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All dolled up!
|Проект прошел экспертизу, доступ по лицензии||
To compose a GlobalLab map of the world’s many ethnic dolls.
Are dolls’ images and appearances influenced by geographical and cultural characteristics of their place of origin?
Camera or digital device with a camera
Why use data from multiple participants?
Only with a large number of GlobalLab participants working together on this project can we collect valid, reliable, and representative data. This data will reveal what types of dolls are characteristic of various parts of the world and will help us compile a unique map of the world of dolls.
- If you do not have an ethnic doll at home, check a local museum or ask your friends, especially those who travel a lot. You can often find ethnic dolls on display in museums, galleries, souvenir shops, specialized stores, and even flea markets.
- Choose the doll you are going to study. You can pick more than one and study each of them. However, you will need to fill out a separate Report Form for each doll under investigation.
- Follow the guidelines below as you gather information about the doll you are going to describe:
- What region or culture does the doll represent?
- Was your doll mass-produced or is it a unique, one of a kind creation? Handcrafted dolls are usually signed or marked by their creator. If you choose to describe a doll that is in the museum, it is highly likely it is a handcrafted work of art. If you bought your doll from the store and saw a few more of the same, then it was most likely mass-produced.
- What is the doll made of?
- Why was it made in a particular style?
- What is the significance of each part of the doll’s outfit?
- Why were the particular materials, colors, etc. chosen to make the doll?
- What historic figure(s) is it related to, if any?
- Is the doll in any way related to traditional beliefs, rituals, or ceremonies? If yes, try to find out what they are.
- Try to discover and understand what exactly the doll symbolizes and how it is connected to your geographical region.
You might find the answers to the questions above in reference books, catalogues, or specialized manuals or collector handbooks.
Visit your local historic societies and arts and crafts galleries. The professionals who work there often possess specialized knowledge about items being studied. You could also try research on the Internet or even direct your inquiry to the actual producers and craftsmen themselves: if the doll was hand-crafted, it would be very helpful to connect with its creator. These craftsmen might share some very valuable information with you.
- Take a picture of the doll you are studying. Note: If the doll is either hand-made or a museum item, please remember to get permission before you photograph it. A craftsman or a museum curator may have special procedures for copyright protection they want you to follow. You should identify all such facts in your Report Form.
- Add captions to your photo. Annotate:
a) Elements of the traditional costume (dress, hat, jewelry, shoes, etc.) and their meaning or purpose.
b) If the doll depicts a historical or literary character, specify who.
c) Any additional information you wish to share with other project participants can be included in the caption of your photo. If applicable, cite the creator, doll museum, or collection to which it belongs.
- Fill out your Report Form. In Question #1, move the marker on the map from your location to the region the doll represents.
Always ask the owner’s permission before photographing a doll. Occasionally, for a variety of reasons, owners are unwilling to allow their possessions to be photographed. It may help to explain the reasons you want to take the picture. This same procedure should be followed when dealing with dolls in museums and galleries.
- Project was published on:October 21, 2013 | <urn:uuid:8e913a46-fcb4-44ca-a5ce-ae716bec8079> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://globallab.org/en/project/inquiry/the_doll_planet.en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126171830-20201126201830-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.922355 | 872 | 2.90625 | 3 |
During Cataract Awareness Month in August, the American Academy of Ophthalmology wants to remind people they don't have to live with vision loss from cataracts.
A cataract is the clouding of the eye's normally clear lens, blocking the passage of light needed for vision. Cataracts form slowly and cause no pain. Some stay small and hardly affect vision, but if the cataract does grow and begin to affect your vision, it can be removed with surgery.
"Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide; however, in most cases, vision loss from cataracts is reversible," said Mark Helm, M.D., Steamboat Springs ophthalmologist.
"New techniques developed over the past decade have made cataract surgery one of the safest and most successful procedures available in terms of restoring quality of life to patients," he said.
Each year, more than 1.6 million of these eye surgeries are performed in the United States.
Currently, there are no medications or exercises that will help cataracts disappear. Short-term treatment includes: eye glasses, contact lenses, strong bifocals, or magnifying lenses. Usually both eyes are affected, but not always. Changes can occur in months or very slowly during many years.
Although most cataracts develop as part of the aging process, they also can result from eye injuries, certain diseases such as diabetes, genetic inheritance, certain medications, steroid-use, cigarette smoking and obesity, as well as from frequent, unprotected exposure to ultraviolet rays.
"Some people notice a gradual, painless blurring of vision, double vision in one eye or fading or yellowing of colors," Helm said.
"When older patients mention sensitivity to glare and/or bright light or trouble driving at night, this may be caused by cataracts. Or, if a patient needs frequent changes to his or her glasses or contact lens prescriptions, I'll evaluate him or her for a cataract."
Contrary to popular belief, cataracts are not removed using lasers. Lasers are used only in follow-up procedures, if needed to remove a film that occasionally can grow behind the lens implant.
Cataract surgery most often is done as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia.
"The cloudy natural lens can be replaced with an artificial lens to give the eye proper focusing power. In most cases, the improvement in the patient's vision is profound," Helm said.
If cataracts don't interfere with your life, you may choose not to do anything about them. Not all cataracts affect vision significantly or require treatment. When they do begin to interfere with your daily activities, then it may be time to have the cataract removed.
"Cataract surgery, although quite safe, is still surgery," Helm said. "The only person who can really decide when it's time to have a cataract removed is you, under the care of your doctor."
About 20.5 million Americans age 40 and older have cataracts. More than half of us will develop cataracts by age 80. While cataracts are a common cause of poor vision, they can be detected through a comprehensive eye exam and treated successfully.
Lisa A. Bankard coordinates community education and wellness programs at Yampa Valley Medical Center. She can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:2dcb57d8-25e3-45d2-939e-a86d30d177e3> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.steamboattoday.com/news/2009/aug/03/monday_medical_cataract_surgery_can_correct_vision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122245449.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175725-00190-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953721 | 702 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Amid reports that more than 100 people have died in Mexico from what is believed to be H1N1 swine influenza, 20 confirmed cases in the US and daily reports of possible cases in every corner of the world, Taiwanese health authorities have reacted with propriety: They have called for calm, reassured the public that the disease cannot be transmitted via food and heightened monitoring at ports of entry.
Fears of a pandemic and its impact on the global economy’s recovery sent most stock markets down yesterday, with the TAIEX dropping 2.99 percent. Economists in Australia, meanwhile, were saying that even a mild outbreak of swine flu could result in 1.4 million deaths worldwide and US$330 billion in lost production. (To put things in perspective, the Asian Development Bank said the cost of the SARS outbreak in 2003 for East and Southeast Asia was about US$18 billion.)
While it would be premature to call this “the big one” scientists have long been predicting, swine flu was responsible for three major pandemics in the past century — in 1918, 1957 and 1968.
Modern travel and the sheer number of people traveling daily have made it far easier for communicable diseases to spread. Given this, and in light of reports of possible outbreaks in countries such as New Zealand, which has ordered 50 people there to be quarantined, it is only a matter of time before cases start appearing close to home. In fact, it would not be a surprise if China already had some, which raises the specter, once again, of Chinese authorities’ tendency to muzzle reports of disease outbreaks — as it did in 2003.
The likelihood that an outbreak in China would go unreported is perhaps even greater today given the economic situation and fears of social instability. Confirmation of an outbreak and its consequences for the tottering economy would risk exacerbating social problems and undermine the Chinese Communist Party’s image as a totem of stability. Even if China had learned its lessons from 2003, institutional friction and the fact that information on disease outbreaks in China is a “state secret” means that by the time the information is made public, it may be too late to prevent the disease from spreading, especially in densely populated areas.
Aside from highlighting the urgent need for Taiwan to gain WHO representation, as well as the importance of direct connection to the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which Taiwan obtained earlier this year, the present scare raises questions about additional risks created by the recent rise in tourist arrivals from China and increases in the number of direct cross-strait flights.
While there is no question that checking body temperature at points of arrival is a necessary first line of defense, the short distance that needs to be covered for Chinese to travel to Taiwan means that by the time they arrive, people infected with swine flu may not have begun displaying telltale symptoms of the disease — sudden fever, coughing, muscle aches and extreme fatigue — and can remain contagious for as long as a week, the US Centers for Disease Control says.
Faced with so many uncertainties concerning China’s ability or willingness to be a responsible stakeholder when an epidemic occurs, and given Beijing’s poor track record, how would the Taiwanese government react? If the situation takes a turn for the worse and cases start appearing in China, would Taipei, given the position of dependence it has burdened itself with vis-a-vis China, be able to unilaterally suspend cross-strait flights? | <urn:uuid:ee0abd6c-4680-432e-9e50-aa5a5f1aa776> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/04/28/2003442200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164964633/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134924-00046-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96661 | 714 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Pointing to mounting evidence of the impact of tuberculosis on the health of pregnant women and their children, the President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief is recommending improvements to efforts to detect the disease in settings offering health services to pregnant women, women with HIV, newborns, and children.
“Recent studies have shown that HIV-infected pregnant women are at increased risk of transmitting both TB and HIV to their infants,” the PMTCT/Pediatric HIV Technical Working Group Recommendations for Integration of Tuberculosis Screening into PMTCT/Pediatric HIV Programs points out. Still, it says, “despite international guidelines,” intensified screening recommended for people living with HIV have not made it into most settings working with pregnant HIV-infected women.
The working group recommends:
- Infants and children living with HIV should routinely be screened for TB as a part of standard clinical care. HIV-infected children who are older than 12 months of age and are not found to have active TB should be given IPT for 6 months, in accordance with WHO guidelines.
- Regardless of HIV status, infants who are born to mothers with TB disease or who have a history of contact with a TB case should be evaluated for TB disease. If active TB is not identified, the infant should be given IPT for 6 months in accordance with international guidelines. In addition, given the difficulty of identifying TB disease in children, the infant should be continuously monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of active TB disease. Linkages and referral mechanisms should be established between HIV and TB programs to ensure that pregnant women and infants identified as persons with possible TB are properly evaluated for TB and those found to have TB disease receive appropriate anti-TB treatment and follow-up per national policy/international guidelines.
- Mechanisms should be put in place to document, monitor, and evaluate TB screening, diagnostic, and treatment activities as well as outcomes among pregnant women and children.
- TB infection control activities should be implemented in PMTCT settings in accordance with international guidelines.
Tuberculosis continues to be the leading cause of death among people living with HIV, and had made nearly 10 million children orphans as of 2009, the group points out. | <urn:uuid:9aaafd33-e31b-49c2-8128-5c61c2f3f3c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://sciencespeaksblog.org/2012/07/11/pepfar-recommends-integrating-international-tb-screening-guidelines-into-prevention-of-mother-to-child-hiv-transmission-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.950698 | 455 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Submersible UVc unit
Waterproof UV tube light that can be submerged in water. Kill micro organisms and increase water visibility.
Submersible UV-S75 unit
- Task: Kill micro organisms and increase water visibility.
- Description: Waterproof UV tube light that can be submerged in water.
- Benefits: Keep pathogen concentrations low and increase visibility.
- Models: UV-S75 (Submersible, 75 Watt)
- Material: Quartz glass mantle, polymer body
- Shape: 750 mm long tube with plastic handle
- Extra: Includes UV protection glasses and gloves to handle UV tube light
UVc light in the wave length range of 240-280 nm has the property to damage organic molecules and, more specifically the DNA and RNA of microorganisms. If the dose is high enough it can disrupt reproduction of microorganisms or even kill them and is commonly used to disinfect water.
UVc light is invisible for the human eye. It must be handled with care because the light can burn human skin and cause so-called “welding eyes”, or photokeratitis.
In aquaculture UVc is used to keep concentrations of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in the water low. Larger organisms like fungus, molt or yeast can be killed as well, but this requires much higher doses. At the same time it can increase visibility in the water by breaking down organic colorants, such as humic acids. UVc is also effective for ozone destruction.
The UVc output of a UV light reduces over time. General recommendation is to replace the tube light or bulb every 8000-9000 hours. At this time a low pressure bulb as shown in Fig.1 still has 85% of the original UVc output.
In watertreatment a common target dose of UVc light is 30 mJ/cm2. This dose is sufficient to achieve a 99.9% kill of bacteria, molts and virusses. A 75 Watt submersible unit as shown above is capable of handling a water flow of 10 m3/hr. | <urn:uuid:d8b97bf4-9744-4eb3-a2e8-5edea8641cbd> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ace4all.com/shop/water-decontamination/submersible-uvc-unit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00290-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886252 | 430 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2011.01.22
Edith Foster, Thucydides, Pericles, and Periclean Imperialism. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. xi, 243. ISBN 9780521192668. $85.00.
Reviewed by Christopher Baron, University of Notre Dame (email@example.com)
Follow this link to buy this book from Amazon and support BMCR
It is a testament to the richness and complexity of Thucydides’ work that scholars continue to produce fruitful new readings of it. Edith Foster’s book is an important contribution to this scholarship. She offers a close and careful reading of Books 1 and 2 (up to chapter 65), focusing on one strand of Thucydides’ presentation, “warfare and war materials.” Through an examination of this theme, Foster argues that Thucydides, despite his admiration for Pericles’ political skills, did not share his views on imperialism, and that he communicates this difference by surrounding the speeches of Pericles and other actors in the work “with contrasting narrative illustrations.” In fact, Foster argues, part of Thucydides’ motive in writing his history was “to show the price of Periclean materialism and imperialism” (3). Foster has a keen eye for the details that show Thucydides at work as an historian, and she presents strong arguments in favor of drawing a distinction between him and Pericles. Her book will be a profitable investment for any reader of Thucydides and any student of Greek historiography.
Part of Foster’s reason for focusing on the initial portion of the work is to combat the view that Thucydides’ attitude toward imperialism changes after 2.65. As she says, no one would argue against the idea that “the Athenians succumbed to the temptations of imperialism for the sake of profit when they attacked Sicily.” Her goal is to show that Thucydides portrays Pericles as “the exemplar of this human weakness” (5). She sees 1.1–2.65 as a tightly and deliberately constructed section of the work where both the narrative and the speeches support a central theme: the acquisition of war materials leads to the development of great powers, but these “acmes” (as Foster designates them) serve only to destabilize and destroy both the great power and its allies and enemies. Thucydides as narrator understands this, but most of the speakers and actors in his work do not—including Pericles. In fact, they are seduced by the size and apparent power of the war materials amassed by Athens, and Pericles in particular espouses a policy that ignores the usual fate such accumulations of weapons bring upon their owners. For Foster, one of the purposes of Book 1 is not to justify Pericles’ policies that led to the war, but rather the opposite: “in showing how his ambition, capacity, and imagination respond to the acme of power available to him, Thucydides makes him symbolic for the tragedy of Athens and his age” (121). In Book 2, Foster argues, Thucydides constructs his narrative in a way which consistently undercuts the “simultaneously idealized and evasive” view of Athenian imperial power depicted by Pericles in his speeches (183). Foster thus follows Hans-Peter Stahl’s views on Thucydides and Pericles (and notes her debt to him throughout), against those of Jacqueline de Romilly and others; but she openly addresses the strengths and weaknesses of each position and makes excellent use of previous scholarship.1
The chapters proceed through Thucydides’ text, analyzing in detail the passages and sections most important to Foster’s theme: the Archaeology (chapter 1); the conflict between Corcyra and Corinth (2); the Spartan war congress and the Pentekontaetia (“the Athenian acme,” chapter 3); the Corinthians’ last speech and Pericles’ first (4); the Theban attack on Plataea, Pericles’ indirect speech, and the evacuation of Attica (5); and the Funeral Oration, plague description, and Pericles’ final speech (6). At the start she introduces two theoretical concepts—a brief mention of narratology, and a four-part categorization of the function of war materials in Thucydides—but in fact the book benefits from not applying these constructs too forcefully. In any case, at the heart of Foster’s approach is “the relation between speech and narrative” (4), and her handling of this relationship proves to be the real strength of her work. There are times when her analysis seems to put the war materials framework aside (e.g. 66 and 73), but it is never far away, and her readings are insightful and thought-provoking.
Foster’s first three chapters show how Thucydides lays out the evidence, as it were, for the development of war-material acmes and their eventual demise. This occurs not just in the Archaeology, but through his account of the Battle of Sybota and in the Pentekontaetia. The speeches which Thucydides chooses to juxtapose with these narratives reveal how the historical actors misinterpret the accumulation of massive war-related resources: Spartan and Corinthian fear, and Corcyraean and Athenian overconfidence, are all misplaced and ignore the lessons which Thucydides provides for the reader through his narrative. Chapter 1 is particularly engaging: Foster demonstrates that while a superficial reading of the Archaeology produces the impression of continually increasing wealth and power, Thucydides actually undercuts this perception of progress by pointing out how aggressive acquisition (whether on the part of migrants seeking rich land, pirates, or Agamemnon) destabilizes any prosperity that is achieved, creating a cycle of growth and destruction through warfare. Thus rather than glorifying imperialism and war materials, as Pericles does later, Thucydides at the opening of his work “shows that each successive phase of Greek history wrecks itself on warfare” (43).
The final three chapters serve three purposes: to show how Thucydides distinguishes his own views from those of Pericles; to demonstrate that Pericles is painted as an exemplar of the seductive power of a war-material acme; and to explain why Thucydides nevertheless praises Pericles. In her analysis of Pericles’ speech at 2.13, Foster combines attention to narrative context with philological detail to produce a stellar reading of the passage (162–74). She elucidates how Thucydides’ choice of indirect discourse, rather than marking an overly-technical or informational passage, actually “allows for a variety of rhetorical strategies” (162): narrational intrusions and corrections of the speaker, a narrator-constructed framework, and strategic placement of verbs of speaking. The connection between Athens’ money and power outlined here belongs not to Thucydides, but to Pericles, who uses it for rhetorical effect but does so “at the expense of a realistic assessment of Athens’ situation” (165–66). Thucydides’ interruptions and framing of Pericles’ words highlight the inconsistency, drawing the reader’s attention to it (in a way which was unavailable to the real-time audience of the speech, and which a typical direct-speech format would also preclude). Foster goes on to show how the juxtaposition of “this confident list of everything Pericles could take from Athens to fund the war” with the evacuation of the Attic countryside (2.14–17) creates an effect similar to that of the Funeral Oration with the plague: both reveal how Pericles’ policy destabilized Athenian culture and society. The precision with which Thucydides describes Attica and relates aspects of its religious history “contrasts sharply to the exaggerations of Athenian imperial greatness that will become so prominent in Pericles’ last two speeches” and thus separates Thucydides from Pericles’ views (181).
The great benefit of Foster’s argument is that it takes into account—and thus helps to explain—almost everything in this portion of Thucydides’ text: narrative, speeches, and “digressions.”2 As Jeffrey Rusten has recently noted, to tackle Thucydides’ work in the order in which he presents it is “the most difficult and honest” procedure, and Foster does so with great skill.3 She has an excellent grasp of the historical and historiographical context in which Thucydides operated; references to Herodotus appear throughout (cf. 183), and she notes the similarity in Thucydides’ notion of the rise and fall of war-material acmes with Herodotus’ cycle of great and small cities and human happiness.
Two questions naturally arise in response to Foster’s argument. First, how does Pericles’ passion for imperialistic gain fit in with his wartime policy of not taking on any new ventures? Foster believes that “Thucydides shows Pericles’ superior skills, intelligence, and political capacities, and also that these did not secure him against delusions of power” (188); these are dual elements of Pericles’ complex character, not a mistake on Thucydides’ part. The second and, I think, more difficult question for her is how to explain the positive assessment of Pericles with which Thucydides leaves the reader at 2.65. After arguing that 2.65.5 represents the demos’ view (not Thucydides’) of the correctness of Pericles’ policies, she proposes that the “post-mortem” judgment which follows proves Thucydides’ point about war-material acmes: subsequent Athenian leaders, less capable, squandered the resources Pericles had so carefully enumerated, even though these proved sufficient for an even longer and greater war than he had envisioned. Finally, she claims (on the basis of other occurrences of the adverb) that “very easily” in 2.65.13 is meant to stress Pericles’ overconfidence (213–17). All this may be true, but one still has the sense after reading the passage that Thucydides believes things could have turned out differently if Pericles had lived longer. Nevertheless, separating the historian from his supposed “hero,” as Foster does, gives greater clarity and coherence to Thucydides’ text. As someone who studies Hellenistic historiography, I find this possibility intriguing for an additional reason: if true, it would mean that the anti-Periclean tradition reported by Plutarch, going back at least to Ephorus, may not represent so different a strain of thought from Thucydides after all.
Other than an editorial hiccup on pages 38–39, I found only a handful of minor errors, including these technical ones: p. 109, Ἡλληνοταμίαι should read Ἑλληνοταμίαι; p. 122 at end of section, Archidamus’ speech “at Athens” should be “at Sparta”; p. 206 near bottom, for 1.61.2 read 2.61.2; and read Hagmaier 2008 (not 2009), p. 97 n. 32 and in bibliography.
1. The idea goes back to Hermann Strasburger’s 1958 article, now conveniently available in an English translation by Jeffrey S. Rusten (“Thucydides and the Self-Portrait of the Athenians,” Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Thucydides , 191–219). Josiah Ober, “Thucydides Theôrêtikos/Thucydides Histor: Realist Theory and the Challenge of History” (reprinted by Rusten, 434–78; originally 2001), reaches a similar conclusion about Thucydides and Pericles, but by a very different route, and he still sees two different “authors,” with a split at 2.65.
2. The only section Foster skips over is 2.18–33, which includes what is “probably the most unusual digression in Thucydides” (Lattimore), his denial of any connection between Tereus and Teres (2.29).
3. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Thucydides (2009), 15. | <urn:uuid:01d814b7-7e51-4785-ad2b-1c823a6d92f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011-01-22.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153736.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00316-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92818 | 2,684 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Broadly, health analytics can be described as the systematic review of available clinical data in order to implement the best treatment decisions possible. By combining individual bundles of data into algorithms augmented with big data, health analytics can not only provide the kind of robust results healthcare professionals need to achieve optimum outcomes but it has also been proven to significantly reduce the exorbitant costs of medical treatments. With the rising popularity of evidence-based medical practices and the minimization of intuitive medicine, health analytics is rapidly assuming the “go-to” role for healthcare industry professionals, especially doctors, medical facility managers, pharmaceutical companies and big health insurance agencies.
Applications of Healthcare Analytics–Where It Should Be Used
To help narrow down the practical meaning of healthcare analytics, the following categories represent areas where analysis of data sets are most useful for developing clinical and financial strategies aimed at improving medical practices and facility operations:
- Clinical Analytics–population health management, compliance, and reporting, clinical decision support
- Financial Analytics–elimination of waste, abuse, and fraud; claims processing, revenue cycle management
- Administrative and operational analytics–strategic, supply chain and workforce analytics
In the Kaufmann Report, “Valuing Health Care: Improving Productivity and Quality”, the authors suggest that a combination of inefficiencies, lack of incentives for controlling costs and inadequate information resulted in over $2 trillion being spent on healthcare in the U.S. in 2010, with $700 billion of that amount spent unnecessarily. Alternately, statisticians estimate that integrating big data into health analytics may produce $300 billion in savings, especially in areas of research and development (R&D) and clinical operations.
The Power of Health Analytics to Improve the U.S. Healthcare Industry–A Wide Overview
- As the foundation for clinical decision systems, health analytics has the potential to enhance the quality and efficiency of emergency room operations by providing real-time data to medical professionals responsible for triage, diagnoses, and treatment.
- Health analytics also supports predictive analytics, a subfield of statistics that employs big data to identify decisive patterns for the purpose of quantitatively predicting future outcomes. Predictive analytics is especially useful in the healthcare industry as a way to circumvent preventable situations, lower costs and reduce patient readmittance.
- Health analytics provides algorithms that have been shown to enhance patient recruitment for clinical trial designs by matching individual patients to treatments more precisely, thus facilitating the introduction of new treatments to the market and decreasing trial failures.
- Transforming big data into actionable data benefits lower-income populations by identifying their needs and predicting crises so that preventive services can be initiated.
Healthcare Analytics Adoption Model
Developed by several healthcare industry professionals, the Healthcare Analytics Adoption Model classifies areas where health analytics could be applied as a “sustainable analytics strategy”. According to the creators of the HAAM, their model will help those working in the healthcare field to understand and implement the benefits of health analytics to improve patient care and reduce costs. There are eight levels of the Healthcare Analytics Adoption Model, including Automated Internal and External Reporting, Waste and Care Variability Reduction and Personalized Medicine & Prescriptive Analytics.
The Future of Health Analytics
As the ability to amass big data progresses for the purpose of clarifying clinical research, improving operational processes and providing the highest quality of patient care possible, health analytics and the technology associated with sustaining its evolution is expected to expand dramatically over the next decade. Although in its early stages of fruition, health analytics is already minimizing costs, improving treatment protocols and streamlining facility operations aided by various algorithms such as predictive and prescriptive analytics, a type of quantitative and qualitative branch of analytic statistics that suggests actions beneficial to a particular outcome. Fueled by big data, prescriptive analytics also highlights weaknesses, strengths, probabilities, and opportunities in treatment methods while mitigating costs and elevating the quality of patient care. Big data is here and health analytics is taking full advantage of it.
When talking about The Future of Health Analytics it is important to pay attention to the changes that are happening because it is a very dynamic subject area in a very dynamic industry. Healthcare data analytics has continued to evolve and we are lucky to have a good seat to watch as it transforms different areas of the industry for good. Below are different ways healthcare data analytics is used in the healthcare industry.
Uses of Healthcare Data Analytics
1. An Enterprise Data Warehouse: This foundational step for technology and data involves a warehouse with a minimum of HIMSS EMR Stage 3 data, Patient Experience, Financial, Costing, Revenue Cycle and Supply Chain. A searchable metadata repository and insurance claim records are available. Updates take place within a month or less. Data governance starts to take shape.
2. Standardized Patient Registries and Vocabulary: Core data is organized and standardized, with patient registries based upon ICD billing data. Registries and data management capacity evolve gradually.
3. Internal Automated Reporting: Consistent, efficient production is in evidence as analytics are focused on the production of reports in an efficient, consistent manner that supports the operation and management of the healthcare organization at a basic level.
Key performance indicators can be accessed from both front-line managers and executives.
4. External Automated Reporting: This stage shows consistent, efficient agility and production focused on consistent report production for key regulatory requirements. Basic keyword searches and centralized data governance are available.
5. The Variability Reduction of Waste and Care: This stage relates to the management and measurement of evidence-based care and is focused on minimizing waste, reducing variability and measuring adherence to best practices. Management teams focused on improving patient health are assisted by population-based analytics. Multi-discipline teams monitor how to improve quality and lower cost and risk in a much more precise manner. Data is standardized and evidence-based, a combination of patient registry cost and clinical data that includes all insurance claims. Data is updated within about a week.
6. Suggestive Analytics and Population Health Management: This step involves a financial commitment and preparing the workplace for more integrated analytics and best practices. Half or more of cases use bundled payments, and analytics from point of care to patient care quality, the economics of care, and population management are covered. Bedside devices, external pharmacy data, home monitoring data and more detailed information are also covered. Updates take place within about a day.
7. Predictive Analytics and Clinical Risk Intervention: Higher financial risk can be managed proactively, and analytics expands to cover fixed-fee per capita, diagnosis-based reimbursement models. Beyond just case management, there is also a collaboration with payer and clinician partners to manage care with forecasting, predictive modeling, and risk stratification. Home monitoring data, protocol-specific outcomes, and long-term care facility data are also reported. Updates take place in an hour or less.
8. Prescriptive Analytics and Personalized Medicine: This level involves managing and contracting for health, prescriptive analytics/personalized medicine, wellness management, physical and behavioral functional health, interventional decision support and mass customization of care. Prescriptive analytics at the point of care improve patient outcomes due to analyzing overall population outcomes. There is rapid updating of all data including familial data, biometrics, and genomic data. | <urn:uuid:130725b0-5bf6-461d-aef3-c989a1d2bb38> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://hilforum.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948950.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427021556-20180427041556-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.921781 | 1,488 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How can political commentators, politicians and academics get away with statements like "Reagan budget deficits," "Clinton budget surplus," "Bush budget deficits" or "Obama's tax increases"? The only answer is that they, or the people who believe such statements, are ignorant, conniving or just plain stupid. Article I, Section 7 of the U.S. Constitution reads: "All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills." A president has no power to raise or lower taxes. He can propose tax measures or veto them but since Congress can ignore presidential proposals and override a presidential veto, it has the ultimate taxing power. The same principle applies to spending. A president cannot spend a dime that Congress does not first appropriate. As such, presidents cannot be held responsible for budget deficits or surpluses. That means that credit for a budget surplus or blame for budget deficits rests on the congressional majority at the time.
Thinking about today's massive deficits, we might ask: Where in the U.S. Constitution is Congress given the authority to do anything about the economy? Between 1787 and 1930, we have had both mild and severe economic downturns that have ranged from one to seven years. During that time there was no thought that Congress should enact New Deal legislation or stimulus packages along with massive corporate handouts. It took the Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt administrations to massively intervene in the economy. As a result, they turned what might have been a two or three-year sharp downturn into a 16-year depression that ended in 1946. How they accomplished that is covered very well in a book authored by Jim Powell titled "FDR's Folly." Here's my question: Were the presidents in office and congresses assembled from 1787 to 1930 ignorant of their constitutional authority to manage and save the economy?
