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by Marcelle Pick, OB/GYN NP
A woman’s menstrual cycle is highly individual, and can range anywhere from 24–37 days. What’s “normal” is what’s normal for you. The length of your cycle may be affected by many things, including illness, stress, travel, fertility medication, and close association with other women.
At different times in your life, your menstrual cycle may become irregular due to a variety of factors, including pregnancy, stress, diet, hormonal imbalance, exercise, and illness. For more information, refer to our articles on irregular periods.
Let’s consider a typical 28–day cycle, and call the first day of bleeding day 1.
Each month our ovaries begin to ripen a number of follicles, which is why days 1–14 are called the follicular phase. Each of the many follicles in the two ovaries is a pocket of tissue filled mostly with estrogens. The number of active follicles changes with each cycle, but typically only one follicle per month in a single ovary becomes dominant over the others and produces a viable egg. As the follicles ripen, estrogen levels rise.
Just before mid-cycle, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland release LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) spikes to trigger the dominant follicle to ovulate. Estrogen levels continue to rise.
Days 14–28 are termed the luteal phase, when estrogen levels begin to fall and progesterone levels rise. Around day 14 (but it can vary) ovulation occurs. The dominant egg is released from the follicle and is drawn into the fallopian tube on its way to the uterus. This triggers a host of hormonal secretions — including estrogen — that thicken the uterine lining to support a pregnancy. Many women know they are ovulating by vaginal mucus discharge, nipple tenderness, or the tell-tale twinge in their abdomen called mittelschmerz.
Women are fertile for about 24–48 hours around the time of ovulation. Progesterone levels remain high unless the egg goes unfertilized, in which case the egg is re-absorbed and progesterone levels fall. In this event, progesterone levels continue to fall until day 28, when progesterone reaches its lowest level, menstruation occurs, and the cycle repeats. This turning point almost always occurs 14 days after ovulation. | <urn:uuid:920e992a-e495-44a8-8a7c-96828291f409> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.womentowomen.com/menstruation/the-menstrual-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835699.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00342-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91866 | 517 | 3.5 | 4 |
It is common for you to move less and want to rest more if you have cancer and go through different treatments. You may need to rest sometimes, but you are often better off trying to move on yourself and also enjoy exercising. Avoid too much sedentary sitting. The body works better, you get stronger, get better balance and more energy.
The fact that you move regularly affects your well-being. Physical activity often also helps with anxiety, sleep problems, and fatigue. It can give you the strength to cope with treatment and it can also help you get rid of cancer. Moving is not harmful.
You can usually continue with more demanding activities if you like it. Some adaptation may be needed, it may be good to slow down the pace and stretch in the beginning to feel what is right. The body may react differently to the pre-cancer, both because of the disease and the treatment.
Many people who get cancer describe that they suffer from fatigue that they do not recognize before. Sometimes, for example, fatigue may be due to anemia or depression, but there is also fatigue that cannot be cured or rested. It’s called cancer-related fatigue. Physical activity is important to counteract this kind of fatigue.
Find an activity that suits you
The type of physical activity you can perform depends on what you are used to before, the disease and the treatment you receive. It is often easier if you start with something you like.
During certain periods, you may not have the trouble to endure what you want, but sometimes you may have to settle for simple movements and small challenges and increase your training gradually.
You can always ask questions about physical activity and exercise with your nurse or doctor. You can get concrete help with tips and advice tailored to your individual conditions by a physical therapist.
Set realistic goals
When you want to start with movements and activities, it is good to set realistic goals first and foremost.
If you are very tired and sit or lie for long periods of time, you may need to break your sedentary for only a short while, moving a little is a good start. Then you can try to be physically active for short periods several times a day. Set up goals that make you feel that you are developing.
Customize your workout to suit your needs
You may have rested a lot and entered a period when fitness has deteriorated. It makes you feel all the more tired and it becomes more difficult to do something. To get started, you need to find a good balance between activity and rest. If you start exercising too hard, the risk of overwork and injury increases.
Physical activity can feel laborious and courageous, but can still make you feel better both immediately after and in the long term. It can be easier if you get yourself routines and set times. Maybe you can find someone to make an appointment and work out with. Sometimes you may need to reduce your workout
During cytostatic treatment, it is common for blood levels to be affected. How much they are affected depends on the type of treatment you receive.
There is usually no reason to avoid exertion completely if you have a low blood value, ie a low level of hemoglobin, Hb, in the blood. You may feel tired and cope less, but you can usually take a walk at a decent pace.
It may sometimes be advisable to reduce the intensity during the time you are receiving treatment, or if the disease has lowered your physical ability if you are used to exercising frequently and hard.
In the past, you could get the council to avoid crowds in, for example, training rooms because of susceptibility to infection, but today the council is that you should try to live as usual. However, if you are very susceptible to infection, you may need to adjust your exercise, ask your doctor, nurse or physiotherapist.
You can always get started later
If you have not been so active or trained during the treatment period, it is not too late to get started afterward. Even then, of course, you should step up the workout as the risk of overwork and injury increases if you start too hard. When treatment is completed
When you feel that you can cope more, you can follow the same advice about physical activity as for those who are healthy. Which form of exercise you choose does not matter, it is more important than the training be regular, preferably a few times a week.
Walking or any other physical activity of moderate intensity is sufficient to improve health. It should feel somewhat strenuous and the pulse should increase. You should do the activity at a “talk-friendly” pace, which corresponds to a quick walk.
A good goal is to be physically active for two and a half hours a week, spread over several days. It gets a little over 20 minutes a day with at least 10 minutes at a time if you distribute the time on all days of the week. In addition, strength training is recommended, two to three times a week. It can be exercises to do at home or workout at a gym.
For example, you might want to take a few stops if you are going to take a bus and take the stairs instead of the elevator. It also provides a good physical activity to work in the garden, shovel snow, vacuum or cycle regularly.
When should you avoid strenuous physical activity?
Do not put too much effort into your body if you have an ongoing infection. Exercise printed on the prescription
To help, you can sometimes also get physical activity on a prescription, FaR, by a doctor, nurse or physiotherapist. The recipe states what kind of activity is prescribed, for example, fitness training or strength training and if there is something special you should avoid. For example, the agreed activity can be Nordic walking, cycling or strength training. How things have gone should be followed up by the person who wrote the recipe.
Activities that you receive on prescriptions are usually outside the healthcare system and the costs are not included in the high-cost protection for healthcare. However, some associations and others that offer wellness activities may offer a lower price for participants with prescriptions. Some employers pay for part of the training.
A physical therapist can provide advice and support
You can get advice on various movements by a physical therapist. For example, you can get help adjusting the training to your personality and what hassles you have. At some hospitals and health centers, there are groups that you can train in, which can be helpful if you are unsure of what you can do.
For example, to become more agile and less painful, a physical therapist can, for example, stretch or soften a joint or muscle with the help of his hands. This is usually combined with exercises that you do regularly at home. Many times it is enough that you get a personal program to train mobility and muscle strength and advice on how to set up your workout. It can then be adjusted as needed.
Help against other inconveniences
You can also get help from a physiotherapist if you have other problems such as pain and stiffness, nausea, anxiety, swelling, hot flashes, and respiratory problems.
Contact with physiotherapist
How and where you can meet a physical therapist may look a little different depending on where you live in the country. At cancer clinics, there are often physiotherapists who have specialized knowledge of cancer diseases. Otherwise, you can contact physiotherapists at health centers or private clinics.
As long as you have closer contact with the health care, you can consult with a doctor or nurse about whom to contact. Contact a physiotherapist by calling and ordering yourself. Sometimes you may need a referral from a doctor, but the physiotherapy that requires referral may vary depending on where you live in the country. Advice on pain and stiffness
There are often medicines that help if you have pain due to your cancer disease or the treatments you are receiving. But you can also get the advice and help of a physical therapist.
Often stiffness and pain are associated. When you try to move after an operation or if you have not moved at all for a while it can hurt. Radiation therapy can cause stiffness, especially if a joint in the body has been radiated and it sometimes hurts. If you feel pain it easily causes you to move less and become stiffer. Pain can also cause a change in posture and strain which causes you to pain in other parts of the body.
Exercises for strength and mobility can help
You can often get strength exercises, mobility exercises and stretch exercises according to a program. It helps support the skeleton and leads if you exercise so that you are reasonably strong in your muscles throughout the body. Exercise can improve balance and you can better cope with the everyday stress the body is subjected to if you use your muscles and do exercises.
For the same reason, it is good to maintain or increase your mobility. You can do this through exercises when you make large or small movements in the joints. Sometimes you may also need to do stretching exercises if muscles or other tissues around the joints are tight.
Disorders of pain and stiffness in the joints are sometimes most difficult in the morning and after sitting still. Then it can be good to do stretching exercises, for example, before your usual everyday activities begin. It helps to increase blood flow and the muscles get a little softer.
Often, the hassles of morning stiffness can feel less when you get started during the day and are in motion.
You can also get help against pain and stiffness by exercising relaxation and exercising in body awareness, individually or in groups.
Prevention exercises before radiation therapy
Stiffness after radiotherapy can be prevented through a movement program that you do before or during the treatment period. Rigidity in the part of the body that is radiated, you get especially if you have previously been operated on in the same place and if a joint has been radiated. The stiffness can occur a few months after the treatment and is due to the tissue contracting as it healed after the radiation.
The motion program can help, for example, if you have breast cancer and the shoulder joint risks becoming stiff, or if you have cancer of the mouth, throat or throat and the jaw joints risk getting stiff. It is important that you continue to exercise mobility as the tissues can become stiffer in the future.
You can contact a physiotherapist if you feel that you become stiff in the lead for a while after the radiation treatment is completed. They can give advice and suggestions on exercises to improve mobility.
Treatment with tens
Ten is an abbreviation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. This means that electrodes are attached to the skin and connected with cables to a box that produces weak electrical impulses. In this way, the body’s own pain relief system is activated. You can use most of the day’s tenses and you take care of the treatment yourself when you have been helped to try it out.
Massage softens for the moment
Massage can be a pleasant treatment that provides a moment of well-being. Massage can be obtained from massage therapists and sometimes by a physical therapist in combination with other treatments or training. The muscles and joints soften so that you get better blood flow and become less rigid, which in turn can cause you less pain.
Walking aids can provide relief
You can use walkers, crutches or walk-in tables for relief and pain relief if it hurts when you walk. Sitting or lying down often increases the pain while movement and physical activity reduce it.
To try out walking aids, you need to contact a physical therapist or occupational therapist.
Advice on nausea
Nausea is still a fairly common side effect if, for example, you are treated with cytostatic drugs. There are many good drugs that counteract nausea and vomiting. You can sometimes feel less nausea if you do relaxation exercises or moving, for example, taking a walk outdoors.
For certain types of nausea, you can try acupuncture, or dental treatment, for example. Advice on knitting and numbness
Certain cytostatic treatments can cause sensory disorders, called neuropathy. You can feel tingling and numbness but also pain and weakness in the muscles, sometimes even swelling. You can alleviate the hassles by, for example, trying out support socks. You may need to switch to another cytostatic treatment if you have major problems.
Physical activity can help with emotional disorders. It may then be better to cycle than walk, or to split the walk with breaks in between. An alternative to taking walks outdoors, where the ground may be uneven, is to walk on a walkway indoors. You can also try balance training and various mobility exercises and stretching exercises.
You can also try light massage under the soles of the feet or use the tens and put it on the leg above the feeling change.
Sometimes you can benefit from posts in the shoes or some kind of walking aids to be able to be physically active more easily.
You can’t get rid of the hassles with these treatments, but they can make you feel better and make everyday life easier. Advice on sweating and swelling
You may experience sweating and swelling if you are receiving hormone therapy. For example, if you have breast or prostate cancer. Through physical activity and moving, you can feel better.
Relaxation exercises can also help. There are different types of relaxation that may be suitable.
Acupuncture can also relieve swelling and sweating. Many who are helped by acupuncture state that even sleep gets much better, which can facilitate everyday life and provide a better quality of life.Advice on breathing problems
Breathing gymnastics can help if you have breathing problems and have a lot of mucus that you need to cough up. It is good to try to sit up more if you are bedridden and to move if you are very sedentary.
Sometimes you can get a so-called valve or similar that you breathe in so that there is resistance during exhalation. Then you can use your lungs better and it will also be easier to cough up mucus. Sometimes you can also inhale, inhale, medications by mouth to widen the airways.
It can be easier to breathe if you have a walker to hold if you are short of breath and have difficulty getting enough air as you walk. Breathing can also be facilitated if you lean your arms to your knees or to a table while sitting or standing. Advice on lymphedema
When you are operated on or receive radiotherapy, you may get lymphedema, ie swelling of the body due to the accumulation of lymph fluid. You may in some cases get lymphedema in your arm after receiving treatment for breast cancer, but lymphedema can also develop in other body parts.
In addition to the swelling, you can get numbness and a feeling of weight and tension in the body part. You may also feel stiff and weak, sometimes even aching. It is usually not possible to fully recover from lymphedema, but if the symptoms are detected early and you receive treatment, the problems can be significantly reduced.
The most common treatment is the so-called compression. This means that the tissues surrounding the lymphatic edema are compressed by means of compression stockings. In addition to the compression treatment, you can receive manual lymphatic drainage or treatment with a lymph pulsator. You will receive these types of treatments by physiotherapists who have special training in lymph therapy.
Exercise does not increase the risk of getting lymphedema. When exercising, it is always important to start with a lighter load so that the body gets used before increasing the load. The same advice applies if you already have lymphedema. You can choose whether you want to wear the compression stocking during the workout or not, but it is important to wear it immediately after. | <urn:uuid:68eab0c8-01fe-4635-a917-5f1c7881b1ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://zeepedia.com/diseases/physical-activity-and-physical-therapy-in-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.959782 | 3,253 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Every summer, students moving out cram their cars with valuables, forcing them to play Tetris with their desks, chairs and mattresses. Whatever doesn’t fit has to stay.
Sometimes, the furniture stands patiently by a dumpster, waiting to be picked up and transported to a landfill. Other times, the furniture sits comfortably in an air-conditioned thrift store, safe from wood-rot and curious critters.
Many movers aren’t aware of the environmental impact their choice to throw out furniture has, with bulk items packing landfills. In a city with a frequent base of students moving in and out of furnished and unfurnished apartments, strategies like furniture recycling and thrifting have become popular Gainesville options.
Alyssa Soejima, a 21-year-old UF education sciences senior, was in Gainesville during quarantine when she passed by a turquoise glass cabinet by the Beaty Towers dumpster. It was just one of the hundreds of pieces of furniture thrown out by students in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Oh my god, that’s so cute,” she said to her roommate. “Let’s steal it.”
This wasn’t the first or the last time the dumpsters overflowed with discarded furniture.
In 2019, furniture made up an estimated 2% of waste, by weight, sent to the landfill, according to a projection by a 2020-2021 Alachua County Waste Composition Study. The study also estimates that for every ton of new furniture purchased that year, Alachua landfilled one-third of the weight in old discarded furniture, said Dr. Timothy G. Townsend, the study’s principal investigator.
“There’s a lot of bulky items such as furniture that are currently discarded,” he said. “And if there was a way to reuse those and offset the purchase of new furniture and the making of new furniture, that is a significant savings and benefit to the environment.”
The report makes several recommendations to reduce waste’s greenhouse gas emissions and energy use footprints. It suggests banning junk-mail, mandating food donations, mandating corrugated paper take-backs and instituting a building deconstruction mandate to recycle 70% of deconstructed buildings.
In the late summer months, the city of Gainesville sees about a 10% to 15% increase in thrown-out couches, said Jeffery Klugh, Alachua County waste collection and alternatives assistant manager.
Although couches don’t weigh much, they take up a lot of space. When you’re transporting around 900 tons of garbage out of the county per day, space matters, Klugh said. This can result in an increased number of trips waste management has to make to the landfill.
“We do see an increase in tonnages during move-outs and move-in,” Klugh said. “But it's really the volume increase that kind of messes with our operation.”
Currently, there’s no citywide furniture recycling program for old furniture, and none of the waste collected is allowed to be used for waste energy, he said.
This June, however, the City Commission passed a new solid-waste ordinance requiring multi-family residential properties to submit a “Reuse Plan,” notifying residents of donation collection sites one month ahead of the move-out date. The plan aims to divert household goods, furniture and cardboard electronics from landfills.
The ordinance will become effective in 2023 for residential buildings with more than 200 units and 2025 for properties with more than 50 units.
This is exactly the kind of service Daryn Pearlstein, 23-year-old UF psychology graduate, wants from the city. The lack of an organized bulk pickup service during the summer months worries Pearlstein for the sake of students and maintenance people who have to deal with it all.
For Pearlstein and her boyfriend, a 23-year-old UF history student Alessandro Cepero, the rising popularity of second-hand furniture can be attributed to its unique aesthetics, finances and its environmental impact.
Although furniture from big retail stores like IKEA might be appealing to Cepero, mid-century pieces have brought scratches, stories and scuffs from a different time into his home.
“You also don't get the quality,” Cepero said. “When you're talking about mid-century, a lot of things are handcrafted. A lot of things are made with these expensive, heavier materials.”
On an individual level, reusing furniture is a popular option to reduce negative environmental impact. Second-hand stores like Reuse Planet and the Habitat for Humanity ReStore thrive around the city. These stores divert hundreds of thousands of pounds of waste from landfills and nature corridors and provide cheaper alternatives to students, as well as low-income families.
ReStore, located on 2301 NW 6th St., is an extension of Habitat for Humanity, an organization that provides families with affordable housing. It’s a place where families can buy modestly priced furniture, store director Gerald Garza said.
At ReStore, furniture that needs a touch-up will be fixed up, and what can't be sold will be scrapped for metal or parts to be used for arts and crafts projects, he said.
Aside from a visit to the thrift store, there are other options for someone looking to reduce their waste.
Angela Cloonan, a 22-year-old UF entrepreneurship master’s student, is a member of the Buy Nothing Project. Several Buy Nothing Facebook pages in Gainesville are dedicated to different neighborhoods, and members can post gifts or asks. Everything is free.
Although she wouldn’t call herself a minimalist, Cloonan said she loves getting rid of stuff.
“My brain is almost wired in the sense where I'm like, ‘Oh, if I get rid of things, I can get more things,’” she said. “It's so crazy, but I just really like owning things.”
In the midst of the desperation to get their cars packed before moving out, students will choose not to sort through their belongings and dump everything, she said. For Cloonan, this is an indication people own too much in excess but don’t realize it until it’s too late.
“I do think that individual action is important,” Cloonan said. “Even though you're not immediately seeing your impact, it also creates a sense of accountability and sharing with others.”
Contact Fernando at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @fernfigue.
Fern is a junior journalism and sustainability studies major. He previously reported for the University and Metro desks. Now, he covers the environmental beat on the Enterprise desk. When he's not reporting, you can find him dancing to house music at Barcade or taking photos on his Olympus. | <urn:uuid:960fdc38-9b10-40fc-8cd6-a514a49f443f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.alligator.org/article/2022/09/furniture-waste-fills-landfills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334802.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926051040-20220926081040-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.954368 | 1,485 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Addition Strategies Centers
-These seven games will help students practice addition strategies. These will help with addition mental math and fluency.
Use during small group or partner games while reviewing or introducing subtraction.
Each activity comes with printable directions for the kids to use while they play.
Activity 1: Part-Part-Whole Mat
Activity 2: 0, 1, or 2 Mat?
Activity 3: Doubles Cover All
Activity 4: Near Doubles Matching
Activity 5: Turn-Around Facts
Activity 6: Using a Double-10 Frame to Add
Activity 7: Splat! Mental Math
This product has been recently updated in 2015!
Check out my Subtraction Strategies pack, too!
OR save money and buy the bundle! | <urn:uuid:c3381690-0767-4dfe-94fe-396b0b45b799> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Addition-Strategies-Centers-356958 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.806667 | 159 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Muscle and joint inflammation and pain is caused by a myriad of things. One such thing that has been proven to have a detrimental impact on the overall health of our muscles and joints is an over consumption of sugar. Simple dietary changes can help to reduce this inflammation and pain.
Diet away your pain!
- Especially reduce high fructose corn syrup which is a highly concentrated sugar. Read labels for hidden sugars. The World Health Association (WHO) recommends adults and children reduce their daily intake of added sugars to less than 10% of their total calorie intake. It is believed that a reduction to below 5%, or roughly 25 grams per day, will even provide additional health benefits.
YIKES! A 12OZ CAN OF COKE HAS 39 GRAMS OF SUGAR!
EAT MORE FISH
- Eat more fish such as mackerel, salmon, tuna, and sardines. These fish contain potent omega-3 fatty acids that help to reduce inflammation.
EAT HEALTHY FATS
- Healthy fats have anti-inflammatory properties
- Olives & olive oil
- Coconuts & coconut oil
- Organic pastured egg yolks
- Raw nuts like pecans and almonds
- Butter made from raw grass-fed organic milk
EAT FOODS RICH IN MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM
- Magnesium rich foods: almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, green leafy vegetables, and beans
- Calcium rich foods: collard greens, kale, sardines with bones, yogurt, and ricotta cheese
- Potassium rich foods: sweet potatoes, white beans, spinach, and dried apricots
EAT FOODS RICH IN ANTIOXIDANTS
- Fruits with the highest antioxidant content include blueberries, black currants, wild strawberries, cranberries, acai & goji berries s
- Vegetables with the highest antioxidant content include artichokes, spinach, kale, red & green chili peppers, red cabbage, and red beets
- Nuts with the highest antioxidant content include pecans, walnuts, and almonds
ADDITIONAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FOODS TO COMPLETE YOUR DIET
- Garlic has been shown to work similarly to NSAID pain medications (like Ibuprofen) by shutting off the pathways that lead to inflammation
- Onions contain a compound called quercetin which helps stabilize the cells that release histamine, creating an anti-inflammatory effect
- Berries contain anthocyanins which have anti-inflammatory property
- – Red raspberry extract helped to prevent animals from developing arthritis
- – Blueberry help protect against intestinal inflammation and ulcerative colitis
- – Women who eat more strawberries showed lower levels of CRP in their blood
Avoiding high sugar foods and incorporating foods which contain nutrients that will help to calm inflammation can help with joint pain and so much more! | <urn:uuid:651c4c6b-c2ad-4bc8-ac23-e65f49f34b7c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.vtfc.com/insights/blog/is-your-diet-causing-muscle-and-joint-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.893999 | 627 | 2.625 | 3 |
Basque referendum, 2008
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The poll was to be a consultative referendum, in which two questions were put to the electorate, concerning self-determination from Spain. It was scheduled for 25 October 2008 but the Spanish government challenged the decision to hold the vote in the Constitutional Court of Spain, which ruled on 11 September 2008 that the referendum could not go ahead. In turn, the PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) appealed against this ruling, to the European Court of Human Rights, which later upheld the Spanish Constitutional Court ruling in February 2010.
The 2008 referendum was proposed by former lehendakari (president of the Basque country autonomous community) Juan José Ibarretxe. The first question was to concern whether to engage in talks with ETA; the second was to be on whether there should be a political debate on the "right to decide about the Basque people", a coded reference to the issue of whether the Basque Country should remain in Spain.
The referendum-like vote was announced on 28 September 2007 by Juan José Ibarretxe, with the support of the three-party coalition that made up his government: the Basque Nationalist Party (Ibarretxe's own), Eusko Alkartasuna and Ezker Batua Berdeak. The lone Aralar MP also supported the call while the Basque branches of both Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and conservative People's Party rejected it. This made a 33-33 tie at the Basque regional Parliament.
On 27 June 2008, the referendum call was approved by the Basque Parliament narrowly by 34 to 33, and 7 abstentions. To break the existing 33 to 33 vote tie at the Basque autonomous Parliament, the referendum call received the tactical support of one of the EHAK MPs, considered by a Basque PP councillor as ETA's political arm, while the other 7 MPs of this party abstained.
Ibarretxe preferred to call the vote a "consultation" rather than a referendum and stated he would negotiate its terms with the Spanish central government until June 2008 and then would submit a possible mutually accepted plan to a binding referendum; should the negotiations fail. Ibarretxe stated he would hold a non-binding referendum on the future of the Basque Country. Eventually in his plans, if his coalition still held the government, another referendum in 2010 would then decide the final status of the Basque Country. Ibarretxe stated he believes an open-ended discussion on Basque independence would help to end the conflict with ETA.
The two questions were revealed on 28 May 2008. The questions proposed were:
¿Está usted de acuerdo en apoyar un proceso de final dialogado de la violencia, si previamente ETA manifiesta de forma inequívoca su voluntad de poner fin a la misma de una vez y para siempre?.
- Do you agree to supporting a process of dialogued end to the violence, if ETA previously declares unmistakably their will to end it once and for all?
¿Está usted de acuerdo en que los partidos vascos, sin exclusiones, inicien un proceso de negociación para alcanzar un acuerdo democrático sobre el ejercicio del derecho a decidir del Pueblo Vasco, y que dicho acuerdo sea sometido a referéndum antes de que finalice el año 2010?
- Do you agree that the Basque parties, without exceptions, start a process of negotiation to reach a democratic agreement about the right to decide of the Basque People, and that the aforementioned agreement will be submitted to referendum before the end of the year 2010?
Those eligible to vote were the Spanish citizens registered to vote in the Basque Country. That caused criticism from those advocating for the referendum to include the historical Basque territories and those who asked for it to include all of Spain.
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, including their Basque branches, rejected his plan, while regional nationalist parties such as the Galician Nationalist Bloc and the Republican Left of Catalonia expressed their support. The Basque MP Santiago Abascal, of the People's Party, caused a minor controversy at the regional parliament when he broke a piece of paper symbolising the referendum, arguing that Ibarretxe's project would break the Basque society, further dividing it.
Some within the Basque Nationalist Party itself opposed the referendum, since it was thought to strengthen ETA which at that point was declining. This part of the party included former party leader Josu Jon Imaz or Bilbao's mayor Iñaki Azkuna, who thought that the referendum should not be held while ETA were still active and without a general consensus to hold it in the first place.
ETA in a communique declared the referendum a fraud, still, there was speculation in El País, citing undefined "nationalist sources", that ETA would declare a temporary, tactical and unofficial halt to armed activities in the period when the referendum was being discussed at the Basque autonomous parliament, only to resume its attacks right after the referendum was appealed by the government before the Constitutional Court of Spain for a constitutionality check.
The Court ruled unanimously on 11 September 2008 that the referendum was unconstitutional, as only the central government could call such a referendum. In a ruling fraught with statements of clear political overtones, the Spanish court ruled that only Spain's central government could conduct referendums, as representative of the only rightful sovereignty holder, "the Spanish People" and "the Spanish Nation". It also establishes that the issue the Basque Government wanted to raise, the possibility of changing the Basque Autonomous Community's relationship with the rest of Spain, is something the Spanish would have to decide on, not Basques on their own. The ruling at no time acknowledges the existence of the Basques, who are quoted in reported style (claimed by the appellant), as opposed to the Spanish nation.
Ibarretxe declared he respected the court ruling, while adding that the court was "acting for political reasons disguised in a legal veneer". He subsequently called on the Basque people and its political parties to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights to take Spain to task over the court decision.
European Court of Human Rights
Following the PNV's (Basque Nationalist Party) appeal, in February 2010 the European Court of Human Rights upheld the Spanish Constitutional Court ruling, ruling that the Spanish government had not violated the European Convention on Human Rights.
On the day the vote was to have taken place, Saturday October 25, 2008, some 20,000 protesters rallied in six Basque cities demanding a referendum on proposed moves towards independence. It was intended that the vote would have allowed for a potential negotiation towards a full referendum on independence within two years. The vote followed Kosovo's declaration of independence, supported by the EU, which had been thought by some to be influential on an independent Basque Country. Furthermore, calls for a referendum on Scottish independence in 2010 were in line with the Basque case.
- "Estrasburgo no admite el recurso del PNV sobre la anulación de la consulta soberanista | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- "Ibarretxe calls referendum for 2008, The Sydney Morning Herald, September 28, 2007". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- Giles Tremlett in Llodio (2005-04-16). "Freedom battle at Basque elections | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- Rosenberg, Karen (2013-06-27). "The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- "1ST LEAD: Basque region to hold referendum on independence in 2008, digitaljournal.com, September 28, 2007". Digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- http://www.diariodesevilla.com/172881_ESN_HTML.htm[dead link]
- Basque leader unveils questions for referendum seen as push for independence from Spain, PR Inside, May 28, 2008 Archived July 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
- "ROUNDUP: Spain rejects Basque referendum on independence next year, digitaljournal.com, September 28, 2007". Digitaljournal.com. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- http://n4abc10.abc.es/20070929/nacional-politica/socios-psoe-celebran-propuesta_200709290909.html[dead link]
- "Spain and its regions | Autonomy games". Economist.com. 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- Azkarraga apuesta por la "confrontación" si no hay pacto y Azkuna cuestiona la consulta[dead link]
- "Basque terrorists ETA dismiss the Ibarretxe referendum as a fraud". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.
- "ETA fijó una minitregua para el debate de la consulta de Ibarretxe · ELPAÍS.com". Elpais.com. 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- Rosenberg, Karen (2013-06-27). "Basque lawmakers approve plan for referendum seen as breakaway bid from Spain, International Herald Tribune, June 27, 2008". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- C2D - Centre for research on direct democracy[dead link]
- ap.google.com[dead link]
- "Basques march for independence referendum". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2013-07-12. | <urn:uuid:67e04820-0440-48e3-9590-9355f2f95133> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_referendum,_2008 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.90278 | 2,133 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The United Nations Climate Summit 2014, to be held in New York on 23rd September, comes at an important point in the calendar for discussions on how to address climate change. Next year will see nations submit pledges on their future greenhouse gas emissions levels, as part of the United Nations process culminating in the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP) in Paris at the end of 2015, the ambition of which is to secure a global agreement to tackle climate change.
There is now a rich body of evidence on the implications of mitigation at the global, regional and national levels. This note presents some of the evidence, revealed by research in the Grantham Institute over recent years, which supports the view that mitigation remains feasible and affordable.
Technologies and costs of a global low-carbon pathway
The Grantham Institute, in partnership with Imperial College’s Energy Futures Laboratory (EFL) demonstrated a relatively simple, transparent analysis of the relative costs of a low-carbon versus carbon-intensive global energy system in 2050. The report concluded that mitigation in line with a 2 degrees Celsius limit to global warming would cost less than 1% of global GDP by 2050 (excluding any potentially significant co-benefits from improved air quality and enhanced energy security).
Joint Grantham and EFL report: Halving global CO2 by 2050: Technologies and Costs
The importance of India and China
The two most populous nations, India and China, have undergone rapid economic growth in recent decades, resulting in significantly increased demand for fossil fuels, with associated increases in their CO2 emissions. Mapping pathways towards a low-carbon future for both regions presents challenges in terms of technology choices, affordability and the interplay with land, water and other resources. The Grantham Institute, in partnership with other research groups (including IIASA and UCL), has produced long-term visions of both regions using energy technology modelling and detailed technology and resource assessments, to set out pathways to very low-carbon economies which can be achieved at relatively modest costs. In addition, the Institute has undertaken assessments of the feasibility and cost of achieving the regions’ near-term (2020) Cancun pledges.
Grantham Report 1: An assessment of China’s 2020 carbon intensity target
Grantham Report 2: China’s energy technologies to 2050
Grantham Report 4: An assessment of India’s 2020 carbon intensity target
Grantham Report 5: India’s CO2 emissions pathways to 2050
Key sectors and technologies
Reports have been produced on a number of key technologies across all economic sectors and on the role that these can play in a low-carbon world: electric and other low-carbon vehicles in the transport sector; low-carbon residential heating technologies; other building efficiency and low-carbon options; and a range of technologies and measures to reduce emissions from industrial manufacturing.
The successful development and deployment of a range of low-carbon power sector technologies will be central to decarbonising the power generation sector over the coming decades, thereby providing the basis for low-carbon electrification in the building, transport and industrial sectors. The Institute has produced briefing papers on the technological status, economics and policies to promote solar photovoltaics and carbon capture and storage (including with bioenergy to produce net negative emissions).
Grantham briefing paper 2: Road transport technology and climate change mitigation
Grantham briefing paper 3: Carbon capture technology: future fossil fuel use and mitigating climate change
Grantham briefing paper 4: Carbon dioxide storage
Grantham briefing paper 6: Low carbon residential heating
Grantham briefing paper 7: Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy industry: a review of technologies and considerations for policy makers
Grantham briefing paper 8: Negative emissions technologies
Grantham briefing paper 10: Shale gas and climate change
Grantham briefing paper 11: Solar Power for CO2 mitigation
Grantham Report 3: Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the global building sector to 2050
A critical consideration in any nation or region’s mitigation strategy is the degree to which a low-carbon transition might put its industries at risk of losing competitiveness against rivals in regions with less stringent mitigation action. In a landmark study using responses from hundreds of manufacturing industries across the European Union, researchers at the Institute, in partnership with the Imperial College Business School and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, have produced robust evidence to support the contention that the EU’s Emissions Trading System has not produced any significant competitiveness impacts or industry relocation risks.
On the empirical content of carbon leakage criteria in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme – Ecological Economics (2014)
Industry Compensation under Relocation Risk: A Firm-Level Analysis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme – American Economic Review (2014)
Global energy governance reform
The energy policies of governments around the world will, to a large extent, determine global greenhouse gas emissions. Western governments cooperate on their energy policies through the International Energy Agency (IEA), which is a powerful advocate and analyst of low carbon energy strategies. Unfortunately the IEA excludes developing nations, such as China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, from its membership. The Grantham Institute is working with China’s Energy research Institute (ERI) to advise the Chinese government on China’s options for greater engagement in international energy cooperation, including closer association with the IEA. China’s participation is important for world energy security and affordability – the other main objectives of energy policy – as well as for climate mitigation. A consultation draft report published by this ERI/Grantham project is at Global energy governance reform and China’s participation. An earlier report by the Grantham Institute with Chatham House is at Global energy governance reform. | <urn:uuid:a9999ea1-a0ab-4200-841c-9626bf0b344c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://granthaminstitute.com/2014/09/16/feasibility-and-affordability-of-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153931.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730025356-20210730055356-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.900173 | 1,195 | 2.953125 | 3 |
“When I first started looking at this rock, the chicks were hidden on the far side,” writes photographer Rick Derevan. “What caught my attention was the squabble between the two adult gulls. I believe the squabble was the gull parent telling the other gull it was too close to its chicks and to scram.”
Western Gulls scrape nests into the ground, and then fill the indentation with feathers, vegetation and sometimes plastic or rope. According to All About Birds, female gulls may share a nest and both look after their collective brood.
Would you like to see your nature photo featured as the TreeHugger photo of the day? Join the TreeHugger Reader Photo Pool on Flickr and add your pictures to the group! | <urn:uuid:86cdf12d-c423-4925-a967-9bfd98c77cc5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.treehugger.com/slideshows/readers-photos/photo-fuzzy-western-gull-chicks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.969138 | 160 | 2.6875 | 3 |
NATURE FOR NEIGHBORHOODS
With so much of our native forest cleared for roads, towns, agriculture or plantation timber, we need to do all we can to increase the biodiversity around us, and that means in our own back yards, front yards and nature strips.
The good news? It's really easy - and effective.
By planting just a small area with native plants that are indigenous to the area, placing rocks and logs for protection and doing this in such a way that it links to another patch, we can collectively create corridors of habitat for a myriad of creatures. Nature knows what to do if given the chance.
Nature for Neighborhoods is an Australian Conservation Foundation project. Although public events are on hold during the pandemic, we can still organise ourselves in our streets and towns under this project banner. If you'd like to register your participation there's a quick form below.
Local resources are available to find the right plants for the local species. If you have a particular affection for native birds, there are plenty of beautiful plants that will shelter and feed them. Insects are in desperate need of a wider range of grasses, flowers and protection in a world where pesticides have decimated their populations. We have members ready to help you with free advice and even on-site visits.
Nesting boxes are a great item to replace the increasingly rare hollows in older trees - but there's a science to it and they need to be constructed according to the species. Click here to see more from LaTrobe University's Wildlife Sanctuary, where you can order boxes online. Remember, though, that they will need to be monitored over time to prevent feral species from taking over.
Ready to start designing and planting? We'd love to list you on our Register to show how many caring people are involved. We can also help you to mobilise your whole street to do the same. Think boldly! | <urn:uuid:69230f36-37eb-4ab2-85eb-85643af66ade> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.promareaclimateaction.org/nature-for-neighborhoods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.952075 | 391 | 3.25 | 3 |
Nation Theme of Coming of Age
You'd probably need two hands and two feet and a tail to count all the books you've read in which the young protagonist comes of age by the end of the book: The Outsiders. To Kill a Mockingbird. The Perks of Being a Wallflower. Pretty much everything by Gary Paulsen. So you know the drill by this point.
But in Nation, the book starts with Mau having already completed his coming-of-age ritual. All done! So now he's a man and we can move on... right? Right? Well, Nation shows that it's not that easy. You can't just flick a switch and suddenly become an adult. (We wish. Maybe if that happened, we'd stop running out of laundry detergent at 11 p.m. the day before a big job interview.) It's an ongoing process of learning to take control of your life and make your own decisions.
Questions About Coming of Age
- How does Mau's coming-of-age differ from Daphne's? What are Daphne's coming-of-age rituals?
- When in the book does Mau become a man (if he does)?
- Are coming-of-age rituals necessary? Would Mau and Daphne have progressed toward adulthood without them?
