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High blood is one of the leading contributors of stroke and heart disease worldwide, yet the signs are just not that obvious
What is obvious? Keeping routine doctor’s appointments with regular blood pressure screens (especially with a known family history of the condition)and avoiding high-risk lifestyle behaviors like smoking, binge drinking, and overeating can help prevent blood pressure levels from rising.
Myth: Those with hypertension always experience symptoms such as sweating, nervousness, feeling flushed, or have problems sleeping.
Truth: For good reason, hypertension has been talked about as the “silent killer.” Often, warning signs don’t exist until it triggers a serious cardiovascular episode, like a heart attack or stroke.
Are You At Risk?
Anyone can develop high blood pressure, but various risk factors can dramatically increase your risk for developing high blood pressure including:
Family History- raises the risk of developing high blood pressure. In addition, some have a high sensitivity to sodium and salt, which may increase their risk for high blood pressure and may run in families.
Race/Ethnicity- High blood pressure is more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults.
Age- As we age, blood pressure levels tend to rise. About 65 percent of Americans age 60 or older have high blood pressure. However, the risk for prehypertension and high blood pressure is increasing for children and teens, possibly due to the rise in the number of overweight children and teens.
Gender- Before age 55, men are more likely than women to develop high blood pressure. After age 55, women are more likely than men to develop high blood pressure.
Lifestyle Habits-Unhealthy lifestyle habits can raise your risk for high blood pressure, including:
- Drinking too much alcohol
- High fatty diet, eating too much sodium
- Not enough exercise
6 Warning Signs of High Blood Pressure
- Severe Headaches
- Blurred Vision
- Chest Pain/Shortness of Breath
If living with high blood pressure or have a known family history of the condition, your best protection is knowledge, management and prevention.
- Know your numbers- the best way to know if you have high blood pressure is to have your levels checked regularly during routine check-ups.
- Understand your risks and underlying symptoms- learn what factors are more likely to increase your chances of developing high blood pressure and determine your risk.
- Make healthier choices- take steps to reduce your risk and manage blood pressure. Make heart-healthy lifestyle choices, take your medication as prescribed and communicate openly with your doctor.
- Wear your medical ID 24/7 | <urn:uuid:28343ed9-ad69-4aed-9cca-4faebad8df1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.medicalert.org/symptoms_of_hypertension_risk_factors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866201.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524092814-20180524112814-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.928439 | 540 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Breaking News Emails
People who follow government guidelines to have a drink or so a day could be drinking themselves into an early grave, researchers said Thursday.
Any more than five drinks a week on average can take years off a person’s life, the new study of more than half a million people around the world shows.
That’s less than what's recommended in many countries. For instance, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association both say men can safely drink up to two alcoholic drinks a day and women up to a drink a day.
A drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, four ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof spirits.
An international team of researchers looked at data from 600,000 people in 19 countries, who were asked about drinking habits dating back as long ago as 1964. They were followed for years afterward.
People who reported drinking more had higher rates of stroke, heart disease, deadly high blood pressure and fatal aortic aneurysms, the team reported in the Lancet medical journal.
“The paper estimates a 40-year-old drinking four units a day above the guidelines has roughly two years lower life expectancy,” said David Spiegelhalter, a risk expert at Britain’s University of Cambridge who was not involved in the study.
“This works out at about an hour per day. So it’s as if each unit above guidelines is taking, on average, about 15 minutes of life, about the same as a cigarette. Of course it’s up to individuals whether they think this is worthwhile.”
The most people can get away with and not raise their risk of early death was about five glasses of wine a week or the equivalent, the researchers found.
Many people can drink far more than that in a single day. The CDC says more than 38 million American adults admit to binge-drinking once a week and guzzle an average of eight drinks per spree.
"The key message of this research for public health is that, if you already drink alcohol, drinking less may help you live longer and lower your risk of several cardiovascular conditions."
The CDC says that more than 2,000 Americans die each year from acute alcohol intoxication.
It’s no secret that alcohol can be bad for health in other ways, too. Drinking raises the risk of both cancer and heart disease, and one study suggested that drinking accounts for 15 percent of breast cancer cases.
The risk starts rising with as little as one drink a day on average.
The American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund recommend in a joint report that people limit alcohol.
People who do not drink at all can have worse health, also — something that can confuse consumers and doctors alike. So the researchers, led by Cambridge University’s Dr. Angela Wood, used only information about people who were current drinkers “because ex-drinkers include people who might have abstained from alcohol owing to poor health itself, as well as those who have changed their habits to achieve a healthier lifestyle,” they wrote.
They found that the more people drank, the higher their risk of death compared with people who drank less.
If a 40-year-old man dropped his intake from two drinks a day to around five drinks a week, he could expect to add an average of a year or two to his life, the researchers projected.
"We should always remember that alcohol guidelines should act as a limit, not a target."
What’s the safest drink? It might be wine, sipped a little at a time, the study suggested.
"Exploratory analyses suggested that drinkers of beer or spirits, as well as binge drinkers, had the highest risk for all-cause mortality," the researchers wrote.
"The key message of this research for public health is that, if you already drink alcohol, drinking less may help you live longer and lower your risk of several cardiovascular conditions," Wood said in a statement.
"We should always remember that alcohol guidelines should act as a limit, not a target, and try to drink well below this threshold,” said Victoria Taylor, a senior dietitian at the British Heart Foundation.
The study’s likely to be controversial, said Jason Connor and Wayne Hall of the University of Queensland Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research in Australia.
"The drinking levels recommended in this study will no doubt be described as implausible and impracticable by the alcohol industry and other opponents of public health warnings on alcohol,” they wrote in a commentary.
"Nonetheless, the findings ought to be widely disseminated and they should provoke informed public and professional debate." | <urn:uuid:18d0c405-0b40-48d5-81e6-7d3e0ce1d808> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/more-5-drinks-week-could-shorten-lives-years-study-finds-n865471 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.965121 | 976 | 2.671875 | 3 |
386 million people on the continent survive on less than US$1.25 a day and the continent accounts for a rising share of global poverty despite its commendable economic growth in recent years, reads the report. In Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, as well as in Mozambique and Burundi, more than 60 percent of young people are said to work in jobs, which pay less than US$1.25 a day.
When Africa’s growth started to pick up in 1999, the continent accounted for 21 percent of the world’s poverty but by 2008 that share had risen to 29 percent.
This is contrary to conventional economic wisdom that economic growth is the answer to poverty and inequality.
“The main reason for the high poverty rate is not slow economic growth but high inequality,” the report says. "Governments are failing to convert the rising tide of wealth into opportunities for their more marginalised citizens. Unequal access to health, education, water and sanitation is reinforcing wider inequalities.
Using the Gini index, the globally accepted measure of inequality which captures concentration of household income or expenditure (the higher the index, the greater the inequality), there are 24 African countries where the index is higher than 42. The Gini indices for Mozambique, Kenya and Zambia are between 45 and 55, while in Botswana and South Africa the figures are over 60. South Africa is often referred to as the “most unequal society” in the world. | <urn:uuid:92c7cff5-f8f2-4581-add9-3b8536927573> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://socialistbanner.blogspot.com/2012/05/unequal-africa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645310.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317194447-20180317214447-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.940918 | 307 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Genetically Modified Food: Pros and Cons
A lot of what we eat on a daily basis is genetically modified food. Still, we don't tend to realize it since this information more often than not isn't labeled.
Genetically modified food, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), is food whose genes have been modified. On the surface, they look the same as organic or regular crops, but they are, in fact different. Indeed, inside of them, a specific gene from another species was added or removed for a certain aim. Find out more about genetically modified food below.
Pros of genetically modified food
GMOs are subject to constant monitoring and analysis using very rigorous and exhaustive processes. The controls in place are even superior to those used for regular food.
Experts agree that there is no reason to believe that GMOs can be harmful to your health.
Scientists modify food’s genes to improve it by optimizing their properties. As such, they make them healthier and more nutritious. For example, this process can result in more protein and less fat. Also, it can give us fruits with more vitamins, as well as cereals and veggies with more fiber and minerals.
What’s more, scientists have found ways to make plant crops more resistant. As a result, they’re easier to cultivate and don’t depend as much on the weather or even pests. Another advantage that GMO advocates point to is a lowered dependence on pesticides.
Indeed, modifying food makes it less susceptible to harmful factors. It can also eliminate the most common allergens. The latter is relative since allergies don’t depend so much on substances but on a person’s reaction.
Find out more about: Lets Analyze Organic Food and Its Benefits
Cons of GMOs
Scientists can modify GMOs to make them look more appealing. Still, their benefits remain the same or can even take a hit.
They may also harm the biodiversity that we have today and make it a thing of the past. This is because we may end up growing a single variety of apple. In other words, the easiest to grow would become the most profitable.
GMOs can affect others that are not genetically modified, destroying organic and regular crops. They may also disrupt the environment and even destroy weaker plant species.
Farmers cultivate food and take care of their products with great dedication. On the other hand, GMO seeds are in the hands of huge multinational companies.
Further, some reports suggest that there may be a link between GMOs and the rise in food allergies and intolerances. What’s more, researchers are looking into if they could be the cause of antibiotic resistance.
Read more about: Tips To Keep Training Despite Allergies
The bottom line
Finally, the World Health Organization (WHO) insists GMOs don’t pose a danger to human health. Still, they do go on to say that scientists should analyze each food one by one.
Also, there are rigorous controls in place before they arrive at any market. What’s more, there are no studies that confirm a negative health impact.
Even so, as we’ve mentioned, some reports suggest they may be responsible for the increase in cases of food allergies and intolerances. Further research is looking into whether GMOs can be linked to antibiotic resistance.
There may also be a link between a delay in the growth of our immune systems. Indeed, this would be important in children.
In conclusion, you can keep eating GMOs since it offers us many benefits. Until there’s scientific evidence of their alleged risks, there’s no reason to stop eating them. | <urn:uuid:d4e8c720-c7da-4ca9-b741-028617499406> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://fitpeople.com/health/genetically-modified-food-pros-and-cons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249556231.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223223440-20190224005440-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.953892 | 746 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Ada Twist’s Big Project Book for Stellar Scientists
40+ things to discover, draw, and make!
Featuring art from the beloved #1 New York Times bestselling picture book Ada Twist, Scientist, this activity book contains kid-friendly projects of all kinds and is the perfect gift for curious young readers! Along the way, Ada will help her fellow scientists solve mysteries big and small and show how the powerful impact of scientific research is felt all around us.
Do you ask questions? Is why your favorite word? Do you like to search for answers and conduct experiments? Then you’re a scientist, just like Ada Twist, and this book is for you!
Young scientists will have the opportunity to explore all of Ada’s favorite sciences–from botany to astronomy to chemistry, and everything in between. They’ll do experiments, follow the scientific method, and learn to look more closely at the world around them.
Learn how to:
* Build an aquascope
* Grow plants in your own garden
* Watch decomposition at work
* Track the phases of the moon
* Design a vehicle powered by renewable energy
And much more!
Out of stock | <urn:uuid:bba4a273-e123-4065-8c68-13c2be8664f4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.longstoryshort.life/product/ada-twists-big-project-book-for-stellar-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.907398 | 246 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. It has also been called spastic colitis, mucus colitis or nervous colon syndrome. It is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, mucous in stools, and irregular bowel habits, including alternating diarrhea and constipation. It tends to be a chronic disorder, and the symptoms can wax and wane over many years (some times for life). Typically, doctors cannot find any abnormalities in these patients despite exhaustive tests of the intestines. While it occasionally can cause troubling symptoms, IBS does not adversely affect longevity or result in organ damage.
Up to fifteen percent of the population may have IBS, although only about twenty percent of this group will seek medical attention. Women are affected twice as often as men. The symptoms of IBS typically occur early in life, and half of the patients have onset of symptoms before they reach 30 years of age.
For in-depth and up-to-date information about IBS and other digestive disorders, please visit the following areas: | <urn:uuid:d035094f-22be-474a-94a1-c4840e607b6d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16747 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.947049 | 218 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Just when you think some things can’t get better, or can’t be improved, modern scientists tell us that they can. Did you ever think you would be able to walk on a floor, which can save your life! The brilliance of the people over at IBM has made this possible. Technology firm IBM has been granted a U.S. patent by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, for a multi-touch “smart floor” that can detect home intruders and even call “911″ when you’ve fallen down! How it works is the multi-touch floor is embedded with numerous sensors to identify the shapes, weights, and locations of objects that are in contact with it. This genius of a floor can sense whether a person who enters a home is a registered and authorized person, like the homeowner, or an unidentified person, such as a burglar. Most useful is the feature whereby the sensors in the multi-touch floor could detect if an elderly person has been lying on the floor in a prone position for an unusual period of time, due to a fall or heart attack, and automatically call 911.
The IBM Smart Floor can be put many more uses, once its full potential is realized. There is no indication of when IBM plans to put this floor into production and how much they would cost if it did. | <urn:uuid:d7901dae-baff-4c43-bb5c-80992ef65d33> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://gizmodiva.com/home_improvement/the-smart-floor-by-ibm-can-detect-intruders-and-also-save-your-life.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660448.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00101-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956361 | 277 | 2.609375 | 3 |
After the parts have been 3D printed, we'll need to join them together using wooden craft sticks and apply glue to permanently bond the parts together.
In this project, we're using wooden craft sticks with the following measurement
- 5-3/4 Inch x1/4 Inch x3/32 Inch
To measure them to the appropriate lengths, let's start by insert them into each pocket. The depth of the pocket can be used to measure the length - Use a pen to mark on the stick. Double the length of one depth to get the necessary length of the stick. Cut the wooden stick using scissors or wire cutters. You'll need to do this several times, for each group of pockets.
Now that the craft sticks are measured and cut to length, do a dry run test fitting and see if the you can join the parts togeher. If there's a gap between the parts, try to trim the craft sticks shorter, or widen the pockets with a filing tool or craft knife.
Now that we have the sticks measured and cut to the appropriate lengths, let's glue to the parts togeher.
We recommend using silicone-based adhesives, such as E6000. Remove the sticks from the pockets and apply a small amount of E6000 into each slot. Then, insert the sticks back into the pockets.
Add another small amount of glue to the craft sticks and then join the parts together. E6000 has about 4 minutes of tack time, thats how much time you have to join the parts before it becomes tacky.
Slow stack the parts on top of each other. If any excess glue appears, wipe it away any with a paper napkin. You need to let the glue set for a few hours before proceeding with the rest of the build.
You may need to join the seam together to close any gaps in the top front of the helmet. We recommend using super glue to bond these seams together.
Apply a small amount of super glue near the top part of the ears. The corner of the outter visor may also has gaps. You may need to apply pressure and hold the parts closed together while the super glue sets in. Ensure the parts are aligned properly.
Once the top of the corners are dry, we can join the bottom part of the helmet together. Use the same super gluing technique to join these seams together.
The visor is built using a pre tinted acrylic sheet. Leave the protective film on the acrylic sheet until the very end of the build. 3D print the visor template. We'll use this as a reference.
Lay the 3D printed visor template flat on a lower corner of the acrylic sheet. Mark an outline of the visor template using a pen.
Next we need to score out the outline of the template. You’ll need a straight edge and scoring tool. Trace the outline several times with the scoring tool, using the straight edge to keep the lines nice and straight. Flip over the acrylic sheet and repeat scoring on the backside. Keep scoring until you feel the cuts are deep enough.
Move the acrylic sheet near the edge of the table. Using your hand, apply a bit of pressure to the traced out part and snap the piece off the sheet. If it doesn’t snap off with a bit of pressure, continue scoring the outline.
Now we need to bend the acrylic piece. To do this, we’ll use a heat gun. A PanaVise or vice tool can help hold the heat gun upright while we apply heat to the acrylic.
Using both hands, hold it over the airflow. We recommend wearing heat resistant gloves to avoid any potential burns. Move the acrylic from side to side. You’ll feel the acrylic become soft. Lightly bend the part to create a curvature. Use the helmet to reference the curvature.
Once you’ve bent the acrylic piece, try fitting the part inside the helmet to do test fit. If its curvature doesn’t match the helmet, reapply heat and bend it until they match. | <urn:uuid:b83b65b9-6d36-4da2-84ef-f1aa8f2c37a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://learn.adafruit.com/3d-printed-daft-punk-helmet-with-bluetooth/assembly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358203.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227054852-20210227084852-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.907386 | 843 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Kentucky Gov. Steve Beshear says proposed federal regulations on carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants provide the state with some “flexibility” in meeting government targets.
The Environmental Protection Agency announced this month that the nation must reduce carbon emissions created by burning coal by 30 percent.
“I am glad that the EPA recognized that states need flexibility," said Beshear. "We tried to make that point with them over and over again as they developed this rule. What I’m concerned about is they, I’m not sure they’ve given us as much flexibility as we need.”
For his part, Beshear says he’s concerned about the impact on coal jobs, which are at their lowest point in decades.
“We all want a clean environment, and I think we all share that goal," said Beshear. "It’s a difference in balance and how we phase in those standards and how we can reach them, and at the same time keep coal jobs in the coal fields and keep manufacturing jobs in Kentucky.”
An analysis by Bloomberg’s New Energy Finance research arm found that Kentucky could actually be able to increase its carbon emissions up to 4 percent under the EPA rules. | <urn:uuid:0d4bb830-a6eb-438a-b3a6-b91cc584456f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://wkms.org/post/beshear-says-epa-coal-emission-standards-provide-flexibility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688158.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922022225-20170922042225-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.972968 | 263 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In 1992, Ole Karsholt and Jan Pedersen started collecting bugs in light traps on the roof of the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. A quarter-million bugs later, their data on 1543 species of moths and beetles provides astounding evidence that the we don't need to wait for 2°C of warming before seeing significant effects of temperature change on the insect community.
As might be predicted, the insect "specialists" -- bugs that eat only a single species of plant -- experience temperature changes more dramatically than generalists. "Earlier studies have confirmed that specialist species also respond rapidly to destruction of their habitats, so we are dealing with a very sensitive group of animals” according to postdoc Philip Francis Thomsen from the Center for GeoGenetics, one of the authors of the study published in the Journal of Animal Ecology.
The nut weevil, Curculio nucum, a connoisseur of the hazel nut, visited the museum roof in the early years of the study but disappeared in later years. Its place was taken by the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium, suggesting that both species are moving northwards to find cooler domains. The data on other specialist species supported the hypothesis, showing increases in populations of hot-dwelling species and decreases in those that prefer cooler climes.
Insects that feed only during the non-mobile larval stage were seen to range quite widely from the habitats of their infancy at least 10 km distant from the museum roof. The team succeeded to register seven moth species and two beetles which had not previously been on record as inhabiting Denmark, including the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) (pictured) which has now spread throughout the country and is considered an invasive species.
The conversion of the data gained from the long-term voluntary monitoring project proves how invaluable such records can be. The authors hope their results will return funding for nature monitoring projects so that humanity does not have to depend on a spattering of committed enthusiasts. It seems like citizen scientists could lend a hand in the effort with a little political guidance, benefiting both the people involved and the state of scientific knowledge of our environment. | <urn:uuid:53c8a675-eb95-44d8-9335-141dfc216391> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.treehugger.com/climate-change/rooftop-bug-collectors-find-climate-change-already-affecting-species.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.9525 | 448 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Florence Nightingale and Hospital Reform
Hardcover 992 pp.
Online discount: 25%
Paper 992 pp.
|Paper edition is out of print.|
Florence Nightingale began working on hospital reform even before she founded her famous school of nursing; hospitals were dangerous places for nurses as well as patients, and they urgently needed fundamental reform. She continued to work on safer hospital design, location, and materials to the end of her working life, advising on plans for children’s, general, military, and convalescent hospitals and workhouse infirmaries.
Florence Nightingale and Hospital Reform, the final volume in the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, includes her influential Notes on Hospitals, with its much-quoted musing on the need of a Hippocratic oath for hospitals—namely, that first they should do the sick no harm. Nightingale’s anonymous articles on hospital design are printed here also, as are later encyclopedia entries on hospitals.
Correspondence with architects, engineers, doctors, philanthropists, local notables, and politicians is included. The results of these letters, some with detailed critiques of hospital plans, can be seen initially in the great British examples of the new “pavilion” design—at St. Thomas’, London (a civil hospital), at the Herbert Hospital (military), and later at many hospitals throughout the UK and internationally. Nightingale’s insistence on keeping good statistics to track rates of mortality and hospital stays, and on using them to compare hospitals, can be seen as good advice for today, given the new versions of “hospital-acquired infections” she combatted.
Contact WLU Press for information about this author.
“This is not only an excellent volume but also a crowning edition for the sixteen-volume series. The volume on hospitals brings together many of Nightingale’s interests and clearly demonstrates her enormous impact on all aspects of hospital management.... The editor is to be congratulated on what can only be described as a magisterial piece of scholarship.”
— Christine Hallett, Director of the UK Centre for the History of Nursing and Midwifery
By the same editor
Women Theorists on Society and Politics, Lynn McDonald, editor
Florence Nightingale at First Hand, Lynn McDonald
Florence Nightingale’s European Travels: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 7, Lynn McDonald, editor
Florence Nightingale on Health in India: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 9, Gérard Vallée, editor
Florence Nightingale: Extending Nursing: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 13, Lynn McDonald, editor
Florence Nightingale: The Crimean War: Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 14, Lynn McDonald, editor | <urn:uuid:cd3c3425-28fd-45fd-a92c-d1cec86cc624> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/press/Catalog/mcdonald-fn16.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00159-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905041 | 612 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Despite the state victories, general support for a federal amendment was not gaining enough traction. But in the trying circumstances of World War I, proponents found a new rallying cry. American women served as a bulwark for American society during the War, making sacrifices in their personal lives and buttressing the country’s economy suddenly without its male workforce. Their contributions, which enabled the country to pursue the war effort, seemed unfair to many, given their inability to contribute to society as full citizens. To further their cause, American women took lessons from women elsewhere, who argued for universal suffrage as a war measure. American suffragists promoted universal suffrage as the only right path for a civilized nation to take, using as examples other countries involved in the war that had already adopted or were about to adopt universal suffrage, such as Canada, England, Russia, France, Denmark, and Italy. Even before the US entered the war in 1917, American women participated in war-related events such as the International Congress of Women in the Netherlands, in 1915, which argued for an end to the war and peace in Europe. One of the Congress’s “Principles of a Permanent Peace” was the Enfranchisement of Women: “Since the combined influence of the women of all countries is one of the strongest forces for the prevention of war…this International Congress of Women demands their political enfranchisement.”President Woodrow Wilson, despite his previous position that suffrage should be left to the states, eventually used this very argument to encourage adoption of the federal amendment in his address to the United States Senate on Sept. 30 1918: “I regard the concurrence of the Senate in the constitutional amendment proposing the extension of the suffrage to women as vitally essential to the successful prosecution of the great war of humanity in which we are engaged.” World War I laid bare the unequal nature of American society. In the minds of many, men and women alike, how did it look for the United States to fight for liberty around the world while half its citizenry was denied the right to participate as equals?
Last updated: October 15, 2018 | <urn:uuid:77338b4d-9238-4b23-89ea-b0a4718b0b54> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.nps.gov/articles/womens-suffrage-wwi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.968779 | 441 | 4 | 4 |
Ideologies Influence on French Revolution
The French Revolution didn't just happen overnight. There were many instances that brought it forth. There were many people who inspired it. They gave inspiration to those who acted the revolution out. Here are a few of the great minds behind the horrifying liberation of France.
The 19th century ideologies were very important in the French Revolution and swayed France dramatically. Voltaire has been historically known as “a defender of religious freedom, free trade, civil liberties, [and] social reform.” (1) A name many recognize, they might not realize exactly his impact on history.
He was French but spent quite a bit of time in England. There he was exposed to a different way of thinking. England had challenged rulers and tradition for centuries.
His time spent in England opened his eyes to a new world and new thoughts that he took back to France with him. Through his associations with men such as Isaac Newton and John Locke, Voltaire found a voice for France. Voltaire was one to promote “that humans control their own destiny”. (2) This meant that the power the Church had on society was false as was the divine appointment of the monarchy. He saw the government of Britain with a constitutional monarchy as a step in the right direction for France. (3) This can be seen in “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” where it states in Article 1 that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions my only be based on common usefulness.” (4) Man was to decide his own destiny instead of having society or the government impose it. He could move up and down through society on his own with no one else directing his course. This was in the face of France and most of Europe during the time before the revolution.
Baron de Montesquieu was “one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment” who promoted separation of powers within the government to keep it from becoming corrupt and hurting the people. (5) This liberal thinking saw that a corrupt monarch was one who ruled “arbitrarily…severs this connection [between government and people] and corrupts his government.” (6)
In saying that, Montesquieu was not one to say that society could do whatever it wanted even under a corrupt government. Society had its responsibilities and had to work with the government. It was a partnership. Article 3 of the Declaration states that “no body or individual may exercise authority that does not expressly emanate from” the sovereignty that “resides essentially in the nation.” (7)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau has been called the Father of the French Revolution for his “work inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the romantic generation.” (8) His writings grabbed French society by storm. He wrote that when a country was “based on a genuine social contract” it could give society “real freedom in exchange for their obedience to a self-imposed law.” (9)
Article 6 of the Declaration states that the law is not formulated the monarchy; it has to come from everyone within the nation. Every person would “have the right to work solemnly towards its formulation.” (10) These are just a few of the sections of the Declaration that reflect the ideologies of the time that swept through the nation and inspired both the French and the American Revolution.
In the long run, the results moved France into the future. The immediate results were bloody. Many lives were lost as France tried to move forward and be equal to Britain and America. It was being left behind in an archaic way of living. One wonders if it could have come about without as much blood filling the streets.
(1) “Voltaire – Biography,” The European Graduate School, http://www.egs.edu/library/voltaire/biography/.
(2) Caspar Hewett, “The Life of Voltaire,” The Great Debate, August 2006, http://www.thegreatdebate.org.uk/Voltaire.html.
(4) Philip Dwyer and Peter McPhee, eds., “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, August 1789,” French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook, (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2002), 50.
(5) “Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat,” Stanford University, January 20, 2010, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/.
(7) Dwyer and McPhee.
(8) “Jean-Jackques Rousseau (1712-1778), BBC History, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/rousseau_jean_jacques.shtml.
(10) Dwyer and McPhee. | <urn:uuid:89213d3c-5461-4633-bdc9-62b63c4cc307> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://owlcation.com/humanities/Ideologies-Influence-on-French-Revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249495888.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223082039-20190223104039-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.977182 | 1,043 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Arizona, the only state in the US that once was home to flocks of colourful thick-billed parrots, is trying to reintroduce the birds to its pine forests. Wildlife agents are releasing parrots confiscated from poachers, who smuggle the birds into the US from Mexico to sell as pets.
Rory Aikens, a spokesman for the Arizona Game and Fish Department, says 16 parrots were released in the pine forests of the Chiricahua Mountains two months ago. Nine of the parrots had grown up wild in Mexico; the others had been raised in captivity in the US. Only the Mexican birds survived.
Three more parrots have since been released. The 12 have formed flocks and seem to be doing well, says Aikens. Past attempts to reintroduce parrots failed when forest fires disrupted the flock or storms destroyed the pine cones which the parrots feed on.
Thick-billed parrots have not been found in ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:4b6e2123-b6f1-4359-b4b8-54d496680cc4> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13718632.600-pining-for-parrots.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701562534/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105242-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973833 | 226 | 3 | 3 |
With all the weight loss and nutrition advice available online, it can be difficult to discern which foods are a healthy addition to your diet and which are not. Here are some foods that are commonly on the ‘bad’ list but may not deserve to be there.
NUTS are often put on a list of foods to avoid because they contain fat and are high in calories. However, nuts contain mostly monounsaturated fat, along with some omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats. The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can help lower LDL cholesterol levels, and omega- 3 and omega-6 fatty acids help with brain function and cell growth. Nuts also contain essential nutrients like magnesium and selenium. Since nuts are high in calories, a serving size is small, about 1.5 oz. Avoid nuts that are salted or are coated with sugar. Whole nuts can be a choking risk for kids under age five.
POTATOES are a starchy vegetable that has been put on the list of bad foods by low carb weight loss diets. However, when eaten in moderation, a baked potato with the skin on can actually be a healthy addition to a balanced meal. A medium baked potato on its own, without toppings added, is only about 160 calories, and the potato skin contains fiber, which helps you feel full longer. Potatoes are a good source of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and potassium, and one potato provides about 4.3 grams of protein.
OLIVES are often perceived as off-limits because they contain fat. However, most of the fat contained in olives is oleic acid, a healthy monounsaturated fat which studies have linked to reduced risk of heart disease. Olives are low-calorie and low glycemic index, which makes them a good replacement for other salty snacks like potato chips. Olives are fermented after they are picked, and, like other fermented foods, may contain probiotic bacteria that help support good digestive health. A serving of olives is small, about 4 or 5 large olives. | <urn:uuid:1052547d-f5ca-496d-9eee-837012f6e190> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://familyandkidsga.com/foods-that-get-a-bad-rap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.9634 | 431 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Life, like that fountain – there is nothing eternal, the process of evolution is restlessly moving forward. Modern technologies that we encounter in everyday life and to which we are accustomed, are becoming more sophisticated, and the process of their improvement has recently reached a rapid growth rate. Almost every month we learn about different inventions and discoveries or presentations of new technologies. Because of this, the conditions and way of life on the whole planet change with the constant development of mankind, and these changes, like everything new, need timely and close attention to the appropriate regulation of social relations associated with such changes.
Cybercrime and hackers, computer hacking, are words that you will not surprise anyone. Scientists all over the world are actively discussing the problems in countering crimes in the use of computer technology. Thus, the practice of applying the relevant norms of criminal liability legislation is developing quite quickly. When it comes to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the penalty for computer hacking in Virginia is quite harsh.
In our time, computer crimes are one of the most dynamic groups of socially dangerous encroachments. The rates of the spread of these crimes are increasing very rapidly, and their dynamics and danger are constantly growing. Of course, this is due to the accelerated development of science and technology in the field of computerization, as well as the constant and rapid expansion of the scope of computer technology. The penalty for computer hacking in Virginia and relevant cybercrime charges can range from a sentence of up to 12 months in prison to a sentence of maximum 20 years in jail.
The spread of computer viruses, fraud with plastic payment cards, theft of funds from bank accounts, the theft of computer information and violation of the rules for the operation of automated electronic computing systems is far from a complete list of such crimes. They are called differently: cybercrime, computer crimes, crimes in the field of computer technology, crimes in the field of computer information. In the literature for a wide range of readers there are often two terms: “cybercrime” and “computer crimes”.
As per Virginia Code § 18.2-152.3, computer fraud is most often explained as the activity by a person who employs a computer device or network without obtaining prior required authorization and who:
- Obtains services or property under false pretenses
- Converts the property of another person
- Commits larceny or embezzles
The penalty for computer hacking in Virginia is potentially significant. In case the computer fraud of stolen items is below $500, then such criminal act would be punishable simply as a Class 1 misdemeanor. On the other hand, the computer fraud of the stolen items is above $500, then it will be charged as a Class 5 felony.
As per the Virginia Code § 18.2-152.4, computer trespass is a Class 3 misdemeanor carrying severe penalties, which is also known as computer hacking. It also involves the breaking into of a computer system to modify or alter the current settings. In essence, cybercrimes are socially dangerous acts that are somehow related to cyberspace and computer information modeled by computers.
Since the penalty for computer hacking in Virginia is immensely severe and if you are accused of computer hacking charges, it is imperative to retain a well-versed defense attorney to protect your rights and help you obtain the most optimistic outcome in your favor. | <urn:uuid:5b293638-9dd1-4aeb-88d2-357b7c1e9cbc> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://grandparentsrights.info/penalty-for-computer-hacking-in-virginia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146064.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225080028-20200225110028-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.946013 | 680 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The outstanding feature of Eurasian smoke tree is the large, airy, plume-like stalks that hold the small flowers. These are covered with hairs that provide the appearance of a puff of smoke. Eurasian smoke tree will grow as either a single-trunked tree or a multi-stemmed shrub. Although it may suffer from dieback in cold winters, vigorous stems bounce back to life in spring. The purple-leaved cultivars are popular as landscape accents.
Size and Form:
Eurasian smoke tree grows 10 to 15 feet high and wide with an upright to irregular habit.
Native geographic location and habitat:
This tree is native to Europe and Asia
Bark color and texture:
The bark is relatively smooth and light gray when young, but takes on a more flaky appearance with age.
Leaf or needle arrangement, size, shape, and texture:
Simple, alternate leaves, are oval or slightly elongated and grow 1 to 3 inches long. Leaf color is green on the species, but will vary by cultivar, with being red, purple, or yellow. Fall color is reddish-purple on the species, although some cultivars turn orange.
Flower arrangement, shape, and size:
The actual flowers are tiny and not showy. The structure that holds the flowers is covered with hairs and this is the actual ‘smoke’ for which the tree is named.
Fruit, cone, nut, and seed descriptions:
The true fruit are small and dry. Again, the structure that holds the fruit is the source of the ‘smoke’ of this plant.
This tree grows best in full sun to light shade in well-drained soil. Avoid planting in low-lying areas where soil remains wet. Shallow roots will benefit with a layer of mulch to moderate soil temperatures. Prune cultivars with colored foliage heavily to produce new growth, as the newer growth produces the best color.
List of pests, diseases, and tolerances:
Eurasian smoke trees may be affected by verticillium wilt and may suffer from dieback in cold winters.
Daydream Eurasian smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria ‘Daydream’):
This variety has bluish-green leaves that turn yellow to red in the fall. It has dense clusters of persistent flower stalks producing purplish-red ‘smoke’ in mid-summer.
Golden Spirit smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria ‘Ancot’):
Smaller than the species, this variety is oval to rounded, reaching 6 to 8 feet high and 5 to 6 feet wide. Its new foliage emerges chartreuse (gold to lime green), changes to medium green in summer. Fall color ranges from pink, orange, coral, and red.
Grace smoke tree (Cotinus ‘Grace’):
A hybrid of Cotinus obovatus and Cotinus coggygria, ‘Velvet Cloak’, this cultivar has large pink flower panicles with 4 to 6 inch long blue-green leaves. It can be a small tree or large shrub reaching 15 to 20 feet high.
Nordine smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria ‘Nordine’):
One of the hardiest of the purple-leaf forms and selected from The Morton Arboretum collections, this cultivar has oval to slightly elongated purplish-red leaves that hold color well into the summer. Fall color is an orange-yellow.
Royal Purple smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria ‘Royal Purple’):
This upright tree grows 10 to 15 feet high and 10 feet wide. It has dark purple leaves in summer and red-purple in fall. The ‘smoke’ is also reddish-purple.
Velvet Cloak smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria ‘Velvet Cloak’):
This variety has dark, oval to slightly elongated purple leaves and maintains color throughout the summer. Fall color is a reddish-purple. Large, purple-pink, airy, plume-like flower stalk clusters provide interest all summer. | <urn:uuid:39a6a020-515e-4feb-9c0a-1324114b9ffa> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/eurasian-smoke-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649439.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604025306-20230604055306-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.914575 | 891 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a diagnostic x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. When a contrast agent is injected intravenously, the urinary tract, which is not seen on regular x-rays, will show up very clearly. An intravenous pyelogram may be done for many reasons, including:
- to detect kidney tumors.
- to identify blockages or obstructions of the normal flow of urine.
- to detect kidney or bladder stones.
- to detect injuries to the urinary tract.
How are intravenous pyelograms performed?
Intravenous pyelograms are usually done on an outpatient basis, although they can be part of inpatient care. The patient may also be asked to take a laxative to clean out the bowel before the exam. The procedure is done with minimal risk to the patient. Although each hospital may have specific protocols in place, generally, an intravenous pyelogram procedure follows this process:
- The patient is positioned on the x-ray table.
- A preliminary x-ray is taken.
- Contrast in injected into the vein in the arm.
- During the injection of the contrast agent, the patient may feel warm and become flushed, only for a minute or so. This reaction is normal.
- X-rays are taken as the dye travels through the urinary tract.
- At times the patient may have to change positions as the x-rays are taken and may be asked to empty the bladder.
- A final x-ray is taken after urination to determine the amount of contrast dye remaining in the urinary tract. | <urn:uuid:980c1429-06c5-412d-affc-5557a4fbb0ee> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.grhealth.org/GhsuContentPage.aspx?nd=562 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051509/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00004-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924057 | 349 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Jarimatika Perkalian Dan Pembagian Septi Peni Wulandani Pdf 59 ((FREE))
Download --->>> https://urluso.com/2tBtNq
Jarimatika: A Fun Way to Learn Multiplication and Division
Jarimatika is a method of learning arithmetic by using fingers as a tool. The word jarimatika comes from the combination of jari (finger) and matematika (mathematics). Jarimatika was developed by Septi Peni Wulandani, an Indonesian educator who wrote a book titled Jarimatika Perkalian dan Pembagian (Jarimatika Multiplication and Division) in 2014.
The book explains how to use finger movements to perform multiplication and division operations up to two digits. The book also provides exercises and games to practice jarimatika skills. Jarimatika is intended for children aged 5 to 12 years old, but it can also be used by adults who want to improve their mental arithmetic abilities.
Jarimatika is based on the concept of decimal system, which uses ten symbols (0 to 9) to represent numbers. Each finger represents one symbol, and the position of the finger indicates the value of the symbol. For example, a straight finger means 1, a bent finger means 5, and a closed fist means 0. By using different combinations of fingers, one can form any number from 0 to 99.
To perform multiplication and division operations, jarimatika uses four basic rules: addition, subtraction, doubling, and halving. These rules are applied to the digits of the numbers involved in the operation. For example, to multiply 12 by 13, one can use the following steps:
Write down the numbers in a column:
Add the digits in the same place:
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 3 = 5
Double the result of step 2:
2 x 2 = 4
5 x 2 = 10
Subtract the digits in different places:
1 - 3 = -2
2 - 1 = 1
Halve the result of step 4:
-2 / 2 = -1
1 / 2 = 0.5
Combine the results of step 3 and step 5:
4 - 1 = 3
10 + 0.5 = 10.5
Write down the final answer:
12 x 13 = 156
To perform jarimatika operations using fingers, one can follow these steps:
Assign each finger a symbol from 0 to 9 according to its position.
Form the numbers to be multiplied or divided by using fingers.
Apply the four basic rules to the fingers as explained above.
Read the final answer from the fingers.
Jarimatika is a fun way to learn multiplication and division without using calculators or paper and pencil. It can help children develop their logical thinking, memory, concentration, and creativity. It can also enhance their confidence and interest in mathematics.Many studies have shown the benefits of jarimatika for students' mathematical abilities. According to Purwanti and Khoiriyah (2020), jarimatika can improve students' multiplication concept understanding by using tapertis media, which are sticks with different colors and lengths to represent numbers[^1^]. They found that jarimatika with tapertis media was more effective than conventional methods in enhancing students' learning achievement and motivation.
Rini and Margorini (2020) also reported that jarimatika can be implemented in early childhood education by using fingers as learning media[^2^]. They observed that jarimatika can help children develop their logical thinking, memory, concentration, and creativity. They also noted that jarimatika can increase children's confidence and interest in mathematics. They suggested that teachers should study the application of jarimatika method and be ready to accommodate the uniqueness of each child.
Another benefit of jarimatika is that it can be integrated with information and communication technology (ICT) to make mathematics teaching more interactive and engaging. For example, ICT can be used to create digital games, animations, simulations, or quizzes based on jarimatika methods. ICT can also facilitate the communication and collaboration among students and teachers who use jarimatika. ICT can also provide feedback and assessment for jarimatika learning outcomes[^3^].
In conclusion, jarimatika is a fun way to learn multiplication and division that has many benefits for students of different ages and levels. Jarimatika can improve students' mathematical skills, understanding, motivation, and interest. Jarimatika can also be combined with various media and technology to enhance its effectiveness and attractiveness. 061ffe29dd | <urn:uuid:72158466-493a-4e93-a035-93c13e3b523e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.dccapitolclub.com/forum/general-discussions/abvent-artlantis-studio-6-5-2-14-crack-setup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.913327 | 988 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Who is asking: Other
Level of the question: All
Question: 5 men took turns weighing themselves on a scale. However, they weighed each other two at a time, ten times total, so that every possible combination of two men was weighed. The scale had the following read out for the pairs, 236,244,228,250,258,230,246,238,242,and 252 pounds. How heavy was the heaviest man?
This question came from my granddaughter, any help would be
- Add up all these weights, and you get four times the total weight of the five men (because each man went four times on the scale). So if you divide this number by four you get the total weight of all five men.
- The largest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the two heaviest men, and the smallest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the two lightest men. When you subtract these two numbers from the total weight, you get the weight of the middle man.
- The second largest number on the list has to be the combined weight of the heaviest and the middle man, so you only need to subtract from it the weight of the middle man to get the weight of the heaviest. | <urn:uuid:a7631055-e7ab-41aa-9169-8520720e53b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.02.06/bev1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.94746 | 257 | 3.21875 | 3 |
What is the pH level of Garlic? Have you ever wondered whether Garlic is acidic or alkaline? We love garlic a lot. They go in many different dishes and they are the main ingredients for pickles.
