrigation system: sprinkler, drip, garden house. Simply attach it to your irrigation system and fill it up with fertilizer your plants will be fertilized every time you water. For young vegetables you want to give them a little nitrogen fertilizer like this sea bird guano or the liquid fish which will encourage vegetative growth. To encourage flowering and fruiting use a high phosphorus fertilizer like the Earth Juice Bloom or the ultra bloom plant food. Finish off the season with a high potassium fertilizer to enhance the flavor of your harvest. So here's to healthily nourished kids and plants and grow organic for life | <urn:uuid:d14a5f52-bbca-4562-8399-0c615b1e33f5> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://groworganic.com/organic-gardening/videos/organic-fertilizer-fertigation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463460.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00115-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918344 | 469 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It goes without saying that accurate weather forecasts are important for numerous commercial activities such as farming, fishing, transport, energy exploitation and, of course, for generally planning our daily affairs.
Our daily forecasts rely on numerical weather prediction, which is a process that generates mathematical models of the current weather to predict what the weather will be like in the future, usually over the next few days.
Although weather forecasts have advanced considerably in recent years, Aeolus is set to advance them even further.
Global wind profiles delivered in near-real time by Aeolus will help improve numerical weather prediction models, which in turn, will therefore help improve forecasts.
It is well known that interactions between wind, temperature and humidity play a key role in determining these atmospheric dynamics, but without the quantity of data that a satellite-based-observation system can provide, these interactions remain difficult to model. Data from Aeolus will improve our understanding of these interactions, which will not only lead to more accurate predictions, but also to better descriptions of precipitation, humidity, and Hadley circulation in the Tropics.
By defining the initial state of the weather with more accuracy, and improving the modelling of wind movements, Aeolus will help create more useful tropical forecasts. This should lead to, among other benefits, better estimates of the position and intensity of tropical cyclones.
In the southern hemisphere's extra-tropics, a dramatic improvement is expected in the short-range forecasting of synoptic events. In the northern hemisphere, there are still cases of forecast failures for events such as strong mid-latitude storms. The percentage of failures will be reduced with the introduction of Aeolus observations. Over the whole globe, small-scale details of intense wind events will improve for short-range forecasts because of the earlier detection of their development.
Medium-range forecasts will also improve thanks to Aeolus. By providing better definition of the planetary-scale waves and more uniform coverage of the Earth, the satellite will enable forecasters to make more accurate predictions for both hemispheres. The greatest improvement, however, is expected to occur in the extra-tropical regions of the southern hemisphere, where the lack of conventional data coverage currently makes predictions difficult.
Aeolus will also be used in air-quality models to improve forecasts of dust and other airborne particles that affect public health. | <urn:uuid:96cdcc35-2653-4180-9775-e320d148796f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Aeolus/Forecasting_weather | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826968.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215174802-20181215200802-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.936454 | 482 | 3.484375 | 3 |
UNCEDED: VOICES OF THE LAND
CANADA AT THE 16 th VENICE BIENNALE OF ARCHITECTURE
AN ENCOUNTER WITH DOUGLAS J. CARDINAL
“We see the earth as a Client. Architecture is the play of light, sun, shade, moon, air, wind, gravity in ways that reveal the mysteries of the world. All of these resources are free”, declared the curators of “Free Space”, the 16th Venice Architecture Biennale, Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara.
“Unceded: Voices of the Land”, Canada’s official entry, presented by Douglas J. Cardinal, architect of the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in Washington DC, curated by David Fortin, Director of the McEwen School of Architecture at Laurentian University, Ontario, and Gerald McMaster, professor of Indigenous Visual Culture and Critical Curatorial Studies at OCAD University,Toronto, responds to Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara’s statement through the work of 18 Indigenous architects and designers, showcasing contemporary Native Architecture in Canada and the United States.
Divided into four thematic territories --Sovereignty, Resilience, Colonization, Indigeneity-- the exhibition addresses the fundamental values of Native people reflected in today’s architecture, shining the light on Indigenous architecture as a way of being, as underlined by Douglas Cardinal.
Born in 1934 in Calgary, Alberta, from Métis, Blackfoot, German and Algonquin heritage, Douglas Cardinal grew up in Red Deer, Alberta, where he studied at St. Joseph's Convent Residential School. In 1952, he attended the School of Architecture at the University of British Columbia, and later the School of Architecture of the University of Austin, Texas, from which he graduated in 1963. Douglas Cardinal received an award from UNESCO, for best sustainable village, and was awarded “World Master of Contemporary Architecture” by the International Association of Architects. In 1990, he was made Officer of the Order of Canada, in 1999 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, and in 2012, he received the Diamond Jubilee Medal.
Settled in Ottawa, he currently works on a sport complex, “Fortitude”, in Orleans, Ottawa. Douglas Cardinal‘s philosophy and ideal envision architecture as a collective adventure, including the clients in their projects, so that the buildings will intimately relate to the inherent nature of their communities.
Invited at the Biennale to present “Unceded: Voices of the Land”, the first ever Indigenous- led exhibition representing Canada, he shared his visions for the future of Indigenous architecture, and his hopes for a global environmental awareness.
What does the topic of “Free Space” evokes, for you, and how did you select the architects?
Free space is about the nature of our people, who always had a sense of freedom, and cared for the beauty of the land: we lived that way for thousand of years before being colonized. David Fortin had the idea to submit Indigenous architects to the Canada Council for the Arts in charge of the presentation at the Biennale. The architects asked me to be the presenter, and I accepted, if we had traditional Native Elders involved, to show the importance of our Indigenous culture to the world. It was a great experience: the people in Venice were very responsive to what we had to present. And of course, being in Venice, so beautiful, was very nice.
What made you decide to become an architect, and who were your influencers?
I was brought up in a convent, surrounded by arts, culture; my mother trained me in music and arts. So I understood the importance of art and architecture, and felt I wanted to become an architect, as I could see how architecture would influence people‘s thinking. Frank Lloyd Wright was one of my influences. And one of my professors introduced me to Rudolf Steiner, who had a great influence on my architecture, because of his spiritual vision, his concern to build with love and care for the people: he was an architect in his approach of education, how he responded to the rhythm and the growth of the children in a natural way, bringing their beauty and values into the world, instead of colonizing them to fit into a patriarchal system of power and control.
Would you say that is what happened to the Native children? How do control and power manifest?
Absolutely; it was all about being forced into a colonial way of thinking, of power and control. But the Indigenous people follow the matriarchal system, of loving, caring, cooperation. The church and state make decisions for the people from the cradle to the grave; and even after. But architecture is about fulfilling people’s dreams and visions, without allowing the system to interfere: it is about freedom. The freedom of choice, not being programed to fit into a patriarchal system. I include the community and the people into the plans of the building, so I can build around their needs. Nobody ever asks the teachers, or students, how to design a class room: but when you do that, you get a building that serves the people properly. The ones who use the building know what works for them: a school genitor knows the school he works in, so you have to consult him.
So when you built the Oneida casino and resort, did you meet with the community before starting the construction?
Definitely. I had them make all the decisions: they had enough people deciding for them in the past, and I do not want to perpetrate that colonial mentality. I make sure they make all the decisions themselves, as they know how to use the space, and what they want. I had the people in the community tell me what their needs were, and I asked them to criticize whatever I do, so I could make changes according to their wishes: I put full responsibility in their hands, as it is for them, so they are the ones who should decide. Architecture is just about serving people, to bring their visions and reality, and not assume that you know all, forcing your vision on people. It is hearing the people’s vision, and carry out their dreams. Architects are usually like the society they serve: it is about power and control. That is not what I do. I do not want to build pyramids for the system, but rather work for the people. It is another way of looking at the world: instead of using your intellect, you look at the world from your heart and feelings. I gave Presidents Francois Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac a tour of the Ottawa Museum of History in Gatineau, and they liked it.
What is the specificity of Native architecture, which examples would there be?
The architecture built in stones, before the arrival of the Europeans: the Mayans, and the Incas in South America, were great builders, who related to their culture and people. Indigenous people always lived in harmony with their values, and built in harmony with their environment and community. There was a relationship between the structures the people lived in, and their culture: when you live in harmony and respect with your environment and the people around you, whatever you do reflects that. The Indigenous world vision is far more compatible with the planet then the Western view, mainly related to power and control, not harmony.