IRS Official Who Called Conseratives A**holes Says She "Isn't a Political Person," Plays Victim in New Interview | Katie Pavlich | <urn:uuid:55fb5bd9-f5ac-4475-833a-46740aeb0248> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://townhall.com/columnists/walterewilliams/2009/07/29/exploiting_public_ignorance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137906.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00002-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960561 | 412 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Art therapy is a therapeutic process that uses art as a tool for a means of expression. Often art therapy is helpful for people who have trouble expressing themselves verbally. In a psycho-dynamic approach the therapist and client use the artistic expression, principally created by the client, as a way to discovering and uncovering who the person truly is. This path to self discovery is key to helping the individual deal and resolve inner conflicts with oneself and the world.
To pursue art therapy, a person does not have to be an artist per se, just feel comfortable enough with visual materials so that he/she is free to express themselves. Emphasis is placed on process rather than product so the goal is not to create a beautiful piece of art. The goal is to concentrate on how the art is made so which can lead to a process of self-discovery.
A therapeutic relationship is built over time and studies and experiences have proven that ones well being can be improved due to this type of relationship. In the therapeutic space a holding environment is created by the therapist where the person can feel safe while making realizations and exploring changes. The art piece serves in helping the therapist to see some of the clients inner processes. This helps to build an empathic relationship and strengthens connections between the therapist and client.
Apart from the benefits that a person receives from the therapeutic relationship there are added benefits from art making. Creating artwork produces calming affects as well as helping to produce neural changes in our brains. "Balancing verbal and nonverbal processes supports neural integration and stress reduction” (Hass-Cohen, 2015). Art therapy can use certain calming techniques such as grounding and anchoring. Grounding is a way to reinforce being in the here and now by focusing on an aspect in the external reality usually relying on the senses. Anchoring is another way to focus in on the present by shifting from anxious to calm feelings using an object. These techniques can be carried out in art therapy with the aid of the art piece as the external reality.
Please check out my indiegogo campaign which also explains a bit about what I do: | <urn:uuid:b84d6c31-8ff5-4a21-807d-c5b3e4c43818> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.jmannarttherapy.com/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826715.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215035757-20181215061757-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.957913 | 427 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Swanscombe, and from the Sima de los Huesos). The first DNA recovered from a fossil hominin was from the type specimen of H. neanderthalensis (Krings et al., 1997), and recently Green et al. (2008) sequenced the complete mtDNA of a specimen from Vindija. Briggs et al. (2009) reported the mtDNA sequences of five individuals and concluded that genetic diversity within H. neanderthalensis was substantially lower than that in modern humans.
The next fossil hominin taxon in this grade to be discovered was H. erectus (Dubois 1893) Weidenreich 1940. Its temporal range is ca. 1.8 Ma to ca. 30 ka. The initial discovery at Kedung Brubus was made in 1890, but the type specimen was recovered in 1891 from Trinil. H. erectus is known from sites in Indonesia (e.g., Trinil, Sangiran, and Sambungmachan), China (e.g., Zhoukoudian and Lantian), and Africa (e.g., Olduvai Gorge and Melka Kunturé). The hypodigm of H. erectus is dominated by cranial remains; there is some postcranial evidence but very few hand and foot fossils. Crania belonging to H. erectus have a low vault, a substantial more-or-less continuous torus above the orbits, and a sharply angulated occipital region, and the inner and outer tables of the cranial vault are thick. The body of the mandible is more robust than that of H. sapiens, it lacks a chin, and the mandibular tooth crowns are generally larger and the premolar roots more complicated than those of modern humans. The limb proportions of H. erectus are modern human-like, but the shafts of the long bones are robust and those of the lower limb are flattened (the femur from front to back and the tibia from side to side) relative to those of modern humans. Overall, the cortical bone of H. erectus is thicker than is the case in modern humans. All of the dental and cranial evidence points to a modern human-like diet for H. erectus, and the postcranial elements are consistent with an upright posture and obligate bipedalism.
The next taxon recognized within the genus Homo was H. heidelbergensis Schoetensack 1908. The initial discovery and the type specimen, the Mauer 1 adult mandible, was found in 1907 in a sand quarry near Heidelberg, Germany. Other evidence included in the taxon comes from sites in Europe (e.g., Petralona), the Near East (e.g., Zuttiyeh), Africa (e.g., Kabwe and Bodo), China (e.g., Dali, Jinniushan, Xujiayao, and Yunxian), possibly India (Hathnora), and depending on how inclusively H. neanderthalensis is interpreted, from the Sima de los Huesos at Atapuerca, Spain. The temporal range of H. heidelbergensis is ca. 600–100 ka. What sets this material apart from H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis is the morphology of the cranium and the robusticity of the postcranial skeleton. Some H. heidelbergensis have endocranial volumes as large as those of some modern humans, but they are always more robustly built, with a thickened occipital region and a projecting face and with large separate ridges | <urn:uuid:91f91443-9c64-423f-a079-24903470c73b> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12931&page=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997891176.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025811-00043-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917111 | 761 | 3.296875 | 3 |
AiW Guest: Connor Pruss.
From January to February 2018, Le Monde Afrique, the online African edition to the French newspaper Le Monde, released a series of articles chronicling education in various contexts across the continent called, “The African Classroom” (« La classe africaine »). A leading question proposed by the introduction asks if education will become a priority again for international aid in Africa. The opening paragraphs of the introduction explain that there has been an overall decrease in international financial support, which is creating tension in already strained education systems. In 2016, the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development found that international aid for education dropped to an estimated $2.7 billion whereas international aid for education was approximately $3.7 billion in 2010. Looking at France as a specific example, aid fell from $819 million in 2010 to $307 million in 2016.
Additionally, the stated objective of this journalistic project is to report on the progress and educational needs in a “postcard” exposé style format across 12 African countries, which recalls a problematic history of this writing format from the colonial era. The reporters interviewed schoolchildren, students, teachers, and parents in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, and Uganda to understand the educational issues affecting each area. Despite being a convenient and digestible format to relay information, this history of postcards in relation to French colonialism reveals a troublesome format to exploit and oppress minority groups. Postcards were a major method to promote colonial exhibitions, called “Human Zoos” by scholars today, that featured indigenous African people on display for European audiences:
To reach the widest audiences, the “human zoos” were organized relying on a plethora of media: posters, photographs, postcards, cinematography, advertising brochures, reports in the mainstream press and reports in the scientific press … The tens of thousands of postcards attest to the media coverage of these shows and, at the same time, herald the gradual disappearance of the genre (Blanchard 52).
French colonial officials employed postcards featuring images of African men, women, and families to bolster their imperial objectives as well as to garner support from European audiences for ongoing colonial expansion across Africa and the rest of the empire. In considering the “postcard style” collection of articles as well as the dominant themes and language represented in Le Monde Afrique’s project, this begs the question, (how) do we talk differently about schools in Africa as opposed to schools in other places?
The first half of the series presents a view of education entrenched in local and international discourses of economics and labor. Education is examined through an economic lens, seen through the article headlines evoking the rapid university growth in Ethiopia, the need for Ethiopia to train an industrialized workforce, and the universities in Kenya that are prestigious but disconnected from the country’s labor market. Another article from Cameroon quotes one parent who says, “I’m fighting a real battle to pay for my children’s schooling”. Amongst these articles, education is considered through an economics lens both at the macro-level (national labor forces) and the micro-level (family paying tuition), which frames education in terms of investment and productivity.
This series of articles by mostly European writers and circulated in Africa and in the West seems to reduce the value of education in Africa as simply a pathway to future employment. This perspective limits the transmission and value of African cultures and ideas through education that remain foundational to education systems in Western countries. The fifth episode on universities in Kenya reads, “In this country where academic success is praised, the university holds a special place: prestigious (about 5% of the population accesses it), expensive, it carries a dream of professional success and a comfortable salary. But at the end, the reality is often rough.” And, later it explains, “Every year 50,000 young Kenyans leave university with diplomas in hand. Far too much to be absorbed by the ‘formal market’, which in its totality currently creates less than 90,000 annual jobs across all sectors and skill levels.” This implicit indictment of an education as useless for failing to yield a job after graduation stands in contrast to the framing of education in the West as personally and culturally beneficial, in addition to its economic benefits. In the Western tradition of the humanities, education is considered to possess a value unto itself. For example, students in Europe and the United States are led to believe that reading the canon is just as valuable as any vocational skill or trade. Of course, these common discourses are being challenged more and more for various reasons such as inflating student debt. Yet, the broad discourses on education in relation to African countries are often only associated with labor productivity and work as opposed to the transmission of culture or social values.
The respective reporter has undoubtedly pinpointed a problem in Kenya, and the correlation of education and labor is deeply complex in a globalized world. But, the emphasis on economics in the series suggests that the boundaries separating education and labor in Africa are even more opaque than in Western countries. In highlighting the value of an education by its ability to furnish an income, education and those who receive it are reduced to objects of labor as opposed to learned individuals. Often, the postcard style format of the articles use individuals’ experiences and local problems to represent broader national issues allowing just enough space to draw attention the reader’s attention without engaging historical or political factors. From this perspective, education is treated as a problem in African societies rather than trying to understand a community or nation’s relationship between education with various cultural, political, and social factors.
Indeed, the series “La classe africaine” also offers insights into the ways education in Africa is adapting and growing on both local and international scales. Two articles, the first, looking at Mandarin language instruction in Uganda and another on koranic schools starting math and English instruction in Nigeria, illustrate how schools are turning toward intercultural and transnational exchange. While the article, “Episode 14: In the face of dropping out, Niger focuses on teaching in local languages” demonstrates how education should be engaged with the needs and values of a community. Some of the most compelling episodes are the two articles focusing on the teacher Maxime Sou from Burkina Faso. The first episode notes the reputation of the teacher known for having 100 students per class and a 100% entrance exam success rate. The second episode on Maxime Sou declares him “the super-teacher of Burkina Faso”. I find that it is really in these two episodes that the reader gets an actual glimpse of the goings-on inside a classroom on the continent.
The articles detail the dedication of the teacher as he navigates an overcrowded classroom and successfully employs a combination of discipline and passion to lead his students to success. Maxime Sou’s ability to help his students obtain successful scholastic achievements in the face of hardship is beyond commendable and more than noteworthy. The article states that unlike other teachers in the region he assigns two homework assignments per day, as opposed to one, amounting to hundreds of papers to be graded each week with the help of a couple teaching assistants on top of the additional tutoring hours he offers before and after school. Conversely, one wonders about other teachers in similar situations in Burkina Faso and other regions who are not able to dedicate so much time and effort to their class. The amount of work done in and out of the classroom as well as class enrollment sizes can cause extreme burdens for teachers, which forces them to choose between their own well-being and the educational needs of the students they are committed to helping.
The ambitious project of Le Monde Afrique to report on the state of education across the continent in the series « La classe africaine » addresses a number of important issues on both local and national levels. The series interviews enthusiastic and relevant sources who are directly involved with and affected by issues of education. Reflecting on this journalistic project allows the opportunity to discuss how education in African contexts is perceived by the local populations who have firsthand experience with the education systems as well as the way the Western media and publishers represent these systems as valuable or not. By imposing discourses of labor and work, education will only ever be as valuable as the profits it yields. The postcard style format of the series draws attention to pressing issues across the African continent from a powerful European publishing entity like Le Monde. However, the postcard articles often feel like a guided tour across Africa providing a brief snapshot of a community or nation without ever truly engaging the nuances of each setting before moving on to the next one. Perhaps, reframing the discussion of education in Africa around local or regional needs and values will allow educational communities to flourish overtime with other economic and social networks.
Pascal Blanchard et al., « Introduction. La longue histoire du zoo humain », in Pascal Blanchard et al., Zoos humains et exhibitions coloniales, La Découverte « Poche/Sciences humaines et sociales », 2011 (2e éd.), p. 9-61.
See Jean Comaroff and John L Comaroff’s Theory from the South, or, How Euro-America Is Evolving toward Africa (Paradigm Publishers, 2011).
Connor Pruss is a Ph.D. student at UCLA, studying Francophone writers of an African origin. He is interested in the way these writers evoke themes of education and migration. Specifically, his research examines how discourses and themes of education are used to critique colonization as well as the migrant experience. Additionally, he is interested in literary journals as a cultural and educational form in post-colonial Africa. | <urn:uuid:8276b934-3035-4dbb-8807-aa8d2ed8c222> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://africainwords.com/2018/09/28/the-african-classroom-reviewing-le-monde-afriques-series-la-classe-africaine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.948589 | 2,037 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The famous Aussie Kangaroo February 17 2016
2016 marks the 50th anniversary of Skippy, the famous Kangaroo from an Australian TV show in the 1960's and 70's - so today we're celebrating Australia's most iconic animal: the Kangaroo!
Kangaroos are the largest marsupial on earth, known for their long muscular tail and ability to bounce around on their large hind legs. There are three main Kangaroo species in Australia:
The eastern grey Kangaroo is found in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Known for their soft grey coat, Grey Kangaroo's can weigh up to 66 kg and stand up to 2 meters tall.
The western grey Kangaroo is found in South Australia and Western Australia, and is distinguished from the eastern grey by its darker grey-brown fur and head.
The red Kangaroo can be found across central and western Australia and have short red-brown coloured fur. Male red Kangaroo's can weigh up to 90 kg and measure 1.6 meters plus a tail of up to 1.2 meters long!
Kangaroo's are mainly nocturnal and most often seen early in the morning, or at dusk - they live in groups called 'mobs' and rest in the shade during the day, grazing on grasses and shrubs.
A baby kangaroo is born blind and hairless, and climbs its way into its mothers pouch after it is born. There, it feeds and continues to grow for another 200 days before leaving the pouch for the first time.
Kangaroo crossing road signs can be found all around Australia, warning drivers to lookout for these large marsupials as they're known to leap in front of cars and quickly become startled by headlights and engine noise.
The Kangaroo, like all Australian wildlife, is protected by law but kangaroo meat and products can be purchased and are a byproduct of population control programs.
Celebrate these iconic Aussie animals with our huge range of Kangaroo inspired gifts and souvenirs including Kangaroo tea towels, Kangaroo wooden decorations, kangaroo soft toys, kangaroo tote bags, kangaroo magnets, kangaroo bookmarks and lots more... Shop now! | <urn:uuid:34238e1f-c2fb-4dfc-8b25-ce2b4b1ef0de> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.bitsofaustralia.com.au/blogs/blog/76098821-the-famous-aussie-kangaroo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.962993 | 453 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Home > Back to Search Results > States ratify the Constitution, including the key 9th putting it into effect...
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States ratify the Constitution, including the key 9th putting it into effect...
Item # 645247 THE COLUMBIAN MAGAZINE, Philadelphia, June, 1788
* United States Constitution ratification
* New Hampshire becomes 9th state to ratify
The issue begins with: "A Description of Newbold's Plantation on Indian River" (lacking the plate). Other items include: "The Folly and Absurdity of Atheism" "Enquiry Whether the Discovery of America has been Useful or Hurtful to Mankind" which takes nearly 6 pages; "Extracts from Several Authors Shewing that the Natives of America are Descendants of the Ten Tribes" "Expeditious Method of Curing Wounds" & more.
Included is the full page plate with a related article: "Description of a Furnace for Extracting or Smelting Lead from its Ores". Near the back is "Intelligence" with the latest news reports including an historic report from South Carolina: "A motion was made & seconded; That this convention do assent to and ratify the constitution agreed to on the 17th of September last, by the convention of the United States of America, held at Philadelphia." with the vote of the Ayes and Nays. This report is dated May 23, the day South Carolina officially became the 8th state to ratify the Constitution. The following page notes: "June 27. The constitution was adopted on Saturday last, the 21st instant, by the state of New Hampshire, 57 to 46." This was the 9th state to ratify, officially making the Constitution effective for the country. Also: "A letter from Richmond...says, 'It is supposed there will be a majority of two or three only for the adoption of the proposed federal constitution--both parties are very violent.' " and also: "A letter from New York...Accounts from Poughkeepsie are rather favourable than otherwise...that the idea of rejecting or postponement is entirely laid aside--the question is, whether to ratify conditionally or unconditionally..." with more (see).
Complete in 60 pages, 5 by 8 inches, generally very nice, clean condition, some light damp staining at a lower corner.
This title has the honor of being the first successful American magazine, having begun in September, 1786 and lasting until December, 1792. Although many titles existed earlier, none enjoyed the success of lasting beyond a few issues or a couple of years.
Note: the image that is yellowed is due to a camera malfunction.
Category: The 1600's and 1700's | <urn:uuid:e4372517-4822-4f29-b8bc-f8d801854e92> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/645247?list_url=%2Flist%2Fjudaica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700734.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120062400-20190120084400-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.949607 | 571 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Movement with Forces (inertia, velocity, momentum, gravity, etc.) training is one of 7 dimensions of training set out in my adaptive fitness book “Farm Your Training Day: An American Dream of Sustainable Personal Fitness.”
Here, vehicle training is a form of Movement with Forces training. The purpose of this training is a functional encounter with one or more physical and energetic forces at once, not mere weight lifting primarily engaging gravity by loading joints from above. With vehicle training you can train as with a blocking sled on the football field, emphasize pushing the vehicle with calves; emphasize lunging the vehicle; emphasize a hack squat / backward walk by engaging the bumper with the lower back, grasping it from beneath and walking backward, pushing it. You can pull it from the tow hook as well as shown in the clip. Just be certain to stay clear of wheels and use a flat area in which the vehicle cannot roll away. You can also execute various levels of presses with the upper body. These exercises should be slow going. Let up after feeling a significant new challenge. Train muscle gradually over time.
With vehicle training, physical forces and properties undertaken include inertia, gravity, isometrics, friction, momentum, and velocity among others. The benefits of vehicle training include engagement of major muscle groups, affordability, accessibility, natural Vitamin D, and multiple force training of the body.
When you overcome the stationary resting force of the vehicle, and train your body with inertia / gravity. Momentum/Velocity: You cause the vehicle to have velocity, and momentum when you move it. Then, to stop it, you must overcome the vehicle’s Momentum/Velocity, returning it to its resting, inertial state. There is a point within your stopping the vehicle’s momentum that you meet with yielding isometric forces since the vehicle acts as a fixed object, i.e. you push on it but it is not moving with your force. Its momentum / velocity is clashing with your personal force, slowing the vehicle and reducing its velocity / momentum. When getting it going again from a stationary position, there is a moment of fixed isometric force your body feels.
WARNING: YOU MAY NOT BE READY FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THIS KIND. IT REQUIRES COMMON SENSE PRECAUTION AFTER CONSULTATION WITH YOUR PHYSICIANS OR TRAINERS. DOING SUCH EXERCISES COULD CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH. IF NOT WILLING TO UNDERTAKE SUCH RISK, DO NOT DO ANY EXERCISES DEPICTED ON THIS CHANNEL. CLEAR ALL PLANNED PHYSICAL TRAINING WITH YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS, PERSONAL PHYSICIAN, AND / OR SPORTS PHYSICIANS / COACHES / TRAINERS. DO VEHICLE TRAINING WITH 2 SPOTTERS, one to help you and the other to keep the vehicle path clear and the scene safe. IN A FLAT AREA WITH NO CHANCE THE VEHICLE WILL ROLL AWAY, AND STAY CLEAR OF WHEELS WHILE ENGAGING, PUSHING, AND PULLING THE VEHICLE. IF YOU FEEL THE VEHICLE’S TIRE CONTACT A FIXED OBJECT LIKE A CURB, LET OFF YOUR PUSHING FORCE TO AVOID BLOWING A JOINT. CLEAR THE WAY FOR THE WHEELS TO ROLL SMOOTHLY BEFORE PROCEEDING. | <urn:uuid:7bec0627-da12-4e07-8bda-8fd1c550dd14> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://farmyourtrainingday.com/2013/08/14/movement-with-forces-vehicle-training-253/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.887304 | 736 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Saint-Louis or Ndar in the Wolof language, is the main town of its namesake region in the Republic of Senegal. It is in the north of the country, near the mouth of the Senegal River, far 250 km from the capital Dakar. This place was discovered by french colonists who named it Saint-Louis-du-Fort. This town soon became an important center for the passage of the slave boats. San Louis became the capital of the Senegal in the 1840 and later of the whole French West Africa in 1895. The decline of the city started with its loss of the capital status of the French West Africa and later of the Senegal. Investments and interest in Saint Louis decreased, and therefore there was a situation of continuous degradation and poverty even after after independence. In 2000 the World Heritage Committee nominated Saint Louis as World Heritage site for its singular position (on the mouth of the river) and because in this city there are typical colonial architectures. This town is called "the fishers city", because the main of economic resource is the fishing. Fishing is by means of big timber boats that are built and hand painted. Seeing Saint Louis today and the smile of the people who live there It seems as if the horror of slavery has never been there. But it is in the eyes of its inhabitants that we can see the strength and the sadness of a past not experienced directly but that is reflected in the streets and in the flowing river, and that will always flow indifferent to the events of the present and the past. | <urn:uuid:4cf4d362-1a5a-47a1-9c59-bca86d59b166> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.matteoluciani.com/saint-louis1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210408.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816015316-20180816035316-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.975375 | 305 | 3.28125 | 3 |
From the moment new aircraft are thought of, engineers are working out how to make them more efficient. In fact, aviation is one of the most technologically-advanced and innovative sectors in the world.
Unlike ground vehicles, which don’t need to be optimised for efficiency to the same extent as aircraft because they can refuel often, long-distance aircraft must carry all their fuel with them. Fuel is expensive, heavy and takes up a great deal of storage room. Its weight can limit the range of an aircraft and it needs to be stored in tanks which affect the wing size and the payload able to be carried. At the same time, the aviation industry is doing all it can to limit its environmental impact.
Each new generation of aircraft has double-digit fuel efficiency improvements, even up to 25% more fuel efficient than the one it replaces. This has led to today’s modern aircraft producing 80% less CO2 per seat than the first jets in the 1950s. But there is more work to do.
New technologies on the horizon have the potential to significantly decrease greenhouse gas emissions from aviation, and solutions that are being implemented today also promise other savings. Even small savings here-and-there offer significant benefits in total.
Being able to operate efficiently is critical to the future of the aviation industry, not just for environmental reasons but also for financial ones, especially since fuel makes up over 30% of airline operating costs.
To formalise and compliment the market-driven evolution in aircraft fuel efficiency, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) agreed on a CO2 emissions standard in February 2016, which will apply to all new aircraft designs from 2020 and newly-built existing models of aircraft from 2023.
The aviation industry has a track record of achieving the impossible
Before the Wright Brothers, few people believed powered flight was possible. This spirit of innovation has continued, and it is driving the industry’s response to its environmental challenges. As examples:
- Aviation has been successful at decoupling emissions growth and actual growth. Traffic growth is increasing at an average of 5% annually, while CO2 emissions are growing around 3%.
- Newer aircraft, like the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787, consume on average less than three litres per 100 passenger kilometres or more than 78 passenger statute miles per US gallon. This is a fuel use which compares favourably to that of compact cars, although aircraft travel much further distances, much faster.
- The next generation of aircraft to come off the production line, including the Airbus A350XWB, A320neo, Boeing 737MAX, Embraer E2 series and Bombardier CSeries will offer further improvements in fuel burn and emissions.
- Turboprop aircraft like the Bombardier Q400 and ATR series can provide a more fuel-efficient alternative to jet aircraft to cover shorter distances
Today, engineers and researchers are making incremental and frequent improvements that offer large savings overall. For instance, the wingtip devices airlines and manufacturers install on new aircraft increase aerodynamic efficiency and reduce fuel usage.
Manufacturers are increasingly using light-weight materials such as carbon composites to build aircraft and components. The Boeing 787, Bombardier CSeries and Airbus A380 and A350XWB aircraft all use these cutting-edge materials and technologies to deliver exceptional gains in environmental performance. Manufacturers of engines are also using highly advanced materials and processes such as additive layer manufacturing to develop new engines.
Technology on new aircraft can either be to improve fuel burn through aerodynamic efficiency (mainly airframe), or to reduce actual combustion use (mainly engine-related). Combined, these elements create a new aircraft with a reduced environmental impact.
Aircraft have a useful life of around 25-30 years, during which they will cover many millions of nautical miles and carry millions of passengers or tonnes of cargo. Because of the long lead times for developing, designing and manufacturing a modern civil aircraft, there tend to be ‘waves’ of new aircraft entering the fleet. We are currently in the middle of such a wave, with a number of new aircraft types coming into the system and replacing older, less fuel-efficient aircraft.
The industry is working hard to achieve the kind of ‘impossible’ developments that characterised flight itself. | <urn:uuid:abdaef49-8bfc-4c7f-a82d-6898582d1e14> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/our-climate-plan/efficient-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.950874 | 881 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The U.S. Cavalry had been buying and testing various handguns in the late 1890s and early 20th century. The .45 Colt Single Action Army (SAA) had largely been replaced, even by some double action versions of the same. The Cavalry had fielded some double action revolvers in .38 Long Colt. They determined the .38 caliber round was significantly less effective against determined opponents, such as the warriors encountered in the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine–American War, than the .45 Colt. The current issue rifle at the time, the .30-40 Krag, had also failed to stop Moro warriors effectively; the British had similar issues switching to the .303 British, which resulted in the development of the dum-dum bullet. This experience, and the Thompson-LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and the Cavalry to decide a minimum of .45 caliber was required in the new handgun. Thompson and Major Louis Anatole LaGarde of the Medical Corps arranged tests on cadavers and animal remains in the Chicago stockyards, resulting in the finding that .45 was the most effective pistol cartridge. They noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body.
Colt had been working with Browning on a .41 caliber cartridge in 1904, and in 1905 when the Cavalry asked for a .45 caliber equivalent Colt modified the pistol design to fire an enlarged version of the prototype .41 round. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new .45 ACP cartridge. The original round that passed the testing fired a 200 grain (13 g) bullet at 900 ft/s (275 m/s), but after a number of rounds of revisions between Winchester Repeating Arms, Frankford Arsenal, and Union Metallic Cartridge, it ended up using a 230 grain (15 g) bullet fired at about 850 ft/s (260 m/s). The resulting .45-caliber cartridge, named the .45 ACP, was similar in performance to the .45 Schofield cartridge, and only slightly less powerful (but significantly shorter) than the .45 Colt cartridges the Cavalry was using.
By 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Browning’s design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut. DWM, which submitted two Parabellum P08s chambered in .45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons. One of the DWM pistols, serial number 1, was destroyed in testing; the remaining example, serial number 2, is one of the most desirable collectors’ handguns in existence.
In the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the extensive testing with no failures, while the Savage design suffered 37 stoppages or parts failures. The resulting weapon was adopted as the Model 1911.
The cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U.S. military purposes. Over the next few years a series of improved designs were offered, culminating in the adoption in 1911 of the “Cal. .45 Automatic Pistol Ball Cartridge, Model of 1911”, a 1.273 in (32.3 mm)-long round with a bullet weight of 230 grains. The very first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked “F A 8 11”, for the August 1911 date.
The cartridge was designed by John Browning of Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. Thompson insisted on a real “man stopper” pistol, following the poor showing of the Army’s .38 Long Colt pistols during the Philippine-American War (1899–1902).
The .45 ACP is an effective combat pistol cartridge that combines accuracy and stopping power for use against human targets. The cartridge also has relatively low muzzle blast and flash, as well as moderate recoil. The .45 ACP also operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of 21,000 psi (145 MPa) (compared to 35,000 psi/240 MPa for 9 mm Parabellum and .40 S&W, 37,500 psi/260 MPa for 10 mm Auto, 40,000 psi/280 MPa for .357 SIG), which due to a low bolt thrust helps extend service life of weapons in which it is fired.
Like many pistol cartridges, it is a low-velocity round, and thus ineffective against body armor. Another drawback for large scale military operations is the cartridge’s large size, weight, and the increased material cost of manufacture compared to the smaller 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge. | <urn:uuid:b7b07f32-7cab-491f-adce-1e52ddc95ee5> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://staffordshirephoenixrifleandpistolclub.co.uk/?page_id=307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823236.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210013115-20181210034615-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.953502 | 986 | 3.421875 | 3 |
1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet2 Geological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet3 Education Board, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet4 Victoria University of Wellington5 Geological Institute6 Geologisk Museum, Københavns Universitet7 Victoria University of Wellington8 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, Københavns Universitet
Long- and short-lived radioactive isotopes and their daughter products in meteorites are chronometers that can test models for Solar System formation. Differentiated meteorites come from parent bodies that were once molten and separated into metal cores and silicate mantles. Mineral ages for these meteorites, however, are typically younger than age constraints for planetesimal differentiation. Such young ages indicate that the energy required to melt their parent bodies could not have come from the most likely heat source-radioactive decay of short-lived nuclides (Al and Fe) injected from a nearby supernova-because these would have largely decayed by the time of melting. Here we report an age of 4.5662 ± 0.0001 billion years (based on Pb-Pb dating) for basaltic angrites, which is only 1 Myr younger than the currently accepted minimum age of the Solar System and corresponds to a time when Al and Fe decay could have triggered planetesimal melting. Small Mg excesses in bulk angrite samples confirm that Al decay contributed to the melting of their parent body. These results indicate that the accretion of differentiated planetesimals pre-dated that of undifferentiated planetesimals, and reveals the minimum Solar System age to be 4.5695 ± 0.0002 billion years. | <urn:uuid:e2b5d5d9-0ee0-416b-a183-ac84ce07581e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/8907111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00486-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888482 | 395 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Sophie's Diary: A Mathematical Novel is a work of fiction inspired by French mathematician Sophie Germain. It chronicles the coming of age of a teenager learning mathematics on her own, growing up during the most turbulent years of the French Revolution. The fictionalized diary uses mathematics, intertwined with historically-accurate accounts of the social chaos that reigned in Paris between 1789 and 1794, to describe the learning journey of a remarkable girl that became the first and only woman in history to make a substantial contribution to the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.