Are garlic acidic or alkaline?
Unfortunately, Garlic is one of the most known triggers for heartburn if you have got Acid Reflux. GERD patients should avoid using Garlic in any shape whether cooked, in pickle or powder.
You can start using Garlic powder in the healing process but not everyone would tolerate it so be careful when you are trying in your healing process.
Is garlic losing its acidity when it’s cooked?
Unfortunately, whether it’s cooked or raw it’s very acidic and people who suffer from GERD should avoid eating it.
Garlic has a beneficial effect on the lymph, aiding in the elimination of noxious waste matter in the body., having the tendency to increase body odour until such waste has been sufficiently eliminated. It’s a valuable cleanser of the mucous membranes, particularly the lungs, the sinuses, the nose and the throat. For this reason, it is a valuable food in pulmonary conditions, asthma, etc.
Although occasionally somewhat irritating to the kidneys, Garlic is nevertheless valuable for its diuretic action. It is also a useful cleanser of the blood, therefore helpful in conditions of high blood pressure. It tends to stimulate peristaltic action and the secretion of digestive juices.
What is the pH level of Garlic?
Garlic pH level: 5.8
Add your review
Garlic pH level reviews
Garlic is not good for acid reflux and GERD
Garlic pH level is 5.80 and its acidic not alkaline therefore not good for those who has digestive problems such as acid reflux. | <urn:uuid:a9f172cc-07f5-4158-8902-8d48aeccea7b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.acidreflux.org.uk/garlic-ph-level-for-acid-reflux-and-gerd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488257796.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620205203-20210620235203-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.929545 | 382 | 2.625 | 3 |
Chimpanzees inoculated with an experimental AIDS vaccine have successfully fought off repeated exposures to the AIDS virus up to a year after they were vaccinated, a research team reported Sunday.
The novel vaccine, which consists of a series of nasal sprays followed weeks later by a booster shot in the arm, is the latest addition to a small but growing arsenal of experimental AIDS vaccines showing early signs of promise after many years of mostly disappointing results.
Scientists cautioned that other vaccines have looked similarly effective in chimpanzees, only to fail in human clinical trials. But researchers said they were encouraged by the strength of the immune response triggered by this vaccine.
The new vaccine was made from an adenovirus--a kind of virus that can cause colds in people--that was genetically engineered to contain an extra gene called gp160, normally found only in HIV. When sprayed into the nasal passages of chimps, the modified virus settled into the animals' upper respiratory tracts and intestines. | <urn:uuid:761a13ab-a039-4600-83a6-0ed5e9911d4b> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://articles.latimes.com/1997-06-02/news/mn-64880_1_aids-vaccine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982938776.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200858-00020-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975435 | 196 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The oscillating system of the torsional pendulum consists of a copper wheel mounted on a ball bearing which is excited to harmonic oscillations by means of a motor and a spiral spring. The natural frequency of the wheel is about 0.5 Hz. The motor frequency can be continuously adjusted between standstill and approximately 3 Hz. The wheel has markings on its periphery, with which the amplitude can be read from a scale surrounding the wheel. The damping of the oscillating system can be varied over a large range by means of an electromagnet. This apparatus can perform: Determination of the frequency of a free-damped oscillation. Observation of the consecutive amplitudes of a free-damped oscillation. A periodic and creeping adjustment of zero point of a free damped oscillation with appropriately adjusted damping. Forced oscillations and their resonance characteristics at different dampings. Phase shift between exciter and resonator and others. | <urn:uuid:041266c1-b4d1-4d70-9291-447bdf4e74e2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://demos.physics.indiana.edu/index.php?e=10619 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.9317 | 190 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Number Of Wild Trolleys In Natural Habitat Reaches All Time Low
A NEW study has revealed that the number of wild trolleys living in their natural habitat has reached an time low in the last 12 months, WWN can reveal.
International wildlife researchers conducted the study throughout 2017 and in publishing their results can confirm a historic low of just 170 shopping trolleys now live urban rivers and streams.
“You can draw your own conclusions on what this says about how Ireland as a country treats its trolleys, but it’s clear a repopulation programme is needed,” shared lead researcher involved in the study, Angela Telemans.
Once a common sight that many people treated as an irritant, shopping trolleys have been driven out of their natural habitat by a number of local authorities seeking to appease residents who treat their presence as a nuisance and inconvenience, meaning one of nature’s most beguiling sights; majestic trolleys launching themselves off bridges into rivers, could be consigned to the history books.
“We appreciate that they might not be the most beloved of wildlife, but we can’t ignore the fact we are driving them out of their natural habitat and if this continues at the rate it’s going wild trolleys will be extinct in no time,” added Telemans.
The numbers make for stark reading when compared with the neighbouring UK where wild trolley numbers have continued to flourish.
Telemans and her team warned that soon it could be the case that the cruel practice of seeing trolleys chained up in shopping centre car parks would be the only way to see and experience trolleys. | <urn:uuid:e89802c5-e02a-4818-94a0-3e27c0a5c10c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://waterfordwhispersnews.com/2018/02/02/number-of-wild-trolleys-in-natural-habitat-reaches-all-time-low/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.949327 | 347 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Gilbert was just like all of his other geese friends. He liked to swim, play, and fly. Until one day something terrible happened and he was no longer able to fly.
Read the story to see how this made Gilbert feel, and to see how the other geese in his flock treated him because he was different. In the end, you will see how being different made Gilbert a hero!
This book is a story about friendship, tolerance and self worth. It is a story about being different and wanting to belong. It is a story about a hero named Gilbert.
|Beautiful watercolor illustrations!|
There is an amazing website for kids that goes along with the story. The website introduces the main character, Gilbert, and treats the viewers to a sneak peek of some of the awesome book illustrations. Kids visiting the website are encouraged to leave a comment, listen to sounds, and guess "what happens next." There is an oppurtunity to purchase this wonderful story direct from the website, and you will receive two free gifts!
Check it out:
Disclosure of Material Connection: I received this book free from the publisher. I was not required to write a positive review. The opinions I have expressed are my own. I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255 <http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/16cfr255_03.html> : “Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.” | <urn:uuid:14c3ad15-fc18-4301-b849-db6eb5d63916> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://3betweentoddler-teen.blogspot.com/2010/09/book-review-flightless-goose.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744348.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118093845-20181118115845-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.963589 | 329 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Presentasi berjudul: "TELLING THE TIME LEARNING ENGLISH KELAS 5 SD SEMESTER 2 ABOUT"— Transcript presentasi:
1TELLING THE TIME LEARNING ENGLISH KELAS 5 SD SEMESTER 2 ABOUT TASK 1TELLING THE TIMETASK 2TASK 3BY :AFIF FAJAR K.( 2908 )ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
2Listening and repeat sentence which have said by teacher! TASK 1Listening and repeat sentence which have said by teacher!( Dengarkan dan ulangilah kalimat yang sudah diucapkan oleh guru! )2.1.It is nine o’clockIt is twelve o’clock( Sekarang tepat jam Sembilan.)( Sekarang tepat jam duabelas.)
33. 4. It is ten past ten It is five past four ( Sekarang jam sepuluh lewat sepuluh menit.)4.It is five past four( Sekarang jam empat lewat lima menit. )
45. 6. It is ten till two It is a half past seven ( Sekarang jam dua kurang sepuluh menit. )6.It is a half past seven( Sekarang jam setengah delapan.)
57. 4. It is a quarter to three It is a quarter past nine ( Sekarang jam tiga kurang lima belas menit.)4.It is a quarter past nine( Sekarang jam Sembilan lewat lima belas menit.)
6Listen and study the sentences below! TASK 2Listen and study the sentences below!( Dengarkan dan pelajari kalimat-kalimat dibawh ini! )1.I have breakfast. It is seven o’clock a.m.Saya sarapan pagi. Sekarang tepat jam tujuh pagi.
72. I go to school in the morning. It is a half past eight a.m. Saya pergi ke sekolah dipagi hari.Sekarang jam setengah delapan pagi.
83. I have lunch in the noon. It is seven o’clock. Saya makan siang di tengah hari.Sekarang tepat jam dua belas siang.
94. I watching TV in the afternoon. It is ten till two p.m. Saya menonoton televisi disore hari.Sekarang jam dua sore kurang sepuluh menit.
105. I take a bath in the afternoon. It is three o’clock p.m. Saya mandi disore hari.Sekarang tepat jam tiga sore.
116. I study in the evening. It is a half past eight p.m. Saya belajar pada dimalam hari.Sekarang jam setengah delapan malam.
127. I go to bed room. I sleep at nine o’clock p.m. Saya pergi ke kamar tidur.Saya tidur tepat jam sembilan malam.
13TASK 3 PRACTICE (Latihan) 1. 05.00 2. 15.30 What time is it? (Jam berapakah sekarang?)It is five o’clock a.m.It is five o’clock p.m.It is half past five a.m.It is quarter to five a.m.It is half past three a.m.It is a quarter to three p.m.It is half past three p.m.It is a quarter past three p.m.
14It is four o’clock a.m.It is a quarter past four a.m.It is half past four a.m.It is a quarter to four a.m.It is half past eleven p.m.It is a quarter to eleven p.m.It is half past eleven p.m.It is a quarter to eleven a.m.It is twenty till seven p.m.It is a quarter past three p.m.It is twenty till seven p.m.It is half past three p.m. | <urn:uuid:15a28db5-75d5-482d-9a56-a4f2a8edb073> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://slideplayer.info/slide/3657843/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122621.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00536-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.689425 | 945 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The State of Flow occurs when we are so immersed in an activity that it seems that time flies and we enjoy the pleasure of every second that passes. If you have ever experienced this state, you will have noticed that you are so focused on what you are doing, that you forget what is happening around you and do not want that moment to end.
The term Flow is introduced by Mihály Csikszentmiháyi and is related to creativity, talent and happiness, and is one of the basic pillars of positive psychology. For Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2009), “The State of Flow is a subjective state that people experience when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue and everything else, except the activity itself.”
How do we experience Flow’s State?
The State of Flow feels pleasant and liberating, since we are immersed in an activity that stimulates our passions, curiosities, interests and our senses. We lose the notion of time and a state of creativity and productivity is very high. If you have experienced the Flow State at some time, you may have noticed that:
- The focus is on the task and you experience a high degree of concentration.
- The activity is intrinsically rewarding.
- There is a pleasant feeling related to what you are doing.
- You get lost in time.
- The task is perceived as achievable and you think you are competent to carry it out.
- Notes that you have control over the effort you make.
- The feeling of fatigue disappears.
- The state of consciousness is almost automatic, it does not require effort.
Tips to take you to Flow State.
The State of Flow is related to well-being and happiness, since it is pleasant activities that make us feel special and happy with our life.
Following the contributions of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, here are some tips to be able to flow and reach the optimal state in which your task will become very rewarding.
1. Do something that you find interesting
The State of Flow appears naturally when there is intrinsic motivation or you feel curious about the activity you do. To increase productivity and creativity in what you are doing, you must enjoy what you do.
2. Set yourself clear and achievable goals
The objectives that you make in the activity must be specific and achievable. If you achieve that the objectives in that activity are in tune with your skill level, it is possible that you can flow during the realization. On the contrary, if the objectives that you signify suppose a degree of difficulty that demands an overexertion, then it can be stressful.
You have to understand that if the task you are going to perform does not represent any degree of difficulty, it is very possible that you get bored. The key is that there is an adequate level between the motivation for the task and the ability to perform it.
3. Find a quiet moment and avoid distractions
For many people, a quiet place is better to induce a Flow State. In this way, it is easier that there are no distractions and you can enjoy the moment in its entirety. Continuous interruptions do not favor the state of fluidity is present. If you want to be more productive, you can identify the time of day when you pay more. Some people work better in the morning, others in the afternoon and others in the evening.
4. Keep the attention as long as you can
Once you have found that quiet moment without distractions, try to keep your attention on the task. Sometimes, especially if you practice an activity for the first time, it is normal that you do not spend a lot of time concentrated. As you master the activity, you will have more time to enjoy it. On the other hand, you should pay attention to the physiological needs because they interfere with your level of attention. Therefore, it is important to cover these needs to favor the Flow State.
5. Your skill level must match the difficulty of the task
If our skill level is in tune with the activity we do, this will be more pleasant. In other words, if we are well prepared to do something, there are more possibilities to experience the Flow State. But adding a bit of difficulty to the task can keep our motivation high. The problem arises when the task comes great, then it stops being pleasant.
6. Focus on the process, not on the result
The Flow or Flow State is related to the completion of the task, not the result. An attractive result can be motivating too, but what is really important is to enjoy what is done. The State of Flow refers to having fun in the present, that is, getting lost in that moment of happiness. | <urn:uuid:0c116335-1c17-4d59-8c69-f0d041e2c437> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://giveitaspin.net/2018/07/07/the-state-of-flow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743963.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118031826-20181118053826-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.963974 | 978 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What are the effects of a warm front?
Warm Front Warm fronts often bring stormy weather as the warm air mass at the surface rises above the cool air mass, making clouds and storms. Warm fronts move more slowly than cold fronts because it is more difficult for the warm air to push the cold, dense air across the Earth’s surface.
Which type of weather is most commonly associated with a warm front *?
Warm fronts occur when cool air is being pushed away from the surface by warmer air. These fronts tend to produce less violent storms and move much slower than cold fronts. Most rain associated with warm fronts is a light to moderate rain that can include fog.
What processes occur on a warm front?
Warm fronts occur when light, warm air meets cold air. The warm air rises gradually over the cold air as they meet. As the warm air rises it cools and condenses to form clouds. Rain falls along the front as long periods of drizzle or steady rain.
What type of precipitation is associated with a warm front?
With a warm front, boundary between warm and cold air is more gradual than that of a cold front, which allows warm air to slowly rise and clouds to spread out into gloomy, overcast stratus clouds. Precipitation ahead of a warm front typically forms into a large shield of steady rain or snow.
What are the characteristics of a warm front?
Warm fronts are typically characterized by a transition from southeasterly to southwesterly winds. Unlike cold fronts, winds along the front itself are generally light and variable. Warm fronts, as their name implies, are also characterized by a rise in temperature, but also humidity.
What clouds are associated with warm fronts?
Warm fronts produce clouds when warm air replaces cold air by sliding above it. Many different cloud types can be created in this way: altocumulus, altostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, cirrus, cumulonimbus (and associated mammatus clouds), nimbostratus, stratus, and stratocumulus.
What are the weather front symbols?
The front marks the leading edge of the cold air. The blue triangles always point in the direction that the front (and the cold air) is going. A red line with half-circles on one side signifies a warm front. A warm front shows the leading edge of warmer air trying to replace a colder air mass.
What characteristics does a warm front have?
Additional Characteristics Warm fronts are typically characterized by a transition from southeasterly to southwesterly winds. Unlike cold fronts, winds along the front itself are generally light and variable. Warm fronts, as their name implies, are also characterized by a rise in temperature, but also humidity.
How do you identify a warm front?
Symbolically, a warm front is represented by a solid line with semicircles pointing towards the colder air and in the direction of movement. On colored weather maps, a warm front is drawn with a solid red line. There is typically a noticeable temperature change from one side of the warm front to the other.
What are the characteristics of a front?
What Is A Front? A front is defined by the transition zone or boundary between two air masses with different characteristics including: temperature, wind direction, density and dew point.
What does a warm front look like?
What are 4 types of fronts?
There are four basic types of fronts, and the weather associated with them varies.
- Cold Front. A cold front is the leading edge of a colder air mass.
- Warm Front. Warm fronts tend to move slower than cold fronts and are the leading edge of warm air moving northward.
- Stationary Front.
- Occluded Front.
How does a warm front affect the air?
The warm air fronts are generally known to move from the southwestern direction to the northeastern direction. Air that follows a warm front is much more hot in comparison to the air that is in front of it. When warm fronts pass through a particular area, they make the air warm in comparison to what it was.
What happens when a cold front moves into an area?
As a cold front moves into an area, the heavier (more dense) cool air pushes under the lighter (less dense) warm air, causing it to rise up into the troposphere. Lifted warm air ahead of the front produces cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms, like in the image on the left (A).
What is the definition of a warm front?
Warm fronts are defined as the transition zones where warm air replaces a huge mass of cold air. The warm air fronts are generally known to move from the southwestern direction to the northeastern direction.
How does an occlusion affect the weather front?
In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air. A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. | <urn:uuid:47110fc0-220b-4958-8ea0-f5aff2ad1193> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://brainwritings.com/what-are-the-effects-of-a-warm-front/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104364750.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704080332-20220704110332-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.927964 | 1,080 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Assonance poems are abundant in literature. Assonance is one of the more difficult techniques to master when writing poetry. Assonance occurs when vowels are repeated in words that are close to each other.
There are three literary devices found in prose and poetry. These are:
The way you use assonance can change the mood of the poem:
From the second stanza:
Hear the mellow wedding bells,
What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!
Through the balmy air of night
How they ring out their delight!
From the molten-golden notes,
And an in tune,
What a liquid ditty floats
To the turtle-dove that listens, while she gloats
From the fourth stanza:
What a world of solemn thought their monody compels!
In the silence of the night,
How we shiver with affright
At the melancholy menace of their tone!
For every sound that floats
From the rust within their throats
Is a groan.
Poe used assonance in El Dorado as well:
A gallant night
In sunshine and in shadow,
Had journeyed long,
Singing a song,
In search of El Dorado.
But he grew old -
This knight so bold -
And - o'er his heart a shadow
Fell as he found
No spot of ground
That looked like El Dorado."
Edgar Allan Poe was a master of all these literary techniques; consonance, alliteration, and assonance.
In this excerpt from the poem The Raven note the "i" and "ur" sound used in assonance, the "s" sound used in consonance, and the "r" and "s" sound used in alliteration at the beginning of words:
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore -
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore -
Nameless here for evermore.
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating`
'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door -
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; -
This it is, and nothing more,'
Finding assonance poems isn't a challenge, since so many authors embraced this literary tool to help create rhythm and cadence in their poetry. Consider the following examples by Kelly Roper of LoveToKnow.com.
Who knows why the cold wind blows
Or where it goes, or what it knows.
It only flows in passionate throes
Until it finally slows and settles in repose.
The ants came upon the cookie crumb feast,
And looked at the crumbs from largest to least.
Their desire for the biggest chunk increased,
So they decided to carry it to their farm in the east.
With a heave and a ho, they lifted their load,
and hoisted it on their backs.
Then slowly, shuffling under the strain,
They began to make their tracks.
Hour by hour, they used their power
And finally made their way,
To their happy little farm full of sandy charm,
Where they were hailed as the heroes of the day.
Grief creeps in just like a thief and steals all joy away.
It holds it hostage, trapped in bondage,
And turns the world silent and gray.
The alarm clock's tinkling gave him an inkling
That it was time to wake up.
But he set it to snooze rather than choose
to part from his slumber and lovely dream muse.
The next thing he heard was the sound of a bird -
A rooster calling "cockadoodle doo."
He opened one eye, saw a hint of dawn in the sky,
But decided to ignore that too.
So he slept on the matter until awakened by the clatter
of metal spoon clanging on pan.
"If you don't get out of bed and go to work instead,
I'll serenade you till you're dead," his angry wife said.
Assonance doesn't have to be used by serious poets with serious subjects only. To finish off the examples of assonance poems, consider this fun little ditty by Kelly Roper on the timeless exchange between a cat and a mouse.
Pawing, clawing, scratching and sawing,
The cat dug into the mouse's hole.
Feeling quite affected and utterly dejected,
He realized the mouse wasn't home. | <urn:uuid:2ebf56bf-0127-4356-95fe-1e8b21c14437> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-assonance-poems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540544696.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212153724-20191212181724-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.941316 | 1,037 | 3.734375 | 4 |
GRACE (2002-2017) was able to make accurate measurements thanks in part to two advanced technologies: a microwave ranging system based on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, and a very sensitive accelerometer — an instrument that measures the forces on the satellites besides gravity (such as atmospheric drag).
Using the microwave ranging system, GRACE measured the distance between satellites to within one micron — about the diameter of a blood cell.
The two GRACE-FO satellites will use the same kind of microwave ranging system, and can expect to achieve a similar level of precision. They will also test and demonstrate an experimental instrument using lasers instead of microwaves, which promises to improve the precision of separation distance measurements on future generations of GRACE satellites by a factor of up to 20, thanks to the laser’s higher frequencies.
It will be the first time we've ever done active laser ranging between two spacecraft.
Once validated on GRACE-FO, the laser interferometer is envisioned to be used operationally for the next-generation version of GRACE. “It will be the first time we've ever done active laser ranging between two spacecraft,” said Deputy Project Manager Mike Gross, who is also the Flight Systems Manager.
While the microwave instrument measures changes in distance between the spacecraft, the laser system is designed to also provide information in the angle between the two spacecraft. In combination with the increased precision of the separation measurement, and advances in the ground science data system, these improvements will enable future GRACE-like satellites to detect gravitational differences at significantly smaller scales.
The accelerometer measures the forces that move the satellite by pushing on its surface. “The measurement allows us to correct for anything that is related to drag or solar pressure, leaving just gravity,” JPL Director and GRACE-FO Science Lead Mike Watkins said.
Together, these very precise measurements of location, force and orbital change translate into an observation of gravity with unprecedented accuracy. Flight engineers maneuver the satellites only if they separate by more than 155 miles (250 km), otherwise they are left alone and gravity "tugs and pulls" on them. As the satellites circle the Earth, the ranging technology tells scientists exactly where each satellite is relative to the other. Supercomputers and scientists compare the positions of the satellites relative to each other and to previous orbits, noting every variation.
GRACE-FO will start in the same orbit as its predecessor, at an altitude of more than 300 miles (500 km), building on the datasets gleaned from GRACE. | <urn:uuid:679f11a2-97c1-48cc-b02e-e2e70fda7163> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/microwaves-and-lasers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201234046-20211202024046-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.918248 | 520 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Who Determines Worship Practices?
"Says who?!" So say kids when they have disagreements. And so say church folk to each other when they disagree about worship practices or changes. Who determines what happens during worship? What should be said or done? In what order? How much variation is allowed from week to week or within a denomination?
Various church traditions have given different answers to these questions. At one end of the spectrum are the Anglican, Episcopal, and Roman Catholic churches, along with many Lutherans. The book tells them what to say and do. The Book of Common Prayer and other service books dictate not only the order of worship, but the very words to be spoken by ministers and people. At the other end of the spectrum are charismatic and "Free Church" traditions, which typically use no written directions for worship, but allow local autonomy to congregation and pastor.
Near the middle of the spectrum are Reformed and Presbyterian churches. Reformed churches with roots on the European continent, particularly the Netherlands, have traditionally had "orders of worship"—listing rubrics, such as "Pastoral Prayer" and "Offering," but giving pastors the liberty to provide their own prayers. Their approach to the sacraments and profession of faith, however, has traditionally been more structured. Pastors are expected to follow word for word the "forms" approved by their synod.
Presbyterian churches with roots in Scotland and England have followed somewhat similar practices, but with a Directory of Worship holding sway. Worship directories come in various forms, but a directory is basically a set of directions for the worship leader. The order of worship and suggested rubrics may be spelled out in great detail, although the prayers and other liturgical words are not provided.
The Origin of Worship Directories
The first generations of the Reformed Church of Scotland, as well as the Reformed churches on the European continent, adopted liturgical documents derived from the ministry of Calvin and other reformers. John Knox represents this extension into Scotland with the Book of Common Order (or "Psalm-Book"), which was printed from 1564 until 1644.
But by the seventeenth century, English Puritanism and similar forces in the Church of Scotland demanded further reform in liturgy. The Puritans held that the Reformed churches were not sufficiently reformed in their worship practices; they sought a basic uniformity in doctrine, favored plainness of ceremony, and insisted on freedom to obey Scripture and the Holy Spirit in worship. The famous Westminster Assembly (1640-1649) supplied the Church of Scotland with the first Directory for the Public Worship of God (along with the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms). Actually, this Westminster Directory was largely ignored in England, but it became the dominant worship guide for the Church of Scotland and had immense influence in later Presbyterian churches in America.
What is the content of this Directory? The directions for the regular Lord's Day service consist of five parts.
First, "Of the Assembling of the Congregation, and their Behavior in the Public Worship of God" sets forth the proper gathering of God's people. The people are instructed to assume their places "in a grave and solemn manner, taking their seats without adoration, or bowing themselves toward one place or other." They are to abstain from "private whisperings, conferences, salutations ... gazing, sleeping, and other indecent behavior ...."
The second part gives brief instructions on "Public Reading of the Holy Scriptures." The books of the Bible are to be read in order, "ordinarily one chapter of each Testament."
The third part, "Of Public Prayer before the Sermon," is a lengthy mandate for the pastor to pray for confession, for the church and the world ("pray for the conversion of the Queen"), for the local congregation, and for blessing on the preaching. The prayer lists hundreds of petitions, but concludes: "We judge this is a most convenient order, in the ordinary public prayers; yet so, as the Minister may defer (as in prudence he shall think meet) some part of these petitions, till after his sermon ...."
The fourth part, "Of the Preaching of the Word," consists of an eloquent four-page treatise on the "plain" (or expository) preaching in the Puritan style. The minister is "not to rest in general doctrine, although never so much cleared and confirmed, but to bring it home to special use, by application to his hearers ...." The instructions close with brief directions for "Prayer after Sermon."
After outlining the regular service, the Directory gives instructions for baptism and Lord's Supper services, listing actions, exhortations, and prayers in great detail, just short of legislating required wording. Considerable attention is also given to marriage and visiting the sick, with an eye to civil law and pastoral theology. Burial is considered a civil event and is dismissed with the stipulation that "the dead body, upon the day of burial, be decently attended from the house to the place appointed for public burial, and there immediately interred, without any ceremony." Other matters addressed include the Lord's Day, fast days and days of Thanksgiving, and a brief mention of the singing of psalms.
The Lasting Influence of the Directory
In many ways the first Directory was a failure, both as a tool for guiding worship, and as a means of reconciling different liturgical customs. It was a grand and rigorous ideal, but it was too demanding for the context in which it appeared. However, the Directory did provide a model for later Presbyterians as they sought the goal of biblically Reformed worship. It provided guidance for worship that was broad enough to include diversity and hold a changing communion together; it excluded unacceptable deviations in worship; and it provided specific helps for prayer and other worship activities.
The directory strategy currently is flourishing among American Presbyterians, as separate denominations shape their liturgical and doctrinal idiom. The largest denomination, the Presbyterian Church (USA), adopted a complex new directory in 1989 and is also publishing a series of supplemental liturgical resources. This latest directory was significantly influenced by the revisions of liturgical forms and books for voluntary use in worship. A new service book (projected for 1993) will share a partnership with the Directory in guiding worship.
This new Directory for Worship provides constitutional requirements for worship, but it is also a major teaching document. The practice of using the directory as a teaching tool began in the 1960s, as a century of liturgical recovery and creativity once again inspired directories designed to guide reform of worship. This latest Directory speaks more in permission and suggestion than as law or regulation. It is also by far the longest, most complex directory ever adopted.
Other Presbyterian denominations are developing directories of different sorts. As a result, both the fracturing of a tradition, and fresh ferment within it, can be seen in the current state of directories for worship in the U.S.A.
An unofficial but general experiment seems to be in progress among the American Presbyterians to discover how best to guide worship:
■ The Presbyterian Church in America has reclaimed the nineteenth-century form of a directory.
■ The Evangelical Presbyterian Church adopted an extensively revised version of the directories of the 1960s.
■ The Associate Reformed Presbyterians reduced the scope of their directory's attention essentially to the sacraments, while acknowledging that many resources will be employed for assisting public worship.
■ Both the Reformed and Orthodox Presbyterians are refining directories to speak in tones characteristic of their confessional priorities.
■ Churches of continental Reformed roots never adopted directories. But the Reformed Church in America recently adopted a Directory for Worship, showing the influence of the Scottish Presbyterian tradition on a denomination of continental Reformed roots. (Liturgy and Confessions, Reformed Church Press, Reformed Church in America, 1990.)
Prospects for the Directory
The advantages and disadvantages of a directory approach tend to lie in the same features. Considerable authority is given and skill expected from the planners and leaders of worship. Principles and directives of the directory must be translated into ceremony and text by the worship leader. Such a strategy is powerless in the face of willful neglect, and the danger of liturgical whim is always present. (Churches with either a prescribed or discretionary liturgy at least provide words for a congregation, so the tyranny of pastoral extemporaneity is broken to a degree).
A more difficult problem is the balance to be sought between tradition and diversity, when "diversity" may simply shield a perverse attachment to local custom or fashion. Directory-guided worship risks poor discipline by requiring self-discipline.
The current generation of Presbyterian directories all tackle the educational task to a greater extent than previously. All the directories provide more background in theology of worship and more practical guidance than the early directories did. These newer directories also assume the use of other resources, as in the use of the PC(USA) service book, or even the borrowing of liturgical forms and texts of other denominations. A blending of strategies is taking place as one result of ecumenical sharing in scholarship and resources.
The directory approach expresses a truth of Christian worship: that although liturgy has a universal Christian dimension, it must also be appropriated individually and adapted to the local community. A directory can affirm the nature of true liturgical unity within the variety of styles and missional requirements created by evangelization and change in denominations. And it can serve as a helpful teaching tool and resource for pastors and members who are committed to the ministry of leading and teaching worship. | <urn:uuid:e146628f-48e2-49ac-8f40-f8c247ebee0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.reformedworship.org/article/december-1991/directory-worship-what-it-what-it-does | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036077.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625160220-20220625190220-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.95643 | 1,977 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The debate on global warming is burdened with unfortunate misconceptions that inhibit progress in moving forward (see “Planning for a Climate-Changed World”).
One misconception is that “draconian measures” would be required to mitigate global warming. This is simply not so, if we implement a prudent program right away. Such a program would include four major strategies: increased energy efficiency (in buildings, autos, and appliances), coal mitigation (which includes increased use of solar, wind, geothermal, and perhaps nuclear power, as well as carbon capture and sequestration for coal-fired power plants), the development of new biofuels (such as cellulosic ethanol), and reversal of deforestation. These strategies can stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at acceptable levels and for acceptable economic costs.
Another misconception is that it would be better to wait to take action until technology provides new options. In fact, we need to start reducing emissions right away. If we delay, the world will face a dreadful dilemma: the choice between adopting draconian measures and passing the “tipping point beyond which it will be impossible to avoid climate change with far-ranging undesirable consequences,” as the NASA climate scientist James Hansen puts it.
Another misconception is that a cap-and-trade system is the best approach to controlling the various greenhouse gases. Such a system sets a cap on total emissions and distributes emission allowances (or permits to emit) to market participants. These participants must buy allowances if they don’t have enough, and they may sell them if they have an excess. Such a system has helped reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions from power plants in the United States.
But there are major problems with relying too heavily on this approach. The biggest is that it is too hard to figure out the economic and environmental effects. Prudent people do not want to risk unacceptable economic consequences. Other prudent people do not want to risk accomplishing too little. A politically acceptable compromise might take a long time and would probably tilt too far toward economic prudence, failing to achieve the necessary reductions.
Performance standards are a simpler approach. They would directly regulate the pollutants from new sources of emissions, such as power plants and autos, and mandate greater efficiency for new appliances and buildings. Performance standards can be implemented right away, without fear of unforeseen adverse economic consequences. They alone would result in major emission reductions over time. Such reductions could then be complemented by whatever additional help a cap-and-trade system provides.
Hoff Stauffer is the managing director of the Wingaersheek Research Group, which focuses primarily on global climate change. He previously worked at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and various consulting firms. | <urn:uuid:b06186b6-fd41-4f90-aa0c-5b07448f9d1c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.technologyreview.com/notebook/407847/global-warming-myths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094690.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00157-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941344 | 552 | 3.25 | 3 |
A Study Of Educational Inequalities In South Carolina (1936)A documentary produced by the National Association For the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on the racial disparities in the education provided in South Carolina public schools.
Back to the Documentary Films Library
Viewing Sluggish? Click on the Pause buttom to allow the Video to Pre-Load for a few seconds, then click the Play button to continue.
back to Uncle Earl's Classic TV Channel | <urn:uuid:02079fd9-7a09-474c-bee8-a089eeff8535> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.solie.org/alibrary/Docu_EducationalInequalitiesInSouthCarolina1936.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171670.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00337-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87235 | 98 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Disunion follows the Civil War as it unfolded.
One hot August day in 1864, Cpl. Joseph W. Ely of the 19th Michigan sat down in his camp in northern Georgia to write his sister Adelia. Ely’s regiment had been engaged in almost constant marching and fighting since the Atlanta Campaign began three months earlier. Now the men were on the outskirts of Atlanta, hunkered down in trenches under deadly rifle and artillery fire.
Apparently, Ely had read that the folks back home were under the impression that the Atlanta Campaign was all but over. In his letter, he disabused Adelia of that notion:
I see the people in Michigan have been made to believe that we have taken Atlanta, but they are slightly mistaken. It is no child’s play to take it. Many good lives have been lost trying to take it and I fear a good many more will be lost before our army marches into the streets of Atlanta.
Gen. William T. Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, which ended with the city’s fall in early September, has often been described as one of maneuvers more than large battles. While that may be true when compared with Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s much bloodier Overland Campaign in Virginia, underway that summer, in fact few Civil War campaigns were as grueling in terms of poor living conditions and daily combat attrition.
The 19th Michigan certainly saw its share of the suffering. Mustered into service in September 1862 under Col. Henry C. Gilbert, it was placed in Col. John Coburn’s brigade with the 22nd Wisconsin and the 33rd and 85th Indiana. The men spent nearly a year on occupation duty in Tennessee before being ordered to join Sherman in Georgia.
The regiment’s first significant action took place on May 15, at Resaca, Ga., when Coburn’s brigade was sent forward against a fortified Confederate artillery battery. In the ensuing fight, the regiment helped capture the four rebel cannons, but Colonel Gilbert was mortally wounded, and three color bearers were shot down. In just a few hours of combat, 23 of the 19th Michigan’s soldiers were killed, and 64 were wounded.
After Gen. Joseph E. Johnston abandoned Resaca and retreated to another strong defensive position, Sherman left his railroad supply line and marched southwest toward New Hope Church in an attempt to flank the rebels. Gen. Joe Hooker’s 20th Corps, which included the 19th Michigan, led the march. As they approached New Hope Church on May 25, the men learned that the rebels had discovered their maneuver and were waiting for them somewhere in the dense woods ahead.
The sun had already set by the time Coburn led his men through the thick brush toward the enemy. The dark forest exploded with musket fire just as a violent thunderstorm swept over the area. Blinding sheets of rain pelted the men, jagged lightning lit up the battlefield and the sound of musket fire mixed with ground-shaking peals of thunder. Henry Noble, a member of Ely’s company, described the fight in a letter to his wife:
Forward we went, the front lines falling back as we came up. It was so dark by that time that we could hardly see the confederate lines, but the flash of their guns was a sure guide. There we lay for the space of an hour firing as fast as we could load.
The soldiers nicknamed the area the “Hell Hole.” One Confederate who visited the battleground wrote, “The trees looked as if they had been cut down for new ground, being mutilated and shivered by musket and cannon balls. Horses were writhing in their death agony, and the sickening odor of battle filled the air.”
That evening, 51 men of the 19th Michigan were killed wounded. When the shooting slackened that night, Ely, Noble and two other men found one of their comrades, Frederick Campbell, groaning in the mud from a chest wound. Noble recalled carrying him to the rear:
He requested us to let him rest and we laid him down. I held his head until we perceived that he was gone and then we left him. He told me to give his love to his father, brothers & sisters and then died without a struggle.
Both armies dug in and engaged in deadly trench warfare for the next week. On one occasion, Ely’s ramrod was shot from his hands, and the next day Noble was writing his wife when a nearby commotion startled him:
There! A ball from a confederate sharpshooter’s gun came among us and killed the Orderly Sergt. of Co. D not over two rods from where I am writing. I tell you Ruth, life is uncertain here. The bullets are whizzing past us all the time and every few minutes some one is getting either killed or wounded. The same ball that killed the sergt. wounded another man in the leg.
Coburn’s exhausted brigade was finally relieved on June 1. The 19th Michigan had entered the campaign with 717 officers and men. Now, just a month later, it was down to 404. Sgt. Phinehas Hager noted the effect the strain was having:
The boys are all very much tired out, and very much effected by the circumstances under which we are placed. There is not half the levity and profanity that I have usually seen in camp. Few men can look upon death with indifference; and especially upon death under such appalling circumstances, as we view it here.
Accepting the stalemate at New Hope Church, Sherman disengaged and moved back east to the railroad. Johnston followed suit and established a strong line near Lost Mountain. On June 15, near Gilgal Church, the 19th Michigan attacked across a road under heavy artillery fire to support another unit that was being hard-pressed. One shell tore off a sergeant’s leg, and a lieutenant had the skin ripped off his leg from kneecap to hip. Maj. Eli Griffin, the new commanding officer, was shot in the chest, just like his predecessor, and taken to the rear on a blanket. Although surgeons removed the bullet, Griffin died the following morning. Ten days earlier he had predicted to a comrade, “I am going to get killed,” and left instructions for the care of his belongings.
Johnston next withdrew to a line near Kennesaw Mountain, and on June 22 Coburn was ordered to occupy a small hill near Kolb’s Farm. He did so with minimal losses, but among the wounded was Corporal Ely. It was only after the charge was over that he noticed his hand felt warm and saw that his ring finger had been nearly severed at the first joint. Rather than risk returning to the field hospital under fire, Ely cut off the fingertip with his pocketknife and wrapped the stub with a handkerchief. Cyress Wheeler, one of Ely’s comrades, suffered an identical wound to the index finger but chose to return to the rear to let the surgeons amputate it. He contracted gangrene, lost his arm at the shoulder, and died a month later. Ely lived until 1923.
Ely was assigned to the field hospital while his finger healed but dutifully kept a record of his regiment’s casualties. On the Fourth of July he noted in his diary:
Lieut. [Augustus] Lilly was taken sick yesterday, he was sun struck. A number of men were sun struck. … Carlton Norton was wounded to day with a piece of shell. Several were wounded with shells. … I took care of him for three hours. The piece of shell is still inside of him.
Johnston’s constant retreating angered Jefferson Davis, and the president finally replaced him with John Bell Hood. Hood immediately assumed the offensive and launched a vicious attack on July 20 against Gen. George Thomas’s Army of the Cumberland as it crossed Peachtree Creek.
One of Coburn’s men happened to see the approaching rebels while beyond the lines picking blackberries and informed the colonel. Coburn immediately formed his brigade and charged the approaching enemy. The fighting was brutal and often hand-to-hand, but the rebels were defeated. During the battle, the 19th Michigan’s Capt. Frank Baldwin charged into the enemy line and captured a Confederate battle flag and two officers, an act for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor (he was awarded a second medal during the western Indian wars).
Afterward, while burying the rebel dead, Pvt. Justin Austin was shocked to find a badly wounded woman in a Confederate uniform. He wrote home, “She was shot in the breast and through the thy & was still alive & as gritty as any reb I ever saw.” The 19th Michigan had taken 300 men into the Battle of Peachtree Creek and suffered 40 dead and wounded. Maj. John Baker, who had replaced the fallen Griffin, was severely wounded and the regimental command fell to the senior captain.
By the end of July, Sherman’s armies were within shelling distance of Atlanta and began firing as many as 3,000 rounds a day into the city. Ely enjoyed watching the bombardment, and in one letter to his sister wrote, “It is a beautiful sight to the see the shells burst over the houses. … It is terrible what those people are going through, but they deserve everything they are getting!”
To break the stalemate, Sherman left the 20th Corps north of Atlanta to guard the railroad, and took the rest of his force around the west side of Atlanta to attack Hood’s supply lines. After several bloody battles, the tactic proved successful, and the city fell on Sept. 2.
Throughout the night of Sept. 1, Coburn’s men heard massive explosions inside Atlanta, but Sept. 2 dawned strangely quiet. At 6 a.m., Coburn took most of the 19th Michigan and parts of other units and crept toward the silent Confederate trenches. He found that the rebels had abandoned Atlanta, and the mayor and a small group of civilians were waiting to surrender the city.
Of the 717 men in the 19th Michigan who started the campaign, 225 had become casualties. Only their sister regiment, the 33rd Indiana, had suffered more, with 242 casualties. But there was still eight months of war to go, and the regiment accompanied Sherman on his March to the Sea and Carolinas Campaign before being mustered out of service on May 24, 1865. During its three years of service, 1,238 officers and men served in the 19th Michigan. Ninety-five were killed or mortally wounded, and 142 died from diseases and other causes.
Sources: William M. Anderson, “They Died to Make Men Free: A History of the 19th Michigan Infantry in the Civil War”; Terry L. Jones, “‘The Flash of Their Guns was a Sure Guide’: The 19th Michigan Infantry in the Atlanta Campaign,” in Theodore Savas and David Woodbury, eds., “The Campaign for Atlanta and Sherman’s March to the Sea”; Terry L. Jones, “‘This Cruel War:’ Joseph W. Ely and the Nineteenth Michigan in the Civil War” (M.A. thesis, Louisiana Tech University, 1979); John McBride, “History of the Thirty-third Indiana Veteran Volunteer Infantry”; and United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: The Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
Terry L. Jones is a professor of history at the University of Louisiana, Monroe and the author of several books on the Civil War. | <urn:uuid:be7f1cee-81ce-4a9d-a0be-82e976446e54> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/destination-atlanta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512054.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211014442-20171211034442-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.987052 | 2,436 | 3.25 | 3 |
Glossary » cognitive modeling
producing a computational model for how people perform tasks and solve problems, based on psychological principles. These models may be outlines of tasks written on paper or computer programs which enable us to predict the time it takes for people to perform tasks, the kinds of errors they make, the decisions they make, or what buttons and menu items they choose.