Do you see an evolution among young Native architects, and do Native companies favor Indigenous architects for their projects?
Yes; the young ones want to be able to bring back their values and culture, and it is very important. Native companies are sometimes forced by the Bureau of Indian affairs to work with architects they have not chosen, but they would rather hire Indigenous architects, who think like they do.
You designed a hospital based on Indigenous beliefs and values: do some spaces have a healing quality, or, reverse, can they be destructive, because they do not fit people’s needs?
Space can be healing, when it reflects caring and loving qualities. And it can be destructive; or just serve the ministry who requested it. We had to build a hospital: who knows about patients care? The nurses know how things should be, so they should be included, with the doctors: I had doctors and nurses designing a hospital, which ended up being different from what the Department of Health wanted to implement. And not only did I include the doctors, but the medicine men who heal the people in the hospital; I introduced Indigenous healers inside the facilities and the operating rooms, where we combined both approach – traditional and medical -. Traditionally, Native people built Sundance lodges, healing lodges for their spiritual ceremonies: certain spaces are healing.
Given the way Native communities have been treated, put on reservations, with poor housing, going through a destructive history of their people, their space, does Indigenous architecture represent a political act today?
The architectural factor, or its absence, was part of the apartheid and the genocide policy of the Canadian government. Architecture has always been important through the ages, and can be very constructive for creating social changes. So maybe will we able to transmit our values, to make changes in the world; so that people become more respectful of the environment.
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Senegal: Ensuring no school children are left behind
Since 2014, Handicap International has been running an inclusive education project in Senegal in the regions of Dakar and Ziguinchor. One of the project’s flagship initiatives is to provide medical consultations in primary schools for the early screening of pathologies which might lead to a delay in learning or even to the affected children dropping out of education. Adama Awa Ba, 12 years old, is one of the programme’s first beneficiaries.
Adama Awa Ba, a twelve-year old school girl, undergoes a medical visit in a primary school in the Patte d’Oie district of Dakar. | © Jean-Jacques Bernard / Handicap International
Adama, 12 years old, has problems with her sight which for a long time held her back at school. "I couldn’t play with my friends and in class I could never read what the teacher was writing," she says.
Her family didn’t have the financial means to help her. A pair of prescription glasses costs at least between 15,000 and 60,000 CFA francs (around £19 to £78), which is well over what her parents, both small shopkeepers in the Patte d’Oie district of east Dakar, could afford.
Without glasses, Adama had no hope of following her lessons properly. "As I couldn’t understand, I never wanted to go up to the board, I was ashamed," explained Adama. Her marks went downhill. The fear of going up to the board gradually transformed into a fear of going to school. There was a genuine risk that Adama would become completely withdrawn.
Adama is by no means the only child in this situation.
In 2014 and 2015, Handicap International conducted medical visits in 31 primary schools in Dakar to identify school children suffering from pathologies that might affect their academic performance.
Out of the 18,850 school children who attended the consultations, 1,038 were diagnosed with various pathologies. Adama was diagnosed as having a problem with her sight. She was given a pair of glasses by Handicap International, like 150 other children in the same situation.
Adama can now follow her lessons again. "I want to become a doctor to help other children like me," she says proudly! | <urn:uuid:e91001ec-432e-4349-879e-abf483a7a5ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://humanity-inclusion.org.uk/en/news/senegal-ensuring-no-school-children-are-left-behind | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202642.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322094932-20190322120932-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.980521 | 491 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In the richest nation on earth, people are mired in poverty. Food is produced on a vast scale, yet families go hungry. Homeless men and women huddle in doorways of boarded-up housing. A deep-rooted cause of this inequality, the author reveals, lies in an injustice that permeates the economic system of America and the world, an injustice that is as unquestioned today as slavery once was.
Rybeck shares with the reader his discovery that how property tax is levied is crucial to this issue. Contrary to a common belief that all taxes are necessary evils, the author distinguishes taxes that suppress the economy from those that spur well-being for individuals, business, and society at large. He presents a strategy for gradually increasing beneficial taxes and reducing harmful ones.
His prescriptions are based both on economic theory and on examination of success stories from the United States and elsewhere where these prescriptions have been adopted. Reaching back into history, the author finds that easy access to land and natural resources played a major role in fostering America’s early dynamic economy. He urges wider use of land value taxation to reverse land monopoly and sky-high land prices and restore a vigorous and competitive enterprise system with opportunity for all. Though America is the case study, the remedy is applicable worldwide.
Not a technical book, the author illustrates concepts, issues, and policies through episodes from his rich life experiences in journalism and public service, giving new insights and slants on the work ethic, land speculation, the housing bubble, property rights, and legally accepted injustices.
Walter Rybeck, Director of the Center for Public Dialogue, was born in West Virginia and studied journalism, political science and economics, graduating from Antioch College. After a career in journalism as Latin American correspondent, reporter and editorial writer in Ohio, and Washington Bureau Chief for Cox newspapers, he became Assistant Director of the National Commission on Urban Problems, then Editorial Director of the Urban Institute. He was assistant to Congressmen Henry S Reuss of Milwaukee and William J Coyne of Pittsburgh.
Keywords: Property tax, Henry George, Land value taxation | <urn:uuid:805368cd-e93e-4de6-9d6b-7e94323a0720> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://shepheard-walwyn.co.uk/product/re-solving-the-economic-puzzle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.951704 | 427 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Mental retardation scientifically termed as intellectual disability (ID) may be often viewed as permanent and untreatable. Well, a ray of hope seems to have arrived in the following discovery. In a major breakthrough, investigators found that Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited form of intellectual disability can be treated.
While conducting the study, more than 100 studies were examined. It then appeared, that FXS is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability. It probably occurs in an array of forms, ranging from mild learning disabilities to more severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. Apparently, FXS is the most common cause of autism or autistic-like behaviors.
Aileen Healy and colleagues are examining the changes occurring in cells and molecules of the body due to a mutation in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene. This gene supposedly manages a key protein that is important for nerve function in the brain. It possibly does not work properly in FXS. Understanding the biological effects of the mutation can purportedly aid in treating FXS.
The research is published in ACS Chemical Neuroscience. | <urn:uuid:521e7ffd-fe4d-40f6-af2e-69d37866ae04> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.healthjockey.com/2011/05/19/common-form-of-inherited-intellectual-disability-appears-treatable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.958853 | 222 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Intervention essays are quite common in evidence-based nursing research assignments. Medical interventions are mostly done in order to test a particular clinical question against a set of desired outcomes. This kind of nursing homework intervention essays are quite patient-focused in nature and they tend to provide a holistic scenario of the situation. However, one must not confuse nursing intervention with medical assessments.
Medical assessments are just observations of the condition of a patient or a specific patient cluster. However, nursing interventions are much more of an active process of involvement with the subjects of the study. Here the nurse gets to monitor observable change in the patient or a number of patients who are undergoing similar treatments.
If you want help or assistance with your nursing intervention essay then you can visit our page Nursing Intervention Essay Help and check out the details. Meanwhile you can go through the basics of writing an intervention essay in this particular article.
6 Best Tips for Writing Nursing Intervention Essay
Determine the Domain of Intervention
In nursing research there are few basic domains based on which you can design your intervention strategy. The domains of the study will not only determine the method of medical intervention but it will also enable you to frame a proper clinical question. The domains of a nursing intervention study are based on various elements. They can be segregated into the following categories:
- Behavioral change of the participants
- Change in community health
- Improvement in family health
- Alteration and suggestions of improvement of a healthcare system
- Physiological change measurement
- Improving safety in healthcare system
Once you make sure about your domain of medical intervention you can move on to choose the type of intervention study you are going to conduct. Based on the type of your study you can further decide on your clinical question and target population.
Select the type of Intervention Strategy
There are many basic forms of intervention studies in nursing. The studies vary according to their clinical parameters, target patient population, and finally the outcome. Based on these factors we have segregated the various methods of intervention that a nurse might perform.