Chew on This
Tragedy forces both Mau and Daphne to mature rapidly, faster than any coming-of-age ritual would.
The transition from childhood to adulthood is an ongoing process that never fully finishes. | <urn:uuid:aee5729f-addc-49b4-bfea-1dd3cf61c60b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.shmoop.com/nation-pratchett/coming-of-age-theme.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300444.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00178-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948575 | 318 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Human Buzzer Quiz
This is a useful activity to promote listening and real language use - and fun. It's useful for days when numbers are down at end of term etc but you want to encourage the students with something fun/educational/language based. I've used this with basic English language classes and academic pre-uni classes.
You need: - several sets of questions and answers
- lots of prizes (eg lollies)
- Paper and thick pens (textas)
Set up students as follows:
9 students out front facing audience in 3 rows of 3
-- Back 3 are "contestants"
-- 3 in front of them are "buzzers"
--3 in front of them are "scoreboards"
Contestants place their hands just over the heads of their respective buzzer, ready to press down when they know the answer. Buzzers only make sound when pressed. Scoreboards keep score for their respective contestants. I use general knowledge questions appropriate to the group, interspersed with silly questions like "Name one of your teachers" and "What is.... your name?"
Procedure and rules:
Each contestant sits with hands crossed and poised over the head of his buzzer. Have a practice of each buzzer's individual sound. (Beep or
variations) Scoreboards chalk up 10 to start each round of questions. Have 2 students in the audience to act as adj udicators - competition can be fierce!
- Read question
- First buzzer to sound, contestant gives answer
- If correct add 10. If not, subtract 10
- The only ones who can answer are the contestants, who must press their buzzer. If a buzzer gets over-excited and beeps because he knows the answer, his contestant must try to answer and be rewarded or penalised accordingly. Great hilarity is caused by " faulty buzzers".
- 10 questions per set of contestants is a good round. Winners at end get a lolly prize (Contestant, buzzer and scoreboard)
Change contestants and buzzers around at end of each round so everyone gets a chance to do all roles. If not many students, can eliminate scoreboards and have an audience member keep all scores. Can use questions based on text being studied, etc (of course!). You could get students to make up questions and answers first, and have student questioners - good for grammar of question formation and intonation development.
Try it and let me know how it goes!
Name: Kaye Chenoweth
Location: Melbourne, Victoria Australia
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2008 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:07442037-ac29-4c94-ad18-f4265efbc5fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.eslcafe.com/idea/index.cgi?display:913446177-6000.txt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270399.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00230-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934987 | 558 | 3.15625 | 3 |
chokecherries, drying process, native american food tradition
Fresh chokecherries have a bitter and astringent taste; when dried the taste becomes sweeter. Native Americans preserved chokecherries for use in traditional foods such as pemmican (also known as wasna) and wojapi (chokecherry pudding). Pemmican is ground dried meat mixed with tallow and dried, crushed chokecherries. The mixture is shaped into small patties or squares and allowed to harden. Tribes used pemmican during a move to new hunting grounds; it was light weight, easy to carry, and a good source of protein for energy.
Saboe, Lorna and Tiomanipi, Gabrielle, "Drying Chokecherries" (2007). SDSU Extension Extra Archives. 486. | <urn:uuid:630f8cac-93ec-4889-9fbd-d8b2cfd755fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_extra/486/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687484.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920213425-20170920233425-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.844704 | 177 | 3.5625 | 4 |
NoodleTools is a citation management program that can help you manage your citations, organize your notes, and create your Works Cited or References page. Sign in to NoodleTools or check out the NoodleTools Help Desk for more information. To sign in to NoodleTools use your student email address and password. Your email address is your EasyLogin username followed by @students.ccsnh.edu.
Remember that when you do research, you are looking for information to use in your paper or project, and one way to consider how to use information is the BEAM model*. BEAM stands for the types of sources you'll find: Background, Exhibit, Argument, and Method. Once you've found information that
provides Background information or definitions that help explain your topic, OR
presents, or Exhibits information or images that you will analyze or interpret, OR
presents evidence in support of an Argument or its opposing view, OR
explains a Method of researching or interpreting information,
you then have to determine the best way to include the information in your paper or presentation and the correct way to attribute, or give credit for, that information using the citation style your assignment requires, such as APA. This is also called citing.
* (Joseph Bizup (2008) BEAM: A Rhetorical Vocabulary for Teaching Research Based Writing, Rhetoric Review, 27:1, 72-86, DOI: 10.1080/07350190701738858)
You can read more about BEAM at the Modesto Junior College library's website, or watch the video below from Portland State University.
In college, whether you are reading for class or reading sources for a paper or other project, you may benefit from being an active reader. There is no one right way to do this, but here are some tips:
One framework for active reading is SQRRR or SQR3. This stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review.
Survey: Skim the article first, looking at the introduction, conclusion and major points – this is your survey. Make a few brief notes about what stands out.
Question: Ask yourself questions that will help you understand the article. Again, there is no one right way to do this, but some possibilities include: Who wrote it? Who is the audience for this article? What is the purpose of the paper? What are the major points the author makes? What is the conclusion? How does this relate to your class, paper topic or research question? How can you best use this article for your paper or project?
Read: Read the article again, answering your own questions. Make sure your notes are clear enough that when you read them again later, they make sense. Also note anything you are unsure about.
Recite: You can actually talk out loud if you are in a place where that's possible, or write down, in your own words, what you just read and how it relates to what you already know and need to know.
Review: It's helpful to do this step sooner rather than later – go over your notes, make sure everything is clear, and skim again to make sure you haven't missed anything. Also, note how you want to use this source.
When you're done with SQR3, you should have a clear idea not only of what the article is about, but also how best to cite it in your paper to support your own ideas.
Here's a video on SQR3, and University of North Carolina's "Reading to Write" page. Worried that you can't recall what you read? SQR3 can help, and you can also try these tips on How to Remember What You Read from the University of Manitoba.
Whether you take notes on your computer or write notes by hand, there are a few things that can make it easier to organize what you note for use in your papers:
1. Think about the points you want to make in your paper. You can make an outline or just a simple numbered list.
2. Get the citation and the permalink (also called a persistent link) for your source. Look for the link button in database toolbars. If there isn't a link button, try the link at the top of the article page in a new browser to see if it takes you back to the article. If it does, it's the permanent link. At the very least, make sure you have the article or book title and author.
3. As you make notes, try to mix up copying exact quotations and summarizing the main points of your source in your own words. Keep track of this carefully so you know when to use quotation marks in your paper.
4. Think about what you just noted and how it fits your outline or list of points for the paper. Where does this information fit? Add the number from your outline or list to the note.
3. Mark each note with the source author and title so you know which information comes from which source so you can cite properly.
You can adapt this system to the way you work best, but coming up with a systematic way of thinking about and organizing your notes so you see which information supports which parts of the paper can make the writing process go much more smoothly.
Copyright © Manchester Community College | 1066 Front Street, Manchester, NH
Phone: (603) 206-8150 | <urn:uuid:bcbcfea7-ef9b-4a9b-b84a-394312429a5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://library.mccnh.edu/c.php?g=907161&p=6533004 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.929559 | 1,116 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Columbia Study Shows Wetlands Disappearing Near Kennedy Airport
A study led by Columbia researchers published in the March issue of Wetlands, the journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists, supports observations that the salt marshes of New York City's Jamaica Bay near John F. Kennedy International Airport are eroding rapidly, and in the coming decades may disappear altogether with rising sea levels as a result of global warming.
In an analysis based on historical aerial photographs of several of the larger marsh islands, the scientists determined that 12 percent of the area's marshlands had been lost since 1959. A more comprehensive examination showed a 51 percent reduction of island marshes between 1924 and 1999, with 38 percent loss of marsh vegetation occurring since 1974. Some of the smaller islands have lost up to 78 percent of their vegetation cover since 1974.
The researchers found evidence that the rate of loss was accelerating and probably could not survive the oncoming rise of the ocean. However, they held out hope that trial restoration efforts, if begun soon, could stabilize the marshes. Because they are literally "drowning in place" from sediment starvation, remediation efforts would likely include the placement of thin layers of sediment on the marsh surface, according to Ellen Hartig, the lead author and an ecologist, formerly at Columbia, now with the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
"These efforts have had success in other wetlands," she said. One major concern of the scientists is that the loss of the wetlands in Jamaica Bay could pose a danger to surrounding residential developments, which would be further exposed to flooding from storm surges.
Hartig said while the National Park Service has been excellent in protecting the marshlands for the last 30 years, in the future the agency should take a stronger approach and adopt a hands-on role in managing the wetlands. In the past, she said, the thinking was that if the wetlands were left alone they would naturally thrive.
While measured rates of marsh grass growth appear typical of other regional wetlands, the distribution of marsh grass is rather patchy, with many bare spots and water-filled pools where normally vegetation would be found.
"From the air, many of the islands are so riddled with these pools that they resemble Swiss cheese," said Vivien Gornitz, a geologist and special research scientist at NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University.
These features indicate that the marshes are submerging, leading to plant die-off from within. Field work and mapping further substantiate that submergence is more significant than erosion of the island edges.
As part a regional report prepared for the U.S. National Assessment on Climate Variability and Change, a suite of sea-level rise projections based on historical data and climate models was compared with plausible rates of marsh growth. This analysis suggests that if enough sediment could accumulate on the marshes, the marshes would survive all but the most extreme cases of future sea level rise. The fact that the marshes are shrinking even at current rates of sea level rise (around 3 millimeters per year in New York City) suggests that lack of sediments is an important cause of the wetlands losses, said Gornitz.
In addition to Hartig and Gornitz, the study involved other researchers at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation, the National Park Service, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
A major cause of the vanishing wetlands in the Queens borough is the disruption of the flow of water and the spread of sediment upon which marsh grasses depend. Repeated dredging of the bay for shipping channels and to provide landfill for the expansion of Kennedy Airport (built on wetlands beginning in 1942 before laws to protect them) over time has depleted the process of sediment deposition that nourish the wetlands. The dredged shipping channels act as a kind of trap for sediment, preventing this nourishing material from washing over the marshes and maintaining their growth.
Urban development that closed off stream channels around the bay, waves from recreational boat traffic and heavy grazing by waterfowl contribute to the erosion of the marshes. In addition, development in Queens and adjacent Brooklyn and Nassau County may have diminished sediment sources upland and blocked sediments deposits from washing into the bay after storms. "Further research is urgently needed to establish the causes of marsh loss," said Gornitz.
The researchers warned that at current rates of attrition, Spartina alterniflora, the dominant marsh grass, could disappear altogether within the next few decades -- years before the full impact is felt from a projected one meter rise in the metropolitan area sea level due to global climate warming. The researchers suspect that the die-off of this marsh grass plays an important role in the marsh deterioration. An abnormally high population of mussels and apparent encroachment of sea lettuce may be symptomatic of the transformation to more marine conditions as the marshes drown, or they could be actively contributing to the grass die-off.
A rise in global temperatures due to increases in greenhouse gases would cause thermal expansion of ocean waters and melting of mountain and high-latitude glaciers. Projections call for a sea-level rise of one meter by the end of the century in metropolitan New York. "The fate of the island marshes of Jamaica Bay serves as a wake-up call regarding the hazards facing other coastal wetlands due to the intertwined impacts of human-induced stresses and sea-level rise," the report stated.
While heavy residential and industrial development and the construction of the airport has dramatically shrunk the size of the Jamaica Bay wetlands since the early decades of the 20th century it remains one of the largest coastal ecosystems in New York State. In 1972, the remaining marsh islands and Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge came under federal protection as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area, administered by the National Park Service. Along the Atlantic flyway for migratory birds, the salt marshes are prime nesting and feeding sites for many shorebirds, including geese and ducks.
About The Earth Institute
The Earth Institute at Columbia University is the world's leading academic center for the integrated study of Earth, its environment and society. The Earth Institute builds upon excellence in the core disciplines earth sciences, biological sciences, engineering sciences, social sciences and health sciences and stresses cross-disciplinary approaches to complex problems. Through research, training and global partnerships, it mobilizes science and technology to advance sustainable development, while placing special emphasis on the needs of the world's poor. For more information, visit www.earth.columbia.edu. | <urn:uuid:be3af6b8-f62b-43d4-b1f4-3637e0e877d1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/news/story04_04_02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451648.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00266-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94741 | 1,338 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The white olive is just one of hundreds of varieties of the European olive (Olea europaea) found from Portugal east across the Mediterranean all the way to the Arabian Peninsula.
Greeting me at the gate of his farm in the hilltop village of Wardija, Sam Cremona ushered me to the porticoed dining and kitchen area where he holds olive oil tastings. Opening a cupboard, he showed me several dozen jars of his rare bajda, or white olives, blushed by brine to a pale ivory-pink. "I wish I could give you some, but the Maltese government has asked me to save all I have to give as a gift to the president of the eu," he said with an apologetic shrug.
That the government should turn to Cremona—informally known as Malta’s godfather of olive oil—for the rare white olive is not surprising. Since 1999, when he began processing oil from trees planted on his farm eight years earlier (using an imported Sicilian olive press, as there were none left on Malta at the time), the 66-year-old Malta native and retired gemologist has dedicated himself to reviving what had been a moribund industry. Prior to his efforts, Maltese olive varieties like the bajda and the more common, more conventionally colored bidni had all but disappeared after thriving for several thousand years on this rocky, sun-drenched nation of islands that poke out of the central Mediterranean between Sicily and North Africa.
Nor is a European aristocratic appetite for Maltese white olives anything new. Back in the days of the Knights of the Order of Saint John—known also as the Knights of Malta, a multinational order of Crusaders that held the island from 1530 to 1798—these plump, bone-white olives were known across Europe as perlina Maltese—Maltese pearls. Bajda trees adorned the gardens of wealthy knights, and their fruit featured in recipes for one of the country’s signature dishes—rabbit stew.
[Photo by spaztacular | Flickr] | <urn:uuid:7f013c7a-26b7-4afd-b514-419422d6ee42> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://agora.medspring.eu/en/articles/white-olives-malta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257889.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525044705-20190525070705-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.974492 | 441 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Adams 14 Celebrates Juneteenth | Schools and Offices are Closed Monday, June 20, 2022
In observance of Juneteenth, Adams 14 schools and offices are closed on Monday, June, 20, 2022. Juneteenth is an United States federal holiday, as well as Colorado’s eleventh state holiday, commemorating the emancipation of enslaved people, specifically enslaved Black/African Americans.
On June 19, 1865,two and a half years after President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and two months after the victory of the Union in the Civil War, Union Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger issued General Order No. 3 in Galveston, Texas, informing all enslaved people in the state that they were free from bondage. This day has come to be known as Juneteenth and has been celebrated annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States since 1865.
Adams 14 understands that the recognition and celebration of Juneteenth is a critical part of its commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion. While the day reminds us of our country’s long legacy of systemic racism, inequality, and inhumanity, it also reminds us of our capacity to heal, hope, and emerge from our darkest moments. | <urn:uuid:70bc3d0c-a26f-4f83-a3e4-9df16ffa304a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://adams14.net/adams-14-celebrates-juneteenth-schools-and-offices-are-closed-june-20-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.970202 | 248 | 2.515625 | 3 |
400 North Capitol Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
- Toll Free 1.888.564.6273
- Local 202.783.3870
According to the EPA, the new Utility MACT rule will bring large health and economic benefits to the country. The Utility MACT rule is estimated to save $37 billion to $90 billion each year in human health benefits. The Utility MACT rule is estimated to reduce 90 percent of all mercury emitted by coal plants.
Under this new rule power plants will need to maintain and update existing emission controls and install new pollution controls such as wet or dry scrubbers, activated carbon injections, and baghouse/fabric filters. As a result of this new regulation, the EPA estimates 46,000 short‐term construction jobs and 8,000 long‐term utility jobs will be created. Rather than view the bigger picture and the substantial job losses from coal-fired plants shutting down, EPA focuses on a small portion of the market to justify the economic benefits of the rule. And even this analysis may be flawed—if the costs of the new technologies are prohibitive as suggested by suppliers, there will very little job growth.
Jobs created within a free market are controlled by the voluntary decisions made by the supplier and consumer. Jobs created by the government are the result of coercive action. In this instance, the government is forcing power plants to take actions they would otherwise not take. This means that the new jobs that the Utility MACT rule will create are dependent not on the voluntary decisions of the supplier and consumer, but by the coercive action of the government. Although the Utility MACT rule may create short term jobs in narrow sectors of the economy, it puts unwanted costs on the power plants and electricity providers. These unwanted costs have a much more expansive impact on the economy compared to the few new jobs identified by the EPA. As energy costs go up, consumers have less income to make other purchases, businesses must cover the costs of higher electricity prices, and producers will have to pay more to create their final goods. And those producing coal may be completely out of work as the costs of using coal become prohibitive. Together, this generates a negative shock to the economy and employment, with some estimates suggesting up to 1.65 million jobs will be lost.
The negative effects of the Utility MACT rule on the economy have been established, but what about the health benefits that Utility MACT provides? Could it be argued that the health benefits outweigh the cost of the Utility MACT rule on the economy? This question is much harder to definitively answer, but one important point can be made. The health costs of unemployment outweigh the health risks used by the EPA to justify the rule. Unemployment is known to positively increase risk factors associated with mental disorder, suicide, alcohol abuse, cardiovascular disease, and life expectancy according to Dr. Harvey Brenner’s testimony before Congress this past year. (Dr. Harvey Brenner is a Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of North Texas). The only way the EPA can generate health benefits is by counting the benefits of reducing particulate matter. But this is already regulated under a different regulation, so the EPA is double counting the benefits to justify this costly new rule.
What can be done to stop the Utility MACT? Support S.J Res. 37 introduced by Sen. Jim Inhofe! Sen. Jim Inhofe, recognizing the tragic affects that Utility MACT will have on our economy, introduced this resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act (CRA). If passed, this resolution would overturn the EPA’s costly regulation. Under the CRA, slow procedural hurdles are eliminated and the resolution of disapproval can pass the Senate with a simple majority. Call your Senator right now and ask them to support S.J Res. 37 in order to save American jobs and our economy. | <urn:uuid:308e0804-6d0f-411c-a860-f6c44d6b233d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.freedomworks.org/content/utility-mact-rule-damaging-us-power-plants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541907.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00323-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944187 | 785 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The story of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) began in 1938, when Italian psychiatrist Ugo Cerletti visited a Rome slaughterhouse to see what could be learned from the method that was employed to butcher hogs.
In Cerletti’s own words, “As soon as the hogs were clamped by the [electric] tongs, they fell unconscious, stiffened, then after a few seconds they were shaken by convulsions….
During this period of unconsciousness (epileptic coma), the butcher stabbed and bled the animals without difficulty….
“At this point I felt we could venture to experiment on man, and I instructed my assistants to be on the alert for the selection of a suitable subject.” Cerletti’s first victim was provided by the local police – a diagnosed schizophrenic with delusions, hallucinations and confusion.
After surviving the first blast without losing consciousness, the victim overheard Cerletti discussing a second application with a higher voltage. He begged Cerletti, “Non una seconda! Mortifierel” (“Not another one! It will kill me!”) Ignoring the objections of his assistants, Cerletti increased the voltage and duration and fired again. With the ‘successful’ electrically induced convulsion of his victim, Ugo Cerletti brought about the application of hog-slaughtering skills to humans, creating one of the most brutal techniques of psychiatry.
In ECT, 180 to 460 volts of electricity (the current is between 750 and 900 mA) are fired through the brain, for a tenth of a second to six seconds, either from temple to temple or from the front to the back of one side of the head. The result is a severe convulsion, or seizure, of long duration, as in an epileptic fit. The usual course of treatment involves 10 to 12 shocks over a period of weeks.
For some, the experience is traumatic and devastating, while for others, it is a blessing and a salvation. | <urn:uuid:2d50725a-3a33-4b04-973b-d746b073052c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.highroydshospital.com/management-treatment/electric-convulsive-therapy-ect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.952977 | 423 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Life should be exciting and pleasurable. How many times have you said that to yourself? Perhaps as you have waited in a traffic jam or opened all those bills and invoices for last month’s purchases!
However, for life to be enjoyable we all need to be able to manage the challenges that we face. Unfortunately, there will be times when we feel we cannot cope and it is then that we may experience stress. But experiencing signs of stress does not mean you are a weak individual who cannot cope – it just means you are human like everyone else! We all react differently to the situations we have to face because we are all unique individuals. Some of us may be passive personalities whilst others may be very competitive and our reaction to pressure, and especially excess pressure, will vary enormously. And dependent on our reaction, will be the state of our wellbeing and health.
Life in the 21st century is very different to that of only a few years ago and perhaps it would be useful to look at how we can improve our stress levels during the coming year.
‘Stress is the adverse reaction people have to excess pressure or other types of demands placed upon them. It arises when they perceive that they are unable to cope with those demands’ HSE (www.hse.gov.uk).
It is often mistakenly thought that stress is good for people, when in fact long-term stress invariably harmful. A certain amount of pressure can indeed motivate and can therefore be useful, but stress is never so. People perform well when pressure is effectively managed.
That which causes us to be stressed is the way that we think about the situation rather than the situation itself. Problems occur when the pressure we are under seems to be overwhelming or out of control. We may perceive ourselves as not possessing the necessary skills to manage the pressure, and so we feel unable to cope.
Many people experience stress at some point in their lives. Stress is like a light switch; your mind turns it on automatically but you need to learn how to turn it off.
Some of the most common signs of stress are:
• Mood swings
• Anxiety and/or depression
• Skin problems
• Muscle tension
• Poor concentration/ memory
• Waking unrefreshed
• Changes in eating patterns
• Low self esteem
• Digestive problems
It is very important to take positive action when faced with stress as, if experienced over a prolonged period of time, it can seriously damage mental and physical health.
The following proven coping strategies can really start to help reduce the effects of any stress in your life.
- Be self-aware of your own warning signs – maybe this could be a sudden feeling of anxiety, extreme tiredness or feeling very tearful.
- Review what is really causing your stress. Think about what action you could take to change things. Examine whether your expectations of yourself, and others, are realistic?
- At times of stress, we often fall into the trap of either not eating sufficiently or over-eating, or even smoking.
- Try always to eat a balanced diet.
Eat complex carbohydrates such as wholemeal bread and pasta, rather than biscuits or chocolate! Remember, what you eat influences mood.
Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables and keep sugar and salt intake to a minimum. This will help to support your immune system in its fight against colds and flu.
Drink plenty of water, it helps general health as it rehydrates your body.
Try and keep coffee and all caffeine consumption to a minimum and avoid using nicotine or any other self-prescribed drugs.
- Do not feel guilty about including a period of relaxation every day. We all need to ‘switch off’ from time-to-time. Do something you enjoy that complements your life-style. This could, for example, be reading, listening to music, yoga or meditation, enjoying a warm bath with aromatherapy oils added. Remember - to be comfortable both inside and out, is a vital part of living successfully!
- Make sure also that regular exercise is part of your everyday life and which is suitable for you. Make sure you choose an exercise that you like or you wont stick to it! If you have any doubts as to the correct intensity or duration then always check with your doctor before starting a new regime.
- Do you often find yourself saying “Yes!” when in fact you mean “No!”? Are you always late for appointments? Do you get frustrated knowing you could have done a better job if only you had organised your time better? Then learn how to be more assertive and manage your time properly. Many of us waste a lot of the day, then make excuses for things we have not done!
- Consider attending a stress management training course. You do not have to be stressed to attend one of these. It is far better to know what to do prior to experiencing stress than waiting until it happens!
- The secret to managing stress is learning how to control your personal environment, and the pressures within it, by strengthening all your resources of energy and utilising your time efficiently.
TIPS TO AVOID UNDUE PRESSURE
Avoid stress by finding your natural SPEED:
Sleep – get a minimum of 7 hours every night
Priorities – Focus on that which is most important
Empathy – Find friends who will empathise with you
Exercise – set an exercise goal to meet every week
Diet – limit sugar, heavy meals, alcohol, smoking and caffeine
Talk to Us About Stress!
The International Stress Management Association [UK] would love to hear your views about stress. Please take part in a major new survey to mark National Stress Awareness Day on Wednesday 2nd November 2016 http://bit.ly/2dqvfTs
Carole Spiers is an International Motivational Speaker and business consultant, as well as CEO of Carole Spiers Group. As a C-suite Executive Consultant, she specialises in communications skills and building resilience. Carole is a sought after BBC Guest-Broadcaster and best-selling author. She is Chair of the International Stress Management Association [UK] and past president of the London Chapter of the Professional Speaking Association www.carolespiersgroup.co.uk / http://www.isma.org.uk | <urn:uuid:66469756-1466-4b7e-9ab5-e114ed4183e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://phobiasupportforum.com/expert-guest-articles/stress-and-your-lifestyle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946597.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424100356-20180424120356-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.955405 | 1,306 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Mapped: The Median Age of the Population on Every Continent from – Visual Capitalist
Earlier this week, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation published their annual letter that highlights the surprises they saw in 2018, as well as the philanthropic opportunities they’ve identified for the future.
Among many other compelling facts and stories, the letter pointed out one surprise that we thought was of particular interest: the median age of the African continent is just 18 years old.
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MEDIAN AGES, BY CONTINENT
Today’s chart was inspired by the Gates’ letter, and it showcases the median age of each continent along with other pertinent data points.
|North America||35 years|
|South America||31 years|
What’s interesting here is not only Africa’s median age, but also that the median age for each other continent is at least 13 years older. In other words, this means Africa is a real demographic outlier.
In their letter, Bill and Melinda Gates drop one additional fact that helps crystallize this even further: by 2100, it’s projected that nearly half of the world’s children aged 0-4 years old will be in Sub-Saharan Africa.
MEDIAN AGES, BY COUNTRY
The difference in median age between Africa and Europe is quite astonishing, but the gap gets even wider when we look at individual countries.
For example, Monaco is the country with the oldest population in the world with a median age of 53.1 years – but this is roughly 3.5x higher than the median age of Niger, where it is just 15.4 years.
Here are the five oldest countries, along with the five youngest:
|Rank||Country||Median Age (Youngest)||Rank||Country||Median Age (Oldest)|
|#1||Niger||15.4 years||#1||Monaco||53.1 years|
|#2||Mali||15.8 years||#2||Japan||47.3 years|
|#3||Uganda||15.8 years||#3||Germany||47.1 years|
|#4||Angola||15.9 years||#4||Italy||45.5 years|
|#5||Zambia||16.8 years||#5||Slovenia||44.5 years|
While it is not surprising that Monaco – a small and wealthy city-state that sits on the French Riviera with a population of just 40,000 people – is the oldest country in the world, it seems that age could be a real challenge for the major economies that also make this list.
Germany, Italy, and Japan have some of the largest economies in the world with a combined nominal GDP equal to 12.2% of global output. At the same time, they are also three of the oldest countries right now, and they are each projected to hit a median age of 50 years or higher by the year 2050.
On the other end of the spectrum, there are more than 30 countries that have median ages under 20 years, with most of them existing in Africa or the Middle East. One exception to this is Timor-Leste, a small country bordering Indonesia, which has a median age of 18.9 years. | <urn:uuid:8ef40476-2104-4293-80d0-f51cd03273c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://gospelnewsnetwork.org/2019/02/22/mapped-the-median-age-of-the-population-on-every-continent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.932097 | 789 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This post is also available in: Deutsch (German)
John Hardy, founder of the ‘Green School’ in Bali, established the school in the belief that ‘We need to teach our children that our world is not indestructible’. Green School, therefore, teaches its pupils to appreciate nature and to preserve the natural environment.
A bamboo building stands at the heart of Green School; the building has no walls and it is surrounded by nature. However, if the children do need to protect themselves from the weather, they put up what the school calls ‘bubbles’ made of cotton. Alongside the usual school programs, which enable the children to gain entry into higher-level schools, the pupils also learn aspects such as how to grow vegetables or rice, and how to build houses from bamboo. In fact, the school’s system is entirely dedicated to the issue of sustainability. As such, water-based toilets have been replaced with compost toilets, and the school generates its own electricity through an innovative turbine system. Many of the materials used in the school are made by the students and teachers themselves from natural or recycled materials. There are animals living on the premises, and they are also regarded as members of the school. Green School has adopted the idea that education involves a focus on the whole person: the body, mind, emotion and spirit.
Pupils from 24 different countries currently attend Green School. An entire ‘green village’ with ‘green restaurants’ and similarly built houses, and even ‘green companies’ is currently establishing itself around the school. One of the leading ideas of the people who run the school is to find regional solutions to problems and challenges. | <urn:uuid:86f802d9-aa86-4a22-a6bf-ca31313b1cdd> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://trendreport-bildung.de/en/case-green-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519757.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124080411-20190124102411-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.973794 | 353 | 2.875 | 3 |
Hollywood once considered trying to get Julia Roberts to play Harriet Tubman, the 19th Century black anti-slavery crusader, it has emerged.
The idea was floated 25 years ago as studio executives considered making a film about the iconic abolitionist.
A biopic called "Harriet," starring black British actress Cynthia Erivo, was finally released this month. Gregory Allen Howard, screenwriter and producer of the film, said the suggestion of casting Roberts was made to him by a studio executive when he first tried to get the movie made in 1994.
He said: "Picture 1994: 'This is a great script. Let’s get Julia Roberts to play Harriet Tubman,' said the then-president of a studio sublabel.
"Fortunately, there was a single black person in that studio meeting 25 years ago who told him that Harriet Tubman was a black woman. "The president replied, 'That was so long ago. No one will know that.'”
Mr Howard declined to name the executive, or the studio.
Tubman was born into slavery in the early 1800s in Maryland.
As a young adult, she escaped by running nearly 100 miles through forests and fields.
She then risked her life repeatedly to return to Maryland, and lead slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad.
Mr Howard said he had never given up efforts to get the film made, and there had been movement after the extraordinary success last year of Black Panther, the first Marvel superhero movie to feature a predominantly black cast.
He said: "It’s no accident that "Harriet" went into production nine months after the release of "Black Panther".
It was not thought Roberts was ever made aware of the idea of her playing Tubman. In 1994 she was one of Hollywood's biggest stars. "Pretty Woman" had been released four years earlier. | <urn:uuid:c771baf4-c22a-4e65-a102-e615c7e38b7b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://uk.news.yahoo.com/hollywood-executive-once-suggested-julia-201141518.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.982696 | 385 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The British Royal Mail's latest country definitives feature unusual patterns of Northern Ireland's landscape, coastline and industrial heritage.
The closely cropped photographs depict classic images including the celebrated geology of the Giants Causeway and rare examples of linen and china.
The four-stamp set follows those issued in 1999 for Scotland and Wales.
The Northern Ireland stamps and their denominations are:
The second-class Giant's Causeway. This massive cluster of 40,000 basalt columns formed by cooling lava from volcanic eruptions, the Royal Mail says, "strikes some amazing polygonal symmetry. This natural wonder has been described by [the novelist William M.] Thackeray as a 'remnant of chaos.'" The ancients of North Antrim considered the causeway to be "giants' work," built by a leviathan called Finn McCool "to venture out and confront a bad-tempered Scottish giant who had been intimidating the locals."
The first-class Patchwork Fields. Photographer Richard Cooke took the air to capture this coastline collage of rolling green fields held together by a network of trees and hedgerows. The intricate pattern is a result of one generation's field systems being superimposed on those of earlier generations. Together with the typically lush greens, this rural matrix creates a picture unique to Northern Ireland.
The "E" stamp (for the basic European letter rate) features linen, which has been made in Ireland since the 13th century. Northern Ireland has supplied western Europe with fine linen since the 15th century. During the 17th century, the earl of Stafford transformed its production into a major industry. The stamp design shows a detail of a linen slip case for holding personal items. The embroidery technique of drawn threadwork is one of the earliest known and a forerunner of lace.
The 65-pence (airmail basic rate) depicts Parian China. The design shows the detail of an oval china basket, which is housed in the Ulster Museum in County Antrium. The Belleek Pottery was founded in 1849 by John Caldwell Bloomfield who, after inheriting the Belleek village, set about creating useful employment for his tenants. A survey discovered the land held all the raw materials necessary to make pottery, so the industry was born.
For information about ordering these or any other British stamps or postal items, write to: Royal Mail, 148 Old St., Room 108, London EC1V 9HQ, U.K.
Richard Carr can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:b614226c-a6b1-48cf-aa19-ee4a4582f106> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-05-13-0105110796-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.948011 | 524 | 2.703125 | 3 |
by Nancy Garrison, Former Urban Horticulture and Master GardenerProgram Coordinator with U.C. Cooperative Extension
Strawberries can be grown in the home garden and will provide a sweet tangy fruit high in vitamin C. There are two general classes of strawberries, the "day neutral" or as they are also called, "everbearers" and the "short-day" types. The day neutral types flower and produce fruit all year round; although, the bulk of the fruit will be from April through October. The short-day types produce when day lengths are shorter as in the fall through early spring. Pajaro, Seascape, Chandler and Tioga are short-day types, while Aptos, and Fern are day-neutral types. Day-neutral varieties can bear fruit about 3 months after planting, if favorable growing temperatures prevail. Varieties to choose from for best flavor are Aptos, Chandler, Seascape, Tioga, Fern, and Pajaro.
Factors Affecting Growth
Long days and warm temperatures favor the growth of leaves and runners, while short days and cool temperatures are necessary for flower formation in the short-day varieties. Strawberries will have more flavor when grown in areas where days are sunny and nights are cool. Strawberries that grow during cool temperatures have firmer fruit than those grown during warm humid weather. Temperatures of 70 to 80 F during the day and 60 to 65 F during the night result in a ripening period of about 30 days.
If planted in the ground, do so on raised beds that have not had members of the Solanaceae family (tomatoes, pepper, eggplants) grown in that location for at least 3 years. Amend soil with compost, well-composted or aged manure and fertilize with alfalfa meal or a vegetable food fertilizer following label recommendations for rate. After soil is amended, fertilized, and ready to plant, cover soil with a weed block material, preferably with drip underneath. Cut an "X" into material to plant through fabric. This will protect berries from most of the snails, slugs, earwigs, and sowbugs that like to munch on the berries when they are in contact with the soil, as well as minimizing berry rot.
Set the plants 8" to 14" apart in single rows on top of beds that are at least 5" to 6" high and 6" to 12" wide on top or in double rows that are 12" to 24". Space the beds at least 28" apart from center to center. Where no beds are used, set the plants 12" to 16" apart and allow about 28" between rows. Plant so that the upper part of the crown (the area between the roots and the leaf stems) is slightly above or level with the ground – never below grade. Set the roots downwards. Strawberry plants have shallow roots so they need moisture throughout the growing season. Drip irrigation is recommended so that moisture is kept away from fruit minimizing fruit rot. Keep soil moist but not soggy. Organic mulches tend to favor earwigs, sowbugs and snails and slugs which munch ripening berries, so may not be a wise choice.
A great way to grow strawberries, is to plant in narrow planter boxes that are approximately 6" to 8" deep by 5" to 7" wide by 18" to 4' long. Use fresh, not recycled potting mix mixing in additional fertilizer as directed on the fertilizer label. Thoroughly incorporate fertilizer into potting mix. Plant so crowns are not buried by time you water in. Keep moist but not soggy. Grow in full sun all day and expect luscious berries in 3 months. They are BEAUTIFUL ornamental plants, which will dazzle your visitors. They should be spaced 10" to 14" apart depending on level of fertilization and plant size. Pajaro variety produces the largest plants requiring the greater planting distance,
Prune off all runners that develop the first season so all the energy is focused into fruit production. If the plants are not sized up when flower production starts, remove first flush of flowers. If berry production or plants are less vigorous in subsequent years, you may want to put in new plants in fresh soil to get that incredible vigor you witnessed the first year. Commercially, they are usually treated as annuals even though they are, in fact, perennials. | <urn:uuid:fc759f80-156c-4205-9597-b291599b1564> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mastergardeners.org/picks/growingStrawberries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945522 | 916 | 3.15625 | 3 |
We can’t achieve perfection.
One mistake ruins perfect.
Following the rules doesn’t make us perfect.
Following the rules is doing the bare minimum to be commonly good.
The problem is that good is not in us. This doesn’t mean we can’t do good things or people aren’t good to each other. People do good but the motivation for doing good can reveal the imperfection of the good done.
Some do good so they can feel better about something they regret having done. Or they do something good in case they later do something bad and the good can offset the bad. That’s self motivated and is done to medicate a feeling of not being good. Therefore they reveal that they are not good.
Some do good so they will one day have good done for them. They too are doing it for a selfish motivation. The intent of having the act returned to them doesn’t reveal good but selfishness, therefore revealing they are not truly good.
Good means doing something for someone regardless of what can be done for them.
Only God is truly good. Only He has demonstrated a good love that comes and does something for us, not to make himself feel better, but because He genuinely loves us. His love makes Him good.
His love for us reveals itself in the goodness He displays toward us.
He requires us to do nothing but receive His forgiveness and start following Jesus.
When we receive His salvation and follow Jesus, we draw near to God.
When we trust in Jesus and what Jesus has done for us, we receive His salvation and He makes us as if we are perfect before God.
The rules can’t make us perfect. Only Jesus can. That is our hope. That is the only way we can come near to God. We must receive that hope. Trust in that hope. And we must follow that hope.
“(because the Law made nothing perfect). On the other hand, a better hope is introduced, through which we draw near to God…
This is why he can completely save those who are approaching God through him, because he always lives to speak with God for them.”