Sophie Germain was born in Paris in 1776. Little is known about her childhood or about her initiation into mathematics. Her first biographers wrote that, as a young woman, she assumed the name of a male student at the École Polytechnique to submit her own work to Lagrange. Yet, no biography has explained how Germain studied mathematics before that time to encourage such boldness. Sophie's Diary is an attempt to put in perspective how a self-taught girl could have acquired the knowledge to enter the world of Lagrange's analysis.
A print version of this book is available in the MAA Store.
Electronic ISBN: 9781614445104 | <urn:uuid:a6f6afa5-3526-4b46-a02f-d416bc85ee85> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.maa.org/publications/ebooks/sophies-diary?device=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444385.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00238-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954921 | 256 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Definitions for recklinghausenˈrɛk lɪŋˌhaʊ zən
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word recklinghausen
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
Reck•ling•hau•senˈrɛk lɪŋˌhaʊ zən(n.)
a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in NW Germany. 127,139.
Category: Geography (places)
Recklinghausen is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district. It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south. Recklinghausen is the 60th-largest city in Germany and the 22nd-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.
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"recklinghausen." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/recklinghausen>. | <urn:uuid:bed037ee-f530-47cf-8d88-3fd248ede6e4> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/recklinghausen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010359804/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090559-00041-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.691901 | 281 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Pedagogy in Action portal provides access to a library with 3 elements:
- Teaching Methods Modules
Each module contains a desription of the teaching method, rationale for using it, detailed notes on how to apply it to various educational settings, references, and a set of example activities that showcase the teaching method. The modules all follow a similar format which allows for easy browsing across several different teaching methods.
- Learning Activities link to site search narrowed to show only activities
These are one page descriptions (often with additional downloadable materials) of activities written by the educators who use them. A collection of activities can be found at the end of each pedagogic module. Additionally all the activities can found through the site search.
- Research on Learning Bibliography
This is a collection of print and web resources that go into more depth about how people learn. In addition to this searchable collection you'll find many of these resources linked to directly from within the pedagogic modules. Development on this collection stopped in 2009. So it does not include more recent resources. | <urn:uuid:e924622c-9b80-456a-87d5-61604c06a8e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812584.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219111908-20180219131908-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.917312 | 216 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Masada, an ancient mountaintop fortress in southeast Israel, is the site of the Jews’ last stand against the Romans after the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70.
Masada occupies the entire top of a great mesa near the southwest coast of the Dead Sea. The boat-shaped mountain towers 1,424 feet or 434 meters above the level of the Dead Sea. It has a summit area of about 18 acres. Some authorities hold that the site was settled at the time of the First Temple (circa 900 BC), but Masada is renowned for the palaces and fortifications of Herod the Great, king of Judadea under the Romans, who ruled from 37 to 34 BC, It is also known for its resistance to the Roman siege in AD 72 through 73.
Although first fortified by the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus who ruled from 103 to 76 BC, Herod was the chief builder of Masada. His constructions included two ornate palaces (one of them on three levels), heavy walls, and aqueducts, which brought water to cisterns holding nearly 200,000 gallons or 750,000 liters. After Herod’s death in 4 BC, Masada was captured by the Romans, but the Jewish Zealots, a sect that staunchly opposed domination by Rome, took it by surprise in AD 66.
Following the fall of Jerusalem, and the destruction of the Temple in AD 70, the Masada garrison—the last remnant of Jewish rule in Palestine—refused to surrender and was besieged by the Roman legion X Fretensis. It took the Roman army almost 15,000, fighting a defending force of less than 1,000, including women and children, almost two years to subdue the fortress. The besiegers built a sloping ramp to attack the stronghold, which fell only after the Romans fired the defenders’ wooden walls. The Zealots, however, preferred death to enslavements, and the conquers found that the defenders, led by Eleazar ben Jair, had taken their own lives (April 15, AD 73). Only seven women and children—who had hidden in a water conduit—survived to tell the tale. Masada was briefly reoccupied by the Jews in the 2nd century AD and was the site of a Byzantine church on the 5th-6th century. Thereafter, it was abandoned until the 20th century, except for a brief interval during the Crusades; the Arabs called the mountain as-Sabaa (The Accursed).
A general survey of the ruins was made by Israeli archeologists in 1955-56, and the entire mountaintop was excavated by Yigael Yadin in 1963-65, assisted by thousands of volunteers from around the world. The descriptions of the Roman-Jewish historian Joesphus, until then the only detailed source of Masada’s history, were found to be extremely accurate; the palaces, storehouses, defense works and Roman camps and siege works were all revealed and cleared. A synagogue and ritual bath discovered there are the earliest yet found in Palestine. Among the most interesting discoveries is fragments of broken pottery inscribed with Hebrew personal names. These may be lots cast by the last defenders to determine who should die first.
In the 20th century Masada has become a symbol of Jewish national heroism, and the difficult ascent is regularly performed by Israeli youth groups. It is now one of Israel’s most popular tourist attractions. Arkia, Israel’s domestic airline, provides regular service to a small airfield on the adjacent Dead Sea plain.
Thanks for listening to another episode of History Podcast. If you enjoyed the show please take the time to fill out the survey at historyonair.com. Also, if you shop amazon.com please remember to start your shopping at the our site. Any purchases made will help support the podcast. | <urn:uuid:688d2d1b-7f7c-46fa-8e68-ef5e5af53814> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://historyonair.com/2007/01/hp85-masada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541525.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00000-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969098 | 799 | 3.375 | 3 |
By Jan du Toit
Smoking in the workplace remains a topic of heated debates between smokers and non-smokers. This is not because employers allow employees to smoke in non-designated areas, but rather as a result of the amount of time employees are allowed to smoke during working time.
Smoking in the workplace is regulated by the Tobacco Products Control Act, as amended in 2008. In terms of this Act an employer may designate an area inside a building as smoking area. There are certain conditions associated with such an area in terms of the Act.
- The area may not exceed 25% of the total floor space of the building.
- The area must be an area where non-smokers are not expected to enter into or pass through in order to perform their normal duties.
- There must sufficient ventilation and a standard notice outside the smoking area that warns smokers of the health implications of smoking.
If necessary the employer may, based on safety considerations even regulate smoking outside of buildings. It is recommended that employees are not allowed to smoke within 8 meters from any buildings, not in front of doors leading into a building or open windows, passages, balconies or covered parking areas.
During the past couple of years the e-cigarette became increasingly popular amongst smokers that are trying to quit smoking. These devices are currently not regulated by legislation as a result of the fact that no tobacco is used in these devices. Instead of tobacco nicotine drops are used.
Government however recently announced that it is considering legislation with regards to the use of e-cigarettes in public areas, especially since the long term health implications of the inhalation of nicotine vapor has not yet been established. In the absence of legislation in this regard, employers are allowed to introduce workplace policies with regards to the use of e-cigarettes in the workplace.
Since the device looks like a real cigarette and releases a vapor resembling smoke, such a policy may be necessary to prevent visitors from assuming that they have entered a smoking area. The vapor released by these devices may also irritate people that are sensitive to such pollution and may also encourage tobacco smokers to take more frequent smoke breaks.
Legislation is silent on how many smoke breaks an employee may take during working time. As such it is recommended that employers introduce workplace policies regulating when and where employees are allowed to smoke. If the aforementioned is not controlled, it may result in the employer paying for time that employees are not working. Employers are therefore advised to consider the impact that unregulated and paid smoke breaks may have on the operations of the company. If a smoker that for instance consume a packet of cigarettes per day is allowed to smoke whenever he wants to, it may well result in one smoke break every hour of the working day.
Smoke breaks lasts on average about ten minutes, not taking into consideration the time that it takes an employee to get to the smoking area and back. During a typical 9 hour working day such an employee will only take three unpaid smoke breaks during the lunch and tea times. This means that there may well be six ten minute breaks during the rest of the day that the employer will pay for. Over a period of 12 months, an employee that works 5 days per week will get paid in total for 28 working days to smoke. Even if one halves this it still equates to 14 working days per smoker per year that the employer subsidizes. Even if one halves this ….. Could discrimination be argued by non-smokers under such circumstances?
Jan du Toit can assist employers with IR and HR related services and can be contacted for a consultation at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:20f99020-6b12-4be7-88cd-0e954070d1ef> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.thegremlin.co.za/2014/10/29/how-many-smoke-breaks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.96312 | 737 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hepatitis C has been in the news lately. What exactly is Hepatitis C? Basically, it is an infection that affects the liver. It is typically transmitted from person-to-person via blood. IV drug use, inadvertent needle “sticks” or blood transfusions are the most common forms of transmission. Hepatitis C is generally detected by special blood tests.
A person can have Hepatitis C for a long time without having any real symptoms, but as the condition progresses, noticeable symptoms (i.e., fatigue often occurs) may develop, and the liver can develop cirrhosis.
Unfortunately, there is no vaccine to guard against the Hepatitis C infection. For people inflicted with the infection, there are some drugs that can be used, but the success with those drugs varies. If a person goes on to develop cirrhosis and it progresses, he or she may ultimately require a liver transplant.
There are many people who live successful and relatively ordinary lives with Hepatitis C, but for others it becomes a significant and chronic problem.
Because it can be transmitted from one person to another via blood, hospitals have to be extremely careful with their safety practices to minimize the chances of the infection being transmitted. Nurses and other staff have to be vigilant to avoid inadvertent needle “sticks,” and hospitals have to be very careful about sterilization of equipment and the integrity of their blood supplies used for transfusions. Agencies involved in soliciting blood donations have to be careful about rejecting high-risk patients (IV drug users would be an obvious example) as donors. | <urn:uuid:492882d5-5439-48e5-811b-412de015db05> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.gislaw.com/medical-malpractice/delayed-or-misdiagnosis/hepatitis-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998509.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617143050-20190617165050-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.947912 | 331 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Over the last 20 years, a new generation of higher-efficiency gas furnaces and boilers has come to market. An essential difference in the design of these units is how they are vented, eliminating the need for dilution air. The combustion of natural gas produces certain by-products, including water vapour and carbon dioxide. In a conventional gas furnace, such by-products are vented through a chimney, but a considerable amount of heat (both in the combustion products and in heated room air) also escapes through the chimney at the same time. Heat is also lost up the chimney when the furnace is off. The newer designs have been modified to increase energy efficiency by reducing the amount of heated air that escapes during both the on and off cycles and by extracting more of the heat contained in the combustion by-products before they are vented.
Residential gas boilers sold in Canada today are required to have an AFUE rating of at least 80 percent. ENERGY STAR qualified boilers must have an AFUE rating of at least 85 percent. The following are some ways manufacturers have improved efficiency levels:
Other boilers that use aspirating gas burners have eliminated the need for a draft hood entirely by using a powered exhaust system, usually incorporating an induced draft fan. With no dilution air, high resistance to spillage during the on cycle, and minimal flow up the stack during the off cycle, these units tend to give superior performance to those using draft hoods and vent dampers.
Today, many gas boilers have replaced the naturally aspirating gas burner with a power burner. These use a fan on the burner to improve the combustion process and ensure the development and maintenance of an adequate draft. These burners, similar to ones used in advanced oil-fired equipment, tend to have a high-pressure restriction or even close off the combustion air passage when the burner is not operating. This minimizes off-cycle heat losses without requiring a flue damper. Such units minimize dilution air, or have sealed combustion, and have performance characteristics similar to or better than the aspirating burner with a powered exhaust system.
Condensing gas boilers employ either an aspirating burner with an induced draft fan, or a power burner, similar to the units described previously. However, they have an additional heat exchanger made of corrosion resistant materials (usually stainless steel) that extracts latent heat remaining in the combustion by-products by condensing the combustion products before they are exhausted. A chimney is not needed, reducing the cost of installation. Because the flue gas temperature is low, the gases are vented through a PVC or ABS plastic pipe out the side wall of the house.
A condensing boiler can have an AFUE rating of 90 percent or higher. But in practice, condensing boilers in hydronic (hot water) heating systems can have difficulty achieving this efficiency. For the condensing boiler's heat exchanger to extract all the potential latent heat effectively, the system has to run with the lowest possible return water temperatures, preferably not exceeding 45–50°C (113–122°F). Unfortunately, most radiator systems are designed to operate at significantly higher return water temperatures, which makes it difficult for the flue gas to condense. If the return water temperature is too high, actual operating efficiency may be only slightly higher than that of the better models of non-condensing boilers.
For a condensing boiler to achieve its potential, the heating system must be designed to return water to the boiler below the temperature of the condensing flue gas. Residential applications that normally operate at sufficiently low return water temperatures include
For radiator systems, it may be possible to lower the return water temperature with techniques such as
For a condensing boiler to operate efficiently, a total systems approach to design is required.
One way to potentially maximize efficiency and reduce costs is to integrate space and water heating in a single appliance.
In many cases, with new or renovated housing, improvements to the building envelope have reduced the space heating load to the point where it is sometimes difficult to justify the expense of a high-efficiency furnace solely to satisfy the heating load. To take advantage of the efficiency potential of condensing gas-fired systems, it makes sense to combine space heating with other functions, in particular, domestic water heating. Domestic hot water loads have remained fairly constant and have even increased over time, making it logical to put more effort into improving the efficiency of the hot water generator. Therefore, it would be natural to combine space and water heating systems.
An integrated, high-efficiency space and water condensing gas-fired heating system, using water from municipal mains as the driving mechanism to condense the flue gas, can have efficiencies of over 90 percent for both space and water heating. Space heating can be hydronic or forced air (through a fan coil). This type of system may entail a lower overall capital cost than individual appliances; it eliminates the need for multiple exhaust systems; and it maximizes efficient operation.
In practice, condensing gas-fired boilers in hydronic heating systems can have difficulty condensing because the return water temperature is above the dew point of the flue gases. By installing a water-to-water heat exchanger and storage tank for tap hot water upstream of the boiler, the return water temperature can be brought below the dew point, flue gases will condense and the efficiencies will be improved significantly. Such a high-efficiency combined system is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11 Schematic of high-efficiency combined space and water heating system
Standard-efficiency gas-fired combined systems also exist, but their overall efficiency potential is lower than for condensing units. A standard-efficiency boiler coupled with an external storage tank is another efficient combined system.
Early "combo" systems used a conventional natural draft water heater and a fan coil to supply heat to the distribution air. These units suffer from low efficiency and limited life and have been supplanted by the optimized systems described above.
In the house
More efficient heating systems, combined with better draftproofing and insulation, can result in less air infiltration, which, in turn, leads to excess humidity in the house.
Heavy condensation on the inside of windows and dampness or mould growth on walls or ceilings are indications of too much moisture. If not corrected, serious structural damage may occur; luckily, indoor condensation problems can be solved. Because most of the indoor humidity arises from regular household activities (such as showering and cooking), your first step should be to reduce the amount of moisture
In the chimney
Condensation in the chimney is another possible problem. The lower flue temperature achieved by the improved efficiency of today's heating equipment has created the possibility of another problem – damage caused by condensation inside a chimney, particularly a masonry chimney located on an outside wall, where it is chilled by exposure to outside air. Look for a white, powdery efflorescence on the outside of the chimney, spalling or flaking of the bricks, crumbling mortar joints, wet patches on inside walls behind the chimney, pieces of tile at the bottom of the chimney, and water running out of the cleanout door or around the bottom of the chimney behind the furnace. The most common cause of all of these problems is condensation inside a cold chimney. Water vapour is produced when oil or natural gas is burned, but humid house air drawn into the chimney also contributes to problems.
Another cause of condensation is that the new, more efficient furnaces need smaller chimneys than the 200-mm2 (8-sq.-in.) flue tile that has been standard for many years. Combustion gases, already cooled by the improved heat exchangers in the furnace, rise slowly in the cold, oversized flue and are sometimes cooled to the dew point of the water vapour they contain. The resulting condensation can then leak into the bricks and cause structural or water damage. If this is caught in time, there are simple remedies. Some solutions to these problems are described in Chapter 7.
Source: National Resources Canada (NRCan) - Office of Energy Efficiency | <urn:uuid:256cdca8-c75a-4aab-a067-f441060a570b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.designair.ca/webapp/p/268/operating-information-for-all-boiler-types | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487660269.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620084505-20210620114505-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.932755 | 1,677 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The art of 1930s America tells the story of a nation in flux. Artists responded to rapid social change and economic anxiety with some of the 20th century’s most powerful art – brought together now in this once-in-a-generation show.
These 45 truly iconic works paint an electrifying portrait of this transformative period. These are works which have rarely been seen together, by artists ranging from Jackson Pollock, Georgia O’Keeffe and Edward Hopper to Thomas Hart Benton, Philip Guston and more. Perhaps the most celebrated work of them all, Grant Wood’s iconic American Gothic (1930), has never left North American shores before.
In the devastating wake of the Wall Street Crash, artists sought to capture the changes in urbanisation, industrialisation and immigration that pulsed across the country, resulting in one of the most vital periods for American artists in the 20th century. This was a decade like no other that saw them search for an elusive ‘Americanness’ through realism, populism and abstraction, rural and urban themes, the farm, the new, the traditional.
|Duration||25 February 2017 - 04 June 2017|
|Times||10am-6pm Saturday-Thursday (last admission to galleries 5.30pm) 10am-10pm Friday (last admission to galleries 9.30pm)|
|Cost||£13.50 (without donation £12). Concessions available. Friends of the RA and under 16s go free|
|Venue||Royal Academy of Arts|
|Address||The Sackler Wing, Burlington House London W1J 0BD, ,|
|Contact||020 7300 8000 / email@example.com / www.royalacademy.org.uk/events/exhibitions| | <urn:uuid:64a67079-ddfe-4ae4-bbaf-6ffed473281a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.artlyst.com/whats-on-archive/america-after-the-fall-painting-in-the-1930s-royal-academy-of-arts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813088.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220185145-20180220205145-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.90618 | 379 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Research has documented genetic links between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder (1–3). Other investigations have demonstrated that subjects with schizotypal personality disorder manifest cognitive impairments (4), brain abnormalities (5), and premorbid deficits (6, 7) similar to those associated with schizophrenia. Notable among the last mentioned are marked increases in interpersonal and thought abnormalities during adolescence (6).
The features of schizotypal personality disorder parallel the prodromal signs of schizophrenia and have been shown to occur in preadolescents and adolescents (8–11). It is assumed that a subgroup of persons with schizotypal personality disorder will progress to schizophrenia. Speculations on the factors that potentiate this progression involve both psychosocial stress and perinatal complications (12–16).
This article presents initial results from a study intended to document the development of schizotypal personality disorder and identify predictors of psychotic symptoms. The focus is on adolescence, assuming that the pubertal period is associated with neuromaturational processes that can trigger the expression of latent vulnerabilities.
In the first evaluation, a primary goal was to verify risk status through the assessment of vulnerability markers, particularly physical indicators. Minor physical anomalies are physical characteristics known to be associated with developmental disorders (17, 18). Patients with schizophrenia have more minor physical anomalies than other psychiatric patients and normal subjects (19–22), and minor physical anomalies are related to earlier onset of the illness (23. Dermatoglyphic abnormalities are also associated with developmental disorders (24–27), and differences in right- and left-hand finger ridge counts ("fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries") are elevated in schizophrenia (28–30).
Dysmorphic signs originate during fetal development, primarily during the second trimester (17, 18, 26, 27). Both genetic and prenatal factors contribute to minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries. We are not aware of any report documenting minor physical anomalies or fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries in schizotypal personality disorder; however, the fact that subjects with schizotypal personality disorder manifest brain abnormalities similar to those observed in schizophrenia (5) suggests that they would also show morphologic signs of neurodevelopmental deviation. Thus, it was hypothesized that schizotypal personality disorder would be associated with increased minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries.
Like dysmorphic signs, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can result from prenatal insults (31, 32). It has been shown that HPA dysregulation is associated with schizophrenia, as well as with mood disorders and some other psychiatric syndromes (33, 34). It has therefore been suggested that the HPA axis acts as a nonspecific moderating system that can potentiate the expression of a variety of disorders and mediate the effects of stress on symptom expression (34–37). A neural mechanism for this effect in schizophrenia is indicated by evidence that cortisol augments mesolimbic dopamine activity and is correlated with symptom severity (34). It is thus plausible that the HPA axis plays a role in potentiating the prodromal expression in individuals at risk. In this study we tested the hypothesis that schizotypal personality disorder is associated with heightened cortisol release.
The study groups were 20 subjects (eight of whom were female) who met the DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal personality disorder, 20 subjects (seven female) who met the DSM-IV criteria for another axis II disorder or conduct disorder (the group with other personality disorders), and 26 subjects (nine female) who did not meet criteria for any axis II disorder (the normal comparison group). At the initial evaluation, no subject met diagnostic criteria for an axis I disorder.
Subjects were recruited from the community by means of announcements directed at parents. The announcements described the diagnostic criteria for schizotypal personality disorder in lay terms and indicated that assessments of children who manifested such problems were being conducted for research purposes at Emory University. (The advertisement stated that the child was eligible if he or she was "experiencing problems in at least two of the following areas: social relationships, unusual ideas or behavior, emotional reactions or fears.") As expected, this recruitment procedure yielded a large number of responses from parents, and their children showed a broad range of severity and chronicity of behavioral problems. A screening interview was conducted by telephone. It was first determined whether the child met the study exclusion criteria (i.e., no medical or neurologic conditions or mental retardation); then the parent was briefly interviewed about the child’s behavior. In addition to identifying potential subjects with schizotypal personality disorder, the screening also served to identify subjects with other axis II disorders for inclusion in the comparison group. Some respondents described symptoms that suggested disorders other than schizotypal personality disorder, whereas others described normal adolescent behavior. Children who seemed likely to meet criteria for inclusion in one of the diagnostic groups were scheduled for assessment. As required by university research guidelines, parents were informed that they would be provided with feedback on the results of the assessment.
The normal comparison group comprised children who did not meet criteria for an axis I or axis II disorder. Some were drawn from respondents to the announcement (N=20), and others were adolescents whose parents had listed them in the University Research Registry (N=6). (The registry contains names of children whose parents registered them as infants for developmental studies. Only one of the six participants drawn from this registry had participated in any previous research, and that was a study of childhood attitudes.) The fact that most of the normal subjects were recruited in the same manner as the other two groups afforded some control for any biases produced by the recruitment method. No differences between the registry subjects and the other normal comparison subjects in demographic or clinical characteristics were revealed.
The mean age was 14.2 years (SD=1.2) for the schizotypal personality disorder group, 14.7 years (SD=2.2) for the other personality disorders group, and 13.9 years (SD=1.6) for the normal comparison group. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the groups in mean age (F=5.26, df=2, 65, p<0.01), with the normal comparison group being younger than the other groups. There were no group differences in sex or race (schizotypal personality disorder group: 17 Caucasian and three African American subjects; other personality disorders group: 17 Caucasian and three African American; normal comparison group: 23 Caucasian, one Hispanic, and two African American).
The diagnostic evaluation included the following: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) (38) questionnaire and interview, the SCID—Patient Version (SCID-P) (39) psychotic screen (and the complete SCID-P if indicated), and the Beck Depression Inventory (40). The Beck inventory was administered to obtain information for ruling out axis I mood disorder. In addition to these measures, information was obtained from parents in order to enhance the validity of the diagnoses. Parents were interviewed and completed a child behavior checklist.
It should be noted that we included subjects with schizoid and paranoid personality disorders in the other personality disorders group, rather than the schizotypal personality disorder group, for the analyses reported here. This decision was based on evidence from several family studies indicating that only the rate of schizotypal personality disorder is elevated in the relatives of probands with schizophrenia (41). However, we also conducted the data analyses comparing all subjects with cluster A personality disorders with the group that had other personality disorders and the normal comparison group. The results, described below, are consistent with the inferences drawn from the family studies.
In accordance with standard procedures, the SCID-II questionnaires were completed first, and responses were used as a guide for interviews that were conducted by doctoral students in psychology (D.D.W., D.D.) who had had systematic training in administering the SCID. Interviews were videotaped to establish interrater reliability for axis II diagnoses (kappa >0.80). Discrepancies were resolved by consensus.
Consistent with previous reports, there was a high rate of comorbidity, and some subjects with schizotypal personality disorder also met the criteria for another axis II disorder (e g., avoidant, borderline, paranoid personality disorder). Diagnoses in the other personality disorders group were as follows: dependent, N=1; obsessive-compulsive, N=4; paranoid, N=3; schizoid, N=3; borderline, N=1; conduct disorder, N=6; passive-aggressive, N=5; and not otherwise specified, N=2. (The total number of diagnoses exceeds the number of subjects in the other personality disorders group because of comorbidity.) For each subject, ratings for the nine schizotypal personality disorder symptoms on the SCID-II were summed to yield a total schizotypal personality disorder symptom score. Separate positive and negative symptom scores were also derived.
As expected, a number of the participants had taken a psychotropic medication, usually prescribed by a pediatrician in response to parental concerns about the child’s behavior. Of these, 14 had taken medication within the past month: in the schizotypal personality disorder group, five had taken methylphenidate, and two had taken antidepressants; in the other personality disorders group, three had taken methylphenidate, and two had taken antidepressants; in the normal comparison group, two had taken methylphenidate. The rate of stimulant medication in the total study group, 15%, is about double the rate (7%) for this age range in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The prescription of stimulant medication to a subgroup of the schizotypal personality disorder subjects is consistent with research showing substantial attentional problems in both schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia (2, 4).
Evaluations were scheduled to begin at noon. Parents and children were informed that it was necessary for the subjects to avoid the consumption of medications and caffeinated products beginning the day before the evaluation. After complete description of the study to the subjects, written informed consent was obtained from the parents and from the children. The subjects then completed the SCID-II questionnaire and the Beck inventory. Examiners provided assistance when needed. After completion of the questionnaires, the clinical interviews were conducted; then the measures described below were administered.
Morphology of six body regions was examined with the use of the Waldrop and Halverson scale (18). The following anomalies were scored: head—fine electric hair, hair whorls, large or small head circumference (measured by positioning a tape measure over the points on the forehead and occiput that gave the maximal circumference); eyes—epicanthal fold, hypertelorism; mouth—high-steepled or flat and narrow palate, furrowed tongue, tongue with smooth/rough spots; ears—asymmetrical ears, low-seated ears, adherent earlobes, malformed ears, soft and pliable ears; hand—markedly or slightly curved fifth finger, single transverse palmar crease; feet—third toe longer than or equal to the second, webbed toes, large gap between first and second toes. Each anomaly was scored as present or absent, and a point was assigned for each one scored as present.
Minor physical anomalies were assessed blind to the subject’s psychiatric history and current symptoms. The examiners were two research assistants who underwent systematic training in the administration of the Waldrop and Halverson scale. Training included observation of videotaped examinations, as well as practice evaluations with normal subjects and psychiatric patients. Thirteen subjects received multiple independent assessments of minor physical anomalies. Reliability was determined by means of Cohen’s kappa for pairs of examiners, including the two research assistants and the first author. An overall kappa of 0.68 was obtained.
We used the modified Waldrop and Halverson (18) scoring criteria described by Green et al. (19, 20). Published norms, adjusted for age and sex, were used in scoring head circumference (42) and canthal distance (43) as being one or two standard deviations beyond the mean. Item scores were summed to yield a total score.
Handprints were obtained with the use of a colorless ink method (24). Fingertips were rolled on ink-sensitive paper to produce a clear print.
Three assistants were trained to use the scoring procedures described by Holt (25). An image enhancer was used to enlarge each print, and the number of dermal ridges was determined for each fingertip by counting ridges touching a straight line between the triradii and the center of the pattern. For fingertips with more than one triradius, the largest count was used. All prints were scored blind to the subject’s diagnostic status. Each fingerprint was scored independently by two research assistants. One of the investigators (D.D.W.) reviewed the counts, and when discrepancies occurred, the print was rescored.
Corresponding digits from the right and left hands were compared for asymmetry. The absolute difference between the numbers of ridges on each pair of digits on the right and left hands was computed, and then these were added together for a total asymmetry score.
For one subject in the schizotypal personality disorder group and one in the other personality disorders group, minor physical anomaly and dermatoglyphic data were not obtained.
Saliva Collection and Cortisol Assay
Plasma, urinary, and salivary cortisol measures are highly intercorrelated, and salivary cortisol appears to be as sensitive a measure of stress reactivity as urinary and plasma cortisol (44, 45). Further, because saliva sampling is less invasive, it is most appropriate for repeated assessments (46).
In total, saliva was collected in specimen tubes four times during the assessment, beginning at about 12:30 p.m. and at hourly intervals thereafter. Samples were stored at –20°C. Data on cortisol were unavailable for one subject in the other personality disorders group and one normal comparison subject.
In preparation for assay, samples were rapidly thawed and centrifuged at 300 g for 10 minutes to remove coagulated protein and other insoluble material. Cortisol was assayed in duplicate 200-µl aliquots of the clear supernatant with the use of materials and procedures provided by Incstar Corp. (Stillwater, Minn.). Assays were performed in tubes coated with an antiserum that shows cross-reactivity only with prednisone (83%), 11-deoxycortisol (6.4%), cortisone (3.6%), and corticosterone (2.3%). Standards in the range of 1–30 ng/ml consisted of the serum standards provided with the kit materials diluted with 200 µl of phosphate-buffered saline. Protein concentrations were equalized in standards and samples by adding cortisol-free serum to the samples. For this laboratory, the mean coefficients of variation between duplicates and between assays are typically less than 5%. Compared with the serum standards, the mean recovery of cortisol from saliva has been indistinguishable from 100%.