Such models can be used in several ways: to determine ways of improving the user interface so that a person’s task has fewer errors or takes less time, to build into the user interface to make software that reacts more effectively to help people use the system by anticipating their behavior or inferring their mental state (an artificial intelligence approach that may be used, for instance, in educational software, to provided the best customized instruction), or as a means of testing current psychological theory.
Major modeling approaches include GOMS, ACT-R, Epic, and Soar. | <urn:uuid:fc27c75a-9c14-4f39-a150-ed44ca05c63e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.usabilityfirst.com/glossary/cognitive-modeling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997901076.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025821-00170-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925429 | 190 | 3.53125 | 4 |
by Anita Campanelli, for the second season of the New Science Communicator Series
Researchers are working towards developing a new and improved carbon fibre material – one that environmentalists can get on board with. In a world where technology is constantly changing and innovation is all around us, it is important that these changes have a positive outcome. With a growing concern for the well-being of the natural environment, a higher number of industries are seeking new technologies to reduce their environmental footprint.
Carbon fibre is used for many applications, including automotive and aerospace components, military technologies, and other civil projects. It is very useful because of its strength, durability, chemical resistance, temperature tolerance, and low weight, but traditional carbon fibre manufacturing is not environmentally friendly.
Traditional carbon fibre is made through a lengthy process, starting with a synthetic precursor called poly-acrylic-nitrile, or PAN. It is then processed using industrial ovens and furnaces that lead to the release of greenhouse gases including nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide gases. Other harmful compounds are also released such as ammonia and hydrogen cyanide, both of which are toxic to humans if inhaled at a high enough concentration.
While PAN carbon fibre contains this chemical precursor, researchers have developed a carbon fibre that starts off with a compound found directly in nature. This new and improved carbon fibre uses an alternative precursor known as lignin. Lignin is a naturally occurring compound that makes up the cell walls of plants, and is stiff and rigid enough to be used instead of PAN. It serves as an excellent choice for a precursor to use in carbon fibre because it is readily available, high in carbon, low in cost, and is a renewable resource. Lignin can be found in almost any plant material found on land, and is the second most common natural polymer found on Earth (the first being cellulose).
The processes involved in producing both traditional and lignin-based carbon fibre are fairly similar when it comes to the overall method. This means that companies do not have to develop and purchase an entirely new production system should they want to switch from PAN to the lignin precursor. The differences lie within the development of the precursor.
PAN is synthesized by mixing plastics together, a main one being acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile is not produced in Canada, and has been declared toxic and harmful to human health under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Acrylonitrile is carcinogenic, and if there is a large, highly concentrated spill, it may be toxic to the environment as well. The exact method companies use today to make traditional carbon fibre is a trade secret, but we know they must synthesize organic compounds which requires a large amount of energy. This leads to high costs and energy concerns for the company. Needless to say, the PAN precursor is not an ideal option.
While PAN must be synthesized through various steps, lignin is naturally occurring. Lignin is readily available for industrial processes as it is a byproduct of paper and pulp production, and so does not need to have its own special extraction process. This lignin byproduct starts off as a powder at the pulp or paper mill. The powder at this point is heated to remove any moisture or volatile compounds with the help of a vacuum to remove any of these gases, leading to the formation of lignin pellets. From there, the lignin fibres are created by a process called “spinning,” where the lignin is wound at a fast rate using a spinneret to get the desired fibres, which are then oxidized, stabilized, and carbonized.
Research into using lignin for carbon fibre has been progressing successfully over the years. Initially, the development and production stages varied from today’s production, particularly as chemical reactions were used to to modify the chemical makeup of the lignin. At the time, this was the only way to create a lignin precursor that could lead to viable carbon fibre. Now, thanks to the utilization of a thermal extrusion process, certain productions allow the chemical makeup of the lignin to be similar to what is present within the plants themselves. This advancement in research and technology has greatly reduced the cost of the precursor when compared to PAN. The lack of chemical synthesis required to form the precursor also leads to a significant reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.
While there is still more research being conducted to fine-tune the use of lignin as a precursor for carbon fibre, it is headed in a very promising direction, with some companies already demonstrating its abilities in multiple projects. Currently, this version of carbon fibre is deemed useful for general purposes, but high-performance applications like aerospace or military components still require traditional PAN carbon fibre. Lignin is best suited for less precise uses, such as the manufacture of bicycle frames, or lower volume applications. Research in the application of lignin-based carbon fibre is ongoing around the world and in Canada. In a world faced with climate change, it is extremely important to create products in a smarter way. Using this plant based precursor for carbon fibre is a step in the right direction to create an innovative material while still being environmentally-friendly. | <urn:uuid:58729c04-12c4-4fd9-a175-eaee90a6431a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://blog.scienceborealis.ca/a-natural-approach-to-carbon-fibre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110578.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822104509-20170822124509-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.951549 | 1,071 | 3.53125 | 4 |
4.G.A.2. Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or absence of angles of a specified size. Recognize right triangles as a category, and identify right triangles.
4.G.A.3. Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure as a line across the figure such that the figure can be folded along the line into matching parts. Identify line-symmetric figures and draw lines of symmetry. | <urn:uuid:f14f5ae3-cdc7-484d-9372-67294cd4f01f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.illustrativemathematics.org/4.G.A | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112682.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822201124-20170822221124-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.894998 | 106 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Here are some positive tips to extend your child’s thinking when completing the optional maths homework provided in CGP workbooks.
Ask them to complete one of the following reasoning statements after a problem or calculation.
Ask them to draw a pictorial representation of the calculation or problem.
Write the calculation as a word problem.
Set an investigation from the calculation.
See where a calculation takes them. Can they start with a calculation and generate others from that starting point? | <urn:uuid:84291b91-4920-4fa0-b03a-bbbd7b470c42> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.castlemortonprimaryschool.co.uk/extending-optional-maths-homework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102307.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816144701-20170816164701-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.901789 | 97 | 3.984375 | 4 |
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life. We provide the latest updates on nutrition, dieting, exercise, fitness, home
remedies and natural cures for common illnesses, and other health-related topics.
Get in shape with us and keep your body running at it’s peak!
One of the biggest mistake many people make in winter is that they forget to drink
water. In summer, dehydration is obvious – temperature soaring steadily, beads of
sweat rolling off your brows, your vision starts to blur, you know you have to grab
a glass or bottle of water and drink up.
In contrast with summer, the signs and symptoms of dehydration in winter may be subtle
and gradual, making dehydration difficult to detect.
Psychologically, it can be rather easy to forget hydration during winter because
it’s cold and we’re less likely to feel thirsty but heavy exercises or activities
such as shoveling snow, cycling, mountaineering, snowing-shoeing, skiing or skating
can cause your body to lose more than 2 liters of water an hour and increase your
risks of dehydration.
Also, factor in dry winter air, the use of heaters indoors and the layers of thick
clothing, winter dehydration can be happen.
Water is necessary for various body functions and maintenance of good health. Not
only is water required to regulate the body’s temperature through sweating and keep
the body tissues – lungs, nose, mouth – moist, it is also needed to remove toxins
and waste from the body, and transports nutrients and oxygen to cells.
In addition, water also protects your spinal cord and lubricates joints, preventing
joint and muscle stiffness.
The signs and symptoms of winter dehydration are very much the same as dehydration
in summer, and it can range from mild to severe.
Pay attention to the following warning signs of dehydration and make sure you drink
plenty of water even if you don't feel thirsty.
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration Include
• Dry sticky mouth, skin and mucous membrane
• Mild or extreme thirst
• Sleepiness, tiredness, irritability or decreased alertness
• Decreased, little or no urination
• Muscle weakness or spasms
• Headaches, dizziness or lightheadedness
• Sunken eyes, dry shriveled skin that lack elasticity
• Low blood pressure
• Rapid heartbeat
Preventing dehydration in the winter months is very simple; just make sure you drink
regularly in small amounts to keep yourself well hydrated at all times. Always have
a water bottle with you – on your desk at work, in your car, in your gym bag – and
refill it often.
Keep in mind that being thirsty or having a dry mouth is not a true indicator of
how much water your body needs. Therefore, you should consume plenty of fluids even
if you don’t feel thirsty. This is the best way to stay adequately hydrated before
the thirst mechanism begins to work and alert you to drink up.
Broadly speaking, the total daily water loss is about 2500ml (women) to 3000ml (men)
per day. So as a general rule of thumb, drink at least 8 (8 ounce) glasses of water
a day to replace this water loss. How much water you need, however, depends on a
number of factors, including your age, weight, activity level and current health
Elderly people are particular vulnerable to dehydration. This may be due reasons
like decline in kidney function with age, weak thirst mechanism, and hormonal changes,
just to name a few.
You may also have to consume more liquids if you’re taking medications that cause
the body to lose water, such as diuretics for hypertension (high blood pressure)
and laxative, or suffering from a disease that cause vomiting (cancer) or diarrhea
Additionally, you’ll also need to increase your water intake if you’re on a high
protein diet (Atkins diet), or on a high fibre diet.
Be mindful that diuretic drinks, like alcohol – beer, white wine, red wine – encourage
water loss by increasing urine production. It is therefore important to avoid beverages
that contain caffeine, such as coffee, teas, sodas and energy drinks. Or, drink more
water to compensate for the diuretic effects of such drinks. The idea is to balance
the amount of water that goes in your body with the amount of water being lost through
urination, breathing and sweating.
A simple way to tell if you’re getting enough fluids is, look at the color of your
urine. If you see a dark yellow urine color that has a strong smell, or if you go
to the toilet less than 4 times a day, then this means that you’ll need to up your
water intake. Some common signs of an inadequate water intake like constipation,
and dry cracked lips may also indicate a need to drink more water.
Besides drinking water, there are many other ways to meet your total daily fluid
needs. For example, eat plenty of water-rich fruits and vegetables such as watermelon,
orange, lettuce and cucumber. Juices, yogurts, soups and broths are also a great
way to keep up your water intake during the winter months. | <urn:uuid:98719706-6629-4b50-a886-c1ff6eb78a23> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.nichetopics.info/signs-and-symptoms-of-winter-dehydration.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00024-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940052 | 1,224 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Americans are largely uncertain over whether genetically modified foods are safe for the environment or safe to eat, but the vast majority say that foods containing genetically modified ingredients should be labeled, according to a new HuffPost/YouGov poll.
According to the new survey, 82 percent of Americans think GMO foods should be labeled, while only 9 percent say they should not be labeled. The vast majority of respondents across demographic groups favored labeling, with little division either by political party or by how much respondents had heard about the development of genetically modified crops.
Although respondents were near unanimous in saying genetically modified foods should be labeled, many expressed uncertainty about the environmental or health consequences of growing and consuming them.
Twenty-one percent of respondents said they think GMO foods are safe to eat, while 35 percent said they're dangerous to eat. But another 44 percent said they're not sure. Likewise, 39 percent of respondents said they're unsure of what impact growing GMO crops might have on the environment, although those who did have an opinion were more like to say such crops are bad for the environment. Overall, 35 percent said growing GMO crops is bad for the environment, 8 percent said it's good for the environment, and 18 percent said it would have no impact.
The view that foods with genetically modified ingredients are safe to eat was more common among respondents with at least a college education, but the respondents' level of education had little relationship to views on the environmental impact of growing GMO crops.
Survey respondents were divided over whether companies should be allowed to patent the crops they develop. Twenty-eight percent said companies should be able to patent their crops and 33 percent said they should not, while 39 percent said they were not sure.
Patent rights for companies that develop genetically modified crops have not been directly disputed, but a case currently before the U.S. Supreme Court is challenging those companies' control over second-generation seeds produced by genetically modified crops. Currently, farmers can be prevented from purchasing GMO seeds under patent from sources other than the companies that developed them. They can also be barred from saving and using second-generation seeds produced by those crops.
The results of the new poll show that few Americans are paying close attention to news about GMO crops. Only 22 percent of respondents said they'd heard a lot about companies developing genetically modified crops, 48 percent said they had heard a little, and 25 percent said they'd heard nothing at all.
The HuffPost/YouGov poll was conducted Feb. 28-Mar. 1 among 1,000 U.S. adults. The poll used a sample selected from YouGov's opt-in online panel to match the demographics and other characteristics of the adult U.S. population. Factors considered include age, race, gender, education, employment, income, marital status, number of children, voter registration, time and location of Internet access, interest in politics, religion and church attendance. | <urn:uuid:d9d1746c-1569-4962-908b-870a660a0ce0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gmo-poll_n_2807595 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578584186.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423015050-20190423041050-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.973117 | 587 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What Makes A Great Game: A Gentle Reminder for Programmers
It’s easy to get lost in all the details of building a great video or computer game – so easy in fact, that we can forget the parts of a game that make them fun to play. The following serves as a gentle reminder of what prompts players to play games in the first place. Refer to this reminder in the event that you get bogged down or distracted with confusing C++ syntax, or lines and lines of Visual Basic statements and DLL structures.
1. Remember the player is the main character. Here’s a secret between you and me: People play games to gain a sense of control. If you can manage to program your game in a way that puts the player in control, then you’ve already won half the battle. This doesn’t mean to suggest that the game should be easy. It simply means that when a gamer runs home from school or drives home from work to play a video game, she wants to feel the control that she didn’t have during the hours between nine and five. The outcome of a game – whether it’s a win or a loss – should never be random, but the result of a good, controlled game play instead.
2. KISS. Remember that acronym? It stands for Keep It Simple Stupid. We all know that programming a game is hard business, but believe us when we say we don’t want to be reminded of it. The difficulty of programming a game should never be part of the game play so when possible, make the game easy to start, easy to navigate, and of course, easy to play. We’re not asking for pre-school strategy here, but on the other hand, we don’t want to feel as dumb as a pre-schooler either. Forget the hundred page manual. Nobody except the truly obsessed is going to read it anyway. Build your game for the average Joe and everyone will be your fan.
3. Add plenty of action. And add lots of it too. The more action you add to your game, the more attention players will pay attention to it. And the more that players pay attention to your game, the more addictive your game gets. For every action that a player’s character makes, have the game react and then prompt the player for more.
4. Make the story a good one. Nothing is worse than playing a game only to wonder what you’re doing and why. Purpose is and always has been a human obsession. But without it, we’re left wandering… in the darkness… wondering bizarre things like how the house would look in a coat of bright pink paint. Don’t give your players the opportunity to waste time like that. Give them a mission and make sure your game reminds them what the mission is at opportune times and why they must complete it.
5. Give us eye candy. But make it relevant. The graphics in a game shouldn’t be distracting, they should make our eyeballs glaze over with satisfaction upon seeing them, and then salivate for more. Graphics should contain clues and entice us further and further into the game until we’ve beaten the thing.
6. Make it real. Fantasy games are okay, but what makes them cool is the fact that they’re realistic. It’s hard to get into something that isn’t familiar or that there’s no way we could ever experience. But if you can implement some reality into your games, players will appreciate it and relate to it on a whole new respectable level. | <urn:uuid:d1ecb725-b82f-4e8e-8da8-7edb2c09aad3> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.jaycaetano.com/video-games/what-makes-a-great-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479885.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216045013-20190216071013-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.950683 | 756 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Seven is called the Virgin, Guardian, Message, Critical Time, Athena, Chance & Acropolis. It is a mean between the second Monad (ie., the Hexad, issuing into material Creation, since Dyad and Triad belong more properly to the One) and the Decad. It is perfect: it is 3 from 4 and 3 from 10. It is the balance between the end and the beginning, if we are speaking of the confluence of Being issuing in Creation.
Throughout, Iamblichus has drawn on Nicomachus‘ lost Theology of Arithmetic.
In considering the Heptad, he has a long section on gestation and the
ages of men, which are divided by sevens. This is interesting, but we
will focus instead on another idea, suggested by Iamblichus, that there
are three layers of the soul (rational, spirited, appetitive) and four
virtues (wisdom, justice, fortitude, and moderation).
For anyone familiar with the Liberal Arts, one should immediately think of the Trivium and the Quadrivium
(also note, that these were considered preparatory to the study of
philosophy and theology). So, there were seven planets, and seven
“subjects”/”modes” to master before one could come in the light of the
Sun. There are seven progressions of musical notes in the infra-scale of
music. Here again, once subject of the Quadrivium is Harmony, or Music,
and this is not accidental: the roots of the sadly degraded liberal
arts lie in the greater and lesser mysteries, and not the study of
“relevance” or “contemporary” dialogues between modern political
He who attained to Seven, by necessity was graduating to the last
grade – it is a mark of completion and mastery to have entered the final
grade. Those familiar with the Ur-Group writings will recognize that
some of the essays deal with the evocation of the celestial guardians,
which are seven in number.
Seven is perfect also, because it cannot be divided by anything
except itself (it’s only factors are 1 and 7) – in this sense, it is
like 2 and 3, as well as 5.
In Revelation, we are told that there are 7 spirits or archons/angels,
represented in the temple candlesticks, which pour out various events
upon the earth. Of course, seven is also the number of days in the week,
which is not an accident – neither is it accidental that the phases of
the moon can be divided into seven week quarters (Iamblichus draws
heavily on the phases of moon when discussing seven, and this is proper,
because the Moon represents a “fetal Earth in gestation”, whose
boundaries mark the limits of the lower powers of the air that govern
the soul cages and impose General Law upon mortals – to “jump over the
Moon” is to master the astral worlds and to transcend the power of the
Lower Guardians: please refer to Boris Mouravieff’s work in this
So we see that Seven is actually, properly, a very lucky number.
To return to the Liberal Arts, the number of Seven was critical – 3
portions to match the various layers of man’s soul (grammar, logic,
rhetoric), and 4 virtues or actual “knowledge bodies” that were mastered
(Arithmetic, Number, Harmony, and Celestial Proportion). So it can be
seen that the Trivium matches the first three numbers, and constitutes a
reflection of the higher waters and Divine Essence, while the
Quadrivium matches the last four numbers, and is the issuing forth of
Being into Creation as manifested virtues and concrete knowledge. In a
future essay we will assay more closely how the Liberal Arts are
patterned on the mysteries. | <urn:uuid:0f1ef0c5-14dd-4b35-84ff-e5931a9b4839> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://argivephoenix.blogspot.com/2013/02/hebdomad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213689.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818134554-20180818154554-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.933348 | 838 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A quick look at your toddler's growth.
16 Month Old Toddler
This is the age of climbing for many toddlers who, once they have mastered walking, seem to want to see the world from a higher vantage point. Couches, chairs, benches and even bookcases will all provide an opportunity for your 16 month old to scale onwards and upwards on their sturdy little legs. You’ll be constantly surprised this month about how they interpret different household objects and the imaginative ways they’ll use them. Containers become hats; empty tissue boxes are really shoes and your handbag the latest “must have” fashion item to be paraded around the house. When you have a toddler in the house, everyday life takes on another dimension. They tend to be noisy little people too, with little consideration for other people’s needs or belongings. For a 16 month old, what’s yours is theirs; what they want they get and there are no social niceties to adhere to.
Your toddler is too young to understand that some things are not meant to be touched or picked up, but this does not mean you can’t start some early discipline and guidance strategies. Saying “no”, removing an object and putting it somewhere safe and then offering them an alternative to play with is sufficient at this age. Distraction is a vital component of turning their attention away from a less safe activity to something more suitable. Modify your home environment so that you don’t constantly need to divert your 16 month old away from precious or unsafe items. Aim for a simple, peaceful family life. You may need to accept the fact that although your home may not appear exactly as you’d like it to for now, it is safe and suitable for a young family.
Growth and Development
Your toddler may not have fully grasped the concept of walking just yet and could be still unsure about taking their first steps. If you are concerned, have them checked by your early childhood nurse or your GP. Walking age has a genetic component and is influenced by many other factors. Make sure your toddler has lots of opportunity to practise their walking skills and isn’t spending long hours in their pram or cot, a walker or a play-pen. Even being carried in a back pack for lengthy periods can impact on time spent on the floor.
Your toddler will be able to play with blocks this month and build a tower of 3-4 on top of each other. They’ll practice the same repetitive game over and over and then delight in them all crashing to the floor. Watch them as they copy your actions and mimic your behaviour. Sweeping the floor, using a towel, opening the fridge will all be seen as wonderful games by your little one. You’ll hear yourself replicated in their voice too and although they won’t be able to speak clearly yet, the pitch and rhythm of your tone will be mimicked.
Don’t be alarmed if your toddler has flat feet just now. This is completely normal in the toddler years and it won’t be until they are around 4 years of age that the arch in their feet may develop. Likewise, their hands may still look very small with short, plump fingers. With time, all of your toddler’s bones will grow and their muscles and ligaments, joints and body shape will change considerably. How they appear now is not a snapshot of their final appearance when they have matured fully.
Play and Interaction
Get out the finger paints, non-toxic crayons and stacks of paper this month. Your toddler’s fine motor skills are further developing and they’ll delight in learning about their mastery over their hands and fingers. Glue some pasta, glitter and bits of string onto large pieces of paper and make a collage. Finger painting will be fun too and will help to create a lovely mess. Date your toddler’s art work and keep the very best of them. Over time it is lovely to look back and see how far they have developed in their skill and technique.
Go to the park when you can and encourage your toddler to climb on the equipment. Watch your own reactions to their explorations and be encouraging. Show them how to scale the ladders, swings and climbing frames safely and have a go yourself. Your 16 month old will love it when you become involved in their games.
Aim to rotate your toddler’s toys to keep them interested in the novelty of something new. Your toddler will have a very short term memory and the saying “out of sight out of mind” must have been written for a 16 month old. Avoid thinking the more money you spend on a toy the more fun it will be. Toddlers make their own games and are attracted to anything bright that fosters their imagination. Look for toys which have lots of colour and noise and which they can interact with in some way. They may even take a liking to an item of your clothing and insist on taking it wherever they go. Some toddlers develop a deep affection for quite unusual household items, particularly those made of fabrics which feel soft. This is all part of being a toddler and in the big scheme of things to be concerned about, doesn’t really rate any concern.
What you can Expect This Month
Some frustrations, anger and oppositional behaviour this month may come from your toddler. Try to stay calm and in control of your own emotions when they are having their own little meltdown. There may be times when you need to take a deep breath and just walk away for a few moments. Counting to ten, asking your partner to watch them while you have a break, or phoning a friend for a chat can all help when the heat is on. But you’ll be amazed at how quickly your toddler can turn from being an angry little person to being their happy self again. Having a short fuse and little tolerance for frustrating situations is all part and parcel of a toddler’s personality. It doesn’t take much to set them off but through you, they will learn about the qualities of patience and perseverance.
Your toddler’s concept of time still needs to develop so they won’t appreciate when you are in a rush or just want to get something done. They’re on their own time frame which means there’s bound to be a battle of wills sometimes. Allow for some interesting moments when they’ll want to dress themselves or do something which would only take you a minute. Aim to look for a compromise and give them some control and autonomy over one aspect of the job and you do the rest. Make a fuss of them and praise your toddler when they achieve a task. Giving a toddler attention is as vital to them as food – they will thrive on it so don’t be economical when it comes to telling them they’ve done a good job. They will want to please you and make you happy.
Food and Nutrition
Your toddler needs to be eating the same meals as the rest of the family now, so avoid cooking them special or separate foods. Cereals, bread and pasta, rice, milk and dairy foods, meat, fish and chicken, fruits and vegetables will supply their total nutritional requirements for growth and energy. Think about your own attitude and relationship to food and role model appropriate eating behaviours. If you are eating something, your toddler will want to try it too so be careful about what they see you putting in your own mouth.
Keep taking food with you whenever you go out and remember your toddler only has a small stomach. They will need to eat every couple of hours to satisfy their hunger and to help avoid mood swings. Processed cereal or fruit bars, packaged biscuits and processed “snack foods” are generally a less healthy alternative to simple foods which still bear some resemblance to their original state. Fresh fruit cut up into small pieces, sandwiches, cheese and crackers are all healthy choices.
Keeping Your Toddler Healthy
Check your home for poisons and chemicals which your toddler could access. Now that they are at a climbing age, the potential for them to access dangerous compounds has expanded. Think about your own habits when it comes to household products and how and where you use them. You’ll be amazed by how quickly your toddler can find a way to get to what they want. Childproof lids are not a guarantee of security so make a point of keeping all chemicals well out of reach.
• If your 16 month old is still waking during the night, think about your own responses to them. A short, brief period of reassurance and cuddling is fine; any more is being a little generous. This is the age where they may still need some reminding that you are close and will come to them when they need you.
• It is still too early to think about toilet training your toddler yet, no matter what other adults may tell you. Wait until closer to 2 years of age before you start this process. Save yourself and your toddler unnecessary stress and tension. They are simply too young just now.
• Expect big messes when there is water and dirt around. Your toddler will be drawn to dirt like a magnet. Be realistic about the clothing they wear and don’t expect them to have any respect for “good” or “special” clothing. Dress them the minute before you leave the house if you want them to stay clean and tidy.
• Have a supply of special treats just for you and your partner to eat when your toddler goes to bed at night. You deserve some positive rewards for the hard work you’re investing into parenting through these busy months.
Do you know that an average baby will need 1057 nappy changes in the first 6 months? Get exclusive promotions and free diaper samples by joining the Huggies Club now! As a member, you can also gain exclusive access to the Huggies Forum and connect with experts to get more personalized pregnancy and parenting advices.
The information published herein is intended and strictly only for informational, educational, purposes and the same shall not be misconstrued as medical advice. If you are worried about your own health, or your child’s well being, seek immediate medical advice. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of information on this website. Kimberly-Clark and/ or its subsidiaries assumes no liability for the interpretation and/or use of the information contained in this article. Further, while due care and caution has been taken to ensure that the content here is free from mistakes or omissions, Kimberly-Clark and/ or its subsidiaries makes no claims, promises or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of the information here, and to the extent permitted by law, Kimberly-Clark and/ or its subsidiaries do not accept any liability or responsibility for claims, errors or omissions. | <urn:uuid:6617ee1e-f3f6-48bb-8419-7200585526de> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.huggies.co.id/sitecore/content/huggiessg/home/parenting-center/toddler/month-16?sc_lang=en-SG | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300805.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118062411-20220118092411-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.963115 | 2,254 | 2.5625 | 3 |
From its humble beginnings as little more than a pad for equestrian pillion riding in medieval times, the side saddle has endured many changes of style and construction over the centuries.
Some were more for decoration than function but all of them part of the rich heritage of side saddle riding.
When women first rode horses independently, rather than just sitting behind a man on his horse, they sat facing sideways in a saddle with a footrest called a planchette.
This was first introduced into England in the fourteenth century by Anne of Bohemia and it gave little control over the horse.
The first side saddles possessed a single pommel or horn in front.
In the sixteenth century, Catherine de Medici is credited with being the inventor of a second horn, between which a lady placed her right leg, and so faced forward for the first time.
The lady rider than had independent control of her horse and was able to ride at a faster pace.
Once the only fitting way for a lady to be seen on horseback, side-saddle riding is enjoying increasing popularity around the world today.
Apart from its secure seat, its very uniqueness and sheer elegance of style appeals to the modern equestrienne.
The two-horned side-saddle remained, in various forms with just a side rail, slipper stirrup and ornate stitching …,
- Then in the 1820’s there came the invention of the balance strap.
- In the 1830s the third pommel, the leaping head, was devised. Arguably by Frenchman Jules Pellier.
These additions gave a far more secure side saddle seat than any previous design and allowed women to enter the hunting field.
By the 1850s the three-pommelled side saddle was fashionable everywhere, often with an offside handkerchief pocket.
The Modern English Side-Saddle.
Gradually the offside pommel diminished in size and by the 1870s/80s it had mostly disappeared.
The dipped seat of the nineteenth century also eventually gave way to the level-seated side-saddle of the early twentieth century, and the doeskin-lined seat and pommels made by the well-known saddlers of the 1930s and 50s are regarded as the classic styles.
Other countries often have their own particular styles, such as the western side-saddle of America and the Charra side-saddle of Mexico.
Regrettably the older antique side saddles are generally not suited to modern side-saddle riding: the designs are not safe to ride in nor do they fit the well-fed horses of today.
If you have never ridden side saddle it is never too late to learn.
Riding side saddle means you and your equine friend will feel elegant poised and very, very special. But consider all your saddle options and make sure you choose the correct size and type for the sort of work you want your horse to do. | <urn:uuid:c61ad8e0-677e-4485-abf7-6570bb88851f> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.localriding.com/side-saddle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.964717 | 614 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Recently discovered skeletal remains found by cave divers in the Yucatan Peninsula have called into question common assumptions about human origins in the Americas.
Popular current theory postulates that humanity reached North America by crossing Beringia (the Bering Land Bridge) sometime between 16,500 – 30,000 years ago.
However, the “morphologically different” skeleton discovered in the Chan Hol cave near Tulum in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, suggests that humans may have arrived into the Americas from a multitude of source locations and ancestries.
According to a research paper published earlier this month, the skeleton, known as “Chan Hol 3,” dates back roughly 10,000 years and contains genetically divergent characteristics compared to Paleoindian populations commonly associated with the Yucatan during that time period.
As the research states: “This [discovery] supports the presence of two morphologically different Paleoindian populations for Mexico, coexisting in different geographical areas during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene.”
The presence of two morphologically different Paleoindian populations in Mexico directly conflicts with the traditional Land Bridge theory that mandates a single genetic source lineage for all indigenous peoples of North and South America.
Dr Silvia Gonzalez, a professor of quaternary geology and geoarchaeology at Liverpool John Moores University, and one of the study authors, told the PA news agency: “The new results are important because they question the ‘traditional model’ for the peopling of the Americas with one single and homogeneous Paleoindian population migrating very fast from Beringia to Patagonia after 12,000 years ago.
“Our results indicate that at least two morphologically different Paleoindian populations were coexisting in Mexico between 12,000 to 8,000 years ago, one in Central Mexico and the other in the Yucatan Peninsula.”
In a follow-up interview with the BBC, Dr. Gonzalez confirmed that her teams’ research findings raise new anthropological questions. “We have discovered that there is this skeleton of a woman of about 30 years old that was found in a submerged cave in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. And when you look and compare her with another nine skeletons that have been found on the Yucatan, and compare them against the rest of the Paleoindian population … they look very different to the normal Paleoindians that we know.
Dr. Gonzalez says that as more information and evidence becomes available, it becomes increasingly clear that more than one route was utilized to gain access to the North and South American continents.
“One of the proposals is that they came from the coast,” Gonzalez continues. “Some others believe that they may have come by boat. But probably there were several routes: some terrestrial, some by the coast and some maritime. So, there are different possibilities there.” | <urn:uuid:5a13ded5-7685-49ab-991c-1069c2591d2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.submergednation.com/divers-find-skeleton-that-undercuts-theory-of-human-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.956804 | 602 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Still working through thoughts on leadership and motivation. As you think about motivation what comes to your mind? What does motivation look like? Does motivation look different to you in your role as a parent, a student, an employee, a leader, a coach, a son/daughter, a brother/sister? Does motivation mean different things to you when discussing personal motivation versus motivation of someone you lead or mentor? Does it mean different things to you when you compare your work life to your home life?
Simply put motivation is defined as:
The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior. – Wordnet.com developed by Princeton University.
There are several key words in this definition: “arouses”, “action”, “reason”, “gives purpose”, “direction”. Motivation has a number of different facets to it. Motivation can be extrinsic (from the outside), intrinsic (from within), it can originate from fear or from reward. Motivation can arise out of a need for self preservation or from a need for gratification. Yes motivation takes on a number of different forms and can potentially come from many different places.
First we need to understand that external motivation is less effective and lasting that internal motivation. As I mentioned in the last post, in the book Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-motivation author Edward L. Deci discusses in great detail and length the misconception that external motivation can be effective. The primary issue with external motivation is that it assumes that the person being “motivated” has the same goal in mind as the person doing the motivating. This means that if I am trying to motivate a person that works for me I assume my goals are their goals. However, this may or may not be the case in every instance.
So how are you motivated? Do you look for motivation externally? Do you rely on your own internal drive to motivate yourself to your goals? So many questions… In the end motivation can truly only come from a single source and that is your own desire to achieve an outcome. External incentives might have an ability to motivate you for a short time, but if you are not committed to the goal before reward or punishment is established your ability to achieve the goal is significantly impacted.
We have all been in positions or jobs where we were not there for anything other than the money. We all had jobs as kids or young adults where we were just trying to make a little spending money because we needed gas for the car for our Friday nights and to afford to get into the movies. That was our goal and we really weren’t overly concerned about the bigger goals of the organization. In the end none of us stayed in these jobs because they did not fulfill the other needs we have. Abraham Maslow (an American psychologist) calls these needs the Hierarchy of Needs (see the image below). At the base of this hierarchy are our physical and psychological needs, e.g. a roof over our heads, food, water, etc. Once we are successful in fulfilling these basic needs we move beyond them and thus just making some spending money is no longer enough, we are now motivated by different needs.
So if someone is trying to motivate you externally (boss, parent, teacher, coach, etc.) and they are trying to motivate you in the area of achievement or responsibility, but you are still worried about how to pay the rent and provide food for your family what are the chances that anything they do to motivate you will be successful? If you are the motivator in that situation are you successful? External motivation like rewards, encouragement, punishment, guilt, etc. only work for as long as they apply to the needs in your life and what you are trying to achieve. Then they lose their power to motivate.
In the end the only successful long-term way to be motivated is to find an internal “reason” that will “give purpose” and “direction” for your own “actions” in achievement of a “desired goal”. This means as a leader you have to determine what the “desired goal” is and the “reason”. Only then can you try to align their goal with your goals and help give them “direction” and “purpose”.
So where are you getting your motivation from? If you are responsible for motivating someone else do you understand what their “desired goal” is and does it align with what you are trying to motivate them to do? As a leader it would be almost impossible for you to lead if everyone wasn’t on the same page as to what the goal was. In his book A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War author Mark A. Weitz demonstrated that desertion in the confederate army was primarily due to two factors 1) the conditions were horrible (thus not meeting the soldier’s basic Hierarchy of Needs) and 2) Confederate soldiers fought to defend their families, not a nation (different goals).
So before you try to lead and apply motivation to those you lead you might want to ask them what their needs and goals are. Leadership without this understanding is going to be short lived and unsuccessful. | <urn:uuid:e5bae69c-cad3-4195-b1e6-a199c9624ea3> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://meblog.personalityataltitude.com/2011/07/21/leadership-and-motivation-how-are-you-motivated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00084-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972773 | 1,109 | 2.5625 | 3 |
"Some people have told me they don't think a fat penguin really embodies the grace of Linux, which just tells me they have never seen an angry penguin charging at them in excess of 100mph. They'd be a lot more careful about what they say if they had." — Linus Torvalds.
Here are a couple of answers to Frequently Asked Questions about penguins I received from kids and penguin lovers. My answers apply mainly to the two kinds of penguins I know best, the Adelie penguins and the Emperor penguins. Just remember that although I've lived with penguins for more than a year, I'm no substitute for a real ornithologist... IANAO, I just impersonate one on the Internet ! Before you read the FAQ, have you read the FACTS about Antarctic penguins ?
Right: A racing penguin... No, seriously, it's an adelie penguin which has been tagged by biologists so they can recognize him.
What's a penguin ?
A short-legged flightless bird of cold southern regions (Antarctica and sub-antarctic islands) having webbed feet and wings evolved as flippers.
Who discovered the Adelie or Emperor penguins ?
Nobody knows. The first discoverers of Antarctica saw many on the shores, but it's also possible to see them farther north, resting on floating pieces of ice, so even explorers of southern seas who didn't reach Antarctica saw many in the 18th century. And sometimes penguins get lost and end up in the wrong places. There was an Emperor penguin spending the winter in Tasmania, alone, a few years ago. Antarctica itself was thus discovered much later than the penguins that live on it.
Adelie penguins are named after Adelie Land which was named by French discoverer Dumont d'Urville after his wife, Adèle, in 1840. So even if people had seen Adelie penguins before him, they did not give them a specific name.
Captain Cook saw many King Penguins during his 1775 trip. The biologist of the expedition, Forster, made many drawings. 69 years later, Gray studied those drawings and noticed one that was different: it was the first Emperor penguin, thus the latin name Aptenodytes Forsteri.
Where does the word 'penguin' come from ?
The first animal called penguin was a flightless bird of the Arctic sea, also known as the Great Auk, which was very similar to a penguin in anatomy, although from a different order of birds. It was hunted to extinction in the 1600s. Then when later explorers discovered similar animals in the southern seas, they named them the same way. The word itself has muddy origin; it originally seemed to mean 'fat one' in spanish/portuguese, and may come from either the Welsh 'pen gwyn' (white head), from the Latin 'pinguis' (fat) or from a corruption of 'pin-wing' (pinioned wings).
Where do penguins come from ?
The earliest known fossils of penguins were found in Peru. The 80cm tall Perudyptes devriesi living 42 million years ago and the more impressive but more recent Icadyptes salasi, 150cm 36 million years ago.
Right: Emperor penguins on the edge of the ice shelf, ready for departure in spring. This image is actually used in Al Gore's presentation An Inconvenient Truth
How many species of penguins are there ?
There are currently 17 species of Penguins (some scientists divide them in 18 or even 19 species). Fossil records indicate that there used to be more in the past. The current ones, all living in the southern hemisphere, are: Adelie, African, Chinstrap, Emperor, Erect Crested, Fairy, Fjordland, Galapagos, Gentoo, Humboldt, King, Macaroni, Magellanic, Rockhopper, Royal, Snares Island and Yellow Eyed. Some have multiple names (royal=king, little blue=fairy...). The current species are divided into 6 genus: Aptenodytes, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Megadyptes, Pygoscelis and Spheniscus. I know well only the Adelie and Emperor which lived in the vicinity of Dumont d'Urville, but I have a few pictures of the Fairy (aka Little Blue) and Yellow Eyed penguins on my Tasmanian and New Zealand pages.
Many more species of fossil penguins are known.
Are new species of penguins still being discovered ?
Amazingly the answer is yes... but not living species. In 2008 New-Zealand researchers announced the discovery of bones belonging to a previously unknown specie, the Waitaha penguin, which went extinct about 500 years ago, soon after the human settlement of the islands.
How many penguins are there, total ?
Many parts of Antarctica, including some of the shores, have never been explored, so the precise number of penguins is unknown. Evaluations have been done by counting manually the penguin population in some areas and extrapolating to the entire continent. The numbers of 2 300 000 pairs of Adelie Penguin and 220 000 pairs of Emperor Penguin have been proposed by some researchers. But keep in mind that those are highly inaccurate statistics, most colonies not having been visited in decades, and many more having never received a visit. Also some estimates have been performed at the wrong time of year or not from manual counts (based on aerial photographs for instance).
In 2012, a team of scientists using high resolution satellite imagery to view the spots of guano (penguin poop) raised this estimate to reach a count of 595000 emperor penguins. Those scientists really know their shit (see below)...
Indeed new colonies are sometimes discovered, like the two colonies discovered in the area of the Merz glacier near Dumont d'Urville in 2012. We are talking about 12 thousand new penguins here.
Why aren't there penguins in the Arctic ?
Well, as you just read above, there used to be one flightless bird called penguin, also known as the Great Auk, but it was hunted to extinction four centuries ago. The reason that there aren't any is probably because of predators: penguins need to go on land to nest and are quite defenseless with their feet on the ground. Antarctica and other southern island are devoid or have few land predators. The Arctic has bears, wolves, foxes, rats and more...
Right: An adelie penguin moulting in autumn.
Are penguins mammals/birds/fish/...?
Here are a few clues: they lay eggs, they have feathers, they breathe air, they have clawed feet, they have a beak... Can you put the clues together ?
I had a good laugh recently when talking with two veterinary students. One was certain that penguins are mammals (like seals), the other was certain that penguins are fish. I hope my pets don't ever get sick !
Do penguins have feathers ?
Yes they do, like all birds. Their feathers are very compact and hard. When they are hot they ruffle them. And we could often see them plucking out old feathers or scratching (they have parasites like fleas, mites and even ticks [Ixodes uriae]). On the picture on the right you can see an Adelie penguin losing its old feathers before returning to sea, a process called moulting (also spelled 'molting' and also called feathering or shedding) that happens in november-december for Emperors and march-april for Adelie penguins.
Can you send me some penguin feathers ?
Unfortunately I never brought back any, so don't ask...
Do penguins have ears ?
They do not have external visible ears. But they do have an ear canal (there's probably a more scientific term for it) under their feathers that allows them to hear sounds both in the air and underwater. Hearing is an important sense for them as they recognize each other by their voice.
Not cold ?
Right: An Emperor penguin chick overheating on a hot spring day.
Why don't penguins get cold ?