Hebrews 7:19, 25 CEB | <urn:uuid:845e90f2-d1d4-43e5-8d69-77fd20e785c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kaseyrobinson.com/2016/12/the-hope-of-pefection-is-a-hope-for-salvation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710980.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204204504-20221204234504-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.970133 | 466 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Service Dog Training – An Overview
Dogs can be trained to do a lot of things, but undergoing service dog training can be the most difficult, but also the most satisfying things they can go through. A dog undergoes service dog training so that it can assist people with disabilities. While the tasks they learn in service dog training seem routine and common, it is highly prized by those they serve.
Many are already quite familiar with the fact that dogs can undergo service dog training to assist the blind or the deaf. What most are not aware of is that service dog training can also prepare a dog to serve people with other disabilities and illnesses such as mental illness, seizures, diabetes and even people with severe allergies. Service dog training can teach dogs to pull wheelchairs, retrieve objects and even provide some form of rescue and protection for their masters.
In the US, service dog training and service dogs in general are regulated by the American with Disabilities Act which definer parameters for their roles and uses. Dogs that are chosen to undergo service dog training are selected with care because not all dogs can be good service dogs. In fact, many great dogs start service dog training, but do not finish the course because they are deemed unsuitable. Dogs that will undergo service dog training are selected carefully based on personality traits that will make them suited for the role of service dogs.
Formal Service Dog Training
Service dog training can be done through a formal service dog training program. Organizations who offer such a program will often breed their own dogs to come up with the ideal combination of personality traits and characteristics. Basic social skills, manners and potty training is often done by a foster family, but once the dogs are old enough, they are sent back for evaluation to decide whether they will undergo service dog training.
Those who pass the initial screening will go on to the basic service dog training level. Those who do not pass the initial screening for the service dog training program are evaluated for other programs such as bomb detection or narcotics. Otherwise, they are put up for adoption.
The basic service dog training level will focus on teaching the service dog training candidates the same basic skills. This basic service dog training level will include obeying simple commands, common working positions and leash training. This service dog training level will also train dogs how to be obedient, despite distracting circumstances and more advance potty training.
Once they pass this level, the dogs go on to more specific service dog training programs based on the needs of the person they are going to serve. For instance, service dog training for a dog who will be serving someone in a wheelchair might include opening doors, retrieving objects and even turning lights on and off.
Owner-Led Service Dog Training
An alternative service dog training method is for the owner to train the dog himself or herself. Or they can hire a service dog training expert to their dog to suit their particular needs. This kind of service dig training is very effective with owners who have multiple disabilities since the service dog training program can be fully customized for their needs from the very start.
The only downside to this kind of service dog training is that the owner can become very attached to the puppy during the training. This can make it very hard to make the decision to give up the dog if it proves unsuitable and fails the service dog training program. | <urn:uuid:f8a33a3f-0896-40a1-b172-03451b0b228f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ibarks.com/service-dog-training-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00246-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967277 | 728 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Why chocolate is better for you than blueberries and low-fat food won't help you slim: The diet myths that could be ruining your health
Not so naughty: Dark chocolate scores higher than blueberries on the oxygen radical absorbance capacity scale
Blueberries contain more anti-oxidants than other fruit
Blueberries are known as a superfood, due to their high level of
anti-oxidants (molecules thought to help protect us from cancer-
causing free radicals). But that does not mean they are superior to
Angela says: 'Blueberries score highly on the oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (ORAC) scale, but scientists are finding foods that
are even higher - including dark chocolate.
'Even if blueberries top the scale, they are only rich in one family
of anti-oxidants, anthocyanin, which is found in other fruits, like
And the far cheaper red grape is actually higher up the ORAC scale.
Low-fat foods help you lose weight
Whether it be cereal bars, yoghurts or ready meals, low-fat options
are always tempting if you are desperate to lose weight. But not only
are they likely to be stuffed full of sugar, carbs and synthetic
sweeteners, they could also have just as many calories as the
'Particularly with sweeter low-fat foods, the extra sugar used means it might have a similar calorie content to the regular option,' says Angela. 'It might be better to just have a smaller serving of the standard dish, with more fat but less sugar.'
Eating at night makes you fat
Calories are calories, whether eaten during the morning, noon or
night. Studies using monkeys found the animals stayed the same weight
whether they had six per cent of their food at night or 65 per cent -
the body burns them off at the same rate during sleep.
But avoiding food in the evenings may still help you lose weight. Angela says: 'People tend to snack all evening in front of the TV, especially if they have eaten very little all day.'
Good for you: A boiled egg has only 75 calories
Eggs raise cholesterol levels
First we were told to 'go to work on an egg', then we were warned eggs are bad for the heart. Now, it seems the first advice was better.
Although eggs contain cholesterol, our body varies the amount it produces, so simply makes less if we eat an egg.
Research by the University of Surrey found that, after eating a two-egg-a-day diet for 12 weeks, none of the test subjects had raised cholesterol levels.
And as well as being low in calories (75 in a boiled egg), they contain vitamin D, vitamin B-12 and other nutrients.
Coffee dehydrates your body
We all know that coffee can make us dehydrated, right? Wrong.
A whopping 50 per cent of Britons limit their intake, believing it's a diuretic (a substance which causes the body to lose fluid by making the kidneys produce more urine).
But, in fact, it has no such effect on regular drinkers. Nutritionist Angela Dowden says: 'New converts could be taking more trips to the loo. But your body gets used to it and coffee counts towards your daily fluid intake.'
Eating margarine is bad for your heart
This used to be true, as marge was previously packed with trans fats - hydrogenated fats that raise bad cholesterol and reduce good cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
But after a consumer backlash the spreads on our shelves have been reformulated with healthy poly and mono-unsaturated fats.
Angela says: 'Margarine is a healthier option than butter.'
Daily fluid intake: Coffee counts
Decaf coffee won't affect your energy levels
may come as a shock, but decaffeinated coffee does contain caffeine -
although only a tiny 5mg compared with the normal 90mg or more in a
But rather than having no effect on you, research has shown it may make you sleepier than no coffee.
Crystal Haskell, of Northumbria University, found levels of caffeine
less than 10mg actually made people feel more tired, with weaker memory
She puts this down to the body countering the effect of the expected caffeine high.
Always keep fruit and veg in the fridge
You probably don't give a second thought before sticking fruit and
veg in the fridge. But by keeping things cool, you may be losing out.
Scientists in Oklahoma in the U.S discovered that a watermelon left
at room temperature had double the levels of beta-carotene and 20 per
cent more lycopene - both antioxidants - after two weeks than one
stored in the fridge.
Bananas and peaches are also more nutritious at 20 degrees.
Your body needs eight glasses of water a day
If you've been drinking two litres of water a day, it turns out you might have been wasting your time.
When doctors at the University of Pennsylvania in the U.S. examined the benefits of drinking this much water, they found no evidence that it led to clearer skin, boosted weight loss or helped the body to detox.
Angela says: 'The amount of water a person needs varies - thirst is the best indicator. Check the shade of your urine - if it's straw-coloured or paler you are probably drinking enough.'
Not best served chilled: Fruit like blueberries
When slimming, eat little and often
Which is better for you - three hearty meals or six little ones? Diet books might advise you to 'eat little and often', but you're no more likely to lose weight this way.
Australian scientist Dr Michelle Palmer compared weight loss in people eating in both ways and found they lost the same amount. The only difference was the six-mini-meal group was more likely to put the weight back on.
Angela says: 'Eating little and often can control hunger, but there's a danger that by eating more often you eat more calories.'
Raw vegetables are better
While you may not fancy a raw veg diet, general wisdom maintains that the more you cook vegetables, the more nutrients they lose. But this is not necessarily true.
Carrots are a case in point. Angela says: 'When cooked, the damage to the cells means three times as much betacarotene is released - an anti-oxidant thought to help protect skin.'
White meat is lower in fat than red meat
Often dieters eat chicken as a healthy choice, but it could be fattier than a lean cut of red meat.
'The myth probably dates back to when butchers' cuts were fattier,' says Angela. 'Now, the fat content is virtually the same.'
A lean sirloin steak has as little as 5g of fat per 100g, while chicken thighs may have up to 9g per 100g.
Pale vegetables have fewer nutrients
We've been taught it's best to eat vegetables with vibrant colours, whether it's deep green spinach, purple beetroot or red cabbage.
While this is a good rule, Angela says, white vegetables should not be dismissed.
White cabbage is full of vitamins A, B, C and K, along with calcium, iron and fibre, while cauliflower is a great source of anti-oxidants, vitamin C and folate. | <urn:uuid:104622cc-b8d2-406d-ae40-6ede75733e1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1257069/Why-chocolate-better-blueberries-low-fat-food-wont-help-slim-The-diet-myths-ruining-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954731 | 1,544 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In the group of ruins to the left of the spring are two well-defined circular estufas.
"The Prehistoric World" by E. A. Allen
They held their dance orgies in the estufa, the meeting house of the tribe.
"Tales of Aztlan" by George Hartmann
The explorers soon discovered that the only entrance into the estufa was by a trapdoor and a ladder.
"Overland" by John William De Forest
What I took to be an estufa, nineteen feet in diameter, was found in the lowest section.
"Unknown Mexico, Volume 1 (of 2)" by Carl Lumholtz
Survey, from the decorated walls of an estufa in the Pueblo de Jemez, New Mexico.
"Sign Language Among North American Indians Compared With That Among Other Peoples And Deaf-Mutes" by Garrick Mallery
Similar to this estufa of the Corn clan are to-day all the other estufas on the Tyuonyi.
"The Delight Makers" by Adolf Bandelier
The 'Estufa' was always round in form, and is supposed to have been used for religious purposes.
"Chatterbox, 1905." by Various
The estufas and the houses of the priests were pulled down.
"Eighth Annual Report" by Various
Although an adopted son of Pecos, Sr. Ruiz was never permitted to enter the Estufa.
"Historical Introduction to Studies Among the Sedentary Indians of New Mexico; Report on the Ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos" by Adolphus Bandelier
The estufa is a fearful place.
"The Scalp Hunters" by Mayne Reid | <urn:uuid:57c36a80-0dac-45f6-9a27-967a0069b61e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.finedictionary.com/Estufa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053717.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916174455-20210916204455-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.934067 | 371 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Two filmmakers record a large chunk of glacier breaking off and sinking into the ocean while filming the award-winning documentary Chasing Ice. It was the single largest calving event that has ever been recorded. Over the course of 75 minutes, they watched almost five square kilometers (3 square miles) of ice break away. This isn’t just a little crust of ice either, it’s about 915 meters (3000 feet) The video shows a time lapse of what that process looks like over the course of a few seconds. At the end of the video, the filmmakers show what it would look like if lower Manhattan were sitting in that same area. It is a humbling feeling to see such a great expanse of ice fall into the water as if it were nothing.
Glacial retreat is just one of many parameters that scientists use when studying climate change. As global temperatures rise, the glaciers cannot hold the sea water as ice any longer. As they melt, the sea levels will rise. Scientists have calculated that sea levels appear to be rising at 3.5 millimeters (0.14 inches) over the last 25 years. On the surface, that sounds meager enough… unless you know how to multiply. Globally, sea levels are up as much as 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last 100 years alone. Unfortunately, glacier retreat and subsequent sea level increase have sped up over the last two decades.
By 2100, it is estimated that sea levels will rise as much as 40-120 centimeters (16-48 inches). Unfortunately, because of all of the combining factors that play into glacial retreat and rising sea levels, more precise numbers cannot be given. On the upper end of that scale, millions living in cities like New York, London, Miami, and Los Angeles will be displaced. Entire islands could disappear. The changing ocean waters are also expected to impact the fish populations and could very well reduce the food supply. These consequences are going to be catastrophic. | <urn:uuid:c5a55ec2-f93b-4b1e-81f6-1bd4188f6d9b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.iflscience.com/environment/massive-chunk-glacier-breaks-ocean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.958763 | 402 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The Gospel reading for December 19 contains the familiar story of Zechariah in the temple.
It is the occasion when the Angel Gabriel appears to him to announce the birth of John the Baptist.
Although the story is familiar, there are some fascinating details in this account, and their significance is not obvious.
Let’s take a look.
Here are 10 things to know and share . . .
1. When did this event take place?
Luke begins his narrative "in the days of Herod, king of Judea," by which he means Herod the Great.
When precisely Herod the Great ruled is disputed. According to a theory introduced a little more than a century ago, Herod reigned from 37 B.C. to 4 B.C.
This view is generally accepted today, but it has been vigorously challenged in favor of a more traditional dating, which would extend Herod's reign to 1 B.C. (And also place the beginning of his reign in 39 B.C.).
Still, 39-1 B.C. is a long span, and we can narrow it down more precisely.
Once we clear away the error that Herod died in 4 B.C., it becomes clear that Jesus—in keeping with the traditional date given by the Church Fathers—was born in 3/2 B.C.
And since John the Baptist was around 6 months older than Jesus and was in the womb for 9 months, that would put this event around 15 months before the birth of Jesus--some time in 4 or 3 B.C. Most likely, it was in November of 4 B.C.
2. Why November of 4 B.C.?
Luke introduces the familiar figures of Zechariah and Elizabeth, who will become the parents of John the Baptist, and informs us that Zechariah is a priest belonging to "the division of Abijah."
At the time, the Jewish priesthood was organized as twenty four divisions or "courses," each of which went to serve at the temple twice a year for one week at a time.
The division of Abijah was the eighth of the twenty four courses.
Through a series of complex calculations and arguments that are too detailed to go into here, it is possible to estimate when the course of Abijah was on duty at the temple.
If you want to go into those arguments in all their geeky, chronological goodness, get a copy of Jack Finnegan’s outstanding Handbook of Biblical Chronology (see sections 467-473).
The upshot, though, is that Zechariah likely saw the vision when he was on duty with the rest of the course of Abijah between November 10 and 17 in 4 B.C.
That would put the birth of Jesus in the winter of 3/2 B.C., in keeping with the traditional date.
3. How did Zechariah’s vision come about?
Luke tells us:
Now while he was serving as priest before God when his division was on duty, according to the custom of the priesthood, it fell to him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. And the whole multitude of the people were praying outside at the hour of incense [Luke 1:8-10].
You might wonder: Why was Zechariah chosen by lot to offer incense?
The answer is that there were, at this time, as many as 8,000 priests in total, and they could not all offer incense, even when their division was on duty.
As a result, the decision of who would offer incense was left to God by the use of lots.
We know of this practice also from the Mishnah, a Jewish work written around A.D. 200 that records religious traditions and debates from the first century B.C. to the second century A.D.
The fact that the Mishnah sheds like on Luke 1 shows both the value of other ancient sources for understanding the Bible and how well Luke's account meshes with what we know about the ancient world.
According to the Mishnah, lots were cast to determine which priest would offer incense (m. Tamid 5:2).
In fact, there were so many priests that the incense service was performed by a team of priests whose individual duties were selected by lot.
They "won" various rights: the right to offer the incense, the right to prepare the incense, the right to scoop up ashes from the inner altar, the right to remove the ashes of the candlestick, etc.
There were even expert priests on hand to coach the newly arrived priests in how to perform their functions, since they did a specific duty so infrequently that they might be fuzzy on the details of what they were supposed to do.
Being chosen to offer the incense was a rare experience that might only come a handful of times during a priest's life, and so it is significant that God has chosen Zechariah to serve him in the holy place at this particular moment.
4. What happens in the vision?
An angel--who is at first nameless--appears "on the right side of the altar of incense," causing Zechariah to be afraid.
The angel tells Zechariah not to be afraid, that his prayer has been heard, and that Elizabeth will bear him a son.
He also says that they are to name the child John, which will turn out to be significant.
5. What will be special about the child?
The name "John" (Hebrew, Yohannan) means "Yahweh has been gracious."
The idea may include the idea that God has been gracious to Zechariah and Elizabeth, by giving them a child in their old age. But it also signifies God's grace to mankind in general, as he will be the forerunner of the Messiah.
Thus the angel also indicates that this will be no ordinary child. He "will be great before the Lord" and have a special mission.
As part of this mission, "he shall drink no wine nor strong drink." Not drinking alcohol was a special sign of consecration in the Old Testament.
- Priests were not allowed to drink alcohol while they were serving at the temple (Lev. 10:9).
- Nazirites--men and women who made a special vow of consecration to God--were not allowed to drink alcohol during the time of their vow (Num. 6:3).
The prophecy that John would not drink alcohol echoes the births of the Old Testament judge Samson (Judg. 13:7) and the prophet Samuel (1 Sam. 1:11), both of whom were consecrated from birth.
What is more, "he will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother's womb." At this time the Holy Spirit was not given the way he would be in the Christian age (cf. Acts 1:4-8, 2:1-4, 17-18, 38-39).
However, the Holy Spirit was given to the prophets to enable them for their ministry (1 Sam 10:10, 2 Sam 23:2, Is. 61:1, etc.).
The fact that John will be filled with the Holy Spirit "from his mother's womb"--literally, before birth, as we shall soon see--is unprecedented and indicates that he will be a particularly powerful prophet.
In fact, he has a special role to play in God's plan of the ages. He will fulfill the prophecy,
"Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes.
And he will turn the hearts of fathers to their children and the hearts of children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the land with a curse" (Mal. 4:5-6; cf. Matt. 17:10-13).
6. Does this mean that John is the reincarnation of Elijah?
No. Note that the statement that John will have the spirit and power of Elijah does not mean that he is Elijah reincarnated.
Elijah never died. Instead, he was taken directly to heaven and his successor, Elisha, inherited a "double portion" of his spirit.
This indicated that he was Elijah's rightful successor, comparable to a firstborn son, who inherited a double portion of his father's estate (2 Kgs. 2:1-15; Deut. 21:17).
The fact that John operates with the spirit and power of Elijah means that he exercises the same kind of prophetic ministry as Elijah, not that he inherited Elijah's individual soul.
7. How does Zechariah's respond to the vision?
Zechariah does not accept what the angel has told him. Instead, he challenges the angel: "How shall I know this? For I am an old man, and my wife is advanced in years."
The angel then gives him several pieces of information that collectively serve as proof of the prophecy.
a) He reveals his identity: He is Gabriel, an angel known from the book of Daniel.
b) He indicates that he stands in the presence of God, making him a high ranking angel who regularly is present in the heavenly throne room, giving him direct access to God.
c) He says, "I was sent to speak to you, and to bring you this good news." The implication is: God himself sent me to give you this good news, you unbeliving man.
d) As an earthly proof of these heavenly realities, "you will be silent and unable to speak until the day that these things come to pass."
So Zechariah is struck dumb, providing physical proof to him that what the angel says will come to pass.
9. What happens next?
Luke notes that the people were wondering why Zechariah was taking so long in the temple:
And the people were waiting for Zechariah, and they wondered at his delay in the temple [Luke 1:21].
The delay need not have been a long one.
Because the offering of incense involved a team of priests with different duties, the offering of the incense itself took only a short time.
According to the Mishnah, the other priests did their work and left.
Afterwards, the one who had won the right to offer the incense did so, prostrated himself, and went out (m. Tamid 6:3 G).
Thus even a brief encounter with Gabriel would mean that Zechariah spent more time than normal.
But we have another question about the people waiting outside: Why were they waiting?
The answer, supplied by the Mishnah, is that they were waiting for Zechariah to come out and lead the other priests in pronouncing a blessing on them (m. Tamid 7:2), but when he emerged, he was unable to speak.
Thus he made signs to them (presumably gesturing to heaven, the temple, his mouth, etc.) and was able to get across the concept that he had seen a vision in the temple.
10. How does the story end?
Despite the amazing vision and his being struck dumb, Zechariah did not proceed home immediately.
In keeping with his fundamental piety (Luke has previously noted how holy he and his wife, Elizabeth, were), he fulfilled the time of his service before returning.
Afterward, Elizabeth conceives the promised child and goes into seclusion, rejoicing that she will now be freed from the public humiliation of being childless (often considered to be a sign of sin, a charge Luke has already indicated would be false; cf. Lk 1:6.)
The time of Elizabeth's seclusion lasts five months, but in the sixth month, she will have a visitor.
But that’s a story for another time.
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In the meantime, what do you think? | <urn:uuid:b609e30a-1283-4757-960f-a6d0a1c8d3d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/zechariahs-mysterious-vision-in-the-temple-10-things-to-know-and-share/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111868.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00061-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978688 | 2,638 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Tower in the 19th Century: From fortress to ancient monument
Between 1800 and 1900 the Tower of London took on the appearance which to a large extent it retains today. Early in the century many of the historic institutions which had been based within its walls began to move out. The first to go was the Mint which moved to new buildings to the north east of the castle in 1812, where it remained until 1968, when it moved to its present location near Cardiff. The Royal Menagerie left the Lion Tower in 1834 to become the nucleus of what is now London Zoo, and the Record Office (responsible for storing documents of state), moved to Chancery Lane during the 1850s, vacating parts of the medieval royal lodgings and the White Tower. Finally, after the War Office assumed responsibility for the manufacture and storage of weapons in 1855, large areas of the fortress were vacated by the old Office of Ordnance.
However, before these changes took place the Tower had once again - but for the last time - performed its traditional role in asserting the authority of the state over the people of London. The Chartist movement of the 1840s (which sought major political reform) prompted a final refortification of the Tower between 1848 and 1852, and further work was carried out in 1862. To protect the approaches to the Tower new loop-holes and gun emplacements were built and an enormous brick and stone bastion (destroyed by a bomb during the Second World War) constructed on the north side of the fortress. Following the burning down of the Grand Storehouse in 1841, the present Waterloo Barracks was put up to accommodate 1,000 soldiers, and the Brick, Flint and Bowyer towers to its north were altered or rebuilt to service it; the Royal Fusiliers’ building was erected at the same time to be the officers’ mess. The mob never stormed the castle but the fear of it left the outer defences of the Tower much as they are today.
The vacation of large parts of the Tower by the offices which had formerly occupied it and an increasing interest in the history and archaeology of the Tower led, after 1850, to a programme of ‘re-medievalisation’. By then the late 17th and 18th-century Ordnance buildings and barracks, together with a series of private inns and taverns, such as the Stone Kitchen and the Golden Chain, had obscured most of the medieval fortress. The first clearances of these buildings began in the late 1840s, but the real work began in 1852, when the architect Anthony Salvin, already known for his work on medieval buildings, re-exposed the Beauchamp Tower and restored it to a medieval appearance. Salvin’s work was much admired and attracted the attention of Prince Albert (husband of Queen Victoria), who recommended that he be made responsible for a complete restoration of the castle. This led to a programme of work which involved the Salt Tower, the White Tower, St Thomas’s Tower, the Bloody Tower and the construction of two new houses on Tower Green.
In the 1870s Salvin was replaced by John Taylor, a less talented and sensitive architect. His efforts concentrated on the southern parts of the Tower, notably the Cradle and Develin towers and on the demolition of the 18th-century Ordnance Office and storehouse on the site of the Lanthorn Tower, which he rebuilt. He also built the stretches of wall linking the Lanthorn Tower to the Salt and Wakefield towers. But by the 1890s, restoration of this type was going out of fashion and this was the last piece of re-medievalisation to be undertaken. The work of this period had succeeded in opening up the site and re-exposing its defences, but fell far short of restoring its true medieval appearance.
The second half of the 19th century saw a great increase in the number of visitors to the Tower, although sightseers had been admitted as early as 1660. In 1841 the first official guidebook was issued and ten years later a purpose-built ticket office was erected at the western entrance. By the end of Queen Victoria’s reign in 1901, half a million people were visiting the Tower each year. | <urn:uuid:1394e6d0-5d1d-42a5-9100-3966543c8b49> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://xreferat.com/31/4255-1-the-tower-in-the-19th-century-from-fortress-to-ancient-monument.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.982047 | 875 | 3.484375 | 3 |
For most people, oily skin is experienced during the teen years. However for some people, this problem can persist long after puberty ends. Oily skin is a common skin condition that occurs when the sebaceous glands become overactive and produce excess oil in the skin. This often causes the skin to appear shiny or greasy, and pores to appear open and large. Oily skin can disrupt the skin’s natural shedding process, which can lead to an accumulation of dead skin cells. Dead skin cells can clog and block the pores, leading to acne and blemishes. However, one benefit of oily skin is that it may be less wrinkled as it ages, in comparison with other skin types. Sebum produced by the sebaceous glands acts as a lubricant and also helps retain moisture in the epidermis. Oily skin may be caused by a variety of factors including heredity, diet, pregnancy or weather. An increase in testosterone levels during puberty is one of the main causes of oily skin for teenagers. In the majority of cases, oily skin can be easily managed with proper skin care.
Common symptoms of oily skin include:
Excess oil: The sebaceous glands overproduce oil, which leaks out onto the skin
Oily look: Oily skin often has a greasy or wet sheen to it
Enlarged pores: In severe cases, pores can become enlarged and clogged, leading to acne
When caring for oily skin, it is important to find skin care products that are specially designed for this skin type. Oily skin requires specially formulated cleansers that easily rinse off. You may want to consider trying products created for acne-prone skin. Facial cleansers formulated for oily or acne-prone skin are designed to gently remove dirt, excess oil, makeup and bacteria that cause acne. Mild cleansers can be effective in removing excess oil from the skin for those that have acne. A variety of gentle skin cleansers are available for acne treatment, or for treating generally irritated or aggravated skin. Oil-free and non-comedogenic products are best for those with oily skin, and will help prevent pores from clogging. Water-soluble cleansers, or soap substitutes are gentle on the skin, non-greasy, unscented, and generally contain few ingredients which can irritate the skin. They serve to remove cosmetics as well as excess oil that are left on the skin pores.
There is a strong genetic component to oily skin, as there is to any skin type. Aside from powerful drugs like isotretinoin, treatments cannot fundamentally alter a person’s skin type, as skin types are not diseases. However, oil production is also influenced by environmental factors as well as hormonal factors, some of which you will have control over. Appropriate use of cleansers will be important to control the amount of oil left on the skin, and to prevent clogging of pores. This is especially important during the summer months as oil production tends to increase with heat.
The key to preventing oily skin and acne breakouts is a regular skin care regimen. Daily management of acne-prone skin should include twice daily cleansing – once in the morning and again at bedtime. If you’re getting ready for an evening out, cleanse your face to remove the build-up of grime and residual makeup before re-applying cosmetics. After each cleansing, for an added layer of protection, always use a suitable moisturizer to rehydrate visibly dry areas. As a cautionary note, over-cleansing can cause skin irritation, and may aggravate your skin condition. As with all skin care products, it is important to use these products exactly as instructed. Used appropriately, mild cleansers will be an important skin care product for maintaining a healthy skin free of excess oil. Remember to protect your skin from harmful UV rays by using sunscreen daily. Look for sunscreens labeled “broad spectrum” which means they protect against both UVA and UVB rays.
Look for over-the-counter products that contain active ingredients such as salicylic acid, glycolic acid and alpha-hydroxy acids which are helpful in removing excess oil. Some recommended cleansers include:
- Cetaphil® cleanser
- Dormer® cleanser
- Dove®, by Unilever
- Spectro Derm™
- Spectro Jel™
A doctor may prescribe Isotretinoin, which is approved for the treatment of acne, and is the only drug that can permanently reduce the quantity of oil production.Testosterone receptor blockers such as spironolactone and cyproterone acetate can be effective for as long as the drug is being taken. Some birth control pills may also reduce the amount of oil produced in the skin. | <urn:uuid:502ddadb-747b-45ca-96d4-745c8c3ebc4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://dermapproved.com/conditions/oily-skin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125074.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00457-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952776 | 986 | 2.75 | 3 |
Scientists Create Robotic Fish To Aid In Water Pollution
British scientists have designed a robotic fish that detects contamination in water.
The fish, which is about 1.5 meters (1.6 yards) long, will be released in the port of Gijón in Asturias, Spain. If the project is successful and the fish detects contaminated waters, it will then be used in rivers, lakes and seas all over the world.
The robotic fish looks like a normal carp and swims like one, but is much more expensive. This roughly $29,000 fish swims at a speed of about one meter per second. It contains chemical sensors which aid in finding dangerous pollutants such as leakage from boats or underwater pipelines. If the fish finds traces of contamination, it then sends the information wirelessly back to the control center.
This fish lasts about eight hours before it swims itself to a charging hub to refresh.
“While using shoals of robotic fish for pollution detection in harbours might appear like something straight out of science fiction, there are very practical reasons for choosing this form. In using robotic fish we are building on a design created by hundreds of millions of years' worth of evolution, which is incredibly energy efficient. This efficiency is something we need to ensure that our pollution detection sensors can navigate in the underwater environment for hours on end,” says Rory Doyle, senior research scientist at BMT Group.
The robots, designed and being built by professor Huosheng Hu and his team at the University of Essex, U.K., aren’t able to be caught in nets easily and will most likely not be mistaken for prey, since predators usually stay clear of fake fish.
Hu and his team plan to build five fish and hope to release them into the sea by the end of next year.
Source: BMT Group | <urn:uuid:0f66aa46-3d2b-4cf4-8378-2e922f6afff3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://inventorspot.com/articles/scientists_create_robotic_fish_aid_water_pollution_25636 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661953.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00007-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952676 | 378 | 3.5 | 4 |
Raising the steaks – the science of cattle breeding
This video explores the tools and techniques that are available to beef cattle producers to use in their quest to improve the productivity of their herds. It includes:
- explanations of how and why estimated breeding values are used
- description and footage of embryo transfer
- advantages/disadvantages of artificial breeding techniques
- interviews with producers and technical experts.
The main subject of the video is a particular cow (W449) who has produced 137 offspring over her life time.
Although it has been designed to support the content of the HSC Agriculture syllabus it is an excellent illustration of STEM.
Dairy farming into the future
This video documents the whole milking process in a robotic dairy. It presents footage of the robots milking the cows, the system of gates that control the flow of cattle into the dairy and the individualised automatic feeding process. Assoc. Professor Kendra Kerrisk (University of Sydney), describes the process and explains the reasons for its development and use.
The video shows an authentic application of robots currently being used in the Australian dairy industry.
Adam Kay – Cotton Australia
Adam Kay provided one of the keynote addresses at the STEM Action Schools Conference on 17 March 2016. In this address Adam describes how science, technology, engineering and mathematics has transformed the cotton industry.
Australia is the most efficient producer of cotton in the world. This efficiency is due to the genetic engineering of the cotton plant to be resistant to insect attack and herbicide tolerant, the developments in irrigation, harvesting and spray technology, yield management and soil moisture and nutrient monitoring. | <urn:uuid:6a0b1983-884f-4049-a18f-56e8374358a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://stem-nsw.com.au/leading-stem/stem-in-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513866.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211183649-20171211203649-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.917269 | 329 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Essential for life
Forests are essential for life on earth. Three hundred million people worldwide live in forests and 1.6 billion depend on them for their livelihoods. Forests also provide habitat for a vast array of plants and animals, many of which are still undiscovered. They protect our watersheds. They inspire wonder and provide places for recreation. They supply the oxygen we need to survive. They provide the timber for products we use every day.
Forests are so much more than a collection of trees. Forests are home to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. These ecosystems are complex webs of organisms that include plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.
Text from WWF | <urn:uuid:511c3f9e-2414-4003-a17e-9248188bf659> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://indiopix.com/galleries/forests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607648.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523163634-20170523183634-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.950576 | 142 | 3.375 | 3 |
I use a simple rule when I pack food in Mylar bags and buckets. If it is a number 10 metal can or a one-gallon Mylar bag, I use a 300 cc oxygen absorber. In all the packaging I write about, I will use the 300 cc O2 absorber. The reason is I get them from an LDS cannery that is convenient for me, and that is the only size they carry. My rule is one absorber per gallon, regardless of what the product is. In other words a five-gallon bucket with a large Mylar bag filling it would take five absorbers.
Now oxygen absorber packets should remove oxygen from airtight containers to below 0.01%, according to Food Industry standards, when used as directed. The primary ingredients in the absorbers are salt and iron. Upon exposure to air, the iron in the packet immediately begins absorbing oxygen and breaks down into harmless iron oxide which is safely contained in the packet and does not contaminate the food.
For those who want to be more precise than me, I have included information from Sorbent Systems a large distributor of food preserving products.
The following table indicates how many cc’s of oxygen are contained in the more common sizes of food storage containers.
|Container Type||Volume in Empty Container|
|#10 can||3,980 cc|
|5 gallon plastic pail||18,942 cc|
|6 gallon plastic pail||22,730.4 cc|
Oxygen absorbers are rated by their capacity to absorb oxygen as measured in cubic centimeters (cc). There are two key elements to keep in mind when determining what size of oxygen absorber to use:
As in the table above, a #10 can has a volume of 3,980 cc. If you fill this can to 90% of its volume, you will have 398 cubic centimeters of headspace.
Because air is 21.0% oxygen, this headspace will contain 81.6 cubic centimeters of oxygen (0.21 x 398 = 81.6).
If a five-gallon bucket were filled with children’s marbles, the spaces in between the marbles (void spaces and head space) would represent 38% of the volume of the five-gallon pail ( 0.38 x 18,942 cc = 7,197.96 cc residual air volume ). Of this number, 21.0% is oxygen.
(x) cc Headspace + (x) cc Voidspace = Residual Air Volume
In order to determine how much oxygen absorbing capacity you require, we must determine the residual air volume. Here is a fairly simple way of determining this quantity, using weight and volume measurements.
1. Determine the volume of your container. Use the table above for common container types.
2. Weigh the food product and convert this weight to grams. To be completely accurate, make sure you subtract the weight of the container to get the net weight of the food.
3. Subtract the cubic centimeter volume found in Step 1 above from the gram weight found in Step 2 above to determine the headspace and void space, or residual air volume. (This will be a measurement in cubic centimeters)
4. Finally, as there is approximately 21.0% oxygen in air, multiply the residual air volume found in Step 3 above by .21 to get the cubic centimeter volume of oxygen in your product container.
We want to know what size oxygen absorber to use for a 5-gallon bucket of rice.
1. We determine from the table above that there are 18,942 cubic centimeters in a 5-gallon plastic bucket.
2. The rice weighs 35 pounds which converts to 15,876 grams.
3. 18,942 (cc) container volume – 15,876 (g) rice = 3,066 cc residual air volume.
4. 3,066 (cc) residual air volume x .21 (oxygen fraction in air) = 628.53 cc oxygen volume
5. Since the size of oxygen absorbers are rated and named according to the amount of oxygen they absorb, we know that a 750 cc oxygen absorber will be sufficient for this bucket of rice
If your container is a regular shape such as in the diagram below, use the formula which follows:
NOTE: one milliliter (ml) = one cubic centimeter (cc)
If your container is an irregular shape, such as a flexible mylar® bag, the oxygen volume can be determined by doing the following:
For purpose of this calculation, we are going to assume that the specific gravity of the product has a value of 1.
1. Fill a vessel with water. Place your product container (containing the food) into the vessel and let the water overflow.
2. Remove your container from the vessel.
3. Measure how much water it takes to fill the vessel back up with water. The water is measured in milliliters (ml). There are 29.57 ml in one fluid ounce.
4. Measure the weight of the product container in grams (g). There are 28.35 grams in an ounce.
The formula for this is as follows:
NOTE: one milliliter (ml) = one cubic centimeter (cc)
In the example above, the oxygen in the container is 30 ml. Therefore, an oxygen absorber will have to be at least 30 cc. Our 50 cc oxygen absorber will be more than sufficient.
Relative density (measure of the density of a substance compared with that of a standard) when the standard substance is pure water.
|MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLE|
|To Convert:||To:||Multiply by:|
|square inches||square centimeters||6.54|
|cubic inches||cubic centimeters||16.387|
Top of Form
How do I know when an oxygen absorber is used up or no good?
This is one of the most frequently asked questions we get. The easiest way to tell if an oxygen absorber is good is to pinch the packet. If it feels ‘soft’ or powdery, the iron oxide powder is still in its original state and it is good. If it feels ‘hard’ or like a solid wafer in the packet, it is completely spent and should be replaced.
How tight should the absorbers suck the bag down?
Many people seem to think that if the bag does not suck down tight it has failed to work. Due to the varying air space between the contents, you cannot use this as a reliable indicator. The absorber only removes roughly 1/5 of the air from the void. How tight the bags suck down depends on a couple of factors, one how much headspace did you leave in the container and two how much larger is the void between the grains. In fact if the bags suck down too tight it can cause pin hole leaks. | <urn:uuid:60ad8ff1-2d90-4078-af27-cde5cf1b99c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://preparednessadvice.com/food_storage/oxygen-absorbers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861623301.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164023-00081-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899846 | 1,452 | 2.78125 | 3 |
1. Θουκυδίδης κτλ.
—a formal method of opening, after the manner of the gnomic poets, not due, as Bloomfield imagined, to ‘the modesty of our author.’ Cf. Herod.init.
; Intr. p. xv.
—a characteristic word of Thuc., who is known to the ancient critics as ὁ συγγραφεύς
, much as Homer is ὁ ποιητής
. It denotes the bringing together in one work of many occurrences—composing
in its etymological sense. (How some find a reference to the hunting up of materials is not clear.)
3. ὡς ἐπολέμησαν
i.e. showing how they waged war.
Of course different from ὃν ἐπολέμησαν
, which would be absurdly tautological. The aorist is called complexive.
4. ἀρξάμενος （ τοῦ ξυγγράψαι ） κτλ.
—we are to understand that as soon as the war broke out Thuc. began to put down what occurred, and kept a sort of diary of the war.