- Clinical Documentations area very common type of intervention study for nurses
- Standardizing communication regarding healthcare
- Thorough research on the effectiveness of a particular intervention strategy is also a very common type of nursing intervention
- Measuring the productivity of certain drugs or any medical treatment is also a very common intervention study in nursing
- Some nursing intervention study focuses on evaluation the competency of certain healthcare system of a certain country or geographic location
- Designing of medical curriculum for a patient or a group of patients undergoing the same condition is also a type of intervention study in nursing.
Now you can choose from any of the above type of intervention studies and design your research based on that.
Frame your Clinical Question
For any evidence-based nursing intervention report it is imperative that you frame you clinical question well. Depending on the domain of the intervention strategy and the type of the study, you can frame many different types of clinical questions. However, do make sure that your clinical question is in adherence to the intervention strategy you have selected. The clinical question should clearly define your target patient population along with the medical intervention you choose to observe.
Define your Target Patient Population
If your clinical question is well defined then you will get an idea about your target patient population. It is essential that you make the population as specific as possible by defining the various demographic factors like age, medical condition, geographical location, stage of treatment and others. Narrowing down your population to some extent will help you obtain a very accurate intervention result and that will help you conclude your hypothesis for the test. But at the same time, make sure that your target population is not too narrow as otherwise the intervention will lose its essence and value.
Choose the proper Medical Intervention
For any evidence-based research it is essential that you choose a very well-researched medical intervention which is bound to produce some results for you. If the medical intervention is not well-known, it would be hard for you to find proper evidence to support or reject your clinical hypothesis. That is why it is imperative that you choose a medical intervention which is bound to reflect any significant alteration among the target population.
Deduce your Outcome
The final step of writing any intervention essay is to deduce and analyze the outcome of your evidence-based research. Clearly stating your outcomes will help you derive to a specific conclusion. You will get to know whether or not your clinical hypothesis was correct. It is vital that you clearly state your outcome as it will also help other nurses and your fellow researchers.
If you need help with your intervention nursing essay you can simply contact us today for guidance and assistance. Helpwithassignment.com offers top quality nursing assignment help and we will be there for you in every step of your research.
Want to know how to proceed?
Fill up the assignment help request form on the right or drop us an email at email@example.com. Feel free to contact our customer support on the company 24/7 Live chat or call us on 312-224-1615. | <urn:uuid:833f873c-185d-4a5f-8c95-116498015d75> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.helpwithassignment.com/blog/nursing-intervention-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573173.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918003832-20190918025832-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.945376 | 1,035 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Happy final Sunday of NaPoWriMo/GloPoWriMo, everyone!
Today, our featured participant is Kirsten Luckins, whose sonnet for Day 23 is full of questions.
Our poet in translation for today is Estonia’s Hasso Krull, whose poetry is very much influenced by Greek and other myths. (That seems to be a theme with a number of our poets in translation! I guess some topics are evergreen when it comes to poetry). Twelve of Krull’s poems, translated into English, can be found at the link above.
And last but not least, our prompt (optional, as always). Today I challenge you to write a “mix-and-match” poem in which you mingle fancy vocabulary with distinctly un-fancy words. First, spend five minutes writing a list of overly poetic words – words that you think just sound too high-flown to really be used by anyone in everyday speech. Examples might be vesper, heliotrope, or excelsior. Now spend five minutes writing words that you might use or hear every day, but which seem too boring or quotidian to be in a poem. Examples might be garbage disposal, doggy bag, bathroom. Now mix and match examples from both of your lists into a single poem. Hopefully you’ll end up with a poem that makes the everyday seem poetic, and which keeps your poetic language grounded. Happy writing! | <urn:uuid:1f48299b-c99d-4018-bf6c-ab1765793994> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.napowrimo.net/day-twenty-four-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257731.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524184553-20190524210553-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.949585 | 303 | 2.578125 | 3 |
GAUTAMA BUDDHA: The enlightened one, the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, who in the sixth century B.C. became the Buddha. Most Buddhists can relate his story. A popular version of his life is told in the book Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse. A simple introduction to his story is told on the BuddhaNet Web site at http://www.buddhanet.net/bw_bud.htm
GENESIS: The first book of the Bible, called in Hebrew b're-sheet, which translates as beginning. Genesis, of course, is the Greek word for beginnings.
GNOSTICISM - Gnosticism was a pseudo-Christian religious movement which flourished in the first and second centuries AD. Since the discovery of the Nag Hammadi texts (ancient Gnostic texts) in Egypt in 1947 (paralleling the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls), there has been a renewed interest in Gnosticism. Although a concise definition of Gnosticism is elusive, it is probably safe to say the Gnosticism was one of the most syncretistic (pluralistic) and ambitious speculative theological movements in the ancient world, blending everything from Oriental mysticism, Greek philosophy, Christian ideology, mystical Judaism, and everything else in between. Derived from the Greek word "gnosis ," meaning "knowledge, " the Gnostic religions(s) flourished at the same time that the orthodox/canonical Church was attempting to expand throughout the Roman empire. Thus, Gnosticism posed a serious threat to early Christianity. Despite the plurality of influences which defined Gnosticsm, it is possible to identify the three key pillars of Gnosticism upon which the individual Gnostic sects constructed their individual sectarian systems:
COSMOLOGICAL DUALISM - i.e. the spirit/matter distinction, or the idea that there is an antagonism between God (the spiritual realm) and matter (or the sensible, material plane of phenomenal reality). According to this principle (influenced by Plato to a degree, although Plato's conception was different), a sharp dualism exists between two worlds - the "spiritual" world of divine light and the "material" sensible world of darkness. In sum, the Gnostics equated "spirit" with "good" (or light), and "matter" with evil" (or darkness). Thus, as the abode of the principle of evil, the "material," sensible world could not possibly be the handiwork of the Supreme God. From this conclusion, then, the Gnostic thinkers derived the whole conept of a Demiurge, similar to the Platonic notion.
THE DEMIURGIC NOTION - i.e. the YHWH/Demiurge distinction, is the idea that the material universe was "not" created by the Supreme God (i.e. not YHWH, but the God of the New Testament - The Father), but rather by the "Demiurge" (Greek for "craftsman" ); an infererior deity (in some systems, an evil being because he created the evil, material, sensible world - he is identified with the Old Testament God YHWH, and most Gnostics despised Him). Although the philosophical idea of a Demiurge is rooted in the thought of Plato ( cf. Timaeus), the Gnostic notion is fundamentally different. Whereas in the Platonic system the Demiurge creates the world as a reflection of the heavenly Forms ( (Ideas, Ideal Types ) - thus, implying some inherent good in the material creation - the Gnostic system beholds the rabid evil of our decaying world and therefore concludes that such an "evil universe cannot be assigned to a good god." Thus, YHWH is perceived as a finite, imperfect god, and is futhermore accused of being an angry and terrible deity.
THE DOCETIC CHRISTOLOGY - i.e. the view that Christ was not a "material" entity, but rather, a sort of "phantom" who merely bore the similitude of a man for purposes of accomodation. Christologically, Docetism was the logical extension of "cosmological dualism and the "the demiurgic notion." Because the gnostics considered matter inherently evil, the idea of a genuine "material" incarnation was simply unthinkable. Interestingly, part of the docetic Christology asserts that in the fifteenth year of Tiberius (29 AD), Jesus Christ manifested himself suddenly in the synagogue at Capernaum.
GNOSTICISM, GNOSTICS: An early and pre-Christian cultic philosophy that believed matter to be evil and that salvation comes through esoteric or secret knowledge, i.e., gnosis. It is highly debated among Biblical scholars how much influence gnosticism had on the New Testament church.
GOD OF THE GAPS - If a fact of nature, let's say, cannot be explained by science, theists will assert that it is of divine origin. In the past, a "god of the gaps" accusation could have been leveled against the Norwegians who worshiped Thor as the "God of thunder." Just because they could not explain what "thunder" was, they attributed that mystery to a divine origin. Now, of course, we know that "thunder" is simply a meteorological phenomenon. In our day, the mystery of life's origin has resulted in futile attempts by the scientific establishment to solve the problem of how life came into existence; hence, theists will view this as "a gap" and attempt to explain such a mystery by claiming that the answer must be of a divine nature. Scientists, however, will insist that theists are using this "god of the gaps" method of logic - i.e. appealing to a god, rather than attempting to solve the problem. One atheistic response to the god of the gaps is usually, "Just because we can't solve the problem now, doesn't mean that we won't be able to solve it in a hundred years!"