Mainly because they are fat ! Fat has two main purposes in the body: it is a good insulator against cold and also it is a reserve of energy. When the emperor penguins arrive in autumn to stay the winter in Antarctica without eating, about half of their bodyweight is made of a 4cm thick layer of fat which they will use to withstand the long cold nights.
But most of the thermal insulation is in reality provided by their feathers: the outer layer of hard feathers act as a wind-breaker, while the underlayer of down provides excellent thermal insulation. Indeed if a penguin develops bald spots, he will likely not survive for long and die from hypothermia; read the enlightening story of Pierre the penguin after he developed bald spots !
Also the structure of the penguin feathers gives them an increased protection against cold: an outer layer of long hard smooth feathers streamlined for fast swimming (that also probably protects them from the wind), but underneath is a layer of short fluffy down feathers providing better insulation by trapping air.
Penguins also possess heat exchangers inside their body so that the cold blood flowing in the extremities is not mixed directly with the warm blood from the main body, but recirculated after being oxygenated by a complex of veins called the Rete Mirabile. This is a good way to minimize heat loss for their feet, flippers and nostrils by maintaining them at a colder temperature than the main body. In other words penguins have cold feet in bed.
Their short and stocky body shape also minimizes thermal loss: short legs, feet hidden under the body, short neck, flippers flat against the body...
Penguin chicks have very warm down feathers around their body, but because they are smaller in size they seek protection under the belly of a parent. When they grow bigger they become more independent, staying in groups called crêche. Also their down feathers are not waterproof and they will die from the cold if they fall in water or mud (see the picture below of a wet chick about to freeze to death).
As a general rule: the colder the area they live in, the bigger the penguin (you retain heat better when the volume/surface ratio increases).
Can penguin get too hot ?
Penguins can actually overheat in Antarctica on warm summer days: when the temperature is high they erect their feathers a lot to increase airflow and heat exchange, they extend their flippers away from their bodies to radiate more heat, they spread out far form each others, they lay down on the ice (right picture) and they pant; all signs I've seen in unlucky penguins kept in zoos, and yet another reason not to keep one as a pet.
There are penguins who are used to the heat, such as Galapagos penguins which live very near the equator. But that's not the case of the Adelies or Emperors.
Penguins, as a bird and also like mammals, need to maintain a precise and fairly high body temperature in order to keep their metabolism working. The exception is that penguins are known to decrease their body temperature when in water, so as to minimize heat loss (which is proportional to the difference of temperature between body and outside).
The penguins most exposed to the cold, the Emperors, need to be social to survive the hardship of winter. During the coldest and windiest winter nights, they pack together in what is called a huddle: those in the middle are warm and exchange position with those outside after a while.
Right: Emperor penguins withstanding a storm.
Why do penguins have a white belly and black back ?
Those colors make the penguins less visible when in the water: as seen from above you see a black back above the darkness of the deep sea; as seen from below you see a light belly in front of the bright sky. Not too visible either way (plenty of fish are like that). In other words it is a defense mechanism when underwater. You've probably noticed that it makes them quite visible on land, but Adelies and Emperors don't really have predators there.
I don't know if the orange neck of the Emperors has a specific function, but only adult penguins have it. Juvenile penguins (one to two years of age) only have a gray neck.
Are there albino penguins ?
Yes there are white penguins, although technically the mutation is different than the one resulting in albinism. They are called 'Isabelle' penguins. Their normally black coat is a creamy white. There used to be a white Adelie nesting in the vicinity of DdU, but every time I went out to try to photograph it, it was out to sea. Like with other animals, albinism is a hindrance for penguins, making them more visible to predators when underwater. There's an art film by Peter Huyghe about the search of an all-white penguin called "The Journey That Wasn't".
Right: A sleeping adelie penguin, with his head under his flipper.
Are penguins nocturnal ? Do penguins sleep ? Where do penguins sleep when they are at sea ?
The Adelie and Emperor penguins are diurnal. Nocturnal activity is for most animals a way to avoid predators, and those penguins don't have predators when they are on land, so they are active during the day and rest at night. I don't know what their activity at sea is. But what about the night in Antarctica anyway ? In summer there isn't any night but the sun does get lower on the horizon, and during those periods you can indeed see Adelie penguins sleeping. It's also true for the Emperors who spend the long winter nights huddled together without moving but usually spread out on the ice a little when there's the daily short hour of sunlight.
Other species of penguins that live on mainlands like in South-Africa, South-America, Tasmania or New Zealand often have different behaviors. The Little Blue penguins come out of their burrows before sunrise to go feed at sea and come back after dark, but they probably spend the rest of the night sleeping safely inside.
Adelie and emperors penguins sleep standing when they sit an egg, or sometimes laying down on their belly if they don't. Adelies often rest their head under a flipper (see picture on right). And they close their eyes. Like all birds they have a very light sleep anyway, never staying quiet for more than a few minutes.
I believe they can sleep at sea for a few minutes at a time between the times they need to breathe (like dolphins), but mainly they just find a piece of floating ice, hop on and take a nap.
My class wants to know if emperor penguins see in color or are they color blind ?
This article analyzing the visual system of humboldt penguins answers yes, but they see colors differently as we do. 'Adapted to the spectral qualities of its aquatic environment' is the key phrase here. I assume other species have a similar visual system but I have no direct evidence.
Right: An Adelie penguin's egg hatching. See the beak of the baby penguin beginning to break the shell open ?
How do they choose a mate? Do all penguins have a mate?
I don't know what their criterion for choosing one mate versus another one is... Probably the fatter the better ! In the case of emperor penguins there are slightly more females than males, so some females end up without a mate and leave the rookery after a few weeks. Better luck next year.
How big is a penguin's egg ?
Left: An emperor penguin's egg.
An Adelie egg is slightly larger than a large hen's egg and shaped the same. An Emperor's egg is much bigger, up to 15cm long and 12cm diameter with a conical top and a spherical bottom. The picture on the right shows an Adelie penguin's egg hatching (see the beak of the chick beginning to break the shell), and on the left picture I'm holding an emptied Emperor's egg. Emperors don't build nests: they carry their eggs balanced on their feet, under their belly. They usually don't move much, but if they take a big step, like to catch their balance or to flee, then they drop their egg; and once their egg is out of their pouch they will not recognize it anymore. The egg promptly dies, freezes and cracks and eventually falls into the bottom of the sea when the sea ice melts off in spring. So we had the possibility to recover and clean some abandoned eggs.
The first Emperor penguin egg was found on floating ice in 1840, without knowing its origin. Wilson saw it in a museum and recognized it as such in 1905, and he also discovered the first rookery of Emperor penguins in 1902 at Cape Crozier. In 1911 he decided to do a harrowing winter trip to recover some eggs with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard, the only winter trip ever attempted in Antarctica, which is recounted in the famous book: The worst journey in the world, one of the best read about Antarctica. They barely survived. He later died on the return trip from the South Pole with Captain Scott.
Right: A breeding pair of adelie penguins adding rocks to their nest to keep their newborn chick out of the seeping water.
What's a penguin nest like ?
Emperor penguins don't have nests. They balance their egg on their feet, keeping it warmly covered under a pouch of fatty skin under their belly.
Adelie penguins make nests out of rock pebbles and sit on top. They steal each others pebbles constantly, leading to lots of braying and fights. The last ones to leave in autumn steal everybody else's pebbles and make a huge stack in prevision of their spring return. But then the early comers in spring transfer the pile to their own nest ! That is to say before they have to go back to the sea to feed at which point a free-for-all happens with lots of name calling.
Other species use different methods: nests hidden under very thick bushes for Yellow-Eyed penguins, underground burrows for Little blue penguins...
Right: This is NOT a penguin's nest ! This is probably a young adelie penguin who's not been listening to what I said earlier about adelies making their nests out of pebbles to keep their eggs out of the mud. Not only is this penguin just sitting in front of the egg instead of sitting on it, but the egg is also sitting in freezing muddy water. The egg is clearly dead. But the penguin will learn and will do a better nest next year. The success rate for breeding offsprings is pretty low for young penguins but increases dramatically after a few years.
Do emperor penguins always go to the same breeding grounds?
Up until 2014 it was thought that Emperor penguins were strongly philopatric, meaning that they would always go to the same breeding area, year after year. But recent satellite images have shown that there are rookeries that suddenly appear out of nowhere in areas that never had them before. Now this is news for several reasons. For one if the Emperor were 100% attached to the same area, it would be a recipe for disaster in term of climate change (if no ice forms for a few years, the entire colony would be wiped out). So it could be that Emperors are more adaptable than thought. On the other hand, it is strange that an animal that strongly relies on memory would change place easily, meaning this change could be due to groups of birds getting lost due to strong and recent differences in ocean currents, ice formations, etc. Which does not bode too well.
I heard that when Adelie penguins are choosing a mate the male searches for the perfect pebble and presents it to the one he wants as his mate.
It's a myth based on the fact that Adelie penguins build nests out of pebbles. And they build the nest while they do the courting, so it's actually partly true. I guess a penguin who doesn't bring any pebble wouldn't stand a chance, but any pebble will do and both mates bring them in !
Is there ever adoption among Emperor Penguins ? ...for instance in cases when both parents leave and abandon the chick.
Unfortunately no, the chick will starve and die since they are still too young to swim for their own food. Adults already have a hard time feeding one chick. Sometimes lonely females (those that failed to mate that year) grab abandoned eggs, but those eggs are frozen and dead in the first place and they abandon them quickly. If the mother doesn't return, the father doesn't have a choice: he and his chick will die if he stays. If he leaves he can always try mating with more success the next year...
In 2006 I received this message from Phil Chapman showing that apparently there are cultural differences among penguins in different parts of the frozen continent. It remains to be seen if they feed them or remember them at all between their sea strips:
I would like to take issue with one of your FAQs, where you say that Emperors never adopt stray chicks.
Many years ago (1958, during the IGY), I spent most of the winter in a hut adjacent to the Emperor rookery at Taylor Glacier, 80 km west of Mawson. (I was taking parallactic photos of the aurora, in cooperation with a colleague at Mawson).
This rookery, one of only two on land, is now a SPA, but in those days nobody was concerned about disturbing the birds. I spent a lot of time with them, observing them at close range throughout their breeding cycle.
In the early spring, when a chick escaped from its parent, all the adults in the vicinity would rush to grab it and stuff it between their feet. Sometimes they would drop chicks they already had in order to pick up the stray. I often saw 5 to 10 adults in a melee, all trying to get the same chick (which was sometimes stomped to death in the process).
A little later in the season, when many chicks were loose and often freezing to death, if I stood still for a few minutes, some chick would usually come and snuggle between my feet, apparently taking me for an outsize adult. Sometimes I would pick it up and put it in the chest pocket of my parka to let it get warm, but of course I couldn't save them all.
So, my observation is that Emperors are not at all selective about whose chick they nurture.
Are penguins monogamous ?
Adelie penguins usually keep the same mate all their life, unless the mate dies. Emperor penguins are monogamous... for a year, meaning they usually change mate every year.
Do you think mother penguins are sad to leave their baby eggs to get food ? Why do they have to do this ?
It's always difficult to attribute human emotions such as sadness to animals (a process called anthropomorphizing). In the case of penguins I don't think it's possible short of measuring stress-related hormones or similar invasive methods. Anyway, I don't think it's been done.
They have to leave their eggs/younglings otherwise they would starve. And they come to have babies in a place where they risk starving because it has other advantages, like a complete lack of predators, and a reversed feeding cycle (meaning there's plenty of food in the sea when they go back there).
Why doesn't the female emperor feed the male when she gets back ?
That would be counterproductive since the male still has the energy (barely!) to trek back to the sea to go feed himself. The chick doesn't have that option and thus deserves all the mother can give him.
Is it possible to breed two different species of penguins ?
The possibility of hybridation depends on various factors like the number of chromosomes and the 'distance' between the species (or rather the age of their last common ancestor). But in nature it is difficult because most penguin species breed in different places and/or at different times, so they don't meet during their reproduction period.
In the wild some cases of hybrids are suspected between royal and rockhopper penguins, between rockhopper and macaroni penguins, between rockhopper and erect-crested penguins, and maybe between adelie and chinstrap.
Are penguins endangered ?
It's hard to get an accurate count of Emperor and Adelie penguins because there are many places where they live that no human has ever visited, but apparently they are not endangered, although their numbers fluctuate with the availability of food in the sea. So for instance El Niño episodes will have a strong negative influence on the number of penguin chicks born. Adelie and Emperors don't have land predators and humans leave them alone nowadays, which is not true of most other species of penguins who live on islands which have been colonized by rats (everywhere), wild cats (King Penguins at Kerguelen), dogs (blue penguins in New Zealand) or too many tourists (Galapagos penguins).
Someone I met (not sure if he's a friend) told me he once ate a penguin a long time ago and said it tasted something like a mix between a chicken gone bad and a smelly fish, and very fat at that ! Recipe below... But being bad to eat didn't protect them from human barbarity. Last century the whalers hunting in the southern indian ocean (and maybe other areas) needed heat to melt off and process whale fat. There isn't any wood on those southern islands so they invented a barbaric device: a 'penguin press' into which they would throw hundreds of live penguins, crush them to extract their fat, and then use this fat as combustible. The population of king penguins decreased dramatically at that time but has since recovered. I'm glad this time is over.
Still, overall 12 of the 17 species of penguins are considered 'at risk' or endangered, mostly due to human activity. Those living in Antarctica have the least risk, thanks to their isolation.
Does global warming affect penguins ?
For Antarctic penguins, the answer is 'somewhat but not directly'. In the Climate FAQ I detail some of the effect of global warming on the frozen continent. A few degrees of changes won't affect penguins much when on the shore, but it affects the distribution and growth of their preys. While less sea ice means much fewer km for the emperors to walk back to the sea to feed, it also means that their nesting areas are also more at risk of being dislocated by storms while the chicks are still unable to swim.
When preys become rarer, for instance during El Nino episodes, not only penguins have more difficulty in finding food, but they also become prey more often to larger predators who also have more difficulty finding food ! That's the drawback of being in the middle of the foodchain.
Where can I get or buy a penguin ?
Sorry, all species of penguins are protected, you can't get one legally. Even if you come to Antarctica and bring one home as a souvenir, it's plain illegal. And honestly, do you really think an animal that spends half of its time swimming free in the ocean and the other half in deep cold Antarctica would have a happy life in a hot, dry and small home ? And what drives them crazy in captivity is the fact that they cannot perform their yearly migrations, leading many zoo penguins to swim around in circles for months on end. You'll have to satisfy yourself with a stuffed teddy penguin.
I do know of at least one place that sells penguins but I won't tell you. Don't ask.
Right: A wet Adelie penguin chick that will die in a few minutes. Falling in freezing water is deadly when you are a baby penguin.
How do you care for a penguin ?
How did you find a penguin in the first place ?!? True, sometimes they end up washed ashore exhausted by storms or wounded by predators or boats... If this is the case, be careful that their bites can be very painful and they also give mean punches with their bony flippers (they can break your fingers easily). Grab them by the neck and hold them off the ground for quick transportation. If you can, put a hood over their eyes as they will immediately calm down.
In '92 my predecessors in DdU adopted two emperor chicks they had found abandoned on the ice (this happens when one of the parents doesn't come back in due time). They kept them indoors and fed them leftover foods: raw fish at the beginning but also canned fish and even meat. Those two grew up to be the biggest and fattest penguins of the area and were later released in the sea, quite healthy. So I guess they are not particularly picky since their normal natural diet consist of an oil specially secreted by the parents.
In New Zealand in 2000 several thousand little blue penguins got contaminated by an oil spill; they were collected and distributed among volunteers for cleaning and care; they even put sweaters on them to keep them from plucking they contaminated feathers. The survivors were later released at sea.
Chicks depend on their parents for survival between hatching and the growth of their waterproof feathers: about seven weeks for Adelie chicks, 6 months for Emperors and even more for King chicks. Chicks' down feathers are not waterproof and they must stay away from water or mud, unlike the Adelie chick shown on the left picture which died a few minutes after falling in muddy water. Yes, it's a harsh world and that's why Adelie penguins build nests out of pebbles. Once a chick has feathered (or fledged), it enters the sea and becomes independent of its parents.
Right: Adelie penguin swimming fast and jumping out of the water.
How can I find a job that deals with penguins ?
You mean zookeeper ? Kid working in a south-east asian sweatshop making stuffed teddy penguins ? Linux kernel developer ? Hockey player in Pittsburgh ? OK, the proper term would be ornithologist (bird scientist). Most ornithologists are hobbyists, but you can get a PhD and make a job off it. All the information you want (and more) is in the Going To Antarctica page.
Right: Krill, a little shrimp that is the main ingredient in the penguin diet.
What do penguins eat ? How do emperor penguins get their food ?
They swim fast and catch it in the sea: krill (picture on right), shrimp, small fish, octopus... They catch their prey with their beak and swallow it whole while swimming. The Antarctic ocean is very rich with life, more so than the equator for instance. The reason is quite technical: cold water can absorb more oxygen than warm water, it's a physical property. Similarly cold water can absorb less salt than warm water. And the ocean (at a minimum of -1.8°C) is always warmer than the land. Those two issues make it easier for life to thrive in cold oceans, although the cold temperature slows down animal metabolism (or requires insulation such as fat) and the lack of sunlight in winter stops the photosynthesis of plankton.
What is krill ? Krill is a kind of shrimp, with a mostly transparent body, a few pigmented red dots and large black eyes. There are 85 species of krill in the world, living in large groups on the ocean surface, forming groups of up to two millions tons spanning 450 square km. Krill is the most common animal in the world with an estimated biomass of 650 million tons. The antarctic krill, Euphosia superba, is at the center of the foodchain being eaten by squid, sea mammals, birds, fish and some whales. With a very low efficiency since they need to eat 100kg of krill to grow by just one kg. But the austral foodchain is so narrow that it's very fragile, an overfishing of krill would put many species in trouble, including penguins.
Adelie penguins eat about 2kg of krill and fish each day when they are out at sea.
Penguins are extremely good swimmers that can dive to 500m of depth and stay submerged for 5 minutes, but don't forget that, like dolphins for instance, they need to go back to the surface to breathe fresh air regularly.
How do penguins drink ?
When at sea they get water either from their prey or by drinking small amounts of salt water. A special gland near their beak can remove the salt from the sea water, making it drinkable. When on land they eat some snow.
How are penguins able to regurgitate food for their young long after having eaten it ?
There are 3 different ways to feed their young amongst penguins species:
Some keep freshly caught fish/krill in their stomach where they have special enzymes that inhibit bacterial development although the fish is at body temperature. They can keep for several days before being regurgitated.
Others partially digest their keeps and then regurgitate this 'puree'.
Finally for the emperor penguins who have to go for weeks, they digest it completely and secrete a very rich oil which they feed to their young.
Right: Close up view on a spiny penguin tongue. This helps holding and swallowing slippery preys such as fish.
Do penguins have knees ?
They have the same basic anatomy as other terrestrial amniotes, so yes they do have knees, they are just hidden under a thick layer of fat. The fat plus the very short legs make for their strange gait. If you look at the pictures of the dead penguin below, you'll actually see the outline of the knees. There's actually a book by this very title, I can only hope it answers the question !
Right: An adelie paddling with his feet on floating ice. Penguins don't like this kind of conditions as they cannot swim fast and they cannot see if a sea leopard may be lurking underneath.
What color are penguin feet ?
The skin looks like reptile skin: emperors have black scales with grey in-between while adelies have more pinkish skin. They also have strong nails they use to push themselves when sliding on the ice on their bellies or when scaling ice (for instance when they want to climb on an iceberg to rest while at sea). Emperors on land are sometimes seen laying back on their heels and tail so they can rest their feet (probably allowing more blood to flow and warm them up).
Do penguins make noise ?
Yes, and lots of it ! Pass your mouse over the first few pictures above to hear them. They have a very loud voice similar to a donkey braying. Those calls are essential since they recognize themselves only through voice, not visually. They call to attract mates, when doing courtship, when greeting a returning mate, when threatening other penguins (or a human coming too close), or sometimes when bored alone. Different species of penguins have different calls, and in some species like the Emperors the male and female have a distinct voice that one can tell apart with a little training (listen to the samples below).
On my first job in Antarctica, I installed a Sodar, an acoustic device to do remote sensing of the lower atmosphere. In summer the data was perturbed by the noise coming from all the Adelie penguins.
Here are the recorded sounds I have (just click on them):
Now just try to imagine when there are 5000 of them at the ...
Right: A dead Adelie penguin well on its way to becoming a fossil.
Do penguins have predators ?
Emperor penguins do not have predators, either in sea (they are too fast) or on the land (no other animals in winter in Antarctica). In spring Giant Petrels will occasionally grab an abandoned chick, and also juveniles that haven't learned to swim well may fall prey to the Leopard Seal or a passing orca when first hitting the water. Thus emperor penguins hardly have any defense mechanism, they only start to turn around and flee if you get within one or two meters from them. Their main enemy is the cold and the distance to the sea; and on really cold winters some of them do not have the strength to make it back to the sea after their long fasting.
Adult Adelie penguins do not have predators on land; although their unattended eggs and chicks are often attacked by skuas (which is probably the reason why most penguins are afraid of what comes from the sky). When in the sea they have to avoid Leopard Seal and killer whales.
How come penguins don't fight or defend their young from predators ? I saw a documentary where the parents/adults watch as predators are feeding on their young.
Adelie penguins do fight if anything gets too close to their nest. But basically they don't have to as predators (skuas and giant petrels) will attack only abandoned and weakened chicks. What they showed as 'parents' were probably non-related penguins.
How do penguins tell each other apart ? How do researchers tell them apart ?
Well, not visually but thanks to their voices. Researchers are at a loss to recognize individuals because they can't identify their voices, so they resort to treacherous techniques like tagging or spray-painting them like on the picture at the top of the page !
How long do penguins live ? What's the life expectancy of penguins ?
Unlike many animals, Antarctic penguins are lucky not to have too many predators and it's possible for them to die of old age, a rare occurrence in nature. There's a female Emperor at DdU who was tagged 40 years ago, still coming and breeding every year. Adelie penguins have a life expectancy of 15 years or more in the wild. They don't tag penguins anymore because it's not very easy to do it reliably and it probably causes the penguin some trouble when swimming (the tag is a kind of arm-band). We sometimes see bodies of Adelie penguins stuck in the ice or the mud, what they died of remains a mystery: old age, disease, exposure ?
In captivity many penguins can reach old age, such as Pierre the penguin who almost died of... baldness but ultimately recovered thanks to... a wetsuit !
What happens to the bodies of all the penguins that die in Antarctica ?
Usually they get eaten by scavengers like skuas. If they die on the sea ice their bodies fall in the sea when said ice breaks up in spring. If they die on land ice (rare), they get carried by glaciers, and end up into an iceberg and then in the sea as well. If they die on a rare spot of iceless land, they don't decay but dry out, get covered with other penguins' excrements, sometimes end up as fossil but most likely get ablated by the very strong wind over the years and end up as dust and a few dry bones sticking from the mud. That's why Antarctica is not covered with penguin corpses accumulated over the years... But penguin fossils are found every once in a while.
Right: Adult adelie penguins aggressive towards a chick out of his own nest.
Do penguins fight ? Are penguins aggressive ?
They have few predators, but Adelie penguins fight between themselves a lot for various reasons: for mates, for the best nest locations, for the possession of rocks and pebbles, if some other penguin gets too close to their nest... Those fights never go beyond the 'first blood' but I've seen penguins jump off cliffs in fright (or being pushed off !). Their defense mechanism involves loud braying calls, threatening attitudes (body moving side to side), pinching with the beak and hitting very fast with their flippers which are very hard (it's just a flat bone with skin and thin feathers on top). I was once standing in the middle of the base, talking with a colleague, when a penguin in a bad mood decided I was in his way. He bit me on the tendon inside the knee while hitting me very hard with a series of lightning fast punches ! I had a limp for a week.
Adult Adelies are particularly aggressive towards others' chicks. Chicks can be abandoned for two reasons: either a parent disappeared at sea and the other had to go feed, or they were born twins but the parents had only enough food to feed one chick (the biggest). In which case you see a wretched chick walking around the rookeries, getting weaker day by day, trying to get back to his nest but constantly harassed by his ex-parent and the other adults, and soon watched eagerly by a skua or two...
On the other hand, Emperor penguins are probably the most placid animals ever. No predators, so no defense mechanism. And they need to rely a lot on the others to survive the winter together, so the only time they display any kind of aggressivity are when the females compete for a male: they just stand around and try to interrupt him if he chooses a mate by standing in the middle. An issue he usually solves by walking around them. That's about all.
Right: A emperor chick resting comfortably under its parent's pouch.
Where are penguins located ?
Adelie and Emperor penguins live on the shores of Antarctica, in the few places that have rocks for Adelie and in the few places where the sea ice is stable enough not to be broken up by strong winter storms for Emperors. Just think that 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice, so that doesn't leave much rock for Adelie penguins to settle. And there are glaciers around most of Antarctica, making it too unstable and dangerous for Emperors to settle (glaciers move, they have crevasses, falling seracs...). Nothing in Antarctica lives more than a few minutes walk from the sea except for some micro-organisms.
In the spring of '93 we had a record number of Emperor penguin chicks next to Dumont d'Urville. Due to unusually warm and mild weather they spread out on the ice quite far way, leaving the sheltered area between the islands. Then a strong storm came and broke up the ice around the islands. After the end of the storm, two thirds of the chicks were missing, fallen in the deadly cold water while still wearing their down feathers...
Are penguins found only in Antarctica ?
No. Different species have different habitats: there are actually only 5 species in Antarctica (including Adelie and Emperors); King, Chinstrap and others in sub-Antarctic Islands (plenty of small islands that are located in the Antarctic Ocean, the south Pacific, south Atlantic or south Indian ocean); Little Blue, Yellow-eyed and others at the southernmost tips of America, Africa or Australia; there are even penguins near the equator, at the Galapagos Islands.
But there aren't any penguins in the northern hemisphere, although there used to be a very similar flightless bird of a different family, called the great penguin also known as the Great Auk, a cousin of puffins from the Arctic sea. Unfortunately it was hunted to extinction in the 1600s. Penguins are very slow and awkward on land, making them easy preys for predators, that's why they are only common on small islands or places that do (or did) not have any predators (including humans).
Right: A creche of emperor penguin chicks in early spring.
What is called a group of penguins ?
I can think of no less than 4 different terms:
A 'rookery'. Emperor penguins huddle together to form one very large rookery when it's cold and split in smaller groups spread on the ice when it's warm; they don't make nests but carry their eggs or their feet. Adelie penguins form small rookeries of 2 to hundreds of breeding pairs by building nests on rocky outcrops. Some say this term should be kept for rooks, a type of crow, but it's in widespread use for penguins.
When emperors are huddled close together against the chilly winter storms, in french this is called a 'turtle', just like the Roman legionnaires defensive position. But the english equivalent has less history behind it, the term being simply a 'huddle'. Penguins in this situation change position periodically, those on the outside moving back inside to shelter from the cold, something similar to bikers taking the lead temporarily although it costs them energy. This behavior was thought to be a fairly unique altruistic behavior, but it can be explained quite simply by evolutionary biology: no penguin want to be outside exposed to the cold, so they try to get to the center, but they don't want to fight for it (a big waste of energy), so they just push slowly till they get a better position; and later other penguins pushing in other directions will expose them again.
When they grow bigger and no longer need an adult at all time to keep them sheltered, the chicks group together in 'crêches' (picture on left), a French word for crib. They do this for protection against the cold and against predators (Skuas and Giant petrels) but are not cared communally by the remaining adults: adults will feed only their own chick which they recognize by its voice. There can be several crêches in a large rookery.
And more simply we also say that all the rookeries in a common area form a 'colony'.
Do penguins have a leader ? What's their social structure ?
They don't have a leader as such, but sometimes when a group action is necessary one penguin will take the initiative and all the others will follow as happens for instance when jumping in the water or beginning a walk. This does not give any advantage to the first one, except more risk of being eaten by a waiting leopard !
Why do they walk in a single line formation ?
This applies mainly to Emperor penguins as Adelies wanders in not particularly organized groups when going between the shore and their nests. Basically they just follow the leader, an older penguin who knows the way for their hundred of km treks. Some lines can have as much as 3000 penguins in a single file. How do they find the way ? I have no idea. Do they get lost ? Maybe, but they don't tell anyone.
Right: Adelie penguin footsteps on snow.
How long does it take the Emperor Penguins to make their trek to/from the group to feed ?
The distance can be anywhere from 60 to 250 km depending on ice extension, and it takes them an average of a week, one way. Add to this a week to fish and replenish their fat supply so it can take them a good month to do the round trip. If the ice extends particularly far that year, the long turn around times increase the mortality among the chicks who cannot be fed enough in time.
What other animals live near penguins ?
Seals, other birds like skuas and petrels, and even sometimes humans in places like New Zealand or the Galapagos.
What do penguins do for fun ?
When they are on land I haven't observed any behavior that even remotely looks like play. They only come on land for serious activities: reproducing and moulting. On the other hand, as soon as they go back to the water they swim in groups in circles, jump out in the air (also known as porpoising or breaching) and generally seem to be enjoying themselves.
Do penguins fall over when something fly over them ?
No. This is an urban legend and I can't believe the NSF actually funded a study on this. Adelie and Emperor penguins are moderately scared of things from the sky because that's where their only predators on land come from (skuas and giant petrels that grab their unattended eggs or chicks). They can also be afraid of noisy helicopters at first, but they get used to them very fast. In Dumont d'Urville, some Adelies are nesting less than 10 meters from helicopter landing pads. They just crouch for a minute when the chopper passes above them and then go on their business.
When out of the water penguins don't have very good vision, they are near-sighted so they can't really tell whether it's a bird or airplane flying above them unless it gets close and noisy.
How do you cook a penguin ? Penguin recipes ?
They are very fat, so a method that melts the fat off is better, like a roast. The blood is very rich in oxygen so the meat turns an un-appetizing dark as it cooks. The breast can make decent steaks. For doing an omelet, you need to remove some of the white of the egg otherwise it's not tasty enough; but the overall taste is the same than a normal omelet. Am I joking ? Maybe... Just remember that many an explorer can trace his survival to scrambled penguin eggs. Hardly a necessity nowadays.
If you want to know everything there is to know about the subject (except maybe the taste itself), I refer you to the recipe book "Fit for a FID" by Gerald Cutland or the book about the history of Antarctic cuisine "Hoosh" by Jason C. Anthony.
Is it true that there are homosexual penguins ?
Yes, it is a behavior sometimes observed in zoo animals. There was a famous case at the NY zoo of two males taking turns caring for a fake egg, then given a real one and successfully raising a family. The children book And Tango Makes Three recounts this true story.
It's hard to tell if this happens in the wild as it's usually impossible to tell the difference between male and female visually. Note that many different animal species can exhibit homosexual behavior, so very far from the fundamentalist views that 'homosexuality is against nature'.
Right: Hole left by the body heat of an Adelie penguin who waited out a storm for several days... with skidmarks ! And those are feathers at the bottom of the hole.
What color is penguin poop ?
I can't believe some of the questions I get... Well, here goes: it's kinda white with greenish and darkish streaks when it comes out, but when it dries it turns to reddish for Adelies and greenish for Emperors. The red comes from all the krill that they eat and there are large quantities of this red 'mud' accumulated around the rookeries (sometimes as much as 10cm thick). The green is probably bile due to the fact that the Emperors fast for a long period; the ice is covered with it in spring and melts back into the sea.
The fact that adelie penguins nest on rock outcrops makes it so that the higher ones 'shower' the lower ones. Just like in our own society I guess...
And to continue on this issue which decidedly uses lots of ink, the 2005 Ig Nobel price in fluid dynamics has been attributed to Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow (International University Bremen, Germany and University of Oulu, Finland) and Jozsef Gal (Loránd Eötvös University, Hungary), for using basic principles of physics to calculate the pressure that builds up inside a penguin, as detailed in their report "Pressures Produced When Penguins Pooh — Calculations on Avian Defaecation".
can you tell us about emperor penguins for our prodject yu know issy you need to email her aswell
No. What about saying 'hello' ? What about signing your mail ? What about reading what's already on this page instead of asking me to do your homework ? What about not doing 8 spelling or punctuation errors in 19 words ? [yes, that is an actual email I received]
Do penguins make a case for 'intelligent design' ?
No more than any other animal in existence. For a clear view on the subject, read a real book for once, like something by Stephen Jay Gould or Richard Dawkins, they can explain and put things in perspective much better than I ever could. | <urn:uuid:eb3faef8-5b79-45eb-be07-389e393191ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/PenguinFAQ.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426629.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726202050-20170726222050-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.963597 | 11,068 | 2.765625 | 3 |
If you’re just starting gardening, or have been gardening and had some failures, or even if you’ve been gardening a while but are short on time this year, consider this list of a dozen easy-to-grow popular vegetables. Keep in mind that you should enjoy eating it to grow it!
The most popular vegetable to grow is the tomato. Decide if you want determinate tomatoes–those that stop growing when they produce fruit, or indeterminate types–those that keep growing. Determinate types usually mature earlier and with less fruit, and need less staking. Dwarf tomatoes are compact, good for containers, and just produce fruit all at once. Tomatoes now come in various colors if you want something different. Look for varieties with some resistance to common tomato diseases.
Peppers are becoming more popular with many new varieties, both sweet and hot types. There is a rainbow of colors too, literally. The hot ones are great in salsa. The sweet or bell types can be stuffed, or diced and fried, or grilled. Peppers are short, so good for small spaces and containers. As with tomatoes, peppers like warm temperatures so should be planted later. Both these are generally started indoors in early spring, or bought as small plants.
There are three “root crops”, or those with underground edible parts, that are easy. Carrots are sown from seeds early, even before the last frost. Sow in intervals to have crops all season, especially in fall. There are many types, based on their shape. Some are baby-sized when mature, others you can just harvest young.
Onions are most easily purchased in a bundle of small plants, called “sets”, ready to plant out and grow. If purchasing locally, be sure to get varieties suited for your climate, and in particular day length. You might also consider the easy onion relatives of leeks, shallots, and garlic.
Potatoes are not on many top ten lists, but they are one of the easiest, and come in many novelty and tasty varieties you won’t find in stores. You buy these in spring as “seed potatoes” – tubers ready to sprout that you cut in large pieces and plant. As they grow, just hill up soil around them, or plant low in a large container and as they grow add more soil.
Probably the easiest vegetable to grow, the one given to children to start, is beans. Often called green beans, some varieties are yellow. Some produce vines, so need a trellis, others are “bush” types and remain compact. Just sow directly in the garden when the soil is warm, and be careful. A few bean plants can produce lots of beans.
Peas are another favorite on many lists. Traditionally they grow as vines, so need a trellis, and produce pods with peas inside. Now there are varieties that grow low as bushes. Those with the tough pods and peas inside that need shelling out are English peas and Southern Peas; although tasty they can be time-consuming to shell. The snap pea also has peas inside, but its pod is edible. Then there are the flat snow peas, harvested before the peas inside form, and eaten for their edible pods.
Two favorite and easy vegetables, cucumbers and squash, are produced commonly on vines. If short on space, look for varieties that are “bush” types making large mounds. Both these crops like heat, so sow seeds in the garden when the soil has warmed.
The two main types of cucumbers are the short, spiny pickling ones and the larger, smooth-skinned and dark green slicers. The latter are what you usually see in grocery stores. You can eat the pickling ones too. The bush types take less space, but produce fewer fruits.
Zucchini is listed separately on some lists, but it is actually a type of summer squash. Other types are the yellow, straight or crookneck varieties. There are other varieties of summer squash with green or white skins and scallop shapes. Summer squash usually mature in about 2 months, compared to about 3 months for the winter squash. The latter are called this as they store well in a cool space into winter. There are various winter squashes based on their shape.
Lettuce is on most easy-to-grow lists, but if you like them you should try other leafy greens as well. Some of these favorites are spinach, Swiss chard, and specialty greens. There are four main types of lettuce to choose from crisp-head, loose-head, loose-leaf, and romaine. Although those with green leaves are most common, some varieties have burgundy too. Decide if you want ones with smooth, frilled, or deeply-cut leaves. These crops like it cool, so sow early, and pick anytime–you don’t have to wait for them to mature. They’re great in containers.
With all these crops, all gardeners should pay attention to “days to maturity” on varieties if nothing else. This is the time from seeding, or in some cases planting out, until the first fruits are ripe. Figure the number of days after your last frost day, and make sure you’ll either be around and not on vacation when they ripen, or that they will ripen before first fall frost. Don’t know these frost dates? There are many online resources for finding them in your area, or check with your local garden store, Extension office, or Master Gardener program. Dr. Leonard Perry, Extension Professor, University of Vermont was used as a resource for this article. | <urn:uuid:0dfeed0a-0347-4684-a54d-2ae6f36c2a96> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://offices.aces.edu/baldwin/category/home-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867041.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525043910-20180525063910-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.958743 | 1,181 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Waco in 1892
Although Waco was only the sixth largest city in the state in population in 1892—behind San Antonio, Dallas, Houston, Galveston, and Austin—it had grown to be one of the most important cotton markets in the South. According to one estimate, nearby farmers brought more than 40,000 bales of cotton to Waco to be ginned, and railroads brought another 80,000 bales from smaller cities that did not have their own compresses. Also, the Slayden Kirksey Woolen Mills (i on map), on Mary Street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets, was on its way to becoming one of the largest in the South.
A. L. Westyard’s picture of the city viewed from the east suggests this growth and vigor even as the cotton prices were headed downward. The city’s reputation as an educational center had grown when Baylor University (shown between Fifth, Seventh, Dutton, and Speight streets) moved from Independence and merged with Waco University (J) in 1887. A gas plant had begun operation in the 1880s; and in the 1890s the city began a system of public parks. Trolleys, which converted from mule-drawn to electric in 1891, eased transportation to the growing suburbs such as University Heights, Arwell Heights, Provident Heights, and Proctor Springs. Waco was also a city of churches (eighteen are identified in the key), including Catholic, German Evangelical, Norwegian Lutheran, Jewish, and African-American congregations in addition to the usual Protestant denominations, whose spires could often be seen for miles as one approached town.
But Waco was also something of a tourist destination, with hot artesian springs discovered beneath the city in 1890. Two springs were located near the public square and another in the southern part of town, where Padgitt’s Park was established. Good rail connections made it possible for people from other parts of the state to come and partake of the soothing waters. The hotel business picked up, with the Pacific and the Royal hotels being among the larger establishments. In addition, the city boasted the only legal prostitution district in the state, and one of only two in the country; Omaha, Nebraska, was the other.
The promotional vigor of Waco businessmen is exemplified in the three bird’s-eye views of the city made between 1873 and 1892. With colors made possible by improved printing technology, Westyard’s view seems to accent Waco’s growth and success with a rosy red sunset in the distant western sky (upper right-hand corner of the print). | <urn:uuid:0b990831-6f3f-4888-b871-5f0ddb3a1c7c> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.birdseyeviews.org/zoom.php?city=Waco&year=1892&extra_info= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660493.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00200-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976484 | 551 | 3.34375 | 3 |
We all know that teenagers, and even children, can commit crimes – but what happens when they do?
It’s not uncommon to hear myths or misconceptions surrounding children and crimes. From time to time we hear about children being tried as adults in the United States, stories about riots in juvenile detention centres or myths that any child who commits a crime is entitled to a warning from police or won’t have a conviction recorded.
In NSW, anyone under the age of 18 years of age is considered to be a child in the eyes of the law. If a person is charged with a crime and was under the age of 18 at the time the crime is alleged to have been committed they will be dealt with as a child – even if they turn 18 midway through the matter. Children are dealt with differently to adults, and different legislation applies. Matters will start in the Children’s Court. Serious crimes may be finalised in the District Court, in some cases before a jury. However, it is not the case that the child is treated or tried as an adult. The legislation that applies to all Children still applies in the District Court. The court will be closed to the public, the child’s name, and identifying information suppressed and, if the child is found guilty, the same penalties apply.
While anyone under the age of 18 is considered to be a child, not a child can only be charged with a criminal offence if they are above the age of criminal responsibility. In NSW, this is presently10 years of age. Any child under ten years of age cannot be charged as the relevant legislation states “It shall be conclusively presumed that no child who is under the age of 10 years can be guilty of an offence.”
To further complicate matters, a child between 10 and 14 years of age can be charged, but can only be found guilty if the prosecution can prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that the child has sufficient capacity to be found criminally responsible for the crime. This is known as ‘doli incapax’ and is a rebuttable presumption that a child between the ages of 10 and 14 lacks the relevant capacity to be held criminally responsible. In other words, the law presumes that until a child turns 14, they don’t have the relevant capacity to form a guilty mind and therefore cannot be found guilty of a crime.
In some cases, a child aged between 10 and 14 will be charged by police with a crime. This usually only happens in relation to serious allegations, or where there is an extensive history of crime or crime-related activity by the child. Once the child is charged, the prosecution needs to rely on psychiatric and other evidence to satisfy the court that the child did the act charged and, when doing the act, knew it was wrong (rather than merely naughty or mischievous).