—supply τοῦ πολέμου
On the relation of the participles here see Intr. p. xli. This first sentence is very characteristic of Thuc., in whose periods form is constantly subordinated to sense. O. Muller well says that Thuc. has two favourite forms of period, (a) the main predication, followed by clauses giving the circumstances and reasons, which may in turn be explained in similar clauses; and (b) the reasons, circumstances in participial and other clauses followed by the resulting fact or opinion, as in c. 2. 2
ἀξιολογώτατον τῶν π
.—the illogical form of comparison, as in c. 10. 3
, cf. ‘fairest of her daughters Eve’: Tac. Ag. 34
” It is frequent in Greek.
adding the grounds of the ἐλπίς
These grounds are (1) ὅτι ἀκμάζοντες
..., (2) ὁρῶν
... Thus the clause with ὅτι
is co-ordinate with a partic. of cause
; cf. Xen. Symp. 8. 11 τεκμαίρομαι τῇ καλοκἀγαθίᾳ καὶ ὅτι σε ὁρῶ
7. ἀκμάζοντές ... παρασκευῇ
—at the height of their military power.
, not ἦσαν
, is the true reading there cannot be a doubt; for ἰέναι ἐς
in this pregnant use see L. & S.
8. τὸ ἄλλο Ἑλληνικόν
—including the Greeks outside Greece proper. Cf. τὸ ληστικόν
, τὸ βαρβαρικόν
, τὸ ξενικόν
, and many others.
10. καὶ διανοούμενον
, the ellipse of an infin. with διανοεὶσθαι
being common, as in 124. 3
. The καί
serves to bring διανοούμενον
into connexion with ξυνιστάμενον
; we should put ‘actually’ with τὸ μὲν εὐθύς
. The Sicilian Greeks are a good example.
—as ‘the movement’ meant by κίνησις
must be (1) the war itself, and (2) the unrest that preceded it, γάρ
cannot introduce the reason of the expectation that the war would be important, but must be epexegetic.
12. μέρει τινί
—a considerable part,
as, for example, Thrace and Macedon. Supply ἐγένετο
ὡς δὲ εἰπεῖν
. Note that ὡς（ἔπος）εἰπεῖν
never apologises for a metaphor, but always limits a sweeping or universal statement. Hence (it extended, ἐγένετο), one might almost say, over the greatest part of mankind
; i.e. it affected perhaps a greater part of mankind than had been affected by any previous commotion. Of course the possible exception is the Persian wars.
(Whatever be the exact construction of μεγίστη δὴ ... ἀνθρώπων
—and the words are variously interpreted—Thuc. over-estimates the importance of the war. If we supply μεγίστη δὴ ἐγένετο
to μέρει τινί
and ἐπὶ πλεῖστον
, the exaggeration is extreme. ἐπὶ πλεῖστον
is taken by Classen and others to mean the greatest part of the (known) world
; but this involves a very great exaggeration of a fact ascertainable; and it is unlikely that Thuc. would make such a sweeping statement. It looks also as if πλεῖστον
, more than before,
were meant to be parallel to μεγίστη
, greater than before.
The text has no appearance of being corrupt or interpolated.)
13. τὰ πρὸ αὐτῶν
—the events that preceded this disturbance (κίνησις).
The neut. αὐτά
is frequently used by Thuc. with reference to the details of the subject he is dealing with.
(This phrase cannot refer to events that immediately
preceded the war; for (a) διὰ χρόνου πλῆθος
would then be absurd, (b) Thuc. himself gives an account of the fifty years preceding the war as a period well known, (c) the Persian wars could not be ineluded in οὐ μεγάλα νομίζω γενέσθαι κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους
(cf. c. 18. 2
). Thuc. must be thinking of the period of the Trojan war and of that between the Trojan war and the Persian war, i.e. to the end of the Tyrants. But the words are very inexact; cf. Intr. p. xx).
14. τὰ ἔτι παλαίτερα
—events preceding the Trojan war.
—Thuc. frequently uses the neut. plur. of the verbal or of an adj. for the sing. where the subject is an infin. or a sentence. The use is mainly poetical.
—these ‘evidences’ are detailed in cc. 2-17
: (1) migrations were frequent; (2) there was no common name; (3) weakness by sea; (4) the expeditions by land were on a small scale and were confined to border-fighting; (5) the tyrants hampered Greece proper, and Persia hampered Ionia.
belongs to πιστεῦσαι
, and is probably attracted from ἅ
. Chambry quotes Soph. OT 646 πίστευσον, Οἰδίπους, τάδε
, for the accus. with πιστεύω
ἐπὶ μακρότατον σκοποῦντι
—by earrying my inquiry to the farthest hunt (of the past). ἐπὶ μακρότατον
also in Hdt. 1.171
, in a similar connexion. | <urn:uuid:2f65d1a5-442a-4769-9784-6022ffbc46d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0095 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00328-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866895 | 2,065 | 3.265625 | 3 |
This activity works great for math centers. Students will extend their understanding of the Part, Part, Whole relationship to take the whole number apart. Additionally, students will be provided extra practice in working with story problems. This could also be used as an assessment for the end of a Part, Part, Whole unit.
Common Core State Standard: 2.OA.A.1 | <urn:uuid:00a77178-5788-4c82-9e48-8de47c33262b> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Part-Part-Whole-Subtraction-963594 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607591.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523064440-20170523084440-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.91478 | 75 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A Road Scholar Program by Barbara Kay
Though Margaret “Molly” Brown’s lasting fame stems from her survival of the Titanic disaster, her lasting influence arises from her achievements as a social reformer and champion of the rights of women, children, and workers.
Molly’s journey from poverty and obscurity to international prominence traversed the mining camps of Colorado, the theaters and ballrooms of Paris and New York, and the voting booth, which she helped to open to women. Barbara Kay’s vivacious living history portrayal of Brown traces that journey, explaining the significance of each step and showing why it remains both instructive and inspiring today.
This event is Free and Open to the public. For more information, please contact Sherry Sparks, 2177-440-6275. | <urn:uuid:8d8c0e18-5d52-4934-b730-068861e60758> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.ilhumanities.org/events/molly-brown-more-than-unsinkable-6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301341.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119125003-20220119155003-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.908566 | 166 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Controlling technology at the age of Artificial Intelligence: a Free Software perspective
Technical improvements, the accumulation of large, detailed datasets and advancement in computer hardware have led to an Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution. For example, breakthroughs in computer vision as well as the building of large datasets and amelioration in text analysis coupled with the gathering of personal data have given birth to countless AI applications. These new AI applications have given many benefits to European Union citizens. However, because of its inherent complexity and requirements in technical resources and knowledge, AI may undermine our ability to control technology and put fundamental freedoms at risk. Therefore, introducing new legislation on AI is a worthwhile objective.
In the context of a new legislation, this article explains how releasing AI applications under Free Software licences paves the way for more accessibility, transparency, and fairness.
What is Free Software?
Free Software (also known as Open Source) empowers people to control technology by granting four freedoms to each user:
- The freedom to use software for any purpose, without geographical limitations;
- The freedom to study software, without any non-disclosure agreement;
- The freedom to share software and copy it at no cost;
- The freedom to improve software and share the improvements.
These freedoms are granted by releasing software under a Free Software licence, whose terms are compatible with the aforementioned freedoms. There exist multiple Free Software licences with different goals. Software may be licensed under more than one license. Because in order to be freely modified, an AI application requires its training code and training data, both need to be released under a Free Software license to consider the AI as being Free.
Accessibility for AI means making it reusable, so that everyone may tinker with it, improve it and use for their own purposes. To make AI reusable, it can be released under a Free Software license. The advantages of this approach are many. By having open legal grounds, Free AI fosters innovation, because one does not have to deal with artificial restrictions that prevent people from reusing work. Making AI Free therefore saves everyone from having to reinvent the wheel, making researchers and developers alike able to focus on creating new, better AI software instead of rebuilding blocks and reproducing previous work again and again. In addition to improving efficiency, by sharing expertise, Free AI lowers the cost of development by saving time and removing license fees. All of this improves accessibility of AI, which leads to better and more democratic solutions as everyone can participate.
Making AI reusable also makes it easier to base specialised AI models upon more generic ones. If a generic AI model is released as Free Software, rather than training a new model from scratch, one can leverage the generic model as a starting point for a specific, downstream prediction task. For example, one can use a generic computer vision model1,2 as a starting point for managing public infrastructure which requires specific image treatments. Just as with accessibility in general, this approach has a key advantage: generic models with a lot of parameters and trained on large datasets may make the downstream task easier to learn. This makes AI more accessible by lowering the barrier to entry by making it easier to reuse works.
However, making both the source code used to train the AI application and the corresponding data Free is sometimes not enough to make it accessible. AI requires a huge amount of data in order to identify patterns and correlations which lead to correct predictions. On the contrary, not having enough data reduces its ability to understand the world. Furthermore, big datasets and their inherent complexity tend to make AI models large, making their training time-consuming and resource-intensive. The complexity in handling the data required to train AI models, coupled with the knowledge required to develop them and manage a huge computer capacity, demands a lot of human resources. Therefore, it may be hard to exercise the freedoms offered by Free AI, even though its training source code and data might be released as Free Software. In those cases, releasing the trained AI models as Free Software would greatly improve accessibility.
Finally, it should be noted that, just like any other technology, making AI reusable by everyone can potentially be harmful. For example, reusing a face detector released as Free Software as part of facial recognition software can cause human rights issues. However, this holds true regardless of the technology involved. If a software use case is deemed harmful, it should therefore be prohibited without an explicit ban on AI technology.
AI transparency can be subdivided into openness and interpretability. In this context, openness is defined as the right to be informed about the AI software, and interpretability is defined as being able to understand how the input is processed so that one can identify the factors taken into account to make predictions, and their relative importance. In Europe, the right to be informed about the decision of an algorithm is granted by the Recital 71 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2016/679 “ In any case, such processing should be subject to suitable safeguards, which should include specific information to the data subject and the right to obtain human intervention, to express his or her point of view, to obtain an explanation of the decision reached after such assessment and to challenge the decision.”. Transparency can thus be defined as the ability to understand what led to the predictions.
AI needs to be transparent because it is used for critical matters. For example, it is used to determine credit worthiness3, in self-driving cars4, in predictive policing5 or in healthcare6. In these contexts, getting information about how the predictions are done is therefore critical and information about the data used and how it was processed by the AI should be made available. Moreover, trust and adoption of AI would consequently be higher. Furthermore, modern AI technologies such as deep learning are not meant to be transparent, because they are composed of millions or billions of individual parameters7, making them very complex and hard to understand. This calls for Free Software which can assist in analysing this complexity.
Technologies released as Free Software to make AI more transparent already exist. For example, Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME)8 is a software package which simplifies a complex prediction model by simulating it with a simpler, more interpretable version, thus enabling users of the AI to understand the parameters that played a role in the prediction. Figure 1 illustrates this process by comparing predictions made by two different models. Captum9 is a library released as Free Software providing an attribution mechanism allowing one to understand the relative importance of each input variable and each parameter of a deep learning model. Making AI more transparent is therefore possible.
Although a proprietary AI model can be transparent, Free Software facilitates transparency by making auditing and inspection easier. While some data might be too sensitive to be released under a Free Software license, statistical properties of the data can still be published. With Free Software, everyone is able to run the AI to understand how it is made, and look up the data that went through it. However, it should be noted that the AI model itself, being composed of millions or billions of parameters, is not meant to be transparent. But simulating the AI model with a much simpler one would make it easy to inspect it.
Another benefit of Free Software in this context is that by granting the right to improve the AI software and share improvements with others, it allows everybody to improve transparency, thereby preventing vendor lock-in where one has to wait until the software provider makes the AI software more transparent.
In Artificial Intelligence (AI), fairness is defined as making it free of harmful discrimination based on one’s sensitive characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, religion, disabilities, or sexual orientation. Because AI models are trained on datasets containing human behaviors and activities that can be unfair, and AI models are designed to recognise and reproduce existing patterns, they can create harmful discrimination and human rights violations. For example, (COMPAS)10, an algorithm attributing scores which indicate how likely one would recidivate, was found to be unfair towards African Americans11 because for them 44.9% of cases were false positives. The algorithm attributed a high chance of recidivism despite the defendants not re-offending. Conversely, 47.7% of the cases for white people were labeled as low risk of recidivism despite them re-offending. Suspected unfairness has also been found in healthcare12, where an algorithm was used to attribute risks scores to patients, thereby identifying those needing additional care resources. To have the same risks scores as white people, black people needed to be in a worse health situation, in term of severity in hypertension, diabetes, anemia, bad cholesterol, or renal failure. Therefore, real fairness issues may exist in AI algorithms. Moreover, from a legal perspective, checking for fairness issues is required by Recital 71 of the GDPR, which requires to “prevent, inter alia, discriminatory effects on natural persons on the basis of racial or ethnic origin, political opinion, religion or beliefs, trade union membership, genetic or health status or sexual orientation, or processing that results in measures having such an effect.”. We thus need solutions to detect potential fairness issues in datasets on which AI is trained and correct them when they occur.
To detect fairness, one needs to quantify it. There are lots of ways to define fairness for AI, based on two categories of approaches. The first one verifies that people grouped according to some sensitive characteristic are treated similarly by the algorithm, e.g. in term of accuracy, true positive rate and false positive rate. The second approach measures fairness at the individual level by ensuring that similar individuals are treated similarly by the algorithm13. More formally, a distance measure between samples of the dataset and a distance measure between the predictions of the algorithm are compared to ensure their ratio is consistent. However, satisfying group fairness and individual fairness at the same time might be impossible14. There are three commonly used methods to mitigate unfairness, if detected:
- Remove the sensitive attribute (e.g. gender, ethnicity, religion, etc.) from the dataset. This approach may not work in real-world scenarios. When the sensitive attribute is correlated with other attributes of the dataset, removing the sensitive attribute is not be enough to completely mask it. Removing it may therefore not be sufficient, and removing all attributes correlated with it may lead to a lot of information loss;
- Ensure that the dataset has an equal representation of people if grouped by a sensitive characteristic;
- Optimise the AI model for accuracy and fairness at the same time. While the algorithm is trained on an existing dataset that contains unfair discrimination, both consider its accuracy and its fairness15. In other words, add fairness to the goal of the algorithm.
If those methods are used, having a perfectly accurate and fair algorithm is impossible14, but if the accuracy is defined on a dataset known to contain unfair treatment of a particular group, having a less than perfect accuracy may be deemed acceptable.
Because as AI application released as Free Software may be used and inspected by everyone, verification of whether it is free of potentially harmful discrimination is easier than if it were proprietary. Moreover, this synergises with AI transparency (see Section Transparency), as a transparent AI applicationfacilitates the understanding of the factors considered for making predictions. While necessary, releasing an AI application as Free Software does not make it fair. However, it makes fairness easier to evaluate and enforce.
In this article, potential issues around the democratisation of artificial intelligence (AI) and implications for human rights are highlighted, and potential Free Software solutions are presented to tackle them. In particular, it is shown that AI needs to be accessible, transparent and fair in order to be usable. While not a sufficient solution, releasing AI under Free Software licences is necessary for its widespread use throughout our information systems by making it more scrutable, trustworthy and safe for everyone.
- K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition,” arXiv:1512.03385 [cs], Dec. 2015. ↩
- K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition,” arXiv:1409.1556 [cs], Apr. 2015. ↩
- X. Dastile, T. Celik, and M. Potsane, “Statistical and machine learning models in credit scoring: A systematic literature survey,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 91, p. 106263, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106263. ↩
- C. Badue et al., “Self-Driving Cars: A Survey,” arXiv:1901.04407 [cs], Oct. 2019. ↩
- D. Ensign, S. A. Friedler, S. Neville, C. Scheidegger, and S. Venkatasubramanian, “Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing,” in Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, Jan. 2018, pp. 160–171. ↩
- N. Schwalbe and B. Wahl, “Artificial intelligence and the future of global health,” The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10236, pp. 1579–1586, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30226-9. ↩
- A. Canziani, A. Paszke, and E. Culurciello, “An Analysis of Deep Neural Network Models for Practical Applications,” arXiv:1605.07678 [cs], Apr. 2017. ↩
- M. T. Ribeiro, S. Singh, and C. Guestrin, “"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier,” arXiv:1602.04938 [cs, stat], Aug. 2016. ↩
- N. Kokhlikyan et al., Captum: A unified and generic model interpretability library for PyTorch. 2020. ↩
- “Practitioners Guide to COMPAS.” Northpointe, Mar. 2015. ↩
- L. K. Mattu Jeff Larson, “Machine Bias,” ProPublica. Mar. 2015. ↩
- Z. Obermeyer, B. Powers, C. Vogeli, and S. Mullainathan, “Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations,” Science (New York, N.Y.), vol. 366, no. 6464, pp. 447–453, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1126/science.aax2342. ↩
- C. Dwork, M. Hardt, T. Pitassi, O. Reingold, and R. Zemel, “Fairness Through Awareness,” arXiv:1104.3913 [cs], Nov. 2011. ↩
- J. Kleinberg, S. Mullainathan, and M. Raghavan, “Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores,” arXiv:1609.05807 [cs, stat], Nov. 2016. ↩
- M. B. Zafar, I. Valera, M. G. Rodriguez, and K. P. Gummadi, “Fairness Beyond Disparate Treatment & Disparate Impact: Learning Classification without Disparate Mistreatment,” Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 1171–1180, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1145/3038912.3052660. ↩ | <urn:uuid:9783683c-ef3e-495f-bd93-ae1ff899a2f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://fsfe.org/freesoftware/artificial-intelligence.mk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945440.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326075911-20230326105911-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.924416 | 3,295 | 3.296875 | 3 |
An Engineered R-Type Pyocin Is a Highly Specific and Sensitive Bactericidal Agent for the Food-Borne Pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7
Some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce R-type pyocins, which are high-molecular-weight phage tail-like protein complexes that have bactericidal activity against other Pseudomonas strains. These particles recognize and bind to bacterial surface structures via tail fibers, their primary spectrum determinant. R-type pyocins kill the cell by contracting a sheath-like structure and inserting their hollow core through the cell envelope, resulting in dissipation of the cellular membrane potential. We have retargeted an R-type pyocin to Escherichia coli O157:H7 by fusing a tail spike protein from an O157-specific phage, ΦV10, to the pyocin tail fiber. The ΦV10 tail spike protein recognizes and degrades the O157 lipopolysaccharide. This engineered pyocin, termed AVR2-V10, is sensitive and specific, killing 100% of diverse E. coli O157:H7 isolates but no other serotypes tested. AVR2-V10 can kill E. coli O157:H7 on beef surfaces, making it a candidate agent for the elimination of this pathogen from food products. All rare AVR2-V10-resistant mutants isolated and examined have lost the ability to produce the O157 antigen and are expected to have compromised virulence. In addition, E. coli O157:H7 exposed to and killed by AVR2-V10 do not release Shiga toxin, as is often the case with many antibiotics, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. The demonstration that a novel R-type pyocin can be created in the laboratory by fusing a catalytic tail spike from the family Podoviridae to a tail fiber of a member of the family Myoviridae is evidence that the plasticity observed among bacteriophage tail genes can, with modern molecular techniques, be exploited to produce nonnatural, targeted antimicrobial agents. | <urn:uuid:e8fb0fc0-a0fd-4a93-a097-2db1cf846472> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://pylumbio.com/publications/an-engineered-r-type-pyocin-is-a-highly-specific-and-sensitive-bactericidal-agent-for-the-food-borne-pathogen-escherichia-coli-o157h7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418101243-20190418123243-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.909524 | 448 | 2.625 | 3 |
Foot function describes the way the foot moves every time we take a step.
To propel us forward efficiently, each foot must change between being a strong rigid structure and a softer more flexible one.
The combination of the stable and sturdy 3-arched bone structure and the more mobile and elastic soft tissues means that foot function alternates between the following states:
- a mobile adapter – the soft tissues expand and the foot pronates, which allows the arches to lower. This flexibility prevents damage and jarring to the weight-bearing joints;
- a rigid lever – the soft tissues contract and the foot supinates, which causes the arches heighten. This rigidity provides strength and power that propels us forward.
The sequence and timing of the foot motion as it switches between a mobile adapter and a rigid lever is termed the Gait Cycle (details below)
Foot function is heavily influenced by underlying foot shape variations:
- A varus deformity will cause over / hyperpronation throughout the gait cycle
- A valgus deformity will cause over / hypersupination throughout the gait cycle
The most effective way to correct foot function is through prescription orthoses (shoe inserts made of rigid material that angle the feet into a more stable position).
Knowing that foot function is impacted by structural varus or valgus deformities is one thing; working out the most effective prescription to correct it is quite another.
Most prescriptions involve some degree of ‘posting’, where wedged are placed under the rear and foot foot to help build up some of the gap between the ground and the natural position of the foot.
Many practitioners use tools like these to help them get the prescription as accurate as possible:
- video gait analysis to study the movement of the foot, leg and ankle
- pressure sensitive pad systems such as TOG Gaitscan (in video below)
The Gait Cycle
The Gait Cycle begins when the heel of the left foot first comes into contact with the ground (heel strike), and ends with the next heel strike of the same foot. The diagram below shows the phases of the Gait Cycle:
Here, the foot is a rigid lever. With the soft tissues contracted, the bones of the feet and lower limbs are pulled closely together. This enables the force generated from striking the ground to be transmitted throughout the body with the minimum of disruption to the weight-bearing joints throughout the body.
Foot Flat and Mid-stance = Mobile Adapter
As the rest of the foot comes into contact with the ground, the soft tissues expand and the arches lower. This soft-tissue action opens up (loosens) the joints within the foot and lower extremities (ankles and knees). This loosening and lowering enables the lower limbs to internally rotate; an action which enables the force generated by the weight of the body to be absorbed as it is transferred vertically over one foot.
Whilst the foot functions as a mobile adapter, it is also able to adapt to uneven ground conditions.
Push-Off = Rigid Lever
Finally, after the heel of the foot lifts off the ground, the foot begins its’ return to a rigid state.
The soft tissues contract and the arches re-form, externally rotating the joints in the foot and lower limbs so that they become close together. This action is akin to releasing a loaded spring, where the internal rotation and shock absorption that occured during the Mobile Adapter stage created the energy. The power that this “spring release” provides gives strength and stability to the forefoot, allowing it to push off from the ground and propel the body forward. | <urn:uuid:4be64d8a-d279-4c0f-b337-86f0bbbb94f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://root2being.com/foot-shape-and-function/foot-function/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825497.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023001732-20171023021732-00878.warc.gz | en | 0.917061 | 753 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Fertilizer “burn” is caused by applying too much fertilizer or not diluting it enough after application. The “burn” symptom – leaf tips turning yellow or tan, or even a severe wilt in extreme cases – is caused by the inability of the plant to get water from the soil because of the over-concentration of fertilizer salts. A slight fertilizer burn causes leaf tips to turn yellow or tan and die. A worse burn might kill whole leaves or the whole plant, again turning it yellow or tan. A very severe case might make the plant suddenly wilt and die without turning yellow. These symptoms are caused by osmosis keeping the plant from taking up water or actually pulling water from it.
Osmosis is a force that is used by all living cells to regulate themselves. It draws water from a less salty solution through a membrane (such as a cell wall) into a more salty solution. Most of the time, the saltier solution is inside the cell, and keeps it turgid. Osmosis is the force that keeps leaves erect. When osmosis fails, cells—and plants—lose their turgidity and wilt.
The Nature of Salt
People commonly use the word “salt” to refer to table salt, sodium chloride. However, it also refers to a broad range of mineral elements that dissolve in water. Plant nutrients, in the forms in which they are available to plants, are all salts dissolved in water.
The cell wall that surrounds every plant cell depends on a balance of salts to maintain turgidity and regulate the flow of materials in and out of the cell. Normally, the fluid inside the cell wall is slightly more salty than the fluid between the cells, so osmosis keeps the cells turgid.
Fertilizers contain nutrient salts. When a fertilizer, either as a solid or a liquid, is applied to the surface of the soil, the fertilizer salts must dissolve in the soil solution before the nutrients can enter the roots and be used by the plant. The concentration of salts in the soil solution determines whether the plant can draw up the water it needs.
The solubility of nutrient salts are measured as a . You can use this index to determine how “hot”, or salty, a fertilizer is. The higher the salt index, the more important it is to dilute the fertilizer with adequate water after you apply it.
Fertilizer burn is usually caused by applying a hot fertilizer without watering it in. A light rain or the morning dew dissolves the fertilizer into a concentrated solution which makes it difficult for the plants to get enough water.
Crystals of fertilizer left on leaves for the dew to dissolve will also burn the leaves, but just at the spot they are touching.
If you suspect fertilizer burn, the cure is a good irrigation. To avoid it, water hot fertilizers into the soil with lots of water.
Carefully-formulated commercial fertilizers are not hot and do not cause fertilizer burn. | <urn:uuid:326c2774-327a-45fe-8f7e-446130fa8113> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.aera2012.com/what-is-a-fertilizer-burn-on-plants-and-how-to-avoid-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986664662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016041344-20191016064844-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.933465 | 627 | 3.765625 | 4 |
A quantum connection between light and mechanics
Researchers at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics have demonstrated a microscopic system in which light can be converted into a mechanical oscillation and back.
The structure is a carefully crafted glass donut on a microchip, with a diameter of 30 micrometer (about one half of a hair’s diameter, see Figure 1). Just like a wineglass, it can vibrate at a well-defined frequency. But at the same time, it acts as a racetrack for light, which can circle around the circumference of the donut. In turning the bend, the light exerts a little force on the glass surface, an effect called 'radiation pressure'. Although this force is very small, in these structures it can become appreciable since light circles around the structure up to a million times before being lost. The radiation pressure force can set the ring in motion, causing it to vibrate like a finger running along the rim of a wineglass. But it can in fact also dampen the vibrations, and thus cool down the oscillatory motion.
Cooling is crucial to reaching the regime of quantum mechanical motion, as this is normally overshadowed by random thermal fluctuations. For this reason, the structure is placed in a cryostat that brings it to a temperature of less than one degree above absolute zero. Radiation pressure damping by laser light launched into the donut then cools the motion down by an extra factor of 100. The oscillator is cooled so much that it spends a large fraction of the time in its quantum ground state. But even more importantly: The interaction between light and the motion of the oscillator can be made so strong that the two form an intimate connection: A small excitation in the form of a light pulse can fully transform into a small vibration and back again. For the first time, this transformation between light and motion is made to occur within a time that is short enough such that the quantum properties of the original light pulse are not lost in the process through decoherence. By outpacing decoherence, the current results provide a powerful way to control the quantum properties of the oscillator motion, and see the peculiar predictions of quantum mechanics at play in human-made objects. Moreover, the mechanical oscillators can serve to interface a variety of quantum systems of completely different nature via light in optical fibers. [EV]
Figure 1. (left) Electron microscopy image of the glass donut, which is smaller than the diameter of a hair. It is connected to the supporting chip by four spokes, to ensure that the structure can vibrate for a long time like a good tuning fork. Light can circulate up to a million times around the circumference of the donut. (right top) As the light bounces against the walls of the structure, it exerts a small force on the glass, which can influence the vibrations of the structure. (right bottom) The structure vibrates in a radial ‘breathing’-like motion, oscillating 78 000 000 times per second. (Picture by EPFL, MPQ)Contact:
Prof. Tobias J. Kippenberg (PhD)
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
(Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne)
Phone: + 41 21 / 69 34428 (CH) / +41 79 53 50016
Dr. Olivia Meyer-Streng
Press & Public Relations
Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics
Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching
Phone: +49 (0)89 / 32 905 -213 | <urn:uuid:e5e56255-707e-42e7-88c3-33860f0ac52b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.mpq.mpg.de/4859348/12_02_02?print=yes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104249664.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703195118-20220703225118-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.898152 | 826 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Spatial Requirements: Classroom with moderate space required
Activity Type: Movement/group
Group Size: 6 or more
Time: 15 minutes
This energizing group activity will help students to identify many of the challenges and stressors they face throughout their day, and it will help them to feel comfortable with making occasional mistakes. They will recognize when it is appropriate to be forgiving of their own mistakes and the mistakes of others as it relates to Street Resilience.
- 8-10 objects that are easy to throw and catch, such as different sizes of balls, balloons, etc.
- 8-10 pieces of masking tape (one for each object)
- 1 marker
Invite everyone to stand in a circle. Take one of the objects – preferably one that is very easy to throw and catch – and explain that you are going to throw it to someone in the circle. When that person catches it, they will throw it to someone else in the circle who has not caught it yet. Students should continue to throw and catch until every person in the circle has caught and thrown the object and it is returned to you. Have students remember who they are throwing the object to so that the pattern can continue in the next round. Ask the group if this portion of the activity was easy or hard. Most likely students will say that it was easy.
Ask students, “What is something in life that you have to juggle or deal with each day?” (For example, school, family commitments, clubs, homework, relationships, chores, friends, sports, after-school job, etc.) Write responses on the pieces of masking tape, then put a piece of masking tape on each object.
Throw the first object into the circle again and have students repeat the throwing pattern from the first round. After the first object has been thrown in, throw the second object, then the third, until all the objects are being tossed around the circle. This activity will typically become more and more stressful and objects will often be dropped.
After a few minutes of “juggling,” stop the activity and ask if Round 2 was easy or hard.
Before Round 3, have students come up with some strategies to make the next round more successful. Start the juggle again and observe any improvements made from the first round. You may want to allow for an additional round or two so students can continue to improve.
Processing the Experience:
- What strategies did you use to improve in this activity?
- What happened during the activity when someone dropped the ball? How did the “ball dropper” generally react? How did the rest of you react?
- In life, is it OK to make mistakes? Why or why not?
- Can mistakes always be avoided in every aspect of life?
- What’s a good way to respond when we make a mistake?
- What else can this activity teach us about Street Resilience?
- What can we learn from this activity that can help us feel less anxious if we are overwhelmed or stressed with all the things we have to “juggle” in life? | <urn:uuid:2e593853-8a25-4c6f-ac67-75f8b26de35e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://whytryprogram.org/rfy-sr-la-group-juggle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.96614 | 665 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Can Turtles Eat Pineapples?
Can turtles eat pineapples? The answer may surprise you.
Checkout this video:
Most turtles can eat pineapple in moderation. The vitamin C and dietary fiber present in pineapple can be beneficial for turtles. However, the sugar content in pineapple is high and should be given to turtles only as a occasional treat. Pineapple skin is tough and should be removed before feeding it to your turtle.
What do turtles eat?
Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. “Turtle” may refer to the order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British English).
Turtles are reptilian animals of the order Testudines characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield. “Turtle” may refer to the order as a whole (American English) or to fresh-water and sea-dwelling testudines (British English).
All members of the order Testudines are commonly called turtles, terrapins, or tortoises, depending on the type of habitat they inhabit. Fresh-water turtles live in or around water much of the time and lay their eggs on land. Sea turtles spend most of their adult lives in shallow ocean waters and lay their eggs on beaches. Terrapins live in brackish marshes and rivers and seldom come out of the water. Tortoises live on land, often in dry, hot climates, and lay their eggs in burrows dug into the ground.
Can turtles eat pineapples?
Turtles can safely eat pineapple in moderation as part of a healthy diet. Pineapple is a good source of vitamins C and B6, as well as potassium and fiber. It’s also relatively low in calories and sugar.
What are the benefits of feeding turtles pineapples?
While there is no definitive answer as to whether or not turtles can eat pineapples, there are some potential benefits to doing so. Pineapples are a good source of vitamins A and C, both of which are important for turtles. Vitamin A is essential for proper eye health, while vitamin C helps boost the immune system. In addition, pineapples contain bromelain, an enzyme that can help turtles digest their food more efficiently.
Are there any risks associated with feeding turtles pineapples?
Yes, there are some risks associated with feeding turtles pineapples. The pineapple skins and eyes can be sharp and may cause injury if not properly removed. In addition, the pineapple leaves contain a toxic compound that can cause gastrointestinal upset in turtles. If you choose to feed your turtle pineapples, be sure to remove the skin and eyes and only give a small amount of the fruit at a time.
How often can turtles eat pineapples?
Turtles can eat pineapples occasionally, but they should not make up a large part of their diet. Pineapples are high in sugar and can cause digestive problems for turtles if they eat too much of them. It’s best to give turtles pineapples as a treat rather than part of their regular diet.
What is the best way to feed turtles pineapples?
One of the best ways to feed turtles pineapples is to cut them into small pieces. This will help the turtles to digest the pineapple more easily. Pineapples are a great source of Vitamin C for turtles, and they will also enjoy the sweetness of the fruit.
How can I tell if my turtle is enjoying eating pineapples?
There are a few key things to look for when you’re trying to determine whether or not your turtle is enjoying eating pineapples. First, observe your turtle’s behavior while it is eating the pineapple. If it seems content and is eating at a steady pace, then it’s likely that it enjoys the pineapple. Another good indicator is whether or not your turtle finishes the entire pineapple. If it does, then it probably means that it liked the taste and wants more. Lastly, pay attention to your turtle’s feces after it has eaten pineapples. If they are normal and healthy, then there’s a good chance that your turtle digested the pineapple well and enjoyed it.
It is safe to say that turtles can eat pineapples in moderation. Pineapples are a good source of vitamins and minerals, and they can be a healthy part of a turtle’s diet. However, it is important to remember that turtles should not eat too much pineapple, as it can cause digestive issues.
If you’re interested in learning more about what turtles can and cannot eat, check out this website for a list of common turtle foods: | <urn:uuid:f342cc0c-c9a0-4121-bca2-d4c9dffd2fbc> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://reptilestreet.co/can-turtles-eat-pineapples/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.957514 | 1,043 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Official Development Assistance Accountability Act - Consistency with International Human Rights Standards
As per section 4.1 of the Official Development Assistance Accountability Act (the Act or ODAAA), "Official development assistance may be provided only if the competent minister is of the opinion that it (a) contributes to poverty reduction; (b) takes into account the perspectives of the poor; and (c) is consistent with international human rights standards".
The Act defines"international human rights standards" as standards that are based on international human rights conventions to which Canada is a party and on international customary law (see Annex B for the list of such standards).
For its programming to be consistent with international human rights standards, the applicant should be able to demonstrate, at a minimum, that it can reasonably expect to "do no harm", meaning that due diligence is exercised to avoid undermining human rights in the country or community. Many development initiatives go beyond this condition, by directly promoting and protecting human rights in developing countries. Such programming is an even stronger demonstration of adherence to the spirit of the Act.
Canada has international human rights obligations.
By being mindful of the potential for doing harm through development investments, the applicant can avoid or mitigate the risks that marginalized, excluded and vulnerable groups face, and in doing so render its development efforts more sustainable by addressing inequalities and reducing potential sources of conflict. Moreover, some of the treaties to which Canada is a party make specific reference to international assistance as a complement to country resources to ensure the progressive realization of rights that require public investments.
The following are three key aspects of human rights:
- Civil and political rights, such as the freedom of speech, expression or peaceful assembly, must be respected and ensured by the State.
- Economic, social and cultural rights require interventions and public investments by the state and are characterized by their progressive realization. This concept refers to the obligation of the State to take appropriate measures towards the full realization of these rights to the maximum of their available resources. These include spheres such as education, health, employment (including labour rights), agriculture and social programs to ensure adequate standards of living.
- Equality and non-discrimination are other key features of human rights. The applicant should not ignore or exclude certain groups from the benefits of development interventions. Exclusion or discrimination can be based on gender, age, race, color, language, disability, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, sexual orientation, or other status.
Affirmative action in favor of traditionally excluded groups is a good practice and is not considered as preventing other groups from realizing their own rights. The applicant can chose to focus on advancing specific rights – e.g. girls' access to education, decent employment for persons with disabilities, agricultural livelihoods based on indigenous peoples' knowledge – or contribute to strengthening human rights institutions more broadly.
Demonstrating that Condition of Section 4.1(c) is Met
The initiative documentation (application form, proposal or bid) should contain the following information:
- An outline of key human rights issues, including human rights concerns, relevant to the initiative; and
- Proposed mitigation measures to address any human rights concerns identified.
If there is reasonable expectation that any of the questions below can be answered in the affirmative, then the condition of section 4.1(c) is not met unless appropriate and sufficient mitigation measures are identified by the applicant.
- Will the initiative support activities that directly contribute to civil and political human rights abuses?
- Will the initiative contribute to hampering the progressive realization of social, economic or cultural rights?
- Will the initiative support any activities that discriminate against or actively prevent individuals from realizing their human rights?
3. Mitigation Measures
When human rights issues are identified based on questions number 1, 2 and 3 above, it is important to propose appropriate and sufficient measures to address the potential human rights concerns and, where relevant. Appropriate means that the measures are tailored to the identified human rights issue. Sufficient means that the measures are proportionate to the likelihood and magnitude of impact of a possible human rights violation.
Below are some examples of possible response measures:
- Ensuring that risk management includes the risks associated with possible human rights violations in the context of the initiative.
- Building into the logic model and performance measurement framework results that reflect the non-discrimination principle or collection methods that promote participation of marginalized groups in the initiative.
- Developing safeguarding mechanisms (such as codes of conduct, child protection or non-discrimination policies) with associated training and remedial measures when breaches are found.
- Engaging with recognized and accepted representatives of minority and vulnerable groups and community-based organizations, including women's organizations, on a continuous basis throughout initiative implementation to ensure that the interests of vulnerable segments of the target population are taken into consideration.
Annex A: Key Sources of Human Rights Information
- Treaty Bodies Database: This includes States Party Reports, Concluding Observations and General Comments from all the treaty bodies of the Conventions to which the State is a party.