Nonparametric procedures (Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Mann-Whitney U tests) were used for testing hypothesized group differences in minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries. Differences in cortisol levels between diagnostic groups were tested by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age as the covariate. The same analyses were conducted with the inclusion of the other cluster A personality disorders, paranoid and schizoid, in the schizotypal personality disorder group rather than in the other personality disorders group. This was done to determine whether this more broadly defined group yielded similar results. Correlation coefficients were computed to test interrelations among measures, with a one-tailed alpha level of 0.05.
Before analysis, the minor physical anomalies, fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries, and cortisol data were examined for possible outliers. Outliers were identified as being more than 1.5 box lengths from the 75th percentile, where the box length represents the values of 50% of the cases. For the minor physical anomalies, there was one outlier in the normal comparison group. There were three outliers in the normal comparison group for the fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries variable, but no outliers for the cortisol measures. Analyses were conducted excluding outliers for the respective variables. (The analyses yielded the same general pattern of findings when outliers were included.)
Minor physical anomalies.
T1 presents the group means and standard deviations for minor physical anomalies; there was a significant difference among the groups (Kruskal-Wallis χ2=5.45, df=2, p<0.05). The subjects with schizotypal personality disorder had significantly higher minor physical anomalies scores when compared with the normal subjects (U=144.5, z=2.26, p<0.02), but in the comparison with the other personality disorders group, the difference did not reach significance (U=133, z=1.43, p=0.07). The other personality disorders group and the normal comparison group were not significantly different. Although there is no standard cutoff for total number of minor physical anomalies, it is noteworthy that 37% (N=7) of the schizotypal personality disorder group, 11% (N=2) of the other personality disorders group, and 4% (N=1) of the normal comparison group exceeded a score of 3. (A similar but attenuated pattern of differences was obtained when the cluster A group was compared with the other personality disorders group and the normal comparison group.)
Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries.
The means and standard deviations for fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries by diagnostic group are also presented in T1; there was a significant overall difference among the groups (Kruskal-Wallis χ2=2.76, df=2, p<0.05). The schizotypal personality disorder group showed higher scores than the normal comparison group (U=147, z=1.59, p<0.05) but not the other personality disorders group (U=144.5, z=0.54, p=0.58). The subjects with other personality disorders and the normal comparison subjects did not differ. (As with minor physical anomalies, comparison of the cluster A group with the other groups yielded a similar but attenuated pattern of findings.)
For the entire study group, the correlation (Pearson r) between minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries was modest but significant (r=0.23, df=62, p<0.05).
For each subject, the average of the four cortisol assays was derived. F1 presents the mean values, across groups, by age. F1 includes data from three subjects who underwent the assessment but were not assigned to a diagnostic group because they were under 12 years of age (two were 10 years old, and one was 11) and may not have comprehended the questionnaires. These subjects are included in F1 to broaden the age range. Also, the 16- to 18-year range is collapsed because there were relatively few subjects at each of these ages (three at 16 years, six at 17 years, and four at 18 years).
Across groups, there was a positive relation between cortisol and age (r=0.48, df=62, p<0.001). When coefficients were computed separately for the groups, the same relationship was observed for the other personality disorders group (r=0.61, df=17, p<0.01) and the normal comparison group (r=0.45, df=23, p<0.05) but not the schizotypal personality disorder group (r=0.14, df=18, p=0.27).
ANCOVA, controlling for age, revealed a significant difference among the groups in mean cortisol level (F=4.19, df=2, 62, p<0.02). The schizotypal personality disorder group had a higher overall mean cortisol concentration than the normal comparison group (F=3.90, df=1, 43, p<0.05) and the other personality disorders group (F=5.00, df=1, 37, p<0.02). For the total study group, mean cortisol level was modestly correlated with total schizotypal personality disorder symptoms (r=0.26, df=62, p=0.01) and negative symptoms (r=0.23, df=62, p=0.03) but not positive symptoms (r=0.15, df=62, p=0.10).
The means for the four cortisol samples are presented separately in F2. All groups showed a decrease in cortisol across time. This reflects the afternoon portion of the diurnal decline. Although the decrease was significant across groups, it appeared more pronounced for the schizotypal personality disorder group.
Group comparisons of the individual cortisol samples, controlled for age, revealed that the schizotypal personality disorder group had a higher time 1 cortisol level than the other personality disorders group (F=3.39, df=1, 37, p=0.04) and the normal comparison group (F=4.79, df=1, 43, p<0.02). Although the schizotypal personality disorder group exceeded the other groups at times 3 and 4, these differences were not significant when age was controlled.
Given that exposure to novelty can heighten cortisol levels (47, 48), the finding of greater group differences in time 1 cortisol concentrations suggests that subjects with schizotypal personality disorder are more responsive to the initial novelty of the assessment. When superimposed on the diurnal change, this results in a greater decline in cortisol values for the schizotypal personality disorder group. We indexed the magnitude of the linear change from the initial level by calculating the slope of the line relating time (time 1 to time 4) to cortisol values for each subject. The mean slope was 0.095 (SD=0.026) for the schizotypal personality disorder group, 0.078 (SD=0.030) for the other personality disorders group, and 0.080 (SD=0.032) for the normal comparison group. A nonparametric test revealed an overall group difference in the slopes (Kruskal-Wallis χ2=5.49, df=2, p<0.05). The subjects with schizotypal personality disorder had a significantly greater linear decline in cortisol release than the normal comparison group (U=157.5, z=2.27, p=0.02), but the difference only approached significance in the comparison with the other personality disorders group (U=131.5, z=1.64, p<0.05). There were no other significant group differences in cortisol slope.
In the entire study group, there was a positive correlation between fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries and cortisol slope (r=0.23, df=58, p<0.05), but the relation between fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries and mean cortisol level only approached significance (r=0.20, df=58, p=0.06). Minor physical anomalies were not correlated with mean cortisol level or cortisol slope.
These results provide further support for an etiologic link between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. The findings indicate that, like schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder is associated with an increase in minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries. Assuming that these abnormalities have prenatal origins, a disruption in fetal neurodevelopment may be involved in both disorders.
It also appears, however, that minor physical anomalies and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries are not specific to schizotypal personality disorder, since there was no significant difference between the schizotypal personality disorder group and the other personality disorders group on these variables. This is consistent with previous reports linking dysmorphic features with a range of mental disorders (17, 18).
Consistent with prediction, we also found that the subjects with schizotypal personality disorder manifested higher mean cortisol values than both of the other groups. It is noteworthy that the difference between groups was most pronounced when the first sample was obtained. This could reflect group differences in diurnal profile; however, it is also plausible that the schizotypal personality disorder group showed hyperresponsivity to the novelty of the context or procedures (48).
Our study also replicates the previously reported correlation of salivary cortisol level with age through adolescence (35). It is of interest that a recent longitudinal investigation of serum cortisol in 28 adolescents found no developmental change (49). These discrepancies may be due to differences in subjects’ responses to blood versus saliva sampling or may reflect differential subject attrition based on sampling procedure (50, 51).
If the pubertal period is associated with an enhancement of HPA activity, this suggests a role for the HPA axis as a neuromodulator of the expression of preexisting vulnerabilities during adolescence. When computed separately by group, the correlations between age and cortisol level were significant only for the other personality disorders group and the normal comparison group. This may indicate that the pubertal increase in HPA activity began earlier in the schizotypal personality disorder group. Because these speculations are based on cross-sectional data, confirmation is needed from prospective research.
Studies of nonhuman primates have shown that maternal exposure to stress during pregnancy results in heightened cortisol release, hippocampal abnormalities, and an increase in fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries and other dermatoglyphic abnormalities in offspring (see Walker and Diforio for a review). Research has also linked schizophrenia to prenatal exposure of the mother to stress (52, 53). The present study showed a modest correlation between fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries and cortisol slope. Presuming that the latter is an index of the HPA response to novelty, this may reflect the influence of prenatal neurodevelopment on both cortisol response and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries.
It is of interest that negative, but not positive, symptom ratings were correlated with cortisol level. Although this might be taken as further support for the notion that different neural processes underlie the two symptom dimensions, such a conclusion would be premature, because this study excluded subjects whose symptoms would meet criteria for an axis I disorder and, by definition, restricted the range of symptoms.
A remaining issue is whether minor physical anomalies, fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetries, and cortisol level are predictive of clinical course in individuals at risk for schizophrenia. As noted, recent studies indicate that dermatoglyphic abnormalities are linked with greater sensitivity to stress and that heightened cortisol values are associated with poorer 6-month outcome in clinic-referred children (37). Follow-up of the present study group will allow us to determine whether there is an interactive effect of morphologic abnormalities and response to stress on clinical course.
The chief limitation of this study concerns the absence of outcome data. It is anticipated that some subjects in the schizotypal personality disorder group will continue to manifest the syndrome, some will improve, and some will develop axis I disorders, including schizophrenia. Follow-up of our study group will shed light on this issue. In addition, we cannot generalize the findings to adults with schizotypal personality disorder; it is possible that they are specific to early-onset schizotypal personality disorder.
Received March 20, 1998; revision received Sept. 13, 1998; accepted Sept. 29, 1998. From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University. Address reprint requests to Dr. Walker, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; firstname.lastname@example.org (e-mail). Supported in part by NIMH Research Scientist Development Award MH-00876 to Dr. Walker.
FIGURE 1. Mean Cortisol Levels, Averaged Across Four Saliva Samples, for All Study Subjects by Age Group
FIGURE 2. Mean Cortisol Levels by Sampling Time and Diagnostic Group | <urn:uuid:faa20ee6-ec3c-4a8a-9518-dcc3ba13610b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=173374 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702957608/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111557-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947632 | 5,908 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Modern society is called information society, computer society, network society, and cryptocurrency anonymity is increasingly being studied in combination with technical means, namely network communication, as well as Internet communication.
How to find reliable cryptocurrency anonymity?
In the conditions of the modern world, reliable Internet anonymity may be needed by almost any person. However, the necessary and sufficient level of security for different categories of users will be different: for example, one person needs to hide from detection, and another needs an “anonymizer” just to access blocked websites. Accordingly, choosing a method of ensuring anonymity cryptocurrency begins with a clear understanding of why this anonymity is needed.
Anonymity is a key feature of many cryptocurrencies and is highly valued by many users. It allows people to transact freely without fear of identification, tracking, or control. This is especially important in cases where individuals want to transact without the risk that their financial activities will be noticed by third parties.
The importance of Bitcoin blenders in cryptocurrency
Bitcoin blenders are resources used to break the link between a sending address and a receiving address for bitcoins. Any cryptocurrency is not difficult to determine who owns it. In addition to the fact that most exchanges and other platforms now require proof of identity, every Bitcoin transaction is recorded on the blockchain. Therefore, when you purchase bitcoins and send them to other addresses and wallets, these operations are visible to everyone and absolutely transparent.
What does the bitcoin blender affect?
- The higher the service commission you use, the higher the network commission the mixer will send you the result with.
- All commission values are dynamic, except for the minimum – it is fixed.
- Higher fees increase anonymity in and of themselves, as they are less common and less obvious to analysis based on comparison of transaction amounts. | <urn:uuid:2bc548d5-12c1-4750-8bb4-f6df6761a0b2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://bestvalue-crypto.com/behind-the-scenes-how-do-bitcoin-blenders-work.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.944487 | 361 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Jacques Huber passed away one hundred years ago in Belém do Pará, where he had lived since 1895 and had become Director of the Goeldi Museum in 1907. At the age of 46, the world-famous botanist had succumbed to appendicitis.
|Jacques Huber, "the great friend of trees" (Magazine "Árvore", Belém, 1914).|
The same news were spread by other local newspapers such as the “Correio de Belém”, “A Província do Pará” and “Estado do Pará”, and were reproduced around the world, from Rio de Janeiro to New York, and then to London, Paris, Geneva, Basle, Berlin – and eventually reaching “The Straits Times”, in Singapore, which reported on April 11: “Dr. Jacques Huber: death of South American Rubber Pioneer.”
|Portrait published in the "Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen", Gotha (Germany), 1914.|
Locally and internationally, the disappearance of Huber was mourned because he had been at the height of his scientific production and political action. In the four years before his death, Huber had attended the Rubber Congress in Manaus (1910), the International Exhibition in Turin (1911), the Second International Rubber Exhibition in London (1911), the Third International Rubber Exhibition in New York (1912), and participated in the Akers Expedition to the Far East (1911-1912). To the government of Pará he presented two detailed reports on the need for the economic reorganization of the Amazon. He also left evidence that he was preparing a major work on taxonomy, biogeography and productivity of Amazonian rubber trees. Several months before his death, he complained in letters that he felt exhausted, but that his political activity was necessary to preserve his own scientific work. | <urn:uuid:bc49cdcf-fd82-4a0b-b92d-6bd78437879b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://jacqueshuberproject.blogspot.ch/2014/02/february-18-1914-date-to-remember.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936833.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419091546-20180419111546-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.96711 | 411 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This page describes the authoring and use of style guides created to ensure consistency across a product or web site. The style guide may cover anything from branding, usage of colors, and page layout, to development practices and standards.
Also referred to as Design Systems.
Definition from STC
A user interface style guide can serve as:
- A tool for ensuring consistency across a product set
- A way to get groups to work together
- The repository for design guidelines and standards
- A training aid for new members of the product team
The creation of a style guide can serve as a focal activity for an integrated design team involving documentation, development, usability, graphic design, marketing, and other groups. … The second purpose of a style guide is to describe the guidelines and standards for software or hardware products and (sometimes) the methods for ensuring consistency across products.
Source: Guidance on Style Guides. STC.
Style Guide Authoring
Example Style Guides
- Brand Style Guides. This is a page mainted by Saijo George featuring design manuals for inspiration.
- BBC Global Experience Language
- BBC Futuremedia Guidelines
- AARP Style Guide Screenshots
- A List Apart: Style Guide
- Comcast Style Guide
- Indiana University Web Style Guide
- NYPL Style Guide
- Penn Web Style Guide
- SAP User Interface Guidelines
- Yale Web Style Guide | <urn:uuid:4485b57f-8093-4674-83f7-520af06a304d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://konigi.com/uiref/user-interface-style-guides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.834844 | 283 | 2.59375 | 3 |
National Soldier's Home Togus, Near Augusta, Maine. Birds Eye View Looking North 1878
Beck & Pauli
J. J. Stoner
29 x 54 cm
Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education
Additional Institutional Copies
Maine Historic Preservation Commission
Description of City/Town
A National Home for disabled volunteer soldiers is located at Togus, near Augusta. The number of soldiers and sailors aided by the institution during 1878 was 1,351...disabled during the war of rebellion, 1,340; Mexican war, 2; war of 1812; 9; one colored man….568 were native-born, and 783 foreign-born….The boot and shoe manufactory has been carried on, employing 55 of the men, with a total product of $12,819.20 and net profit of $4,255.21….There are 4,326 volumes in the library, 22 daily newspapers, 115 weeklies, and other periodicals and publications. Protestant and Catholic religious services are held weekly, and temperance organizations sustained. The total amount paid for expenses of the Home during the year was $103,647.12; average cost of keeping each man—with clothing, $134.25; without, $119.37. Many of the men have brought their families there, and live in cottages near the Home, receiving their ration in kind and carrying it home.
Appleton’s Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1879, D. Appleton and Company, 1885.
Lower-resolution downloads available on this site are free to use for educational purposes and personal research. If you require a hi-res version of an image from the Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education collections for publication, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org with your request.
Courtesy of the Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education, University of Southern Maine.
Augusta, Togus, Kennebec County, Maine, Bird's eye, View, Map | <urn:uuid:bf413675-1525-4bcb-8849-652c726d4aa2> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/oml-maine-birds-eye-view-maps/58/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.919905 | 433 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Reinstating the death penalty would violate Philippine’s international legal obligations, in particular, the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the country has ratified.
The reasons behind the reinstatement of the death penalty are ill founded and purely a political one. Numerous studies and analysis have concluded that death penalty does not deter crime. Indeed, there has been no existing reliable evidence to prove otherwise.
ADPAN also wishes to highlight that the UN Office on Drugs and Crime has consistently called for the abolishment of death penalty on drug related offences, citing that such irreversible and oppressive laws are not an effective prevention and solution and it is not supported by international drug conventions.
It is also to be noted that on 11th January 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand Mr Wisanu Krea-ngarm had said that Thailand would eventually do away with death penalty by trying to amend the law to find alternative to the capital punishment, taking into consideration the global trend on abolition.
The Malaysian government has also announced its intention to abolish the mandatory death penalty on drug offences while a comprehensive study is now underway that may also see the total abolition of the death penalty.
Philippine, if successfully revive the death penalty, would not only move backward in its human rights standards and obligations, and would also not be in line with the progress made by its neighboring countries towards the eventual abolition of death penalty.
ADPAN states its disappointment that this Bill to reinstate the death penalty is being rushed on 16 January 2017 when the House of Representative resumes, and urges all members of the House of Representative and Senate to consider it carefully and reject it, respecting and upholding the right to life.
Ngeow Chow Ying
For and on behalf of the ADPAN Executive Committee
15 January 2017
The Anti-Death Penalty Asia Network (ADPAN) is an independent cross-regional network committed to working for an end to the death penalty across the Asia Pacific region. ADPAN is made up of NGOs, organizations, civil society groups, lawyers and individual members, not linked to any political party, religion or government and campaigns against the death penalty. It currently has members in 28 countries: Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Denmark, France, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Vietnam, UK, USA.
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:28051ed5-bf81-44c1-ac2c-404113910d82> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://deathpenaltythailand.blogspot.com/2017/01/protest-to-philippine-parliament-on.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.956525 | 529 | 2.625 | 3 |
No, it’s not just grandpa who has to deal with arthritis.
It is a common misconception that only “old” people are afflicted with the debilitating disease.
Nearly 300,000 children in America have been diagnosed with juvenile arthritis.
These children suffer from various autoimmune forms of arthritis. Their bodies’ immune system is attacking their joints, causing swelling, stiffness and permanent damage.
This condition is extremely serious, and if left untreated, it can result in loss of mobility, blindness, and even death.
To top it off, there is also a link between arthritis and hearing loss, especially with medications used in treatment.
It all comes down to early diagnoses and treatment to help kids avoid nerve damage down the road.
These children deserve our support!
Tell at least one other person that July is Juvenile Arthritis Awareness Month. You can make a difference in these kids’ lives by making a donation towards juvenile arthritis research or by sharing your support on social media using the hashtag #CureArthritis. | <urn:uuid:b6e5f92b-0efa-48b8-b67b-9fc26e9cf18e> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://pacifichearingservice.com/yes-kids-can-get-arthritis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999291.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620230326-20190621012326-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.937559 | 213 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music. The term can also refer to a group of musicians who regularly play this repertoire together; for a number of well-known piano trios, see below.
Works titled "Piano Trio" tend to be in the same overall shape as a sonata. Initially this was in the three movement form, though some of Haydn's have two movements. With the early 19th century, particularly Beethoven, this genre was felt to be more appropriate to cast in the four movement form. Piano trios that are set in the Sonata tradition share the general concerns of such works for their era, and often are reflective directly of symphonic practice with individual movements laid out according to the composer's understanding of the sonata form.
In the Classical period, home music making made the piano trio a very popular genre for arrangements of other works. For example Beethoven transcribed his first two symphonies for piano trio. Thus a large number of works exist for the arrangement of piano, violin and violoncello which are not generally titled or numbered as piano trios, but which are nonetheless part of the overall genre. These include single movements as well as sets of variations such as Beethoven's Variations on ‘Ich bin der Schneider Kakadu’ Op. 121a and Variations in E flat major Op. 44.
After the classical era, works for piano and two instruments continue to be written which are not presented as in the sonata tradition, or are arrangements of other works. Many of these individual works are popular on concert programs, for example Suk's Elegie.
For individual articles treating works for piano trio, see Category:Compositions for piano trio.
The role of the three instruments
The piano trios of the Classical era, notably those of Haydn, are dominated by the piano part. The violin only plays the melody a certain amount of the time, and is often doubled by the piano when it does. The cello part is very much subordinated, usually just doubling the bass line in the piano. It is thought that this practice was quite intentional on Haydn's part and was related to the sonority of the instruments of Haydn's day: the piano was fairly weak and "tinkling" in tone, and benefited from the tonal strengthening of other instruments. Mozart's earlier trios are also rather dominated by the piano part.
With time, a new ideal of piano trio composition arose, in which each of the three instruments was supposed to contribute equally to the music. This is seen, for instance, in Beethoven's trios, and was likely in part the result of the increase in the power and sonority of the piano that took place during Beethoven's career, making it more feasible for the piano to play independently in an ensemble. The new idea of equality was never implemented completely; the extent to which it is realized varies from one composition to the next, as well as among movements within a single composition. Certainly by the mid nineteenth century, all three instruments had been modified to have a very powerful sound, and each can hold its own in a modern ensemble.
The earlier trios are now frequently performed and recorded using authentic instruments, of the kind for which they were originally written. Such performances restore the sonic balance the composer would have expected, and have proven popular.
Playing piano trios
Piano trios, or works for piano trio, are considered chamber music. Since they involve three musicians who, in most works, contribute more or less equally to the music, the process of collaboration is frequently mentioned as being as important as other parts of musical preparation. The pianist must complement, rather than overwhelm, the other players, and the string players must understand when they have a melodic or harmonic role to play.
Among the piano trios, works by Haydn and Mozart are considered the best starting point for pianists new to chamber music.
Example piano trios, extant and defunct
Among the best known of such groups are or have been:
Famous works for piano trio
- Anton Arensky's Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor
- Ludwig van Beethoven's trios, especially Piano Trio No. 7 in B-flat major "Archduke", Op. 97
- Johannes Brahms's Piano Trio No. 1 in B major, Op. 8 and No. 2 in C major, Op. 87
- Ernest Chausson's Piano Trio in G minor, Op. 3
- Frédéric Chopin's Piano Trio in G minor, Op. 8
- Antonín Dvořák's Piano Trio No. 4 in E minor "Dumky", Op. 90
- Felix Mendelssohn's two piano trios
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's piano trios, particularly K502, K542 and K548
- Sergei Rachmaninoff's Elegiac Trios No. 1 in G minor and No. 2 in D minor
- Maurice Ravel's Trio for Piano, Violin and Cello
- Camille Saint-Saëns's Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor
- Franz Schubert's Piano Trio No. 2 (Schubert)
- Robert Schumann's Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor
- Dmitri Shostakovich's Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor
- Bedřich Smetana's Trio for Piano, Violin and Cello
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Trio, Op. 50
- ^ Wheelock (1999 115)
- ^ See Rosen 1997, 353
- Parakilas, James (1999) Piano roles : three hundred years of life with the piano. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Rosen, Charles (1997) The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. New York: Norton. Chapter VI.2 covers the trios in detail.
- Wheelock, Gretchen (1999) "The classical repertory revisited: instruments, players, and styles," in Parakilas (1999), pp. 109-131. | <urn:uuid:9c2b1281-4ffc-4699-bd99-203b058b2693> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://classiccat.net/genres/pianotrio.info.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998238.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616122738-20190616144738-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.960437 | 1,338 | 3.25 | 3 |
The “trog” was a wooden vessel hewn from solid timber in the shape of the round coracle boat that the Anglo Saxons used for their daily business. Because of the way these “trogs” were made they were very heavy. They were used by Sussex farmers to measure grain and liquids and were made in several sizes for different measures. They continued in use in this form until the mid-1600’s and we have been able to uncover an inventory from a farm in Newhaven, East Sussex at about that time where there were recorded “a dozen of trogs in the milking parlour”.
Thomas Smith re-invented the “trog” carefully designing a lightweight basket using Sweet Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) and Cricket Bat Willow (Salix Coerulea). He moved his lounge and kitchen to the first floor of his home, Hormes House at Windmill Hill, Herstmonceux, and converted the ground floor to his workshops. Hormes House can still be seen on the main road through the village – sporting the Royal Warrant Crest on its eastern face.
The Romans introduced Sweet Chestnut (also known as Spanish Chestnut) into Southern England from Spain and the climate in Sussex and Kent was ideal for its rapid growth. Thomas selected the Chestnut to make his handles and rims as it splits easily and, being a hardwood, is resistant to rot. He selected true straight poles of Chestnut (known as Cooper Poles or Trug Bats) and cleaved (split) these in half down their length using a Cleaving Axe. The axe is placed on the top of the pole and hit with a wooden mallet to start the split and is then worked through the wood by placing the pole in a “brake” and working the axe by hand to finish the split. The Chestnut is then cleaved down again to more manageable pieces before being hand shaved on one side by a craftsman sitting astride a Shaving Horse and using a Draw Knife to produce a smooth comfortable handle and rim. These handle and rim pieces are steamed to make them supple before being bent round formers to produce the finished handles and rims which are then nailed together to produce the frame.
For the boards of his Trug Thomas selected Cricket Bat Willow (Salix Coerulea) which, because Herstmonceux is right on the edge of the Pevensey Marshes, was in plentiful supply on this rich growing ground. He split the Willow using wedges and sledgehammers before sawing them into slats by hand in a sawing pit, and then hand shaving these slats to form the boards of his Trug. These boards were light in weight and perfectly complimented the strong Chestnut frame. They were fixed using solid copper tacks and the legs were finally added, using copper clout nails. The larger Trugs were not given feet but had two straps fixed from the handles underneath the boards to give extra strength. The No.8 Trug (also known as a Half Bushel Trug) still has those straps today.
When Thomas made his Trugs there was a ready market for them on farms and in gardens throughout England. However, it was not until, in 1851, he attended The Great Exhibition held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, that he made his true mark on the World. It was there, on the first day, that Queen Victoria visited his stand and was so impressed by his product that she ordered some personally as gifts for members of the Royal Family. Well, with that sort of patronage Thomas was bound to win!!! Legend has it that when he returned to his workshops in Herstmonceux, mindful of the debt which he owed to Queen Victoria for his new found patronage, he made the Trugs entirely by himself. He then walked the 60 miles to Buckingham Palace in London, with his brother, pushing a handcart to deliver his prized Trugs in pristine condition. He obviously sold more to the Queen because he was awarded the Royal Warrant, hence the term Royal Sussex Trug. Thomas was also awarded a Gold Medal and Certificate of Merit at the show and we still have the Certificate on display in our Trug Shop today.
In 1855, he attended the Exposition Universelle Industrie beaux-arts in Paris, France, where he was awarded a Silver Medal and Certificate of Merit signed by Napoleon Bonaparte III (this was a descendant of the Napoleon). To our knowledge this was the first time that Trugs were exported outside of the United Kingdom and this shows the true entrepreneurial flair that Smith possessed. In the following years Smith had more successes in exhibitions notably The International Forestry Exhibition in Edinburgh 1884 and in London The International Exhibition in 1885.
Over the years the Smith family continued to run their business in Herstmonceux. They faced competition from many other copycat companies which sprang up in Kent and Sussex and even as far west as Somerset. After the First World War Smith’s moved from their original base in Hormes House to a redundant Army Barracks further west in the village, but still on the main road, and it is here that we made Thomas’s famous product until 2003 . The wood and corrugated iron building meant as a temporary home for the British Army gave visitors a step back in History rarely experienced elsewhere.
After the Second World War things altered and traditional farms underwent a massive change with mechanisation. Hence Trugs were no longed needed to collect eggs, sow grain or pick up vegetables because this was now done by machine. The Trug Makers were undeterred by these changes and adapted their marketing tactics to push for more sales in the garden industry.
In the 1950’s two brothers Laurence & Dudley Hide were running a business in the market town of Hailsham (about 4 miles away from Herstmonceux). They were making and selling top quality cedar greenhouses, summerhouses and sheds and, in their trade catalogue, they included locally produced Trugs. Because they could not buy enough Trugs to satisfy their customers, they decided to make their own version from plywood. It took them a year to develop the new Trug using weatherproof Israeli and Far Eastern plywoods that they softened using boiling water in order to bend the ply around the formers. From these ply woods they made the handles, rims and the boards and a new tradition was born!
Time marched on, Trug Makers decreased in number and the Trug Industry retreated to its original home in Herstmonceux. This is the way things stayed for many years with two Trug Makers in Herstmonceux and one in the nearby village of East Hoathley. But things were about to change again!
Peter Tuppen wanted to change direction in his life and, with his wife Angela, decided to make Trugs. They enlisted the help of Peter’s brother Robin, and between them they formed South Down Trugs & Crafts to make a new generation of ply Trugs which they called the South Down Range. This time they carefully selected the best plywood in the World – Finnish Birch, using 4mm ply for the handles and rims and 1.5mm ply for the boards. They started their business in Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex (about 10 miles from Herstmonceux) upon winning a competition for a free factory for 18 months, fighting off stiff competition from high-tech projects. Here they commenced business in April 1983 and found almost instant fame by attending the Garden & Leisure Exhibition in Birmingham, England in the September where they were spotted by Peter Seabrook the famous television gardening presenter. Peter Seabrook featured the brothers’ new Trugs on his gardening programme and, like Thomas Smith, the Tuppen brothers had that leap to fame! They also found Royal patronage from the Royal Estate at Windsor Castle and continue to supply the Estate to this day!
To make their Trugs the brothers cut the 4mm ply into 1″ (24mm) strips and then placed them in boiling water in order to soften them sufficiently to bend round formers to make the handles and rims of the Trugs. The strips are laminated in three layers, using solid brass pins, to make strong handles and rims. These were then allowed to dry before being sanded and then placed in a box to be screwed together and have the boards and feet fixed to them using again solid brass screws for the feet and solid copper tacks to secure the boards to the end of the rim. (Note: Did you notice that we use the term “legs” for the traditional Trugs but “feet” for the ply Trugs as nothing was changed when the two companies merged). After assembly the Trugs were allowed to dry and were then checked for nails, levelled and hand sanded before being sent out to customers. Many were, and still are, hand painted using good quality, weather resistant stains.