Where a child pleads guilty or is found guilty of a criminal offence, they will be sentenced. The court has significant discretion on sentence, ranging from dismissing the matter, cautioning the child, release the child on probation or, in the most severe cases, sentence the child to a control order which requires their detention in a juvenile detention centre. Where the child is under 16 years of age, a criminal conviction cannot be recorded. It will, however, always remain on the court record. A child between 16 and 18 may have a conviction recorded against them, however, depending on the charge, the conviction may only remain on their disclosable criminal record for a certain period of time before it becomes a spent conviction.
Author: Trudie Cameron | <urn:uuid:fdc9bfd7-6bb2-4637-bf58-712502974707> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.armstronglegal.com.au/can-children-be-charged-with-crimes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.967787 | 734 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Trauma and Healing
It was not until recently that psychological trauma is clearly defined and understood as the main problems in the normal functioning of an individual. Trauma was first recognized when people returned from the First World War with complaints of nightmares, flashbacks and broke down on the field during the battle. You can get trauma counseling online at https://www.therapyplace.ca/emdr-for-trauma-and-ptsd.
It was not until then that the psychological trauma associated with abuse and other situations and events that can lead to trauma now called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was only in the last twenty years that actually the trauma has been studied and known by physicians and the public.
Image Source: Google
Similar symptoms of PTSD was first recognized by Freud as the basis for what is called hysteria. While Freud admitted the origin of hysteria in the publication of The Etiology of Hysteria as derived from child abuse, he immediately stopped his search. War and Trauma
What Does Trauma Look Like?
Trauma can take many forms or develops and manifests itself in many ways including, but not limited to physical instability, mental, and emotional, sleep disorders, have an impact on self-esteem, psychosomatic complaints, the need for emotional numbing, hyper-arousal, explosions and aggressive behavior, separation, memory changes, feelings of helplessness, all the memories are emotionally intense, vivid and real, so it mimics the actual event and the overall effect of interaction with the outside world. | <urn:uuid:9a4a9fe5-94db-48d4-8845-33e5091617c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.malavan.net/trauma-healing-and-the-therapeutic-relationship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334855.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926082131-20220926112131-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.966273 | 315 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The approach of the solar maximum is an urgent reminder that power grids everywhere are more vulnerable than ever to geomagnetic effects
Luminous fingers of intense red, green, and violet light flicker and pulse across the northern and southern skies like a vast cosmic conflagration. Within minutes, millions of people are tweeting, texting, and blogging about the wondrous sight. But then the sky turns a deep blood red, and fascination turns to panic.
Linked to the celestial spectacle are enormous fluctuations of the magnetic field in Earth's magnetosphere, which are causing immense flows of electric current in the upper atmosphere over much of the planet. Those huge currents disturb Earth's normally quiescent magnetic field, which in turn induces surges of current in electrical, telecommunications, and other networks across entire continents. Streetlights flicker out; electricity is lost. A massive planetary blackout has occurred, leaving vast swaths of North and South America, Europe, Australia, and Asia without power.
Within a few months, the crisis has deepened. In many areas, food shortages are rampant, drinking water has become a precious commodity, and patients in need of blood transfusions, insulin, or critical prescription drugs die waiting. Normal commerce has ground to a halt, replaced by black markets and violent crime. As fatalities climb into the millions, the fabric of society starts to unravel.
Of course, no geomagnetic storm has ever wreaked such global havoc. But the last time we had a truly powerful storm was in 1921—decades before developed economies became utterly dependent on electrical infrastructure. The doomsday scenario described above is based closely on the warnings of numerous government panels and industry studies I've participated in during my more than 30 years of investigating the problem that extreme space weather poses to power grids. A 2008 U.S. government report prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency put the yearly financial impact of such an event at more than US $1 trillion. And like other reports before and since, it predicted catastrophic damage not just to electricity grids but also to oil and gas pipelines, undersea communication cables, telephone networks, and railways. Repairing that critical infrastructure would take months or even years.
Now is a good time to consider the awesome and cyclical tempestuousness of our star: Solar activity tends to occur in cycles that peak in frequency and intensity every 11 years, and the next peak is expected later this year or early the next. To be sure, not every peak—also known as a solar maximum—brings a killer storm; the last notable one occurred in March 1989. It took down Quebec's entire grid within seconds, leaving 6 million customers without power for 9 hours. A later surge in the storm destroyed a large transformer at a New Jersey nuclear plant and nearly took down U.S. power grids from the mid-Atlantic through the Pacific Northwest.
Dark Quebec: Animations show how the 1989 storm affected the North American grid.
By comparing data from the geomagnetic storm in March 1989 [top] with magnetometer readings taken during the May 1921 superstorm, the author has estimated the intensity and geographic reach of the 1921 event [bottom]. The colored regions show the intense geomagnetic field disturbances caused by the eastward electrojet—a large electric current that builds up in the atmosphere—over North America. Not only was the 1921 storm more intense than the 1989 storm, but it had a much larger geographic foot-print. Unfortunately, no data exist to depict the 1921 storm's much larger westward electrojet, but it would have engulfed much of the planet. Source: Andrea Grygo/Storm Analysis Consultants
But that geomagnetic storm was not so bad, it turns out. A recent forensic analysis I did of historic storms, including the planetwide event in 1921 and an even bigger one in 1859, strongly suggests that Earth has been lashed by superstorms up to 10 times as powerful as the 1989 event. The bad news is that it's likely—certain, even—that such a storm will happen again. And when it does, it will be one of the worst disasters in recorded history.
From where we sit, the sun seems quiet enough. And yet it is constantly bombarding Earth with electrons, protons, and radio through X-ray waves. The charged particles are ejected from the star's upper atmosphere and carried through space at a clip of 300 to 400 kilometers per second, arriving at our atmospheric doorstep about four days after leaving the sun. Under normal circumstances, this solar wind produces only negligible effects on Earth.
Occasionally, though, the sun erupts violently, emitting solar flares or throwing out coronal mass ejections consisting of billions of tons of charged particles. At such times, the solar wind blows considerably harder, at speeds of over 2000 km/s, organized into strong magnetic fields and with particle densities and temperatures an order of magnitude higher than normal. When it hits Earth's upper atmosphere, the solar wind connects with and expands Earth's magnetosphere, including the long tail-like portion that streams out from the nighttime side of the planet. This magnetotail swells and elongates until it becomes unstable and breaks in two.
The part of the magnetotail that's no longer attached to Earth drifts off into space, while the rest snaps back violently, like a broken rubber band. In the process it forces plasma back into Earth's upper atmosphere, where a large current of more than a million amperes— called an electrojet—builds up at an altitude of about 100 km and produces brilliant auroras. In average-size storms, this electrojet extends only over the globe's higher latitudes, like a halo circling one of the poles. But during very large storms, such as those in 1989 and 1921, it can also reach down to the lower latitudes, where most of the world's population and its infrastructure dwell.
That's not the only means by which the sun can upset Earth's geomagnetic balance. Coronal mass ejections that are big enough can collide directly with Earth's magnetosphere, releasing enough energy to collapse it on the daytime side of the planet from more than 64 000 km to less than 25 000 km in just a minute or two. The solar wind can buffet the magnetosphere, creating giant electromagnetic waves, much as hurricane winds kick up surf on the ocean. At lower latitudes, space weather can set off geomagnetic activity of a lesser intensity but longer duration, which can be as damaging to electric grids near the equator as other types of storms can be at higher latitudes.
But how does all this space weather cause damage down on the ground? It's a multistep process. First, the intense magnetic field variations in the magnetosphere induce electric fields and currents over large areas of Earth's surface. In turn, this geoelectric field creates what are known as geomagnetically induced currents, or GICs, which flow in any available conductor, including high-voltage transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, railways, and undersea communications cables. These interconnecting networks essentially act as giant antennas that channel the induced currents from the ground. Hit with a 300-ampere GIC, a high-voltage transformer's paper tape insulation will burn, its copper winding will melt, and the transformer will fail, either right then and there or in the future.
loyaltyshopping_cartdelete Lights Out: A simulation of an extreme geomagnetic storm at 50 degrees geomagnetic latitude shows a widespread collapse of the power grid in the eastern and northwest portions of the United States, which together have a population of more than 130 million people. The black lines indicate extra-high-voltage transmission lines and major substations. The red dots indicate the locations and magnitude of the geomagnetically induced currents that would flow across the network. In this scenario, more than 300 large EHV transformers would either fail or suffer permanent damage. Source: Peter Warner/Storm Analysis Consultants; Map: John MacNeill
High-voltage power grids are designed to withstand the loss of any single important element, such as a substation transformer, and then recover within a half hour or so. For a terrestrial storm like a hurricane or a tornado, this approach works well. But a severe geomagnetic storm covering an entire continent would cause multiple failures all at once. During the first 30 seconds of the 1989 storm, the Quebec grid experienced 15 simultaneous failures—and the unsurprising result was a province-wide blackout. And that storm, remember, was far from the worst Earth has seen.
It took scientists a while to make the connection between something happening on the sun and something happening on Earth. Given the separation between the two events of hours or days and 150 million km, maybe that's not too surprising. The first person to begin connecting the dots was a British amateur astronomer named Richard Carrington, who while doing daily sunspot observations saw a huge “white light" flare on the sun on 1 September 1859. This flare was both preceded and followed by incredible bloodred auroral displays that engulfed the planet from the poles to the tropics.
In that era, the only widespread electrotechnology was the telegraph. Electrical current surged through telegraph lines and blew out the batteries that supplied power to them. Telegraph operators were stunned by arcs of electricity leaping from their equipment. Other enterprising operators disconnected the batteries, reconnected the telegraph armature directly to ground, and were able to continue working with just the “celestial" current flowing through their lines.
Over the next few decades, others would expand on the connection between solar activity and geomagnetic storms. But skeptics were also plentiful, including the great physicist Lord Kelvin, who until his death in 1907 remained convinced that Maxwell's equations ruled out any kind of direct influence the sun might have on Earth.
The debate went unresolved until 1959, when the Soviets' Luna 1 satellite finally confirmed the existence of the solar wind. Carrington was long dead by then, of course, but the 1859 storm, one of the most severe in recorded history, is now known as the Carrington event [see “ Important Dates in Solar History"].
Could another hemisphere-walloping event occur during the approaching solar max? There's really no telling. The fact is, geomagnetic storms can occur at any point in the solar cycle, and not all solar flares or coronal mass ejections will trigger a storm. Most of them, after all, will be pointed away from Earth. Of the earthbound ones, the damage they do depends on, among other things, the polarity of the magnetic field carried by the solar wind. If the polarity is the same as that of Earth's magnetic field, most of the particles will be deflected harmlessly into space. Eventually, though, we will get a Carrington-class flare that will trigger a superstorm the likes of which we have never seen. For that we are woefully unprepared.
The 1989 geomagnetic storm that blacked out Quebec led to many sobering studies and some potentially promising research, but not much actually changed. No regulations were added to require utility companies to harden their infrastructures, monitor for geomagnetically induced currents, or report transformer failures following geomagnetic storms—and so for the most part, the utilities haven't. There is still no design code for the grid and its components that takes into account threats from space weather.
Meanwhile, the world has become more electrified. In the United States, the extra-high-voltage (EHV) portion of the power grid has grown by a factor of 10 [PDF] since the late 1950s. China's grid is even more vulnerable, because portions of it now operate at even higher voltages—1000 kilovolts versus a maximum of 765 kV in the United States. Higher voltages can force higher GICs to flow into the grid, because the resistance of high-voltage lines is lower per unit length than it is for lower-voltage lines. But China is just following a worldwide trend: In general, utilities are pushing voltages higher to reduce the amount of energy lost over long distances. But they do so without considering the heightened risk.
Of all the parts of the power grid, high-voltage transformers are among the most likely to fail in a geomagnetic storm and also among the most difficult to replace. If a big storm were to knock out several hundred transformers in one fell swoop, manufacturers wouldn't be able to supply replacements quickly—there is no global stockpile. EHV transformers, which can handle voltages of 345 kV or higher, weigh about 200 tons and cost about $10 million each. Building one requires exquisite, near-artisanal craftsmanship, including meticulously hand winding the paper-tape insulation around the copper winding at the transformer's core. One EHV transformer can take several weeks to assemble and test, and it takes years to train skilled assemblers. Even the largest transformer plants can build only about 30 to 50 per year. With the shortage of skilled labor and specialized materials that would likely accompany a prolonged blackout, simply maintaining that level of output would be a challenge, never mind ramping up new production.
There is a quick and relatively cheap fix to help protect these transformers from geomagnetically induced currents: They can be retrofitted to block the inflow of GICs. But no utilities anywhere routinely protect their multimillion-dollar transformers in this way. Also worrisome is that many transformers in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan are fast approaching the end of their useful lives. The average age of U.S. transformers is about 40 years. Over the decades, each of these devices has likely experienced at least minor overheating and other insults from GICs. An aged transformer that's been exposed to repeated injury is of course far more likely to fail than a brand-new transformer.
Unfortunately for grid operators and others who have to deal with the consequences of geomagnetic disturbances, existing tools for assessing severe space weather fall short. The space-based Solar and Heliospheric Observatory now offers gorgeous images of solar flares as they burst forth from the sun's surface, while the Advanced Composition Explorer satellite makes very precise measurements of the solar wind. As a result, computer models of space weather can now accurately predict when the solar wind will reach Earth. But space weather experts still don't know which kinds of solar activity will likely cause real damage.
The traditional way of gauging solar storm intensity is the G-scale, which rates storms from 1, the least severe, to a maximum of 5. It's based on an 80-year-old metric known as the K-index, which reflects the change in Earth's magnetic field over a 3-hour period. For instance, the most severe storm has a K-index of 9 (which corresponds to a G-scale rating of 5), meaning the magnetic field variation exceeds 500 nanoteslas during the 3 hours. That's relatively small compared to Earth's average magnetic field of about 60 000 nT.
But for the power grid, the K-scale's 3-hour time scale is useless because the magnetic spikes of greatest concern happen over just a few seconds or minutes; the higher the rate of change, the greater the impact. Experts use the shorthand “dB/dt" to refer to this rate of change. But whether the change happens over 30 seconds or 3 hours, it would register the same value on the K-index. And while the index tops out at 500 nT, actual storms can go much higher. The 1989 storm, for example, had fluctuations of 400 to 500 nT per minute over North America, so according to the K-index, it was among the worst. However, my analysis of data from the 1921 storm indicates it reached an intensity of 5000 nT per minute—10 times as great as the 1989 event [see illustration, “ Worse and Worst"].
Of the several K-9 storms that have come after the March 1989 storm, all had lower dB/dts and as a consequence were far less destructive. However, this may have created a sense of complacency within the electric power industry that it has done enough post-1989 to prepare for the “worst" storms.
Fortunately, protecting against the space-weather threat should be neither expensive nor difficult. Almost all modern power grids use a three-phase design, in which each of three lines carries an alternating current whose phase is separated from the other two by a third of a cycle.
The three-phase transformers used in this scheme are directly grounded through their neutrals. The ground is assumed to be an infinite sink that can absorb any brief, large fault current and at the same time keep the voltage across the grid from spiking and damaging equipment. In retrospect, that design is flawed: During a geomagnetic storm, the sink becomes a source of GICs, flowing into the grid from the ground.
Preventing the inflow of GICs into the grid through the neutral-to-ground connection is the best long-term solution. One idea is to install capacitors at the neutral-to-ground juncture, which would block the inflow of GICs or any other direct current but otherwise allow the continuous flow of small AC currents that are common from the neutral to the ground. The challenge is devising a way to automatically bypass the capacitor in the event of an actual fault and allow a large AC current—say, more than 20 kiloamperes—to flow to ground from the neutral. Such gear was developed [PDF, requires subscription] under a research program I directed for the Electric Power Research Institute in the early 1990s. But the switching devices of that era were too slow, expensive, and complex, and they couldn't handle high currents.
Recently, though, an old technology has been revived that appears to have all of the right qualities: the trusty vacuum tube. A start-up called Advanced Fusion Systems [PDF], based in New Rochelle, N.Y., has developed a capacitor bypass device that uses a high-power vacuum tube that it says can bypass the capacitor within a fraction of an alternating current cycle, far speedier than any existing mechanical switch, power transistor, or spark gap could.
The design is still being vetted, but if it proves successful, retrofitting the neutral-to-ground connections with these bypass devices would be far less costly than having to replace tens or hundreds of the transformers themselves following a major geomagnetic storm.
So here you are at the end of the article. If you never gave much thought to geomagnetic storms before (and let's face it, you never did), I hope you now appreciate the extraordinary risk that extreme space weather poses to our critical systems and even our way of life.
Our infrastructure has greatly expanded and grown more complex—and also more vulnerable. We engineers have presided over this growth and can feel justifiably proud of what it has brought society. But we have also unintentionally created a disaster in the making, and it is time we addressed it. As an engineering community, we should realize there are no reprieves from the laws of physics. If we do nothing—if we stand by and wait for politicians to appreciate the risks and act on them—we may witness one of the worst catastrophes of all time.
About the Author
John Kappenman is a leading expert on the disastrous consequences a severe geomagnetic storm could have on the electrical infrastructure. “My first assignment as a power engineer was to devise solutions for all the problems these storms pose to power grids," he says. He failed to do that in the allotted 6 months but stuck with it for more than 30 years. He frequently testifies before Congress and advises U.S. government panels on the topic. | <urn:uuid:99336c52-4cfe-4b26-b394-a8b4179abac7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-perfect-storm-of-planetary-proportions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517245.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517095022-20220517125022-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.950602 | 4,096 | 2.75 | 3 |
The teaching of English at Chapman Primary supports our students to understand the three strands within the Australian Curriculum; Language, Literature and Literacy. Students progressively build essential skills, knowledge and understanding from Kindergarten to Year 6 to appreciate, respond to, analyse and create literature. This is achieved through the development of receptive modes (listening, reading and viewing) and productive modes (speaking, writing and creating).
The Balanced Literacy Program underpins all teaching approaches at Chapman Primary School. This program ensures that students receive high levels of scaffolding in initial instruction and modelling to less support as they approach mastery. The cyclical nature of learning ensures that all students move along this developmental continuum.
Teachers use First Steps Reading and Writing to inform their practice in reading and writing. First Steps is a research-based literacy resource that offers teachers an accurate means of assessing and monitoring children's competencies and progress in reading, writing, speaking and listening and viewing. This resource, and our approach, symbolises the interrelatedness of literacy learning. Comprehensive Assessment of Reading Strategies (CARS) and Strategies to Achieve Reading Success (STARS) are used from Years 4-6 as a diagnostic and instructional reading tool used to highlight reading strategies. We also use PM Benchmark Assessment texts to assess instructional and independent reading levels.
Chapman Primary School uses Words their Way texts to assist students in developing effective spelling strategies. It is a hands-on approach to spelling utilising word sorts to focus student's attention on critical features of words – sound, pattern and meaning. It caters for differentiated learning in the classroom. This approach coupled with a focus on high frequency words (Magic 100 and 200 words) from Kindergarten to year 2 and Spelling Matrices from Year 3-6 to develop independence and self-regulation ensures that students have a firm understanding of spelling features. We ensure that all students are resourceful spellers and are able to use a range of different strategies to spell different words.
For more information about the English content taught and sample portfolios at each year level, please see the Australian Curriculum Content Descriptions. | <urn:uuid:443c83af-af0b-40c5-b600-315ebbcff215> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.chapmanps.act.edu.au/our_curriculum/English | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.922327 | 430 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Discovered: Cooking helped humans evolve large brains; beluga vocalizations strikingly similar to human speech; how the dung beetle keeps its cool; measuring consciousness.
Raw food diets evolutionarily inferior. Celebrities like Amanda Seyfried might tout the slimming benefits of a raw food diet, but neuroscientists aren't impressed by raw food's evolutionary effects on the human brain. Humans evolved to form such big brains thanks in part to cooking, says Brazilian researcher Suzana Herculano-Houzel. She found that humans would have to spend upwards of 9 hours per day eating raw unprocessed raw food if they wanted to boost brainpower for future generations of humans. Our brains have three times as many neurons as our closest cousins in the primate kingdom, thanks to our cooking ancestors who discovered that roasting meat and vegetables pre-digested food for us, speeding up digestion and making efficient use of calories. Herculano-Houzel put this theory to the test by studying primate diets and their relationship to fueling the brain. "If you eat only raw food, there are not enough hours in the day to get enough calories to build such a large brain," Herculano-Houzel concludes. "We can afford more neurons, thanks to cooking." [Science Now]
Whale sounds very similar to humans. Whale song has long fascinated scientists, and now researchers from California's National Marine Mammal Foundation have found a beluga whale that who can vocalize sounds strikingly similar to human speech. The adorably named NOC is impressing scientists, because no one even tried to train him to mimic the human voice. Normally belugas deliver a high-pitched chirp, but NOC was speaking at frequencies octaves below normal, and with durations and spaces of silence similar to a human uttering a sentence. "Our observations suggest that the whale had to modify its vocal mechanics in order to make the speech-like sounds," says lead author Sam Ridgway. "The sounds we heard were clearly an example of vocal learning by the white whale." Belugas have also been scientifically proven to be the cutest type of whale, we're guessing. You can hear a bit of NOC imitating a human, via io9, below. [BBC News]
The resourceful, self-cooling dung beetle. Dung beetles are gross, but at least their grossness is useful. The insects feed on feces, which they prepare for consumption by rolling through the desert sand. In the savanna, that sand can be pretty hot—hot enough to scorch a human foot. So how do the beetles keep cool? The Scarabaeus (kheper) lamarcki solves this dilemma by riding atop the food they're rolling up for themselves, Swedish and South African researchers have found. They reached this conclusion by outfitting the bugs with silicone boots for an experiment about how the beetles resist heat. Those wearing the booties mounted their dung heap meals 35 percent less often than their barefoot peers. Check out the beetles resourceful heat evasion below: [Scientific American]
Measuring consciousness through EEG. When someone receives massive brain damage, how can you tell if they're still conscious or not? The line between awareness and unconsciousness is very fuzzy, but Belgian researchers believe that they can distinguish the vegetative from the conscious by measuring brain waves through EEG readouts. Researchers led by Melanie Boly revealed their findings at the Society for Neuroscience conference, outlining a process for measuring consciousness more objectively. By jolting 32 awake patients with a small electrical jolt, then measuring the complexity of their neural responses, the scientists were able to sort conscious patients from unconscious patients. Of course, the call still remains subjective as to whether or not massively brain damaged patients are conscious or not, but Boly and her colleagues believe their criteria is the most objective diagnostic test to date. [Discover] | <urn:uuid:06031058-6900-4473-b406-8d3383e47a80> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.thewire.com/technology/2012/10/cooking-feeds-growing-brain-whale-trying-sound-human/58221/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120974.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00003-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956541 | 801 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Ever wonder about the whitish spots of crunch in your cheese? People have a wide variety of theories on those little crystalline bits. No, it's not salt, it's not something deliberately added during cheesemaking, it's not that the cheese is old and it's starting to dry out, and it's not a cheese mite.
Today we're setting the record straight in a big reveal of the little known component in some of your favorite cheeses.
Those bits are called tyrosine, and they're actually amino acid clusters that form with age. Tyrosine clusters are signs of a well-aged cheese, which is why you'll find them in some of the world's most loved cheeses like Parmigiano Reggiano, aged goudas, and mountain cheeses like gruyere or Pleasant Ridge Reserve.
Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid found mainly in casein, the dominant protein found in milk. The word itself is from the Greek tyros, meaning cheese. What's most fascinating (from a dorky cheese fanatic perspective) is the reason that these protein clusters form.
When cheese is made, fats and proteins are trapped within chains of proteins that have bonded together during acidification. Groupings of these fats and proteins make up the solids, or curds, that form cheese. When cheese spends a long time aging, these protein chains begin to unravel, leaving small, crunchy deposits behind.
Tyrosine lends a distinctive textural charm to cheese, and is a welcome interruption within the body of an otherwise smooth paste. And sometimes it even compliments the beverage you may be drinking with your cheese, as in the case of pairing a full-bodied stout with a super-aged cheddar; the crunchiness of the cheese somehow matches the fullness of the beer by contributing its own textural intensity.
Tyrosine is not to be confused with the crunchiness you can find in some washed-rind cheeses. Since this category of cheese is usually washed in some kind of salt water brine, residual salt crystals are often left behind on the crust of these cheeses. When you take a bite of rind and inner paste together, the crunchiness from the outside can be mistaken for existing on the inside.
Now go and impress your cheese-loving friends with your new vocabulary word! | <urn:uuid:ac7cb96d-0c6c-44b6-9db4-a3d5c9652820> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thekitchn.com/the-cheesemonger-a-bit-of-crun-47988 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951073 | 483 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Two years before D.W. Griffith’s abominable masterpiece Birth Of Nation pulled a Clockwork Orange on white folks, portraying black people as monstrous savage animals, the silent 1913 film Bert Williams: Lime Kiln Field Day (a working title) was portraying blacks quite differently. They weren’t super heroes, intellectuals or persevering under dogs. It’s a romantic comedy starring Bert Williams, a famous black entertainer who performed on Broadway and in black face. He performs in black face in the film as well. Museum of Modern Art curator Ron Magliozzi Williams said having the lead actor wear black face was “a sop to the white audience.” It freed the other black actors from wearing black face.
The film was decades ahead of its time. It shows a black man and woman kissing, laughing and dancing; unheard of during that time. It portrays black culture and Williams fills the frame with joy while avoiding minstrel antics. He did it his way, without compromise. Despite performing in front of countless white audiences in black face, Williams was known as one of the greatest entertainers to ever live.
The Museum of Modern Art claimed the film’s seven reels of negatives in 1938. Williams’ film just made its world primier, currently exhibiting at the MOMA, in a show called 100 Years In Post-Production: Resurrecting A Lost Landmark of Black Film History. The show runs through March 2015. Watch a scene from the film below. | <urn:uuid:67d233fb-09a6-4288-8f43-9ca557561bad> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://themicrogiant.com/a-lost-silent-film-featuring-all-black-cast-resurrected-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.949289 | 310 | 2.6875 | 3 |
We've all been told at least once that a nap will ruin our sleep at night, or that it won't help us catch up on sleep that we lost the night before. Well, science is here to tell us otherwise!
In a small study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCEM), researchers found that even if men get only two hours of sleep the night before, they can make up for their tired brain by taking a couple of small naps.
To reach these results, the men had two sleep sessions in a lab. In the first, they only got two hours of sleep and then had their urine and saliva measured and analyzed for hormonal changes. In the second session, the men did exactly the same thing, but this time they also took two 30-minute naps the following day.
The study found that when men didn't nap, they had an increase in norepinephrine, a hormone which responds to stress. That increase can up the body’s heart rate and blood pressure. However, when the men napped, the researchers found there were no changes in their hormone/stress levels.
According to the researchers, the findings suggest that taking a nap can restore out-of-whack hormone levels, and improve immune system health!
But to avoid the sluggishness that can come from from not getting enough sleep, try to get the recommended amount every night! | <urn:uuid:6b6a40f2-ec34-49ad-abcb-be489d1e3804> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.vingle.net/posts/715945 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.97246 | 292 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Emotionally Nurturing Your Child For Enthusiastic Learning
Integrated Learning Strategies is excited to feature how to emotionally nurture your child for learning in this guest post. While many of the recommendations below are great for select children and parents, some accommodations or exceptions may be made for children with learning challenges and learning disabilities. Integrated Learning Strategies (ILS) is a learning and academic center. As a reminder, ILS is not a health care provider and none of our materials or services provide a diagnosis or treatment of a specific condition or learning challenge you may see in your child or student. If you seek a diagnosis or treatment for your child or student, please contact a trained professional who can provide an evaluation of the child.
When you see a title that suggests you should ‘emotionally calibrate/nurture’ them to success, it can feel a little strange. Children have so much inbuilt personality that doing anything to artificially change them is completely wrong. However, you can try to encourage certain behaviours and expose them to certain activities that can help them develop in the right way. The right way can be considered in many different ways, but for the most part we are alluding to a willingness to engage, a willingness to be social and try to head outside of their comfort zones.
Child education is one of the most important things in the world, and it directly either improves or decreases the quality of later society. More importantly though, it determines the happiness and authority a child can exercise over their own life now and later down the line. They needn’t be the best person in their class, or perform outstandingly at all. Emotionally nurturing is not the same as expecting excellence, but it does mean expecting your child to perform their best.
Remember, with a child of a young age, you are the main reason for any of their behavioural habits (outside of deficiencies or disorders,) and so strong parenting will always be the best way forward. If you’re reading this blog we already know that you’re a wonderful parent/teacher with the interest of your child/pupils at heart, so consider these following tips to enhance your efforts in every conceivable way:
Active, Active, Active
It’s important for a child to be active. But why? How does this help, and why should our advice offer you something new in this regard? Of course you know that your child should be finding time to exercise in a natural way (as in not working out directly,) but how do you foster this? Well, different children have different temperaments, and what works for one is not always likely to work for another. However, if you’re smart, you can try and help your child burn their seemingly limitless energy reserve by introducing them to hobbies and activities they love.
Simply developing your garden space could allow for children to spend more time exercising with one another on your custom built playframe, or spending the time to make catching ball or squash a fun activity the both of you participate in can work wonders too. It’s important to always equate activity with fun, safety, and more fun. This might mean exploring child friendly natural reserve farms with them at the weekend, taking them to shows they might want to see and get involved with, or finding their niche.
Every child is interested in something, so it just pays to find what that is and try to help them find regular activity (and preferably progression) in that. Before long, school sports days around the world will be something your child looks upon fondly, and they will likely enjoy trying to impress you with their cute feats of athleticism.
Knowledge, Knowledge, Knowledge
School is not easy for a child. Not only do they have to get used to an organized hierarchical structure, but must do so with a list of strange peers they might not be familiar with yet, and slowly learn the intricacies of communication and classroom social etiquette. Children are usually very adept at this, and even those with trouble initially acclimating can find their way given the right support.
One of the main responsibilities of attending school is to learn new information and skills. In the first years, this is relegated to playing in cooperation with other children, and then onto reading, learning to count and multiply, and then even abstract those problems out to find more complex solutions. This is a lot of knowledge for a small brain. That’s great, because children have the easiest time learning new things, as evidenced by the ease in which a child can become bilingual through exposure alone. However, this can sometimes fatigue them and their minds, which means going through homework at the appropriate age or trying to teach them life lessons yourself can be a difficult task.
For this effort, it’s important to know where to begin. This means associating learning with fun. Loving to learn and get better at tasks is always something valuable for a child. Children learn primarily well through games, and dialogue. They also learn through either kinesthetic, visual or aesthetic means (usually a combination of all three.) Learning should be fun. Repeat it to yourself ten times. A child will never enjoy being mentally force fed information, and so breaking down tasks into small chunks, continually encouraging good work (but not bad or messy work,) and never scolding or reprimanding your children for an initial challenge can make all the difference.
This emotionally calibrates them in a way to be mentally comfortable with ideas that they are unfamiliar with. They will be encountering ideas like that throughout the entirety of their life, so it’s the most healthy to help them get started young. This helps children cognitively blossom, yet still retain their wonder at the world, and the willingness to learn more. We all know that teacher in our middle or high school who killed our interest in a certain subject, so be sure that you are never the person who could directly or indirectly be responsible for that blame, and you’ll be on the right path.
A Balance Of Pressure
You’ll hear two arguments when it comes to encouraging your child. Motivated or ‘pushy parents’ are often those who reinforce their child’s excellence to them, and try to make it a guiding force through which that child will always return to. Some parents feel that a child will naturally make their way no matter what they say, and choose to leave off the positive reinforcement until results are found. Both sides have this wrong. Children need positive encouragement like a plant needs light and water.
However, balance is the key here. You need to help a child understand their worth, but also to develop and find it themselves. You need to praise them for genuinely good work with huge encouragement, so they can understand what good valued work is, and not feel satisfied and encouraged despite not putting effort forth. This is hard to strike well, but always try and gauge it relating to how much effort or inspiration your child has. Sometimes plenty of encouragement can work well in the face of a challenge, or when they are overflowing with passion for example.
With this effort, not only will your child be in the right framing for a successful early school career, but also you can regard yourself as the brilliant parent you know you are.
Integrated Learning Strategies is a Utah-based center dedicated to helping mainstream children and children with learning challenges achieve academic success. Our services provide kids with non-traditional tutoring programs within the Davis County, Kaysville, Layton, Syracuse, Farmington, and Centerville areas. Areas to find Integrated Learning Strategies include: Reading tutors in Kaysville, Math tutors in Kaysville, Common Core Tutors in Kaysville, Tutors in Utah, Utah Tutoring Programs
PRIMITIVE REFLEXES: How Retained Primitive Reflexes are Holding My Child Back in Learning and Motor Development
01 Jun 2018 - Primitive Reflexes
MYTHS: The Myths about Retained Primitive Reflexes that could be Holding Your Child Back in their Learning and Motor Development
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The health of the fleets is in the hands of the driver, both literally and metaphorically. They are the sole reason the industry exists.
Be it a good-carrier or a passenger fleet, the driver’s safety must always be the uppermost priority for any company.
What Causes Driver Fatigue?
Tiredness on the job can occur in many situations. It does not matter what kind of fleet you are; the driver faces the same challenges in each establishment.
Here are some of the most common reasons for driver fatigue:
More fleet drivers, especially truckers, have to endure long hours of work. This timing pushes their body and minds to the greatest levels of fatigue. Even city-drivers have long, six-hour shifts.
This regular driving, with few breaks in between, could often cause tiredness and lead to distracted driving. This reaction can further lead to lower response rates and accidents.
Poor Route Planning
Especially in smaller fleets, drivers face longer work time because of the work’s nature. Bad route planning could keep the driver on the road for prolonged periods, leading to exhaustion.
Improper Work Conditions
Outside of these physically taxing factors, there is also the mental strain of juggling several tasks at once.
Apart from driving, the fleet operator must also ensure the safety of the goods, log records, communicate with the station, and much more.
Without technological assistance, a drive will unquestionably face a very challenging work atmosphere. An uncomfortable workplace could also lead to further disinterest in work.
These undesirable reactions again open the floor to new problems.
What Are The Effects Of Driver Fatigue?
Now that we know what pushes your drivers to this state let’s understand why these conditions could dent your fleet organization. We can break down the effects of fatigue into the following categories.
On The Driver
The effects of fatigue are very prominent on the driver’s physical and mental well-being. Negligence to work conditions can lead to long-term health problems for the driver.
Unacceptable working conditions can cause drivers to risk the safety of other vehicles and passengers on the road, apart from their own.
This effect will result in lower work satisfaction and the inability to perform simple tasks. Such conditions could also demotivate other drivers to join the establishment.
On The Fleet
The fleet defines the management business, and any fatigue to the driver will directly affect the vehicles.
A distracted mind will cause more errors, leading to increased chances of damaged goods and vehicles. The company will further have to bear these costs of repair and maintenance.
Additionally, if a driver is not comfortable at the job, they tend to pay less attention to the fleet’s property. If you keep your drivers happy, they will treat the vehicles as their own.
On The Business
It is evident that the driver is the organization’s spine, and a weak nervous system will decline the business. A tired driver will not meet deadlines, cost repair-revenue, and slow down the supply chain.
All of these problems will inevitably generate losses for the organization. An organization with high-crash rates and a history of delays will rank lower to new clients.
A slight negligence in driver safety will create a chain reaction of problems, no matter how you perceive it.
What Is Driver Fatigue Management?
A safety program for fleets or steps taken to ensure better work-conditions are called ‘Driver Fatigue Management.’
These steps will ensure the driver is not tired or distracted, delivering better results for the company.
Simple ways to manage driver fatigue are as follows:
ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices are sophisticated tools added to the electronics of the vehicle. They keep a tab on the operation hours of drivers and ensure they are within legal and physically able limits.
They do not just log the vehicle details but send this information to the fleet manager’s desk. It allows the manager to allocate work better and have a watchful eye on the driver’s deadlines.
In the USA, the use of ELD to calculate the HOS or Hours Of Service compliance is a government mandate.
Better Route Mapping
Using computer-generated route planning will ensure better benefits for the driver and the business. The driver will ensure they are not running around in circles and getting the job done via the shortest route.
In the case of your business, better route optimization means lower fuel costs, faster delivery, and avoiding zero-load commutes.
Additionally, better planning will also give the driver an incentive to return to work each day.
A healthy fleet means a healthy business network. The lesser the driver worries about the fleet, the more they will focus on the tasks at hand. A truck that frequently breaks down will only lead to frustration and fatigue.
Benefits Of Driver Fatigue Management
Now that we understand the need for fatigue management, here are a few reasons why they are so important.
The most obvious reason is the safety of the driver. The safer the driver, the better they can perform for the company. Their security will also ensure a better working atmosphere and fewer accidents.
Driver safety will also lead to lower questionable incidents and lesser delay, thus earning your fleet a better name.
Apart from the driver’s safety, it will also make the roads a much safer place for those around your vehicles.
Whether you are a goods transporter or a passenger carrier, onboard safety is also dependent on the driver. A distracted driver might damage vehicles, but improper onboard safety will discourage consumers.
Lastly, paying close attention to safety will earn you more eyeballs. Low-crash ratings, better job satisfaction, and fast delivery are all brag-worthy titles that encourage more users and better business.
Drive fatigue management is not just a one-time activity. It is an ongoing process that requires regular checks, surveys, and proactive operations changes.
The first step to better driver management is starting a dialogue with the drivers themselves. Get your data firsthand before you dive into management policy changes.
A fleet that treats its drivers like the kings will definitely survive in the long-haul.
If you found this article useful, read other informative guides and reviews here:
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Let us know in the comments below what other topics would you like to see on the blog. | <urn:uuid:9788c5b5-e79e-4b2b-b626-3466693b572d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://flux.la/the-benefits-of-driver-fatigue-management-for-your-fleet-operators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.941644 | 1,343 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Simplebooklet.com. Research #3 - Primo Web 2.0 Tools. Photo by Filomena Scalise of FreeDigitalPhotos.net The following online resources are great for completing research collaboratively without having to physically meet.
Of course, it’s necessary to have some discussion so that you know what each group member is doing, but it’s possible even to do that online. Research has become considerably easier for students, but they still need to be taught what tools are available to them and how they can be used effectively. After reviewing numerous tools, I have come to the conclusion that these are the most generally useful for high school student research and group collaboration. Sweet Search – A search engine for students where every site has been evaluated by their research experts. Diigo – A bookmarking tool that you can download to use in your web browser. Awesome Highlighter – Lets you highlight a web page, like you would highlight a printed source when you are researching. Filomena Scalise’s digital portfolio. EdTech: 100 Tech Tools for Teachers and Students.
This post is #12 in DailyTekk’s famous Top 100 series which explores the best startups, gadgets, apps, websites and services in a given category.
Total items listed: 104. Time to compile: 8+ hours. Follow @DailyTekk on Twitter to make sure you don’t miss a week! This post is quite a departure from last week’s subject: 100 Tools to Develop the Next Killer iOS or Android App. Our normal audience may not get much out of this week’s roundup but don’t worry, I’ll be back with something you can use next week!
So here’s what I’ve got for all you educators our there: some random and cool EduTech tools, tech tools ... There’s more to this article! Projectsthatpop. Kevin Honeycutt. Interactive Graphic Organizer. Holt Interactive Graphic Organizers "Graphic organizers are tools that help your brain think.
" - Kylene Beers Graphic organizers are an illustration of your thoughts on paper. They can help you brainstorm, organize, and visualize your ideas. Click on a graphic organizer to download a PDF of it. Once you’ve downloaded an organizer, type in your comments and print it out. Each graphic organizer below includes Teaching Notes with lessons and tips on how to use graphic organizers in the classroom.
Help with PDF Files Generating, Identifying, and Organizing Details Determining Main Idea and Drawing Conclusions Order and Sequence Comparison-Contrast and Cause and Effect Process and Cycle Diagrams Evaluating and Making Decisions Persuasive and Supporting a Position Vocabulary Miscellaneous Organizers Graphic Organizer Teaching Notes. TitanPad. Grammar Newsletter - English Grammar Newsletter.
Graphic Organization. Over 20 Free Digital Classroom Tools… Customize… Plus No Log In. This is a site that you are bound to find useful in your classroom.
The tools are incredible and may even include items you have used on paper in the past… but can now bring digitally into the 21st century! Before this informative journey encompassing some engaging resources please take a moment and sign up by email or RSS. I enjoy sharing and I am also motivated by knowing that I am making a difference for you. Your subscription, retweet, and comments means a lot to me. I thank you in advance. What amazed me most about Classtools.net was not the valuable tools provided, but the ability for teachers to easily customize these tools and use them in any subject area. Classtools.net is the work of educator, Russel Tarr, Head of History at the International School of Toulouse, France. The Listing Of Over 20 Digital Tools For Your Classroom The tools that you can even customize are included below. Create Gap-Filling Exercises. | <urn:uuid:87f6cb4f-5dab-4013-b339-0548674dc807> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.pearltrees.com/t/class-resources/id4448742 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00253-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917898 | 810 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In 1969 the Canadian government under Pierre Trudeau put forth a policy paper proposal titled the 1969 White Pater Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy. The intent of the policy was to eliminate not only the Indian Act but also all treaties in existence at that time. The policy was intended to be put into effect as legislation and was designed to eliminate Indian Status, do away with Reserve lands, incorporate First Nations people under the responsibility of provincial governments, and impose the provincial laws of private property upon First Nations communities. The ultimate effect of the White Paper proposal would be to terminate all special programs and benefits unique to Indigenous groups and to remove their special status.