- Universal Periodic Review: Every four years, all UN Member States are reviewed by the Human Rights Council for their overall Human rights record. Recommendations from Member States' delegations often highlight prominent human rights issues. The US State Department's Human Rights Reports are publicly available and tend to focus mostly on civil and political rights with some broad consideration of economic, social and cultural rights.
- Human Rights Watch produces country overviews as well as thematic reports and often includes broad human rights considerations, including on social, economic and cultural rights that are of particular interest to Development.
- Amnesty International tends to focus more specifically on civil and political rights.
- Credible media reports can be used when human rights reporting is dated and where the human rights situation is evolving quickly in a country.
Annex B: What are International Human Rights Standards?
International Human Rights Conventions to which Canada is a Party
Canada has ratified the following international human rights treaties:
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
- Optional Protocol (allowing individual complaints)
- Second Optional Protocol (aiming at abolishing the death penalty)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
- Optional Protocol (permitting individual complaints)
- Convention Against Torture (CAT)
- Convention for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
- Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
- Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
Additional human rights instruments may also be relevant to this listing, such as the International Labour Organization Conventions, (e.g. Convention No. 182 concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour) the Rome Statue, and the Geneva Conventions.
- Date Modified: | <urn:uuid:d83591a8-2ea4-4063-ab4a-3fb58f059962> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/odaaa-lrmado/odaaa_hr-lrmado_dp.aspx?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103943339.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701155803-20220701185803-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.924686 | 1,448 | 2.828125 | 3 |
"Eat out Virginia clean and clear...so that crows flying over it for the balance of the season will have to carry their own provinder."
Sheridan Appointed to Command all the Forces in the Shenandoah Valley(7 July)
Grant realized that as long as the Confederacy maintained an army in the valley, the capitol would never be safe. To deal with this difficulty, he ordered VI and XIX Corps to leave their fortifications in Washington and concentrate near Harper's Ferry. This force was to be placed under the command of Phillip Sheridan. So the Army of the Shenandoah was born.
Early, always a cagey veteran, kept his army in motion, moving first to Martinsburg, then back toward Winchester keeping Sheridan in the dark as to his true intentions.
General Lee, convinced that Early had done all he could do and ordered Early to send Kershaw's Division and General Anderson back to the defenses of Richmond.
Through a system of loyalist spies in Winchester, Sheridan learned of the weakening of Early's Army and chose this time to strike his first blow.
In what became the larges battle in the Valley up until this time, poured his forces west through the Berryville Canyon and attacked Early’s scatter forces just east of Winchester in what has gone down in history as the Battle of Opequon or Third Winchester on September 19, 1864.
After a day of bitter fighting, Early's forces were crushed and retreated to the what was perceived as strong defenses at Fisher's Hill just south of Strasburg.
Sheridan’s great army followed Early and again attacked him, in what became known as the Battle of Fishers Hill, on September 20,21, 1864
Battle of the Shenandoah by Mort Kunstler Sheridan's Rampage (September - October)
The army of the Shenandoah followed in the wake of Early’s shattered forces. Sheridan reached as far south as August County before deciding to discontinue the pursuit. Sheridan chose this time to follow his orders from Grant and destroy the agricultural potential of the Valley. In a campaign of destruction known locally as the The Burning more than 2,000 barns and mills were burnt. Sheridan’s cavalry fanned out across the floor of the Valley as they moved north through the valley, leaving nothing but desolation in its wake.
Neither the Confederate guerillas nor the remainder of Early's command made much of an impact on Sheridan's operations. By mid-October, the devastation of the much of the Valley was complete, and the 31,000-man army bivouacked along Cedar Creek.
Reinforced with Kershaw’s Division and Cutshaw’s Artillery Battalion, Early battered army moved north once more. The Confederate cavalry, in the vanguard of the force, passed the smoldering ruins of barns and mills, many of them, once called home. They caught Custer’s cavalry near Mill Creek on October 7th and inflicted some loss but little real damage. On October 9th the opposing cavalry forces stood opposite each other across the meandering Toms Brook a few miles south of Strasburg. The Federal cavalry outmatched their Southern counterparts and chased them over many miles of road back to Early main force at Mt. Jackson. The uneven battle became know as the “Woodstock Races” the once vaunted Confederate cavalry ceased to be a major factor in combat.
Early’s Army had one more good fight left in it. Several of Early’s officers devised a plan for a surprise attack on Sheridan’s army as it lay in camp along the banks of Cedar Creek. Early on the morning of October 19th the Southerners surprised the Federals and carried the field before being overwhelmed late in the afternoon in a brilliant counterattack. Click here for a description of this last great battle for control of the Shenandoah Valley.
Others Battle of 1864
Battle of Staunton River Bridge
War in Southwestern Virginia
The Battles of Saltville
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The Civil War in the Shenandoah Valley
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The use of specifications in design and development of children's toys.
Whenever a company decides to develop a new type of toy or children's indoor activity it must develop a brief for the new product and eventually create something called a a performance specification.
The performance specification should attempt to describe the following;
· The age range of the toy must be established early on in the design process and when the toy is marketed and sold the age range should be clearly labeled on the toy packaging.
· At the design stage the designers need to establish what the product should look like and if necessary explain why the look of the product is so important for the child.
· For the child to get the best use out of the toy and have the most fun with it whilst learning, the toy or activity may need to be played with in a particular way. The instructions for the toy's use should be clearly labeled on the packaging.
· If the toy contains an electronic circuit we may have to include
the type of batteries required and explain how it can be easily
removed and replaced.
· The choice of materials, used to make the product is very important. The way in which the toy is made will depend upon the materials used.
· The most important design specifications, with regards to children's
toy design are the safety, legal and environmental requirements. | <urn:uuid:b45d7a26-a562-4e88-bcaa-a53e474325f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://design-technology.org/specifications.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280834.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933347 | 275 | 3.9375 | 4 |
In honor of National Foreign Language Week, middle and high school students expressed their love of language and culture by creating their own unique T-shirt designs. After completing their work, the students wore their T-shirts to school and participated in schoolwide design contests.
“My hope in having the students create the T-shirts was to foster teamwork and pride in the language they are studying and as a way to encourage cultural awareness and sensitivity,” Spanish teacher Millie Guzman said. “Students took a great deal of pride and incorporated cultural aspects they were proud of – like bulls as Spanish symbols of strength and flags for pride, as well as showcasing vocabulary words for others to view and learn from.”
Teachers received more than 125 entries from middle and high school students, who incorporated French, Latin and Spanish into their designs, for a variety of categories. The winners in each category – most creative/expressive of love of language, most educational, most likely to be made into an actual T-shirt, most connected to Foreign Language Week theme, most humorous, most embellished/bedazzled or extra, and best group – earned prizes and special recognition.
This year’s theme for National Foreign Language Week was “Open Your Mind to Language.” | <urn:uuid:ce4419ea-d9cb-41d3-8356-4c95da561423> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.bronxvilleschool.org/news-article/~board/district-news/post/students-design-t-shirts-to-celebrate-love-of-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989018.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509213453-20210510003453-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.976352 | 262 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Could the X3 ion thruster propel us to Mars?
The X3, a new ion thruster that could one day propel humans beyond Earth, was successfully tested a few months ago and is one design that could be selected by NASA as a component of propulsion system for future Mars missions.
The X3 is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant (most commonly xenon) is accelerated by electric and magnetic fields – in what is known as the “Hall-effect.” Such thrusters are considered to be safer and more fuel efficient than engines used in traditional chemical rockets. However, they currently offer relatively low thrust and acceleration. Engineers are currently working to make them more powerful.
At nearly 31.5 inches (80 centimeters) in diameter and weighing around 507 lbs. (230 kilograms), X3 is a three-channel nested thruster designed to operate at power levels of up to 200 kW. The thruster is being jointly developed by the University of Michigan (U-M), NASA and the U.S. Air Force. The project is funded through NASA’s Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnership (NextSTEP).
In July and August of 2017 the X3 broke records in terms of performance during tests carried out at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Ohio. It produced 5.4 newtons of force compared with previous record of 3.3 newtons, doubled the operating current record (250 amperes vs. 112 amperes) and ran at a slightly higher power (102 kW vs. 98 kW).
“Our test was a huge success. We were both able to operate the thruster up to full power, demonstrating that it performed well, and find a few issues to work out for next year. They were all minor and easy to fix, but they could have been problematic if we found them during our 100-hour attempt,” Scott Hall of the Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory at U-M, told Astrowatch.net.
The upcoming 100-hour test is planned to be conducted in the spring of 2018. During this testing campaign the X3 should be integrated with Aerojet Rocketdyne’s power processing system.
Hall noted that the recent testing with the X3 was designed to be a risk reduction check as part of a 100-hour test for NASA’s NextSTEP program.
“We wanted to shake everything down – the thruster, the auxiliary equipment, and the vacuum facility – before attempting our 100-hour run, which is supposed to be at 100 kW,” Hall said.
X3 is one of three prototype engines that could be selected by NASA to power future crewed missions to Mars. Scientists estimate that such a mission to the Red Planet will require a propulsion system operating at least 200kW.
Given that X3 features the largest throttling capability of any Hall thruster produced to date, as well as having seven firing configurations and power levels ranging from 2 to 200 kW, it is a top contender to become a fundamental component of spacecraft carrying astronauts beyond Earth.
“The X3 has the potential to be very critical for upcoming crewed Mars missions. The reason is that the X3 is a very flexible thruster with a large throttling range,” Hall noted.
He added that at lower power levels (like those using a single X3 thruster), the X3 is great for moving a lot of cargo very efficiently. These types of missions would probably leave in advance of the astronauts and deliver the cargo required to the planet before their arrival. This spacecraft would then fly back to Earth to reload for the next mission.
Furthermore, at higher power levels (over 600 kW, provided by a few X3s clustered together), the X3 has the potential to actually carry astronauts to Mars.
“NASA has not decided exactly how it wants its Mars missions to look, but a lot of studies have been done looking at different ways you could use 100 to 300 kW electric propulsion like the X3, and even as high as 800 kW for when solar panels get more powerful,” Hall said.
Studies have shown that around the 600-700 kW mark, high-power electric propulsion like the X3 becomes as fast as traditional chemical propulsion, but is much more efficient. This efficiency could be decisive when NASA chooses the engines for future mission to Mars or other celestial bodies in our Solar System.
“The X3 was actually originally funded by the United States Air Force, not NASA, who are interested in thrusters like the X3 for moving heavy things around on Earth orbit very quickly. The X3 can be used in those kinds of applications like fast, efficient low-Earth orbit (LEO) to geostationary orbit (GEO) transfers, as well as cargo and crew transport to a huge number of interesting targets, including near-Earth asteroids and Mars’s moons, as well as Mars itself. It could also potentially be used on deep-space missions, although you probably need nuclear power for those since solar power drops off so quickly,” Hall concluded.
Tomasz Nowakowski is the owner of Astro Watch, one of the premier astronomy and science-related blogs on the internet. Nowakowski reached out to SpaceFlight Insider in an effort to have the two space-related websites collaborate. Nowakowski's generous offer was gratefully received with the two organizations now working to better relay important developments as they pertain to space exploration. | <urn:uuid:2e381f6b-c0d8-4c12-a50f-d9b5fb620b1f> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/nasa/x3-ion-thruster-propel-us-mars/?utm_campaign=Revue%20newsletter&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_source=Martian%20Soil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583804001.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121172846-20190121194846-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.969475 | 1,131 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The ongoing curriculum at ACG is not a prescribed teacher’s manual. Curriculum is what actually happens each day in each classroom. The aim is to give visitors and parents an overall picture of the program. This framework is based on actual classroom happenings as children find out about themselves, other people and the world as they playfully investigate, explore, imitate and test, guided by teachers who understand the process. Activities and experiences change from year to year and from class to class. However, the following goals remain constant as a basis for planning. They have changed very little since the early 1970’s, when the preschool was founded and “Curriculum in Action” was conceived. Over the decades the research into how young children learn and develop has proven the validity of these goals.
For more detail, please see the Family Handbook, pages 9-11 | <urn:uuid:d939565a-4c2b-4cca-9363-f7bae0b2b799> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.achildsgardenabq.org/program/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.976199 | 178 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Harassment, Bullying & Cyber-Intimidation in Schools
This online course, Harassment, Bullying & Cyber-Intimidation in Schools, will discuss definitions and the personal, social, and legal ramifications associated with sexual harassment, bullying, and cyber-intimidation. The course will address what we know about these troubling areas. We will then explore preventative strategies as well as how school staff can address these issues when they occur. A clear understanding of what constitutes harassment and the harmful effects of harassment on people and institutions is essential to providing a safe and inclusive school environment for all.VESi courses are now tablet compatible, making it easy for you to recertify anytime, anywhere with reliable, stable online access. | <urn:uuid:505342ad-1b3b-43be-8af2-669875cd7de9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://roe17.org/learning/online-learning/profile/harassment-bullying-and-cyber-intimidation-in-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.921933 | 149 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
|Introduction | Problem: Shaded/Unshaded Circles | Solution: Shaded/Unshaded Circles | Talking About the Problem | Representing Fractions with Rods | Other Denominators | Modeling Operations | Try It Yourself: Cuisenaire Rods | Problem Reflection | Summary | Your Journal|
Rational numbers are a "ratio" of one value to another. It's common to think of a fraction as a statement of some number of parts of a particular whole. When working with fractions, it's helpful to think about how to define that "whole" so that various fractional parts can be seen on a common scale.
To help you visualize this, in this section you will learn to represent fractions with Cuisenaire Rods and then see how to use these rods to perform operations with fractions. As you do the problems, think about how you are approaching each problem, what difficulties you are encountering, and how you are communicating your thinking.
In order to represent fractions with these rods, you need to choose a rod to serve as a unit (in other words, to represent the whole, or the value "1"). The rule is that you must be able to represent the rod you choose with at least one single-color two-car "train" of the same length, built out of shorter rods (with no pieces left over). This allows you to use the rods to do computations with fractions.
For example, if you want to do computations with halves, the shortest rod you can use to represent "1" is red -- you can make a two-car one-color train out of white rods that is the same length as a red. In this case, each white rod represents a half:
The next-longest rod with a two-car one-color train is the purple rod; that rod also contains a red train and a white train:
The next longest rod to satisfy the requirement is the dark-green rod; it also contains a light-green train, a red train, and a white train. Note that the halves in this case are the light-green rods. If we name the dark-green rod 1, then the light-green rod is 1/2, the red rod is 1/3, and the white rod is 1/6.
In fact, we could show that every rod with a two-car one-color train also contains a red train. In order to represent halves using rods, the rod length must be divisible by two, which in our original Cuisenaire configuration is represented by the red rod.
|Teaching Math Home | Grades 6-8 | Communication | Site Map | © || | <urn:uuid:b9508023-ed22-4526-b12e-8cbba7f089e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://learner.org/courses/teachingmath/grades6_8/session_02/section_02_e.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00117-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932027 | 577 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Translation and Transcription
Hourani Translation Services
Language Translation, Arabic Transcription
Translation is the act of turning a written text "from one laguage into another" (Macquarie dictionary). Transcription is the act of "making a copy of in writing" (Macquarie dictionary).
, Language Translation | <urn:uuid:8efb5459-88f7-4b54-88dc-f2781f1e1133> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hotfrog.com.au/business/nsw/kings-langley/hourani-translation-services/translation-and-transcription-143034 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279657.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.783893 | 65 | 2.765625 | 3 |
We generally don't have any problem recognizing that many of the problems we face in our bodies are things we can control through healthy choices. For example, if someone has a problem with weight management or low energy, these are problems that can usually be addressed through healthy choices such as exercise, good nutrition, nutritional supplements, juicing, fasting and detoxing.
When it comes to the brain, however, we often don't appreciate that our thought lives can also be controlled by proper choices. For example, we often assume that our brain controls us and that we are a passive victim of toxic thinking, including painful memories, useless rumination and ongoing stress about the future. Because we don't understand the power God has given us to control our minds, we often respond to mental stimuli by taking up each thought and entertaining it before another thought takes its place.
The same thing happens with our emotions. Often when we feel an emotion such as anger, we think the emotion controls us. In fact, we often talk about emotions as if they are us. (For example, we say things such as "I am angry.") Accordingly, we think of ourselves as being victims of emotions. The first step to letting go of toxic emotions or thoughts is recognizing that they are separate from us. Put simply, you are not your thoughts or emotions. Rather, toxic thoughts and feelings are things outside yourself, such as airplanes in the sky, that you can either allow to land in the runway of your heart and mind or reject and watch them fly away.
This type of strenuous control over toxic thoughts and feelings is easier during times of fasting. During a fast, the brain slows down, thus making it easier for us to exercise censorship over our thinking. But the functions of the brain are also more enhanced, more controlled and more at our disposal during times of fasting. This has emerged in a number of different studies. A group of students at the University of Chicago was asked to live for an entire week without food while keeping a regular routine: "Their mental alertness was so much greater during that period that their progress in their school work was cited as remarkable. Several repetitions of this experiment, always with the same results, proved that this was not exceptional." During a fast, you can channel this new mental alertness into observing toxic thoughts when they arise and letting them go without taking them up.
Exercising censorship over your thinking doesn't mean just gritting your teeth and saying, "I will not think this negative thought." A person can repeat, "I am not feeling stress" all day long, but that won't make it true. What we need to do is actively replace toxic thinking with the truth. This involves addressing the lies that are behind toxic thinking.
The main lie is that we can survive separate from God. Consider that when we worry about the future, when we ruminate over the past, when we try to grasp a lot of material things for ourselves or when we chase after the pleasures of life, we are doing exactly as Adam and Eve did when they hid from God: We are acting as if we are separate from the source of life. By contrast, when we focus on what is noble, right, pure, lovely and admirable (Phil. 4:8), we are connecting with our Creator and beginning to take the journey toward health and wholeness.
Cherie Calbom, MSN, is known as The Juice Lady, TV chef and celebrity nutritionist, and has helped in pioneering the fresh-juice movement around the world. A graduate of Bastyr University with a master of science degree in whole-foods nutrition, Calbom is the author of 31 books. She has worked as a nutritionist with George Foreman and Richard Simmons and has appeared on numerous radio and TV shows and in scores of magazine articles. She and her husband offer Health and Wellness Juice and Raw-Foods Retreats throughout the year. This passage is an excerpt from her new book, The Juice Lady's Guide to Fasting.
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Great Resources to help you excel in 2019! #1 John Eckhardt's "Prayers That..." 6-Book Bundle. Prayer helps you overcome anything life throws at you. Get a FREE Bonus with this bundle. #2 Learn to walk in the fullness of your purpose and destiny by living each day with Holy Spirit. Buy a set of Life in the Spirit, get a second set FREE. | <urn:uuid:a2288ae6-83af-4d21-9aed-dad09dfeb34e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.charismamag.com/life/health/32178-fasting-s-supernatural-effects-on-your-brain-and-heart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.97322 | 924 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Don Silvestro dei Gherarducci (Italian, 1339–1399)
Initial G with the Birth of the Virgin, ca. 1375
From a gradual created for the Camaldolese monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence
Tempera, gold, and ink on parchment; 11 1/2 x 11 3/4 in. (29.2 x 29.8 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
This initial G was the first letter of the Introit to the Mass for the feast commemorating the Birth of the Virgin.
As a Camaldolese monastery, it would be expected that the inspiration was similar books from the mother house. The iconography is not Florentine but Siennese.
Note the walls and ceiling, the delicacy of the details in each figure, the lilies in the border, and the figure leaving the room.
The leaf comes from a series of choir books made for the use of the monks of Santa Maria degli Angeli, a Camaldolese monastery in Florence, of which Don Silvestro was a member. He later became prior in 1398
The importance of the scriptorium was noted by Vasari in his Vita of Lorenzo Monaco
Vasari praises twenty choir books produced in the Florentine monastery of Santa Maria degli Angeli:
"I, who have seen them many times, am lost in astonishment that they should have been executed with such good design and with so much diligence at a time when all the arts of design were little better than lost…”
He singles out for particular praise a scribe, Don Jacopo, and an illuminator, Don Silvestro, whose right hands were venerated as relics in the monastery after their deaths.
Don Silvestro, the scribe Don Jacopo, and their choir books are also mentioned in Vasari’s Lives of the Painters but under Lorenzo Monaco, the most famous artist at the monastery during the first quarter of the fifteenth century.
According to Vasari, Jacopo was the “best writer of initials who has ever existed,” and Don Silvestro “illuminated the same books with no less excellence.” They were greatly admired by Pope Leo X, who had recalled the high praise given to them by his father, Lorenzo de’Medici.
The illumination here is thought to be the work of Don Silvestro’s revered fingers.
Don Silvestro dei Gherarducci was a refined illuminator, but he was also known to paint large altarpieces
Many of the pages of Italian choirbooks came to the marketplace when Italian monasteries were secularized by Napoleon in the early nineteenth century. The books were cut up and the pages sold separately.
Choir books are of course meant for communal prayer not individual prayer. The image is meant to complement the text. Choir books were large and a single copy could be viewed by a group of singers
Choral manuscripts were created in large numbers and were also frequently removed from use, for a variety of reasons. When the liturgy changed, the old books became obsolete and were often replaced with new ones
The works were quickly bought up in the nineteenth century. Why ? The English art collector William Young Ottley (1771–ca. 1836) admired medieval Italian manuscript illumination because it survives:
“in a more perfect state of preservation than the frescoes and other large works of paintings remaining to us of the same period.”
The story of Mary's Nativity is known only from apocryphal sources.
The octave was instituted by Innocent IV (a. 1243) in accordance with a vow made by the cardinals in the conclave of the autumn of 1241, when they were kept prisoners by Frederick II for three months.
The earliest document commemorating this feast comes from the sixth century. St.Romanus, (St. Romanos the Melodist) the great ecclesiastical lyrist of the Greek Church, composed for it a hymn
Pope Benedict XV in a homily at the Esplanade in front of the Shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria on Sunday, 7 September 2008 said:
"[T]he Liturgy of the Word has proposed to us the Readings for the celebrations dedicated to the Blessed Virgin.
These are in particular texts planned for the Feast of the Birth of Mary which for centuries has been fixed on 8 September, the date of the consecration of the basilica built in Jerusalem above the house of St Anne, Mother of Our Lady.
They are Readings which effectively always contain the reference to the mystery of her birth.
First of all there is the Prophet Micah's marvellous oracle concerning Bethlehem, in which the birth of the Messiah is announced. The Messiah, the oracle says, was to be a descendant of King David, like him a native of Bethlehem but a figure who would exceed human limitations: his "origin", it says, are "from ancient times", lost in the most remote ages, at the frontier of eternity. His greatness would reach "to the ends of the earth", as would also be his peace (cf. Mi 5: 1-4a).
The coming of the "Lord's anointed", who was to mark the beginning of the people's liberation was described by the Prophet with an enigmatic expression: "until the time when she who is in travail has brought forth" (Mi 5: 3).
Thus the Liturgy - which is a privileged school of the faith - teaches us to see in Mary's birth a direct connection with that of the Messiah, Son of David." | <urn:uuid:6e9a539b-1334-44a2-8aa6-d155c7f409a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://idlespeculations-terryprest.blogspot.com/2009/09/birth-of-virgin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823016.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018161655-20171018181655-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.976113 | 1,187 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The objective of this work is to investigate the Holocenic climate cycles that may have influenced the domestication of grapevine in the Subcaucasian area and its subsequent spread in Eurasia. The analysis covered the longitudinal belt ranging from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan, seen as the preferential pathway for the Holocenic spread of grapevine and many other crops in Eurasia. Spectral analysis was considered as the criterion of investigation and the Holocenic cycles were analyzed considering different geochemical and biological proxies, of which seven are directly referred to vine. In this context the relation of the abovementioned proxies with spectral peaks of possible causal factors like Solar activity (SA), North Atlantic oceanic factors (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation - AMO and North Atlantic Oscillation - NAO), and subtropical oceanic factors (El Nino Southern Oscillation - ENSO) was also analyzed. In order to acquire a sufficiently wide number of proxies sensitive to the causal factors, we referred to a latitudinal belt wider than the one colonized by vine, also acquiring proxy from the Scandinavian area, notoriously susceptible to North Atlantic forcings. The analysis of the proxy spectral peaks, considering 20 classes with a 50-years step in the 0–1000 years range, showed that the 50% of the classes have a higher frequency of peaks at East than West, the 20% a higher frequency at West than East and the 10% an equal frequency, showing the efficiency of the propagation of Western signals towards the center of Eurasia. The search of the causal factors spectral peaks in the proxy series showed that AMO, NAO and SA acted with a certain regularity on the entire belt investigated both latitudinally and longitudinally, while spectral peaks linked to ENSO underwent a considerable attenuation moving northward. Finally, the specific analysis on viticultural proxies showed common peaks with causal factors.
Influence of climate cycles on grapevine domestication and ancient migrations in Eurasia / L. Mariani, G. Cola, D. Maghradze, O. Failla, F. Zavatti. - In: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. - ISSN 0048-9697. - 635(2018), pp. 1240-1254.
|Titolo:||Influence of climate cycles on grapevine domestication and ancient migrations in Eurasia|
COLA, GABRIELE (Corresponding)
|Parole Chiave:||Eurasia; Holocene; Paleoclimate; Spectral analysis; Viticulture; Climate Change; Vitis; Climate; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Engineering; Environmental Chemistry; Waste Management and Disposal; Pollution|
|Settore Scientifico Disciplinare:||Settore AGR/03 - Arboricoltura Generale e Coltivazioni Arboree|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2018|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.175|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||01 - Articolo su periodico|
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|Mariani et al. - 2018 - Science of the Total Environment In fl uence of climate cycles on grapevine domestication and ancient migrations.pdf||Publisher's version/PDF||Administrator Richiedi una copia| | <urn:uuid:063a63b3-f464-49ff-b548-21f214cb3732> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/601870 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401600771.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928104328-20200928134328-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.81463 | 728 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Andrew and his brother Peter were fisherman from the town of Bethsaida, on Lake Galilee in northern Israel. Andrew is known as the “First-Called,” and became one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. Shortly after Pentecost in 30, tradition tells us that Andrew left Jerusalem on a long mission journey. However, the exact geographical order of his journey is not clear and is difficult to reconstruct with certainty.
It is believed that Andrew ministered in the city of Byzantium (Istanbul), and became its first bishop around 38. He also apparently ministered through the region of Thrace in northwest Turkey. According to early church historian Eusebius, Andrew traveled along the Black Sea coast as far as the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea into the regions of Ukraine, Georgia, and Russia. Today, Andrew is the patron saint of Russia. It is possible that he traveled south in Asia Minor and ministered for some time in and around Ephesus before going to Greece. Around 69, Andrew was apparently martyred in the city of Patras, in western Greece.
The Acts of Andrew tells us that he was crucified on a X-shaped cross because he refused to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus. This X-shaped cross is know today as “Saint Andrew’s Cross.” Around 357, the emperor Constantius II transferred Andrew’s physical remains to Constantinople’s Church of the Holy Apostles. It is believed that some of Andrew’s bones were also taken to Scotland in the 300s or 400s, and were buried at a place that became known as St. Andrews. Today, Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland, whose flag displays Andrew’s Cross. | <urn:uuid:9d0310ad-0dde-4e30-81f7-6d2775b43d6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.drandrewjackson.com/apostle-andrew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.981772 | 369 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Gemara in Kiddushin 29a derives from a pasuk in this week’s parshah that women are exempt from performing a bris milah on their sons. The pasuk says: “ka’asher tzivah oso Elokim” (Bereishis 21:4). The Gemara takes from the word “oso” (him) that women are exempt. The Rishonim there are disturbed by the following question: why is it necessary for this pasuk to be written in the Torah when it is a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma (time-sensitive mitzvah), which women are exempt from performing?
Tosafos answers that since from the eighth day forward the mitzvah is continuous, it is not considered a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma. Tosafos then points out that this answer is only applicable according to the opinion that holds that after the eighth day a bris milah may be performed at night as well as by day. For according to the opinion that a bris milah can only be performed by day, the mitzvah is not continuous – as it cannot be performed by night.
Some Acharonim ask on Tosafos that according to everyone one may not perform a bris milah on Shabbos or Yom Tov if it is after the eighth day. Thus, according to all opinions, the mitzvah should not be considered continuous.
Rav Akiva Eiger, zt”l, writes that this question does not even begin. He explains that the only thing that renders a mitzvah to be non-continuous is if there is a halacha of the mitzvah that dictates that it cannot be performed at this time. For example, since there is a halacha in bris milah that the bris may not be performed at night, the mitzvah is considered to have a time whereby it is not applicable and thus is considered a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma. However, the reason that a bris may not be performed on Shabbos and Yom Tov by a Jew is not a halacha of bris milah but rather a halacha that on Shabbos and Yom Tov one may not make a wound. This results that a bris may not be performed.
But as far as the mitzvah of bris milah is concerned, it may be performed on Shabbos and Yom Tov. According to one opinion a non-Jew can perform a bris milah; if he were to perform the bris on Shabbos, it would be valid. We can compare the fact that we cannot perform a bris on Shabbos and Yom Tov to one who does not have a knife. The mitzvah applies except that one does not have the necessary equipment to perform the mitzvah on Shabbos. Thus the fact that it may not be performed on Shabbos or Yom Tov is not a reason for the mitzvah to be considered a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma.
On a similar note the Shagas Aryeh (Turei Even Chagigah 16b d”h bnei) writes a novel idea on the matter. He begins with a Gemara in Pesachim 84a that says that women are obligated in the mitzvah of burning nosar (the leftovers of a korban). He asks: the Gemara says in Yevamos 72b that nosar must only be burnt during the day, not at night. It should then result that the mitzvah of burning nosar is a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma. Why then are women obligated in this mitzvah?
The Shagas Aryeh says that the only time a time restriction renders a mitzvah a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma is when the time restriction takes away from the performance of the mitzvah. For example, if the mitzvah of tefillin would exist at night we would be obligated to wear tefillin for the entire night. Since we are not obligated to wear tefillin at night, the time that we are obligated to perform the mitzvah is lessened. However, a mitzvah such as burning nosar is a one-time action; once it is burned the mitzvah is complete. The fact that we may not burn nosar at night does not lessen the mitzvah; it only gives us less time to perform that mitzvah. The Shagas Aryeh suggests that the only time restriction that creates a mitzvas assei she’hazman gramma is one that makes the mitzvah less – not one that restricts the time that one can do the mitzvah.
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Investment is a process through which you dedicate a few of your present properties for future gains. This can be money, time, or initiative. The goal of investment is to enhance the worth of an asset over a long period of time. It’s an approach utilized by people across the globe to enhance their net worth. To begin, begin by finding out about the various types of financial investments.
Along with optimizing revenues, financial investment is additionally an essential component in firm-level economics. A firm that methodically stays clear of investment is less likely to optimize revenues. These companies will ultimately disappear from the marketplace, as Darwinian pressures will remove these companies. Nonetheless, spending is not a simple procedure. ira gold bass
While stocks supply the most effective possible returns, they are additionally one of the most dangerous kind of financial investment. Bonds use a high degree of stability while balancing the threat and also return. While bonds have much less market volatility, they do carry interest rate and credit report risk. Bonds are issued by companies and also are sold on the free market via brokers. One more popular form of investment is money equivalents, which let financiers access cash without equity capital.
Stocks as well as bonds are the most prominent forms of investment, however there are numerous various other sorts of financial investment that can be utilized to construct wealth. Stocks are possessed by a specific company and are traded on a stock market. Some additionally use returns. Acquiring shares of a firm’s stock permits you to cooperate the firm’s profits. Nevertheless, stocks do not provide any warranties, as well as individual firms may go out of business.
Before spending, it’s important to establish your goals as well as investment strategy. These goals will certainly guide your selections and also establish your threat tolerance. You ought to additionally take into consideration the cash flow demands and tax obligation effects of the investment. After that, you ought to contrast various investment items as well as broker agent fees and motivations. It is essential to remember the fees and threats of various investment items to ensure you get the most effective possible return.
While you may be averse to the suggestion of investing, it’s a superb suggestion if you’re looking for long-term profits. You can buy stocks, bonds, as well as other properties that are anticipated to boost in worth. As well as with the best approaches and self-control, you can make a significant earnings. It might be intimidating, but it deserves the effort. gold ira price
Another sort of financial investment is a mutual fund. You can select a mutual fund that will use rewards as well as capital gains to purchase even more shares. This approach is called “relative” financial investment. The quantity of danger is proportional to the possible return. As an example, you may choose a mutual fund that invests in renewable energy certificates. The threat is lower than buying supplies. In addition, you can also acquire shares of renewable resource certifications, which are a market-based instrument.
If you are not comfortable with danger, you may want to look for expert guidance. Lots of trustworthy investment firm adhere to financial investment policies and are dedicated to safeguarding your interests. There are several kinds of investments, and also they all have their very own benefits and also threats. Ensure you pick the best kind for your demands. It is very important to select an investment that you understand, and that you can afford. You can additionally expand your profile to lower threat. If you’re not exactly sure about a certain kind of financial investment, seek advice before making a financial investment.
Spending is a wonderful method to save for the future as well as to progress towards bigger monetary objectives. While saving is frequently made use of for short-term requirements, spending is a wonderful means to develop a pillow against unanticipated expenses. The goal of investing is to make a profit, as well as it can include even more risk, but it can also give you greater benefits with time. You should understand exactly how supplies, bonds, as well as money interact. As long as you understand the danger as well as reward, investing is a superb method to construct a diversified portfolio that’s right for you.
In investing, you should spend on a regular basis, as well as in smaller amounts. This will reduce the impact of rate volatility. It is likewise important to recognize the tax obligation implications of your investments. The taxes of your financial investments relies on whether you are gaining earnings or otherwise. Ordinary financial investments go through normal revenue tax, while resources gains are taxed in a different way.
A financial investment’s danger level is figured out by how comfy you are with temporary ups and also downs. If you can’t manage to lose cash, spending may not be for you. A safer choice is an interest-bearing account or a CD that is insured by the FDIC. A mutual fund, on the other hand, is a professionally-managed profile of properties. An exchange-traded fund is another kind of financial investment that is traded on the market like stocks.
As opposed to supplies, bonds are a defensive financial investment. They have low prospective returns, yet they are less risky than stocks. Another advantage of bonds is their ability to be traded swiftly. The drawback is that bonds can decline, so capitalists ought to select meticulously. Nonetheless, bonds are a great alternative for those who desire accessibility to cash money as well as prevent inflation.
Investments are a vital part of any type of portfolio. An effective investment method should take into consideration the financial environment and your personal threat resistance. The best selection will help you grow your wide range while reducing your risk. Essentially, investing is a lasting process, and careful due diligence will certainly make sure that you’re investing in the right possessions. One method to figure out whether a business has the appropriate financial investment approach is to take a look at its cost-free capital. A company with a high complimentary capital is more appealing to capitalists than one with a lower cost-free cash flow. self directed ira gold coins
There are lots of sorts of investment items available out there today. Selecting the very best financial investment depends on how much cash you wish to invest, your danger tolerance, and the kind of financial investment you desire. It’s additionally advisable to seek specialist aid if you’re uncertain regarding an investment product or approach. And also it’s always great to diversify your portfolio in order to lower risk. | <urn:uuid:60b7bc5e-e100-4cd7-a57f-a550a515d77d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.kingayisobamusic.com/2022/09/03/this-story-behind-investment-will-haunt-you-for-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.969116 | 1,330 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Small farmers are one of the more disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in Nigeria. Studies have shown that majority of people living in absolute poverty can be found on small farms with half in this group undernourished. The study examined the determinants of rural poverty in Nigeria. The study uses a probit model on a sample of 500 smallholder farmers to establish factors that influences probability of households’ escaping chronic poverty. Results show that access to micro-credit, education, participation in agricultural workshops/seminars, livestock asset, and access to extension services significantly influencing the probability of households’ existing chronic poverty. On the other hand, female headed households’ and distance to the market increases the probability of persistence in chronic poverty. Thus, these variables are significant in capturing the key rural poverty determinants. However, gender disparities in property rights has a consequence on poverty, as women empowerment through legal rights to property as key chronic poverty ameliorating factors among the farming communities.
Key words: Smallholder farmers, persistence chronic poverty, farming communities, Southwest, Nigeria.
Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 | <urn:uuid:7e4674ab-8290-43c2-bedb-bffbf0baf208> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJSTER/article-abstract/88522E42135 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.907207 | 247 | 2.515625 | 3 |
There’s an excellent demonstration of a Unicode spoof going round at the moment. Click on a link which looks like it’s https://аррӏе.com and you’ll not end up seeing a page from Apple, but your eyes and your browser will have been diverted to a completely different site, which just looks the same in Unicode.
Visit that site and all the better browsers point out what has happened: instead of the address showing up as apple.com, it is displayed as https://www.xn--80ak6aa92e.com. Its security certificate is valid, so although it might come as a bit of a surprise, you should know that you’re safe after all.
Xudong Zheng’s brilliant demonstration of a security vulnerability makes an excellent point to every computer and device user: even if a link looks to be safe, it could still be cunningly engineered to look right, but in fact whisk you off to something wholly unexpected.
It’s very hard to know what to suggest, then. Browsers don’t unscramble such spoofed addresses until you have finished editing the address, which is when you press Return and connect to them. Although you might notice the slight disparities in characters when using certain fonts, or you might notice the address change into its unscrambled form, when you’re pressed for time you could easily stumble straight into a trap.
As Xudong Zheng points out, there is no reliable way that a browser can detect whether an address is a Unicode spoof, or a genuine address which happens to use those Unicode characters.