Our Trugs are almost completely HAND-MADE in the traditional ways.
All woods used in the making of our Trugs are from sustainable resources. The Chestnut comes mainly from local woodlands. All of it is coppiced and coppicing is an ancient form of woodland management that respects both flora and fauna in our beautiful countryside and allows for more new trees to grow than were coppiced. The Willow is the by-product of cricket bat manufacture. Our suppliers select Willow for us that is unsuitable for making cricket bats and, more importantly, they have a formal replanting programme. The plywood we use for making our South Down Range comes from Finland and the legging wood from Sweden. The law in both of these countries requires felled timber to be replaced by twice the amount of trees that were felled.
The last Smith family member to own the company was Eddie Smith who, together with his wife Winnie ran it until they retired. Although, sadly, Eddie is no longer with us Winnie is a frequent visitor to our workshops. Since then the company has undergone several changes of owner and was purchased by Robin & Peter Tuppen, Anna Piper and Frank Odell in 1989. Robin and his wife Sue now run the business, supplying Trugs all over the World. They export somewhere in the region of 40% of their Trug production every year.
In the autumn of 1997 Robin Tuppen demonstrated Trug making at the Courson Gardening Show in France where he was awarded the ‘Ruban d’Argent’ (Silver Ribbon) for his Trugs. Then, with a full demonstration of Trug Making and a large display of Trugs, in the spring of 1998 and 1999 he was awarded the ‘Ruban d’Or’ (Gold Ribbon).
In their efforts to make Thomas Smith’s famous and useful Trug available to all, Robin and Sue have now gone on-line with this Web site, once again showing that Trug Makers have the entrepreneurial expertise to keep up with modern marketing methods. Of course, being a traditional company, Thomas Smith’s Trug Shop still welcomes personal callers who can walk around our workshops and chat to the Craftsmen as they make our famous products. There is no charge for doing this but we hope that visitors will buy a Trug of course and help us to keep this traditional and quintessential English gardening product alive and kicking for another 200 years or more!
There are imitations of our product of course but we consider that copying is a form of flattery! Naturally there is only one original and authentic Trug and that is ours – made only at Thomas Smith’s Trug Shop right in the centre of Herstmonceux – the Royal Sussex Trug.
Thomas Smith’s – the Heart of Herstmonceux!
LOOK FOR THE STAMP OF AUTHENTICITY ON THE BOTTOM OF ALL OUR TRUGS!!!!!! | <urn:uuid:5f9d6c43-d3b7-4601-8d09-ebe437963776> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.sussextrugs.com/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00102-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977705 | 2,518 | 3.625 | 4 |
Moose in northern New England are dying off in startling numbers. In New Hampshire, 70 percent of moose calves died in 2014 and 2015, according to Kristine Rines, wildlife biologist and Moose Project leader at the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.
The decline is associated with a trend toward shorter winters, with later starts and earlier thaws. Scientists think the weather is helping deadly parasites flourish and spread, with different parasitic species thriving in different areas.
In New Hampshire south of the White Mountains, a large deer population is prospering, in part because of the shorter winters, Rines says. Many of these deer carry brain worm, a microscopic parasite that doesn’t bother them. The brain worm travels through deer droppings to a secondary host, the land snail, which it also does not harm.
When a moose eats an infected snail, however, the brain worm larvae travel to the moose’s spinal cord and brain, causing abnormal behavior. The moose may die from malnutrition or paralysis.
In northern New Hampshire and Maine, winter ticks seem to be more of a problem for moose, Rines says. The ticks thrive with shorter winters due to their life cycle. Tens of thousands can latch on to a single moose in autumn—as many as 30 ticks per square inch. They engorge themselves on their host’s blood all winter and fall off in spring. If they land on snow, they’re likely to die, but if they land on the ground, they lay eggs and repeat the cycle.
More dense moose populations, such as those in parts of New Hampshire and Maine, lead to greater transmission of parasites from moose to moose. Winter ticks may also be more deadly if they occur alongside a third parasite that can kill moose, the microscopic lungworm.
Moose that are irritated by winter ticks will rub off their fur, exposing a pale stubble of broken hair shafts next to the skin, earning them the name “ghost moose.” These animals can lose all of their insulating hair, which can lead to hypothermia. If exposure doesn’t kill them, they may die of anemia.
The tormented moose leave a trail in the woods. “If you’re a winter hiker, you might see blood spattered where moose have walked through,” Rines says.
The ghost moose are visible in late winter and early spring, when they have lost the most fur. Those that survive will molt in spring and replace their tick-ravaged winter coats with new black coats by midsummer.
Scientists in New Hampshire and Maine are working together to collar moose and study their causes of death. In the meantime, the states are adjusting hunting seasons to protect the moose population. In New Hampshire, permits to hunt moose have been reduced to 105 per year (down from a high of 675 in 2007) and may be scaled back even more if the population declines further, Rines says. “We’re trying to see if there’s a moose density where tick impacts will be reduced.”
To fully protect the iconic animal, she says people must address climate change. “If our winters continue to stay short or shorten, I don’t know what the future holds for moose.” | <urn:uuid:df8bc12a-5334-452a-b4c5-5c8a50081c51> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.outdoors.org/articles/amc-outdoors/an-ailing-icon-the-moose-populations-decline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824775.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021114851-20171021134851-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.940943 | 694 | 3.59375 | 4 |
They went with songs to the battle, they were young,
Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow.
They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted,
They fell with their faces to the foe.
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old;
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning,
We will remember them.
(Laurence Binyon, For the Fallen, 1914)
Today we remember the fighters. They are you and they are me. They are the Anzacs who fought with great courage, resolve and commitment.
On 25th April 1915, 16,000 troops surged ashore at the foot of rugged cliffs on the Turkish peninsula, intending to give allied forces shipping access to the Black Sea, bring help to Russia, and ultimately capture Istanbul. An eight-month-long campaign ensued.
From a population of less than five million people, 61,513 Australians were killed in the First World War, and 152,000 more were wounded (http://www.awm.gov.au). That represented over 1%, or 1 in 100 people, wiped out. What a valiant group of men and women who fought for freedom and, without doubt or hesitation, for the nobility of their cause.
Giving thanks for their sacrifice, we honour our Anzacs and those who have given of themselves in war and peace keeping efforts. Not only do we remember them, but we endeavour to live our lives in a manner worthy of their sacrifice.
As I think of my readers, I know that many of you are fighting your own battles, battles not unlike the Anzac soldier. It may not be a battle you have created, yet it is a battle you must dig deep to keep fighting for a better tomorrow.
Today, be inspired by the courage, resolve, and commitment that those Anzac soldiers embodied. The Anzac spirit teaches us to resist apathy and care about life and living. It teaches us commitment to the freedom we seek.
The Anzacs were relentless to make this world a better place. Faith, bravery, and love do not only look for the best, they make things better.
What is your battle? Are you fighting for your marriage, children, health, finances, job? Are you fighting anger, depression, anxiety, or loneliness?
Your battle is worth the fighting. Your fight makes a difference. You are not alone.
Not even the Anzacs went it alone. The Anzacs relied on each other for life and death, it was a powerful mateship in the face of tough times. We need each other, we need mates who have each others’ backs.
Greater still, the beauty of a relationship with God is that He promises to be “a very present help in time of trouble” (Psalm 46:1). Maybe today your first act of courage is to go to God as your helper. I can’t imagine battling my current health challenge without His very present help.
God is the one who goes with you and will not leave you. Even though you walk through a dark valley, fear no evil, He is with you. God is for you, not against you. You can trust God. He is your defense and your salvation. God will strengthen you, help you, and uphold you by His right hand. God will not fail you. | <urn:uuid:61eddcf2-0e25-4372-add5-9fc6de6a626d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://fridayswithphil.com/2014/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.970356 | 716 | 2.609375 | 3 |
the pressure exerted by the weight of the air above
device used to for measuring air pressure
the amount of pressure change occurring over a given distance
describes how Earth's rotation affects moving objects
fast moving rivers of air that travel between 120 and 240 kilometers per hour in a west-to-east direction
centers of low pressure
centers of high pressure
two belts of winds that blow almost constantly from easterly directions
make up the dominant west-to-east motion of the atmosphere that characterizes the regions on the poleward side of the subtropical highs
winds that blow from the polar high toward the subpolar low
the stormy belt produced by the interaction of warm and cool air masses
seasonal changes in wind direction
wind that consistently blows more often from one direction than any other
instrument used to measure wind speed
episodes of ocean warming that affect the eastern tropical Pacific
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School Lesson Plan now available
“The School Lesson Plan – Emus” is a new online resource for teachers. This informative overview of emus and the products they provide starts with a review of the Ratite family that includes ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi. This slide show guides the viewer through the many unique qualities of the emu. After the comparison of the members of the Ratite family, the slides move on to the emu skeleton, hatching emu chicks and the many products produced from this amazing creature. This totally usable bird provides nutritious lean meat; moisturizing emu oil; quilled emu leather; durable non-static feathers and edible eggs with dark green eggshells that are sought after by crafters for painting, decorating and carving.
CDs of the School Lesson Plan – Emus (cost $15.00 + $5 shipping) can be ordered from
Emu Today & Tomorrow
11950 W. Highland Ave.
Blackwell, Oklahoma 74631
The CD contains the WORD script and the presentation in both PowerPoint and pdf. format. We have attached a reduced resolution pdf file so you can review the presentation first (click here). The CD will have greater clarity. You will need Adobe Reader to open it. Download Adobe Reader
Founded in 1989, The American Emu Association is a non-profit trade association representing breeders, producers and marketers of emu meat, oil and other emu co-products. The emu industry is an alternative agricultural industry, dominated by the small farmer, who is devoted to humane and environmentally positive practices that will produce beneficial products for society. For more information about the American Emu Association (AEA) or the emu industry visit https://aea-emu.org or call 541-332-0675. | <urn:uuid:45c2d1ce-f118-4795-b990-c7162cabf3e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://aea-emu.org/school-lesson-plan-now-available/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.895539 | 384 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Reflections on Pluralism
by Donald P. Goodman
Pluralism, the dominant mode of social organization1 in the modern West, dictates that all social groups religions, ethnicities, languages are necessarily equal, or at least of indeterminable value, and therefore ought to be equally tolerated and even fostered by the state. It is founded in the denial of the Church's claim to universal and unique veracity, and as such must be considered as antithetical to the Catholic faith. However, most Catholics today accept pluralism as a given, or even support it as a positive good. Often this support is predicated upon the mistaken notion that any denial of pluralism requires forced conversions and public burnings a notion which even a brief perusal of Catholic teaching will rapidly dispel. Pluralism, however, is not an antidote to pseudo-Gothic fits of violent prosyletism, but an effective remedy for any public presence of religion in the state at all, and any serious analysis of the theory will reveal that it cannot be reconciled with Catholic social or even dogmatic teaching.
That most language and ethnic groups deserve to be tolerated and fostered would not be challenged by any authentically Catholic thinker. Each culture has its own unique ways of embodying the Incarnation and glorifying its Creator in addition to those which the Church, in her wisdom, prescribes for all men and all places. The modern tendency to recognize the richness inherent in many variant cultures should be welcomed by traditional Catholics as an effective antidote against the centralizing nationalism of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Unless taken to extremes,2 Catholics find no difficulty in acknowledging this aspect of pluralism, which perhaps accounts for their guardlessness concerning the other, more problematic, prong of the theory.
Pluralism's difficulty (and contradiction of Catholic teaching) comes when it insists on the uniform equality of all religions, in common with cultures and ethnicities. This claim necessarily conflicts with the Church's claim to unique truth, that she and she alone possesses and passes on the whole truth given to man by his Creator. In a state which contains a multiplicity of religions, the pluralist argument goes, a single religion cannot be acknowledged as true for fear of alienating those of other religions and thus fomenting civil discord. Instead, all religions should be acknowledged as equal, and the matter of religion should be completely avoided by the state.3 This statement of pluralism's tenets clearly reveals its roots in another position which has been condemned by the Church. Indifferentism, the idea that all religions are equally capable of saving man (in other words, that God is indifferent to the way in which He is worshipped and, indeed, to whether or not the truth about Him is believed), bears a striking similarity to pluralist doctrine.
Pluralism is simply indifferentism extended to the public square. The two are morally equivalent; indeed, they are simply two sides of the same coin. Just as indifferentism claims that religion is an indifferent matter for the soul of the individual, pluralism claims that religion is an indifferent matter for the proper constitution of the state. The two work hand-in-hand, and often invoke one another's precepts to defend themselves. The standard pluralist argument, for example, runs that the state should recognize no one religion because doing so will alienate the believers of the other religionsand who is the state to say that those other religions will not bring their followers to salvation just as well as ours will us? Their principles are so intertwined that one cannot help but affirm that pluralism and indifferentism are simply two aspects of the same idea, one which is fundamentally antithetical to the Church's claims of sole salvific power.
Pluralism also shares with indifferentism the tendency to destroy all real religion within their spheres. As the popes have declared, indifferentism results in the abandonment of all substantive religion4; after all, if the particular religion by which one worships God is irrelevant, then will not God be just as well pleased by an individual worship which is minimal to the point of non-existence? Indifferentism thereby leads its followers into a religion which requires neither morals nor worship, a religion devoid of any substantive content. Pluralism extends this tendency of indifferentism into the public sphere. The state, immediately or gradually, reaches the point where the only religious tenets it supports or even acknowledges are completely banal, or at least deprived of all significant content.5
Thus, pluralism falls under the same condemnations as indifferentism,6 in addition to the many which have been levied against it in its own right.7 The Church has always reacted very strongly to these theories, which presume to sever the state from its true philosophical, and therefore necessarily religious, underpinnings. That is because indifferentism and pluralism necessarily involve yet another heresy, a sort of liberal quietism, by which faith is a personal and private matter which must never enter into one's public dealings.
Though pluralism, because it is simply a public manifestation of indifferentism, necessarily promotes a lack of any substantial religion in those living under its regime, there will always be those who resist this tide and maintain a faith which contains actual tenets requiring real, active fulfilment. Whenever such fulfilment, however, requires the conversion of others, it is violating the sacred doctrine of pluralism and indifferentism that all religions are equal, at least as far as salvation is concerned, because it presumes that the beliefs of the converted were less worthy of salvation than those of the converter. Such substantive faiths must be kept out of the public square as much as possible, even if the government of the pluralist state still insists on permitting the free exercise of all religions within its borders. Thus great social pressure arises encouraging the subsumation of such active faiths into simple, internal affairs, the active elements completed removed. Even arguing on behalf of a position from the standpoint of religious faith is considered bad form and insulting to the beliefs of others.8 Thus arises the great compartmentalization of life which effectively banishes religion not only from any official role in the state, but also from any unofficial role which it might play through the beliefs of individuals who participate in the pluralist society. Irreligion has been enshrined as the official state "church," and the protestations of those few who continue to insist on an active, public faith are of no avail in the sea of pluralistic practical atheism.
Faith, however, must be lived out in action, as Our Lord Himself9 and St. James10 have told us. This means that faith must be lived out both by individual Catholics, by Catholic families, and by the state.11 Just as indifferentism paralyzes Catholic action in the individual sphere, pluralism paralyzes it in the public. While nearly all modern states have laws which either mandate pluralism explicitly or have been interpreted to so mandate, Catholics cannot succumb to the doctrines of a theory so antithetical to authentic Christian teaching. Laws must, of course, be obeyed12; however, love of country as well as loyalty to the apostolic faith require Catholics to pray and work for the removal of the evil effects of pluralism and indifferentism in their respective states. Catholics must shun pluralism just as they would any other heresy as harmful to the soul and contrary to the social teachings of the Church.
NOTES:1 It can only analogously be referred to as "organization," since by its nature it is a lack of organization among these different groups.
2 The extreme, to which modernity regularly takes this otherwise reasonable proposition, is insisting that all cultures are necessarily of entirely equal value, regardless of the objective evils which that culture encourages or even requires. Catholic teaching, on the other hand, would argue that some cultures must necessarily be purified of these fundamentally immoral elements. Excellent examples are ancient Carthaginian society, which regularly performed mass infant sacrifices; Canaanite society, which performed human sacrifices to Ba'al; and Aztec society, which sacrificed enormous numbers of people to their dark gods. Generally, however, conversion to the one true religion will rectify these faults, as is demonstrated by Spanish Mexico having become one of the most Catholic countries on God's earth.
3 Some, particularly Christians who for one reason or another feel bound to supporting the modern state, insist that religion should be avoided by the state except in those matters which all religions in the state hold in common. By this they justify, for example, the display of the Ten Commandments in American public buildings. While this attempt to restore religious sensitivity to the state is commendable, it ultimately falls under the same condemnation as that theory which would deprive the state of all religion. It permits only a weak, emaciated form of religion to guide the state, which can only lead to a weak, emaciated state, at least morally speaking. Witness the current moral state of America if any doubts concerning the teaching of the Church remain.
4 See, e.g., Pius XI, Mortalium Animos no. 2 (arguing that those who fall into indifferentism "in distorting the the idea of true religion . . . reject it, and little by little, turn aside to naturalism and atheism").
5 Excellent examples are those religious trappings which one still finds occasionally in American public institutions, such as the displays of the Ten Commandments in the chambers of the Supreme Court or the "In God We Trust" stamped on all our currency. While certainly acknowledging some supernatural truth, these religious accoutrements in no way affect the practices of the American government, as the Supreme Court itself makes particularly clear.
6 See, e.g., Pius XI, Mortalium Animos no. 2 (declaring that the idea "which considers all religions to be more or less good and praiseworthy . . . and by which we are led to God" is a "false opinion") and no. 9 (referring to indifferentists as "unhappily infected with these errors"). See also Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors nos. 16-17, 79.
7 See, e.g., Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors nos. 55, 77-79.
8 Readily available examples are the religious arguments which Christians often present against abortion. These points, generally legitimate, are considered "hurtful" by non-Christians, who are immune to their rational poignancy because of their absolute faith in the indifferentist gospel.
9 St. Matthew 7:21.
10 St. James 2:26.
11 See, e.g., Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors nos. 39-80 (all of which in some way contradict the idea that the state is not bound to promote and defend the one true religion).
12 See Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors no. 63 (that it is immoral "to refuse obedience to legitimate princes"). | <urn:uuid:d21a0f3e-071c-462d-a623-6841b0cf9434> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a050511.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737994631.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221954-00203-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955534 | 2,239 | 2.984375 | 3 |
"You cannot teach a man anything,
you can only help him find it within him."
The true definition of learning lies within the words of the great Galileo, children are to be assisted in finding the knowledge within them with guidance and nurture, it should not be a process of blindly teaching the children to learn for the sake of assessments. We, in Edenbridge strive to not only teach but to guide and nurture our future generations into cherishing and practicing the knowledge that they have learnt in daily life. Let it be a simple way of doing trivial tasks or a complex methodology of solving intricate problems, Edenbridge helps students to assimilate the knowledge that they have learnt into daily life.
Our primary aim is to provide the younger generation with not only a pathway to a holistic learning but also nurture them to a better path. This half a decade old learning institution has been in the forefront on helping students acclimatized with the different facet of English, To achieve this, Edenbridge has substantiated an array of programmes which is designed to help students to grasp the language in a much exciting way.
The programmes in Edenbridge include:
1) IGCSE Homeschool Programme (Junior Secondary)
2) IGCSE Homeschool Programme (Senior Secondary)
3) Cambridge English as First Language | <urn:uuid:9620e067-7f62-46b1-b59f-38fcfbf9c7d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.myaone.my/center/edenbridge-learning-centre | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818205919-20190818231919-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.951868 | 264 | 2.625 | 3 |
Rationale: Ambient air pollution, including black carbon, entails a serious public health risk because of its carcinogenic potential and as climate pollutant. To date, an internal exposure marker to black carbon particles having cleared from the circulation into the urine does not exist. We developed and validated a novel method to measure black carbon particles in a label-free way in urine. Methods: We detected urinary carbon load in 289 children (aged 9-12 years) using white-light generation under femtosecond pulsed laser illumination. Children’s residential black carbon concentrations were estimated based on a high-resolution spatial temporal interpolation method. Measurements and Main Results: We were able to detect urinary black carbon in all children, with an overall average (SD) of 98.2 x 105 (29.8 x 105) particles/mL . The urinary black carbon load was positively associated with medium-term up to chronic (one month or more) residential black carbon exposure, i.e. +5.33 x 105 particles/mL higher carbon load (95% CI: 1.56 x 105 to 9.10 x 105particles/mL) for an interquartile range (IQR) increment in annual residential black carbon exposure. Consistently, children who lived closer to a major road (≤ 160 m) had higher urinary black carbon load (6.93 x 105 particles/mL; 95% CI: 0.77 x 105 to 13.1 x 105 )). Conclusions: Urinary black carbon mirrors the accumulation of medium-term up to chronic exposure to combustion-related air pollution. This specific biomarker reflects internal systemic black carbon particles, cleared from the circulation into the urine, providing its utility to unravel the complexity of particulate-related health effects. | <urn:uuid:26ef4807-d66c-4c5a-a874-c5de481f0040> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://roeffaers-lab.org/news/tags/ajrccm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.903842 | 362 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Social media has transformed the way we communicate and interact with each other, but it has also had a significant impact on piracy and anti-piracy efforts. Social media platforms have made it easier than ever for users to share and access pirated content, leading to a rise in copyright infringement cases.
On the other hand, social media has also become a powerful tool for anti-piracy efforts. Organizations can use social media to educate users about the dangers of piracy and the importance of respecting copyright laws. They can also use social media to identify and track down copyright infringers, especially those who use social media platforms to promote their illegal activities.
One of the ways social media has contributed to piracy is through the use of hashtags. Hashtags are used to categorize content and make it easier to search for specific topics on social media platforms. However, this feature has also been used to promote and share pirated content. For example, a user can easily find and share a movie or TV show by using a specific hashtag associated with that content.
Social media platforms & DRM have also become a breeding ground for pirated live streaming events. Many users use social media platforms to stream live events such as sports games, concerts, and award shows without proper licensing. This not only deprives the rightful owners of their revenue but also puts the users themselves at risk of legal action.
On the other hand, social media can also be a powerful tool for anti-piracy efforts. Organizations can use social media to promote legal sources of content and educate users about the risks and consequences of piracy. They can also use social media to identify and track down copyright infringers, especially those who use social media platforms to promote their illegal activities.
In recent years, social media platforms have also started to take a more active role in preventing piracy. Many platforms have implemented automatic content recognition technologies that can detect and remove copyrighted content from their platforms. Social media platforms have also implemented policies that prohibit users from sharing pirated content and have increased their efforts to monitor and remove infringing content.
In conclusion, social media has had a significant impact on piracy and anti-piracy efforts. While it has made it easier for users to access and share pirated content, it has also provided a platform for anti-piracy organizations to educate users and identify copyright infringers. As social media continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how it will continue to shape the landscape of piracy and anti-piracy efforts.
One of the most obvious impacts of piracy on the entertainment industry is the loss of revenue. When people pirate content, they are not paying for it, which means that the creators and distributors of that content are losing potential revenue. This loss can be significant, with some estimates suggesting that the entertainment industry loses billions of dollars each year due to piracy.
When revenue is lost due to piracy, it can lead to job losses within the entertainment industry. This can include everyone from musicians to actors to production staff. If a movie or album does not generate enough revenue due to piracy, it may not be financially viable to continue making similar content, which can lead to layoffs and unemployment.
Piracy can also have an impact on the quality of content that is produced. When revenue is lost due to piracy, it can be more difficult for creators and distributors to invest in high-quality production and marketing. This can lead to lower-quality content being produced, which can ultimately lead to fewer people being interested in consuming that content Piracy has had a significant impact on the entertainment industry, affecting everything from music to movies to video games. In this article.
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Integrated assessment of climate change
Understanding of the relationships between human activities, potential changes to the Earth’s climate, and the resulting ecological and economic impacts and other effects on human welfare from these changes requires an interdisciplinary perspective involving the physical, biological, social and political sciences. Policy makers, responsible both for identifying possible national response strategies to concerns about climate change and for negotiating international conventions and protocols, can benefit from tools, which enable them to examine these relationships and to evaluate alternative approaches for dealing with policy related questions about future climate change. Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) provides an integrated view of human interaction with the physical world.
Faculty and students in the department are developing models, which integrate human user into a climate modeling system. These models are contributing to our understanding of biogeochemical and biophysical processes and interactions with human systems, such as land use changes, as well as climate change impacts due to the evolution of atmospheric GHG concentrations and proposed emission control policies. These models are also being used to examines: the relationships between climate variability and change to human and natural environments from the human perspective; development and applications of methods for testing and evaluating climate and climate impact predictions and their uncertainty characterization; critical issues linking relevant Earth system processes over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Due to the quality, reliability and significance of these model results, they have been used in international assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These assessments are relied upon by the U.S. and other nations to develop mitigation policies related to climate and to stratospheric ozone.
Want to learn more? See these faculty websites: | <urn:uuid:80fd9f79-4f6a-47b2-8645-288cd791f361> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.atmos.illinois.edu/cms/One.aspx?portalId=127458&pageId=210350 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00007-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927192 | 340 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Woodland Birds, Pacific Northwest
The junco has several regional variations all very distinct looking. All juncos share the same general features including a dark to black hood, white outer tail feathers which flash as they fly, a white belly, dark eyes, and pink legs and beaks. They are also approximately 13 to 15 cm in length and weigh around 18 to 30 g. Juncos of different sexes are similar but females are generally pale and browner in comparison to the males.
Juncos usually place their nests on depressions found in the ground hidden by a bush, or are placed against a lower branch of a tree, or on tufts of grassy vegetation. The nests are cup shaped and are made of grass, twig, bark, and other plant materials, and are lined with fine grass and animal hair. The nests usually have an outer diameter of about 10 cm. The female junco lays up to 5 eggs that are grey or pale bluish white in color. The eggs usually have blotches that come in various shades of brown, purple, and gray. Juncos raise 1 to 2 broods each breeding season.
Juncos pair at the beginning of breeding season. They stay faithful to their selected partner and defend their mutual territory together till the end of the breeding season.
Juncos forage on the ground for their food. Their diet consists mostly of insects, seeds, and weeds. Since juncos like to eat seeds they are easily attracted to bird feeders especially those with cracked corn and sunflower seeds.
Juncos are also called snowbirds because they suddenly appear during winter in areas where winter feeding stations can be found. In fact juncos are the most common birds to be found in bird feeders during winter in the entire North America. On Vancouver Island, our winter bird feeders are usually full of juncos. I look forward to seeing the juncos return to our feeders in late September and stay all winter. Sometimes I can have them in the hundreds at my feeders and watching them literally covering the snow is awesome. They keep my yard active and busy. | <urn:uuid:42ad4ef6-a651-490e-9862-9b2b30ab21bd> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://gohiking.ca/animals/birds/woodland-birds/junco/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532929.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421215917-20190422001917-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.970567 | 426 | 2.765625 | 3 |
May 15, 2014 the news from USA Today, "Peaches could fight breast cancer, experts believe" and March 29, 2014 "Peaches, skin and all, show promise in breast cancer fight, research finds" from The Spokeman-Review presents the finding of Giulana Noratto, Weston Porter, David Byrne, Luis Cisneros-Zevallos that was published in 2009 in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, "Identifying Peach and Plum Polyphenols with Chemopreventive Potential against Estrogen-Independent Breast Cancer Cells"
It is recommended that three fresh peaches or plums be eaten daily. The variety of Peaches used in the lab study that destroyed aggressive breast cancer cells are "Rich Lady" and "Black Splendor" plums. And remember to also eat berries, broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, carrots, tomatoes, blueberries, apples, sweet potatoes, beans, spinach, nuts, and turkey.
Other good articles to investigate on cancer fighting foods can be found here at Science Natural News. | <urn:uuid:9698251d-6c24-465b-bfb4-bf522e72ac2a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.kimdeering.com/blog/the-redder-the-better | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.835187 | 215 | 2.8125 | 3 |
|Range of the Basking shark (in blue)|
The Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is a huge filter-feeding shark, which can grow up to the length of 40 feet (12 metres). It is the second largest shark in the world (after the Whale shark). The Basking shark is also called the Sunfish, the Bone shark, the Elephant shark, the Sailfish shark, and the Big mouth shark.
Description[change | change source]
The Basking shark is one of the most recognizable species of all sharks. Its large size and extended gill slits which nearly encircle the head and caudal fin together, helps distinguish it from all other species. It has a snout which is in the shape of a cone, and it has many large gill rakers made for filter feeding. Its enormous mouth extends past the small eyes and contains many small, hooked teeth. The Basking shark has a very large liver that makes up to 25% of its body weight. The liver is high in squalene, a low-density hydrocarbon that helps the shark float and not sink. The dorsal surface of the Basking shark is mainly a greyish-brown colour, but can range from dark grey to almost black. The underside is usually the same colour, but is often paler and more whiter. The Basking shark has many hundreds of tiny teeth. Those teeth which are in the center of the jaws are low and triangular while those on the sides are more cone-shaped and slightly recurved. There is mainly a wide space on the center of the upper jaw which only has scattered teeth. The Basking shark is the second largest shark in the world, only to be behind the Whale shark. The Basking shark can reach lengths of up to 40 feet (12 metres), but the average adult length is 22–29 feet (6.6-8.7 m). The size at birth is believed to be between 5–6 feet (1.5-1.8 metres). The Basking shark is an extremely slow-growing species and may grow to 16–20 feet (4.8–6 metres) before becoming mature.