GOD OF THE GAPS is sometimes known as DEUS EX MACHINA ("god out of the machine") , which is a term from classical drama and theater. In a particular play, for instance, when the plot reached a pivotal juncture where there was no natural resolution, a mechanistic apparatus would lower a god down onto the stage and the god would resolve the crisis.
GOD, PROOFS OF THE EXISTENCE OF:
1) THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: literally, from the “logic” of God’s “being” (onto). the claim is that God is a necessary being. Just as a round square is necessarily non-existent, so if we consider the definition of God we realize that he must exist. God is defined as the perfect being, but existence is a perfection; therefore God exists. The argument is scored in the slogan that existence is not a predicate; mathematical logic makes it impossible to use existence in the predicate position.
2) THE ARGUMENT FROM FIRST CAUSE, OR THE UNMOVED MOVER: Everything we are familiar with was created by and set in motion by something else. But if we are to avoid an infinite regress, there must be some first cause which is not itself set in motion by anything else; this first cause, or prime mover, is God.
3) THE WATCHMAKER ARGUMENT: The world is an orderly and beautiful structure; we can tell that it must have been made by someone, just as if you found a watch on an empty beach, you would know, even if you had never seen a watch before, that it must have been made by someone.
GOD: Omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all knowing), and perfectly benevolent creator of the universe. Conceived of as transcending the created universe (as in the Christian tradition) God is thought to exist prior to and beyond the universe which he created from nothing or ex nihilo. Conceived of as immanent (as on pantheistic and Stoic conceptions) God is in the universe (as its guiding spirit or logos) and coextensive with it, not beyond it or prior to it.
GODEL’S INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM: See completeness.
GODHEAD: A word used to describe the supreme being, God. If the complexity of the nature of God is divided into aspects, persons, functions, etc., the unity or the overarching oneness is called the godhead.
GOLDEN MEAN - The doctrine of the golden mean originates in the thought of Aristotle and his ethics. He believed that "moderation" was the proper ethical path, between the two extremes of, let's say, asceticism and riotous living.
GOSPEL: A transliteration of the Old English word, Godspell, meaning literally, "Good News." Christianity defines the gospel as the news that Jesus Christ came as the Messiah, was crucified for the sins of humanity, died and was buried and on the third day arose from the grave in triumph over death, offering similar victory over death to all who believe. For Christians, the "gospel in a nutshell" is recorded in the Gospel of St. John at chapter 3, verse 16, which says, "God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have everlasting life." (KJV). This text, or its reference, John 3:16, has become a popular evangelistic symbol for Christians in contemporary North America.
GREGORIAN CALENDAR: The calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 to be more in line with the reckoning of days according to solar calculations. Gregory's calendar has become the most widely used in the world. It was adopted as the yearly calendar by Great Britain and the American colonies in 1752. Each year has 365 days, and every year divisible by 4 becomes a so-called "leap year" when an extra day is celebrated as February 29. Centennial years are leap years only if they are divisible by 400; thus, the year 1900 was not a leap year, while the year 2000 is.
GROUND OF ALL BEING: An existential-philosophical term posited by the modern Protestant theologian Paul Tillich as a reference to the supreme power of the universe. Generally synonymous with God though not necessarily with the YAHWEH of the Hebrew and Christian scriptures.
GURU: A Hindu spiritual guide or religious teacher, especially in a personal mentoring relationship.The word has been expanded in English to refer to anyone with expertise or special knowledge or skill in a given field who takes a leadership role in the teaching or directing of others.
HADITH: The body of traditional teachings of Islam beyond the teachings of the Koran that are based on the prayers and sayings of Muhammad.
HAJJ: A pilgrimage to Mecca, the fifth of the so-called five pillars of Islam. Every Muslim is required to make at least one visit in a lifetime to Mecca, provided the person is physically and financially capable of such a journey. The hajj has been conducted continuously every year for about 1,400 years. It is a commemoration of the sacrifice, obedience and faith of Abraham, his second wife Hagar, and their son Ishmael.
HALLELUJAH (SEE alleluia): Greek term for "praise to the Lord."
HANUKKAH: (Also spelled CHANUKA and HANUKA): Jewish festival of lights. This holiday celebrates the 2nd-century B.C.E. victory of the Macabees over the Syrians. This holiday begins on the 25th day of the Hebrew month of Kislev, which typically falls in early- or mid-December in the Gregorian calendar. The close juxtaposition of Hanukkah with the Christian celebration of Christmas gives the Jewish holiday the erroneous and unfortunate reputation of being a "Jewish alternative" to Christmas. Editors: Do not refer to this holiday as "the Jewish Christmas."
HARE KRISHNA: A Hindu who worships the god Krishna. A sect of Hinduism popularized in North America and Britain with its musical chanting. Members of the group, called Hare Krishnas, are characterized by their unique tonsure and the wearing of bright saffron robes.
HEDONISM - Indeed, self-gratification. Essentially, this is the principle of "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die" (1 Cor 15:32) - i.e. the idea that if one wants to be happy in life, then he must pursue a lifestyle of pleasure and gratification. (GK: hedone = pleasure) the principle that pleasure is the sole and proper aim of human action. The earliest and most extreme version of ethical hedonism was first advocated by the Cyrenaics, (Aristippus being the founder of the school was from Cyrene), 4th cent. BCE) who claimed that the art of living consists in maximizing the enjoyment of each moment through pleasures of the senses and the intellect. In contrast, the Epicureans (Epicurus 341- 270 BCE) laid emphasis on the attainment of enduring pleasures and the avoidance of pain, stressing the role of prudence and discipline in securing the supreme good: peace of mind. Both the Cyrenaic and the Epicureans were egoistic hedonists. [Cyrenaics +, Epicureans -]. Aristippus is to Bentham as Epicurus is to Mill.
HELIOCENTRISM - The theory that the planets revolve around the sun. Interestingly, the theory had been forwarded as early as 250 BC by Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Greek astronomer. However, the early Greeks (Plato, Aristotle, et al.) had influenced the geocentric theory (i.e. that the astral bodies revolve around the earth ) which would be advanced scientifically by Claudius Ptolemaeus (90-168 AD) - hence, the Ptolemaic cosmology. This geocentric theory lasted until the 16th century with the new speculations of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). The overthrow of the geocentric Ptolemaic cosmology occurred when the theories of Copernicus and Galileo became indisputably substantiated around in the 16th-17th centuries, and thus the scientific revolution began its long march. This pivotal event of heliocentrism can literally be regarded as one of the most important events in intellectual history, its effects being far-reaching and consequential.
HELLENISM - Hellenism , or Hellenization , is the process by which the world adopted Greek thought, culture, and language due primarily to the conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). The Hellenistic period extends in history from the death of Alexander (323 BC) to about 30 BC when the Roman Empire annexed the last major Hellenic kingdom ( Egypt) in about 30 BC. Nevertheless, Hellenism survived in Roman thought and culture, and consequently, it has survived throughout the centuries in the minds of people everywhere, whether in philosophical or political traditions.
HERMENEUTICS: The science or study of interpretation. Derived from the Greek word for interpret. This is often associated with biblical scholarship, especially in Christianity and Judaism. See commentary. See also Midrash.
HINAYANA: Sanskrit word meaning "lesser vehicle." Generally associated with the more conservative branch of Buddhism known as Theravada that is practiced in sects chiefly in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. This non-theistic religion teaches a way to nirvana for a limited few. Compare Mahayana.
HOLOCAUST: A name given to the period in the 1930s and 1940s (1933-1945) when Germany's ruling National Socialists, popularly known as Nazis and led by Adolf Hitler, sought to exterminate all Jews living in Europe as part of their planned conquest of civilization and purification of the race.. An elaborate system of persecution of Jews and death camps set up by the Nazis that systematically murdered more than 6 million Jews was uncovered at the end of World War II. The holocaust is deemed by Jews to be the ultimate humiliation of their religion and nation and has become a symbol of their rallying for human rights and against persecution of any race or religion. A key figure in educating the public concerning the Holocaust has been writer Elie Wiesel, himself a Hungarian Jew and a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp. See anti-Semitism.