One method which should in theory be able to detect such problems involves the use of Unicode normalised forms. I have already discussed these in relation to file and folder names in file systems such as APFS, and have provided the free utility Apfelstrudel (from Downloads above) to remove any doubt as to which Unicode characters are being used, and to show the effects of normalisation on them.
Normalisation aims to overcome confusion which can arise when using Unicode characters which have different encodings, but which appear almost identical to the eye. My stock example is the pair café and café. These differ in the characters used to form the final e-acute: in the first form, it consists of UTF-8 c3 and a9, in the second 65, cc, and 81.
Most file systems will not allow two files or folders bearing those names in the same location, as they recognise that they are visually almost identical, and deem them to be the same. They do this using a table of normalisations, which map between such visually indistiguishable characters.
The snag, as shown in Apfelstrudel’s assessment of Xudong Zheng’s spoof, is that normalisation doesn’t detect this and many other spoofs. If browsers were to use the same technique as file systems, they would still recognise аррӏе and apple as being completely different words. To confirm that, the screenshot below shows two folders side by side on my Mac which appear – at first glance, at least – to have identical names. Because they do not normalise to one another, the Mac Extended File System sees nothing wrong with that.
So this is not just a demonstration of a security vulnerability which we are going to have to learn to live with, but a shortcoming in current handling of Unicode characters. Just as we could end up being hijacked to a malicious website, so too we could end up losing files and folders because they are in the wrong apple folder. Normalisation has let us down.
The trend in file systems such as ZFS and APFS is to use normalisation as little as is essential. Although unlikely to be used on Macs, iOS 10.3 and later devices running APFS already use a variant which does not normalise, and considers that café and café are different. The variant which will most probably come to macOS 10.13 this autumn may not permit that pair, but it will certainly allow аррӏе and apple to coexist, which is not in the best interest of users.
I hope that Xudong Zheng’s demonstration not only wakes us up to the security issues, but drives a reconsideration of the whole issue of normalisation. Otherwise Unicode will serve to make clear communication harder, and more confusing. | <urn:uuid:94993082-7861-4e25-9637-9b3f76f23062> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://eclecticlight.co/2017/04/22/unicode-spoofing-when-an-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D3%8F%D0%B5-isnt-an-apple-at-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057857.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926083818-20210926113818-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.95243 | 922 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Putting research into practice: A case in mental computation
Heirdsfield, Ann M. (2004) Putting research into practice: A case in mental computation. In 10th International Congress on Mathematics Education, July, Copenhagen, Denmark.
This paper reports on a teaching experiment, conducted in 2003, which aimed at enhancing young students’ mental computation performance through incorporating research (the researcher’s own and that of others) into classroom practice. Research findings on students’ mental computation performance were presented to two Year 3 teachers, along with practical ideas (web sites, readings, etc.) to form a foundation for a short instructional program. The researcher supported the teachers in developing the program, and the teachers took responsibility for implementing the program. This program was developed by the teachers and the researcher. Pre- and post-instruction individual interviews were conducted to monitor student progress and inform the instructional program.
Impact and interest:
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|Item Type:||Conference Paper|
|Keywords:||mathematics education, mental computation|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > EDUCATION (130000) > EDUCATION SYSTEMS (130100)|
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > EDUCATION (130000) > CURRICULUM AND PEDAGOGY (130200) > Mathematics and Numeracy Curriculum and Pedagogy (130208)
|Divisions:||Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Education|
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2004 (please consult author)|
|Deposited On:||28 Apr 2005|
|Last Modified:||09 Jun 2010 22:24|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:203b9cff-6aed-40c0-a092-1c6186b0d2f2> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://eprints.qut.edu.au/1155/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379320.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00154-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886666 | 515 | 2.546875 | 3 |
I suppose one way to get a “crash course” in teaching English Language Learners is to go to them. I had just that opportunity last year, when I traveled to Slovakia to teach English for two weeks. In our classes we had students of all ages, at all stages in their process of learning English. I was privileged to work a week with the beginning class, and then a week with the advanced class. Our task, as much as teaching the students English, was to engage them, motivate them to come to class each day, and encourage them to speak only English in class – a tough challenge when we were in their country, and they could—and would—speak their native language as soon as they stepped outside the classroom. I was surprised to find the same basic principles of ELL instruction I had learned in an American class on how to teach ELL students put into practice in another country.
Build Background Knowledge
- Get students talking with simple sentence frames:
I am _____.
I have _____.
I like _____.
Everyone likes to talk about themselves. Have students use pictures to help them describe themselves, their pets, families, favorite foods, places, etc.
- Allow students to use translation resources, such as picture dictionaries, for introductory activities.
- Students need to know how to say the letters in English to help them spell and learn new words – a spelling bee or a game of hangman is a great way to have students practice their pronunciation.
- Teach students simple questions they can use to help in their process of learning English.
How do you say that?
What is that word?
Please speak more slowly.
Will you repeat that, please?
Use Comprehensible Instruction
- Create word charts to help students distinguish between verb tenses.
- Use different colors to add a new concept to something students already know, for example, to add contractions after students have learned a pronoun-verb structure.
- Use gestures in a listening exercise to help students distinguish between sounds in two columns of a word chart.
- Introduce new words or concepts before doing dictation.
Encourage Active Participation
- Have students dramatize feeling words.
- Have students learn the meaning of prepositions by using objects to act out each word.
- Have students practice asking and answering questions: Place a variety of items in a small bag or backpack. Have students take turns selecting an item and hiding it from view. Classmates will ask questions to guess the hidden item. Vary the types of questions and answers required based on students’ English proficiency level (yes/no questions for beginners, questions that provide a word choice for intermediate students, etc.).
- Invite students to teach words in their language – they will have to practice their English to teach others.
These classes were offered during the summer. One characteristic that stands out in my mind is that it didn’t feel like school, even though we were in classrooms from 9 to 3 every day (with a lunch break). We engaged the students in conversation, maintained the pace with games, activities, and movement, and spent most of the time working with students in small groups, a good summary to remember the next time I work with ELL students!
Tracie Heskett has taught multiple grades in public and private elementary schools in southwest Washington. She currently writes teacher resource materials and curriculum. She has authored many books for Teacher Created Resources including Blogging in the Classroom, Going Green, and Traits of Good Writing. Her most recent series Strategies to use with Your English Language Learners and Math Strategies to use with Your English Language Learners were released in May 2012. | <urn:uuid:88c17933-71be-406f-b633-8ec128ed5387> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.teachercreated.com/blog/2012/05/esl-%E2%80%93-another-perspective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660746.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00280-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968064 | 761 | 3.671875 | 4 |
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
All electrical machines are basically electro-magnetic devices. Among them the rotating machines are electromechanical energy conversion devices but the transformer is a static machine where energy conversion does not take place, only the level of voltage changes.
All electrical machines are based upon three principles namely:
Transformer operation is based on induction. Most of the rotating electrical machines use the principle of induction as well as interaction. Only a few machines such as reluctance motors are based on alignment.
Email Based Homework Assignment Help in Basic Principles Of Electrical Machines
Transtutors is the best place to get answers to all your doubts regarding basic principles of electrical machines with examples. You can submit your school, college or university level homework or assignment to us and we will make sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost effective. Our tutors are available round the clock to help you out in any way with electrical engineering.
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Transtutors has a vast panel of experienced electrical engineering tutors who specialize inbasic principles of electrical machines and can explain the different concepts to you effectively. You can also interact directly with our electrical engineering tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your problems in your school, college or university level Electrical engineering. Our tutors will make sure that you achieve the highest grades for your electrical engineering assignments. We will make sure that you get the best help possible for exams such as the AP, AS, A level, GCSE, IGCSE, IB, Round Square etc. | <urn:uuid:771acfce-6e97-4f62-a34f-7c921e5217e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/electrical-engineering/electrical-machine-design/basic-principles-of-electrical-machines.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00045-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922032 | 338 | 3.484375 | 3 |
South Africa’s Water and Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna Molewa has received WWF’s highest praise. The ‘Gift to the Earth’ award was received on behalf of the SA government for the declaration of the Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area (MPA) – South Africa’s first offshore MPA and one of the first of its kind for an African country.
The islands, which consist of Prince Edward and Marion Islands, are located almost 2,000km south of South Africa in the Southern Ocean. They are home to an array of marine wildlife, including albatrosses, penguins, killer whales and Patagonian toothfish stocks. The islands form an important global biodiversity hotspot, which was subject to extensive poaching during the late 1990s.
Protection of this island group significantly contributes to the conservation of global biodiversity and the fragile Southern Oceans, in particular.
Dr Morné du Plessis, WWF-SA’s Chief Executive Officer says, “The WWF network remains committed to supporting the South African government to ensure adequate protection of this area. Although so remote, we are increasingly seeing the impact of human activities in the Southern Ocean through climate change and commercial fishing – among others. The proclamation of this MPA signals that government is aware of these issues and is committed to addressing them.”
For more info visit: http://www.wwf.org.za | <urn:uuid:84419a90-3c4a-4702-b907-7dfe783092bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://reefs.com/protection-for-prince-edward-islands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104244535.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703134535-20220703164535-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.949436 | 295 | 2.546875 | 3 |
3 Way Solenoid Valves
A 3 way solenoid valve is a valve with three connections for pipes. Additionally, it has two ports through which liquid or gas can flow. The solenoid is the electromagnetic component of the valve, and it includes a coil, core and enclosure. Included in this are the ports which alternate between open and closed so that pressure can be applied accordingly. This function is controlled by an actuator or cylinder. Manufacturers sell 3 way solenoid valves in various configurations, the three most common of which are Normally Closed (NC), Normally Open (NO) and Universal.
Contained inside 3 way solenoid valves is a movable armature, which is capped by fluid sealing parts on either end. These parts include a ring close to one seal to contain fluid, and a spring to the right. While the solenoid is de-energized, fluid passes through the sealing ring from one port to another. It is able to do this, in part, due to a hole in the ring that is lined up with a bore. When the solenoid is energized, the armature moves, stopping the flow of fluid through one point, and opening a third port for passage. Another component to 3 ways solenoid valves is a rolling diaphragm seal that serves to ensure fluid does not unintentionally pass into the wrong port. One port is always open, allowing for control over direction of flow. This particular feature of 3 way solenoid valves makes a good fit for use with tools and equipment like hydraulic cylinders. In NC 3 way solenoid valves, de-energizing causes the pressure port to close and the exhaust port to open. When energized, the result is the opposite. In NO valves, when energized, the pressure port closes, and when de-energized, the exhaust port closes. Universal 3 way solenoid valves can operate either way.
Three way solenoid valves are used in a variety of industries that utilize process equipment, as well as those that build and maintain transportation infrastructures and vehicles. Additionally, 3 way solenoid valves are used in medical and energy facilities. The valves are versatile enough to connect to pressure controls, gauges and electrical equipment.
|General Purpose 3/2-Way Solenoid Valve - Burkert Fluid Control Systems
||3/2-Way Direct Acting Solenoid Valve - Burkert Fluid Control Systems | <urn:uuid:03a4915e-dee7-483e-8e9e-09d59fbdd699> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.iqsdirectory.com/3-way-solenoid-valves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814538.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223075134-20180223095134-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.937921 | 504 | 3.015625 | 3 |
disintegration of small principalities once again paved
way for an invasion of India. This time, it was by a Great
warrior with a mastermind behind it.
On the eve of the Persian invasion, Northwest India
was divided into petty states.
Darius I was the first foreign king to invaded Indian
provinces. Some of Indian provinces like Punjab and Gandhara
are mentioned as parts of Achamenian Empire. The Indian
provinces provided them mercenaries or supplies for wars
against Greece. The Persian hold over India continued
till 330 B.C. Alexander, the great Greek king, defeated
the last Persian ruler Darius III.
Alexander's path to India-
Alexander embarked a far-reaching scheme of campaigns
and conquests in the east. As mentioned above, his first
conquest was that of Persia in 330 B.C. In 327 B.C. he
completed his conquest of Eastern Iran. He took control
of Hindukush, Bactria and Marcanda or Samarkand.
Alexander turned towards India in later part of
327 B.C. His army was estimated of around 30,000 men.
Main scenes of his invasion were, the Kabul valley, the
plains of Punjab and the lower course of Indus.
From Nicaea, near India, he sent invitations to Indian
kings. Some kings like Ambhi of Taxila and Sasigupta were
in Alexander's favour.
Alexander had no difficulty in handling such a big unguarded
country. The small states were easy to win. Even those
states, which were not willing to buy peace, had no time
to retaliate. The speedy Greek forces eliminated any chances
of the reunion of the Indian states.
First, Alexander made two main divisions of his army.
The first was sent to build a bridge on the river Indus
and the other was sent to the hilly regions to fight.
Alexander himself had to deal with strong opponents on
the hills. The first Indian king to lose was the king
of Astakenoi. The strength of the Greek enemy beat him
down. The next stage in Alexander's campaign was the fort
of Aornos or Varana. Alexander posted a garrison here.
The Greek army crossed the Indus thereafter. Beyond Taxila,
between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab was the kingdom of
Porus. Porus was opposed to Ambhi, the king of
Taxila. Ambhi not only welcomed Alexander, but also provided
him help. Both the two armies were standing on either
sides of the river Jhelum. Excellent tactics, military
superiority and the advantages of rains were the plus
points to help Alexander. Alexander won the battle
of Jhelum. He however gave back the throne to Porus,
whom he respected a lot.
Alexander further marched to the interiors of the country.
Right from the beginning he had to face a lot of difficulty
with small tribal units. The great kingdom of Magadha
his next target.
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Magadha was very famous for its prosperity in those
times. The soldiers had already suffered
greatly. Their patience and strength was exhausted by
the climatic conditions in particular. So Alexander had
to order the retreat to Persia, ending the campaign in
On his way back some assembled republican people like
Malavas and some Brahmanas opposed him. All Malava cities
became the centers of resistance. The chief of the Mushikas
also seems to have given tough resistance. Alexander's
last halt was at Patala. In September 325 B.C. Alexander
proceeded through Baluchistan to Babylon where he died
after two years.
Death of Alexander-
Alexander died a sudden death at the age of 33, in the
year 323 B.C.
A conqueror of such a caliber lacked the quality of a
good administrator. Most of the conquests of Alexander
were not consolidated. He had appointed Satrapis or officers
but they all became independent after his departure. Even
in India, he gave back the conquered territories to the
old principalities. Alexander did not have a worthy successor.
So after his death, the territories which he had conquered,
one after another, became independent. His own kingdom
was also affected and suffered because of his absence.
Effects of Alexander's Invasion
Though the invasion failed to mark the political life
of India, it had definitely influenced the social and
cultural life. The effects of the invasion are either
over-emphasized or under-emphasized. The Greek settlements
could not have a permanent effect on the Indians, at the
same time, their influence cannot be denied. The effects
were as follows:
1)The routes used by Alexander became trade routes between
India and the West. He also opened a sea route to the
West. Still, we cannot say that 'because of the Greek
invasion the Indian trade flourished'. There are evidences
to prove that India already had good commercial connections
with the rest of the world.
2) Alexander brought with him a number of historians and
scientists. These people recorded many details about the
Indian society. The foreign resources are useful in reconstructing
the basic chronology of events. Again, we cannot completely
rely on these sources. These accounts are most of the
3) A very important effect is observed in the field of
art. The Gandhara School of art is very much influenced
by the Greek art. Similarly, we also see Indian influence
on the Greek art as well. So there was a cultural exchange
between the two countries.
4) There is one more point that Alexander tried to get
the scattered principalities under one control. This situation
must have helped Chandragupta Maurya in the later years.We
can say that though the consequences were not of a far-reaching
nature there was a large amount of give and take at both | <urn:uuid:ca7bd966-3db5-41cd-93df-6d64f8fd9d27> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://vandemataram.com/www/vindex.jsp?sno=80 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272680.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00463-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967804 | 1,266 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Metabiotics: New Stage of the Probiotic Concept Development
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The knowledge of molecular language of symbiotic (probiotic) microorganisms allows for a more intensive and targeted development of the next generation of probiotics and functional foods. In our opinion, the development of a traditional probiotic concept includes the creation of therapeutics, dietary supplements and functional foods that can be denoted by the common term of “metabiotics” (Shenderov 2007; Shenderov 2009; Shenderov 2011a; Shenderov 2011b; Shenderov 2013; Shenderov et al. 2018). We suggest to understand by the term all microecological products designed to preserve and restore the content and functions of symbiotic microbiota in humans, animals and plants and based on water soluble components of cells, metabolites and signaling molecules secreted or released at the time of microbial cell destruction in known or potential probiotic strains of microorganisms, as well as synthetic (and/or semisynthetic) metabiotics which will be artificially constructed as analogues or improved copies of natural biologically active compounds formed by symbiotic microorganisms. Metabiotics have a known chemical structure and their application allows to optimize organism-specific epigenetic, physiological functions, regulatory, metabolic and/or behavioral reactions related to the activity of host indigenous microbiota. This new group of microecological products should be equal to or surpass the first-generation probiotics in their therapeutic and prophylactic efficiency, while being safer than traditional probiotics.
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- Shenderov BA. Metabiotics — novel prophylactic technology of diseases associated with microecological imbalance of human being. Journal of Restorative Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2017;4:40–49 (in Russian).Google Scholar
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- Sobol CV. A new class of Pharmabiotics with Unique Properties. Chapter 4. In: Grumezescu AM, Holban AM, editors. Handbook of Food Bioengineering. Vol. 3. Soft Chemistry and Food Fermentation. London: Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p. 79–108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811412-4.00004-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vakhitov TYa, Petrov LN, Bondarenko VM. The concept of a probiotic drug containing original microbial metabolites. Zh Mikrobiol (Moscow). 2005; 5:108–114 (in Russian).Google Scholar
- Vakhitov TYa, Sitkin SI. The concept of superorganism in biology and medicine. Experimental & clinical gastroenterology. 2014;107(7):72–85 (in Russian).Google Scholar | <urn:uuid:0f358695-085a-4b11-81e4-2adb00428c4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-34167-1_10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146681.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227094720-20200227124720-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.785166 | 1,111 | 2.625 | 3 |
Greece: A History of Migration
Greece: A History of Migration
Countries around the globe have communities that bear witness to the waves of outward migration that once characterized Greece. Over the past 15 years, however, Greece has become a receiver of migrants and a permanent immigrant destination. Most of these new immigrants hail from Central and Eastern Europe, and despite two regularization programs, a good number of them still reside in Greece without authorization. People from Asia (particularly Iraq, Pakistan, and India) have recently been rapidly increasing their share of the total number of immigrants arriving illegally.
As in the past, a complex set of forces are pushing and pulling migration to and from Greece. Today, the government is poised to implement an integration action plan aimed at harnessing these forces to the country's advantage. That process, however, has yet to begin, and considerable public anxiety and political friction is expected to precede the harvest of hoped-for economic, cultural, and political benefits.
Greek History: Waves of Emigration
Two important waves of mass emigration took place after the formation of the modern Greek state in the early 1830s, one from the late 19th to the early 20th century, and another following World War II.
The first wave of emigration was spurred by the economic crisis of 1893 that followed the rapid fall in the price of currants - the major export product of the country – in the international markets. In the period 1890-1914, almost a sixth of the population of Greece emigrated, mostly to the United States and Egypt. This emigration was, in a sense, encouraged by Greek authorities, who saw remittances as helping to improve the balance of payments of the Greek economy. The lasting effect on Greece's national consciousness was the expansion of the notion of "Hellenism" and "Hellenic diaspora" to the "New World."
Following World War II, the countries of Southern Europe, Greece among them, were the main contributors to migration to the industrialized nations of Northern Europe. However, the oil crises of 1973 and 1980 caused economic uncertainty and a sharp fall in the demand for labor, which in turn led northern states to introduce restrictive immigration policies. As these countries became less welcoming to their former invitees, return migration to Greece soon followed.
More than one million Greeks migrated in this second wave, which mainly fell between 1950 and 1974. Most emigrated to Western Europe, the U.S., Canada, and Australia. Economic and political reasons often motivated their move, both connected with the consequences of a 1946-1949 civil war and the 1967-1974 period of military junta rule that followed. Official statistics show that in the period 1955-1973 Germany absorbed 603,300 Greek migrants, Australia 170,700, the U.S. 124,000, and Canada 80,200. The majority of these emigrants came from rural areas, and they supplied both the national and international labor markets.
Following the oil crisis of 1973 and the adoption of restrictive immigration policies by the European countries, these immigration flows were severely reduced and return migration increased. Other factors contributing to these changes included integration difficulties in the receiving countries, the restoration of democracy in Greece in 1974, and the new economic prospects developed following the 1981 entry of the country into the European Economic Community (EEC). Between 1974 and 1985, almost half of the emigrants of the post-war period had returned to Greece.
Trading Places: Immigration Replaces Emigration
Declining emigration and return migration created a positive migration balance in the 1970s. Immigration grew at the beginning of the 1980s when a small number of Asians, Africans, and Poles arrived and found work in construction, agriculture, and domestic services. Nevertheless, immigration was still limited in size. In 1986, legal and unauthorized immigrants totaled approximately 90,000. One third of them were from European Union countries. The 1991 Census registered 167,000 "foreigners" in a total population of 10,259,900.
The collapse of the Central and Eastern European regimes in 1989 transformed immigration to Greece into a massive, uncontrollable phenomenon. As a result, although Greece was at that time still one of the less-developed EU states, in the 1990s it received the highest percentage of immigrants in relation to its labor force.
Many factors explain the transformation of Greece into a receiving country. These include the geographic location, which positions Greece as the eastern "gate" of the EU, with extensive coastlines and easily crossed borders. Though the situation at the country's northern borders has greatly improved since the formation of a special border control guard in 1998, geographic access remains a central factor in patterns of migration to Greece.
Also key have been the rapid economic changes that narrowed the economic and social distance from the Northern European countries following the integration of Greece into the EU in 1981. In step with economic development, the improved living standards and higher levels of education attained by young people have led most Greeks to reject low-status and low-income jobs. Meanwhile, both the large size of the informal, family-based economy, and the seasonal nature of industries like tourism, agriculture, and construction, have created demand for a flexible labor pool, independent of trade union practices and legislation.
Recent Migration and Data Limitations
Greece's Migrants in Context
According to the latest census, the population of Greece increased from 10,259,900 in 1991 to 10,964,020 in 2001. This increase can be almost exclusively attributed to immigration in the past decade. The census showed that the "foreign population" living in Greece in 2001 was 762,191 (47,000 of them EU citizens), making up approximately seven percent of the total population of the total population. Of these migrants, 2,927 were registered as refugees.
It is estimated that the real number of immigrants is higher; many analysts believe that migrants make up as much as 10 percent of the population. They cite, among other factors, the fact that the 2001 Census was carried out before the implementation of Act 2910/2001, otherwise referred to as Greece's second regularization program. This legislation dealt with "the admission and residence of foreigners in Greece and the acqusition of Greek nationality through naturalization." Because of their illegal status, a good number of immigrants escaped census registration, while still others entered the country specifically to take advantage of regularization.
Immigration is the cause of population increase and demographic renewal in Greece in the period between the 1991 and 2001 censuses. The average number of children per woman in Greece has fallen to 1.3, against a European average of 1.5, and well below the average of 2.1 required for the reproduction of a population. Of the immigrant population, on the other hand, 16.7 percent are in the 0-14 age bracket, 79.8 percent in the 15-64 age bracket, and only 3.5 percent in the over-65 age bracket. The respective percentages for the national population are 15.2 percent, 67.7 percent, and 17 percent, demonstrating the key role immigrants of child-bearing age play in the population as a whole. Albanians, who are mainly married couples raising families, are the youngest population overall. In contrast, immigrants from the United States, Canada, and Australia have the highest percentages of people in the over-65 age bracket, because they are mainly pensioner returnees of Greek origin.
Males and females make up 54.5 percent and 45.5 percent of the total, respectively. However, gender composition varies widely among the various nationalities. Albanians and Romanians show the most balanced picture, because the percentages of males fluctuate just above the average with 59 percent and 57 percent, respectively. Other nationalities show sharp asymmetries, where either males or females far outnumber the other gender. For example, females make up almost two thirds of the immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Bulgaria, as well as approximately four-fifths of the Filipinos. On the other end, immigrants from Pakistan and India are almost exclusively male.
Fifty-four percent of the immigrants enter the country for work. Family reunification (13 percent) and repatriation (7 percent) are other main reasons they give for their arrival. Albanians show the highest level of participation in family reunification and immigrants from United States, Canada, and Australia in repatriation—a confirmation of the Greek origin of these immigrants. An unspecified "other reason" concerns 21.5 percent of the total, while "asylum" and "refugee" status seekers account for 1.6 percent.
National Origins of Recent Migrants
In the 1990 to 2001 period of mass immigration to Greece, immigrants arrived in two waves. The first was that of the early 1990s, in which Albanians dominated. The second arrived after 1995, and involved much greater participation of immigrants from other Balkan states, the former Soviet Union, Pakistan, and India. The majority of Albanians arrived in the first wave; however, the collapse of enormous "pyramid schemes" in Albania's banking sector in 1996 also spurred significant migration.
According to the 2001 Census, the largest group of immigrants draws its origins from the Balkan countries of Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania. People from these countries make up almost two-thirds of the total "foreign population." Migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldava, etc.) comprise 10 percent of the total; the EU countries approximately six percent. A heterogeneous group of people from places such as the United States, Canada, and Australia (mostly first or second-generation Greek emigrants returning home), also account for around six percent. Finally, a residual group from a wide variety of countries makes up 13 percent. None of the individual countries included in this last group exceeds two percent of the total "foreign population."
Of the main countries of origin, Albania accounts for 57.5 percent of the total, with second-place Bulgaria far outdistanced with 4.6 percent. Common borders with both of these countries have facilitated crossing over to Greece, leading to a cyclical form of immigration.
Education and Workforce Participation
Nearly one-half of the migrants have secondary education (including technical-skill schools) and one-third have either completed or acquired primary school education. Almost one-tenth have higher education. A qualitative analysis of the educational levels of the various nationalities shows that, comparatively speaking, Albanians have the lowest level of education and former Soviet citizens the highest. In terms of higher education, females have the largest share of the total, while males appear to predominate in all other educational categories.
Immigrants are almost exclusively (90 percent) engaged in wage work and, to a much lesser extent, are self-employed (6.5 percent). Most of the jobs are non-skilled, manual work well below the immigrants' level of education and qualifications.
According to the 2001 census data, the majority of immigrants (54 percent) enter Greece for work. Bulgarians and Romanians are the nationalities that most often cite employment as the most important reason for immigrating to Greece. Immigrants are mainly employed in construction (24.5 percent), "other services," meaning mostly domestic work (20.5 percent), agriculture (17.5 percent), and "commerce, hotels, and restaurants" (15.7 percent).
Because of the size of their presence in the total immigrant population, Albanians dominate in all sectors. Within the Albanian nationality, however, construction absorbs the highest percentage (32 percent), followed by agriculture (21 percent), and then "other services" (15 percent). In contrast, Bulgarians are mostly occupied in agriculture (33 percent) and "other services" (29 percent).
In the construction sector, immigrants currently provide a quarter of the wage labor, and in agriculture, a fifth of the total labor expended (almost 90 percent of the non-family wage labor). Immigrants play an important structural role in both sectors.
"Other services" —a sector identified with domestic services where female migrant labor predominates—mostly employs immigrants from the former Soviet Union (37 percent) and Bulgaria. At the same time, employment in domestic services allows larger numbers of Greek women to join the labor market.
Immigration Policy Developments
The Greek government has been unprepared to receive the large numbers of immigrants of the last decade, and has hesitated to introduce the necessary legal and institutional changes for the regularization and integration of this population.
The government, however, was forced to adopt a regularization procedure under often contradictory pressures. From one side, in an environment of growing xenophobia, the public demanded the registration of immigrants. From another, human rights and labor organizations sought more humanitarian and less exploitative treatment.
The first regularization program to handle recent illegal migration was introduced as late as 1997 with Presidential Decrees 358/1997 and 359/1997. These aimed at the implementation of Act 1975/1991 on the "entry-exit, residence, employment, expulsion of foreigners and procedure for the recognition of the status of refugee for foreigners."
The twin decrees gave unregistered immigrants the opportunity to acquire a "white card" temporary residence permit. This, in turn, gave them time to submit the complementary documents necessary to acquire a "green card" work and residence permit. To qualify for the "white card" they had to have lived in Greece for at least one year, and submit documents testifying to their good health, a clean court and police record, and proof of having paid national social insurance contributions for a total of 40 working days in 1998. A total of 150 days of social insurance contributions were required for the acquisition of the green card. No registration fees were charged at this stage.
By the end of the first regularization, 371,641 immigrants had been registered for the white card, but only 212,860 received a green card. It is estimated that less than half of the migrants living in the country were registered during this first regularization program.
In 2001, the goverment passed Act 2910/2001 on "the admission and residence of foreigners in Greece and the acquisition of Greek nationality through naturalization." This gave immigrants a second opportunity to legalize their status, provided they could show proof of residence for at least a year before the implementation of the law. Immigrants were given a six-month period to submit all the necessary documents to acquire the work permit, which became the precondition for obtaining a residence permit.
The two regularization methods differed, but the documents required for both were similar. The most important differences were that in 2001 the immigrant had to submit a copy of an official contract with his or her employer for a specific period of time, as well as confirmation that national social insurance contributions had been paid for at least 200 working days (which could also be paid for by the immigrants themselves). In addition, a payment of 147 euros per person over the age of 14 was required. All applicants to the 1997 regularization program whose permits had expired by 2001 were subject to the provisions of the new law.
The 2001 act also set preconditions for future legal migration into the country, giving the Organization of Employment and Labor (OAED) the responsibility to prepare an annual report that would specify labor requirements at the occupational and regional levels in order to define quotas for temporary work permits. These job vacancies would be advertised in the sending countries by Greek embassies, which would also be responsible for receiving the applications for those jobs. To date, however,the government has not begun this procedure.
When the official application deadline for this second regularization program expired in August 2001, it was reported that 351,110 migrants had submitted their documents for the acquisition of a work permit — a precondition for the provision of a residence permit. However, bureaucracy and the lack of the necessary infrastructure created tremendous problems and delays in the processing of the applications. This forced the government to give temporary residence to all applicants until the end of June 2003, recently extended to the end of October 2003. By then, the government expected to have all the applications processed. Once more, however, promises were not fullfilled and thousands of migrants remain "hostages" of a sluggish legal and institutional structure.
The enthusiasm shown by immigrants upon the announcement of the latest act has now vanished. This is as a result of, on the one hand, the weakness of public administration in supporting the implementation of the act and, on the other, the act's "philosophy" of continuous checks and controls that make it difficult to implement. These weaknesses have been identified and raised by many organizations and institutions directly or indirectly involved with the issue. The Greek ombudsman, in a report to the minister of interior, warned as early as 2001 of the implementation problems and asked for amendments that would make it work for the benefit of both immigrants and the Greek public administration.
However, amendments to the act introduced by the government in 2002 did not address the problems connected with the one-year duration of the work and residence permits, the yearly fee for the residence permit for the applicants, and the insurmountable bureaucratic problems. Only recently, the government decided to extend the residence permit to two years starting from January 2004 (Act 3202/2003).
In the meantime, in order to overcome bureaucratic obstacles, many immigrants have had to either hire lawyers to handle their regularization procedure, or lose time and money standing in lines.
To date, the integration of migrants into Greek society appears to have resulted largely from laborious individual/family strategies of the migrants themselves, rather than from the provisions of an institutional framework. This may change as government efforts to systematize integration take hold.
Greece's integration policy was designed and announced by the government in 2002 in its "Action Plan for the Social Integration of Immigrants for the Period 2002-2005." The plan includes measures for the labor market integration and training of immigrants, improved access to the health system, emergency centers for immigrant support, and measures for the improvement of cultural exchanges among the various ethnic communities. However, the implementation of the plan has yet to begin.
Two of the reasons for the non-implementation of the plan appear to include pressure on the state budget to complete the nation's preparations for the Olympic Games, as well as the long, politically sensitive period before the national elections of March 7, 2004.
At this stage, despite the acknowledged importance of migration in Greek economy and society, migration in general and integration in specific do not seem to be high on the government agenda. The expressed anxieties of human rights and migrant organizations about integration and migration policy seem to have done little to shift the debate. Integration may come to the foreground again, however, in connection with social unrest that could follow the foreseen negative prospects of the economy in the post-Olympics period.
Immigrants have contributed significantly to the improved performance of the Greek economy over the past few years, and they have boosted Greece's successful participation in the EU's economic and monetary union. Their structural role in the workforce of the construction and agricultural sectors has been widely acknowledged. Despite a high level of unemployment, which is estimated at nine percent for the country as a whole, there appears to be no serious competition by native Greeks for the kinds of jobs secured by immigrants. On the contrary, immigrants have played a rather complementary economic role.
However, the current high growth rate of the Greek economy—five percent in the EU in 2003—is expected to slow down after the completion of the facilities for the Olympic Games, which have driven huge amounts of activity in construction and other sectors. In addition, the funds allocated to Greece under the European Union's new support framework are expected to shrink following the EU's enlargement in 2004. These economic pressures, along with the uncertainties evident in the legal and institutional framework for the regularization and integration of immigrants, if not dealt with, are expected to lead to social friction and extensive racism and xenophobia in the next few years.
Cavounidis, J. and Hadjaki, L. (2000), Migrant Applicants for the Card of Temporary Residence: Nationality, Gender, and Placement. Athens: National Institute of Labour (in Greek).
Fakiolas, R. (2003), 'Regularising Undocumented Immigrants in Greece: Procedures and Effects', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29 (3): 535-561.
Fakiolas R. and King R. (1996), 'Emigration,Return, Immigration: A Review and Evaluation of Greece's Experience of International Migration', International Journal of Population Geography, Vol. 2, 171-190.
Kasimis C., Papadopoulos A. G., Zacopoulou E. (2003), 'Migrants in Rural Greece', Sociologia Ruralis, Vol 43, Number 2, pp. 167-184.
King, R. (2000), 'Southern Europe in the Changing Global Map of Migration', in King, R., Lazaridis, G. and Tsardanidis, Ch. (eds) Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1-26.
Lianos, Th. and Papakonstantinou, P. (2003) Modern Migration Toward Greece: Economic Investigation. Athens: KEPE, Studies, No 51 (in Greek).
National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG) (2003), Population Census 2001. Available online.
OECD (2003), Trends in International Migration: Annual Report, SOPEMI.
Ombudsman's Office (2001), Special Report on the Problems of the Application of the Aliens Law 2910/2001, Athens, National Publishing Agency (in Greek).
Sarris A. and Zografakis S. (1999), 'A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment of the Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Greek Economy', Journal of Population Economics, 12: 155-182. | <urn:uuid:62223db4-e6fa-4f15-a4b6-e99d81f465bc> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/greece-history-migration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770633.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00080-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952628 | 4,496 | 3.796875 | 4 |
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Essay on Rani Lakshmibai Article shared by: Read this essay on Rani Lakshmibai! They both have so many great qualities in common. The most important of these is that they both struggled and fought hard for liberating their respective countries from slavery and foreign rule. Joan of Arc was later beatified in and then canonised and declared a saint in Lakshmi Bai and the Maid of Orleans, both made supreme sacrifices for their respective countries and set a glorious example of patriotism and national pride.
They both have been a source of much inspiration for national honour and sacrifice for it all these years. Their martyrdom has been unique and exemplary and a subject of much admiration and emulation. Lakshmi Bai was born on November 1, at Kashi Varanasi.
Her father Moropant Tambe was a highly respected Maharashtra Brahman. She was called Manoo Bai in her childhood. When she was about years old her mother died. She was not only intelligent and brave but also very beautiful. She was the childhood companion of Nana Sahib.
She jumped down from her own horse and saved Nana Sahib by pulling him out of danger. She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao, the king of Jhansi. He was senior to her by many years in age. Since her marriage she came to be known as Lakshmi Bai, meaning goddess of wealth.
After her marriage she began to take keen interest in fine arts and military affairs of the State. Lakshmi Bai and Raja Gangadhar Rao had a son, but unfortunately he died early and there was no heir to succeed the throne. The Raja fell ill and then died on November 20, But the then Governor General of India, Dalhousie did not recognize this adoption and so planned to annex Jhansi under his policy of lapse.
It was against the tradition and practice of the Hindu law which approved the practice of adoption and recognised adopted sons as legal and lawful heirs to the property and titles of the adoptive fathers.
The refusal to recognize her adoption was totally unjustified and so it infuriated the brave Rani Lakshmi Bai. Finally, her State was annexed into the British State.
This clever and dubious move of annexation also annoyed the people in general. She also appealed to London, but again it proved an exercise in futility. By there broke out the first war of Indian Independence, also known as the Mutiny of Dalhousie had also annexed some other States on the pretext of mis-governance.
He regarded the so called mis-governance as a justification for annexing States under the doctrine of lapse. The revolt of began at Meerut on May The actual date fixed for the revolt was May 31, but it began three weeks ahead because people were so impatient, restive and emotionally charged against the exploitations of the British.
It was actually the first war of Indian Independence and had popular support. Lakshmi Bai took no time in joining the revolt and struggle for independence.Rani lakshmi bai essay in hindi language nation How can i start an essay about myself.
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Nov 16, · Short Essay on 'National Flag of India' in Hindi | 'Bharat ka Rashtriiya Dhwaj' par Nibandh ( Words) Short Essay on 'Rani Lakshmibai' in Hindi | 'Rani Lakshmibai' par Nibandh ( Words) Sunday, November 16, Read this essay on Rani Lakshmibai!