Habitat[change | change source]
The Basking shark is a coastal-pelagic species, found throughout the world's arctic and temperate waters. In the western Atlantic, it ranges from Newfoundland to Florida, and southern Brazil to Argentina. In the eastern Atlantic it ranges from Iceland and Norway to Senegal, including the parts of the Mediterranean. In the western Pacific, it is found off Japan, China and the Koreas as well as western and southern Australia and the coastlines of New Zealand. In the eastern Pacific, it is found from the Gulf of Alaska to the Gulf of California and from Ecuador to Chile.
Behaviour[change | change source]
Basking sharks are usually found travelling in pairs or groups of up to 100 or more, but are sometimes seen travelling alone. It is not fully understood why they have such a different behaviour to other shark species, as they seem to travel alone and in groups. They are highly migrational, and in the winter months they will be harder to find as they go to the deeper parts of the water to find food. When they are seen swimming in circles, it is believed that this is to get the attention of females for mating. They may spend hours performing this, just in order to get noticed. They are usually very patient when it comes to attracting a mate.
Feeding[change | change source]
Along with the Whale shark and the Megamouth shark, the Basking shark is one of three species of large, filter-feeding sharks. However, the Basking shark is the only one that relies on the flow of water through its pharynx by swimming. The Basking shark is usually seen swimming with its mouth wide open, taking in a continuous flow of water. Food is strained from the water by gill rakers in the gill slits. The Basking shark's gill rakers can strain up to 2000 tons of water per hour. These sharks feed along areas that contain high densities of large zooplankton (i.e., small crustaceans, invertebrate larvae, and fish eggs and larvae). There is a theory that the Basking shark feeds on the surface when plankton is common, then sheds its gill rakers and hibernates in deeper water during winter. Also, it has been suggested that the Basking shark turns to benthic (near bottom) feeding when it loses its gill rakers. It is not known how often it sheds these gill rakers or how quickly they are replaced.
Reproduction[change | change source]
Basking sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that the young embryos develop in a yolk sac inside of the female, but they aren’t attached to a placental connection. It is believed that the females can delay gestation so that they may remain pregnant from 1 to 3 years. Mating occurs in the early summer and the females often move to very shallow water when ready for the young to be born. She may have up to 6 pups that are up to 6 feet long. The age of maturity is from 6 to 13 years. Basking sharks start mating when they are around 15 to 20 feet long.
Migration[change | change source]
Basking sharks are highly migratory. Off the Atlantic coast of North America, it appears in the southern part of its range (North Carolina to New York) in the spring, shifts northward (New England and Canada) in the summer, and disappears in autumn and winter. Off the southwest coast of the United Kingdom, in the northeast Atlantic, the Basking shark feeds at the surface of coastal waters during the summer. These sharks are absent from November to March, suggesting a migration beyond the continental shelf during the winter months. This is explained by the high amount of zooplankton (the main food of the Basking shark) that exists in these waters during late spring and early summer. During migration, Basking sharks form groups depending on size and gender.
Parasites[change | change source]
Many people have witnessed individual Basking sharks leaping from the water. This behaviour is not fully understood, but some believe that the shark may be trying to get rid of parasites or commensals such as remoras and sea lampreys, which are often seen attached to the skin of the Basking shark. The lamprey cannot cut through the denticle-armored skin, but they may be enough of an irritant to cause a reaction like jumping or rubbing against an object to get rid of them. The cookiecutter shark has also been known to attack Basking sharks by using its suction cup-like lips and muscular pharynx to drill off pieces of flesh on the outside of the shark.
Conservation[change | change source]
The Basking shark has been hunted for its large liver, which has been sold in Japan, and has been burned and used in lamps by fishermen in the U.K, whilst the oil has been used in the manufacture of cosmetics. Due to the long amount of time it takes to mature, and the slow reproductive rate, the Basking shark is vulnerable to over-fishing, and targeted populations are very slow to recover from targeted fisheries. Today the biggest threat comes from the demand for the fins for shark fin soup, and from accidental by-catches in the fishing industries. Although it is difficult to tell exactly, there has been a report that the population of Basking sharks has decreased by 80% since 1950.
References[change | change source]
|Wikispecies has information on: Cetorhinus maximus.|
- "FLMNH Ichthyology Department:Basking shark". flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- "Basking Shark-Animal Information and Facts". bioexpedition.com. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- "Basking shark videos,photos and facts-Cetorhinus maximus-ARKive". arkive.org. Retrieved 5 July 2013. | <urn:uuid:343f009a-295a-486f-ae70-a9f43f74ceee> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517745.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418161426-20190418183426-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.951545 | 1,696 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Mayo Clinic Diet is the official diet developed by Mayo Clinic, based on research and clinical experience. It focuses on eating healthy foods that taste great and increasing physical activity. It emphasizes that the best way to keep weight off for good is to change your lifestyle and adopt new health habits. This diet can be tailored to your own individual needs and health history — it isn't a one-size-fits-all approach.
Everyone is different. How quickly you burn calories when you are not physically active can be very different from other people based on your specific genes, biology, and past. While scientists know that there are 3,500 calories in one pound, simply eating 500 fewer calories every day for a week (or 3,500 fewer calories in a week) does not always end in losing exactly one pound.
"Protein is great for fat loss. It helps build and preserve lean muscle tissue and can increase the amount of calories you burn. It’s also a great source of energy that helps you feel fuller for longer, so you’re less tempted to snack. Good sources include chicken breast, tuna, eggs, milk and chickpeas. And if you’re finding it difficult to avoid snacks that are high in carbohydrates, try substituting them for protein shakes or bars. Remember also to opt for the lean sources of protein because some sources can be high in saturated fat."
Obviously, it’s still possible to lose weight on any diet – just eat fewer calories than you burn, right? The problem with this simplistic advice is that it ignores the elephant in the room: Hunger. Most people don’t like to “just eat less”, i.e. being hungry forever. That’s dieting for masochists. Sooner or later, a normal person will give up and eat, hence the prevalence of “yo-yo dieting”.
Practicing mindful eating can be really helpful if you’re an emotional eater. Check in with yourself to see if you’re actually hungry or just avoiding that assignment that’s hanging over your head. If you’re going to eat, sit down and give your food your full attention. No eating out of the bag, either. If you’re going to snack on some chips, but them in a bowl so you can see how much you’re eating. That might help curb your cravings.
Basically, the effect of exercise on our weight is vastly overrated. That’s why it’s only number 15 on this list. There are other things you need to take care of first. It’s not a good idea to eat bad food, drink sugar water (so-called “sports drinks”) or be on medications which force you to exercise for hours daily just to compensate. Metaphorically that’s like digging a hole, into which you put your ladder, on which you stand and paint the basement-level windows of your house.
If HIIT workouts and strength training aren’t part of your exercise routine, it’s time to add them in. Instead of just running or walking on the treadmill do bursts of high intensity running or sprinting followed by a cool down. For example, you can sprint full force for 30 seconds, slow down and walk for two minutes, then rev it up and sprint again for 30 seconds. Continue this routine for 10 to 20 minutes. If your gym offers Tabata workouts, check those out, too.
If you follow food trends, you might think you have to fall in love with cauliflower and kale to reap all the rewards that veggies offer, but that isn’t the case. Be it broccoli, sweet potatoes, carrots, red peppers, cabbage, spinach, or any other vegetable, the idea is to eat a variety of them and find plenty of ways to enjoy their goodness. So if you just can’t stomach steamed Brussels sprouts, try them roasted, or give sautéed Brussels sprouts a try. If raw zucchini isn’t your thing, see if you like it spiralized into noodles or grilled on a grill pan.
The Mayo Clinic Diet provides practical and realistic ideas for including more physical activity and exercise throughout your day — as well as finding a plan that works for you. The diet recommends getting at least 30 minutes of exercise every day and even more exercise for further health benefits and weight loss. The diet also emphasizes moving more throughout the day, such as taking the stairs instead of an elevator. | <urn:uuid:f27c5d3f-9477-4a59-a4cf-88c74c396f5c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://waytolosebellyfat.com/bestdiet/the-best-diet-pills-to-lose-weight-fast-uk-what-is-the-best-diet-for-type-1-diabetics-to-lose-weight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998600.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618003227-20190618025227-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.946648 | 940 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Remnants from a vessel with sewn planking has been discovered just outside the Grand Hotel in Stockholm, not far from where the Vasa was found. The find is unique and samples has been sent to Copenhagen for dating.
An excavator was working the expansion of Strömkajen below the Grand Hotel when the operator realized that he had some artiefacts in the bucket. Marine archaeologists from the Maritime Museum which were called in were thrilled to discover that it was something so unusual as part of a ship with sewn planking.
This discovery is extremely interesting in view of the discovery site. Here at Blasieholmen, until well into the 1600s, were long navy shipyard and it was actually here that the Vasa was built,
Hans-Lennart Ohlsson, President of the Maritime Museum.
Hans-Lennart Ohlsson is grateful the construction workers immediately contacted the Maritime Museum . The archaeologists went to Blasieholmen without any particular expectations.
"But we soon realised that this find was something out of the ordinary. Stockholm below the surface tend to throw something exciting at you when you least expect it, "said Jim Hansen, senior marine archaeologist on site.
Dating will be performed at the National Museum in Copenhagen with a method called dendrochronology a technique which compares growth rings in the timber with known references to see what year the timber was felled.. The results are expected by the ned of the years but archaeologists are confident that the wreck predates the year 1700.
Held together by wicker
The technique where the hull is held together by wicker has its origin in the eastern part of the Baltic. In Sweden, the technique was used to sew the boats in prehistoric times. In Russia and the Baltics had a tradition of building bigger sewn ship from the 1500s onwards.
Where did it come from?
Jens Lindström, marine archaeologist, can already see a possible scenario on why the ship found at Blasieholmen:
During much of the 1600's Sweden dominated the Baltic Sea and vessels of the eastern type was included in the fleet which had its base here.
Scientists know very little about this ship design and there are very few recovered wreckage of this type and certainly not of the size and proportions that these remains shows. In the 1800's a few planks were recovered in Stockholm, from a similar but probably smaller wreck which dated from the end of the 1600s. However those is in worse condition than those found now even having marks after an axe.
In the following weeks, marine archaeologists will work alongside the construction workers hoping to make additional discoveries. | <urn:uuid:033e13b4-55dc-4437-9059-28617c694a0d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://xray-mag.com/content/sensational-wreck-found-center-stockholm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514578201.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923193125-20190923215125-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.981131 | 549 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Sea Turtles
There are seven recognised species of sea turtle surviving today:
- Green turtle
- Olive ridley
- Kemp's ridley
All but the Kemp’s ridley turtle are found in Australian waters.
The main species nesting on Sunshine Coast beaches are the Loggerhead turtle and, less frequently, the Green turtle
It is often lamented among ecologists and environmental scientists that it is only the 'charismatic megafauna' that people feel compelled to protect. Whales, fur seal pups and pandas, to name a few, are much more likely to be the subjects of passionate widely circulated petitions than say, a minute foundation species of phytoplankton that actually underpins an entire marine ecosystem.
While hopefully this imbalance will be addressed as ecological education improves, it is in the meantime fortunate for the sea turtles that they fit into the 'charismatic megafauna' category. Watching any species of sea turtle lumber up a beach and undertake the laborious task of digging a nest is almost guaranteed to activate that protective instinct in anyone. If he or she is also lucky enough to witness a nest emerging then you have probably converted that person to a lifetime of interest in the species.
Paradoxically, despite the esteem in which we hold them and the effort we put in to saving them, human activity is without doubt the reason that six of the seven species are currently listed as 'Endangered' under most international, national or state legislation.
Sea turtles represent ancestral reptiles that originally were adapted for life on the land and later, over 100 million years ago, returned to a life in the ocean. Over time a number of adaptations occurred to allow sea turtles to spend almost their entire lives at sea.
Sea turtles spend almost all their lives submerged in the ocean but must come to the surface to breathe. Their lungs are adapted for rapid exchange of oxygen, which reduces the amount of time they need to spend at the surface. The blood of sea turtles can deliver oxygen efficiently to body tissues even at the pressures encountered during diving. During routine activity green and loggerhead turtles dive for about 4 to 5 minutes and surface to breathe for 1 to 3 seconds. A female loggerhead tracked at sea made up to 500 dives in a 12 hours period.
The limbs of their terrestrial ancestors would have been entirely unsuitable for an aquatic existence so over time sea turtles have evolved with modified forelimbs to help them to help them move through the water. Rear flippers assist with propulsion, particularly by hatchlings and juveniles in the pelagic stage. The rear flippers are also are used by females to dig the egg chamber after she has excavated a nest area with her front flippers.
Like all other animals, sea turtles need freshwater to survive. The tendency of sea turtles to lose water to the surrounding ocean is decreased by their skin and shell being highly resistant to water diffusion and their ability to drink seawater. People have often commented that they have seen female turtles 'crying' as they were laying eggs. The 'tears' that they appeared to be seeing were actually salt secretions released from special glands which excrete the excess salt taken up when drinking seawater.
On this website we will endeavour to bring you information that will not only sustain your interest in what are indeed examples of charismatic megafauna, but also provide information and links to research that will ignite a passion to protect all species in the marine environment. | <urn:uuid:09a1b6e3-77b1-48f7-bd68-430fc5efca58> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://turtlecare.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/sea-turtles-australia.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00428-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954239 | 703 | 3.359375 | 3 |
It feels like almost every day there is another data breach making the headlines. From banking to chatting with friends, the average person spends more than 10 hours online every day. However, most of the sites or online resources we use daily—from Facebook to Gmail—are secured using a simple password.
Most security breaches happen because of some sort of human weakness. A password may be too easy to guess, as studies show that 10,000 of the most common passwords, such as 123456 or qwerty, can access 98 percent of all accounts.
Other points of failure originate from people leaving their browsers open on public computers, writing passwords down on paper or in a file on their computers or simply getting tricked into giving away their login data.
Although we know what safe passwords should be, we tend to ignore this knowledge in favor of using easy-to-remember passwords because the fear of forgetting is stronger than the fear of being hacked.
Data breaches making the headlines
Since the first usage of a password in 1961 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, authentication systems have come a long way. Today, modern computers use a form of hashing referred to as “salting.” However, because many passwords are overly simple and because many systems allow a user to guess multiple times, password-based systems remain vulnerable to hacking.
In 2011, hackers stole 77 mln Sony PlayStation Network passwords. In 2012, 400,000 Yahoo! email addresses were hacked. Apple's iCloud was also vulnerable to password hacks, which led to the infamous celebrity photo hacking of 2014. During the same year, five mln Gmail passwords were hacked and released online. These are only selected examples from the huge list of the world’s biggest data breaches, which are displayed in a visualization here.
Password managers can fail too
It is this context that boosted the popularity of password managers like LastPass or 1Password, which free users from ever having to remember their passwords. These managers can also generate strong random passwords for each online account.
However, the problem with using a Web-based third party to store passwords is that they can get hacked too, as it was the case for LastPass in 2015. The platform experienced a data breach that exposed users' email addresses, encrypted passwords and password reminder hints.
As we explained in a previous article, “LastPass certainly took many security precautions, and some of them worked. For example, LastPass never had access to customers' master passwords in cleartext. But they did store other information about users in cleartext, and it's this compromised information that can be used to guess weak master passwords.”
Obsolete usernames and passwords
The cryptocurrency world has been relatively quick on the uptake of passwordless Web logins. It began when Satoshi Labs offered users Trezor Connect, which allows to log in to participating websites simply by plugging in a hardware wallet.
The cryptocurrency community also showed great excitement recently at the world's first Secure Quick Reliable Login (SQRL) that utilizes QR codes and the public-key cryptography behind Bitcoin to achieve passwordless logins.
These two developments alone prove that usernames and passwords are far from necessary in achieving secure client-server relationships online.
Blockchain to the rescue
A larger problem is the centralized architecture of the database storing logins and passwords on a server. Which means, if it’s been hacked, all data can be accessed at once. Unfortunately, even Two Factor Authentication (2FA) has been proven to be penetrable through social engineering.
REMME is a startup seeking to make passwords obsolete, thus eliminating the human factor from the authentication process, and therefore preventing such attacks from ever happening. REMME claims that by solving the problem of central servers that can be hacked, malicious attacks such as phishing, server and password breach, and password reuse will become useless.
Instead of a password, REMME gives each device a specific SSL certificate. The certificate data is managed on the Blockchain, so a fake certificate will never work. By using this method, the startup got rid of the authentication server and password database. As a consequence, hackers have no potential central server target, which means no weak point. REMME claims “100 percent protection against common attacks.”
This will only require a quick installation, which according to the company, will allow “potential clients to save costs on integration.” The startup further provides 2FA for an additional security level, with apps users already have installed and trust, as well as corporate mobile applications.
The goal of this system is to build a distributed Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) management on top of the x.509 standard using Blockchain. This set of policies has the potential to help many segments address the problem of security failings, from which REMME is focusing on IoT, financial infrastructure, MedTech and Blockchain companies.
Can innovative processes like this take off? At the end of the day, it will all come down to how many data breaches consumers are willing to put up with. | <urn:uuid:95bd1c75-32ac-4c22-b03e-a11dd03b217f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cointelegraph.com/news/how-blockchain-can-make-passwords-obsolete | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.943527 | 1,034 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As temperatures plummet during the winter season, you might notice the air in your home becoming drier. This is because relative humidity in your indoor space can drop by up to 30% during the cold season. Plus, while you rely on your furnace to warm your house, it removes the already depleted moisture. That’s why you need a humidifier to increase moisture levels. Below are six reasons why a humidifier is essential during winter.
1. Prevent the Spread of Bacteria and Airborne Viruses
Increasing humidity levels in your living space to between 30 and 60% reduces the risk of infections caused by airborne viruses. The potential of virus-induced illnesses can increase by about 70% when the air is too dry. When there is a significant drop in humidity levels, airborne pathogens will stay in the air longer and travel further than in a humid environment. At the same time, breathing dry air negatively affects our bodies’ natural immune systems.
2. Prevent Dry Skin
Your skin is the first place you’ll likely notice the effects of dry conditions. Water content in the human body is about 50 – 60%. Cold and dry air may pull moisture from your skin, causing it to become dull, dry, itchy, and inflamed. You may also have chapped lips, more frequent nose bleeds, and bloodshot eyes. Increasing the moisture in your environment can help your skin stay supple.
3. Better Sleep
The cold and dry conditions during winter can also irritate your throat and nose. This results in sleep disruptions, or you could wake up with a dry and itchy throat. A humidifier helps to combat the dry conditions in your room, which keeps your nose and throat in good condition. For people who snore while sleeping, it’s almost impossible to prevent dryness. A humidifier increases indoor moisture levels, which reduces inflammation in the throat and nasal passage. This helps soothe irritated airways, which might prevent or reduce the frequency of snoring.
4. Protect Wood
Cold and dry air can damage wood and furnishings in your home. These dry conditions pull out moisture from wooden furniture, woodwork, hardwood floors, or musical instruments like violins and guitars. Furniture may start to crack, the legs on chairs may wobble, and wooden doors adjust in size, making them difficult to close or open. Wood needs humidity to remain at about 30% – 50% to be at its best. In fact, some wood manufacturers may require you to have a humidifier to validate their warranty.
5. Reduce Static
Static shock often increases in the cold months. You may experience a sharp static shock when you touch your skin, brush your hair, or touch a metal surface. These cases are particularly annoying in the winter because you’ll need to wear scarves and coats, which invite more shocks.
In addition to annoying shocks, static can damage sensitive electronic devices. Increasing the humidity levels can help keep static electricity build-up at bay.
6. Improve Comfort Levels
Humidity levels make a significant difference in your living space. Higher relative humidity levels in the air make your home feel warmer. This is because more water in the surrounding air results in slower sweat evaporation, which makes you feel warmer and makes your space more comfortable. It also helps you save on heating bills because you can lower your thermostat settings and retain the same comfort level.
Your Humidifier Installation Experts
Dry air during the cold months can negatively affect your health and those of your loved ones. It can also damage your home and other possessions, especially wood and furnishings. That’s why humidifiers are vital to keep your wood looking better, improve comfort, and prevent static.
We care about your comfort, so we work hard to ensure that we provide the best services every time. If you need to add a humidifier to your home, the professionals at Queen City Heating & Cooling can help with the selection and installation. From the moment you call our technicians to when we complete the job, we perform every task professionally. We are an A+ rated company with a BBB accreditation, so you can trust our team to deliver exceptional services.
Our services include air filtration, water heater repair and installation, smart thermostat installation, and AC and furnace repair, installation, and maintenance services in the Springfield, MO area. Get in touch with our experts at Queen City Heating & Cooling to book a service. | <urn:uuid:fcc5c0ed-ac72-45d0-bea9-10a077c8195d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://queencityhvac.com/6-benefits-of-a-humidifier-during-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.931088 | 921 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Cellular medicine is a new field of medicine that provides a new understanding about the nature of diseases and allow new preventive and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease, cancer and other common health problems.
The basic principles of Cellular Medicine are:
- Health and disease are determined at the level of billions of cells, which compose our body and its organs.
- The most frequent form of cellular malfunction – and, thus, a precondition for disease development – is a long term dietary deficiency of micronutrients.
- Micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, certain amino acids, plant ingredients and other natural bioactive molecules cannot be produced by our body and the only way to provide them is by taking them up in sufficient quantities in our daily diet.
- If we do not get these micronutrients in sufficient quantities in our diet, thousands of metabolic processes within our cells are affected. Long-term micronutrient deficiency leads to insufficient production or function of cellular energy (e.g. for the electrical heart beat), collagen and other stability molecules (e.g. for bones and connective tissues), antibodies (for optimum immune function), many hormones, cytokines and other molecules essential for proper communication between cells and a multitude of enzymes, the catalysts of cellular metabolism.
- Cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent diseases because cardiovascular cells consume vitamins and other essential micronutrients at a high rate due to the mechanical stress from the pumping function (contraction) of the heart and the mechanical stress on the walls of the arteries closer to the heart (proximal arteries) from the higher blood pressure and pulse wave (pulsatile blood flow).
- Optimum dietary supplementation of vitamins and other essential micronutrients is the key to the prevention and correction of the underlying cellular malfunction in cardiovascular disease and many other health conditions.
- Micronutrients do not work within the metabolism of cells in an isolated manner, instead, they work together like an orchestra to provide optimum cellular function. Thus, research in Cellular Medicine focuses on the understanding of the mutually enhancing interaction of micronutrients in catalyzing the multitude of biological reactions within our cells. This interaction is called ‘micronutrient synergy’ and it is a hallmark of Cellular Medicine.
- A key principle in Cellular Medicine research is ‘cellular regulation’, the precise understanding of how biochemical and genetic processes within cells are influenced and often regulated by micronutrients and other natural molecules. As opposed to conventional pharmaceutical drugs that target the suppression of symptoms or the intervention of cellular metabolism by synthetic chemicals, Cellular Medicine targets to copy Nature and use the principle of cellular regulation for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
- As opposed to conventional medicine that is based on the use of synthetic chemicals that often exert serious side-effects, Cellular Medicine is based on optimizing the regulation of cellular processes by natural means.
- As opposed to a lack of macro-nutrients making up our regular food like carbohydrates, fats and proteins – which produce the alarm sign of ‘hunger’ in our body – a deficiency of micro-nutrients does not produce any alarm signs. The only way we can avoid these deficiencies is by acquiring the knowledge about the essential role of micronutrients for preventing diseases and preserving our health.
- Thus, health education of patients and the public of large about the role of micronutrients in preventing diseases and in promoting health is a pre-condition for effective prevention and control of diseases.
- Since cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other health conditions continue today in epidemic proportions despite more than a century of conventional medicine based on synthetic drugs, there is an objective need for a new approach to the control of diseases on a large scale. Cellular Medicine provides such a basis.
From the above principles it is immediately visible that Cellular Health and the Cellular Medicine are at the foundation of a modern, preventive health care system.
Due to its compelling logic Cellular Health and Cellular Medicine can be understood essentially by everyone. Thus, the promotion of cellular health and cellular medicine is not limited to health professionals. It includes the participation of an educated public in building a new, prevention-oriented health care system. | <urn:uuid:20597891-52cf-43ef-bc41-e6d030ae6ebc> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.end-heart-diseases.org/language/en/tag/cellular-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937440.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420100911-20180420120911-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.917826 | 852 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The dry season starts in june; rain becomes unusual and dry areas begin to dominate over flooded ones in the marshes. Bulrush and tule rush go yellow and in grasslands and meadows the green turns into ochre. In wet years the process is delayed but the unstoppable rise of temperatures will eventually give Doñana its parched and dusty summer atmosphere.
Male red and fallow deer show incomplete antlers while females red deer that have just given birth come back from their retirement in the deep forests to gather again in small groups accompanied by their little ones, often concealed by the high carpet of dry grass that covers the marshes edges. The yellow rock rose still paints the scrubland in that colour. Ant lions are now very abundant and their traps can be seen all around in the dry areas. First adult start flying towards the beginning of the month.
Red-legged partridges chicks come out and it is not difficult to see large groups of them led by the mother, always alert to potential predators. Pintail sandgrouse, late breeder, is also now displaying actively and starting the nesting tasks, so it is now a good time of year to try them in the Hinojos Marshes, although they are always difficult targets.
Young short-toed eagles that have not occupied any breeding territorio can be seen daily perched on pylons and cables in the dry marshes. The first ospreys on migration are around now. Spanish imperial eagle chicks have turned their initial white feather bed into a yellow-brown one and increased size sensibly.
Whiskered terns are still very common in the still flooded areas of the marshes like Caño Guadiamar or the Mother of the Marshes, where they are still feeding some late chicks. Gull-billed and little terns can also be seen overflying the marshes. Caspian terns can be found where the Guadaira River joins the Guadalquivir, especially when tide is going out, when hundreds of gulls and waders gather on the sand backs at the junction. The first black terns arrived from the north showing up in the marshes.
Young great-spotted cuckoos, with their black tufts and reddish primaries, start having problems and disputes with their adoptive parents and neighbours, and it is not rare to see them chased by a magpies. Their genetics parents, adult cuckoos, stopped showing up long ago. Collared pratincoles keep on feeding their chicks. Around José A. Valverde Lagoons purple herons, little egrets and glossy ibis also keep on attending the latest chicks. A few young black storks can also be found along the Caño Guadiamar before the leave for northern latitudes and escape the summer heat.
Marbled teal continues its precarious survival in Doñana. Their late reproduction suffers the effects of climate change; the marshes do not offer suitable conditions towards the end of spring, when this species enters the reproductive phase. This bird is used as a clear example of the adverse effects of global warming on ecosystems and species.
Do not forget to check El Rocío Annual Festival dates, as it varies widely depending on the year and it is not uncommon to be held in June. Another event that takes place every June 26th is the so called locally “Saca de las Yeguas” (The Rounding of the Mares) during which cattle keepers from Almonte go into the marshes in the Park to gather their marsh mares into small packs which they call troops. About noon they pass through El Rocío on the way to the cattle market in Almonte. There is also something that invariably occurs every June, on the 13th I turn a year older. | <urn:uuid:e634e944-c735-47cc-99d3-8748e7ea781f> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.discoveringdonana.com/donana-june/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113164312-20191113192312-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.955497 | 787 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Hypothetical migration routes of Homo sapien sapien (DNA Print Genomics)
Another test offered by DNAPrint Genomics identifies percentages of biogeographical ancestry from major population groups of the world: Indo-European, sub-Saharan African, East Asian and Native American. This DNA test looks at both male and female ancestors.
These are the results for my ancestral percentages
European - 88%
and Sub-Saharan African 12%
Sub-Sahara Africa excludes the North African countries of the African continent
A further test which breaks down the Indo-European segment of a person's heritage is available if results show greater than 50% European ancestry but less than 40% East Asian, and less than 15% each of sub-Saharan and Native American ancestry.
Since my ancestors lived in the United Kingdom I was expecting to qualify for the second test. The results showed the following percentages:
Northern European: 55%
The category for Northern Europe includes Scandinavia, Western Russia, Poland, Germany, France, Great Britain, most of the European Continental countries and Spain.
Southeastern Europe 21%
Southeastern Europe includes Italy, Greece and Turkey.
Middle Eastern: 24%
The Middle East covers areas in North Africa above the Sahara Desert, but to the south of the Mediterranean and along the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The Middle Eastern area includes Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Iran, etc.
History of the UK
to understand the composition of the United Kingdom's population we need to look at the history of the UK, in particular migrations and invasions which have taken place.
World InfoZone's UK Facts
: the impact of trade, exploration and empire on the population deserves further study. A detailed investigation into the links the United Kingdom has with the rest of the world can be found in World InfoZone's UK Facts.
Thanks to DNAPrint Genomics Inc. in Sarasota, Florida, USA for providing the DNA test results. Visit www.ancestrybydna.com for more information. | <urn:uuid:fe1818a3-1d88-4454-b06b-4f9791d868a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://worldinfozone.com/features.php?section=AfricanOriginsDNA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.893733 | 422 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New York Times
June 28, 2005
CROW AGENCY, Mont.
The Crow Indians rode with Custer at Little Bighorn, but they have since reconsidered. On the anniversary of the battle Saturday, they cheered during a re-enactment when Indians drove a stake through his fringed jacket and carved out the heart of the soldier going by the name of Yellow-Hair in Blue Coat Who Kills Babies, Old Men and Old Women.
Their revised opinion is understandable considering what has happened to them since that battle to get their valley back from rival tribes. Today it's a Crow reservation with enough land and mineral resources to make each tribe member a millionaire, yet nearly a third live below the poverty level, and the unemployment rate has reached 85 percent.
What went wrong? Before Custer, the Crows had prospered by trading with whites, but he represented a new kind of white: the one who tells you he's from Washington and he's here to help you. As the economists Terry Anderson and Fred McChesney have documented, the downfall of the American Indians correlates neatly with the rise of two federal bureaucracies.