In the face of extreme opposition from both Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in the 1970s the proposal never went ahead. A widespread sentiment was that the White Paper was not so much trying to bring a “just” result to Indigenous people as it was trying to avoid admitting to the historical wrongdoings of the Canadian government and evading the historical promises the Canadian government had made to Indigenous groups. In essence, many Indigenous people viewed the White Paper as yet another attempt by the Canadian government to assimilate Aboriginal persons into the euro-centric culture of Canada, similar in intent to the Residential Schools and the Sixties Scoop.
While the White Paper proposal was never reduced to legislation, the current government under Justin Trudeau recently sought to replace current treaty and self-government policies in changes that many outside of government were referring to as White Paper 2.0. This new legal framework was intended to be rushed into effect prior to the October 2019 Federal Elections and sought to force Nations under the Indian Act into “self-government” agreements. However, many Nations, having reviewed the policy papers have pointed to the potential reality that this framework, in actuality, aims to extinguish Indigenous rights, and enter into new agreements that would effectively remove Indigenous rights and turn First Nations into municipalities, or an even lower “fourth level of government”. Many would say this is a surprising development in light of the Truth and Reconciliation Findings and the Apologies that have been provided, which accept and recognize the historical wrongs that have occurred when Indigenous Rights have been interfered with.
While the policy is promoted as implementing a system whereby First Nations are not required to curtail or extinguish rights for modern treaty deals or self-government agreements with the Federal Government, the Federal Government has been seen by many as trying to push the policy through without comprehensive engagement with all interested groups or individuals. In the face of concerns that the negotiations are intended to have Indigenous groups fully trade in their “inherent rights” for those rights that are delegated by the Government and derived from section 35 of the Constitution Act, the very short timeline that was put into place by the Federal Government was seen by some as trying to force through control over First Nations groups. Others, recognizing these concerns, also saw the attempts of the government to move so rapidly to be lacking wisdom, particularly given the scope of the changes to the effects and rights of self-determination, Aboriginal Title and Rights, and pre-confederation Treaty rights.
Ultimately, the Federal Government, in the face of mounting opposition and protests from First Nations groups, has stayed the implementation of the policy changes to allow a refocus instead on drafting directive changes to federal negotiators. Nonetheless, the new Indigenous Rights Framework has not been reworked or sent back for reconsideration – only stalled. Given the Yellowhead Institute’s finding that the Framework, in whole, is premised on an ongoing neglect of the government’s treaty obligations and the domestication of First Nation “self-governance” under Canadian Confederation, if the Federal Government is serious about changing the engagement with First Nations, it is clear that those First Nations individuals who are attempting to engage need to be listened to.
At Mincher Koeman we understand the implications these proposals can have on a number of matters impacting Aboriginal People, particularly as it relates to the rights of Indigenous groups to protect and preserve their family units and how changes at any level of engagement with the Federal Government can have impacts on service delivery and existing agreements for funding and services with both the Provincial and Federal governments.
© Mincher Koeman LLP 2019. All rights reserved.
Website designed and managed by Umbrella Legal Marketing | <urn:uuid:6699c341-d97a-4764-bcb1-b17ca34d82c8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://familylawyerab.com/blog/does-white-paper-2-0-aim-to-extinguish-indigenous-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989018.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509213453-20210510003453-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.967963 | 879 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Definition of Active Voice
In grammar, an active voice is a type of a clause or sentence in which a subject performs an action and expresses it through its representative verb. To simply put it, when a subject performs an action directly, it is in active voice. It then uses transitive verb to show the action.
Style guides usually encourage the use of active voice, because it is clear and direct. For example, “Some customers prefer mulled ale. They keep their mugs on the hob until the ale gets as hot as coffee. A sluggish cat named Minnie sleeps in a scuttle beside the stove” (The Old House at Home, by Joseph Mitchell). All of these sentences are in active voice, as the verbs “refer,” “keep,” “get” and “sleep” are in active mode.
Examples of Active Voice in Literature
Example #1: Harold and Maud (by Colin Higgins)
“You know, at one time, I used to break into pet shops to liberate the canaries. But I decided that was an idea way before its time. Zoos are full, prisons are overflowing. Oh my, how the world still dearly loves a cage.”
Active voice in these example sentences is underlined. The subject “I” is performing an action through the verbs “break” and “decided.” The subject “world” is performing an action through the verb “loves.” All the sentences are in active voice.
Example #2: Hillary’s Once in a Lifetime (by Kathleen Parker)
“Finally, Hillary swept in and moved down a line of huggers toward a raised platform centered in the room…Her positioning meant that she had to keep turning in order to hug back. Around and around and around she turned, 360 degrees, over and over, her arms outstretched in perpetual greeting, like a jewel-box ballerina whose battery has run low.”
Here the subject “Hillary” is taking action through the verbs “swept in,” “moved down,” “had,” “turned,” and “has run.” The verbs are in active mode, the reason that all sentences are in active voice.
Example #3: Mr. Personality (by Mark Singer)
“Seven days a week, Paul Schimmel ventures into the subway with his clarinet. In the IND station at Sixth Avenue and Forty-second Street one recent afternoon, he paid his fare with a free pass.”
The use of active voice has added directness to this passage. The subject is “Paul Schimmel,” who is doing “ventures,” and has “paid” fare.
Example #4: Heart of Darkness (by Colin Higgins)
“I looked at him, lost in astonishment…’Ah, he talked to you of love!’ I said, much amused. ‘It isn’t what you think,’ he cried, almost passionately. ‘It was in general.’ “He threw his arms up…He had his second illness then. Afterwards I had to keep out of the way; but I didn’t mind. He was living for the most part in those villages on the lake. When he came down to the river, sometimes he would take to me, and sometimes it was better for me to be careful. This man suffered too much.”
In this passage, the author has written all of the sentences in active voice, which are direct and clear in meaning. The verbs of active voice include “looked,” “talked,” “think,” “threw,” “had,” “living,” “came down,” and “suffered.”
Example #5: The Catcher in the Rye (by J.D. Salinger)
“If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you’ll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like… They’re nice and all—I’m not saying that – but they’re also touchy as hell. Besides, I’m not going to tell you my whole goddam autobiography or anything. I’ll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas…”
In this excerpt, the author has used the verbs “hear,” “want,” “saying,” “going,” and “tell” in active voice.
Function of Active Voice
Active voice plays an important role in creative writing and business reports because these types of writings need to be to the point, clear, and direct. It adds interest and helps grab attention of the readers. Not only does it maintain audience’s interest, it also improves the quality of a written work. Active voice gives energy and life to a sentence, as it is less wordy and consequently less difficult. In addition, active voice maintains focus and attention of the readers on a single point. | <urn:uuid:6ae61936-ed7b-4ace-b16f-e0c82fbb05b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://literarydevices.net/active-voice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731234924-20210801024924-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.97545 | 1,113 | 4.21875 | 4 |
The Boeing Company
Boeing is the world’s leading aerospace company and the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Additionally, Boeing designs and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems.
Headquartered in Chicago, Boeing’s global workforce includes more than 5,000 employees based in eleven Arizonan cities. Approximately 90% of the Arizonan employees are based at Boeing’s Mesa facility, which was responsible for the AH-64D Apache Longbow.
A vital contributor to the Arizona economy for over three decades, Boeing has commissioned The Seidman Institute to produce two economic impact studies.
The first, commissioned in 2007, drew from the following six components to measure Boeing’s total economic impact upon the state of Arizona in 2005:
- Direct economic impact of Boeing’s operations in Arizona;
- Direct effects of Boeing’s purchases from Arizonan suppliers;
- Multiplier effects from payroll;
- Multiplier effects from supplier purchases;
- State and local tax revenue effects; and
- Other effects such as donations and community philanthropy.
This was followed in 2009 by a report measuring the economic impact of the Boeing-led ground-based midcourse defense program within Arizona during 2007. | <urn:uuid:4a3ee0b9-1d0e-455c-9160-33a71574aa1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://seidmaninstitute.com/project/the-boeing-company/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209585.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814205439-20180814225439-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.928695 | 275 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The most common method to adjust the correct pendulum length found in clock literature involves counting teeth and pinions to calculate how many revolutions per hour the escape wheel must make, followed by determining how many beats per hour the clock was designed to make and therefore how long the pendulum should be. A worked example of this is below. A table showing numerous gear combinations is on page 59 of Practical Clock Repairing (De Carle); it shows the correct pendulum lengths for those gear combinations. Another table showing beats per minute and pendulum length is on page 79 of the same. These table make calculations much easier. However, not all gear combinations are listed, so I have chosen a common clock, the gear combination of which is not listed, for a worked example, (method #1), that assumes no available information.
Note, however, that the pendulum length is theoretical. It measures the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of gravity of the pendulum, not to the bottom of the pendulum. Further, if the clock uses a suspension spring, the thicker the spring, the faster the clock will run, so a longer pendulum would be needed.
So how do we calculate the pendulum length without counting teeth, (a tedious, error-prone procedure), nor trying to determine how much longer the practical length is than the theoretical length ?
Method #1: Tooth count method
e.g. Seth Thomas #89 movt. (note that the actual pendulum length would be longer than the theoretical length because of the thick suspension spring used on this type of clock). Here we calculate the theoretical length.
39 x 125.36 = 4889 escape teeth per hour
4889 x 2 = 9778 beats per hour
9778 ÷ 60 = 163 beats per minute
Using the formula:
(Practical Clock Repairing, De Carle, p. 77) 163 b.p.m. = 2.72 beats per second = 0.368 seconds per beat
where T = seconds per beat
p = a constant 3.141592654
L = pendulum length in metres
g = gravity 9.81 m/s2
163 b.p.m. = 2.72 beats per second = 0.368 seconds per beat
Method #2: Ratios using practical length.
First example: a clock comes in for repair without a pendulum and no clues as to its length. Make up a pendulum as long as the case will allow, or up to 39.15 inches long (a one second pendulum). Set the time, and take a reading after 24 hours. Record the error and the length of the pendulum (for example, from the middle of the suspension spring to the middle of the pendulum bob).
e.g. 39 inches long
lost one hour, 23 minutes in 24 hours.
1:23 = (1x60x60) + (23x60) = 4980 secs.
so actual reading = (24x60x60) - 4980 = 81420 secs.
desired reading = (24x60x60) = 86400 secs. (i.e. 24 hrs.)
then divide by 24 hours to convert to ratios, using a common denominator:
81420 ÷ 86400 = 0.942361
and 86400 ÷ 86400 = 1
Rearranging the formula:
Square both sides:
The pendulum length therefore needs to be 89 % of its actual length:
39 x 0.88804 = 34.6 inches
I would then screw the pendulum bob up as high as it will go, and shorten the pendulum to 35 inches. This is because it is better to have the pendulum a little too long than too short. It can be shortened a little more if it still runs too slow.
Second example: A clock comes in for repair with a replacement pendulum. A test run reveals that the clock gains 57 minutes in 11 hrs. 13 mins. How much longer does the pendulum need to be?
2.03 hours fast per day.
The pendulum length as tested was 19 cm.
The pendulum needs to be lengthened to 22.35 cm.
Method #3: Using the Time Trax machine.
Using the same example. While the above clock is on a test run, Time Trax readings are taken. The machine is set to take readings of 20 beats at a time, which yields fairly rapid yet consistent (low error) readings. Since the readings follow a variance pattern, readings are taken until two are the same:
x = (8650+8637+8654+8667+8643+8652) ÷ 6 = 8650.5
The average reading eliminates these variances.
(24 + 2.03)/24 = 8650.5 ÷ X
X = (8650.5 x 24)÷26.03 = 7975.05
The pendulum is lengthened until the Time Trax machine gives an average reading of 7975 beats per hour. However, the variance problem will make adjustment with accuracy difficult. In addition, the machine measures momentary performance, and performance will vary over a week if the clock is an 8 day spring-driven clock, so some additional adjustment will be necessary during a test run.
Method #4: a non - mathematical approach.
Make up a pendulum as long as the case will allow, or 39 inches, and screw the bob up as high as possible. If, on a test run, the clock runs slow, shorten the pendulum at the top by the same length as the length of thread remaining under the bob. Repeat this until the clock runs a little fast and then adjust the bob down the thread until it keeps time.
The only disadvantage with this method is that it may require for the pendulum to be shortened as many as six times or more, rather than once or twice using one or more calculation methods.
MORE PENDULUM ADJUSTMENT:
EXAMPLE 1: Consider, in method #2, a clock that came in for repair without a pendulum. When we put it on a test run with a 39 inch pendulum, it lost 1 hr 23 mins in 24 hours. Looking at the table below:
dT is the number of minutes gained (+) or lost (-) in 24 hours.
dL is the percentage by which the pendulum needs to be lengthened by or shortened to.
The last column shows the factor by which the pendulum length reading is to be multiplied to obtain the desired length.
So dT = -83 mins in 24 hours. From the table, (where dT=-85), the pendulum is to be shortened to 89 percent of its original length, so we multiply the length by the factor of 0.89: 39 x 0.89 = 34.7 inches. Shorten the pendulum as outlined in method #2. Be conservative!
EXAMPLE #2: Consider the second example in method #2. The pendulum is 19 cm. long and gains 2.03 hours per day ( or 121.8 minutes per day), therefore dT = + 121.8.
From the table, (where dT =+120), the pendulum needs to be lengthened by 17.36 %, so we multiply the length by the factor of 1.17:
The pendulum needs to be lengthened to 22 cm. Note from the smaller values on dT in the tables that calculations like these are not practical for small values of dT.
Here is a calculator for you. The only button that may be confusing is the "exp" button. It is a natural logarithm function. For example, if you enter "3" and "exp", the result is e3, where e = 2.71828. If you use the trigonometric functions, remember that angles are expressed in radians. The calculator can convert degrees into radians and vice versa. For example, if you enter "45" and "rad" you get 0.785 radians. Though you will not need these functions for calculations on this page, this is quite a useful little calculator. You can even use parentheses with this calculator (with your keyboard). | <urn:uuid:566bbbd4-3242-430e-8e3e-198fab8b2491> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.abbeyclock.com/Pendulum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435376073161.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627033433-00032-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881361 | 1,733 | 3.78125 | 4 |
A set of funeral beads which could be the oldest iron artefacts on earth actually came from outer space, archaeologists have claimed.
The nine iron beads, which were found in a 5000-year-old Egyptian cemetery in 1911, were made from a meteorite that crashed to earth around 3200 BC, according to a study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
The latest study builds on an earlier report, published in May, which suggested that the beads were crafted from meteorite rock.
"These beads were made from meteoritic iron, and shaped by careful hammering [of] the metal into thin sheets before rolling them into tubes," researchers noted in the study report, adding that neutron and X-ray scanning of the iron beads proved that the metal came from a meteorite.
The beaded jewellery was originally discovered in two burial sites in Gerzeh, northern Egypt, by British archaeologists before the First World War, and are today stored at University College London's Petrie Museum.
The iron was strung into a necklace together with other exotic minerals such as lapis lazuli, gold and carnelian.
The findings suggest that iron and metal works were much advanced in the ancient Egypt than previously thought.
"The results confirm that already in the fourth millennium BC metalworkers had mastered the smithing of meteoritic iron, an iron–nickel alloy much harder and more brittle than the more commonly worked copper. This is of wider significance as it demonstrates that metalworkers had already nearly two millennia of experience to hot-work meteoritic iron when iron smelting was introduced," the researchers concluded. | <urn:uuid:9d61364f-3a63-4c62-8e2e-8f06c0f46b32> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ancient-egypt-jewellery-meteorite-gerzeh-tomb-500234 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00275-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985123 | 329 | 3.84375 | 4 |
|The United States of Depression?|
|News Releases - Health, Medicine & Nutrition|
|Written by Ginny Grimsley|
|Friday, 05 April 2013 14:10|
Psychologist Offers 4 Tips for Maintaining Balance in Difficult Times
It’s no wonder nearly one in 10 Americans suffers from depression.
“Top risk factors include being unable to work or unemployed; having no health insurance; suffering from obesity,” notes psychologist Gregory L. Jantz, citing a Centers for Disease Control study.
“Unfortunately, those topics have dominated headlines for the past five years. What’s worse, by 2020, the World Health Organization estimates depression will be second most debilitating disease worldwide.”
The author of “Overcoming Anxiety, Worry and Fear,” (www.aplaceofhope.com) says these negative emotions along with sustained, excessive stress can lead to depression, which now overshadows other problems for which patients seek help at his clinic.
“Depression can be rooted in a number of problems, and those need to be addressed – simply taking a pill is not usually effective treatment. Anger, fear and guilt can all be underlying causes, even when the person isn’t aware he’s experiencing those feelings.”
A holistic treatment approach, which may or may not include medication, helps people overcome a bout of the debilitating illness, and learn techniques to manage it themselves, he says.
People at risk of depression can work at maintaining their emotional equilibrium by counterbalancing negative feelings with optimism, hope, and joy. This is most effective if they do this holistically, addressing the four main categories of human need.
“By purposefully feeding the intellectual, relational, physical, and spiritual aspects of your life positive emotions, you can achieve balance,” Jantz says.
He offers these suggestions:
If you are not depressed but feel anxious and stressed, have trouble sleeping or find your not content much of the time, Jantz says it’s time to start taking care of yourself.
“Depression is painful and as debilitating as any other disease,” he says. “Take steps to de-stress your life and to work on emotional balance before it gets worse.”
About Gregory L. Jantz, Ph.D
Gregory L. Jantz has more than 25 years experience in mental health counseling and is the founder of The Center for Counseling and Health Resources, near Seattle, Wash. The Center, “a place for hope,” provides comprehensive, coordinated care from a treatment team that addresses medical, physical, psychological, emotional, nutritional, fitness and spiritual factors involved in recovery. He is the best-selling author of more than 20 books, including “When Your Teenager Becomes…The Stranger in the House.” If you’re concerned you or a loved one may be depressed, visit www.aplaceofhope.com and click the “Are You?” tab for a self-evaluation.
Tags See All Tags | <urn:uuid:a3b2ed32-dcaa-4c38-8356-199a2c8ff80e> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.rcreader.com/news-releases/the-united-states-of-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645390745.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031630-00224-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925467 | 644 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Tooth decay is the most prevalent disease affecting children under the age of five, yet it is almost entirely preventable. By brushing twice per day for two minutes at a time, children can significantly reduce their chances of getting a cavity, and help themselves earn a healthy adult smile. However, it can be difficult for new brushers to enjoy brushing their teeth, and brush long enough to make a difference. So, how can you help your first time brusher learn to enjoy brushing, and help them brush better?
For first time brushers, it can be tough to brush for two minutes at a time. This is due to a number of things, but it mostly comes down to the fact that it’s difficult to keep young children still and focused on brushing their teeth for two minutes. You can help your child have more fun while they brush by letting them brush while watching a tooth brushing video. These educational videos help guide children through brushing their teeth, and each lasts at least two minutes. We suggest finding one that you deem appropriate for your child, and one that they will enjoy watching.
Buy a Fun Toothbrush
You can help convince your child to brush by purchasing them a fun toothbrush that they enjoy using. When looking for a new toothbrush, take your child with you and let them pick one that they find appealing. Also, make sure that the toothbrush handle can easily fit in their hand, and that the head of the toothbrush is small enough to fit into their mouth.
Try an Electric Toothbrush
An electric toothbrush is an appealing option for children just beginning to brush, since they require less dexterity and physical motion to operate. Additionally, most electric toothbrushes feature brushing timers which tell the operator how much time they have left to brush, as well as a pressure monitor which informs the brusher when they’re brushing too hard. We suggest looking for an electric toothbrush specifically made for children.
One great way to help first time brushers is by brushing with them. This allows you to give them specific brushing tips, as well as keep an eye on how ling they’re brushing. It can also help you get into a fun routine with your child and have a bit more time together.
New Brushers Love Our Office
If your child is just beginning to brush, then visit our office. Our team of pediatric dentists can teach them how to properly brush, and help them learn about the finer points of oral healthcare. Tooth decay almost entirely preventable, help your child get a healthy smile by getting into a healthy brushing routine. | <urn:uuid:b99f9bd2-75cf-4bcb-8c6b-71fda01b0223> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://blog.southgeorgiapediatricdentistry.com/help-your-child-brush-their-teeth-with-these-4-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695066.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926051558-20170926071558-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.968903 | 529 | 3.140625 | 3 |
National Science Education Standards
Content Standard K-12
|Unifying Concepts and Processes:||Science as Inquiry 9-12||Earth and Space Science 9-12|
Unifying Concept and Processes - Constancy, Change, and Measurement - Changes vary in rate, scale and pattern, including trends and cycles...Changes in systems can be quantified. Evidence for interaction and subsequent change and the formation of scientific explanations are often clarified through quantitative distinctions - measurement.
Unifying Concept and Processes - Evidence, Models, and Explanation - Models are tentative schemes or structures that correspond to real objects, events, or classes of events...Scientific explanations incorporate existing scientific knowledge and new evidence from observations...into internally consistent, logical statements.
A (Grades 9-12) Inquiry - Communication - Students in school science programs should develop the abilities associated with accurate and effective communication. These include writing and following procedures, expressing concepts, reviewing information, summarizing data, using language appropriately, developing diagrams and charts, explaining statistical analysis, speaking clearly and logically, constructing a reasoned argument, and responding appropriately to critical comments.
D (Grade 9-12): Earth and Space - The Origin and Evolution of the Universe - Stars produce energy from nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium. These and other processes in stars have led to the formation of all the other elements.
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics
|Measurement Standard 9-12||Data Analysis and Probability Standard 9-12||Problem Solving Standard PK-12||Communication Standard PK-12||Representation Standard PK-12|
Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units, systems, and processes of measurement. Bullet point #1: make decisions about units and scales that are appropriate for problem solving situations involving measurement.
Apply appropriate techniques, tools, and formulas to determine measurements. Bullet point #1: analyze precision, accuracy and approximate error in measurement situations.
|Formulate questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize, and display relevant data to answer them. Bullet point #4: understand histograms, parallel box plots, and scatterplots and use them to display data.||
Bullet point #1: Build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving.
Bullet point #2: Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.
Bullet point #1: Organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication.
Bullet point #2: Communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others.
|Bullet point #1: Create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.|
Back to Variable Stars | <urn:uuid:769d1c62-77c4-48aa-a6c1-6358c693fe33> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/variable_stars/alignment1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532374.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00002-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86533 | 548 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Purpose of the chapter
This chapter discusses a selection of teaching methods that are often used in a campus-based learning environment.
When you have read this chapter you should be able to:
- describe several different methods of teaching used in campus-based teaching;
- discuss the general strengths and weaknesses of each approach;
- identify the extent to which each approach meets the needs of learners in a digital age;
- choose an appropriate teaching method (or mix of methods) for your teaching context.
What is covered in this chapter
Five perspectives on teaching are examined and related to epistemologies and theories of learning, with a particular emphasis on their relevance to a digital age. In particular this chapter covers the following topics:
- Scenario C: A stats lecturer fights the system
- 3.1 Five perspectives on teaching
- 3.2 The origins of the classroom design model
- 3.3 Transmissive lectures: learning by listening
- 3.4 Interactive lectures, seminars, and tutorials: learning by talking
- 3.5 Learning by doing: Experiential learning
- 3.6 Learning by doing: Apprenticeship
- 3.7 Learning by being: The nurturing and social reform models of teaching
- 3.8 Main conclusions
Also in this chapter you will find the following activities:
- Activity 3.1 There is no activity for this section
- Activity 3.2 Thinking outside the [classroom] box
- Activity 3.3 The future of lectures
- Activity 3.4 Developing conceptual learning
- Activity 3.5 Assessing experiential design models
- Activity 3.6 Applying apprenticeship to university teaching
- Activity 3.7 Nurturing, social reform and connectivism
- Activity 3.8 ‘Labelling’ your own teaching
Most instructors will mix and match different methods, depending on the needs of both the subject matter and the needs of their students at a particular time. There are though some core conclusions to be drawn from this comparative review of different approaches to teaching.
- No single method is likely to meet all the requirements teachers face in a digital age.
- Nevertheless, some forms of teaching fit better with the development of the skills needed in a digital age. In particular, methods that focus on conceptual development, such as dialogue and discussion, knowledge management, and experiential learning in real-world contexts are more likely to develop the high level conceptual skills required in a digital age, rather than information transmission.
- It is not just conceptual skills though that are needed. It is the combination of conceptual, practical, personal and social skills in highly complex situations that are needed. This again means combining a variety of teaching methods.
- Nearly all of these teaching methods are media or technology independent. In other words, they can be used in classrooms or online. What matters from a learning perspective is not so much the choice of technology as the efficacy and expertise in appropriately choosing and using the teaching method.
- Nevertheless, we shall see in the next chapter that new technologies offer new possibilities for teaching, including offering more practice or time on task, reaching out to new target groups, and increasing the productivity of both teachers and the system as a whole. | <urn:uuid:b8ac9d56-5cd2-4a94-a108-e2f96d2543bd> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/teachinginadigitalagev2/part/chapter-4-methods-of-teaching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703549416.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124141945-20210124171945-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.930613 | 663 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In this article I want to explain the basics of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and how it can be helpful in your life.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is the process of examining your cognitions (thoughts) and how these thoughts affect your feelings and behavior. Firstly automatic thoughts (thoughts which come to our minds automatically, not through the senses) are identified and questioned to see whether or not they are valid. Common cognitive distortions (errors) are identified and replaced with more valid and beneficial thoughts. Then the core beliefs (basic beliefs that we hold true about ourselves) are identified and challenged. Common false beliefs are identified and challenged, these include: it is necessary to be approved of and loved by all people, it is necessary to be competent and successful in everything I attempt and it is possible and necessary to control the actions and affections of other people.
The following is an example of automatic thoughts, cognitive distortions, core beliefs and false beliefs.
Sue’s automatic thought to Rebecca’s lack of comment on her new top was “She doesn’t like it, it doesn’t look good on me”. She has participated in a common cognitive distortion of “mind reading”, concluding that Rebecca was reacting negatively to her, without bothering to check out that this was in fact the truth. If we examine Sue’s thoughts surrounding this event we see that she can not possibly know what Rebecca is thinking and should she have asked Rebecca what she thought of her new top, Rebecca would have told her that it was lovely but she didn’t realize it was new and she thought that Sue had worn it once before when they were at a previous lunch and that is why she didn’t mention it.
Sue’s core belief is that she is not good enough and she is under the false belief that it is necessary to be approved of and loved by all people.
Through identifying Sue’s automatic thought, and identifying the cognitive distortion, it is possible to see how she has automatically assumed her thoughts to be the truth even when they are not. These thoughts are strengthening her core belief that she is not good enough and causing her unnecessary unhappiness. The good news is these thought’s, once identified and disputed can be replaced.
There are a number of common cognitive distortions that people often use. These distortions are usually not the truth but we behave and react towards them as if they are. The purpose and benefit of CBT is to identify these distorted thoughts and challenge them. CBT is beneficial in almost all aspects of life and has been very effective in the treatment of anxiety, depression, stress, substance abuse, enhancing coping skills and moderating extremes in unhelpful thinking. | <urn:uuid:d1bf767f-a018-4901-8b45-0eb96e855a91> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://connectivecounselling.com.au/articles/counselling/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-c-b-t/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042985140.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002305-00165-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973325 | 562 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Being a parent is an extraordinary thing, but it’s also a lot of responsibility. The job can be rewarding and trying at times, so it’s important to find an adequate balance for yourself and your children. There are always new parenting tips and life hacks to discover to help your child and shape them into well-rounded individuals. Check out these tips for improving your child’s development.
Children need structure. There’s no avoiding this fact. As their parent, you need to provide them with a set of ground rules that you want them to follow. You can start off with some basic household rules. This way, they gain a sense of responsibility.
Consider expanding beyond household rules. You want your children to be functioning members of society, and you want them to be good people. Teach them about tolerance and sensitivity so that they interact with kids their own age appropriately.
Responding to Their Needs
Sometimes parents forget what it was like to be children. They’ve been adults for so long that it’s hard to remember those formative years. Therefore, it’s easy to ignore and disregard some of their children’s needs. You’re human, so you’re not perfect, and you’ll make this mistake.
However, try to be mindful of this point. When your child gets emotional or fussy about something, don’t brush off their feelings. Encourage them to articulate the problem so that you can respond appropriately. It’s all about making your child feel heard, seen, and important.
Making Time for Play
All work and no play isn’t good for kids. They need structure, but they always need time to let loose and have fun. Encourage your kids to play, and play with them at any chance you get. Find out their likes and dislikes and tap into your inner child.
When they want to embark on a journey of make-believe, moments can be extremely beneficial to their development. You get their creative juices flowing, and a creative mind is a sharp and intelligent mind. Remind your child every chance you get that they can pursue any dream they want.
Be an Example
Children see everything, even when you think they don’t. Never make the mistake of thinking your child isn’t paying attention to you because they are. As their parent, you’re their focal point for guidance. They will look to you for answers on most things.
So you want to lead by example. Try and emulate the person you want your child to be. You don’t need to morph them into your mini-me because you want them always to be themselves and discover who they are as individuals. However, try to pass on certain morals and beliefs to them. The goal is to provide your children with the building blocks and watch what they create from there.
Even when your children become closer to adults, you can always offer advice and help, but it’s good to start improving their development early. | <urn:uuid:b6aa259f-af8c-4568-82ce-f8fc7ab5ceee> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://expressivemom.com/tips-for-improving-your-childs-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336978.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001230322-20221002020322-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.964702 | 634 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We tend to think of the Sun as steady, dependable, and never-changing. "As sure as the Sun will rise tomorrow" is our way of indicating absolute certainty. However, our Sun does change over time, though most humans are unaware of those changes for the most part. Some of those changes occur on time scales of hours or days. Others occur at rates measured in years or centuries, or even over the course of the multi-billion year history of the Sun. Some of the changes are regular and cyclic, while others are irregular and chaotic. Since the amount of energy our planet receives from the Sun is such a crucial ingredient in the behavior of Earth's climate, let's examine some of these changes in our solar system's furnace.
The Sunspot Cycle
Galileo was amongst the first to employ a telescope in making solar observations, and was deemed a heretic for (amongst other things) noting that the face of the Sun, which should have been (in the eyes of the church in that era) a perfect heavenly orb, had blemishes. Sunspots periodically march across the face of the Sun, and in fact were used to make the earliest measurements of the Sun's rotation rate. Over short time spans, the numbers, sizes, and locations of these spots seem to vary in unpredictable ways. However, by the mid-1800s astronomers realized that the number of sunspots waxed and waned in a cyclical fashion, which they soon determined had a periodicity of roughly 11 years.
This graph shows
annual sunspot counts for about the last 100 years. The cyclic increase
and decrease in the number of sunspots on a roughly 11-year period is
clearly evident, though the number of spots seen at the peak of each cycle
varies substantially. The 11-year period is an average; since 1700, some
cycles have been as short as nine years, while others were as long as
Sunspots are actually visual manifestations of tangled magnetic fields on the Sun. The Sun has an overall dipole (two magnetic poles, like a bar magnet) field similar in many ways to Earth's. However, the Sun, being a large ball of gas (or more accurately, plasma), does not all rotate at the same rate as does a solid sphere like Earth. The Sun rotates more rapidly at the equator (with a 27 day period) than it does at the poles (where the period is around 31 days). Over time, this differential rotation rate causes the Sun's magnetic field to become "all tangled up". The tangles are visually manifested as sunspots; regions of intense magnetic fields over a thousand times more powerful than the Sun's general field, where hot matter flowing up to the photosphere from the underlying convection zone is prevented from entering. Since the material in these regions is not refreshed by new, hot plasma from below, it cools and thus appears darker. Darker, at least, in the visible light portion of the spectrum. These zones of intense magnetism tend to spawn energetic disturbances in the Sun's atmosphere, unleashing vast solar storms (solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections) that emit large blasts of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation.
These visible light
images of the Sun show the variation in sunspot numbers. The image on
the left was taken near "Solar Max", a peak time in the sunspot
cycle. The image on the right was taken at "Solar Min", a lull
in the sunspot cycle.
The electromagnetic emissions of the Sun, therefore, also increase and decrease in a cycle that matches the 11-year cycle of the sunspot counts. Surprisingly, visible light emissions from the Sun hardly vary over the course of this cycle; the Sun brightens and dims in the visible light region of the spectrum by only about 0.1%. This corresponds to a change in solar insolation at Earth of 1 or 2 W/m2 out of the 1,368 W/m2 that reach the top of Earth's atmosphere. In fact, sunspots are surrounded by regions that are slightly brighter than other portions of the photosphere, so the net effect is that overall the Sun is actually slightly brighter when sunspots are at a maximum, and slightly dimmer when there are fewer sunspots.
However, the variation in emissions of high energy X-rays and UV radiation is far more dramatic over the course of the sunspot cycle. UV emissions increase by factors of two to ten, while some X-ray emissions increase a hundred-fold when sunspot counts are high as compared to times when few sunspots appear. The images and interactive graph below illustrate the dramatic variations in the Sun's emissions in the high-energy X-ray and UV portions of the EM spectrum over the course of a sunspot cycle.
This montage of X-ray
images taken by the Yohkoh spacecraft shows the variation in the Sun's
X-ray brightness and appearance over the course of roughly one full sunspot
cycle. The image near the lower left is from 1991, near Solar Max; the
images in the upper center were taken near Solar Min; and the images in
the lower right and center are from a time near the following Solar Max
Ultraviolet images of the Sun near Solar Min (top) in 2006 and Solar Max (bottom) in 2002. Note the difference in brightness and in the appearance of the Sun in the two images. These images were taken in a high energy UV band with a wavelength of 19.5 nm.
Credit: Images courtesy of SOHO (NASA/ESA).
Click on image to enlarge.
Click the "Solar
Maximum" and "Solar Minimum" checkboxes (lower left) to
compare the Sun's energy emissions across the EM spectrum at these two
times in the sunspot cycle. Recall that the vertical axis represents relative
amounts of energy emissions, and that the scale of that axis is logarithmic
(each tick mark represents an increase/decrease of 100).
Although astronomers have observed the fairly regular rise and fall of sunspot counts in this 11-year cycle for several centuries, there have also been disruptions in this pattern. The largest well-documented disruption was an era that lasted from about 1645 to 1715 during which almost no sunspots were seen. This long lull is known as the Maunder Minimum. Curiously, Europe and parts of North America were struck by spells of remarkably cold weather at roughly the same time. A period of cooler climate called the Little Ice Age extended from around 1350 to 1850, and some of its coldest periods roughly coincide with the times of decreased solar activity during the Maunder Minimum. Scientist are uncertain precisely what link, if any, might exist between the altered behavior of the Sun and the disruption of Earth's climate. There is also considerable debate as to the geographical extent of the Little Ice Age; some scientists think it was a worldwide phenomenon, while others think its effects were felt mainly in Europe and some parts of North America.
This graph shows
the number of sunspots seen each year for 400 years (from 1600 to 2000).
There were almost no sunspots during the Maunder Minimum. During the Dalton
Minimum, there were fewer sunspots than normal.
There have been several other less dramatic dips in the level of solar activity, in terms of sunspot counts, over time. These include the Dalton Minimum (1790 to 1820), Spörer Minimum (1450 to 1540), Wolf Minimum (1280 to 1340), and Oort Minimum (1010 to 1050). Based on evidence other than direct observations of sunspot counts, in total there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima. There have also been periods of enhanced solar activity in terms of greater sunspot counts. The Medieval Maximum lasted from about 1100 to 1250, and roughly corresponds to an extended warm period of Earth's (or maybe just Europe's) climate called the Medieval Warm Period that lasted from the 10th to the 14th century... further fueling speculation about possible links between solar activity and Earth's climate.
Longer Period Cycles
The 11-year sunspot cycle is a well-known phenomenon; its existence is well-established based on a large amount of supporting data. Scientists suspect that there may be other, longer-term cycles in the Sun and in the patterns of increase and decrease in sunspot counts. The existence of these patterns, however, is not as well supported; in many cases we simply do not have reliable records that go back far enough to confirm the cycles over a sufficient number of repeated occurrences of the the cycle in question. We present the following information concerning hypotheses about longer-term solar cycles for your reference; but realize that these are not well-established phenomena.
- The Gleissberg cycle has a period of somewhere between 70 and 100 years, possibly around 87 years.
- The Suess cycle allegedly has a period of 210 years.
- The longer Hallstatt cycle is postulated to have a period of 2,300 years.
- Solar activity levels influence the degree to which certain types (and energy levels) of particle radiation reach Earth, which in turn influences the formation rate of an isotope of carbon (carbon-14). These methods seems to indicate that there may be cycles with durations of 105, 131, 232, 385, 504, 805, and 2,241 years.
- Mineral layers in a certain rock formation indicate that, during the Upper Permian period 240 million years ago, a cycle with a period of 2,500 years may have existed.
The Faint Young Sun Paradox
The Sun has been around for about five billion years. Astronomers believe that its brightness hasn't always been the same as it is today. Based on models of stars and on observations of Sun-like stars that are in different stages of their life cycles, astronomers think our Sun was actually only about 70% as bright in its early days as compared to today. This means that Earth would have been receiving considerably less solar EM radiation at that time. Base on this level of energy influx, it seems that Earth would have been entirely frozen throughout much of its early history. Although there are some scientists who believe in a theory called "Snowball Earth" that claims Earth may have been gripped by global ice ages at times throughout its history (especially early on), most scientists agree that there is ample evidence that liquid water existed on Earth's surface throughout much of our planet's early history. These notions present a bit of a paradox: if Earth was receiving less sunlight to warm it, how could its temperature have been similar to that of modern times. This puzzle is known as the Faint Young Sun Paradox.
One possible solution to this puzzle involves Earth's atmosphere. As we'll see a bit later on, so-called greenhouse gases in our planet's atmosphere help to trap heat from sunlight in Earth's climate system, warming our planet more than one would otherwise expect. Carbon dioxide is one such greenhouse gas. Perhaps Earth's early atmosphere had much higher levels of carbon dioxide, which warmed our planet despite the Sun's relatively feeble energy output at the time. | <urn:uuid:fc3fbcc1-4599-439e-81d6-e2b46e5c1eaf> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/activity/solar_variation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162648.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00025-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963534 | 2,333 | 4.15625 | 4 |
About This Chapter
AEPA Math: Tables, Plots & Graphs - Chapter Summary
It won't matter how solidly you grasp complex math concepts if you have trouble interpreting or applying information when it is presented in tables, plots or graphs. Make your way through these brief video lessons to review for the NES Mathematics test. The lessons will help you ready yourself to answer questions on the test that require knowledge of:
- Frequency (including relative and cumulative) tables and polygons
- Stem and leaf displays
- Dot and box plots
- Bar graphs and pie charts
Our expert instructors have made the video lessons in this chapter brief and engaging for quick and effective review. Short, multiple-choice quizzes follow each lesson to help gauge your comprehension and retention of the lesson topics.
1. Frequency & Relative Frequency Tables: Definition & Examples
Frequency and relative frequency tables are a good way to visualize information. This is especially useful for information that is grouped into categories where you are looking for popularity or mode.
2. Cumulative Frequency Tables: Definition, Uses & Examples
Cumulative frequency tables can help you analyze and understand large amounts of information. In this lesson, you practice creating and interpreting cumulative frequency tables.
3. Creating & Reading Stem & Leaf Displays
Every once in a while you will come across stem-and-leaf displays in statistics. These displays can be very useful in identifying all of the values in a data set while still visually representing the data.
4. Creating & Interpreting Histograms: Process & Examples
Creating histograms can help you easily identify and interpret data. This lesson will give you several examples to better understand histograms and how to create them.
5. Creating & Interpreting Frequency Polygons: Process & Examples
Frequency polygons can be used to analyze data sets in many different ways. They are also a great way to visualize and compare two sets of data. In this lesson, learn the uses and create a frequency polygon.
6. Creating & Interpreting Dot Plots: Process & Examples
Dot plots are a visual way to display the frequency distribution in a data set. In this lesson, you will learn how to construct a dot plot and understand its uses.
7. Creating & Interpreting Box Plots: Process & Examples
Box plots are an essential tool in statistical analysis. This lesson will help you create a box plot and understand its meaning. When you are finished, test your understanding with a short quiz!
8. Understanding Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
In this lesson, we will examine two of the most widely used types of graphs: bar graphs and pie charts. These two graphs can provide the reader with a comparison of the different data that is displayed.
9. What is Bivariate Data? - Definition & Examples
In this lesson, you will be learning about the definition and uses of bivariate data. We will also compare and contrast the characteristics of univariate data and bivariate data.