The great heroine of the Indian History, Maharani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi was like Joan of Arc of France. They both have so many great qualities in common. Rani Lakshmi Bai Essay In Hindi Language.
An Essay on Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi Essay Introduction: Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi was born at Bitur, the seat of the Peshwas on June 15, Her parents named her Manu kaja-net.com her childhood, she learnt the use of weapons. She had war-like qualities which helped her a lot in her later life.
Home» Languages» English (Sr. Secondary)» Essay on “Rani Lakshmi Bai” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.
Essay on “Rani Lakshmi Bai” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.
Ham gyanipandit ke sabhi lekhoko Update karate hain, or jab-jab hamare paas nayi or mahatvapurn janakari aati hain ham use add karate hain. jald hi Rani Lakshmi Bai ke itahas ke bare me or janakari update ki jayengi. "Rani Lakshmi Bai Essay In Hindi Language" Essays and Research Papers Rani Lakshmi Bai Essay In Hindi Language An Essay on Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi Essay Introduction: Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi was born at Bitur, the seat of the Peshwas on June 15, Essay on rani lakshmi bai in marathi language. By November 25, Texas Construction Loans. No Comments; 0; 0. Essay on rani lakshmi bai in marathi language. 4 stars based on 27 reviews kaja-net.com Essay.
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When compared with Stopframe animation (see Getting
started with animation), Keyframe animation offers a more
powerful and efficient animation technology
Intermediate steps between Key objects are created automatically and produce a smooth professional-looking inter-object transition (this is called Tweening); Tweened objects are created as a result. You won't see these intermediate steps showing tweened objects by default, but they exist transparently between key objects throughout your animation.
The Storyboard tab is the workspace for laying out your animation "story" in a chronological keyframe-by-keyframe sequence (from left to right). On export, your animation will play in this direction. Using the above "bee" animation in the tab illustration as an example, the bee is animated, while the sun and "Buzzzz" text remain static objects.
By adding objects (bee and sun) to a starting keyframe it's possible to automatically copy (or more correctly run forward) those objects forward when you create subsequent keyframes. This in itself doesn't affect animation, but it's the repositioning of a run forward object (such as the bee) in later keyframes that creates "movement."
Once keyframes are created, the animator has a great deal of control over how objects are run forward (or even backwards). You can introduce objects anywhere on the storyboard (so they appear for a limited time), and either run them forward or backwards by a specific number of keyframes (or right to the start or end of the storyboard). The "Buzzzz" text in the above example will only show from keyframes 3 onwards (i.e., from 4 seconds).
Keyframe animation mode also presents other tabs that support the Storyboard tab. These are exclusively used within keyframe animation (and do not show in normal or stopframe animation mode), i.e.
The Easing tab is used for applying linear or non-linear changes between key objects with use of editable envelopes (e.g., to change object position, morph, scale, rotation, skew, colour, and transparency).
The Actions tab allows objects and keyframes to be attributed actions which will run (e.g., go to a URL or designated marker) when an event is triggered (e.g., MouseOver, Rollovers, etc.).
DrawPlus provides a range of features for the more experienced user, i.e.
in response to object events or at a specific keyframe either via an easy-to-use
dialog or develop ActionScript
Use the Keyframe camera for panning, zooming and rotation effects over keyframes.
Masking lets you produce cutaways, i.e. punching through a layer(s) to reveal underlying objects.
Add and manage sound and movies to enhance your animation. Manage files from one central location with the Media tab, which also allows viewing and direct replacement of media.
Keyframe animations are created in a specific order:
Create your DrawPlus Animation file.
Create object(s), either static or for animation, on the page.
From the Storyboard tab, insert the number of keyframes and their duration via a dialog.
Reposition objects in subsequent keyframes to effect animation.
your keyframe animation as Adobe
Select Create>Keyframe Animation on the Startup Wizard.
From Page Setup, review document types in the left-hand pane.
Select a document type thumbnail
from a Web, Screen, or Mobile category in the left-hand pane
(Optional) In the Paper section at the right-hand of the dialog, swap your measurement units (e.g. to pixels), and change page size and/or orientation.
(Optional) In the lower Animation section, you can configure animation-specific settings.
Change the animation's Background Colour by clicking on the colour swatch.
Set Transparent Background to Yes, then any exported Flash SWF file will possess a transparent background (even if a background colour is set).
Increase/decrease the FPS, i.e. the frame rate setting (Frames Per Second).
Set the Flash Version for backward compatibility to a specific version of Flash Player. Newer versions offer greater compression in exported Flash files.
Set the Flash Bitmap Quality to a lower percentage setting to reduce Flash file sizes; this drops the resolution of placed bitmaps and any filter effects applied to objects.
You can convert your existing drawing to a keyframe animation by using File>Convert to Keyframe Animation.
To change page and animation settings, use Page Setup from the context toolbar (shown with Pointer or Rotate Tool selected) or File menu.
Unless the tab is already displayed, click the handle at the bottom of your workspace to reveal the tab.
We'll assume that you've drawn objects on the first keyframe. You can
run forward these automatically throughout your animation by creation
of additional keyframes
From the Storyboard tab, select a keyframe and choose Insert.
From the dialog, choose the Number of keyframes to add to the Storyboard tab. Set a default Keyframe duration for each created keyframe.
Choose to add keyframe(s) at a Location before or after the currently selected keyframe or before/after the first or last keyframe.
(Optional) Check Insert blank keyframes if you don't want to include run forward objects in your keyframes. Blank frames are useful "filler" frames that add breaks in your animation for messages, logos, etc.
An inserted frame will honour any animation runs that may transect it if the Insert blank keyframes setting remains unchecked (by creating an additional tweened object). If checked, the blank frame will break any transecting animation path(s) and not add tweened objects.
Once you've created a keyframe sequence you can sub-divide or split any selected keyframe further.
Click the Split keyframe button on the Storyboard tab.
From the dialog, enter the number of divisions that the keyframe is to be split into, then click OK. Each new keyframe's duration is an equal division of the original keyframe's duration.
Select a keyframe in the Storyboard tab.
Select the keyframe
and choose Delete.
- or -
Choose Delete Keyframe from the Edit menu.
Keyframe duration represents the amount of time in between each individual keyframe. The value is set according to how the keyframe was created, i.e.
A keyframe's duration can be altered manually at any time.
Click the keyframe's duration (e.g., 1500ms) under its thumbnail, and, when selected, type a new value then click away.
The total duration of your animation is shown on your last keyframe, e.g. (5.0s).
Storyboard control is possible by using a selection of buttons grouped together on the Storyboard tab (equivalent options are on the Storyboard menu). They operate across the entire storyboard, as opposed to on an individual keyframe or key object.
Breaks the animation run that transects through a selected keyframe into two separate runs.
A tool for tidying up your storyboard; any keyframes containing only tweened objects are removed from the storyboard.
Expands or shrinks the whole storyboard. All keyframe durations are automatically adjusted to fit proportionately to the new Scale duration.
To complement the visual effect of your keyframe animation it's possible to add audio. Sounds can be added either for the duration of a specific keyframe, or when an action is applied to an object event (see Applying actions for details on actions and events).
On the Storyboard tab, click
on the keyframe's Sound icon (located
below the frame's thumbnail).
- or -
Right-click the keyframe and select Background Sound....
- or -
Select Background Sound>Set Background Sound from the Insert menu.
From the dialog, navigate to your audio file, select it and click the Open button.
To remove a selected keyframe's audio clip, right-click and select Clear Background Sound.
As well as using sound in your keyframe animation, you can introduce movie clips. The movie is inserted into your chosen keyframe as an object which like any other object (QuickShape, Text, etc.) will need to be run forward for the movie to play throughout the animation.
DrawPlus supports various video formats including Flash Video (FLV), Flash SWF, AVI, WMV, and QuickTime.
Select the keyframe to which the movie is to be added.
Select Movie Clip... from the Insert menu.
From the dialog, navigate to your movie file and select it.
Position the displayed cursor where you want the movie to appear.
To insert the movie at
the movie's original size, simply click the mouse.
- or -
To set the size of the inserted movie, drag out a region and release the mouse button.
(Optional) Use the object toolbar controls to run forward/backward to the end/start of the storyboard (or by a set number of keyframes).
You can preview your animation at any time either in a web browser or in Flash Player (This is a DrawPlus install option). This is a quick way of checking it prior to export.
Click the down arrow on the button on the Storyboard tab, then choose to either:
In Browser.... The option displays a dialog which lets you preview
in your web browser either standalone or by loading a target HTML page
and associated SWF file (the target SWF file, e.g. a WebPlus banner, will
be replaced by the animation to be previewed). Check Preview
using existing HTML file for the latter, then navigate to and select
HTML and SWF files.
- or -
in Flash Player (default). Use the navigation controls to review
your animation as it would appear as an exported Flash SWF file. The animation
loads Flash Player (if installed) and begins playing in a Flash Preview
- or -
Select the same options from the File menu. | <urn:uuid:785fdcd8-7ab0-413a-9c86-0605160e7bf7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.serif.com/appresources/DPX5/Tutorials/en-gb/help/working_with_keyframe_animation.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.813846 | 2,106 | 2.859375 | 3 |
If you are in, or have been in a relationship then you’ve most likely been angry and have had anger directed at you. And we’ve all been in relationships, even if the latest for you is child with parent. However, it may be that anger isn’t the main issue.
Anger is painful, both for the person angered and the person they are angry at. Even witnessing anger, if it’s close to you or the angry person is important to you, can be painful. And yet anger is a very important emotion: it’s there in its simplest form to energise us, to mobilise body and mind, to defend ourselves, our space or our interests.
When Anger is Unacceptable
Let’s be clear: we are all entitled to feel our emotions when they arise, even anger. However, we are NOT entitled to express them to or at others in ways which threaten, frighten, denigrate or otherwise try to dominate them. This article is NOT about anger that is expressed in those harmful ways but about the normal ranges of anger that occur in almost all relationships.
We, of course, complicate anger; when we are angry we may be in a much more complex state than simple self defence. Our complex brain-body makes inevitable a complex interplay of our basic emotions, social conditioning, moral values, expectations and desires. This can lead us to be angry as an end result of a mass of entangled causes. This is especially true in relationships with those who are important to us.
The Anger Iceberg (Gottman Blog)
Check out the blog The Anger Iceberg on the Gottmans’ web site which looks in detail at the sub-texts of anger in relationships and gives some techniques to deal with your own anger.
Let’s also look a bit more deeply into the relationship issues the blog hints at. We often become angry when our partner’s deeds or words have stirred other, perhaps more vulnerable, emotions in us. In the example in the blog Dave got angry when his wife, let’s call her Amelie made a request of him.
As the blog explains, Dave was reacting to feelings of helplessness in being unable to meet what he felt as excessive demands from Amelie.
A Deeper Look at the Relational Dynamics
The causes which have their result in Dave’s anger are deeper and more relational than simple anger. If Dave simply does an anger management course, he will still feel helpless and put upon, Amelie will feel perhaps a lack of the involvement from him that she’s looking for, Dave may simply stonewall and the relationship will continue to suffer.
Moving Towards Healthy Relationship
The route to improving the relationship needs at least
- Dave to be able to talk to Amelie directly about his feelings of helplessness,
- Amelie to be able to hear and respect his feelings.
- Amelie to be able to explain what she’s trying to accomplish by her requests (what are her expectations of his help in the relationship and what’s missing).
- The two of them to discuss respectfully how they each can come closest to meeting the expectations of the other without surrendering their own vital interests.
Very often however, we arrive at adulthood without the knowledge or skills to initiate and continue conversations like this, which are packed with emotion for us, without falling into behaviours which destroy the possibility of reaching or building mutual understanding and which, over time wear away at the fabric of our relationship.
The heart of couples therapy for me is exactly helping couples to learn and build the skills that allow disagreements to become relationship enhancing experiences instead of being the grit that wears away at the love and liking that got them together in the first place. If anger isn’t the main issue, why let it wear away at your relationship?
Are You Looking for Help?
If you would like help dealing with difficult emotions and strains in your relationship , then please CALL me to see if we can work together! | <urn:uuid:eb8734d9-895c-4335-bb8c-1840247e7a51> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://simonmundy.com.au/anger-relationship-anger-isnt-the-main-issue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.963561 | 839 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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What on Earth is Blue Carbon?
Perhaps more appropriately the title of this post should read ‘What in the Ocean is Blue Carbon’, because that is where it is. Blue carbon is the carbon that is stored naturally by marine and coastal ecosystems, including by coastal ecosystems — mangroves, seagrasses and tidal marshes.
Blue carbon is important because the release of carbon into the atmosphere is a major driver of climate change, and because blue carbon ecosystems hold a LOT of carbon — a given area of mangrove forest, for example, can store up to 10 times as much carbon as the same area of land-based forest. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, carbon stored in coastal systems can remain trapped for a long time. Low-oxygen conditions in the soil below the water can lock in carbon for centuries to millennia.
So, chopping down mangroves is a bad idea. Mangroves are exceptionally effective at absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it in their extensive root systems and their soil. Once you kill those trees, or if you disturb the ground below them, their carbon is slowly released back into the atmosphere. Mangroves are so efficient at keeping carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere that when they are destroyed, they release as much as 10 per cent of all emissions worldwide attributable to deforestation - even though mangroves account for just 0.7 per cent of the tropical forest area.
In most cases, people who live on coasts are the ones who will suffer the most from mangrove destruction, because of the associated loss of biodiversity, fish breeding and coastal erosion protection.
Conservation International created ‘Blue Carbon’ to address the decline in coastal ecosystems. It is a global program working to mitigate climate change through the restoration and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems.
For more information see http://thebluecarboninitiative.org
What coastal ecosystems are present in your region?
Can you find any information on changes to these ecosystems over time? | <urn:uuid:cc8adef7-c98a-4692-acaf-97ecc53693ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://coastadapt.com.au/what-earth-blue-carbon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.937041 | 410 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Did you know that 50 to 60 percent of your body is composed of water? Water plays important roles in our health and happens to be very vital for the proper functions in the body. But should you drink it warm or cold? Most people opt for cold water when the weather is hot to feel refreshed. However, warm water has been shown to have a lot of benefits in the body.
Below are the pros and cons of drinking cold and warm water:
Cold water is normally at about 47 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. It feels refreshing, especially on a hot summer day. Although adding some ice to a glass or cold water can feel revitalizing, it can trigger a number of side effects. These include:
1. Decrease in energy levels
In order to bring your body to its average and normal temperature, your body uses extra energy to warm up the cold water. This is why iced water is not recommended unless if you want to feel exhausted and unable to complete your regular tasks.
2. Upsets digestion
Drinking a glass of cold water can make your blood vessels to shrink. This can, in turn, hinder your digestive abilities. It can trigger abdominal pain, stomach upset, and constipation.
3. Mucus formation in the body
Drinking cold water boosts the production of mucus in your body. It weakens your immune system which can lead to unpleasant medical conditions like a runny nose and serious illnesses.
Warm water should be taken at about 80 to 106 degrees Fahrenheit. However, most people don’t prefer to take warm water but instead, opt for tea or coffee at this temperature. The good news is that drinking warm water has many health benefits.
1. Eliminates toxins from your body
When taken in the morning, warm water flushes out toxins in your body that can contribute to a number of illnesses. To make it more effective, add a slice of lemon to warm water. The vitamin C helps to revive the cells while the warm water eliminates toxins.
2. Reduces pain
Pain caused by menstruation or headaches can be relieved by taking warm water. By increasing blood circulation, warm water improves the flow of blood. It relives cramp by helping cramped muscles to relax.
3. Lowers your heart rate
Drinking cold water can lower your heart rate. It stimulates the vagus nerve, which happens to be an important component of the autonomous nervous system. The low temperature of the cold water stimulates the vagus nerve to lower your rate.
4. Eases Stress
It’s not only a hot bath that can help to deal with stress but a glass of warm water can do this, as well. Drinking a glass of warm water can make the stress to disappear. This is because it improves the function of the central nervous system. Dehydration increases levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. Keeping hydrated makes you more stress-resistant.
5. Helps in weight loss
Taking either warm or cold water can both help in weight loss. However, warm water makes your metabolism fully activated. By raising your body temperatures, warm water makes the calories to start burning.
6. Improves blood circulation
While cold water tends to close your veins, warm water makes the blood to flow freely. Improved blood circulation is crucial to many bodily functions and can lower the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
7. Improves digestion
Little or no bowel movement can make someone experience problems when going to the restroom. Constipation is commonly caused by dehydration. Water stimulates the bowels, and warm water has been proven to be effective in stimulating the bowel movement.
8. Prevents premature aging
Premature aging can be embarrassing particularly for women. Accumulation of toxins in the body can trigger premature aging. Drinking warm water helps to flush toxins away.
Edited by: Jessa (Jan. 29, 2019) | <urn:uuid:ff340156-7aa3-4a4d-ac3d-6edfd827ccee> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.positivemed.com/2018/10/08/warm-or-cold-water-make-your-choice-and-see-what-happens-to-your-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.92524 | 795 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The symptoms of laryngeal cancer can be similar to symptoms that arise in other conditions. For example, a common early sign is a hoarse voice, a symptom that is also seen in laryngitis.
Some of the symptoms of laryngeal cancer include:
Hoarseness of voice is one of the most common symptoms and should be checked if it persists for more than three weeks.
Pain or difficulty swallowing
Sore throat and sensation of something stuck in the throat
A lump in the neck
Foul smelling breath
Shortness of breath and noisy breathing (stridor) caused by partial obstruction of the airway.
Symptoms that are common to many cancers such as unexplained weight loss, weakness and fatigue.
The diagnosis of laryngeal cancer is based on a detailed medical history, clinical examination, imaging studies and tissue biopsy. Details of the patient’s smoking and drinking habits are also obtained. The doctor examines the throat and ears as well as feeling the lymph nodes in the neck and under the arms. A patient may then be referred to hospital for further tests or to an ear, nose and throat specialist. Some examples of further tests a patient may need to undergo include:
Nasoendoscopy involves a small, flexible tube with a light and camera at the tip (an endoscope) being passed down the back of the throat via the nostril to record and display images of the inside of the larynx.
For this procedure, the endoscope is passed into the larynx via the mouth to obtain images. This procedure is performed while the patient is under general anesthetic because it is more uncomfortable than nasoendoscopy.
If cancer is suspected on endoscopy, a tissue biopsy may be taken and sent for analysis. This procedure can be performed during a nasoendoscopy or laryngoscopy using a small surgical instrument that is passed into the larynx. The tissue is examined to check for the presence of cancer cells and to determine the type and grade of any cancer that is present. If the lesion is small and confined to the larynx, it may be possible to surgically remove the cancerous tissue.
If cancer is detected, imaging studies may be performed to check whether the cancer has spread. Examples of these tests include X-ray, computed tomogrpahy (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, positron emission tomography (PET) scan and ultrasound scan. | <urn:uuid:fdae9c0e-4fc5-4c89-9956-cd63dd5b23cc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.news-medical.net/health/Laryngeal-Cancer-Symptoms-Diagnosis.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.925207 | 516 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Why don’t we just call a group of things, well, a Group? Or a collection of things? A bunch of things may be?
In English language quite interestingly, whenever people, animals or things are put together in a group, the group is given a special name. Have you heard of the word collective? It means collect together, to be put together in a group. This name given to the group is a collective noun. You would assume that the name given to the group will be related to the group in some way, but the special terms coined for groups are totally unrelated and sometimes even funny. Read this:
A group of owls is called ‘a parliament of owls’. You must have heard about parliament of ministers, but parliament of owls! Guess parliament of wise owls gathers to frame some rules. ;)
A group of crows is called ‘a murder of crows’. MURDER! If all crows in a group are murdered, then how does a group even exists. Ha!
A group of mosquitoes is ‘a scourge of mosquitoes’. Scourge means ‘a whip used as an instrument of punishment.’. A group of mosquitoes coming towards you is indeed a punishment ;) Isn’t it? No wonder the name!
A group of bishops is ‘a bench of bishops’.
There are some common group names as well that you must have surely heard. Like have you heard of herd? ;) Herd is a group name given to a large group of animals like buffaloes, cows, boars, cattle, deer, elephants, giraffes, moose and many more.
A pod is a small group of marine animals especially whales, seals, dolphins. It is also used for a group of pelicans. When a large number of fish are swimming together, they are often referred to as shoal, for example, a shoal of herrings. Other times a large group of fish or sea mammals is also called ‘school’, a school of fish.
A large or dense group of insects, especially the flying ones is called a swarm. Very common references are a swarm of bees, a swarm of locusts, a swarm of flies, a swarm of grasshoppers.
Flock is often used for a number of birds feeding, resting, or traveling together. Flock of birds, flock of seagulls, flock of pigeons etc.
There are many more group names that you must have heard some time or the other. A pride of lions, a pack of wolves, a troop of monkeys, a gaggle of geese, a brood of chicks and a zeal of zebras. The list is endless. Phew!
Can you think of some more collective nouns and tell us? | <urn:uuid:8592b75a-d3aa-4bd2-b82e-abdcca1e321c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://kinooze.com/what-do-we-call-a-group/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662658761.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527142854-20220527172854-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.955762 | 588 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Impact of Internet Technology on Democratic Legitimacy. Working Paper by Beth Simone Noveck
Political Institutions must adapt themselves on technological progress to maintain democracy and legitimacy; Additionally, societal institutions and politicians must create space in the Internet - not only for consumers, but first of all for Citizens.
01.03.2001 · Research Group on the Global Future
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Introduction: Legitimacy and Technology
If elected, not by the majority of those who vote, but confirmed by a constitutionally mandated process, can a candidate be the legitimate winner? If a contender wins a race run according to rules set down by an independent judiciary that nonetheless invalidates votes fairly cast, is his victory legitimate? Does the failure of the U.S. Supreme Court to televise argument over the Florida ballot recount during the recent election or to sign its opinion in the case de-legitimize the Courts authority because it refuses to expose itself to public scrutiny? Alternatively, does the secrecy enhance the legitimacy of the Court by imbuing it with an air of mysterious power?
Bylegitimate" we are inquiring about the acceptance of an institutions authority and its potential effectiveness . Without legitimacy, a political leader will not be able to push his vision through in the policymaking process and might as well not have been elected (if he ever was). None of this, however, would have been an issue in the recent U.S. election, if the technology" used for voting - the dimpled, hanging and pregnant chads" - were reliable.
Furthermore, if the newer technologies, television and the Internet, had not called a Gore victory at 8:03 pm on Election Night, voters might not have left the polling booth lines and would have cast decisive ballots, instead. Critical is the legal battle over whether hand-counting ballots is the appropriate technology to elect a president in the twenty-first century. In the end, as protests over the disenfranchising of voters, the inconsistency between the popular and the Electoral College votes and bipartisan corruption grow fainter, the repeatedly televised image of George W. Bush cloaks him with the mantle of authority and legitimacy.Indecision 2000" in the United States, as it has come to be known, unmistakably highlights the impact of technology on the perception of political legitimacy and the legitimizing of specific forms of democratic political culture.
Two extreme opinions - one that the Internet is a boon to democracy and the other that it is destructive of democracy - have beco-me commonplace rhetoric today. In attempting to debunk both the cyber-utopian and the neo-Luddite view, this essay argues that neither of these are wholly true because what we actually perceive is the process of political delegitimation caused by the spread of the Internet. Because technology defines the range of possibilities for how government communicates with its citizens and how they communicate with each other, when those possibilities change, the perception of the democratic quality of our institutions changes, too. The new communications technologies, whose impact outstrips that of prior innovations, act as a mirror, exposing the inadequacy of our current political institutions that pre-suppose a now-outdated technological reality. As such, many perceive them as a threat to democratic life and legitimacy.
This is for three reasons: First, global network technologies respect no legal boundaries and therefore undermine the legitimacy and enforcement of national law, whose rule undergirds and defines the essence of democracy. Second, the Internet, because it is largely dominated by English-language content and web sites from the United States, is seen as eroding cultural difference and localism and giving preference to a new set of global commercial and consumerist values that thrive on the Net. Third, the private and privatizing environment of the Internet is perceived to be destroying public democracy and public space. I will argue that the changing technological landscape is undermining the perceived legitimacy of our democratic institutions and is a portent for change. But it is as yet unclear whether that change will be for the better or worse. If technologys democratic potential (instead of its destructive potential) is to be fulfilled, it requires a proactive policy designed expressly to further democratic and civic goals.
News zum Thema
Die postglobale Misere und Wege, sie zu bewältigen. Das neue Buch von Jürgen Turek.
22.03.2017 · C·A·P
Gedankenaustausch mit Bundesgesundheitsminister Hermann Gröhe
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Statement von Prof. Dr. Werner Weidenfeld
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Treffen mit Dr. med. Siegfried Jedamzik.
29.11.2015 · C·A·P
Beitrag von C·A·P-Fellow Jürgen Turek
22.07.2015 · C·A·P | <urn:uuid:35e87549-ce97-4e21-bd91-832791c0a652> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.cap-lmu.de/publikationen/2001/internet_technology.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608877.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527075209-20170527095209-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.912178 | 1,027 | 2.59375 | 3 |
During the Second World War (1939-1945), cities, towns and villages organised ‘warship weeks’, to raise money to meet the cost of providing a particular naval ship. The aim was that cities would raise enough money to pay for the battleships and aircraft carriers, and towns for cruisers and destroyers. Small towns and villages were set a figure relative to their size, and would attempt to raise the required funds.
Once enough money had been raised for the ship, the local community would adopt the ship. Local organisations, women’s institutes, churches and schools would also provide additional comforts for the crews of the ship they had adopted. This was usually in the form of woollen socks, gloves and balaclavas. Children would often write letters and send cards to the crew. When possible, officers and men from the adopted ship would visit the local community, and to celebrate their visit, there would often be a parade.
The Royal Naval Museum holds the adoption plaques of the following ships: | <urn:uuid:e11d7fe3-21b3-41d5-bf6d-6765bd584c7c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/library/factsheets/warship_weeks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219221.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924132241-20200924162241-00792.warc.gz | en | 0.986048 | 212 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Common name: suckermouth catfish
Identification: The genus Hypostomus is the largest in the family Loricariidae, containing over 130 species and many undescribed forms (Armbruster 2004). Several apparently different Hypostomus species have been collected in the United States but have not been definitively identified to species (Page and Burr 1991; Courtenay and Stauffer 1990). Distinguishing characteristics of the genus and a key to loricariid genera were provided by Burgess (1989) and Armbruster (1997); a rediscription of the genus and list of included species was presented in Armbruster (2004). Highlighting the serious need for additional taxonomic and systematic work, Armbruster (1997, 2004) concluded that it is difficult to identify most species in the genus, and that there is no unique characters to diagnose the genus. Photographs appeared in Burgess (1989) and Ferraris (1991). Hypostomus has officially replaced the generic name Plecostomus. The genus was included in the key to Texas fishes of Hubbs et al. (1991); several identifying traits were also given by Page and Burr (1991), although in a later edition (Page and Burr 2011) those authors indicate the difficulty of identifying specimens to species.
Hypostomus can be distinguished from Pterygoplichthys (another loricariid common in the aquarium trade that has often been misidentified as Hypostomus) by the number of dorsal fin rays (7 vs 9-14 in Pterygoplichthys). In Hawaii, introduced Hypostomus can be distinguished from the sympatric introduced Ancistrus cf. temminckii by rough bony plates present along the snout margin (vs. plates absent in Ancistrus; Sabaj and Englund 1999).
Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained
Puerto Rico &
Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps
Table 1. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Hypostomus sp. (watwata group) are found here.
Table last updated 10/21/2021
† Populations may not be currently present.
Means of Introduction: Aquarium release
Status: Established in Hawaii.
Impact of Introduction: Because of their abundance in Hawaii, introduced Hypostomus, Pterygoplichthys, and Ancistrus may compete for food and space with native stream species (Devick 1989; Sabaj and Englund 1999).
References: (click for full references)
Devick, W.S. 1989. Disturbances and fluctuations in the Wahiawa Reservoir ecosystem. Project No. F-14-R-13, Job 4, Study I. Division of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii Dept of Land and Natural Resources.
Mundy, B.C. 2005. Checklist of fishes of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology, Number 6.
Sabaj, M.H. and R.A. Englund. 1999. Preliminary identification and current distribution of two suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) intrdouced to Oahu streams. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 59:50-55.
Revision Date: 6/14/2019
Peer Review Date: 10/22/2013
Neilson, M.E., 2021, Hypostomus sp. (watwata group): U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=763, Revision Date: 6/14/2019, Peer Review Date: 10/22/2013, Access Date: 10/21/2021
This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. | <urn:uuid:d9520ace-08c9-466e-bf1a-93babf94ad26> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=763 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.881901 | 924 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Researchers at the Joslin Diabetes Center and the Children’s Hospital Boston Informatics Program claim to have identified a group of genes linked to type 2 diabetes, and have shown that the expression of these genes change before diabetic sequelae develops.
The results may lead to molecular diagnostics that might help physicians determine which individuals are at a greater risk for the developing the disease, which affects around 15 million people in the United States.
Mary-Elizabeth Patti, an endocrinologist and scientist and director of the Genomics Laboratory at Joslin, and colleagues used microarrays and bioinformatics tools from the CHIP to measure the activity of more than 7,000 genes in muscle tissue from Mexican-Americans, an ethnic group the team said has a “very high risk” for developing diabetes. The researchers compared three groups: those with diabetes, those without diabetes, and high-risk individuals with what the team termed “prediabetes” — diabetes in family members.
The researchers found that two genes, PCG1-alpha and PCG1-beta, showed reduced expression in the diabetic cohort as well as the prediabetic group. These genes code for proteins in the mitochondria, so a reduction in their expression may impact an individual’s ability to use insulin properly.
“This decreased activity appeared to lead to reduced activity of a larger group of genes involved in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates,” according to the authors. The study appears in the July Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Patti’s team initially compared patterns of gene expression in people with diabetes against the nondiabetics and found that 187 genes were expressed differently between the two groups. They then compared the nondiabetics with the prediabetics and found differences in expression for 166 genes. Additional analysis uncovered 55 mutated genes in both the diabetics and the prediabetics.
“What’s interesting is that we can see these changes in gene expression even before the diagnosis of diabetes is made,” said Atul Butte, a co-investigator from the CHIP. “This tells us that the process of getting to diabetes may be a continuum.”
The researchers eventually discerned that “many of the genes” altered in diabetes encode for proteins in the mitochondria, and that “the majority” of these genes is regulated by another gene, NRF-1. “That gave the clue to look at PCG-1 alpha and beta, genes that work with NRF-1 and may function as master controllers for many metabolic genes important in insulin resistance and diabetes,” according to the Joslin center.
“If we can identify people at high risk for diabetes ... we may be able to find better methods for both treatment and prevention of diabetes,” Patti said. | <urn:uuid:ab0817bd-e138-451b-afa1-e52e7758b276> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.genomeweb.com/dxpgx/massachusetts-team-finds-diabetes-precursor-snps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337371.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003003804-20221003033804-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.939426 | 595 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Paragraph on knowledge
Knowledge is the ability to understand things or to be aware of things. We start acquiring knowledge from the day we are born. There are many ways to acquire knowledge. Most people attain knowledge by education while others get with practical experience. Knowledge is when information is comprehended and then communicated in a manner that people understand. | <urn:uuid:cd5c9510-49ec-4c44-8cfb-36b168c51ba3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.pacansonline.com/paragraph-on-knowledge-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.962568 | 69 | 3.21875 | 3 |
A healthy aquarium doesn't just create itself. You, as the owner, have to do the necessary steps to achieve the ideal living conditions for your pet fish, corals and plants. After that, you are also tasked to maintain those ideal living conditions so that the aquarium could sustain aquatic life over a long period of time.
One of the things you have to maintain in your aquarium is the ionic content of the water in the tank. The presence of too many ions in the water means there's a build-up of waste, which means it's time for a water change or time for a water treatment. Either way, testing the presence of ions in the water is an important part of aquarium maintenance and it can be done using a probe such as the Neptune Lab Grade Conductivity Probe from Pet Store
The more ions are in an aqueous solution, the higher is its conductivity. Because the Neptune Lab Grade Conductivity Probe tests for conductivity, it is used to effectively measure the ionic content of aquarium water
. This probe comes with a 10-inch cable, so it can be flexibly moved around while being used. It also has a 4-pin mini-DIN connector which makes it usable with standard outlets.
Start measuring salinity in your aquarium
and get alerts when out of range.BUY THIS PROBE IF YOU AREFEATURES
- Dual Range0 to 999 us/cm or 0 to 99.9 ms/cm
- Lab quality probe w/10 cable
- Minidin 4 Connector | <urn:uuid:1f05d17c-4a99-47f0-9df5-9333f8ee6364> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.petstore.com/neptune-lab-grade-conductivity-probe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00276-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945039 | 315 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Getting enough sleep is important… but getting too much could be risky, new research shows
A study of more than 116,000 people in seven regions of the world, published in the European Heart Journal, has linked the amount of time people sleep – daytime naps included – to their risk of developing cardiovascular disease and death.
Researchers found that people who slept for longer than the recommended six to eight hours a day had an increased risk of dying or developing diseases of the heart or blood vessels in the brain.
Compared to people who slept for the recommended time, those who slept a total of eight to nine hours a day had a 5% increased risk; people sleeping between nine and ten hours a day had an increased risk of 17%, and those sleeping more than ten hours a day had a 41% increased risk.
They also found a 9% increased risk for people who slept a total of six or fewer hours, but this finding was not statistically significant.
Before adjusting for factors that might affect the results, the researchers found that for every 1000 people sleeping six or fewer hours a night, 9.4 developed cardiovascular disease (CVD) or died per year; this occurred in 7.8 of those sleeping six to eight hours, 8.4 of those sleeping eight to nine hours, 10.4 of those sleeping nine to ten hours and 14.8 of those sleeping more than ten hours.
“Our study shows that the optimal duration of estimated sleep is six to eight hours per day for adults,” said lead author Chuangshi Wang, a PhD student at McMaster and Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China, working at the Population Health Research Institute at McMaster.
“Given that this is an observational study that can only show an association rather than proving a causal relationship, we cannot say that too much sleep per se causes cardiovascular diseases.
“However, too little sleep could be an underlying contributor to death and cases of cardiovascular disease, and too much sleep may indicate underlying conditions that increase risk.”
The results of previous studies examining associations between sleep and death or cardiovascular disease have been contradictory, the researchers say.
Importantly, they tended to focus on specific populations, and not take into account cultures where daytime napping is common and considered to be healthy.
Regular daytime naps were more common in the Middle East, China, Southeast Asia and South America. These varied mainly between 30 and 60 minutes.
The new study looked at 116,632 adults, aged 35 to 70, in 21 countries with different income levels, in North America and Europe, South America, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Africa.
They were part of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study that started in 2003.
“After a median follow-up of 7.8 years, we recorded 4381 deaths and 4365 major cardiovascular events,” the authors wrote.
“It showed both shorter (≤6 h/day) and longer (>8 h/day) estimated total sleep durations were associated with an increased risk of the composite outcome when adjusted for age and sex.
“After adjustment for demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours and health status, a J-shaped association was observed.
“Compared with sleeping 6–8 h/day, those who slept ≤6 h/day had a non-significant trend for increased risk of the composite outcome [hazard ratio (HR), 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.20]. As estimated sleep duration increased, we also noticed a significant trend for a greater risk of the composite outcome [HR of 1.05 (0.99–1.12), 1.17 (1.09–1.25), and 1.41 (1.30–1.53) for 8–9 h/day, 9–10 h/day, and >10 h/day, Ptrend < 0.0001, respectively].
“The results were similar for each of all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events. Daytime nap duration was associated with an increased risk of the composite events in those with over 6 h of nocturnal sleep duration, but not in shorter nocturnal sleepers (≤6 h).”
People who slept six or fewer hours at night, but took a daytime nap, and so slept an average of 6.4 hours a day in total, had a slightly increased risk compared to those who slept between six and eight hours at night without a daytime nap, but this finding was not statistically significant.
“Although daytime napping was associated with higher risks of death or cardiovascular problems in those with sufficient or longer sleep at night, this was not the case in people who slept under six hours at night. In these individuals, a daytime nap seemed to compensate for the lack of sleep at night and to mitigate the risks,” Ms Wang added.
Professor Salim Yusuf, the Principal Investigator of the PURE study, Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Executive Director of the Population Health Research Institute at McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, concluded: “The general public should ensure that they get about six to eight hours of sleep a day.
“On the other hand, if you sleep too much regularly, say more than nine hours a day, then you may want to visit a doctor to check your overall health.
“For doctors, including questions about the duration of sleep and daytime naps in the clinical histories of your patients may be helpful in identifying people at high risk of heart and blood vessel problems or death.”
In an accompanying editorial Dr Dominik Linz, a cardiologist at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and Associate Professor at University of Adelaide, Australia, and colleagues write: “This study provides important epidemiological information, but causative factors explaining the described associations with increased CV [cardiovascular] risk remain speculative.”
They agreed with Ms Wang that too much sleep might be an indicator of an underlying, undiagnosed health condition, and asked: “once a ‘pathological sleeping/napping pattern’ has been identified, what interventions (if any) should be applied?