The first was the standing army established during the Mexican War of the 1840's. Before then, settlers who wanted Indian land usually had to fight for it themselves or rely on local militias, so they were inclined to look for peaceful solutions. From 1790 to 1840, the number of treaties signed with Indians each decade far exceeded the number of battles with them.
But during the next three decades there were more battles than treaties, and after the Army's expansion during the Civil War the number of battles soared while treaties ceased. Settlers became an adept special interest lobbying for Washington to seize Indian land for them. For military leaders, the "Indian problem" became a postwar rationale for maintaining a large force; for officers like Custer, battles were essential for promotions and glory.
Indians no longer had any bargaining power, and they were powerless to resist the troops that avenged Custer's death. They were consigned to reservations and ostensibly given land, but it was administered by another bureaucracy, the agency that would grow into what's now the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The agency, in addition to giving some of the best land away to whites, allotted parcels to individual Indians with the goal of gradually transferring all the land and ending federal supervision. But what self-respecting bureaucrats work themselves out of a job?
As the land under their control dwindled, they presumed that Indians were not "competent" to own land outright. It had to be placed under the agency's own enlightened trusteeship. They kept allotting parcels of this "trust land" to individual Indians, but an Indian couldn't sell or lease his parcel without permission from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The rules discouraged sales and encouraged parcels of land to be passed on to multiple heirs. Today it's common to find a tract with dozens or hundreds of owners. Instead of inheriting the family ranch, which they could work themselves or use as collateral to start another business, these Indians inherit the right to collect checks from the federal bureaucrats who lease their land to others, usually non-Indians.
The system leaves Indians with little incentive to work their land or extract the maximum value by improving it. Not surprisingly, Dr. Anderson finds that trust lands are only half as productive as the other parcels of private land on the reservation that were given outright to Indians under the old system.
Some Indians are trying to go back to the old system, but it's not easy, as Gus Gardner has discovered. For five years he has been hoping to exchange his trust lands - tiny portions of more 100 different tracts on the Crow reservation - for one big piece of land for his own cattle ranch. But he figures the paperwork involved will take at least another three years.
"Just give me a regular deed to land that I own and let me go on my own," he said. That sounds like a reasonable enough request in a capitalist country, but changing the current system seems politically unrealistic. It has too many defenders at the local and state level whose living depends on it.
Cutting paperwork means cutting bureaucrats' jobs, a feat that makes killing Yellow-Hair in Blue Coat look easy. No one has yet figured out how to drive a stake through the heart of White-Collar With Red Tape.
For Further Reading:
The Wealth of Indian Nations: Economic Performance and Institutions on Reservations by Terry L. Anderson and Dominic P. Parker, June 2004, 42 pp., working paper.
The Not So Wild, Wild West: Property Rights on the Frontier by Terry L. Anderson and Peter J. Hill, Stanford University Press, 256 pp., May 2004.
Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law edited by Terry L. Anderson and Fred S. McChesney, Princeton University Press, 448 pp., 2002.
For more information, go to: www.perc.org. | <urn:uuid:2f449b66-1c4d-4cd3-ad5b-0e5c6181a39d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.christusrex.org/www1/news/nyt-6-28-05a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662159.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00255-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966649 | 1,020 | 3 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced $3 million in funding for five university research projects aimed at achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the complex subsurface processes—including water flows and intricate biological and chemical interactions with water, soil, and minerals—in watershed systems.
The research projects, which will include experiment and observation as well as new computer model development, are ultimately aimed at creating more robust and predictive models of subsurface flows and biogeochemical interactions.
“Improving Earth and environmental prediction models is a critical step in mitigating risks to the environment due to contaminants,” said Sharlene Weatherwax, DOE Associate Director of Science for Biological and Environmental Research. “These scientific investments will help ensure that America remains at the forefront in systems modeling and environmental stewardship.”
Selected projects cover a range of topics, from better understanding how trace elements migrate through watersheds to improved understanding of the influence that seasonal variability plays in predicting ground-water chemistry. The resulting data and analysis will help improve the capabilities and certainty of DOE’s models, particularly those which focus on watershed systems, and run on powerful supercomputers.
Projects were chosen by competitive peer review under the DOE Funding Opportunity Announcement on Subsurface Biogeochemical Research that in turn is sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the Department’s Office of Science.
Funding totals $3 million in Fiscal Year 2019 dollars for projects lasting three years in duration. A list of projects can be found here. | <urn:uuid:9ee322b2-10eb-4fd4-9723-c97e4e691548> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/department-energy-announces-3-million-research-watersheds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879362.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022082653-20201022112653-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.933047 | 324 | 2.6875 | 3 |
About The First Inhabitants of Lappland
in the dark land of the Sami
lacked many things in the old days.
Short of resources
and suffering from sluggishness
they gradually discovered that there are not enough resources
in one land to feed everyone. Much sees the eye.
They sought and discovered land.
Many tire while they are seeking.
There seem to be many inhabitants
in this cold land
who are not humans
since they don’t speak.
Still they look at them
and admire their ability to gather.
They made tools by various means.
How will we receive something from them for us?
How will we find ways to make a living?
Let us think of tools to make
and we will perhaps begin to receive
some of what the eye sees
when surveying the land.
Let us make some tools out of stone
with which to catch some of the animals
that exist in abundance.
On these winding paths
we must wander back to distant places
from where we came
where our brothers saw us leave,
from very far and not so far.
Great rivers held us back
as we were wandering
in search of land for our people.
Let us give our land a name!
The newfound land,
The land we discovered,
Sápmi be your name.
The land we discovered,
Sápmi you are!
Let us run after the wild reindeer in Sápmi;
they will provide us with food.
Let our arrows hit their marks,
let us have smiths to repair well
let us get ready to leave,
Let us prepare dwellings of sod for us!
Let us uproot trees
and build dwellings
out of sod!
Grass will not be enough for us;
let us also make use of fire,
and take the eggs from the trees!
In our need we don’t object to any work,
or complain when our food is not cooked.
In different kinds of pots
the people of Sápmi prepared their food,
hollowing out stones
in the middle of their dwellings.
This poor people designed ways
to fry food in the ashes,
and prepared sustenance for their bodies
in strange ways.
The food once clean
was eaten unclean.
Nonetheless they had to eat what was meant
to be eaten.
There still were no pots, what did
they use for cooking?
A hollowed out stone the first inhabitants
of Sápmi used.
Generations who came after them laughed
when they found the [old] dwellings.
Stop giving us advice!
Who can listen to that?
Be in charge of your tasks yourselves,
Stop giving us advice!
We don’t want to follow it.
Later generations [had to] see
how their brothers had lived.
Hollowed-out stones had been pots
Later generations have smiled at
their old ancestors walking trails
and wondered how they could have been used.
But they had tried to live like human beings,
and left tracks at their old habitations
so that others might see how their [older] brothers lived.
Many have wondered about their ways of life,
how the earliest inhabitants of Sápmi
were able to hunt and gather with their strange tools.
What mysterious things
do descendants think they see
when they look at deserted dwelling places,
when they ponder the ways of life of the settlers
of the wilderness,
with their tools and gadgets made according to the demands of nature,
without any models,
without any previous learning.
They have not been full of insight
and they have not known what conscience means.
We who come after them know this for sure:
That people have been here before us,
for whom nature’s laws were their laws,
the animals’ food was food for them.
Finally they learned to hunt animals for [their own] food.
This song is not just sung for Sápmi and for the people
who from the beginning have trodden Sápmi
and thought of putting hay in their shoes.
Times changed eventually; the time of the magical drum arrived.
About Samiland’s Last Vagabonds (wanderers) at Tana River
There dwelling places are found,
in desolate woodland,
in a dark and gloomy land,
with a river named Porsse
that flowed to the great Tana,
dwelling places they took,
by the river also named Porsse.
Four months of the year they lived at this river.
There they were found, hiding, by some
men of sound mind who set out to look for
these wretched wanderers,
In the chilly fall, men set out, chosen
for their great courage.
Many enough of them were found in Sápmi
that they were victorious.
They marched toward those who were hiding,
during the cold and dark months and defeated them.
It is not known how they defeated them,
But it’s common knowledge that they were victories
in battle against those who live on Lintuvaara,
after whom names still exist in Sápmi
Between these two rivers, both by the name of Porsse
we, too, can see the high mountain.
ABOUT SAMILAND’S LATER POPULATION
Songs tell us
that people have come from the land in the west,
without having been encouraged,
without having been commanded to do so,
to the outer reaches of their rulers’ land.
Among them were both good and bad people,
and that was of no concern.
They have traveled,
relying on their witless whims.
Without anyone’s permission
have they taken possession of
whatever they have found of value,
in order to come to the talked-about land,
the rich land in which, the old tales said,
there was more game to hunt than in the land in the west.
Many a brother listened to the stanger’s story,
when he told us in the wilderness
what he had discovered in his tattered clothes:
“From this country I have traveled,
away from starvation,
Much have I seen and heard,
without being able to experience it,
Want forced me to travel;
When I could fend for myself,
I set out to places where bothers were supposed to live,
where people were of greater means.
I set out to go to them
and seek my livelihood there,
I have in mind to return there
–where with my own eyes many [?] I have seen—
if I get companions to go with me there
without crime (or “utan avbrott” without delay)
to the cold land that was discovered,
where all the forests are deserted,
and no sounds of humans can be heard
from any direction.”
The brothers of the country in the west left,
without anyone’s permission,
They didn’t wait for anyone to forbid them, nor to command them to go or stay.
Kings had been informed,
but they followed their own mind
and came to the cold country.
Many animals they brought with them,
some of whom to give them food,
[They came to settle] where the old people had had their home since ancient times.
They were not afraid to go into wilderness
Stories tell us that they went year after year
– many did not join their company –
to settle in Sápmi.
Rumors spread that there were people in Sápmi;
In secret they came to see those whom the rumors mentioned,
people with their homes in the wilderness,
called Lappdogs by the people of the west.
After they settled at one place,
they went onward, with abandon,
without permission from any leader,
to destroy the people of Sápmi,
after they had heard of those who live in the wilderness,
heard of the country so rich in game.
They had not heard of any one there
who owned a gun
or a spear.
They had brought swords,
secretly they had come to the wilderness,
to the land of the Sami,
to harm those who live on that land,
who had gathered for themselves
both reindeer and other cattle,
and found suitable places where to live,
places that were in no need of
living their free lives in nature,
The Lappdogs have not escaped to find
places to live.
Those who did get away by [?] in spite of it all
have had their lives ended,
each and every one.
There are no tales about wars,
but through the trickery known to the men from the west
have these mean wanderers taken their lives,
in one place in one way,
in another place, in another way,
in a third place, in a third way.
Sometimes they forced them over a cliff,
Sometimes they hunted them into a waterfall,
Sometimes they murdered them by guns,
Sometimes they made them freeze to death.
Later we heard about our brothers
that they were still living,
still walking around.
Among some of the discovered people
there are still tales
of dangerous wanderers.
People have found ugly, dried-up bones of those
who sought protection
When people at long last have come out of their hiding places
and gone out to listen from high hills,
and look at the ground,
then a little boy laughed
when he saw the bold spear
in a stone-pit.
His hut they have not found
when they were aiming to destroy it,
(but) when they continued their journey across the land,
they heard a sound from the earth’s interior
(one of them there) forced his spear into the ground, upright as a pole, and returned to his brothers:
“Come to see where my spear is.
The spear means a lot where it is.
Let us go to where I left the spear
for my men to see
what the end will be.”
He came to the area where he left the spear.
But couldn’t even find the place where the spear was.
Finally those who were searching
grabbed their man:
“If you are lying to us you will find out
what we will do to you.”
They caught their man, left him there
while they themselves went away.
Nightfall came and they set up camp.
They were struck by fear
in the midst of the thick wilderness of Sápmi,
doorposts were falling from the tree (?).
They hurried away from the place,
Frozen to death, one after the other was found at different places
Then, gradually, there was peace.
The wretched people eagerly began to
visit the places of the ugly wanderers,
checked the ground where they were, * pulled them up from the ground
began to look for food for themselves,
no more did they fear for their lives,
found mates for themselves,
began to hunt with their bows (wooden guns)
began to find food,
and found spears in the woods
and also found their brothers there,
who weren’t afraid for their companions any longer
but began to share their lives’ stories,
as friend to friend,
what they had seen,
and what they had found.
They had found things that were good
And things that were bad,
they had even found what they believed
they would never find:
here they could live their lives in nature.
When they came to hear news from faraway places
they learned that real people were on the unknown land,
where they had thought no one was
Gradually the rumor spread to distant places,
where there were said to be kings
who had sent out scouts
to the people of the woodlands.
They have come as real people,
on their leader’s command,
to administer justice to the people [of?] the woods.
Finally an edict reached them
to give up their life following nature’s brainless rules
and be placed under authorities
who cared for their herds
with their rules.
Anyone who disobeys his leader
will be punished according to the law.
In such a way, they gave good laws to the discovered inhabitants,
to the people of the woods,
they appointed a guardian for them,
and gave them knowledge about mercy. | <urn:uuid:9823ec63-4518-4342-9e25-2cb96712a9f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/fellman.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679281.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00158-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978879 | 2,684 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Grand County rancher Paul Bruchez stands in a hay field near Kremmling, holding a small tuft of hay between his fingertips, twirling it back and forth, seeing how quickly it disintegrates after a summer without water.
The plant, known as timothy, feeds thousands of cattle here in the Upper Colorado River Basin.
This hay species and others are being closely watched this year as part of a far-reaching $1 million science experiment, one designed to see if ranchers can take water off of hay fields and successfully measure how much was removed, how much evaporated, and how much was used by plants. They also need to know how reducing their irrigation in this fashion affects the nutritional value of the hay.
If certain hay species retain more nutrients than others when they’re on low-water diets, then ranchers know their cattle will continue to eat well as they evaluate whether they can operate their ranches on less H20—not all the time, but perhaps every other year or every two to three years.
“We’ve spent centuries learning how to irrigate these lands,” Bruchez said. “Now we’re learning what it’s like not to irrigate them.”
Any water saved could be left in the Colorado River, allowing it to become more sustainable, even as the West’s population grows and drought cycles become more intense.
While similar small-scale experiments on five or 10 acres have been done before, this one by comparison is vast in scale, involving 1,200 acres of high-altitude hay meadows, nine ranch families, a team of researchers spread across Colorado, Utah and Nevada, and the backing of powerful water groups, farm interests, and environmentalists.
“We’ve never had a project this large in the state of Colorado,” said Perry Cabot, a Colorado State University researcher who is the lead scientist on the project.
The undertaking is sponsored by the Colorado River Basin Roundtable, whose members include Bruchez.
“We set out on a mission to ensure we have as much science and data as possible,” Bruchez said.
The data being collected serves several needs. It should help ranch families see if they can afford to participate in these modern-era conservation efforts.
It will allow researchers to better understand what works on the ground and what to do, for instance, when rambunctious bulls destroy research equipment enclosures 25 miles from the nearest town.
And it will give policy makers insight into the political problems that will have to be solved, as well as how much money could need to be raised, to make large-scale conservation on the Colorado River feasible.
The $1 million, three-year project is being funded by the state and several environmental groups, with the money being used to pay researchers, buy equipment, and compensate ranch families who temporarily fallow their fields.
Water for Powell?
Agriculture uses some 80 percent of the water in the seven-state Colorado River Basin, and hay meadows that grow feed for cattle are among the basin’s largest water users.
Last year, under an historic drought agreement on the Colorado River, a new specially protected drought pool in Lake Powell was authorized.
Now Colorado, Utah, Wyoming and New Mexico, the four states that comprise the Colorado River’s Upper Basin, above Lake Powell, are studying whether they can or should help save enough water to fill that drought pool. The pool, authorized at 500,000 acre-feet, is intended as further insurance that the Upper Basin won’t be forced to involuntarily reduce water use from the river under the terms of the Colorado River Compact.
Colorado expects it would need to provide roughly half the water for the drought pool, and, led by the Colorado Water Conservation Board, is working out difficult questions about how that water would be saved and ushered downstream to Lake Powell under a possible voluntary program known as demand management. The research being done near Kremmling will help answer several critical questions.
Wendy Thompson is a rancher who also serves as the research technician for the pilot program, cutting hay samples and gathering soil moisture and precipitation data, among dozens of other tasks. She has driven hundreds of miles across Grand County this summer, checking each of the program’s 24 research sites every week or so, lugging an aging laptop from one meadow to the next.
She knows better than most that ranch families will need real information, such as how fallowing affects crop yields and soil health and production costs, in order to make decisions about whether to join in a voluntary multi-state conservation effort or to back away.
Intuition vs. facts
“The experiment is important to us,” Thompson said. “We want to make decisions based on the science and the data, not a gut feeling.”
Much of the work is grueling, like cutting hay samples week after week, and low tech, like measuring water levels in rain gauges.
But dramatic advances in satellite imagery and global evapotranspiration databases are helping people like Perry Cabot create science-based templates that eventually will be useful not just in Colorado, but Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico and perhaps even farther downstream, on cotton fields in Arizona and avocado groves in California’s Central Valley.
“We now have the ability to measure the whole field,” Cabot said. “It’s becoming more accurate and it’s tremendously convenient if you’re trying to get a good understanding of patterns. We don’t have to rely on one data point anymore.” [Editor’s note: Cabot sits on the board of Water Education Colorado, which is a sponsor of Fresh Water News.]
That this particular team has agronomists, economists and environmentalists pitching in with their expertise is also helping move the science forward.
“What makes this different is the scale and the depth of the questions we’re asking,” said Aaron Derwingson, an agricultural water specialist with The Nature Conservancy’s Colorado River Program, which is helping to fund the project.
“When we’re done it will be relevant to more people than just the ranchers. We will be able to extrapolate these field conditions and what it means for water savings and the recovery of different species,” he said.
“It’s tough to figure all that out on paper. Here we’re getting down to brass tacks,” Derwingson said.
With irrigation season over, Cabot and his team have serious number crunching to do before they begin monitoring next year, measuring how the hay fields survived their fallowed season, how quickly they return to health, and precisely how much water was conserved.
Early estimates indicate that the ranchers may have saved 1,500 acre-feet to as many as 2,500 acre-feet of water this year. If this process can be replicated, scientists and ranchers could begin to see how long it might take to fill the 500,000 acre-foot drought pool at Lake Powell.
No collateral damage
But even more important to Bruchez and state policy makers is the impact the pilot is having on a highly skeptical ranching community, some of whom are deeply worried that they will lose control of their water.
“We wanted a project that would be as smooth as possible,” Bruchez said. “We wanted to simplify it and ensure there weren’t unintended damages to neighbors who weren’t participating.
“Some people were comfortable about what we were doing and others had great fears,” he said. “We just had to keep telling them, ‘We are not delivering water to Lake Powell. We are trying to fill data gaps.’”
Correction: An earlier version incorrectly referred to Timothy as a hay species native to Colorado.
Jerd Smith is editor of Fresh Water News. She can be reached at 720-398-6474, via email at email@example.com or @jerd_smith.
Fresh Water News is an independent, nonpartisan news initiative of Water Education Colorado. WEco is funded by multiple donors. Our editorial policy and donor list can be viewed at wateredco.org | <urn:uuid:bd45b8f2-e128-4b6e-a8b8-870bf8901b41> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.watereducationcolorado.org/fresh-water-news/these-hay-fields-may-know-something-we-dont-how-to-save-the-colorado-river/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00856.warc.gz | en | 0.955263 | 1,747 | 3.78125 | 4 |
CERN addresses fundamental questions of the Universe at a facility of unprecedented scale. It is the world’s largest particle physics laboratory, making available complex, purpose-built particle accelerators and detectors, as well as computing technology, for its global research community (more than 13,000 researchers, from 75+ countries and 100+ nationalities) that spans various fields (particle-, nuclear-, astro- and accelerator physics, computing, engineering and beyond). As an international organisation, it brings together the community to develop and build state-of-the-art instruments and experiments, continually pushing the boundaries of facilities technology and engineering, computation and analytics.
The UK is one of CERN’s founding members and has been centrally involved throughout its history. Through a subscription –managed by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), on behalf of the UK – it currently contributes £144m per year to the CERN budget (16% of Member State subscriptions, 2019). This covers the building, operation and maintenance of the infrastructure, plus the governance and administration of CERN. The construction, maintenance, upgrade and operation of the experimental programme and the computing infrastructure is then additionally supported through funding from agencies of participating countries (for the UK, mainly by STFC). Over the past decade, the UK’s total investment in CERN through subscriptions and funding has averaged £152m per year.
STFC commissioned Technopolis to undertake an evaluation that would capture, demonstrate and measure the range of scientific, economic and social impacts emerging from the UK’s investment in and co-development of CERN, both from direct UK involvement and use, as well as wider influences of CERN on the UK. The study drew on multiple sources of evidence, including desk research, surveys, interviews, case studies and bibliometrics, to explore the various impacts of CERN on the UK.
CERN’s strands of activity and engagement are multi-faceted, with a wide range of types of benefits and impact, flowing through a series of interrelated pathways. The study therefore defined and demonstrated 12 main areas of impact that flow to the UK, which are organised under the broad impact areas of research, innovation, skills and science diplomacy. The figure below summarises each of these impact pathways, which are then described in more detail in the report.
The highlights of the research are available here.
Full report of the study. | <urn:uuid:2e935c15-6829-48ae-8e8a-1f34d81180ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.technopolis-group.com/nl/new/evaluation-of-the-benefits-that-the-uk-has-derived-from-cern/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.944924 | 495 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
About Soma & its Uses:
Soma is a prescription drug that comes in the form of oral tablets. It is a brand-name medication that’s useful as a muscle relaxer. Likewise, the medication blocks the sensations of pain that travel through nerves to the brain.
Most commonly, doctors prescribe Soma medicine in accordance with physical therapy and proper rest. It is a medicine that treats skeletal muscle conditions due to pain or injury. To be sure about its usage, you must take medicine while following the guidelines of your health expert.
The on-label usage of Soma is for a certain period of 2 to 3 weeks. Make sure you do not exceed the time limit without consulting your doctor. In records, there has been no evidence of Soma staying effective in the long run. However, the continuous use of the medicine may cause the issue of physical and mental dependency.
Dosage of Soma:
As per the health and requirement of the patient, there can be different Soma dosages for other people. More so, you must follow the prescription guidelines and then purchase the medicine online. There can be various factors responsible for determining the dosage of Soma. They can be –
- Patient’s age
- The seriousness of the issue
- Other medical conditions
In order to take the correct form of Soma, it’s necessary that you take a prescription from the doctor. Likewise, the most common and possible forms of Soma are – 250mg and 350mg. If you are likely to use some other drug, know that it may react with Soma and cause serious issues. Thus, inform your doctor and then you the medicine accordingly.
How does Soma work?
The tablets of Soma are readily available in brand and generic forms. It is classified as a drug that belongs to muscle relaxers and helps treat the condition. Also, there can be other uses of the medicine that work well for human health.
As you take the dose of Soma for pain, you’ll notice a sudden relief within 5 to 10 minutes. More so, if you are using it as per the directions, there won’t be any withdrawal effect of the drug as well. In addition, doctors say that the medicine works by preventing your CNS from sending signals to the brain. Hence, the person will feel a decrease in pain, and calmness and relaxation will prevail in your system.
Side Effects of Soma
Soma oral tablets are helpful in treating muscle pain issues; however, they may sometimes also result in specific side effects. Medicine has a powerful impact on the human mind, and that’s why many people may experience drowsiness as a common side effect. Likewise, do not drive or use heavy machinery unless the impact of the medicine stays in your system.
Common side effects of Soma are –
- Stomach pain
These can be the mild aftereffects of the medicine that may wear off within a specific time. More so, if any such side effect stays for long, you must talk about it with your health expert.
Serious side effects –
In some cases, the drug’s effect may turn out to be harmful, resulting in serious issues. Furthermore, you must call your doctor right away and provide them with all the details of your health. Some of the severe side effects of the drug include –
- Fast heartbeats
- Feeling irritated
- Low blood pressure
- Flushing of skin
- Trouble making muscle movements
- Pain in abdomen
Apart from these issues, the person can easily become addicted to Soma for its habit-forming nature. That’s why it’s important to use Soma medicine as per your doctor’s advice to avoid its harmful usage. Similarly, you can buy Soma online for the right reasons while following your doctor’s prescription. | <urn:uuid:b0200943-22ad-4d99-a2cf-70222c9c2d37> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://ambienmedication.com/blog/soma-take-to-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.93696 | 831 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Why kids lie: how parents can encourage truthfulness
Scribner, Sep 1, 1989 - Family & Relationships - 206 pages
For parents who find themselves wondering if their children are lying, Paul Ekman now gives them a way to find out and to promote truthfulness in their young ones. Explains the psychology of lying and introduces new research on the topic of cheating.
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Review: Why Kids Lie: How Parents Can Encourage TruthfulnessUser Review - Marwah - Goodreads
Amazing. Very well written, easy to read and very educational. Read full review
Review: Why Kids Lie: How Parents Can Encourage TruthfulnessUser Review - Bridgett Gonzalez - Goodreads
A clear and honest discussion why kids lie or rather, why we as people lie. With that being said, its hard to think that we can prevent lying in anyone for any and in all situations. We have to honest and understand "lying". Not judge it. Read full review
Why Some Kids Lie More Than Others
CHAPTERS Lying at Different Ages
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IN SHORT; PARENTS AND CHILDREN - New York Times
LEAD: WHY KIDS LIE: How Parents Can Encourage Truthfulness. By Paul Ekman with Mary Ann Mason Ekman and Tom Ekman. (Scribners, $17.95. ...
query.nytimes.com/ gst/ fullpage.html?res=950DE5DF1731F935A15752C1A96F948260&
Spirituality & Practice: Book Review: Why Kids Lie, by Paul Ekman
Examines an important ethical issue in a judicious way
www.spiritualityandpractice.com/ books/ books.php?id=6993
Paul Ekman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Book: Why Kids Lie: How Parents Can Encourage Truthfulness; ^ Paul Ekman, 1996: Why don't we catch liars. Books. Unmasking the Face ISBN 1883536367 ...
en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Paul_Ekman
Ekman, P. (1992) Why kids lie : how parents can encourage truthfulness New York: Scribner. Ekman, P. (1992) Telling lies: clues to deceit in the marketplace ...
mambo.ucsc.edu/ psl/ ekman.html
TITLE AUTHOR PUBLISHER PLACE DATE NOTES Abuse: Physical Breaking ...
Difficult, Why Kids Lie: How Parents Can Encourage Truthfulness, (1st Copy), Ekman, Paul,, Penguin Books,, New York,, 1989, Shows parents how to deal ...
www.firstteacher.org/ Library/ Books.htm | <urn:uuid:84442616-5301-46b1-8372-4ddbb1870ddd> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://books.google.com/books?id=ziRIttZRUEUC&q=testimony&dq=related:ISBN080507516X&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00100-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.806428 | 597 | 2.984375 | 3 |
If you are conducting original research, and will be collecting, storing, and disseminating data, there are a few things you should know about research data management and the research data lifecycle. To learn more about appropriate research methods for collecting data, see Understanding Research Methods.
The Portage Network provides excellent information on managing the entire data lifecycle. The aim of Portage is to coordinate and expand existing expertise, services, and infrastructure so that all academic researchers in Canada have access to the support they need for research data management (RDM).
Research data management (or RDM) is a term that describes the organization, storage, preservation, and sharing of data collected and used in a research project. It involves the everyday management of research data during the lifetime of a research project (for example, using consistent file naming conventions). It also involves decisions about how data will be preserved and shared after the project is completed (for example, depositing the data in a repository for long-term archiving and access).
There are a host of reasons why research data management is important:
The Government of Canada provides a list of standards for open data, which can be generally applied to most types of datasets. These include:
Datasets should be as complete as possible, reflecting the entirety of what is recorded about a particular subject. All raw information from a dataset should be released to the public, unless there are Access to Information or Privacy issues. Metadata that defines and explains the raw data should be included, along with explanations for how the data was calculated.
Datasets should come from a primary source. This includes the original information collected by the Government of Canada and available details on how the data was collected. Public dissemination will allow users to verify that information was collected properly and recorded accurately.
Datasets released by the Government of Canada should be made available to the public in a timely fashion. Whenever feasible, information collected by the Government of Canada should be released as quickly as it is gathered and collected. Priority should be given to data whose utility is time sensitive.
Machines can handle certain kinds of inputs much better than others. Datasets released by the Government of Canada should be stored in widely-used file formats that easily lend themselves to machine processing (e.g. CSV, XML). These files should be accompanied by documentation related to the format and how to use it in relation to the data.
Non-discrimination refers to who can access data and how they must do so. Barriers to use of data can include registration or membership requirements. Datasets released by the Government of Canada should have as few barriers to use as possible. Non-discriminatory access to data should enable any person to access the data at any time without having to identify him/herself or provide any justification for doing so.
Commonly owned standards refer to who owns the format in which data is stored. For example, if only one company manufactures the program that can read a file where data is stored, access to that information is dependent upon use of that company's program. Sometimes that program is unavailable to the public at any cost, or is available, but for a fee. Removing this cost makes the data available to a wider pool of potential users. Datasets released by the Government of Canada should be in freely available file formats as often as possible.
The Government of Canada releases datasets under the Open Government Licence – Canada agreement. The licence is designed to increase openness and minimize restrictions on the use of the data.
The capability of finding information over time is referred to as permanence. For best use by the public, information made available online should remain online, with appropriate version-tracking and archiving over time.
The Government of Canada releases the data on the Open Government site free of charge.
This is a paragraph.