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Other chapters within the AEPA Mathematics (NT304): Practice & Study Guide course
- AEPA Math: Properties of Real Numbers
- AEPA Math: Fractions
- AEPA Math: Decimals & Percents
- AEPA Math: Ratios & Proportions
- AEPA Math: Units of Measure & Conversions
- AEPA Math: Logic
- AEPA Math: Reasoning
- AEPA Math: Vector Operations
- AEPA Math: Matrix Operations & Determinants
- AEPA Math: Exponents & Exponential Expressions
- AEPA Math: Algebraic Expressions
- AEPA Math: Linear Equations
- AEPA Math: Inequalities
- AEPA Math: Absolute Value
- AEPA Math: Quadratic Equations
- AEPA Math: Polynomials
- AEPA Math: Rational Expressions
- AEPA Math: Radical Expressions
- AEPA Math: Systems of Equations
- AEPA Math: Complex Numbers
- AEPA Math: Functions
- AEPA Math: Piecewise Functions
- AEPA Math: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
- AEPA Math: Continuity of Functions
- AEPA Math: Limits
- AEPA Math: Rate of Change
- AEPA Math: Derivative Rules
- AEPA Math: Graphing Derivatives
- AEPA Math: Applications of Derivatives
- AEPA Math: Area Under the Curve & Integrals
- AEPA Math: Integration Techniques
- AEPA Math: Applications of Integration
- AEPA Math: Foundations of Geometry
- AEPA Math: Geometric Figures
- AEPA Math: Properties of Triangles
- AEPA Math: Triangle Theorems & Proofs
- AEPA Math: Parallel Lines & Polygons
- AEPA Math: Quadrilaterals
- AEPA Math: Circles & Arc of a Circle
- AEPA Math: Conic Sections
- AEPA Math: Geometric Solids
- AEPA Math: Analytical Geometry
- AEPA Math: Using Trigonometric Functions
- AEPA Math: Trigonometric Graphs
- AEPA Math: Solving Trigonometric Equations
- AEPA Math: Trigonometric Identities
- AEPA Math: Sequences & Series
- AEPA Math: Graph Theory
- AEPA Math: Set Theory
- AEPA Math: Statistics Overview
- AEPA Math: Summarizing Data
- AEPA Math: Probability
- AEPA Math: Discrete Probability Distributions
- AEPA Math: Continuous Probability Distributions
- AEPA Math: Sampling
- AEPA Math: Regression & Correlation
- AEPA Mathematics Flashcards | <urn:uuid:78067fe8-395f-4646-ac67-bed051aacfb5> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://study.com/academy/topic/aepa-math-tables-plots-graphs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308149.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215122056-20191215150056-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.813784 | 1,335 | 4.40625 | 4 |
African-American Experience and American Racial Attitudes :
Selected Primary Sources
These represent a select few of the primary sources available on our site. To find additional materials, please use the search form.
Proceedings of the State Convention of Colored Citizens of the State of Illinois, Held in the City of Alton, November 13, 14, and 15th, 1856 (Chicago: Hays and Thompson) Permission: Northern Illinois University.
Illinois Anti-Slavery Convention , Proceedings of the Ill. Anti-Slavery Convention: Held at Upper Alton on the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, and Twenty-eighth October, 1837 (Alton, IL: Parks and Breath) Permission: University of Chicago.
Lincoln, Abraham; Nicolay, John G., ed.; Hay, John, ed. , 'Protest in the Illinois Legislature on the Subject of Slavery' in 'The Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, v. 1' (New York: Francis D. Tandy Company, 1894) Permission: Northern Illinois University.
Author Unknown , The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case, Involving the Right to a Writ of Habeas Corpus (New York Anti-Slavery Office) Permission: Northern Illinois University. | <urn:uuid:d8fbc2f3-4cdc-47be-b004-70b0c1da49d9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/themepr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00088-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825492 | 268 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Seymour S. Kety
Seymour S. Kety (August 25, 1915 – May 25, 2000) was an American neuroscientist who was credited with making modern psychiatry a rigorous and heuristic branch of medicine by applying basic science to the study of human behavior in health and disease. After Kety died, his colleague Louis Sokoloff noted that: "He discovered a method for measuring blood flow in the brain, was the first scientific director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and produced the most-definitive evidence for the essential involvement of genetic factors in schizophrenia."
Semyour S. Kety was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1915. Raised in a humble family household in Philadelphia, Kety was intellectually challenged and stimulated. As a child, Kety was involved in a car accident that injured his foot. Though he could still walk, Kety remained slightly physically impaired.
For his education, Kety stayed in his home town of Philadelphia. Kety attended Central High School in Philadelphia and found himself excelling greatly in Chemistry. Running his own experiments in his homemade laboratory, Kety found a passion for Chemistry. Throughout high school, he pursued his interest in the physical sciences and also gained knowledge of both Greek and Latin. Kety attended college and medical school at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1940. He did a rotating internship at the Philadelphia General Hospital, but that was the extent of his clinical training. After finishing his internship, Kety went into research.
Kety's First Contribution to Science
During his internship, he married Josephine Gross, a childhood friend. She too was studying to be a doctor. Josephine wanted to be a pediatrician, which inspired Seymour to do research and study more about children. An increase in lead poisoning led to Kety's first contribution to medicine. More and more children came down with lead poisoning because they were chewing on their cribs, coated in paint containing lead. Seymour began to think about citrate to relieve the children of their lead poisoning. Citrate would help flush the lead out of the children's systems through urination. Called a chelating agent, Citrate was the first thing used to help treat heavy metal intoxication.
Kety's Slow Transition to Psychology
Following his internship, Kety decided to continue his research of lead poisoning. The National Research Council post-doctorate fellowship, received by Kety to continue his research, began in 1942. Kety worked under the supervision of lead poisoning specialist Joseph Aub. Only after Seymour arrived prepared to start his fellowship did he learn that Aub changed his area of study — he was now working with traumatic and hemmorragic shock. Joseph Aub changed his work to study the shock because it was a time of war, and the research was pressing. While working with Aub, Kety found the circulation of the heart to be fascinating. Instead of returning to Harvard, Kety went to his alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania. While back in Pennsylvania, Seymour worked with Carl Schmidt, an expert in cerebral circulation. Kety became a pharmacology instructor at the university.
Commonly known as a great teacher, Seymour was very popular among his students. Soon, everyone that knew Kety learned that he had a profound interest in cerebral circulation. His desire for knowledge was mostly to understand the process and to measure the flow of blood. Eventually, Kety and Schmidt worked together to form experiments about the cerebral circulation in a human. In time, they found a very effective method of measuring the flow of blood. Their work together was revolutionary.
After collaborating with many doctors on various projects, Seymour S. Kety became the chairman of the department of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University in 1961. After only one year, Kety resigned due to his lack of experience in psychiatry. He returned to his job as the Chief of Laboratory Science. Seymour, however, continued the research he was working on. He was researching the causes of schizophrenia. His focus was based on the genetical influences that cause the disease.
Seymour spent much of his life studying Schizophrenia. He said that genetic influences may be largely responsible for psychosis, comparing it to phenylketonuria or Huntington's disease. Kety's discoveries have been used and further developed into new theories.
Seymour Kety's Legacy
Kety had three major contributions in three different areas. In psychiatry, Kety discovered the strong link between genetics and the staggering disease of schizophrenia. As a physiologist, Seymour studied cerebral circulation and made advancements in the field. Kety's work with neuroscience was also a large accomplishment.
He never trained in psychiatry although he changed its course. In 1988 Kety was awarded the NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences. Kety also received awards from some of the most prestigious scientific groups, including the American Society of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Association.
- Holzman, Phillip S. (2000). "Seymour S. Kety 1915–2000". Nature Medicine 6: 727. doi:10.1038/77435.
- Wendorf, Fred (2003). Biographical memoirs. Washington: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 61–79. ISBN 0-309-08699-X.
- Kety, SS; Rosenthal, D, Wender, PH, Schulsinger, F, Jacobsen, B (1975). "Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic: a preliminary report based on psychiatric interviews.". Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Psychopathological Association 63: 147–65. PMID 1242222.
- "NAS Award in the Neurosciences". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 5 April 2012. | <urn:uuid:fbbf7dbb-880e-46b4-82a4-e0a0bf7cad51> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_S._Kety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164949664/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134909-00077-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972886 | 1,196 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Knowing when to slow down — or call it quits
To determine when heat and humidity make strenuous exercise risky for young athletes, your child's coach might monitor the heat index or wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) — the standard index of temperature and humidity combined. If either measure is too high, outdoor athletic activities might need to be limited or canceled.
Spotting dehydration and other heat-related problems
Even mild dehydration can affect your child's athletic performance and make him or her lethargic and irritable. Left untreated, dehydration increases the risk of other heat-related illnesses, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
Encourage your child to pay attention to early signs and symptoms of dehydration, including:
- Dry or sticky mouth
- Excessive fatigue
- Disinterest in the game
- Inability to run as fast or play as well as usual
Remind your child that he or she should report signs and symptoms to the coach right away. Don't let embarrassment keep your child on the field.
If dehydration is detected early, fluids and rest might be all that's needed. If your child seems confused or loses consciousness, seek emergency care.
Prevention is key
If your child plays sports in hot weather, encourage him or her to drink plenty of fluids before, during and after practices and games. Teach your child the signs and symptoms of dehydration, as well as the importance of speaking up if they occur.
Involve your child's coach, too. Talk to the coach about adjusting the intensity of practice depending on the temperature and humidity on the field — and support the coach's decision to cancel games and practices when it's dangerously hot outside.
July 22, 2017
See more In-depth
- Bergeron MF. Hydration in the pediatric athlete — How to guide your patients. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2015;14:288.
- Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health, et al. Policy statement — Climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e741.
- Extreme heat and your health: Heat and athletes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/extremeheat/athletes.html. Accessed May 30, 2017.
- Casa DJ, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Exertional heat illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 2015;50:986.
- Yeargin SW, et al. Epidemiology of exertional heat illnesses in youth, high school, and college football. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2016;48:1523.
- Parents' and coaches' guide to dehydration and other heat illnesses in children. National Athletic Trainers' Association. http://www.nata.org/practice-patient-care/health-issues/heat-illness. Accessed May 24, 2017.
- Somers MJ. Clinical assessment and diagnosis of hypovolemia (dehydration) in children. https://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 26, 2017. | <urn:uuid:a13a9e27-5dae-44c9-940b-23c98eaf7433> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/dehydration/art-20047470?pg=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107487.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821022354-20170821042354-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.914861 | 640 | 3.34375 | 3 |
On November 19-21 in Tbilisi, Georgia, the Jamestown Foundation and Ilia State University held the second conference in the series on the volatile history and present of the North Caucasus. Part of the conference was dedicated to the issue of the Circassian “genocide,” that produced a renewed discussion in Georgia, Russia and beyond about the appropriateness of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.
On November 19, following a meeting of the Georgian parliament’s committees on foreign affairs and compatriots living abroad, the parliament’s press office said that “the legislators considered that it was necessary to convince the international Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committees and the international community in the necessity of holding 2014 Winter Olympiad in a different country.” On November 25, Georgia’s Deputy Prime Minister and State Minister for Euro-Atlantic Integration, Giorgi Baramidze, stated at a press conference in Prague: “I personally express solidarity with the members of parliament, because I understand their sentiments, I understand why they think that Russia does not deserve to be the host of the Olympic Games –because the Olympic movement is something different that Russia demonstrates today” (www.civil.ge, November 26).
Circassian activists argue that the Russian state’s actions in their ancestral homeland in the northwestern Caucasus in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries met the definition of genocide. Therefore, they are demanding that Russia recognize the Circassian “genocide” and cancel the 2014 Sochi Olympics. The location of the Sochi Olympics are on the site where the Russian army inflicted a final defeat on the Circassian forces in 1864, which resulted in the mass deportation of the Circassians from their homeland to the Ottoman Empire.
An estimated 90 percent of the Circassians –6 million-7 million people– currently live outside of their homeland in the North Caucasus, where the remaining Circassians are scattered across four regions: Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Adygea and the Krasnodar region. The Circassians are a clear majority of the population only in Kabardino-Balkaria. Since the murder of civilians, mass deportations and other violent acts were vividly described by Russian army officers and generals themselves, and the modern Russian state assumes it is legally derived from the historical Russian empire, the Circassian activists say, contemporary Russia should also bear responsibility for its past actions (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru, November 23).
The Georgian side has its own score to settle with Russia. Following the Russian-Georgian war in 2008, Russia recognized the Georgian breakaway region of Abkhazia as an independent state, to the detriment of Tbilisi, and Abkhazia borders the Russian region of Sochi. On November 25, the parliament of Georgia set up a temporary commission on issues related to the Sochi Olympics. According to official Georgian statements, the aim of the commission is not to prevent the Olympics from taking place, but rather to urge Russia to comply with the rules of the Olympic Charter (www.kavkaz-uzel.ru, November 25).
Russian media tried to diminish the significance of the conference in Tbilisi. The newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta reported (in a short article on page 6) that the conference was less representative than the first one, which took place in March 2010, and that this time, only one Circassian from the North Caucasus attended the event (www.ng.ru, November 23). In fact, representatives from more countries were present at the second conference, than the first. Furthermore, the conference attracted renowned participants such as Lord Frank Judd, French philosopher Andre Glucksmann, political scientist Raj Menon and a number of other prominent experts and specialist took part in the latest symposium as well, including Chechen human rights activist Lidia Yusupova who came from Chechnya to participate in the conference using the new visa free travel regime.
The conference undoubtedly had reverberations in the North Caucasus. As Murat Gukemukhov, a Circassian analyst with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty’s Ekho Kavkaza, put it, he had never encountered a Circassian in the North Caucasus who had even a slightest doubt over the “genocide” the Circassians were subjected to during the Russian-Caucasian war of the nineteenth century. The only difference between Circassians of various walks of life is how to treat this fact and how to overcome it. According to Gukemukhov, the majority of the Circassians in the North Caucasus welcome the attention the issue of the Circassian “genocide” is given as well as being against the Winter Olympics in Sochi (www.ekhokavkaza.com, November 21).
Meanwhile, the situation in the North West Caucasus is increasingly showing signs of deepening destabilization. According to an official statement by the Russian interior ministry’s subdivision in the North Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria and Dagestan emerged as the two most volatile territories in the region in 2010. The number of attacks in Kabardino-Balkaria increased from 21 in 2009 to 117 for the first 10 months of 2010 (www.ng.ru, November 24). On November 22, a bomb detonated on the railway connecting Sochi and Matsesta in what the authorities officially recognized as a terrorist attack. In an interview with Ekho Kavkaza, Dagestani expert Suleiman Suleimanov dismissed the idea that by creating the North Caucasus Federal District and separating it from the Southern Federal District, where Sochi is located, Moscow could insulate the future Olympic sites from the mounting instability in the North Caucasus. “Sochi is still closer to Makhachkala and Nalchik than to Moscow or St. Petersburg, so it is no wonder that the Black Sea coast might share the fate of all of the [North] Caucasus,” Suleimanov said (www.ekhokavkaza.com, November 22).
The 2014 Sochi Olympics and the question surrounding the Circassian “genocide” are likely to become one of the dominant issues pertaining to the situation in the North Caucasus in the next several years. These topics encapsulate the lack of recognition of Russia’s past offenses in the North Caucasus and their continual recreation in the present. Thus, the issue of the Circassian “genocide” has inherently far greater significance than the Circassian people, touching upon the foundations of Moscow’ policies toward the North Caucasus and the Russian state in general. | <urn:uuid:c461c11a-7006-4b70-aa61-c88982fdf8b4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://jamestown.org/program/circassians-step-up-their-activity-as-georgian-politicians-consider-olympic-boycott-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.947454 | 1,372 | 3 | 3 |
GENES THAT AFFECT CANCER
It is important to distinguish two general types of genes that affect cancer. Some genes affect the susceptibility to develop cancer. Increased susceptibility to cancer may be inherited (see later discussion) just like any other genetic defect. In addition, there are two classes of genes directly involved in producing cancers as the result of somatic mutations. These are the oncogenes and the tumor-suppressor genes or anti-oncogenes.
A major difference between oncogenes and anti-oncogenes depends on the fact that animals are diploid and possess two copies of each gene. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes, and mutant oncogenes promote the development of cancer cells. Mutations in oncogenes are dominant, and so a single oncogenic mutation in just one of a pair of genes is sufficient to give an effect. The second, wild-type copy of the gene cannot make up for the defect.
In contrast, tumor suppressor genes have a negative effect on cancer development. As their name suggests, they normally suppress division of cancer cells. To allow cancers to grow, both copies of a tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated by mutation. A defective mutation in just one copy of a tumor suppressor gene has no effect; that is, these are recessive mutations.
Because cancers are due to mutations, the techniques used in genomic analysis are widely used in analyzing cancers at the genetic level. These include the use of DNA sequencing, PCR and microarrays, and have already been described, DNA Synthesis, and Genomics.
Copyright © 2018-2020 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai. | <urn:uuid:0e794e50-f008-416b-99cd-672dfc5d4a15> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.brainkart.com/article/Genes-That-Affect-Cancer_13996/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.910989 | 359 | 3.375 | 3 |
Losing Sleep? You May Be Losing Your Health, Too
Sleep is problematic for millions of Americans. At one time or another, say experts, at least half of all adults complain of problems falling asleep or staying asleep. And that’s a bigger problem than you might think, because getting enough sleep every night is crucial for good health.
Of course, most of us are familiar with the occasional restless night. Studies have repeatedly shown that most adults require between seven and nine hours of sleep each night. Children and teens need even more. Even one restless or sleepless night can affect how you feel the following day. A lack of sleep can affect a person’s ability to think clearly, learn, reason, and react. It can also affect things like hunger, making it more likely that you will crave—and overeat—high-calorie foods. And emerging evidence shows it can have a big impact on your immune system’s ability to function properly.
Sleep deprivation affects all of us, because sleep deprived people are more likely to be involved in accidents and make costly mistakes. Even worse, new research suggests that just one night of sleep deprivation may be linked to brain tissue losses. Subjects in a small study published in the journal Sleep showed signs similar to those seen in brain injury patients. Previous studies have shown that a week of inadequate sleep is related to alterations in up to 700 different genes, suggesting that sleep deprivation may have longterm consequences for health.
So what can you do to improve your sleep habits and ensure your brain and immune system are getting the full benefits of regular, adequate sleep? Experts recommend several practices: Don’t bring work, computers, cell phones, or even televisions into the bedroom. Keep your bedroom cool at night. Try to sleep in complete darkness. Avoid caffeine, food, and alcohol for several hours before bedtime. And give yourself enough time. You may think you only need five or six hours of sleep, but you’re probably fooling yourself.
Benedict C et al. Acute sleep deprivation increases serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S-100B) in healthy young men. SLEEP, December 2013
Vilma Aho, Hanna M. Ollila, Ville Rantanen, Erkki Kronholm, Ida Surakka, Wessel M. A. van Leeuwen, Maili Lehto, Sampsa Matikainen, Samuli Ripatti, Mikko Härmä, Mikael Sallinen, Veikko Salomaa, Matti Jauhiainen, Harri Alenius, Tiina Paunio, Tarja Porkka-Heiskanen. Partial Sleep Restriction Activates Immune Response-Related Gene Expression Pathways: Experimental and Epidemiological Studies in Humans. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (10): e77184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077184 | <urn:uuid:e10f8589-ec21-43bc-ba4d-ba457825bc09> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://drcoco.com/blog/260/losing-sleep-you-may-be-losing-your-health-too | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107912593.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031002758-20201031032758-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.88914 | 623 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Tackling childhood obesity is a major priority for local authorities and health organisations, with recent reports identifying that more than one in five children are overweight or obese when they enter reception year. There is a growing spotlight on early years providers to demonstrate their healthy eating environment - both in terms of food provision and food education. This book is a bank of fun healthy eating activities that can also be used to meet the Early Learning Goals. It provides advice and ideas for healthy eating activities, and is also linked to meeting the EYFS welfare requirement for 'healthy, balanced and nutritious' food and drink.
The national guidance on healthy eating in early years settings is highly detailed and technical. Whilst this is a valuable resource, time-poor Early Years Practitioners have a need for this material to be translated into the popular and accessible Little Book format.
Read an extract of The Little Book of Healthy Eating | <urn:uuid:200558e7-72be-439e-8421-e30e48beeb19> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/little-book-of-healthy-eating-9781472922540/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.955411 | 180 | 3.34375 | 3 |
What About The Local Muscovy Duck?
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) occurs naturally only in southern Texas. It has been introduced in other locations, where it is considered an invasive species that sometimes creates problems through competition with native species, damage to property, and transmission of disease.
Federal Regulations Regarding The Muscovy Duck
The Federal Fish and Wildlife Service amends the regulations to prohibit sale, transfer, or propagation of Muscovy ducks for hunting and any other purpose other than food production, and to allow their removal in locations in which the species does not occur naturally in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, and in U.S. territories and possessions.
This requires revision of regulations governing permit exceptions for captive bred migratory waterfowl other than mallard ducks, and waterfowl sale and disposal permits, and the addition of an order to allow control of Muscovy ducks, their nests, and eggs. This agency has also rewritten the affected regulations to make them easier to understand. DATES: This rule will be effective on March 31, 2010. So you may be wondering, are Muscovy Ducks Protected? Click here to read more about it.
Some Migration Facts About The Muscovy Duck
The Muscovy is a large duck native to South America, Central America, and Mexico. Due to a recent northward expansion of the range of the species, there is a small natural population in three counties in southern Texas in which natural breeding of wild birds has been confirmed. For that reason, this species is included in the final rule published today to revise the list of migratory birds found at 50 CFR 10.13.
The Muscovy duck normally inhabits forested swamps and mangrove ponds, lakes and streams, and freshwater ponds near wooded areas. The species often roosts in trees at night. The hen usually lays her eggs in a tree hole or hollow. However, Muscovy ducks will occasionally nest in abandoned nests of large birds such as ospreys or eagles, between palm tree fronds, and in wooden boxes or other man-made, elevated cavities. The species does not form stable pairs.
Habitats And Flocks
Muscovy ducks can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on condominium balconies, or under roof overhangs. Feral populations, particularly in Florida, are said to present problems. Feral Muscovy ducks are wary and associate little with other species. Muscovy ducks feed on the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of aquatic and terrestrial plants, including agricultural crops. They also eat small fishes, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, millipedes, and termites.
Muscovy ducks live alone or in groups of 4 to 12, rarely in large flocks. They are mainly active in the morning and afternoon, feeding on the shores of brackish waters, or in the flood
savannah and underbrush. They often sleep at night in permanent roosts in trees along the river bank. Heavy and low-flying, they are silent and timid. Muscovy ducks swim much less than other ducks, and the males fly poorly. We received comments from States and individuals expressing concern over control of Muscovy ducks in response to the 2006 proposal to add the species to the list of those protected under the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13).
In general, States expressed concern over feral and free-ranging populations of Muscovy ducks present as the result of human activity. For example, one State was concerned that protecting the species under the MBTA
‘‘would severely impede our efforts to manage the feral and free-ranging populations of domestic Muscovy ducks.’’
Individuals expressed concern over property damage and aggressiveness demonstrated by the ducks. The Muscovy duck is an introduced species in many locations in the United States. We believe it is prudent to prohibit activities that would allow release of Muscovy ducks in areas in which they are not native and may compete with native species.
How Do We Control The Species?
We expect control of Muscovy ducks to be undertaken primarily through the use of walk-in baited traps and through shooting. The use of baited traps will greatly limit the potential impacts to other species, especially Passerines, which would be unlikely to enter properly placed traps. Shooting undertaken by State agency or U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services personnel would be very unlikely to harm other species.
We propose to revise 50 CFR 21.14 to prohibit sale and, in most cases, possession, of Muscovy ducks; to revise § 21.25 to prohibit sale or transfer of captive-bred Muscovy ducks for
hunting; and to add § 21.54 to allow removal of introduced Muscovy ducks from any location in the contiguous United States outside Hidalgo, Starr, and Zapata Counties in Texas, and in Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. territories and possessions. This removal is in keeping with the Service’s other actions to reduce the spread of introduced species that compete with native species or harm habitats that they use. It also is in keeping with the intent of the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (16 U.S.C. 703 (b)), which excluded nonnative
species from MBTA protection. Muscovy ducks are produced in the millions in the United States generally for meat production * * *. No permits are needed to possess domesticated barnyard fowl.
You may be wondering, “Are Muscovy Ducks Aggressive? Click here to find out.
A Market For The Muscovy Duck
This species is bought and sold in the millions being the most commonly held species of waterfowl in the United States.
‘‘I believe that problems associated with large feral populations of Muscovy ducks are from domesticated varieties raised in captivity that have wandered, or allowed to free range, and not from ‘wild’ type Muscovite imported from Latin America. ‘‘
The proposed regulation’s goal of preventing additional human introduction of Muscovy ducks has great merit. It is far better to prevent populations from establishing than to subject more ducks to control later.
However, the proposed regulation limits acquisition, possession, and propagation for some owners but not for others. Accidental releases from food production are not addressed and could continue to allow Muscovy populations to become established. No clear reason is evident for targeting only Muscovy’s not in food production to prevent additional introductions. Why are Muscovy in food production excepted when this source of accidental releases may be significant?
‘‘The rule should be focused on controlling populations, both feral and domestic, instead of destroying established populations. By controlling populations, the Fish and
Wildlife Service can largely achieve the same goals without many of the potential harmful side effects.’’
If you find this all too confusing, just call Nuisance Wildlife Removal for your nuisance duck problems, and we’ll know what to do.
CALL 1-866-263-WILD (9453) | <urn:uuid:147e9cf9-7756-4d12-ab46-9d4d70b81bfd> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://wildlifetrapper.com/tag/wild-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039596883.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423161713-20210423191713-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.944797 | 1,505 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Adult Eye CareAdult Eye Check
Blue Light protection
Adult eye problemsMacular diseases
What is macular (yellow spot)?
Retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue, lining the inner surface of the eye. Macula is the center of the retina which is most sensitive to light stimulation and responsible to central vision as well as color vision.
Symptoms of macular diseases
People with macular disease would have a blur and distorted central vision. However, patients may not notice the problem themselves if only one of the eyes got the disease.
Type of macular disease
- Dry Age Related Macular Degenertion: Around 90 % of the case. More common and initially less serious but can progress to wet form. Treatment usually not necessary.
- Wet Age Related Macular degeneration: Around 10 % of the cases. The formation of abnormal blood vessels leak fluid and eventually cause scar tissue and destroy central vision. It should be treated as soon as possible.
- Epiretinal membrane: Scar tissue forms which grows across the macula. As the membrane contracts, it causes distortion of the retinal tissue and affect our vision.
- Others: Such as Macular hole, macular edema, CSR.
- High myopia(over 6 diopter)
- Age over 55 year-old (age related macular degeneration, ARMD)
- Ocular trauma
- Long-term poor controlled diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure
- Surgeries(with or without using laser) to remove vitreous, inter limiting membrane and abnormal new blood vessels
- Injection of medicine in order to restrict neo-vascularization formation
Methods to prevent Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)
- Quit smoking
- Wearing hat and sunglass to prevent the effect of ultraviolet light
- Balanced diet
- Regular eye check by optometrist
Health care voucher is welcome in our center. | <urn:uuid:3a18ff94-c5fb-47f6-9742-d563e8c5fed3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://childreneyecare.com.hk/eye-information/adult-eye-problems/macular-degeneration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159006.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923035948-20180923060348-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.884807 | 401 | 3.515625 | 4 |
COURSES > UNDERGRADUATE [→ ONLINE ARCHIVE MATERIAL]
This course is designed both to introduce students to some of the major texts of the Western philosophical tradition and to help students develop their critical thinking skills, including the ability to understand, assess and formulate logical arguments. To pursue these goals we will read, discuss and write about a number of classical ethical systems, both ancient and modern.
- Plato, Meno
- Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics
- Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals
- Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals
TAUGHT: SPRING 2009 | <urn:uuid:4d8e9d80-9796-44a8-83f0-8f88df6e70ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.adamrose.com/ethics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.859546 | 135 | 2.796875 | 3 |
. . . a new analysis of seven coastal shark populations led by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in Gloucester Point indicates that federal protections enacted in the 1990s have brought most of those species back from the brink.
"We've shown that, after two decades of management measures, coastal shark populations are finally starting to recover and reclaim their position as top predators, or regulators of their ecosystem," said Cassidy Peterson, a VIMS graduate student and lead scientist in the study.
VIMS is already known for conducting a long line shark survey, begun in 1973, that today is the longest-running fishery-independent monitoring program in the world for sharks, skates and rays.
A long line is a fishing line strung with a series of hooks. When a fish is caught, researchers note its measurements and its sex, then tag and release it.
The seven species sampled in the study are the large-bodied sandbar, blacktip, spinner and tiger sharks, and the smaller Atlantic sharpnose, blacknose and bonnethead sharks.
"The Chesapeake Bay is actually a nursery for the sandbar shark," Peterson said. "So we do see a lot of big, pregnant mothers coming in at the beginning of the summer season to pup and give birth, and then the young remain in the area throughout the rest of the summer."
Earlier indications from shark bycatch rates and smaller-scale surveys were that overfishing of sharks had dropped some populations by 60 percent to 80 percent by the 1990s. One species of hammerhead, said Peterson, had declined by as much as 99.9 percent.
Coastal shark surveys are typically conducted rather piecemeal — state by state — with a broader survey conducted every third year by the National Marine Fisheries Service.
But VIMS fisheries scientist Rob Latour said such approaches don't provide updated information or could be missing the bigger picture of animals that are distributed over a wide area and move seasonally up and down the coast.
"So our approach involved trying to come up with a clever way to combine the information from all the smaller-scale data sets to get a broader assessment of what the population ... might actually be doing through time," Latour said.
VIMS conducts its research survey using the same gear and methods every year, and samples in a random grid, rather than in known shark hot spots, to avoid biases in methodology
. . .
Then computer models estimated population trends over time.
The result is what Latour calls "the most comprehensive analysis of patterns in abundance ever conducted for shark species" common to this region.
"All the large-bodied sharks showed similar population trends, with decreasing abundance from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s," Peterson said. "Then a multiyear period of low abundance, and recent indications of recovery from past exploitation."It's rare to get an actual positive story about fish abundance. Celebrate it when it happens.
Only the blacknose shark showed a decrease, and that was in the Gulf of Mexico, where it's susceptible to bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery.
Sharks have an especially hard time recovering from exploitation, Peterson said. They grow very slowly, the females don't mature until late in life and they bear a small number of pups.
Wombat-socho has "Rule 5 Sunday: Whitewashing The Cyborg" ready for your viewing pleasure. | <urn:uuid:0c67b235-8a45-4270-b58c-42d50fa099d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://fritz-aviewfromthebeach.blogspot.com/2017/03/area-sharks-recovering-from-over-fishing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.957126 | 703 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Standing on the plateau of Egyptian Giza, sorrounded by desert, inscrutable in the blazing sun, the Pyramids have been a source of awe, mystery and grandeur. Since about 4000 years they stand as a fantastic and timeless proof of an advanced civilization whose marvellous stone legacy is surely the greatest wonder of the ancient world. The enthralling history, the mathematical secrets, the timeless beauty, and the cosmic significance of these colossal man-made mountains , stand as a great attraction in the Egyptian desert. How could the ancients record the fundamental laws of astronomy and physics , with a precision equal to that of the modern science –computing the distance of earth from the sun, and the actual weight and circumference of the earth itself, thousands of years before Newton and Columbus.
The famous archaeologist, professor Zaba, is of the opinion that, “ One should not consider the pyramids solely as monuments attesting to the megalomaniac arrogance of the theocratic despots who had them built , but rather as monuments to the culture, knowledge and progressive technology of the age in which they were erected”.
The ancient Egyptians probably chose the distinctive form for their pharaohs' (probably considered) tombs beca
use of their solar religion, explained Donald Redford, professor of Classics and ancient Mediterranean studies at Penn State. The Egyptian sun god Ra, considered the father of all pharaohs, was said to
have created himself from a pyramid-shaped mound of earth before creating all other gods. The pyramid'
There is a long list of reasons about their exact purpose of construction, one such recorded motive for building them was to avoid providing funds for their successors , or for their rivals who wished to plot against them, or else to keep the local folks occupied.s shape is thought to have symbolized the sun's rays.
About The Egyptian Pyramids
Till to-date, 138 pyramids have been unearthed at different locations in Egypt. Some have been discovered by the latest technology to exist under waters. At Giza Plateau there are three pyramids, the fame of which has reached every part of the world. They are of course visible to travellers approaching by river from any direction. They stand on a rocky hill in the desert on the African side of the river.
The largest of these three pyramids is made of stone from Arabian quarries . It is said that 360,000men took twenty years to build it. The pyramid is known as “the pyramid of Khufu” and is considered to be one of the seven wonders of the world. It is the largest pyramid ever built, it incorporates about 2.3 million stone blocks, weighing an average of 2.5 to 15 tons each, with a height of 147 meters. This pyramid covers an area of nearly 5 acres. Each of the four sides has an equal measurement from corner to corner of 783 feet . The height from ground level to pinnacle amounts to 725 feet , and the circumference of the pinnacle is 16-1/2 ft.
With the latest machinery available to-day, and assuming that all the stones are available on site, it would take about 70 years to complete this structure. This fact alone speaks of some technology of the time and also diminishes the common theory that that these pyramids were built as tombs for the king who wanted to immortalise themselves. Add to it the fact that these pyramids are located in a desert and the nearest stone mountain is Aswan which is about a 1000 kilometres away, with the necessity of crossing a river in between, the things become more complex. In front of these three pyramids is the Sphinx , which the local inhabitants regard a
top of its head is 61-1/2 ft.
s a deity. They are of the opinion that Pharaoh king Haramais is buried inside it, and after his death he was placed on this spot. It is in fact carefully fashioned from the native rock. The circumference of the head , when measured across forehead amounts to 102 feet, the length is 243 feet. The height from the paunch to the
Explore The Pyramids
German archaeologist, Erich Von Daniken, in his book, “Chariots of the god”, has propounded a theory that people from outer space have visited this earth, taught many technologies to humans and went away with a promise to come back again. He feels that these pyramids were built as guiding towers for the people coming from outer space. To support his arguments, he has printed a map of the earth with these pyramids in the very centre of the earth . He also feels that technology to lift stones, cut them to size, bring them to site after crossing the river and then put them on to build a 147 meters structure with perfect north alignment, and perfectly fitting each stone to another with almost no gap in-between was done by or with the help of those aliens.
The Hidden Secrets Of Egyptian Pyramids
All About The Pyramids
The Turkish researcher has proved (Video attached above with permission) that the pyramids were built to supply wireless electricity to the whole of Egypt. A concept later developed and exhibited by the famous inventor Nikolai Tesla in USA. The modern day concept of electricity with wires is pretty straightforward. Electrical current is defined by the motion of electrons travelling through a conductive material — usually a metal such as copper. With a few basic formulas engineers are able to electCredit: googlerify our world, keeping our lights and appliances running..Tesla proved that electricity can flow to any point without wires, and researcher Adnan Oktar believes pyramids were built for the same purpose.
A Russian researcher has come up with many more theories. (see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rh8WU1PM9s&feature=related), he has proved that these pyramids are there to save the earth from earth quakes, and he has given his explanation with details and with many other uses of these mystery pyramids.
All this indicates that those who built the pyramids were much more knowledgeable than the present era of advanced science and technology. Were they really advanced or were they aliens who have promised to come back again ( as per Erich Von Daniken) ? | <urn:uuid:72463f7e-3271-4009-8cc3-638142b7ead8> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.infobarrel.com/The_Egyptian_Pyramid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670770.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121101711-20191121125711-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.970175 | 1,287 | 3.21875 | 3 |
When someone hears the word barbecue and grill, what first thought is: that both (barbecue and grill) is the same; both from the results, how to manufacture, and the ingredients are cooked. Even if the list of menus in some restaurants and ordered two different types of roasting ways, such as the same result. indeed not a few who argue that between the barbecue and grill only a synonym, means that however, the barbecue and grill does not have a good reason and clear evidence to distinguish. Yes, maybe it applies to today, but not for now. Because these are what must be known to be able to distinguish between the grill and barbecue.
Grill is the way of cooking that has been known since long time and has become a favorite of many people, even in many countries. It can be seen on the grill dishes that are easily found in various countries. What characterizes the grilling are:
- That uses direct heat grilling, such as from charcoal and firewood. So that the heat generated at a higher level than the stove. Using direct heat grilling like this could be used for grilling meats with varying thickness. If grilling the meat with a medium thickness or thin inclined, then you should not be left them behind. Because with direct heat, increase the likelihood of burn on the meat placed on the grill.
- That grilling requires a shorter time. For an average time of roasting (meat medium thickness and thin), it only takes about 20 minutes or less.
- That the heat grilling using a higher temperature, which is about 500 degrees Celsius. There are also some people who argue that temperature heat used in grilling is about 232-288 degrees Celsius. This is the reason that grilling only spent a shorter time.
While what characterizes the barbecue are:
- That the barbecue using indirect heat. Barbecue with indirect heat is generally used for larger cuts of meat. This produces a lower heat than a stove. Because the barbecue is meat that is made of thick meat and use low-level heat, then you can relax with being left on the grill to talk with relatives in attendance at the barbecue in the backyard of the house.
- That barbecue takes a longer time. Ranging from hours and hours, even days. So, do not be surprised when you hear that in doing barbecue could spend up to two weeks.
- The barbecue that rely on low heat rate, which is about 225 degrees Celsius or less. There are also some people who argue that the benchmark low heat while making barbecue is 93-150 degrees Celsius. This is the reason that barbecue takes a lot longer to ripen the meat. | <urn:uuid:20afad8a-79c8-4742-bfe1-846ea44de38c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://onemaryland-icbn.org/2017/06/11/the-differences-between-bbq-and-grill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424200.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723002704-20170723022704-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.959483 | 544 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Why Talking Cars Will Be Good for Buses
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is expected at some point later this year to make a milestone decision on whether future cars in America will be required to come with "connected vehicle" technology. In layman's terms, this refers to the capacity of vehicles to communicate wirelessly with one another and with fixed infrastructure ("I’m changing lanes," "an accident just happened," "I just slammed on my brakes").
The concept conjures a futuristic world of chatty cars in which our vehicles might do a better job of interacting with each other than we do as drivers. But the prospect is not so far in the future. And some of the biggest beneficiaries may not be cars at all, but riders of public transit.
This is the theory of University of Arizona researchers Wei Wu and Larry Head. They’ve been simulating an idea called “bus lane with intermittent priority” – or BLIP – that would use connected vehicle technology to solve one of the bigger challenges posed by Bus Rapid Transit systems. Cities around the world are increasingly turning to the relatively affordable transit solution to move more passengers on dedicated bus lanes without the unpredictability of traffic congestion or the cost of constructing railways.
One problem with BRT, though, is that plenty of drivers aren’t eager to see whole lanes of busy roadway blocked off exclusively for bus use. So this is where connected vehicle technology could come in. If buses and cars could communicate with each other, drivers could use BRT lanes when buses aren’t around.
"As the bus moves through the network," Head explains, "it broadcasts a message that says, ‘Here I am, I’m a bus. Here I am, I’m a bus. Get out of my lane.’"
A bus moving down a busy street, for instance, might project that message to vehicles within 300 yards of it. This is an animation, courtesy of Head and Wu, of exactly what this might look like:
The animation assumes that not all cars in this near future would have connected vehicle technology. Those older models would be barred from the bus lane; connected cars (in green) would have access to it. In the animation, cars that have just been alerted of an approaching bus turn red (and then green once they've moved out of the way). Cars traveling safely behind the bus are blue.
The whole idea suggests that technology could help us become smarter sharers of roadway. In turn, that also means we might need less of it to efficiently transport more people. | <urn:uuid:20a56191-e318-4fcc-b937-e6901c6e455f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2013/01/why-talking-cars-will-be-good-buses/4484/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011150121/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091910-00089-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959988 | 529 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Recognize the use of adjectives in sentences
Adjectives modify the meaning of nouns and pronouns. They describe which, whose, what kind and how many. Seven words in English are always adjectives. These are the articles a, an and the, and the possessives my, our, your, and their.
These exercises provide several ways for students to practice recognizing adjectives in sentences. | <urn:uuid:d1726c1c-5636-4f42-ac97-c8c67c6ef1ce> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.worksheetworks.com/english/partsofspeech/adjectives/identifying.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832538.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00365-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954952 | 83 | 3.9375 | 4 |
The Lethbridge Police Service is committed to the safety of the citizens of Lethbridge. We have protocols in place to effectively deal with terrorism threats.
WHAT IS TERRORISM?
-Terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.
HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE WARNING SIGNS
-Stay alert! Be aware of your surroundings
-Know your neighbours
-Know who makes regular deliveries at work
-Know regular maintenance and cleaning people
HOW TO IDENTIFY SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
-Unusual requests for information regarding security or habits
-Unusual interest in high-risk or symbolic targets such as inappropriate videos or photograph-taking, annotating maps, note-taking or using binoculars and night vision goggles
-Unusual activity, such as strong odours coming from buildings or vehicles, someone who is over-dressed for the weather, people in palces where they don't belong or people avoiding eye contact
-Fraudulent identification, such as fake passports or driver's licenses
-Numerous visitors perhaps those who arrive and leave at unusual hours, trying to be unnoticed or acting in a suspicious manner
-Avoiding community contact; they may only let you into their apartment with plenty of prior notice, change their locks often, keep certain rooms off limits or never allow maid service or deliveries in a hotel room
-Large, unusual, high-risk deliveries; watch for vehicles delivering hazardous materials parked or driving in an inappropriate areas, unusual deliveries of chemicals or fertilizer, unattended boxes in public access places or unusual mail
-Unusual purchases or thefts; pay attention to any purchases, rentals or thefts of uniforms, explosives, weapons, ammunition, propane bottles, toxic chemicals or vehicles able to contain or haul hazardous materials
HOW TO REPORT SUSPECTED ACTS OF TERRORISM
-If you believe a life is in danger or a serious crime is about to be committed, call 911 immediately
-If it is not an emergency, but you think the person or situation should be invesigated, call 403-328-4444-the Lethbridge Police Service non-emergency number
Remember, never put yourself in danger by confronting suspicious activity
For more information visit | <urn:uuid:e2d6c72f-4216-4784-8b03-876a86524460> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.lethbridgepolice.ca/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189472.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00079-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902224 | 490 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We believe the children are capable of leading their own learning supported by the teachers and Atelierista.
Children are encouraged to develop and share their ideas and theories so they can make sense of their world. Together, children and teachers explore these ideas. Our teachers carefully listen to the children’s theories and document them using photographs, video, and narrative. This research often develops into project work.
An investigation may ignite from a variety of ways, such as; a new provocation introduced by a teacher, or a question of a child, or a problem confronted by a group of children. Whilst the inspiration behind each investigation can differ, an investigation typically begins to develop when a teacher recognises it’s potential, joins the children in their wonderment and begins to the cycle of listening observing, discussing, documenting and interpreting. Using the information gained through observation, interpretation and collaborative dialogue, teachers support the children’s curiosity and theories, encouraging further investigation.
The teachers carefully observe and record the children and allow experiences and the environment to support and extend their interests. These projects might last a short time or several months. | <urn:uuid:2fa0ed20-f0d9-463a-aec2-25040437e544> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://rabbitpatch.co.nz/the-reggio-approach/investigations-projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313589.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818022816-20190818044816-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.953213 | 228 | 3.375 | 3 |
In order for the construction of Grand Coulee Dam to be successful, the planners knew that a railroad would be the best option for bringing in supplies. A big concern was where to stage those supplies, and initial plans had them on the sloped bench on the east side of the river, immediately downstream of the construction site.
Railroaders like as level a track as possible; it’s easier for locomotives to start and stop trains. The problem with the dam site was a big elevation change. At the rail head at Odair, the elevation is 1676 feet. The current town of Grand Coulee is at 1520 feet. Coulee Dam is at 1150 feet. The distance from Odair to Grand Coulee allows the elevation change to happen gradually, so it’s still easy for trains to run. The drastic change from Grand Coulee to Coulee Dam happens in a short distance, and in a dramatic way.
The surveyors for the railroad developed a way down to a point on the river where a bridge could be used to get to the staging site. The curves would be sharp, but not unreasonable. The east-side bench was envisioned as the location of the concrete mixing plant, machine shops, warehouse, affiliated structures, and the MWAK field engineer's office at the 1020-foot elevation level. A steam shovel was put to work leveling off the 5- to 10-degree slope for this plan.
On October 29, 1934, plans were announced by Harvey Slocum, construction superintendent for MWAK, for a 150- to 200-foot-long tunnel, to be bored through a solid granite mass, northwest of the Engineer's Town site. The tunnel was to be located about 100 feet from the spot where the construction contracts for two adjoining railroad right-of-ways were to meet. One was being built from Odair to the damsite by David H. Ryan, and the other by the Spokane construction firm of Crick & Kuney, which built the remaining grades around the damsite, among other things.
The tunnel was necessary in order to do away with a nearly impossible turn along the outside of the 800-foot, solid rock wall. By making the tunnel, no sharp curve would be necessary. Locomotives and cars would then be able to run along the outside of the mountain of rock to a curve near the river, over a railway bridge, and then along the 1020-foot level on the east shore. Bridge construction had started back on October 1 and had finished 2 weeks later.
Tunnel construction kicked off on November 29 with crews jack-hammering and blasting the granite face on the south side of the tunnel. By December 7, the bore hole was large enough that it was beginning to get dark inside in the daytime.
After the first of the year, crews were about 35 feet into the rock. The muck was being hauled out by wheelbarrows. Behind the drillers, a group of carpenters followed who were timbering the roof. It was assumed that the tunnel would be completed in another month, and that together, the tunnel and grade below would consume two months total.
The weather at this time had been around negative-5 degrees, with a biting wind. Night-shift workers claimed it wasn't any fun to face the cold blasts, and one of them swore to “never leave Santa Barbara again” once this job was completed.
About March 11, work was resumed after being shut down for roughly six weeks to provide more men to work on the cofferdam. By this time, 85 feet had been completed. From the north end of the bore, the grade outside of the tunnel had been leveled off to the bridge. Workers were reporting that the blue granite, through which their jack hammers were biting, was the hardest rock they had ever worked with. Frequent re-sharpening of tools and a minimum feet-per-hour was caused by the hard rock. The project overall was not being hurried to completion at the time, since there were no scheduled shipments of cement to the dam site until the latter part of the summer, at the earliest.
The crews had not used the typical method of boring a small-diameter hole the entire length of the tunnel and then expanding that bore to full tunnel size. The tunnel was instead blasted and hammered partway, then the small-bore method was used for the second half.
By May 13 there was roughly thirty feet to go. Drilling and blasting continued, making up the full size of the tunnel, and a week later, the entire bore was completed. It was 20-feet high and 15-feet wide. It was also on a 5% grade, meaning the tracks would rise five feet over a distance of 100 feet, which is very steep for a railroad. This is why logging locomotives were to be used, since they employed a gearing scheme to compound their effort in pulling loads up a grade, sacrificing speed for pulling power.
After seven months on a two-month project, word from MWAK came that it did not plan to use the railroad to bring material to the east side of the river, as originally intended. With the heavy grade work between the cliff and Engineers’ Town, a nagging slide area near the tunnel, the instability of the bank on the east side of the bridge, and then a curve on the east side that would be too sharp, it was decided that anything needed on the east side could be hauled by trucks.
The mainline to the tunnel was stub-ended a short distance from the portal, a few railroad-car lengths beyond a switch that led to a track at a lower elevation heading towards the dam. That switch led to the line past the site where the Green Hut Cafe and the Visitor's Center would eventually be located. This track eventually made it all the way to the west side of the right powerhouse.
Other project changes included building the staging yard near Electric City, with the railroad delivering finished items to the construction site via either the car skip or the switchbacks. Cement unloading was constructed above the dam and a series of pipes moved the powder to the mix plant on the west side of the construction face. Limited rail access to the east side of the dam was made via the construction trestle over the face of the growing dam.
Today, a small sign in the parking lot for the Coulee Dam City Hall marks the location of the tunnel. Access means crawling through the brush, crossing Fiddle Creek, and then climbing the slope to the tunnel. Both ends have been fenced off, as rock does occasionally fall inside the bore. The grade on both ends of the tunnel can be followed, but below the tunnel, the grade edges private property boundaries. The curve at the bottom of the grade toward the bridge location has completely changed and traces are hard to find anymore.
The granite bluff with the tunnel through it can be seen on the left side of the photo, just to the right of what is now the Coulee Dam City Hall. The grade from the tunnel to the MWAK bridge on the right is very evident.
A portion of penstock is being trucked over the MWAK bridge. Near the uppler left corner, the tunnel can be seen. Note you can see daylight through it at this angle.
Classic view of the tunnel as looking toward the east bank of the Columbia River. The trestle in the foreground is crossing Fiddle Creek.
Current view of the tunnel, looking towards the east bank of the Columbia River. The metal bridge over the river can just be seen between the telephone poles.
View through the tunnel from the north side, looking up the grade.
View of the granite rock through with the tunnel passes.
View of the tunnel from the south side, when peering through the chain link fence.
The old sign in the city hall parking lot. The current sign says the same thing. | <urn:uuid:1172863e-291f-4d0d-a65e-9a77ee08a6bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.bigbendrailroadhistory.com/2020/04/the-dam-railroad-tunnel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107867463.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019232613-20201020022613-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.978834 | 1,632 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Washability Characteristics of British Columbia Coals
Paper 1994 - 2
View Paper 1994-2 (PDF, 16.8MB)
This paper summarizes the washability study conducted under the Coal Quality project. The aim of the study was to investigate and interpret washability characteristics of British Columbia coals, in order to provide a geological basis of washability and to gain practical information which will be useful in the processing and utilization of these coals. Washability characteristics of many coal seams from various British Columbia coal fields were examined.
See Bulletin 96: British Columbia Coal Quality Survey.
All printed publications of the BC Geological Survey are available digitally, free of charge, from this website.
For questions or more information on geology and minerals in British Columbia contact BCGS Mailbox or call toll free (B.C. residents only). | <urn:uuid:597cd700-e5a1-4fe3-baab-55ff93991912> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/PublicationsCatalogue/Papers/Pages/1994-2.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865023.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523004548-20180523024548-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.904636 | 171 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Essay:How Ronald Reagan won the Cold War
|!||This Is An Original Work.|
Contributors should add their signatures to the end section. If published, a notice will be posted and, if desired, contributors will be recognized.
From Harry Truman to Jimmy Carter, the policy when dealing with the Soviet Union was containment. Containment failed. The ultimate goal of the Soviet empire was a global communist revolution, therefore the Soviets could never have been contained. When Ronald Reagan came into office, he initiated a policy of confronting the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the "détente" policy of the 1970s.
Reagan advocated a radical agenda: challenge the Soviets everywhere. Economically, politically, militarily, and especially psychologically. Not just coexist with the Soviets, but defeat them. His strategy for an endgame to the Cold War was that there would be no coexistence with the Soviets. From beginning to end, the goal was the destruction of the Soviet Union.
He realized that a planned economy could not compete against a market economy in a renewed arms race and so he made the Cold War hot in an economic and rhetorical sense. Reagan and his team devised a plan. The secret plan was to dismember the Soviet Union brick by brick. It would be coercive. Confront the Soviet head on to fight and win a protracted four part war.
The first part was a war of action. The Reagan administration used paramilitary ops, covert action, small unit combat, and simply taking the torch to the enemy. The instruments were anti-communist Nicaraguan freedom fighters, anti-communist Afghan freedom fighters and anti-communist Polish freedom fighters.
The second part was a war of materiel. Reagan began a massive re-armament based on high-technology that obsoleted a generation of Soviet weaponry. Before Reagan took office, U.S. defense technology had fallen badly behind the Soviets during the Jimmy Carter administration. The defense upgrade would include a 600 ship Navy, new Army divisions, tanks, planes, and missiles. Under the orders of Reagan, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger cleared out the Carter Defense Department, instilled an esprit de corps within the ranks, and rebuilt the military as an instrument for the Soviets to fear. The method was unpredictable. Incursions into Russian airspace, sending B-52s in attack formation over the North Pole, disrupting naval exercises. The weapons build-up forced the Soviet Union to increase its military spending, freeing the CIA to inflict massive damage to the Soviets in Afghanistan and Central America without obvious U.S. involvement.
The third part of the plan was a war of ideas. Reagan recognized that mass communications was the new most important instrument. He used Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Marti; bombarding the captive nations with broadcasts, embedding coded messages for the leaders of resistance movements, secretly distributing Korans and pamphlets and that detailed the ongoing Soviet abuse of Muslims. Reagan knew that the struggle against communism was not simply between two political ideologies, but it was fundamentally about core beliefs and values and faith in a higher power. So when he changed the radio stations and made them voices of advocacy, he also added religious programming. Particular the Catholic mass was provided to listeners in Poland and that was a very energizing and mobilizing influence in a country where Catholicism and resistance to communism worked well together. They were also providing information and spiritual food to Muslims in Soviet Central Asia. They were printing brochures and they were having radio programs that talked about the incompatibility between Islam and the forced militant atheism of communism.
The fourth and final part of the plan was a war of money. Reagan devised a plan to bankrupt the Soviet Union. He had always known that the Soviet economy was no more than the size of California's and CIA analysis proved him right. Their 500 billion dollars paled in comparison to the 2.5 trillion dollars of the United States. Reagan used this discrepancy to America's advantage with economic warfare on a scale never seen before. One fought with a new weapon. Reagan made the dollar a weapon for the first time in Soviet history. The Soviet system had been in crisis since 1917, but they had always figured out a way in the Kremlin to have the West bail them out. Reagan saw to it that that was not going to happen this time. So it was a struggle about dollars and credits as much as it was about tanks and missiles. The means Reagan used was oil through a partnership with Saudi Arabia. The Soviet Union's hard currency came from a single source: its mineral wealth of oil and natural gas. Reagan secretly sent William Casey, the Director of Central Intelligence, to Riyadh to strong arm the Saudis into tripling oil production, cutting prices by fifty percent. Casey was successful and got the Saudis to go along. Reagan's objective was an economic boom in the West and a crippling blow to the struggling Soviet economy. The desperate Soviets needed hard cash, so they resorted to gas fields in western Siberia. There solution was a 4,000 mile pipeline connecting the fields to the markets in Western Europe. They believed the prize would be billions of cubic feet of gas flowing from Siberia and therefore tens of billions in hard currency flowing back to Moscow.
This was an appropriate time to launch a more strategic initiative designed to go after the Soviet Union's domination of Western Europe's natural gas markets and major American conglomerates really had no stomach for that at all. In the end, there interest in profits oversees. There was enormous pressure that was brought to bare by companies that were going to be damaged by Reagan's economic war against the Soviet empire. This economic warfare would be applied to wherever the Soviets struck.
The first of these was Poland, which was the epicenter of the Soviet empire and they considered it the crossroads of Europe. It is where all the historic invasions of Russia had taken place. Tanks rolled onto the streets of Warsaw, road blocks where everywhere, 3.4 million telephones were rendered dead, 250 thousand military personnel were deployed. The Soviets determined that controlling and dominating Poland was vital to protecting the survival of the Soviet empire. Martial law was declared, the Solidarity organization was banned and Lech Wałęsa and five thousand activists were arrested. With the rise of Solidarity, for the first time in the Cold War there was a challenge to their authority in Poland. They installed a puppet government in the country. After the Soviets backed a coup in Poland and declared martial law, Reagan was furious and determined to see Solidarity succeed. The secret funding for Solidarity commenced. It payed for the tools of subversion: printing presses and radio transmitters. Reagan decided that the Soviet sponsorship of martial law in Poland needed to be responded to with economic sanctions. Reagan canceled trade agreements, made grain sales tougher, and restricted credit. The Europeans saw Reagan's tenacity and knew he would not give in. So they fell in line, tightening their lending to the regime in Moscow.
Reagan also went out of his way to deliver Western Europe from being a sitting duck to the Soviet missiles that were aimed directly toward it. One of Reagan's early and most important goals was to station missiles in Europe to provide a defense for the people of Western Europe. In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Thatcher mobilized Western Europe to deploy the new generation of nuclear weapons.
Reagan's game plan had been to only meet with the Soviets on his terms, when the power had shifted in America's favor. By the 1985, that was happening. In the Strategic Defense Initiative's embryonic stage, it had new partners: Japan, West Germany, Italy, Israel, and the United Kingdom. In Poland, Solidarity had refused to surrender. In Nicaragua, the anti-communist freedom fighters fought on. In Africa and Southeast Asia anti-communist CIA covert operations were underway. In Afghanistan, the simple goal of making the Soviets retreat in disgrace was working. The Reagan war plan was now beginnng to converge; the military build-up, the covert actions, the economic sanctions, and the Strategic Defense Initiative.
The combined effects on the Soviet economy was costing the Soviet empire billions. The Soviets had increased defense spending by 45 percent, billions were lost in hard currency, billions more was spent on bolstering nervous third world communist dictators and all they had to show for it was dead young Russian and other Soviet citizens shipped home from the battlefields of Afghanistan. Reagan's leverage had worked and the Kremlin was now backed into a corner. After less than five years of Ronald Reagan, the hardliners of the Soviet leadership could no longer hide the economic damage of their rule. This gave the reformers an opening. Mikhail Gorbachev was elected by a one vote majority in the politburo and that vote was by Andrei Gromyko, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, who had met with Reagan six months earlier and told him that he knew that Reagan's goal was the destruction of the Soviet Union. The politburo went with a reformer such as Gorbachev because they knew the only way they could compete with the United States and meet the Reagan challenge is by changing. So Gorbachev was brought into power in response to Ronald Reagan. So Reagan was really responsible for bringing Gorbachev into power.
Eventually, the ten year war in Afghanistan against Reagan-supported Afghan freedom fighters exhausted the resources and morale of the Soviet socialist system. With more than 15,000 Soviet military personnel dead, the Soviets withdrew their forces in 1989 and admitted to a humiliating defeat. It was payback for the Vietnam War. Also in 1989, the Reagan-supported Polish Solidarity organization was legalized and allowed to participate in elections which sparked off a succession of peaceful anti-communist counter-revolutions in Central Europe and Eastern Europe.
Take the fact that communism drives any country broke, add a Reagan-supported arms build up as well as a Reagan-supported second arms race in space, add a Reagan-supported Vietnam-like quagmire, and mix in Reagan-supported socio-political upheaval in Soviet satellite states. It was more than the Soviet system could take. Especially with a Reagan-supported reformer in charge of the Soviet Union.
And that is how Ronald Reagan won the Cold War.
-AmerICan 15:06, 12 March 2008 (EDT) | <urn:uuid:307aa1e6-9c4b-442f-b97a-8b64abfb6add> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.conservapedia.com/How_Ronald_Reagan_won_the_Cold_War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275393.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00494-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975155 | 2,102 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A literature review of the impact of rabbits on Australian vegetation and ecosystems highlighted the effects of rabbits on a wide range of native trees and shrubs. By removing seedlings and promoting weeds rabbits are a significant factor contributing to native vegetation decline and biodiversity loss.
Despite rabbits having been kept low for some years by Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, a survey of remnant vegetation at 220 sites adjacent to farmlands in south-eastern Australia indicated that rabbits were present in 54% of sites visited and were causing noticeable vegetation damage in 26% of sites (i.e. about half the infested sites). Rabbits are more widespread in south-eastern South Australia, western Victoria and Tasmania than in eastern Victoria, New South Wales and south-east Queensland.
A major result from this survey is that low numbers of rabbits (1 – 2/ha) are capable of removing all seedlings of the more palatable native tree and shrubs and exacerbating weed competition with native flora. However, most land managers are not aware that a problem exists except where acute rabbit damage is observed.
Data obtained during the survey have been used to develop and calibrate rapid methods for scoring rabbit abundance and vegetation damage. This has enabled development of an assessment tool that land managers can use to quickly reach a decision on actions necessary for reducing rabbits and maintaining biodiversity. It is applicable for native vegetation on roadsides, reserves and natural shrub-lands used for pasture. The method has been tested using Landcare groups, farmers and government agency staff and progressively improved to increase its robustness and practicality.
A report complied for Australian Wool Innovation and Meat and Livestock Australia as part of the Invasive Animals Co-operative Research Centre Project 7.T. 6 – Biodiversity Impact of Rabbits.
|Author||BD Cooke and SR McPhee|
|Publisher||Invasive Animals CRC|
|Department||Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre|
|Region||Australia - national|
|Documents||Rabbits and Native Plant Biodiversity [1 Mb PDF]| | <urn:uuid:962d779a-e656-4445-b921-dfcfe574838d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.pestsmart.org.au/rabbits-and-native-plant-biodiversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944742.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420213743-20180420233743-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.936747 | 419 | 3.828125 | 4 |
If your text already contains a formula, for example "12+24*2", LibreOffice can calculate, and then paste the result of the formula in your document, without using the Formula Bar.
Select the formula in the text. The formula can only contain numbers and operators and cannot contain spaces.
Choose Tools - Calculate, or press Command Ctrl+Plus Sign (+).
Place the cursor where you want to insert the result of the formula, and then choose Command Ctrl+V.
The selected formula is replaced by the result. | <urn:uuid:dc8ca9c0-45c5-439b-8cf5-0dd5fc4789de> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://help.libreoffice.org/latest/ta/text/swriter/guide/calculate_clipboard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500813.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208123621-20230208153621-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.780679 | 110 | 2.71875 | 3 |
THE ROBINSON LIBRARY
|The Robinson Library >> On This Day|
On June 19th...
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1566 King James I of England was born.
1623 French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Blaise Pascal was born.
1754 The Albany Congress convened.
1778 The Continental Army left their winter encampment at Valley Forge.
1786 Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene died.
1794 Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, died.
1801 Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War General who betrayed his country, died.
1811 U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase died.
1829 Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police.
1846 The first offically recognized baseball game was played, by Cartwright Rules; the New York Nines defeated the Knickerbockers 23-1 at Hoboken, New Jersey.
1867 Emperor Maxmilian of Mexico died.
1896 Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, was born.
1897 Moe Howard, leader of The Three Stooges, was born.
1902 Band leader Guy Lombardo was born.
1903 Baseball player Lou Gehrig was born.
1913 South Africa passed the Natives Land Act, Act No 27, confining Africans to reserves and depriving them of rights to purchase land outside the native reserves.
1914 U.S. Senator Alan
Cranston was born.
1915 Actor Pat Buttram was born.
1917 The British Royal Family formally adopted the name House of Windsor.
1926 Painter Mary Cassatt died.
1923 The comic strip "Moon Mullins" debuted.
1928 Actress Nancy Marchand was born.
1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act was signed into law.
1934 The Federal Communications Commission was created.
1936 Author G. K. Chesterton died.
1937 Author J. M. Barrie died.
1940 The comic strip
"Brenda Starr" debuted.
1947 Author Salman Rushdie was born.
1948 Actress Phylicia Rashad was born.
1950 Musician Ann Wilson was born.
1952 "I've Got A Secret" debuted on CBS-TV.
1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for passing U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.
1954 The cartoon
character Tasmanian Devil debuted in "Devil May
1958 The Canadian House of Commons approved the North American Air Defense Command Agreement.
1960 Freedomland U.S.A., billed as the world's largest amusement park, opened.
1961 Kuwait became fully independent of the United Kingdom.
1962 Singer Paula Abdul was born.
1964 A submarine cable between Japan and Hawaii began operations.
1966 Actor Ed Wynn died.
1967 U.S. Secretary of the Navy designate John T. McNaughton was killed in an airplane crash in North Carolina.
1970 The Patent Cooperation Treaty was signed.
1975 Crime boss Sam Giancana died.
1976 Viking 1 went into Martian orbit after a 10-month flight from Earth.
1977 Actress Geraldine Brooks died.
1978 The comic strip "Garfield" debuted.
1986 Basketball player Len Bias died.
1992 The movie Batman Returns was released.
1994 Composer Henry Mancini died.
2007 Kurt Waldheim, German politician and Secretary General of the United Nations, died.
2013 Actor James
|The Robinson Library
>> On This Day
This page was last updated on November 29, 2017. | <urn:uuid:88a933a6-b359-4d2a-b1a5-6a354dfc1c74> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://robinsonlibrary.com/general/reference/onthisday/june/19.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.962079 | 746 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Panting is as natural to dogs as sweating is to humans. We expect our dogs to pant on a hot, sunny day or during exercise to cool down. However, sometimes we may find our dog panting at night or showing signs of restlessness like pacing.
Sometimes dogs won’t stop panting and pacing. When there’s no apparent cause, owners can quickly become distressed, wondering, “why won’t my dog stop panting?” Or why is the dog panting in the first place?
Why Do Dogs Pant?
Most of the time, panting is both natural and healthy.
Unlike humans, dogs only have sweat glands on their paw pads, which doesn’t help cool down. When they get warm or start heating up through exercise, they release excess body heat through their mouth.
This means warm blood is sent to cool down by close contact with fresh air in the open mouth.
Simultaneously, water vapor evaporates from the tongue, inner mouth, and the back of the throat.
Panting is not the best mechanism in the animal kingdom for cooling down, mainly because dogs are built to retain heat more than release it.
But it is the best mechanism dogs have, so it’s natural to see a dog panting whenever it’s hot or they have been running around.
Short-nosed—brachycephalic—dogs such as Pugs or Bulldogs tend to pant more. Their shorter airways don’t allow them to regulate their body temperatures as easily.
It also makes them prone to various medical conditions such as reverse sneezing.
Humidity can interfere with the panting process, so keep an eye on your dog in humid regions. They may overheat more quickly.
But if the panting is excessive and it’s not very hot, like at night, the causes may be more serious.
Usually, abnormal panting presents itself with other symptoms, such as restlessness and pacing.
What’s the Difference Between Normal and Abnormal Dog Panting?
It’s a good idea to count your dog’s breaths per minute when they are resting and after exercise so that you know what is normal for them.
This way, you can get an idea if your dog is panting too much. In general, dogs breathe between 15 and 20 times a minute. Anything from 35 to 40 breaths per minute while resting is considered abnormal.
If you find that your dog’s respiratory rate is abnormally high when resting, take them to a cooler, better-ventilated area.
Allow them half an hour to an hour before checking again. If the problem persists, it may be time to contact a vet.
Please note, waiting half an hour does not apply to the signs of heatstroke. If your dog is displaying symptoms of heat exhaustion or heatstroke, you need to intervene immediately.
There are other signs of abnormal panting and breathing to look out for, such as:
- The dog’s breathing looks excessively strained or labored.
- The panting sounds harsher or higher-pitched than usual.
- The painting is accompanied by signs of distress such as pacing, restlessness, drooling, licking a specific place on the body, crying or whining, vomiting, or any other abnormal behavior. In fear-based panting cases, the dog may be hiding, shaking, or showing signs of “shutting down.”
- It doesn’t happen when it is overly warm or when your dog has just been active.
- It only happens at night when the dog should be resting.
Reasons Why My Dog Is Panting and Pacing
Abnormal panting is often accompanied by restlessness and pacing. These are usually the first signs that more is going on than just your dog cooling down.
Just like humans who might hyperventilate and pace up and down when they are in distress, a dog will behave similarly. In general, there are four leading causes of abnormal panting.
- Anxiety or stress
- Illness or a medical condition
- The side-effects of certain medications.
In the first three, the pacing is often seen as co-symptom with the panting. For example, a bitch in labor will frequently pace and pant at the same time.
But dogs can’t tell us what is causing their distress, so if we notice excessive panting at night or other times, we need to investigate to pinpoint the cause.
Is Panting a Sign of Anxiety?
Abnormal panting is often the first symptom of anxiety. Like humans, heavy breathing is a typical flight or fight response in situations that provoke fear.
One study showed a prevalence of general fearfulness in over a quarter of the dogs researched.
The study states that symptoms of anxiety include the following:
- Heavy panting
- Restlessness and pacing
- Vocalizations such as whining, crying, barking, or howling
- Involuntary urination or even defecation
- Escaping or trying to escape
- Self-harm such as licking, chewing, or biting themselves.
- Damaging property through destructive chewing
If you suspect your dog is panting because of anxiety, the best thing to do is look for the cause. There are different kinds of stress in dogs, as in humans.
Sometimes, they react to a stressful home environment or a major change, such as being newly adopted.
Older dogs are also susceptible to what is called “doggy dementia,” and this may be the cause of a lot of anguish. Seniors may display odd behaviors such as incontinence, circling, or wandering.
As their cognitive abilities wane, so their anxiety might increase. It’s best to speak to a vet about how to ease their angst.
However, the two most common sources of panting at night and anxiety, in general, are separation anxiety and noise sensitivity.
If your dog’s panting at night begins around the time you go to bed and they are shut away from you, your dog might be showing signs of separation anxiety.
Around 14 – 17 % of dogs suffer from separation anxiety, which is closely linked to problems like hyper-attachment and lack of exercise or stimulation. It can also be caused by genetic factors, such as a tendency towards fearfulness.
Separation anxiety can be differentiated from other kinds of anxiety.
The symptoms will only appear from the moment the dog first suspects you are leaving to within about 30 minutes after you have left.
The anxiety should go away the moment you return.
Besides panting, your dog might vocalize by howling or barking, engaging in destructive behaviors such as chewing or digging, trying to escape, or urinating in the house.
In cases of separation anxiety, it’s best to consult a vet about calming medication or products.
Consult a certified behaviorist in extreme cases.
Noise Sensitivity or Noise Phobia
If your dog sleeps near you and has no reason to be anxious about being apart, the problem may be noise.
Nearly 40 % of dogs struggle with noise sensitivity, and the symptoms can be extreme.
Dogs with a noise phobia may show all the usual signs of fearfulness, such as panting, restlessness, trembling, or chewing. They may also try desperately to escape and run away.
The usual causes of noise-related anxiety are fireworks, gunshots, or thunderstorms.
But not all noises are that obvious. It’s important to remember that dogs have more sensitive hearing than we do. When ambient noises such as traffic are lower at night, your dog may hear sounds it finds distressing.
This may include other dogs barking, or people walking around outside.
There are various ways to help a dog with noise phobia, including medications, pheromone dispensers, and counterconditioning.
One useful tip is to leave some music playing to block out the noises.
Why Is My Dog Panting At Rest?
Suppose there is no cause for anxiety in your dog, and the panting is excessive. In that case, we need to look at possible medical reasons.
Dogs will pant from pain, certain diseases, a lack of oxygen, or from some medications.
If your dog has suffered an injury or some kind of physical trauma, they may pant heavily.
The damage may be internal, so you may need to look for enlarged pupils, refusal to eat, restlessness, lameness, orbiting, and licking the painful area.
You can gently palpate your dog’s body to look for places that seem to cause discomfort when touched. If your dog is in severe distress, it’s best to treat it as an emergency.
Medical conditions may also cause panting. If your dog has overheated, they may have heatstroke or heat exhaustion and need immediate veterinary intervention.
Poisoning or an allergic reaction may also be to blame, in which case you may need to induce vomiting or get to emergency services.
Heart failure may be another underlying culprit, as it can cause breathing difficulties and decrease your dog’s ability to exercise.
Similarly, respiratory disorders such as lung tumors, laryngeal paralysis, or pneumonia all cause labored breathing.
Cushing’s syndrome causes the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol, a stress hormone. Dogs with this disorder may pant, develop a potbelly, lose their hair, or show excessive thirst.
In pregnant or lactating bitches, excessive panting may be a sign of labor. More worryingly, it is also an early symptom of eclampsia or low calcium levels in the blood.
This is a serious condition that can be fatal within an hour.
The panting is usually followed by tremors and difficulty standing.
A final cause of panting might be the side-effects of some medications your dog may be on. Prednisone or other corticosteroids may cause excessive panting.
Why Is My Dog Panting At Night?
If abnormal panting seems to occur mostly at night, the best thing to do is go through the various common causes to narrow down the trigger.
It’s good to work through the possibilities methodically and rule them out one-by-one.
Common Causes For Dog Panting At Night: Checklist
Check the environmental temperature.
Is it too hot? Anything above 90°F (32°C) is too hot for most dogs. But there are cases where dogs are more heat-sensitive than others.
Short-nosed breeds struggle are more susceptible to warm conditions.
Old dogs and puppies younger than eight weeks cannot properly regulate their own body temperature either.
Obesity may also make your dog pant even if it doesn’t feel that warm.
Check for reasons for excitement.
Perhaps your dog has just come back from a long run and is cooling down for the evening, or another dog has come to visit for a play date.
Check for anxiety.
Suppose neither heat nor activity seems to be the problem. In that case, it’s time to start looking for the symptoms of anxiety listed above.
Are there any loud noises? Is the dog being bullied by another dog? Are you about to leave your dog somewhere while you go to your room to sleep? Have there been any significant changes in the dog’s environment lately, which may be causing stress?
Check for signs of pain or injury.
If there are none, note any other symptoms that may indicate an underlying disease like Cushing’s Disease or heart or respiratory problems.
Dogs with laryngeal paralysis are known to have their panting get much worse at night.
So keep an eye out for noisy, high-pitched breathing, hoarse barking, tongues becoming darker or purple, a dislike for being touched or restrained, or reduced ability to exercise.
Laryngeal paralysis is also an excellent example of why it is essential to use a harness rather than a collar when going for walks.
Check the side-effects of your dog’s medication.
If you believe the panting is a side-effect and is problematic, you can speak to your vet about possible alternatives.
Check your dog’s age.
Look for any symptoms of Canine Cognitive Disorder (doggy dementia).
How Do You Stop a Dog From Panting?
Stopping a dog from panting means first identifying the cause.
If the problem is temperature, try cooling your dog down by moving them to a cooler spot to lie on, preferably with a fan or good ventilation.
Provide plenty of water for them to drink.
Be aware of heatstroke, where your dog’s temperature may exceed 106°F (41°C) and will then need to be rehydrated and cooled down, in addition to needing immediate medical attention.
If you think there is a medical reason, you will need to either make an appointment with your vet in the morning or call for an emergency visit if you suspect something severe.
What To Do If Your Dog Is Panting and Restless
If your dog is panting, restless, and showing signs of anxiety, the first thing to do is to try to remove the stressor.
If it is out of your control, you can sit with your dog, but avoid patting or stroking too much as this can confirm that the fear is necessary in your dog’s mind.
Try to identify the source of the anxiety and develop a plan to deal with it.
Speak to your vet about options such as medication or pheromone dispensers.
Behaviorists and professional trainers can also help deal with reactivity and recondition your dog to reduce his stress.
Panting is a perfectly normal part of life for dogs, just like sweating for humans. But excessive or abnormal panting can be a sign of anxiety or a medical condition. Panting at night is generally a symptom of some sort of discomfort, and the owner may need to do some detective work to identify the cause. | <urn:uuid:f3d78347-fdfb-4b29-b522-07b4561f93ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://pawsafe.com/blogs/dog-behavior/dog-panting-at-night | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662546071.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522190453-20220522220453-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.943201 | 2,969 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Last updated April 8, 2020
What is the difference between COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has now named the novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes as COVID-19. The CO stands for corona, the VI for virus and the D for disease.
When was it first discovered?
SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is from the family of viruses that includes the common cold, SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).
Where do the coronaviruses come from?
Coronaviruses are viruses that have been identified since the 1960’s. The viruses circulate among animals. Some can also affect humans. Symptoms may include respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, but can range from the common cold to pneumonia. A broad range of coronaviruses are found in bats. MERS originated in camels and SARS from civet cats.
What is ISG’s plan during the closure?
ISG will be providing virtual school. All staff and students are expected to be working via virtual school during this time.
What will happen to scheduled trips and events?
All events and trips have been cancelled until further notice.
How are refunds for cancelled trips being processed?
Refunds for trips are being processed by each individual school. Please contact your school principal.
How can I support at home learning?
Please refer to our resource section of each school’s virtual school website. There are a number of excellent resources for parents posted there.
Additionally, providing a structured routine with set times is very important. Setting up a place for your children to work, free from distractions as much as possible, is also helpful. As much as you can do to provide consistency and routine will be good for your children.
I am planning to visit the school for a tour or assessment. What should I do?
All tours and in-person assessments will be cancelled during the school closure. Please contact the school’s admissions department if you have not heard from them yet. These appointments will be rescheduled once the school re-opens or alternate online assessments will be used.
If any student or staff member is diagnosed with COVID-19, would we be informed?
We will follow the expected procedures on this matter and will inform the community.
Can parents come to campus to collect their child’s belongings?
With the current 24 hour curfew in place, none of the schools will be open to parents. Once the curfew is lifted, please contact your school principal to make arrangements.
How long will schools be closed?
At this time, the Saudi government has instructed schools to be closed until further notice. As we receive information, we will keep you informed.
How will the school communicate with me during this time?
At the District level, email will be our main form of communication, but we will also use this COVID-19 section of the ISG website.
Families will receive additional communication from their school principal and teachers through their virtual school website, email, google classroom, social media and/or SMS messages.
Your best point of contact for specific information related to your child is his or her teacher(s).
How will virtual school affect my child’s assignments, tests and grades?
Please contact your child’s teacher(s) for specific information about your child’s school work and grades.
What if a parent has not received the Superintendent’s emails about COVID-19?
All the emails sent to the ISG community can be found here. | <urn:uuid:e2f4bb01-bab9-4570-814f-2c955d9a795c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://isg.edu.sa/covid-19/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.958841 | 793 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In this essay, we’ll go into the fascinating issue of GDPR Data Privacy Implementation.
But first, let’s have a look at what the GDPR Data Privacy Implementation actually entails!
Defining the GDPR
- GDPR stands for the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (EU).
- GDPR is utilized to build and strengthen the EU’s present data protection system.
- It is a series of rules aimed at giving EU people greater control over their personal data.
- GDPR applies to all enterprises that operate within the EU, as well as those that provide goods or services to businesses or customers in the EU.
Principles of GDPR
The principles of the General Data Protection Regulation are as follows :
- Whether the data subject has granted his or her permission to the processing of his or her personal information.
- Should meet a data subject’s duties and perform tasks at the data subject’s request. They involve in the process of entering into a contract.
- They adhere to the legal requirements of a data controller.
- They safeguard a data subject’s rights.
- They carry out a duty in the public interest or with official authorization.
- The interests of data subjects take precedence over legitimate interests.
Preparing the project
- To apply the GDPR, we must first prepare a project plan.
- We need to incorporate the appropriate stakeholders in our GDPR initiative.
- We should be able to conduct a readiness assessment to determine what tasks we are capable of performing.
Defining Documents like Data Policy
- Should be able to build an internal personal data protection policy.
- When necessary, top-level policies such as the Data Retention Policy should be able to be created.
- Employees should be made aware of the GDPR’s requirements.
- Should be able to choose a Data Protection Officer for its project, and the decision should be documented.
- If necessary, should be able to appoint a Data Protection Officer who can contact with the Supervisory Authority by mentioning their name.
Inventory for Processing Activities
- We should start by making a list of the processing actions and double-checking for mapping reasons.
- Check to see if your company has released the data subjects’ privacy notices.
Approach For Managing Data Subjects
- Establishing a legal basis for the processing purpose should be used to implement data subject rights.
- It has the ability to give consent and seek access.
- The company must keep track of any requests for data subject rights.
Implementing Data Protection Impact Assessment
- This data protection impact assessment (DPIA) should be performed whenever a new project, update to the information systems, or a product is being developed.
Securing the Personal Data Transfers
- Should put in place the necessary technological and organizational safeguards to secure the personal data of data subjects.
- When we start and create new processes and systems, we should think about security and privacy.
Handling Data Breaches
- We need to build up procedures for detecting and dealing with personal data breaches.
- Whenever there is a personal data breach, we should prepare notifications for the data subjects, Supervisory Authority, and data subjects, if applicable.
That’s all about the GDPR Data Privacy Implementation. After reading this essay, I hope you enjoyed it and learned something new. We learned about GDPR, its principles, and how the General Data Protection Regulation Data Privacy Implementation works. | <urn:uuid:8a77ac04-0061-4a2b-a1b9-42c27686f409> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://eshielditservices.com/data-privacy-implementation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.88634 | 726 | 2.875 | 3 |
Why Do We Need To Eat Honey?
Everybody knows that honey tastes great but did you know anything about what a healthy food it is? There are numerous valid reasons for eating honey as an integral part of a healthy diet, including these four main ones:
- A Cure for the Common Cold?:
Honey helps soothe the symptoms of the common cold by reducing both throat irritations and coughs. In fact, just eating some honey can work as a highly effective cough-suppressant. It has also been used in hot tea with lemon for many years with excellent results in shortening the duration and easing the discomfort of colds and flu. In fact, one study showed that children two years of age and up who were suffering from an upper respiratory tract infection were fed as much as two teaspoons (10 milliliters) of honey at their bedtime. This use of honey reduced their nighttime coughing while also improving their sleep. OK, we know that there is no actual “cure for the common cold” yet but the more we can soothe and decrease the severity of the symptoms, the better.
- Increasing Athletic Performance:
In addition, honey can be used during vigorous exercise as an excellent carbohydrate source that’s full of healthy sugars rather than unhealthily processed sugars like many products contain today. This results in not only better athletic performance but a sense of well-being as well.
- As an Anti-Bacterial/Anti-Fungal:
You can also apply honey directly to your skin to heal burns, diabetic foot ulcers, sunburn, and wounds. Due to the high natural sugar content, honey absorbs a lot of the moisture inside of a wound. This makes it very difficult for bacteria to survive. In addition, honey reduces ulcers as well as many other gastrointestinal disorders like diarrhea that are generally caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterial infection.
- For Better Eyesight:
Eating honey is good for your eyesight, too. As we age, some individuals suffer from blurred vision, which is associated with macular degeneration. But did you know that this condition is easily preventable with a little help from honey? The antioxidants in honey actually assist your eye muscles in staying healthy so they work well. So, if you’re age 25 or even 50+, you can be assured that eating honey regularly can help you to have better eyesight. And, in ancient Egypt, one folk remedy involved using pure honey for healing cataracts by putting a few drops in the eyes, which allegedly helped many patients.
So, whether you want to improve your eyesight, athletic performance, wound healing, or just soothe your cold symptoms, try adding honey to your diet and see what all of those honey benefits can do for you. It’s the perfect sugar alternative, too, so get started today to feel better tomorrow! | <urn:uuid:ac1d0a5a-8cbf-45f3-b0f8-8f93710bfdab> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://hawaiianhoneyats.com/pages/why-do-we-need-to-eat-honey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.967348 | 598 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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