“We need to be aware and communicate to our patients, that sleeping a lot and having daytime naps may not always be harmless.” | <urn:uuid:7c8837aa-d926-40f6-ace6-99677be382db> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://ajp.com.au/news/how-much-sleep-is-too-much/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376830305.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219005231-20181219031231-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.953331 | 1,307 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Hammertoes is a secondary problem originating from fallen cross arches. The toes start to curl and get pulled backwards, as the collapsed or pushed out metatarsal bones pull the tendons and ligaments, and causes them to get shorter and tighter. This condition causes the toes have higher pressure and they have limited movement and cannot be straightened fully. This can lead to numbness and pain in the toes as muscles, nerves, joints and little ligaments are involved with this condition. As the top part of the toe can rub against the shoe, it can cause corns and calluses.
Many disorders can affect the joints in the toes, causing pain and preventing the foot from functioning as it should. A mallet toe occurs when the joint at the end of the toe cannot straighten. Excessive rubbing of the mallet toe against the top of the shoe can lead to pain and the development of a corn. The tip of the toe is often turned down against the shoe causing pressure and discomfort. Arthritis can also lead to many forefoot deformities including mallet toes. Mallet toes can cause extreme discomfort, and can be aggravated if restrictive or improperly fitting footwear is worn for a prolonged period of time.
Common reasons patients seek treatment for toe problems are toe pain on the knuckle. Thick toe calluses. Interference with walking/activities. Difficulty fitting shoes. Worsening toe deformity. Pain at the ball of the foot. Unsightly appearance. Toe deformities (contractures) come in varying degrees of severity, from slight to severe. The can be present in conjunction with a bunion, and develop onto a severe disfiguring foot deformity. Advanced cases, the toe can dislocate on top of the foot. Depending on your overall health, symptoms and severity of the hammer toe, the condition may be treated conservatively and/or with surgery.
A hammertoe is usually diagnosed with a physical inspection of your toe. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, may be ordered if you have had a bone, muscle, or ligament injury in your toe.
Non Surgical Treatment
Your podiatrist may recommend conservative treatment techniques for your hammertoes based on your foot structure, which will likely involve removing any thick, painful skin, padding your painful area, and recommending for you shoes that give your curled toes adequate room. Conservative care strategies for this health purpose may also involve the use of Correct Toes, our toe straightening and toe spacing device.
Bone-mending procedures realign the contracted toe by removing the entire deviated small joints of the toe (again, not at the ball of the foot). This allows for the buckled joint to be positioned flat and the bone ends to mend together. Often surgical hardware (fixation) is necessary to keep the bones steady during healing. Hardware options can involve a buried implant inside the toe, or a temporary wire that is removed at a later date. Medical terminology for this procedure is called a proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis (fusion), or a distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis (fusion), with the former being performed in a high majority of cases. | <urn:uuid:d9bf1762-08f2-4921-ad71-205966410e4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/mariella639/post/1340982955 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212323.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817123838-20180817143838-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.935084 | 654 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A tooth or dental abscess is a localized collection of pus in a sac formed by disintegration of purulent material from a bacterial infection. Invasion of bacteria which cannot be drained results in abscess. An abscessed tooth can be further classified into periapical, periodontal or gingival abscess depending on its location in the oral cavity.
Periapical abscess: located at the apex of an infected tooth surrounding the roots. Continue reading →
Having a tooth abscess is literally a pain therefore one would not have second thoughts in pulling the miserable tooth out. However tooth extraction may not be the only way out of the pain. Continue reading →
A cyst is defined as a pathological cavity having fluid or semi-fluid contents, which has not been created by the accumulation of pus. Cysts of the jaws are more common than in any other bone, and the majority are lined wholly or in part by epithelium. Continue reading →
Drysocket or also known as alveolarosteitis is a common complication occurring after the extraction of a permanent teeth especially the lower wisdom teeth. The term ‘alveolar’ refers to the jawbone that supports teeth while ‘osteitis’ refers to the inflammation of the bone associated with the extraction socket.
The conditionhas generally been characterized by degraded ordelayed healing associated with breakdown or dislodgement of the blood clot in the extraction socket. It is usually accompanied by persistent, radiating pain in and around the extraction site within a few days after extractionthat is not easily relieved by pain killers. The premature loss or breakdown of the blood clot is accompanied by exposure of the underlying bone. Continue reading →
Tooth extraction may sound easy but in fact experiences as well as the proper teeth extractiontechniques are required to ensure that the tooth is safely out of the mouth. There are generally two methods of teeth extraction – simple or surgical extraction. Continue reading →
As with any other dental procedures, teeth extraction required specific dental instruments to do so. Tooth extraction forceps and elevators are the basic instruments used to extract teeth and they come in numerous shapes and sizes. Most forceps come with a primary or baby tooth equivalent. Continue reading →
Perhaps the most affordable option for dealing with a severely damaged or infected tooth is dental tooth extraction. Tooth extraction (also known as exodontias) is the removal of tooth from the mouth. The majority of the public tend to visit their dentist for a tooth extraction more often than any other dental procedures. Extraction of teeth is done for a variety of reasons, as of the following: Continue reading →
When faced with an aching tooth, the first thing that comes to mind is to pull the miserable tooth out. However depending on the cause of the toothache, tooth extraction is not the only way out of the pain. There are many causes of toothache and there is a chance that the aching tooth could be saved. Continue reading →
Tooth extractions can be a bloody affair. Bleeding or the abnormal flow of blood is normally seen in tooth extraction but excessive bleeding can be caused by something as simple as taking aspirin to prevent heart attacks or because of some inherited blood disorders. Continue reading →
As with any other dental procedures, teeth extraction required specific dental instruments to do so. Unlike our baby teeth which could be easily pulled out when they are wobbly or would naturally drop off in their due times, adult teeth are a different matter altogether. Because of their longer root length and stronger surrounding supporting tissues, adult or permanent teeth (or even baby teeth that are not loose) would require certain techniques and dental toolsto remove them. Continue reading → | <urn:uuid:68959afd-2594-46ef-a055-2e5c7c6174ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.intelligentdental.com/tag/tooth-extraction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00028-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953376 | 755 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype.
The American journal of cardiology
montana; missoula; sph
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is potentiated by risk factors including physical inactivity and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although regular physical activity does not reverse atherosclerotic coronary disease, precursory exercise improves clinical outcomes in those experiencing life-threatening CVD events. Exercise preconditioning describes the cardioprotective phenotype whereby even a few exercise bouts confer short-term multifaceted protection against acute myocardial infarction. First described decades ago in animal investigations, cardioprotective mechanisms responsible for exercise preconditioning have been identified through reductionist preclinical studies, including the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, improved calcium handling, and enhanced bioenergetic regulation during a supply-demand mismatch. Until recently, translation of this research was only inferred from clinically-directed animal models of exercise involving ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reinforced by the gene products of exercise preconditioning that are common to mammalian species. However, recent clinical investigations confirm that exercise preconditions the human heart. This discovery means that simply the initiation of a remedial exercise regimen in those with abnormal CVD risk factor profiles will provide immediate cardioprotective benefits and improved clinical outcomes following acute cardiac events. In conclusion, the prophylactic biochemical adaptations to aerobic exercise are complemented by the long-term adaptive benefits of vascular and architectural remodeling in those who adopt a physically active lifestyle.
Orthopedics & Sports Medicine
Quindry, John C and Franklin, Barry A, "Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype." (2021). Articles, Abstracts, and Reports. 4613. | <urn:uuid:e8a3557f-c944-4ef2-a169-03b1993917ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/4613/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.88569 | 445 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How can educators make effective use of teaching spaces to help students engage in deeper learning? That's the focus of a major research study involving thousands of schools.
The Innovative Learning Environments and Teacher Change (ILETC) project is a four-year study that began in 2016. Lead Chief Investigator Wes Imms shared some of the early findings on the opening day of Research Conference 2019.
The annual Research Conference is hosted by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER). This year's theme is Preparing students for life in the 21st Century: Identifying, developing and assessing what matters.
Innovative Learning Environments (ILEs), which combine flexible use of spaces, furniture and technology with greater collaboration and flexibility in relation to teaching and the curriculum, are becoming more common. Imms told delegates ILETC data suggest 25 per cent of all Australian and New Zealand classrooms are ILEs, as opposed to traditional classrooms. However, few teachers see traditional spaces as optimum.
Imms is Associate Professor of Education at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education and Director of the University of Melbourne's Learning Environments Applied Research Network. He says there's an assumption that ILEs are superior to traditional classrooms in helping students develop collaborative, communicative, creative and critical skills, yet there's been little research on this.
The academic adds the qualities embedded in what's often called 21st Century learning have been addressed in different ways historically, for hundreds of years, within education. ‘The first note of caution is actually we are just part of a long, ongoing iteration of improving educational practice – and that's from a pedagogical point of view, in terms of how we teach in these spaces, it's from how we design the spaces, but, predominantly, it's all about how kids learn,' Imms tells Teacher.
‘Our study is about, how do we help teachers understand that these spaces can actually be utilised to help students learn in ways that we think that they should be learning … which, coincidentally, is deep learning (which is the 21st Century learning skills really).
‘I suppose my main point is, we have always had this as a focus. I mean, look at particular subject areas and they've always taught with this sort of concept in mind. So, an example would be Visual Arts education – it's always been about engaging kids in learning, doing it through personal experience, doing it through relevancy to their own world situation, across a series of approaches in multiple environments.
‘So, it's not brand new, but we are becoming better and better, I think, at refining it. And part of our job in our research is to bring in space (the physical environment) and actually help teachers become aware that this is another method for them to help kids to learn in that way.'
The ILETC project brings together 17 industry, manufacturing, policy and school partners, including the education systems in Australia and New Zealand, and several research-focused schools involved in the testing and validation of tools and strategies. The first phase of the project was a survey of teachers to capture what was happening in schools.
‘We started the project with some assumptions, which were pretty well rife back then – and you still hear them now,' Imms says. One of these assumptions was that teachers as using ILEs in the same way they've always taught. ‘We have learned over time that that's not necessarily true. We did a large survey in the first year of the project, which we're still using in terms of the data, that actually showed a very strong correlation between student deep learning and these more innovative spaces.
‘The data also suggest that if you want superficial learning, in other words standardised testing-type results, then more traditional settings tend to foster that. What that really highlights to us is this notion of ILEs isn't open plan, and isn't in opposition to traditional classrooms. The reality is that flexible learning spaces, innovative learning environments, are very much a whole suite of spaces that teachers can use to teach in the way that they need to teach at that particular time.
‘The way that the design is going, the way schools are being built and used, has to really reflect the fact that there are certain times you do need to sit kids down and teach to them in a very didactic, very explicit learning approach, and there are also other times you have to allow them to work by themselves, or work in small groups, or work in collaboration with large groups of kids. And I think some of the conversations have tended to polarise the discussion, saying it's either open plan spaces and open programs, or its traditional and didactic. Actually, it's a combination – that's what an innovative learning space is.'
Imms says one of the surprising things to come out of the survey was teachers didn't need researchers to build resources so they could use the space better for pedagogical purposes. ‘What we've learned is, a lot of teachers either knowingly or unknowingly are putting into practice strategies and tools to use spaces better, in terms of good quality teaching. So, our project has changed focus a little bit in that now we're actually trying to capture those strategies and tools. That's the phase that we're in at the moment (phase 2), and that will finish at the end of this year.'
Imms says when it comes to effective use of spaces, given we're only talking about some teachers in some schools, the next challenge is how can researchers disseminate this knowledge and information and scale up good practice to a great population? With this in mind, the ILETC project aims to support teachers in making the transition from traditional classrooms to ILEs through the creation of a Transitions Pathway that maps tools and strategies against 14 characteristics of using spaces well to effect good learning.
‘Examples would be things like, there needs to be participation in the design process between the school and the architects – when that happens you get a greater instance of teachers using spaces better over time. Teachers need time to actually be able to prototype and develop strategies and tools relevant to the types of spaces they're going to move into. There needs to be good evaluation methods put into place, so teachers can see what is working and what isn't working. There's a whole suite of those that summarise down those characteristics, those strategies and tools.'
The project team is currently in the process of cataloguing school examples to plot them into the pathway. Imms says the second thing that's being built with research partners is the concept of ILETC typologies. ‘There are five of them. What they do is, they summarise down those critical bits of knowledge that teachers need to be able to understand that complex phenomena of the built environment that you teach within.'
The five typologies are: spatial design; pedagogies; acoustics; furniture; and, technology. ‘For instance, the typology of design – so, teachers get an understanding of what the range of spaces available to them are; furniture – what sort of furniture exists and how can it be used to effect certain types of learning under certain circumstances; acoustics - what affects acoustics in these type of spaces and how can teachers manipulate acoustics to improve the quality of education that happens; technology is a critical one – how do we utilise technology within a more innovative space in order to have better learning for children …'
Imms says it's an exciting place to be and the project continues to explore new boundaries. A key takeaway is that there's no one formula or recipe for success. ‘Quite the opposite, there's an enormous amount of information out there and what we have to do critically is organise it so that teachers can access it at the place and time that they need it.
‘I think if there's lot of information out there, the reality is teachers' heads, when it comes to learning space, is a bit like a potpourri of stuff just boiling around – they know of acoustics, they know of furniture, they know of technology … they don't quite know how they link or what they should be doing. But when you bring the five typologies in it helps give teachers some structure … and a way to logically follow through their particular needs.'
The academic told the conference it's how we use the space that makes it an innovative learning environment, but ended his presentation with a note of caution - we shouldn't expect too much. 'ILEs are not a revolution, just another step.'
Teachers can keep in touch with the ILETC project and access publications, blogs, and support materials at the project website.
In your lesson planning, do you consider the physical space you’ll be teaching in, flexible elements such as furniture and technology, and any particular requirements? | <urn:uuid:b90ba4e8-3e2a-4d92-90e2-eeec76b87f44> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/traditional-classrooms-and-innovative-learning-environments | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710933.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203143925-20221203173925-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.969569 | 1,823 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This week’s picture round is slightly different – you will be given a selection of leaves from different trees. You need to identify which type of tree it comes from – nothing too complicated, no extra points for Latin names! We are looking for the single-term, common name (i.e. ‘ash’, not ‘common ash’ or ‘black ash’ – that would be far too difficult!)
Click on the grey box below to download the picture sheet – but don’t forget to print out your answers too!
By American Colony (Jerusalem). Photo Dept., photographer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
By AxelBoldt [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
By Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Publicada por/Publish by: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
8. Horse Chestnut | <urn:uuid:e3e22c25-e216-4495-96bf-30f1a9baea61> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://readymadepubquiz.com/quiz-49-round-1-picture-round/?doing_wp_cron=1603789628.7359850406646728515625 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141737946.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204131750-20201204161750-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.743658 | 231 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In the USA, it has been estimated that ten million people suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure). By definition, hypertension is blood pressure of greater than 140/90 mm Hg, or from the Sixth Joint National Commission on Hypertension a blood pressure greater than 130/90 mm Hg. The average of two or more blood pressure readings taken at two office visits can be enough to make the diagnosis of hypertension. A manual blood pressure cuff should be used as the validity of electronic blood pressure devices can be called into question.
Who is at Risk For Hypertension?
People who have family members with hypertension are already at greater risk and should be screened. Obesity, tobacco abuse, excessive alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and excessive salt intake all increase one’ s chances of developing hypertension. Certain racial groups - particularly African Americans - are prone to developing hypertension. Patients who have renal disease or are taking immunosuppressive drugs are also at an increased risk. Increasing age and history of elevated blood pressure are also risk factors.
However, one can take steps to lower his or her blood pressure. Decreasing one’s weight by as few as ten pounds can lower one’s blood pressure. Avoiding all tobacco products can significantly decrease one’s chances of developing hypertension as well as reducing the amount of alcohol consumed daily. A low sodium diet (approximately 1.5 grams) has also been shown to lower blood pressure. Regular physical activity (four or five days a week) decreases your chances of developing hypertension.
If, however, after several lifestyle modifications, your blood pressure remains elevated, you will need to be placed on an antihypertensive by your physician. The medicine chosen by your physician will be determined by other illnesses you may have: kidney disease, coronary artery disease, or diabetes for example. Again, in consultation with your physician, the decision will be made as to the most effective antihypertensive combination for you with the least amount of side effects.
Guidelines have been established for blood pressure reduction. For people with isolated hypertension, blood pressure should be less than 140/90. A blood pressure of less than 130/80 should be obtained in patients with congestive heart failure, diabetes, and kidney disease. To achieve these goals, most patients will require more than one antihypertensive.
The results of untreated or poorly treated hypertension can be devastating. One could develop coronary artery disease, strokes, kidney problems, peripheral artery disease, or exacerbation of congestive heart disease. All of these complications need not occur.
When was the last time your blood pressure was checked? It is easy to do, and it could save your life or at the very least improve the quality of it. See your primary care provider. | <urn:uuid:81358029-137d-4bef-b151-b34823a8f735> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/ardsley-internal-medicine-hypertension | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276250.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00146-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950117 | 561 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Latest Asteroid Stories
Potentially Hazardous Asteroid, Toutatis, will be making a close approach to Earth this week, just in time to give "world ending" theorists something to talk about.
NASA launched the Dawn Mission in 2007 to study the giant asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. New images from Vesta reveal oddities that seem almost water-like.
A collage shows nine radar images of near-Earth asteroid 2007 PA8 that were obtained between Oct. 31 and Nov. 13, 2012, with data collected by NASA's 230-foot-wide (70-meter) Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif.
Some meteorites found on Earth contain strikingly beautiful, translucent, olive-green crystals embedded in an iron-nickel matrix.
Using a radio telescope in the mountainous area of southern Spain back in 1995, astronomer Benjamin Zuckerman and two colleagues found an unusually high amount of carbon monoxide gas orbiting a star in the constellation Cetus, 49 CETI.
Scientists working with NASA's Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., have obtained several radar images depicting near-Earth asteroid 2007 PA8.
A new study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society suggests the size and location of an asteroid belt may determine whether life can evolve on a planet.
NASA's Dawn spacecraft has revealed data that shows protoplanet Vesta is continually stirring its outermost layer.
An asteroid approximately the size of a city block will be completing its closest ever fly-by in our planet's history early next year, and one prominent American university is planning a "viewing party" to commemorate the occasion.
Bruce Willis didn't need a fancy atomic bomb to steer away the asteroid that was aiming for Earth in the movie Armageddon. He could've just been wielding a paintball gun.
Johann Daniel Titius was born on January 2, 1729 in Konitz, Royal Prussia. He was a professor at Wittenberg. He is most famous for the Titius-Bode law, which helped him find the existence of a minor planet at 2.8 AU from the sun in 1766. The planet was later named Ceres. Titius died in Wittenberg on December 11, 1796. To his honor, the Titius asteroid in 1998 and the Titius lunar crater are named after him.
Lagrangian Point -- In Lagrangian mechanics, a Lagrangian point (or L-point) is one of five positions in space where the gravitational fields of two bodies of substantial but differing mass combine to form a point at which a third body of negligible mass would be stationary relative to the two bodies. Bodies at the L-point will not move relative to the parent bodies if they are not perturbed by other gravitational forces. They are sometimes also referred to as libration points. The...
Planet -- A planet is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that doesn't produce energy through nuclear fusion. Until recently, only nine were known (all of them in our own Solar system). As of the end of 2002 over 100 are known, with all of the new discoveries being extrasolar planets. Astronomers often call asteroids minor planets, and call the larger planetary bodies (those which are commonly called planets) major planets. Planets within the solar system can be...
Asteroid -- An asteroid, also called a minor planet or planetoid, is a member of a group of small, planet-like bodies that are part of our solar system. They are believed to be remnants of the interstellar clouds, nebula, that were not incorporated into planets during the formation of the solar system. The largest asteroid in the inner solar system is Ceres with a diameter of 1003 km. It also was the first to be discovered, by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Nowadays, over 9000...
The Solar System refers to the area in space that is dominated by our own Sun. It is comprised of the Sun and its associated astronomical objects that are held in its gravitational orbit. The Solar System was formed as a result of the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The mass of this system is located almost entirely in the Sun. Apart from the Sun, a high percentage of the remainder of the system’s mass is located in the eight solitary planets that...
- The act of sweetening by admixture of some saccharine substance. | <urn:uuid:8c96011b-8cd6-4f45-8219-70a94e760d8d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.redorbit.com/topics/asteroid/?page=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447552819.108/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185912-00086-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959033 | 918 | 2.984375 | 3 |
SCRAM is a new mechanism designed to let you sign in into your servers much more securely than with existing mechanisms. It involves applying various algorithms to your password to make it extremely difficult to hack.
The SCRAM-SHA-1 SASL mechanism was added to the XMPP spec, and replaces the legacy DIGEST-MD5 mechanism. Its various security features include hashed passwords being send over the internet, and hash passwords being stored on disk. Attackers which can read the network traffic or the server's password database are unable to do any harm.
I just finished a SCRAM-SHA-1 implementation for Psi as part of my GSoC project. There are test cases to write and wider testing to be done, but we now have a working implementation.
What does this mean for Psi users? Well, usually, when you don't want to enter your password each time you login, you tell Psi to save it. Most clients, if not all, store it in clear text form if you tell them to store it at all. This is fairly insecure, and anyone with access to the computer could get access to your password. It's a common security advice that you shouldn't use the same password for all your accounts on various services on the internet. However, human laziness is a powerful force. So, if you use the same password for various services, and someone malicious gains access to it, she/he can gain access into all the other accounts where you used that password.
Now SCRAM comes into play. If your server supports this, and your client supports this, you can have them store your password in a form not very usable by attackers. Thankfully Prosody got some new authentication backend APIs thanks to Jeff Mitchell. You can read more about that in Jeff's blog post. Effectively this means that if a malicious person gains read access to your network or the server, they can't do anything, and if they gain access to your computer, they can do nothing more than login into your jabber account.
What are the consequences of using a hash to login? It basically comes down to support. It requires support by both the client and the server. Only when both have support do you get the full security SCRAM offers. On client side, since you're clearing your plaintext password you have to login using SCRAM in the future. On the server side, you're storing the iteration count, salt and the and two keys instead of the plaintext password. This reduces your possible login methods to only PLAIN (this should only be done over TLS) and SCRAM-SHA-1.
This is currently only available in a development branch. It'll soon get merged into the main branch. To enable this in Psi, first make sure your server supports SCRAM. Then go to the Misc tab in your Account Properties dialog and check the checkbox labelled “Store password as salted hash...”.
Apply the changes. Reconnect.
Now when you visit your Account Properties dialog, you'll notice that the input box for your password is empty. YAY.
So what's next on the agenda for my Google Summer of Code project? Currently I'm a little behind but I'll get started on implementing stanza acknowledgement and session resumption of XEP-0198 the next couple of days to get back on the track. | <urn:uuid:4fd1eebe-af22-4441-8927-ec6b38b73378> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://ayena.de/blog/sleep-tight-at-night-knowing-that-your-passwords-are-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097038.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00270-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946034 | 692 | 2.75 | 3 |
The fuselage of a small toy glider was selected as the platform for the experiment. The surface area of the original wing was then calculated. Nine rectangular wings (Wings 1-9) with the same surface area were constructed from balsa wood. The aspect ratios of the wings were: 2.5:1, 4.0:1, 4.7:1, 5.7:1 7.1:1, 9.0:1, 13.5:1, 22.9:1, and 27.1:1. Each glider was then launched from a table with 8 Newtons of force supplied from a rubber band. The location where the gliders hit the ground was marked and measured from the base of the table using a metric tape. This process was repeated 30 times for each of the nine rectangular wing designs.
After 296 total trials, the average distances (cm) for wings with aspect ratios: 2.5:1, 4.0:1, 4.7:1, 5.7:1 7.1:1, 9.0:1, 13.5:1, 22.9:1, and 27.1:1 were 389cm, 458cm, 488cm, 481cm, 465cm, 454cm, 444cm, 426cm, and 415cm, respectively.
Wing 3 produced the longest flights # an average distance of 483cm # and had an effective Lift/Drag (L/D) ratio of 6.68. The wing had an aspect ratio of 4.7:1. Wing surface area is the dominant variable related to producing the lift that is necessary to allow the glider to fly. The wing area was held constant in this experiment, thus causing the Lift of the L/D ratio to remain constant. Drag is therefore the independent variable in the L/D ratio and changed as the AR was varied. Total drag is the sum of induced (drag due to lift) and parasite drag (drag due to design). As the AR was increased, the induced drag decreased. However, the shrinking chord (wing width) caused an increase in parasite drag. There is a point where the total drag was at a minimum, or optimum drag. Wing 3 produced the optimum drag and, consequently, exhibited the highest L/D ratio and flew the farthest. An understanding of these concepts is essential in order to design aircraft with maximum efficiency and maximum L/D ratio. This is extremely applicable in glider and sailplane design..
This project designed, constructed, and tested nine wings with the same surface area but different aspect ratios in order to analyze the effects of varying aspect ratios on a toy glider.
Science Fair Project done By Anthony J. Neuberger | <urn:uuid:40d3cf6e-774a-4f26-a278-4acbd69a80a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.sciencefairprojects.co.in/Aerodynamics/Winging-It.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687833.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921153438-20170921173438-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.9467 | 565 | 4.03125 | 4 |
A noun is a word used to name a person, place or thing. Everything around us has a name. People, animals, places and things have names that we call nouns. Nouns are also called 'naming words'. Mother, father, cow, pig, table, book, school are all 'naming words' or 'nouns'.
1. Are you sitting on a 'chair'? The word 'chair' is its name or 'naming word'. It can not eat and drink or move. It has no life. It is a thing.The names of the things that you can see around you are their naming words.
2. A 'teacher' helps you to study in school. The word 'teacher' is the naming word for someone who teaches in school. Similarly, the word 'driver' is the naming word for someone who drives a vehicle. Thus, these are the naming words for a person.
3. Have you seen a cat or a dog? These are naming words for animals. The names of the animals that are their naming words or nouns.
4. Where do you go to study? School is a naming word for a place.
5. Which city do you live in? The name of that city is its naming word or noun.
Some Examples of Naming Words:
Things - Chair, Pen
Person - Driver, Teacher
Animal - Cat, Dog
Places - School, Home | <urn:uuid:4038c3a9-69a0-47d9-b795-6c3b73938e80> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.turtlediary.com/grade-1-games/ela-games/nouns.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00446-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953518 | 302 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Coloring pictures and activity sheets are great, quick and easy approaches to reinforce healthy messages in and outside the classroom. Consider using them as part of a science or math lesson, as something students are able to do when they finish their work early, or send them home for moms and dads to complete with their child. Involving parents and caregivers is a superb strategy to communicate the value of eating better and moving countless reinforce concepts which can be being taught at school.
Doc Mcstuffins Coloring Pages
Assortment of Doc Mcstuffins Coloring Pages you are able to download totally free. Please download these Doc Mcstuffins Coloring Pages by using the download button, or right visit selected image, then use Save Image menu.
Coloring Pictures Detail:
- Name: Doc Mcstuffins Coloring Pages – Splendid Ideas Coloring Pages Doc Mcstuffins Free Arresting Page
- Source: olddogg.com
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Coloring Pages Detail:
- Name: Doc Mcstuffins Coloring Pages – Doc McStuffins theater coloring pages for kids printable free Disney cartoons
- Source: pinterest.com
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Importance of Coloring Sheets for Children Progress
Visual learning plays an essential part in a very child’s education and growth. In fact, visual education is recognized as one of several essential features that support well in the kid’s early development. It’s clear that kids are simply just inclined as to what they notice, feel, and get involved. Illustration assists them to maintain and memorize lessons taught.
It also checks verbal miscommunication and makes and keeps a child’s interest in a specific lesson. Art subject, including coloring pages, can serve as an appeal for that kid along with a way of having fun while learning.
In kids, you are able to boost their concentration while focusing practice by giving extended activities to complete, which the educational coloring pages are the main activities. When students sit for lengthy coloring pages to generate, it may help these to concentrate and make use of any item; it will help to enhance their attention power.
When children see and use images to fill colors, they perceive shape, lines, names, and forms. This will aid these to identify these pictures the next time. Effortless identification of things builds their general awareness after a while.
Aptitude to Distinguish Colors
Continuous using diverse colors while they paint various pages will allow these phones recognize and effortlessly tell which shade is which. It also instructs them about color mixing coming from a very young age, and also by the purpose, are going to matured, they will be experts of efficiently combining colors.
Providing kids the freedom of coloring pages and crafts are a wide opportunity for these phones discover their interests. It’s not just a strategy to articulate them, but it also assists them in building and exciting their imaginative sense.
Confidence and Self-Esteem
For children, it’s a fantastic motivation whenever they successfully begin and take care of an assignment. Same is the situation with coloring pages too. Since they often complete each coloring work, it constructs positive self-worth inside them and boosts their confidence.
Better eye to hand Coordination
In preschools, when children are provided images to color, they certainly will grip the crayon and look their work every so often to decide another color that has got to provide. These procedures and activities will aid them significantly of their eye – hand coordination. Parents want their children to develop fast, and coloring helps children to cultivate rapidly. | <urn:uuid:06f8971c-ca5c-4440-8e7d-6ae093f8ea1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://justsayin.online/doc-mcstuffins-coloring-pages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823895.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212134123-20181212155623-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.933569 | 843 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The mission of the Faculty of Schooling and Behavioral Sciences is to arrange students to be effective citizens and professional educators, directors, counselors, and researchers who replicate Christ in their work and service. In 2015, all Australian schooling ministers agreed to the National STEM Faculty Training Technique 2016-2026 , which focuses on foundation expertise, creating mathematical, scientific and digital literacy, and promoting downside solving, crucial analysis and inventive considering expertise.
All submissions should be in MS Word using Occasions New Roman 12pt and following the style of the Science & Schooling journal. Honours is obtainable to meritorious students, in both Education or Bachelor of Science. The varsity bus is a product of many areas of science and know-how, together with mechanical engineering and innovation.
The statistical surveys on education present knowledge on the primary, secondary faculties and universities, in addition to knowledge on students and instructing workers in instructional institutions in accordance with numerous traits. The Taronga Institute, together with the Taronga Zoo Sydney and Taronga Western Plains Zoo websites, ‘brings science to life’ and demonstrates stronger alignment between school teaching programs supplied and the Australian and NSW curriculums.
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Now we use the internet to such an extent we need to make sure our details and browsing history is safe and secure.
What are Cookies and what do they do?
Cookies are used to track our browsing history and are used by companies to target advertising based of our searches. In some instances, this is useful as it shows us alternatives to our original search, very handy when trying to think of original Christmas or Birthday presents. However, sometimes browsing without being tracked is preferable.
Incognito mode and alternative browsers
It is possible to do this by using the Incognito mode built-in to most Browsers. You can of course also reject Cookies when prompted as you arrive on most sites these days.
There are also alternative browsers which effectively wrap your searches up in layers of encryption and then bounce them via random servers before arriving at the desired destination. Some examples of these types of Browser are TOR or Epic Browser.
ISP’s (your internet service provider) are also guilty of monitoring your search queries by logging your searches and data before it arrives at the destination server. They can also see who texted you, although they don’t usually keep the actual message.
Secure your traffic with a VPN
To make your browsing secure the best solution is a VPN. This is where you create an encrypted link to a server, thereby stopping anyone’s ability to see your traffic.
As we know people are being caught out by unscrupulous people hacking open (free) wifi networks (hotels, trains, coffee shops, airports etc) and seeing and logging all connected user’s data and passwords.
This is a relatively simple thing to do as there are products readily available on the internet which attach to an open wifi network and collect data. So, if you are attached to one of these networks and are sending emails or logging into sites using passwords, all this is being tracked and saved by these devices for use at a later time. It also gives these people the opportunity to install some software onto your laptop that records your key strokes and will continue to send this information to the person long after you have left the particular open wifi.
By using a VPN, you can still use the open wifi but once attached you run the VPN which creates a secure, encrypted tunnel and does not allow anyone to see anything that you are doing.
The VPNs are relatively cheap and range from £5 to £8 per month. We have started to use both ExpressVPN and NordVPN which have excellent reviews. The ability to use an open wifi securely whilst travelling is a huge relief.
Keep your passwords strong
Always remember your passwords are the last line of defence for your data, whether it is the password to access your laptop or your online services.
Changing your password regularly is a good idea, but they must be secure and should include upper and lower case, numbers and where possible symbols. Check this link to see how secure your password really is: howsecureismypassword.net.
Human error is still the main vulnerability
Finally, beware of phishing attacks. No amount of VPNs, incognito modes or secure passwords will protect you against phishing. These are emails which are sent out to many individuals in an attempt to scam people into sending them money. Some claim they have recorded you looking at porn or you have been sent a Tax rebate. These are hoping you will click on the link provided and trigger either a virus or key logging software.
Some are very sophisticated and combine details of your work and possibly the business you do. The aim being to scam money by asking you to change (or update) your banking details etc. Anything that looks or feels wrong usually is. If in doubt, call the company the email supposedly came from or delete it. If it's important, they will be back in touch.
Use these tips mixed with a good degree of common sense and hopefully you will not be the victim of cyber-crime.
As a Director of Optima Systems Ltd Jay is responsible for overseeing Sales and Marketing, Human Resources, Customer Relations and Account Management. In addition, Jay is responsible for the design, development, efficiency and smooth running of the IT Networks of our clients, as well as our own technical infrastructure. More about Jay.
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- Sonification: Listening to Big Data | <urn:uuid:6bd85796-36d9-4b38-8f2f-65144f3f1fcd> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://optima-systems.co.uk/how-to-safely-browse-the-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257244.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523123835-20190523145835-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.94489 | 973 | 2.734375 | 3 |
We’ve all heard them. Most of us have probably even used them at one point or another. I’m talking about those cute little songs and acronyms to memorize grammar rules, irregular forms, verbs, and more.
Example: Your students are learning about command forms. So, you give them this little trick (on right) to remember the irregular forms for positive tú commands: Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé.
Easy Peasy. Your students are going to rock out on the commands quiz.
Or how about using the tune of “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star” to memorize the irregular yo form verbs in the preterite. Sing that little tune during the quiz, and you’ll be set!
Then there are all the acronyms to remember the difference between Ser and Estar (Doctor Place), when to use the subjunctive (WEIRDO), and I’m sure they are many many more examples.
These tools may be great help to pass a quiz. But are they really that useful when it comes to acquiring a language? If your objective is for students to be able to list all the irregular yo forms in the past tense, then this is great! However, that is not a communicable goal. Students do not take your class to learn how to conjugate verbs or to create a list of grammar concepts. They want to be able to use the language. If you can find me where in the ACTFL standards, it says that students should know all the irregular yo forms, then I’ll be happy to start practicing that song with my students. But in the meantime, I am going to give my students comprehensible input so that they hear those words used in context and eventually they internalize them and can use them in conversation.
Don’t get me wrong, my favorite lesson used to be dressing up like a doctor and pretending to be “Doctor Clift” to teach my students the differences between Ser and Estar. I thought it was great. But even after spending weeks on this “unit” I would still have a student who would write “Los tacos SOMOS deliciosos hoy”. I wanted to pull my hair out. The problem wasn’t with the students. It was with me. Ser and Estar shouldn’t be a unit. Students need to be exposed to these words in context all year long. And yeah, they are going to mix up “es” and “está” quite frequently, but you know what? They should! They are novice learners! I can not expect them to be perfect in the language they produce. But I should be darn happy if they are able to express themselves using “is” in Spanish. And eventually they will figure it out. They will use the right one, and not because they have to think “Oh, this is the E of Emotion from PLACE”, but because “está asustado” sounds right.
I haven’t taught “conjugations” in several years. My students don’t know what a “boot verb” is. They don’t know what a “go verb”. But they can communicate. They can tell me a whole story because they have the confidence! Do they use “boot verbs” and “go verbs”? You bet, but they’ve acquired them, not studied them. I am not to to stop them after their third word, and correct them: “No, make sure you use está instead of es“. I am going to listen to them and encourage them.
Why is there such a decline in numbers of Spanish students after they fulfill their minimum amount of credit? Maybe it’s because they don’t want to learn ABOUT the language. They want to learn the language. There is a big difference in learning about a boot verb and actually being able to use the word “empieza”. That was the most important concept for me when I began shifting my teaching style. I was teaching them about the language. They knew what an “infinitive” was, what a “boot-verb”/”stem changing verb” was, what an “irregular verb” was. But, were they proficient in using the language? And isn’t that the goal of my class?
Share your opinions in the comments! Does singing the forms of a verb to “La Cucaracha” help students become proficient? Is that an acronym or trick that you use in your classroom that truly helps students? (And no, I’m not saying that they are all bad, some certainly have their merits.)
Update: Check out this post from Terry Waltz: I found this great song that teaches…
songs* are mnemonics — ways to help people remember things. And mnemonics only work when there is time to stop and think of them. So for acquisition, not so much. But it could have use for output when there is time to stop and think, such as during a writing assignment.
It’s fine to use mnemonics — they’re really useful for what they’re intended to do: help people remember things. Knowledge. Not to acquire language.
*songs that teach a grammar concept
Read this entire post. | <urn:uuid:10431dd1-7f9d-4931-bad7-7dde7ab458bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://spanishplans.org/2016/06/13/acronym4acquisition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822625.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017234801-20171018014801-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.95842 | 1,153 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Name the wastes which are generated in your house daily. What measures would you take for their disposal?
Wastes which are generated in our house daily are:
- Vegetable and fruit waste
- Plastic wastes
- Paper wastes
Measures for proper disposal of these wastes are:
- Recycling non-biodegradable wastes.
- Segregating waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
- Safe disposal of plastic bags.
- Preparing a compost pit for kitchen wastes. | <urn:uuid:8cced841-8b39-4b71-b922-944a77d252b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.teachoo.com/17357/3892/Question-3/category/Past-Year---5-Mark-Questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510085.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925183615-20230925213615-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.905488 | 113 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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