HOMILETICS: The art or study of delivering sermons or homilies. Derived from the Latin and Greek terms for discourse, especially that addressed to an assembled group. Compare commentary. Compare also hermeneutics.
HUBBARD, L. RON: Science fiction writer who in 1954 founded the CHURCH OF Scientology, a religious body based on his 1950 book Dianetics. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born in 1911 and died in 1986.
HUMAN POTENTIAL MOVEMENT: A humanistic philosophy that grew out of the Humanistic Psychology theories of Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and several others in the 1970s. It stresses individual potential for health and happiness, rejects traditional religious categories of sin and guilt, but has been a strong ideology for so-called "New Age" religions.
HUMANISM - "Man is the measure of all things," proclaimed Protagoras, the Greek philosopher who lived in the fifth century BC. The term humanism has had numerous connotations over the centuries, some positive, some negative. As a movement, in general, the term is usually connected to the Renaissance era (1350-1600), when certain intellectuals began to absorb the literary genius of Greece and Rome, whose writings had been preserved for the most part in Constantinople. Prior to the conquest of Constantinople by the Muslims in 1453, many Byzantine (Greek) scholars fled to Italy and brought with them the ancient texts of Greek and Roman civilization, including thousands of manuscripts of the New Testament from certain monasteries. In recent years, however, the term humanism has essentially become connected to the movement of secularism (hence, secular humanism) - i.e. those who reject religious belief in general.
HYLOMORPHIC COMPOSITION: the view that everything in the natural world has a two-fold composition of matter (hyle) and form (morphe).
HYPOTHESIS - A statement proposed as true or accurate before actual testing of the claim is made (logically or empirically); a theory. In science, a testable assertion - especially a generalization or lawlike assertion, e.g., Newtons law of universal gravitation which states (in part) "All bodies attract each other with a force inversely proportional to their distance." Hypotheses that survive testing come to be confirmed, whereupon they are provisionally accepted as scientific laws.
HYPOTHETICAL DEDUCTIVE (OR EXPERIMENTAL) METHOD: The scientific method of testing would-be laws (hypotheses) by making predictions of particular observable events, then observing whether the events turn out as predicted. If so, the hypothesis is confirmed. If not, the hypothesis is disconfirmed, or (some would say) refuted.
HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE: command one to do X only if you wanted Y. This conditional statement is not absolutely binding. Hypothetical means 'optional', or contingent. A command that applies, not unconditionally, but only under certain conditions, or given certain purposes. E.g., "If you want to see a good movie rent The Big Lebowski": the command, here, to rent The Big Lebowski applies only on the condition that you want to see a good movie. Similarly, the command to change your oil frequently applies only if you want your car to last; the command to look both ways before crossing only applies if you seek a safe crossing; etc. According to Kant, nonmoral commandments are all of this hypothetical sort. Compare: categorical imperative.
HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS: A hypothetical syllogism contains at least one conditional proposition or statement, which takes the form of "if (antecedent) then (consequent)". A rule for pure, valid hypothetical syllogisms is: Any pure hypothetical syllogism is valid in which the first premise and the conclusion have the same antecedent, the second premise and the conclusion have the same consequent, and the consequent of the first premise is the same as the antecedent of the second premise. The pure form is: 1. if P then Q, 2. if Q then R; therefore, if P then R. Two other valid forms of hypothetical syllogisms are Modus Ponens (Latin for "mood that affirms") and Modus Tollens (Latin for "mood that denies").
IDEA - A universal or eternally real object, according to Plato; A synonym for the Absolute, according to Hegel; A perception in consciousness of an object, generally.
IDEALISM - The theory that reality is of the nature of mind or consciousness (non-material). There are many types of idealism, but objective (usu. pantheistic) idealism and subjective (usu. many minds, one Supreme Mind) idealism are the two major categories. Various philosophical theories of mind fall under this category. Essentially, idealism is the view which posits that the material realm does not exist wholly independent of the mind. Idealism does not dismiss the notion that the material realm exists; it just asserts that the material realm must be perceived by the mind - i.e. that ultimately, the material realm (contepts, ideas, things, etc.) exists in the mind. Idealism is characteristically opposed to materialism , which asserts that the material realm exists whether the mind perceives them or not. With the rise of modern science, materialism has become the ascendant theory of mind. The view that reality is fundamentally mental; that there is just one kind of substance (mind) or phenomena (thought); there is no such thing as matter; what we take to be material things are really, at bottom, mental. On Berkeley's view their esse is percipi – their being is being perceived. Compare: monism. Contrast: dualism, materialism.
IDEALISM (IDEAL, IDEALIST ADJS.) a philosophical position is idealist if it denies that we know things as they really are, or in other words, if it denies that what we know exists in the way that we know it independently of ourselves. Idealism therefore blurs the distinction between the object of our knowledge, and the subject who knows that object: the subject, according to idealism, either wholly creates, or in some respect conditions, the object of their knowledge. Thus it is hard to be an idealist about material objects considered with respect to their shape; but hard not to be an idealist about the colours of material objects. Opposed to realism.
IDEAS: are according to Hume, fainter copies of impressions in imagination. On Locke's conception ideas are the contents with which minds are "furnished" (as he puts it). From "simple ideas" (e.g., or red, of round, of sweet) furnished by sense-perception the mind constructs "complex ideas" (e.g, of apple). Conception being nothing but this compounding of sense-based ideas, and reasoning being nothing but transitioning between ideas thus compounded, all knowledge - Locke maintains - derives ultimately from sensory experience. See also: empiricism, impressions.
IMAGINATION: In a technical sense, the faculty of forming mental images – particular sensations or impressions (Hume). Opposed to the intellect, the faculty of forming general concepts. In this broad, somewhat technical sense, imagination includes veridical perception as well as imagination proper (fantasy, dreams, etc.).
IMAGINE, CONCEIVE To imagine or conceive of some possibility is to form an idea of it, to entertain that possibility in your mind. When you imagine some possibility, you are not committing yourself to the claim that that possibility actually obtains or is likely to obtain.
IMAM, IMAM: The leader of a Muslim mosque or group. Capitalized when used as a title for a Muslim leader; lower case when referring to one who leads prayers in a Muslim service in a mosque. See ISLAM.
IMMANENT - That which dwells in or is present with, such as the transcendent God is immanent in his communication and acts in the created order. Given directly in my experience. As opposed to “transcendent.” A transcendent God, for example, would be one that would not be present in my actual experience. Internal or indwelling as opposed to external or outdwelling: in particular, what is internal to the material, sensible world as opposed to what is above or beyond it, or transcendent. On pantheistic views (e.g., those of the Stoics or Spinoza) God is held to be an immanent guiding spirit in and of the sensible material world, not existing apart or beyond it. Orthodox Christian views, by contrast hold God be transcendent. Similarly, Plato asserts the transcendence while Aristotle maintains the immanence of the Forms or essences of things.
IMMANENT BEING: God would be immanent being if His existence is part of all the beings in the universe, as in pantheism, hence, God would be indwelling. The Christian God is distinct from humans, and all others in the universe, and hence is not pantheistic, which means that all is God.
IMMANENT FORM: the view that form is indwelling in the matter.
IMPOSSIBLE: What cannot be the case, under any circumstances, is impossible. What is logically impossible is self-contradictory; inconsistent with the basic principles of logic itself ( to be both human and nonhuman, e.g., is logically impossible). It is convenient for many purposes to recognize types of impossibility weaker than strict logical impossibility. Natural or nomological impossibility is the next strongest generally recognized type: what is nomologically impossible, while it may be logically consistent, is inconsistent with the laws of nature: e.g, it's nomologically impossible (current physics tells us) for anything to travel faster than the speed of light. Practical impossibility is a weaker variety yet: what is practically impossible may be consistent with the laws of nature, but is inconsistent given the circumstances; e.g., it's nomologically possible for a human being to run a four-minute mile but it's not practically possible for most of us (given our ages, physiques, and physical conditions) to do so. Contrast: possible. See also: necessary, contingent, actual.
IMPRESSIONS: are according to Hume, sensations or immediate feelings as those of pleasure and pain, what he calls Impressions of Reflection. Hume terms the direct experiential deliverances of sensation impressions; simple ideas, for Hume are faint copies (in memory) of these sensory impressions, and complex ideas (all the rest) are compounded from these simple ideas, much as they are for Locke. See also: empiricism, ideas.
IN ITSELF (EN-SOI): being an alert object, complete and fixed (unrelatedness within and without) [Sartre]
INCARNATION: Literally, a process of appearing as flesh. The Christian doctrine that God appeared in human flesh in the person of Jesus Christ, who is seen as the unique God-man. The Christian holiday of Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus and is interpreted as the moment of God's incarnation. Capitalize when referring to the Christian doctrine exclusively.
INDETERMINISM - The theory that the universe is constituted in such a way that some events are not the inevitable consequence of antecedent (prior) events. The view that every event has a cause, except for the human will. (also called soft determinism) The view that there are events that do not have any cause; believers in absolute free will, for instance, hold that choices are not determined by any physiological or psychological causes whatever. Contrast: determinism.
INDIVIDUALS: Also called particulars are single things (e.g., Socrates) as opposed to properties or kinds of things, or (humanity or humankind). The latter are universals. Individuals are typically the sorts of things named by proper names (e.g., "Socrates") whereas universals are associated with general words such as verbs (e.g., "teaches"), common nouns (e.g., "man"), and adjectives (e.g., "human").
INDUCTION - Also called, the inductive method, it is essentially a process of reasoning in which a general principle is inferred through observation. Contrary to a deductive argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises, in an inductive argument the conclusion generally follows from the initial observation. For example:
Every A we have observed is a B.
Therefore, every A is a B.
Every crow (A) we have observed in the past 20 years is black (B).
Therefore, it is probable that all crows (A) are black (B).
Thus, the inductive method generally produces a hypothesis rather than an irrefutable logical conscusion as in deductive logic. Inductivism is therefore an inherent part of the scientific method which was developed by the philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626). With the rise of natural science, it became increasingly clear that the deductive method could only demonstrate truths which were already implied in the premises. Thus, many thinkers began to turn to the process of induction. The process of arriving at generalizations (universals) by an observation of facts (particulars). Sometimes called scientific or empirical logic. Ideally, a form of reasoning in which one moves from one or more premisses to a conclusion in such a way that while the conclusion seems to have been given some justification, it is logically possible for the premisses to be true and the conclusion false. E.g. “Most of the philosophy majors have seen Rocks in the Throat, featuring Dawn Demosthenes... Igor Metchnikov is a philosophy major. Therefore Igor Metchnikov has seen Rocks in the Throat.” See deduction.
INDUCTIVE LOGIC: uses arguments which have conclusions that go beyond the information contained in the premise (s). It is also called inductive generalization. In example:
(1) The sun rose every day in the past.
(2) The sun rose today.
Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow.
INFER AND IMPLY Inferring is the psychological activity of drawing conclusions from premises. Only people can infer. So don't say: This argument infers that... What the argument does is imply or entail a conclusion. It doesn't infer it. In addition to arguments implying things, sometimes we talk about people implying things. In this usage, implying is an activity, but it's a different activity than inferring. For instance: Sarah implied that I was a fool. means that Sarah suggested that I was a fool, without explicitly saying so. But in the primary usage of these words, implying is something premises and arguments do: they imply their conclusions. And inferring is something people do. People infer by looking at the evidence and deciding what hypothesis that evidence best supports.
INFERENCE - A proposition that follows logically from other statements; to draw an implication. Drawing conclusions on the basis or premises or evidence. Compare: argument.
INFINITE - That which is without limit, without boundaries; in time, that which is unending.
INHERENCE: The relation between individuals or particulars and their attributes or universals: when an individual has an attribute, the attribute is said to "inhere" in the the thing.
INNATE IDEA: ideas which are inborn, or recollected because they were already in the mind to recollect, even prior to any sense experience, and even prior to birth the ideas were in the mind. Ideas that are inborn rather than acquired through sensory experience. Socrates and Plato taught that such ideas were acquired by direct acquaintance (prior to birth) with the archetypes or Forms or according to which all things are constructed. Descartes, as well as other rationalists (in agreement with Plato) believe such "clear and distinct" innate ideas are the source of all real knowledge. Belief in innate ideas is the distinguishing feature of rationalism.
INSTRUMENTAL: A feature of values or valued things which is extrinsic: had by things insofar as they are not desirable or commendable in and of themselves but rather for the sake of,. or as a means to, something else. Money (which gets its value from enabling us to purchase good) and medical treatment (which is valuable for the health it maintains or restores) are classic examples of extrinsic or instrumental goods. View that holds that while scientific theories are predictively useful ways of talking, they should not be thought to provide true descriptions of reality. Perhaps the most famous avowal of instrumentalism was Copernicus' advertisement of his heliocentric hypothesis as nothing more than an aid to astronomical calculation - a predictive instrument, not purporting to be a true description of astronomical realities. Contrast scientific realism.
INTENSIONAL: Having, or presupposing, a use of terms that relates not to the extension (that is, the individual things that actually happen to fall under these terms in this world) but determines what could or could not fall under the term (in for example any possible world). E.g. the extension of “having a heart” and “having a kidney” is the same in this world because in fact all creatures that have one have the other. But the intension is not the same because a creature with one feature might not have the other. See extension.
INTERACTIONISM: (Descartes) The mind and body interact, yet remain separate and distinct from each other by the mysterious function of the pineal gland. (pin-e-al) Substances interact; they oppose each other; they logically and ontologically exclude each other. The can be conceived and exist without each other. It is contradictory to say that thinking occurs but there is nothing doing the thinking. It is contradictory to say that spatial dimension exists but there is nothing that is extended or that has that dimension.
INTRINSIC: A feature of values or valued things which is have value in and of themselves rather than on account of their consequences or (more generally) their relations to anything else. Things commonly accorded intrinsic value include pleasure, knowledge, beauty, and happiness. Contrast: instrumental. See: hedonism.
INTUITION: springs from the light of pure reason alone (nothing can be added to intuition; it is simple)
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Gateway of India
The Gateway of India is an arch monument built during the 20th century in Bombay, India. The monument was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder on their visit to India in 1911.
Built in Indo-Saracenic style, the foundation stone for the Gateway of India was laid on 31 March 1911. The structure is an arch made of basalt, 26 metres (85 feet) high. The final design of George Wittet was sanctioned in 1914 and the construction of the monument was completed in 1924. The Gateway was later used as a symbolic ceremonial entrance to India for Viceroys and the new Governors of Bombay. It served to allow entry and access to India.
The Gateway of India is located on the waterfront at Apollo Bunder area at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg in South Mumbai and overlooks the Arabian Sea. The monument has also been referred to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai, and is the city’s top tourist attraction.
How to Reach:
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, formerly known as Sahar International Airport, is the primary international airport serving the Mumbai Metropolitan Area. It is situated about 30 km from CST Station. Domestic Airport is in Vile Parle East. Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji has 2 terminals. Terminal 1 or Domestic Terminal used to be the old airport called Santacruz Airport, some locals are still using this name nowadays. Terminal 2 or International Terminal replaced the old terminal 2, formerly known as the Sahar Airport. The Santa Cruz Domestic Airport is about 4.5 kilometres from the international airport.
Mumbai is very well connected to rest of India by trains. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is the most popular station in Mumbai. Trains to Mumbai are available from all major railway stations in India. Some important Mumbai trains to note are the Mumbai Rajdhani, Mumbai Duronto, Konkan Kanya Express. However, if you are coming from other central or suburban railway stations, then you can reach CST through local transport. Mumbai is well-connected by road that leads to all major cities in India
Mumbai is well-connected with national highways and expressways . Mumbai visit by bus is the most economical for individual tourists. Government, as well as private buses, operate daily services to this route. Mumbai bus stand is situated at the centre of the city. | <urn:uuid:7f46df81-a15f-47b2-af20-d28569b1c98b> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://mumbaicity.gov.in/tourist-place/gateway-of-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.963873 | 498 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Nerina Muzurovic and Audrey Nepveu de Villemarceau
Women and water governance was the topic of the well-attended panel discussion "Water governance in the Near East and North Africa (NENA): A policy debate on tenure, equity and gender."
Held as part of the 42nd meeting of the Committee on World Food Security in Rome on 14 October 2015, the side event explored the impacts of water scarcity in NENA region, and the role institutions can play in giving women more rights to key natural resources (land and water) as well as opportunities to exercise these rights.
NENA is the most water-stressed region in the world with 609 m3 of water available per capita per year. By 2045, this area will experience an expected water deficit of 60 per cent, owing to the combined effect of rapid population growth and climate change. What will the region look like by 2050? How can society and communities be prepared to adapt to this change? What present practices do we need to change? These were some of the key questions that emerged at the panel discussion.
Why look at water governance through a gender lense?
Many factors make women well-adapted to play a role in water management. As men increasingly leave degraded rural areas to look for jobs in urban centers, women are left behind. The percentage of women in the agriculture labour force has risen sharply, faster than in any other region in the world. As a result, women are affected first — and most — by water scarcity and flooding, and tend to be gravely impacted by poor water management. But women also increasingly hold the decision-making positions that were traditionally occupied by men.
However, the specific needs and priorities of women as farmers and agricultural water users are still not reflected enough in sector policies, legal frameworks and programmes. If women could participate on an equal basis in decision-making processes about water use and management, women's contribution to agricultural production would ultimately increase. Ultimately, we believe this would lead to better food security and nutrition as well as more sustainable management of water resources.
Because rural women have local ecological, social and political knowledge, they can both inform and contribute significantly to solving water-scarcity problems. Hence maximizing the role of rural women in water governance and food security is essential.
Work by FAO and others demonstrates that water access and use are not only influenced by infrastructure, rainfall and geography. In fact, social, political and economic power relations within and among countries are just as important. "For women, access to water is always mediated, either by technology or by society", said Nicoline de Haan, Senior Researcher, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems. In the context of water scarcity, women's capacity to access water depends on a system of power relations, and existing access rights. Interventions should look into enabling women to fully engage in local development processes.
"Strengthening water governance for agriculture and food security for women" means adopting an effective problem-solving approach to develop policies and strengthen institutions that are accepted by all relevant stakeholders.
Tarek Kotb, Country Programme Manager, Near East, North Africa and Europe Division, IFAD, presented some experiences from the field that have had a positive impact on women's empowerment, when it comes to tackling the issue of water governance and food security in the region. These projects illustrate ways in which women are taking on new roles to tackle water-related issues, including adequate management of natural resources (WSRMP, Sudan); rain-water harvesting (ACRMP, Yemen); drip irrigation (WNRDP, Egypt); and grey water management (ARMP-II, Jordan).
Overall, exchanges with the audience allowed the panel to identify the following challenges for the coming years:
- Documentation is generally missing to understand the challenges women face, and which tools and approaches would be the most appropriate to address these. Here, research has a definite role to play.
- Currently "women" tend to be considered as a homogenous group. Research can play an important role in correcting this idea. In fact, women constitute a diverse group. Thus they are also diverse water users, who face diverse challenges.
- Institutional changes, including the corresponding regulatory mechanisms, are required for local institutions to include greater gender equality, so that women can better engage in multi-stakeholder processes.
- Implementing meaningful participation processes will be essential to empower women to take on decision-making positions.
- Climate change will create additional social tensions and imbalances for women. In particular, the increased climate variability may negatively impact their resilience capacity.
- Responsible investments are needed to bring about sustainable changes. Elements of success that were identified relate to: building on political willingness and adequate incentives; mobilizing local champions; reaching out to the private sector; and empowering civil society to play its role.
Pictures from the event
Transforming desert land into a profitable fruit oasis
Improving Food Security in Arab Countries - WB, IFAD, FAO 2009
FAO - THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010-2011 - WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE: Closing the gender gap for development
Near East and North Africa's Water Scarcity Initiative
Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries - A Case for Adaptation Governance in Building Climate Resilience - WB 2012
Blog on water rights: Taking the lead or imposing inequity?
Reinforcing gender equity
Blog on why women need indicators: Spotlight on measuring women's empowerment at the Milan Expo
FAO Committee on Agriculture - 2014 Report on Water Governance for Food Security and Nutrition
2015 Report of the High Level Panel of Experts on "Water for Food Security" | <urn:uuid:c3b9b291-3cfc-4820-9000-d5f82e282cb4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://ifad-un.blogspot.com/2015/10/more-equitable-water-governance-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00062-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940475 | 1,182 | 3.125 | 3 |
Coronary Disease Risk Factors
- In 1990 about 417,000 Americans died of smoking-related illnesses.
- Nearly one-fifth of deaths from cardiovascular diseases are attributable to smoking.
It's also estimated that about 37,000 -- 40,000 nonsmokers die each year from
cardiovascular diseases as a result of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
- Smoking-related illnesses cost about $50 billion annually in medical
- Studies show that among people age 18 and older in the United States, smoking has
declined by about 40 percent since 1965, although recent data indicate that this downward
trend may have leveled off.
- Every day 3,000 American young people become smokers, according to estimates by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- 75 percent of adult smokers started before age 18 and 90 percent began before they were
21, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates.
- 43 percent of American children ages two months to 11 years are exposed to environmental
tobacco smoke in the home.
- Current estimates are that 26.0 million men (28.2 percent) and
23.1 million women (23.1 percent) in the U.S. are smokers, putting them at increased risk of heart
attack. In addition, an estimated 2.2 million adolescents ages 12 -- 17 are smokers.
- The World Health Organization reports that 20 -- 35 percent of women in developed nations
smoke compared with 2 -- 10 percent of those in the developing nations.
- Studies show that women smokers who use oral contraceptives are much more likely to have
a heart attack and much more likely to have a stroke than women who neither smoke nor use
birth control pills.
- Studies show that smoking prevalence is several times higher among those with less than
12 years of education compared to those with more than 16 years of education.
- 47.7 percent of working adults who are 17 years old or older and do not use tobacco
reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home or at work.
- Of adults who don't use tobacco, 37.4 percent reported exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke at home or at work.
- The risk of death from coronary heart disease increases by up to 30 percent among those
exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home or at work.
An estimated 97.2 million American adults (52.1 percent) have blood cholesterol levels
of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and higher, and about 38.3 million American adults
(20.5 percent) have levels of 240 mg/dL or above.*
- About 36.5 percent of American youth age 19 and under (27.4 million young people) have
blood cholesterol levels of 170 mg/dL or higher. (This is comparable to a level of 200
mg/dL in adults.)
- 13.0 million boys and 14.4 million girls age 19 and under have blood cholesterol levels
of 170 mg/dL or higher.
- Studies done on people age 20 and older show that women's cholesterol is higher than
men's beginning at age 55.
- Before age 45, the range of means for total blood cholesterol of women is from 185 --
207 mg/dL, but between ages 45 and 64, the range rises to between 217 and 237 mg/dL.
- Among elderly Japanese-American men in the Honolulu Heart Program Fourth Examination
(1991 -- 93), 42 percent had cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL or were
taking cholesterol-lowering medication.
*Centers for Disease Control and National Center for Health Statistics:
Unpublished and published data from Phase I, National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey III (NHANES III), 1988 -- 91 and the American Heart Association.
- About 22 percent of American adults report regular sustained physical activity of any
intensity lasting 30 minutes or more five times a week.
- About 15 percent of U.S. adults engage in regular vigorous physical activity three times
a week for at least 20 minutes.
- About 25 percent of Americans age 18 or older report no leisure-time physical activity.
- 1994 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) state data show that 60 percent
or more of adults did not achieve the recommended amount of physical activity, and in half
of the states 73 percent or more of adults were not active enough.
- People with lower incomes and less than a 12th grade education are more likely to be
- The relative risk of coronary heart disease (heart attack) associated with physical
inactivity ranges from 1.5 to 2.4, an increase in risk comparable with that observed for
high cholesterol, high blood pressure or cigarette smoking.
- Less active, less fit persons have a 30 -- 50 percent greater risk of developing high
- As many as 250,000 deaths per year in the United States -- about 12 percent of total
deaths -- are attributed to a lack of regular physical activity.
- Nearly half of American youth ages 12 -- 21 are not vigorously active on a regular
basis. Physical activity declines dramatically during adolescence.
- Daily enrollment in Physical Education classes has declined among high school students from 42 percent
in 1991 to 25 percent in 1995.
- Only 19 percent of all high school students are physically active for 20 minutes or more
in physical education classes every day during the school week.
- A 1996 report of physical Activity showed the number of
Americans age 18 and older who reported no physical activity was 15.8 percent of men and 27.1 percent of women.
- The percentage of adults ages 65 -- 74 and 75 and older who reported no leisure time
physical activity in 1992 was 33.2 percent and 38.2 percent for men and 36.6
percent and 50.5 percent for women, respectively. In 1988 -- 91, it was 17.5
percent and 34.5 percent for men and 32.5 and 54.3 percent for women, respectively.
Based upon 1988 -- 91 data, nearly 62 million American adults (28.1
million men and 33.9 million women) are 20 percent or more above their desirable weight,
an increase of 36 percent over 1960 -- 62 examination data.
- 33 percent of overweight men and 41 percent of overweight women are not physically
active during their leisure time.
- Data show the prevalence of overweight among American adolescents age 12 to
19 to be 21 percent (20 percent for males and 22 percent for females).
- Among native Hawaiians, 65.5 percent of males and 62.6 percent of females are
Diabetes killed 55,390 Americans in 1994. 1993 final mortality: males -- 23,430 deaths
(43.5 percent of total deaths from diabetes); females -- 30,464 (56.5 percent of total
deaths from diabetes).
- 7,800,000 Americans have diabetes (3.6 million males and 4.2 million females).
- 625,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed every year.
- 502,000 Americans diagnosed with diabetes mellitus were discharged from hospitals in
1994. Of these, 223,000 were males and 279,000 were females.
- More than 80 percent of people with diabetes mellitus die of some form of heart or blood
- In the 1991 -- 93 phase of the Honolulu Heart Program, 17 percent of Japanese-American
men ages 71 -- 93 had diabetes. In addition, 19 percent had unrecognized diabetes and 32
percent had impaired glucose tolerance.
(Sources: American Heart Association)
CVD Case Study | Risk Factors Case Study | CVD Topics | <urn:uuid:5548a328-23bb-4d75-9291-a9c2b7410359> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.fauxpress.com/kimball/med/heart/h2/coron.riskf.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679756.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00146-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911987 | 1,578 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A recent report by the World Economic Forum states that India had 2.6 million new graduates with a degree in science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) in the year 2016, next only to China, which stood first at 4.7 million. The numbers are not surprising, considering the ample career options available for those with a degree in science. In fact, the journey of humankind from caves and forests into the ‘smart’ cities of today was possible, thanks to science!
Today, with many youngsters motivated to pursue a satisfying career in science, universities across the world are seeing unprecedented enrolments. In spite of this, they still face a major roadblock when it comes to funding the research undertaken by students at universities. To understand the factors behind this strange phenomenon, we caught up with Prof. Brian Schmidt, Vice Chancellor at the Australian National University and the winner of 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, during his recent trip to Bangalore. In a conversation with, Prof. Schmidt shared some insights into the challenges today’s universities face regarding funding and how they could be addressed.
The first step for a student to get a degree in science is getting into a university that offers one. With rising education costs across the world, students often end up shouldering the burden of increasing costs and cough up a huge tuition fee to get the best education possible. “In some of the best universities, students often have a chance to interact with the best researchers during their courses -- an advantage that comes with a little bit of a premium”, says Prof. Schmidt, talking about factors behind the soaring costs.
But, is this phenomenon justified when it comes to pursuing research in a research-intensive university? Prof. Schmidt is quick to disagree. “It is unfortunate that students are made to pay for research”, he says, adding that the costs for research should be borne by the government and the industry, which benefit from such research.
However, in reality, it is never an easy game to secure sufficient funding for a university from either the government or industry. Ask him why industry does not come forth to fund university research, and Prof. Schmidt is quick to point out – “Most research undertaken at universities is pre-commercialization where we build the basic blocks of knowledge and technology. But, companies are not interested in them!” Citing an example, Prof. Schmidt adds, “Why would a company be interested in investing on a research that tries to study the expanding Universe? In essence, the industry cannot capture the benefits of such research done at universities.”
For universities to thrive and provide the necessary infrastructure for research, they need a lot of money. Setting up a laboratory, procuring the right instruments, hiring the best faculty, providing data and internet facilities – all these make research a very expensive affair, sometimes to the tune of a few billion dollars. It is due to these reasons that higher education becomes expensive and pushes students into huge debts. Who else could help here? “It is the government”, says Prof. Schmidt. He argues that since the research in universities is mostly for public good, the government must fund these research activities.
Given that research is expensive, is the cost justified? Prof. Schmidt firmly believes it is. He goes on to say that there is so much value and return-on-investment for research undertaken at universities and many of today’s biggest innovations have all started at the universities. Take Google or Facebook for example – two tech giants that control the Internet. They all started as university research project ideas that have now grown into full-blown companies. There are many such examples through out the world where university research has proved to be a hotbed of innovation.
Can universities today take a page out of such success stories? “There is this area where public researchers and its practitioners have a role in translating ideas that can benefit society at large. Practitioners can help build start-ups and help take suitable ideas to the industry that might benefit from it. However, we in the academia have not yet really figured out this mechanism quite well”, says Prof. Schmidt, adding that the academia and the industry should work together towards realising a healthy partnership.
Today, most universities of higher education support an ecosystem of entrepreneurship through their incubation programs that are meant to help ideas that have the potential to make it big. “However, incubators alone are not sufficient”, remarks Prof. Schmidt. “When people have an idea of how research can translate into a company, they should be given the time and money to build a proof of concept to show that the idea really works. Incubation in terms of providing workplace and mentoring can then follow”, he says. He also highlights the need for universities to figure out a strategy to work with finance partners like angel investors and venture capitalists, who can pump in the money for incubated companies to make it big.
While many universities are still figuring the magic formula to make this work, Prof. Schmidt has a special callout for Stanford University that has excelled in making the model work. “They started it early and did it better than anyone else. Today, about a third of the world’s greatest companies are in close proximity to Stanford because of that. Others need to learn from them”, he says, wrapping up his thoughts on how universities can make research work for them. | <urn:uuid:ebccec78-73cd-492b-a2fb-99a2c12e6b64> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://researchmatters.in/article/funding-research-universities-who-should-pay?qt-go_mobile=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583897417.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123044447-20190123070447-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.963612 | 1,111 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Did the Italians invent spaghetti?
Noodles were being made in China centuries before they first appeared in Italy...
It is often said that Marco Polo brought the recipe for noodles to Italy after his journeys through China, and so most people believe that the Italians did not invent spaghetti.
The spaghetti that most people eat today, however, is quite different from the noodles of yesteryear. Earlier noodles were made by mixing flour with eggs, the resulting mixture being cut to shape and laid out in the Sun to dry. Modern pasta has no eggs and is dried in special chambers where cool, dry air is circulated around the pasta to ensure it dries evenly to avoid cracking or warping. This type of spaghetti was very definitely invented by the Italians. In fact, it was the creation of one Italian in particular: Nicola de Cecco.
- How did pasta come to Europe and when did it first become established in Italy?
- Medieval kebabs and pasta: 5 foods you (probably) didn’t know were being eaten in the Middle Ages
De Cecco ran a flour mill at Fara San Martino in Abruzzo – he was dissatisfied with the sun-drying of pasta as it gave unreliable results, and the pasta often warped, which made it difficult to package for transport. In 1886, he developed his method of drying pasta in cool, dry conditions and founded the De Cecco company. He later adopted a logo of a young country woman carrying a sheaf of wheat and went into mass production. The company is still operating in Fara San Martino, and a second factory was built in the nearby town of Pescara in the 1950s.
So although noodles and pasta may not have originated in Italy, we have an Italian to thank for the modern form of pasta we enjoy around the world. | <urn:uuid:868d352b-e52f-467f-8e0c-ee2e6652ad39> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.historyextra.com/period/did-the-italians-invent-spaghetti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104576719.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705113756-20220705143756-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.98818 | 375 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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