The Sheridan Research Ethics Board (SREB) is responsible for granting approval to prospective researchers, monitoring projects, facilitating amendments, and accommodating appeals of previous Board decisions. Visit the SREB website for information regarding the SREB process, forms & templates, FAQs, & more. | <urn:uuid:e29cf6a5-7654-4a9a-bdc3-179663f0aca9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://sheridancollege.libguides.com/Data/create | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038076454.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414004149-20210414034149-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.937402 | 839 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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A memory has been transferred from one marine snail to another by injecting RNA from one to another. The RNA is thought to induce epigenetic changes in the nucleus of neurons, thereby storing the memory. This research may have implications for restoring memories in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. | <urn:uuid:c12b708c-7e1f-4f2d-8602-4c42e0b6acbc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://podcast.foundmyfitness.com/news/stories/vtov7p | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.93756 | 91 | 2.625 | 3 |
Our contribution to International Conference on Population and Development Goals
The ICPD conference in 1994 in Cairo made very bold commitments towards improving sexual reproductive health and rights for all, addressing negative gender norms and realizing gender equality. The commitments put people of all diversities at the centre of development. We believe that achievement of sustainable development goals cannot happen without achieving ICPD goals.
Twenty five years later since the first ICPD conference, the world continues to witness sexual and gender based violence against girls and women, gender inequality, high new HIV infections, increased teen pregnancies, stigma and discrimination (towards people living with HIV, key populations, adolescents and young people especially adolescent girls and young women) among other negative health outcomes. HIV continues to be the leading cause of death among adolescents and young people.
As a civil society organization, we have an important role of advocating for the implementation of the plan of action of ICPD and implementing activities towards meeting the goals. We highlight two main commitments that we contribute to: | <urn:uuid:c679877a-3102-43a4-912c-f1ab28c9825c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://lvcthealth.org/archives/4741 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496523.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330023050-20200330053050-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.932918 | 201 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Intuitively, binary selectors are obvious—you string together a few funky characters and you have yourself a binary selector. And binary selectors can useful for making some things easier to read. At least that’s the theory, and reading the ANSI standard one might assume everything is exactly that clear. The practice in Smalltalk-80 descendants is different.
To begin with, Smalltalk-80 only allowed two characters in a binary selector, ruling out beauties such as <=>, <+> or >>=. Fortunately, the ANSI standard has dropped this limit, and Squeak also allows selectors of more than two characters. VisualWorks, however, still sticks to the old ways.
Then there is the wrench negative number literals throw in the works. Intuitively,
3 –– 4 is supposed to send the #– message to 3—and probably cause an MNU. Indeed, that is what would happen in an ANSI-compliant Smalltalk. Instead, Squeak will happily parse and evaluate the above to 7, while VisualWorks will throw a compiler error saying that an argument is expected following the first minus.
Here is why that is. A negative number literal in Smalltalk-80 is simply a minus token followed by a number token. Squeak still sticks to that interpretation, and so it sees no difference between
"- 4". Both are valid forms of writing a negative four. ANSI and VisualWorks have since moved to a less quirky behavior treating the minus as part of the literal number token. Interestingly, the cute syntax diagrams at the end of the Blue Book suggest Smalltalk-80 does the same, but evaluating
"- 4" shows that it doesn’t.
But wait, before the second minus in
"3 –– 4" got attached by Squeak to the number that follows, why did it get detached from the first one to begin with?
And here lurks another feature. This time it is in fact documented by the cute syntax diagrams. A binary selector is made of special characters, but a minus is a special case of a special character. It’s only allowed once, and only as the first character of a binary selector. So,
-+ are legal,
-- are not. Clearly, the point of this feature was to have “3+-4” or “3––4” parse “sensibly” as arithmetic expressions rather than exotic message sends.
This also explains why VisualWorks treats “3 –– 4” as an error. It switched from the classical treatment of a minus before a literal to a more modern (or at least compliant with the Blue Book syntax diagrams) treatment, so it doesn’t see the second minus as belonging to the 4 that follows—but it still refuses to accept “––” as a valid binary selector, hence the error. Strange, that.
And that’s not the end of it. The problem with a minus is that the grammar uses it for two purposes—as part of a number literal and also as part of a selector. Another character just like that is a vertical bar. “foo || bar” doesn’t work in Squeak and VisualWorks. And it never did, going as far back as Smalltalk-80 again.
This time the scanner doesn’t even try to be nice. A vertical bar always parses as a separate token, so anything like || or |> is treated by the scanner as a sequence of two tokens and then rejected by the parser as invalid syntax. So in fact the only legal binary selector with a vertical bar is the vertical bar itself. (This again is contrary to what the Blue Book claims Smalltalk-80 recognizes as a binary selector).
All that was perhaps way too much nit-picking as far as any practical programming is concerned, but I find two things interesting about this situation.
One is that the Blue Book misrepresents the grammar of the actual implementation, and not once but twice. The version in the book is probably more of what the authors wanted the grammar to be, rather than an accurate documentation of the ad-hoc implementation in the image. Maybe this was why one of these quirks later got fixed in the ParcPlace branch of the family.
The second interesting point is why is this such a minor issue? How many people in the past 25 years have actually wanted to write “foo || bar” or “foo <- bar” and discovered they didn’t work? Do Smalltalkers use binary messages creatively—that is, outside (semi-)traditional math, concatenation and point creation? And if, as it seems, they do not—why? | <urn:uuid:b343159d-8dcb-4ea7-9a31-58f7583ef72a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://blog.3plus4.org/2007/05/06/whats-a-binary-selector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655912255.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710210528-20200711000528-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.945694 | 982 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Simpson, Andrew and Oyètádé, B. Akíntúndé (2008) 'Nigeria: Ethno-linguistic Competition in the Giant of Africa.' In: Simpson, Andrew, (ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 172-198.
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Nigeria is a country with an immense population of over 140 million, the largest in Africa, and several hundred languages and ethnic groups (over 400 in some estimates, 510 according to Ethnologue 2005), though with no single group being a majority, and the three largest ethnic groups together constituting only approximately half of the country's total population. Having been formed as a united territory by British colonial forces in 1914, with artificially created borders arbitrarily including certain ethnic groups while dividing others with neighbouring states, Nigeria and its complex ethno-linguistic situation in many ways is a prime representation of the classic set of problems faced by many newly developing states in Africa when decisions of national language policy and planning have to be made, and the potential role of language in nation-building has to be determined. When independence came to Nigeria in 1960, it was agreed that English would be the country's single official language, and there was little serious support support for the possible attempted promotion of any of Nigeria's indigenous languages into the role of national official language. This chapter considers the socio-political and historical background to the establishment of English as Nigeria's official language, and the development of the country over the subsequent post-independence era, and asks the following question. After five decades of experience of life with English as the nation's sole official language, if people in Nigeria were to be given the opportunity to reformulate national language policy as they wished, might one expect a different official language structure to be requested, perhaps with one or a combination of indigenous languages as a replacement for English, or is the current English-centred structuring of officialdom felt to be satisfactory and appropriate given the ethnic configuration of the country?
|Item Type:||Book Chapters|
|Additional Information:||The publisher, OUP, have agree that the the chapter be posted as E-prints in the SOAS library|
|Keywords:||Nigeria, Ethno-linguistic competition|
|SOAS Departments & Centres:||Faculty of Languages and Cultures > Department of the Languages and Cultures of Africa|
|Depositing User:||Akin Oyetade|
|Date Deposited:||23 Oct 2007|
Item downloaded times since February 2008. | <urn:uuid:8fc9bfb2-55a0-47c1-96aa-b5231e5026c9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/182/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917332 | 540 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Philosophy | Introduction to Philosophy
P100 | 3203 | Gupta
The aim of this course is to introduce students to philosophical thinking, and to develop
the basic skills that are prerequisite for it. These skills include careful reading (and
listening) and critical thinking. The goal will be achieved through an in-depth study and
examination of a number of texts on some central problems of philosophy.
The problems we shall discuss include: problems of practical ethics, the foundation of the
distinction between right and wrong acts, free will and determinism, the nature of mind,
and the foundation of knowledge.
Course grade will be based on quizzes, class participation, and several short writing
assignments. The text is Philosophy: Contemporary Perspective on Perennial Issues,
edited by Klemke, Miller, and Hollinger. | <urn:uuid:afd4b72c-f1c8-4dee-9c00-8334ddb2b85e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blspr00/phil/phil_p100_3203.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381630/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917422 | 175 | 3.5 | 4 |
Coreference resolution is the natural language processing-related task of identifying all mentions of a given real world entity in text.
After grouping all mentions of the same real world entity, pronouns can be replaced with noun phrases reducing ambiguity and resolving which nouns are being referenced in which context.
Coreference resolution is oftentimes vital for disambiguating sentences and making them more machine readable. In particular, coreference resolution supports tasks including sentiment analysis, machine translation, document summarization, information extraction, and text understanding.
Applications of coreference resolution
Natural language corpora with many pronouns can often be difficult for machines to understand. By incorporating additional context a much more granular understanding of unstructured natural language text can surface. Applications where coreference resolution is particularly critical include the parsing of less formal document or writing styles. While medical records may not rely on substantial use of varying pronouns, reviews, articles, and creative works may rely on pronouns and mentions of many entities within single lines of text.
The applications of the ability to parse less formal document writing styles include the answering of questions (chatbots), support ticket routing, translation between languages, and the ability to summarize documents.
Anaphora, cataphora, and coreference resolution
An important distinction is that coreference resolution deals primarily with determining when two words refer to the same real world entity. This primarily surfaces when we have a noun that is later referenced by a pronoun.
Coreference resolution is a general category of tasks that involve determining when the same real world entity is being referenced multiple times. A vast majority of resolution tasks rely on simply coreference.
Two related resolution tasks are worth noting because historically algorithms that help with resolution are built to deal with one type of resolution (missing others).
These related resolution tasks include anaphora resolution and cataphora resolution.
Anaphora resolution involves resolving meaning when two real world entities are mentioned, but the first entity mentioned changes the meaning of the second.
In the above example, humans can infer that the tickets mentioned are likely for the sporting event. Depending on the type of relationships you’re trying to track, this could lead to a modifier about the tickets, noting they’re sporting event tickets.
Cataphora resolution is very similar to anaphora resolution but in reverse. This form of resolution occurs when two real world entities are mentioned but the second changes the meaning of the first.
Diffbot and Coreference Resolution
Diffbot’s Natural Language API provides benchmark-topping coreference resolution. Utilizing the power of the world’s largest Knowledge Graph, our NL API can further disambiguate entities based on information structured from across the web. Each entity extracted from natural language is provided with a unique identifier that can be paired up with one of the billions of Diffbot unique resource identifiers (diffbotUri’s) within the Knowledge Graph. This enables best-in-class disambiguation, data enrichment, and the ability to pair your natural language entity mentions with facts sourced from throughout the web.
Check out entity identification, sentiment, relationships, and coreference resolution at work in our non-vaporware Natural Language API demo (shown above). | <urn:uuid:2d042f72-5a05-4ea9-b528-e85ccd946527> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.diffbot.com/knowledge-graph-glossary/coreference-resolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338244.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007175237-20221007205237-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.907902 | 657 | 2.875 | 3 |
Biblical Archaeological Review
May/June 1990 Issue
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Rainer Riesner (University of Tüubingen) and his wife Cornelia for their help with this article.
For further information see Bargil Pixner, "Jerusalem's Essene Gateway" BAR, May/June 1997; Hershel Shanks, "The Tombs of David and Other Kings of Judah," Jerusalem: An Archaeological Biography (New York: Random House, 1995), pp. 35-43.
Also see the Question and Answer article with Bargil Pixner concerning this topic.
I BELIEVE that the famous Church of the Apostles, intended to mark the site where the apostles prayed when they returned from the Mount of Olives after witnessing Christ's post-resurrection assent to heaven (Acts 1:1-13), can still be found on the southwestern hill of Jerusalem, today called Mt Zion. This was also the traditional site of the Last Supper. There too Peter delivered the famous Pentecost sermon that is recorded in Acts 2.
Paradoxically, what remains of the Church of the Apostles is now part of the structure traditionally venerated as the tomb of King David. The second floor of this structure, however, is still revered as the cenacle, the traditional room of the Last Supper.
Our demonstration is in three steps.
The first one is the easiest and is not really disputed by any serious body of scholarship. That is, that the structure in which the traditional tomb of David is located on Mt. Zion is really a Roman-period synagogue and not the tomb of David.
The second step in my argument is that this was not a usual Jewish synagogue, but a Judeo-Christian Synagogue.
At first, places where Jewish Christians worshipped were of course called synagogues. Only later, as I will explain, did Christian places of worship come to be called churches instead of synagogues. And at some time after that, this particular Judeo-Christian synagogue became known as the Church of the Apostles. Demonstrating this last statement will be the third part of my argument.
The traditional tomb of King David is located on Mt. Zion because the Bible tells us he was buried within the city. In 1 Kings 2:10, we read, "Then David slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David." Burials almost always occurred outside the city, so as not to contaminate the city with the impurity associated with a dead body. An exception to this rule in Israelite history was the royal line from David to Ahaz.1
|1 "And Solomon slept with his fathers and was buried in the City of David" (I Kings 11:43). For later kings, see I Kings 14:31, 15:8,24, 22:50 (verse 51 in Hebrew); 2 Kings 12:21 (verse 22 in Hebrew), 14:20, 15:7,38, 16:20.||
The Odyssey of Mt. Zion
If you ask a policeman in Jerusalem where Mt. Zion is (or look on a map), he will direct you to a broad hill south of the walled Old City. There are, in fact, two hills that extend south from the Old City, divided by the Tyropoeon Valley. The western hill is what is today called Mt. Zion. The western hill is much larger, broader and higher; the eastern hill is narrower, lower and steeply sloped.
Until about 100 or 150 years ago, scholars were generally agreed that this western hill was where the City of David had been located. So there was little reason to question the traditional site of David's tomb on Mt. Zion.
But then the early explorers and archaeologists got into the act. In 1838, the American Orientalist Edward Robinson crawled through a fantastic tunnel under the eastern hill that carried water from the Gihon Spring on the eastern side of the eastern hill to the other side of this hill. What was this tunnel doing under the eastern hill? In 1880, an ancient Hebrew inscription found carved into the wall of this tunnel helped the German architect Conrad Schick to identify the tunnel as the one that Judah's King Hezekiah constructed to bring water into Jerusalem, in the late eighth century B.C., in anticipation of an Assyrian siege, as described in the Bible (2 Kings 18:13-19:37; 2 Chronicles 32).
But the mystery deepened: What was all this doing under the eastern hill? A subsequent century of excavation has now conclusively established that the Canaanite (or Jebusite) city that David captured in about 1000 B.C. and that then became known as the City of David (2 Samuel 5:7) was on the eastern hill, not on the western hill. The reason why is clear: The abundant waters of the Gihon Spring flow at the base of the eastern hill.
Today, the western hill is still called Mt. Zion, but the eastern hill is known as the City of David.
2 Hershel Shanks, "The City of David After Five Years of Digging" BAR, November/ December 1985.
Indeed, Zion has been something of a movable mountain. The Bible tells us that David captured Metsudat Tsion, the fortress of Zion (2 Samuel 5:7). As noted above, archaeologists have established beyond cavil that the original City of David and the original Mt. Zion (Zion I) that David captured were on the eastern hill. The recent excavations on the eastern hill led by the late Yigal Shiloh may even have uncovered the substructure of the fortress of Zion — the famous stepped-stone structure, the largest structure ever uncovered in Iron Age Israel, a full five stories high.2
King Solomon, David's son, built his palace and a Temple to the Lord on a hill north of King David's city, on what is today still called the Temple Mount, the jewel of the Old City, with the Dome of the Rock at its center. Even in Biblical times, the site of Zion seems to have shifted, for the Temple Mount became known as Zion (Zion II). This shift to the Temple Mount is already noticeable in Isaiah (for example, Isaiah 60:14) and in the Psalms, but is especially clear in the First Book of Maccabees (4:37,60, 5:54, 7:33).
So it remained until the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. At that time, the Romans utterly destroyed the city, including the Temple, and in time people wondered where the ancient Davidic fortress could have been. First century residents of Jerusalem could not imagine the splendid palace of David having stood on the lowly eastern hill. Common opinion held that it must have stood on the highest hill of the city as they perceived it, the western hill. The first-century Jewish historian Josephus already refers to the City of David on the western hill.3 In this way a third place, the western hill, became known as Mt. Zion (Zion III), which name it still retains, although erroneously.
3 Josephus thought that the ancient wall (First wall) encompassing the western hill had been built by David and Solomon (The Jewish War 5.143). Describing David's conquest of Jerusalem, he lets Joab first conquer the Lower City, then the Jebusite fortress in the Upper City (Jewish Antiquities 7.62-66).
4 Raymond Weill, Le Cite de David, 2 vol. (Paris, 1920 and 1947); and Hershel Shanks, The City of David: A Guide to Biblical Jerusalem (Washington: BAS, 1973), pp. 99-108.
5 Nehemiah tells us that "Shallum rebuilt the Fountain Gate" and then "built the wall of the Pool of Solomon at the royal garden as far as the stairs that go down from the City of David" (Nehemiah 3:15). This clearly places the City of David on the eastern hill. The next verse contains the description of a portion of the wall repair "opposite David's tomb." The tomb of David must have lain inside the city wall, not far from the Siloam Pool, yet still at a distance from the Temple Mount, precisely where the tombs Weill found are located.
6 Jewish Antiquities 7.393; 16.179-183.
7 Roman History 69:14.
8 Tosephta, Baba Bathra 1: II; Jerusalem Talmud, Nazir 57d.
See King David's Traditional Tomb
The Wandering Tomb of King David
Like Zion, David's tomb also did some moving about. The French archaeologist Raymond Weill, excavating on the eastern hill in 1913, uncovered a number of cave tombs, including three beautiful horizontal gallery-graves.4 Weill believed he had uncovered the royal necropolis within the City of David. Many archaeologists still agree. But if this is not exactly where David was buried, his burial must have been elsewhere in the City of David – on the eastern hill.
In ancient times the tomb of David was of course well known, but it is difficult to learn from these ancient references just where it was located. Nehemiah refers to the tomb of David in his description of the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem when the exiles returned from Babylon in the late sixth century B.C. (Nehemiah 3:16). From this description it appears he located David's tomb on the eastern hill.5
Josephus reports that Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.) secretly tried to rob the treasure hidden in David's tomb. When two of Herod's clandestine diggers met a mysterious death, fear overcame Herod and he ordered a tomb-memorial erected at the site.6 This memorial is no doubt what Peter is referring to in his great Pentecost sermon (Acts 2) when he says that "[King] David's tomb [Greek, mnena] is with us to this day" (Acts 2:29).
The Roman historian Dio Cassius (c. 150-235 A.D.) tells us that this tomb-memorial withstood the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., but collapsed shortly before the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome (132-135 A.D.).7
The last person we know of who knew the exact location of David's tomb was Rabbi Akiva. Eventually executed by the Romans for his support of the Second Jewish Revolt, Akiva was once asked why the graves of the Davidic dynasty were allowed within the city walls despite the fact that this would cause an area to be impure. He responded that the impurity of the graves was led out of the city through a rock channel into the Kidron River.8 This is important because the Kidron lies on the east side of the eastern hill. It clearly indicates that he placed the royal tombs on the eastern slope of the eastern hill close to the Kidron Valley, just where Weill discovered the tomb complex. Akiva's testimony provides an additional reason to believe David's tomb was on the eastern hill.
After the Roman emperor Hadrian suppressed the Second Jewish Revolt, Jews were banned from the city. Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Roman colony called Aelia Capitolina. For that purpose the area of the "royal tombs" found by Weill on the eastern hill was used as a quarry.
According to some scholars, the destruction of the area of the royal tombs and the banishment of Jews from Jerusalem led many Jews to venerate the tomb of David in Bethlehem, where he had been born. This new localization of David's tomb was soon followed by Christians, who found support for this in the Gospel of Luke, which refers to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born, as "the City of David" (Luke 2:4,11), although the Bible originally used this term for the eastern hill of Jerusalem. The first Christian witness to the view that David was buried in Bethlehem was the church father Eusebius. In his famous Onomasticon (c. 330 A.D.), he relates that both David and his father Jesse are buried in Bethlehem.9
9 J.P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Graeca (Paris, 1844), vol. 43, p. 420 (hereafter cited MPG).
10 Donato Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum Sanctorum (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1982; reprint of the 2nd edition of 1955), no. 96.
11 John Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades (Jerusalem: Ariel, 1978), p. 85.
12 Ali Harad (1170 A.D.) states: "Beit Lahem (Bethlehem) is the name of the town where Jesus was born – peace be with him – and where there are the tombs of David and Solomon" (Archives de I' Orient Latin 1, Paris 1881, p. 605). Ibn Khaldun (14th century) writes in his history: "Then David, the prophet, died and was buried in Bethlehem" (F. Dunkel, Das Heilige Land 55 , p. 25).
13 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 754.
a In translations from Greek or Latin, "Zion" (Hebrew) is spelled "Sion."
14 Raymund de Aguilers writes: "In that church are the following holies: the sepulchre of King David and of Solomon and the sepulchre of the proto-martyr Saint Stephen" (Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 757).
b It is still there, rebuilt on the grounds of the École Biblique. Some parts of the original church, including part of the mosaic pavement have survived.
In 333 A.D. a man known to us only as the Pilgrim of Bordeaux visited the Holy Land and left us a very interesting and reliable itinerary. In his itinerary he states that not far from the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is a cave tomb containing the remains not only of David, but also of Solomon and other members of the family of Jesse.10
Another anonymous pilgrim, this one from Piacenza, Italy, came to the Holy Land in about 570 A.D. The Piacenza Pilgrim writes that "a mile from Bethlehem, in the suburb, David's body lies buried near that of his son Solomon." 11
Moslems continued to venerate the tombs of David and Solomon in Bethlehem until the 14th century,12 though in the tenth century a new Christian tradition had begun to develop that placed David's tomb on the western hill, which had long been identified, if incorrectly, as Mt. Zion.
We find the first reference to this relocation in a very confused document called "The Life of Saint Helene and Constantine," written in the tenth century by an unidentified Greek author to eulogize the work of Emperor Constantine's mother Helena.13
When the Crusaders arrived in Jerusalem in 1099, they found on Mt. Zion (Zion III) the Byzantine Church of Hagia Sion (Holy Zion)a that had been destroyed; in the better-preserved annex south of the church, they discovered not only what had been identified as David's tomb, but also the tomb of his son Solomon and the tomb of St. Stephen. Both of the latter were attached to David's tomb.14
The Crusaders disregarded the tradition concerning Stephen's tomb, because a Byzantine Church of St. Stephen containing a reliquary of the martyr already existed north of Damascus Gate.b The Crusaders focused their attention instead on the tradition of David's tomb that placed it on Mt. Zion (Zion III), and they erected an enormous Gothic cenotaph (a sepulchral monument, in this case an empty sarcophagus) to mark it.
But the Tomb of David was, for the Crusaders, of less importance than the much older tradition, also found by the Crusaders, that this sanctuary was the site of Jesus' Last Supper, of the resurrection appearances, of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles on Pentecost and of the dormition (passing away) of Mary.
Gradually this pseudo-tomb of David of the Christians came to be accepted, first by the Jews and later also by Moslems. The site became a special point of interest for Jews during the period between 1948 and 1967 (when the Old City was in Jordanian hands), because the most revered Jewish site, the Wailing Wall (the western wall of Herod's Temple Mount), inside the Old City, was generally inaccessible to Jews, whereas Mt. Zion was under Israeli control during those years.
A Mortar Shell and a Dig
15 This report was only published posthumously, the author was killed in a terrorist attack on the 1956 Archaeological Convention at Ramat Rachel, south of Jerusalem.
|In 1948, during Israel's War of Independence, considerable fighting occurred on and around the western hill, Mt. Zion (Zion III), in the course of which a shell exploded in the building housing the traditional tomb of King David. In 1951 the Israeli archaeologist Jacob Pinkerfeld was entrusted with the task of repairing the damage. While doing so, he also examined the site from an archaeological perspective.15 Behind the cenotaph of King David, Pinkerfeld found a niche that was part of the original structure of the building. When he removed the marble floor slabs for repair, he dug two trial pits in which he found three earlier floor levels. About 5 inches (12 cm) below the present floor, he found the Crusader floor. About a foot and a half (48 cm) below that, he found a late Roman or early Byzantine floor that consisted of a colored mosaic with geometric designs. Then, about 4 inches (10 cm) below that, Pinkerfeld found the plaster of the original building's floor, along with the remains of what appeared to be a stone pavement.
In Pinkerfeld's excavation report he described this original floor:
"Seventy cm below the present floor level another floor of plaster was found, quite possibly the remains of a stone pavement. Some small fragments of smooth stones, perhaps the remains of this pavement were found slightly above the level.... It is certain that this floor belonged to the original building, i.e., to the period when the northern wall and its apse [niche] were built. This is evident from a section of the wall which shows at that level a foundation ledge projecting into the hall [See Plan of First-Century Judeo-Christian Synagogue in the middle of the King David's Traditional Tomb page]."16
16 Jacob Pinkerfeld, " 'David's Tomb,' Notes on the History. of the Building," Bulletin of the Louis Rabinowitz Fund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues, 3 (Jerusalem: Hebrew Univ., 1960), pp. 41-43.
See Chart: The First-Century Judeo-Christian Synagogue
|As Pinkerfeld noted, in the northern wall (which was part of the original construction) was a niche about 6 feet (1.8 m) above the original floor level. Similar niches at similar heights above floor level have been found in ancient synagogues and were presumably used to house an ark for Torah scrolls. Pinkerfeld reasoned that this niche served the same function. He concluded that the building was originally a Roman-period synagogue.
That this building was originally a synagogue now seems clear, and scholars who have examined the matter agree. The next step is to determine what kind of synagogue it was. Was it a traditional Jewish synagogue, or a Judeo-Christian synagogue?
The First Churches Were Synagogues
The earliest Christians were all Jews. Moreover, they did not regard themselves as having abandoned Judaism. Indeed, one of the earliest questions that the new religion addressed was whether gentiles – non-Jews – could become Christians or whether it was necessary to be a Jew in order to become a Christian (see Acts 15). It was, of course, Paul who became the apostle to the gentiles in the Greek world. Ultimately conflicts developed between the Jewish branch in Jerusalem and the gentile branch that developed outside Palestine. More of that later.
17 See for example, Ignatius of Antioch (Letter to Polycarp 4:2); Pastor of Hermas 43:9; Justin the Martyr (Dialog with the Jew Tryphon 63:5).
18 See Lee I. Levine, "Les Fonctions de la Synagogue Ancienne," Le Monde de la Bible 57 (1989), pp. 28-30.
|Not only were the original Christians all Jewish, but for several centuries Judeo-Christians and even some gentile Christians referred to their houses of worship as synagogues.17 In Hebrew the Jewish house of prayer was – and still is – called Beit or Beth Knesset, which means simply "house of assembly." Under Hellenistic influence, this became "synagogue," a Greek word meaning "assembly." The synagogue was used for various activities of a Jewish community. The main purpose was for the reading of the Torah, its translation (targum) into the vernacular, the reading of the prophets and on shabbat and feast days the sermon. But it also served other purposes, for example: for the study of the Bible, for holy meals (especially on shabbat and feast days), as a depository of the collection and the funds of the community, as a religious tribunal and occasionally as a guest house; nearby dwelled the guardian of the synagogue.18
To distinguish themselves from the Jews, the gentile Christians began to refer to their gatherings by the Greek word ekklesia, also meaning "assembly." This word was then applied to the gathering place and later to the church building itself. Another word for the building was the Greek kyriake, meaning "belonging to the Lord (kyrios)," from which the English word "church" is derived.
A Peculiar Orientation and Revealing Graffiti
Returning to the synagogue on Mt. Zion: Was it a Jewish synagogue or a Judeo-Christian synagogue?
Pinkerfeld concluded that the building was a Jewish synagogue, because, he thought, it was oriented precisely toward the Temple Mount, whereas churches are usually oriented toward the east.19
|19 Pinkerfeld, "David's Tomb," P. 43.||Pinkerfeld's reasoning is based on at least two errors. Moreover, additional evidence suggests that the building was originally a Judeo-Christian synagogue.
Pinkerfeld's first error is his assumption that all Christian houses of worship were oriented to the east. Actually, this became the general rule only in the second half of the fourth century, after Christianity had become the official religion of Rome. The construction that concerns us here is of a much earlier date.
Second, this synagogue – or more precisely, its niche – is not oriented exactly toward the Temple Mount, where the Jewish Temple once stood. As several observers have now noted, the synagogue is oriented slightly off north, rather than toward the northeast where the Temple was located. The difference is small, but important. And with the Temple Mount but a few hundred yards away, the builders surely knew the difference. In fact, the synagogue's orientation is toward what is presently the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which, at the time the synagogue was built, was believed to be the site of Jesus' tomb and of his crucifixion at Golgotha.c
c See Dan Bahat, "Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?" BAR, May/June 1986
20 The Greek word martyrion means that the church was standing as a "witness" of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
21 Pinkerfeld, "David's Tomb," p. 43.
d The word "autocrat" perhaps refers to King David. Compare Psalm 110:1 and Matthew 22:43.
22 Bellarmino Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1971), p. 121.
See Chart: The Development of the Judeo-Christian Synagogue
Was this directional orientation intentional? I believe it was. Would it not be logical that, after the Temple had been destroyed, Judeo-Christians, instead of orienting their synagogues toward the destroyed Temple as was the case with traditional Jews, would orient their synagogues toward the new center of their redemption, the site of Jesus' burial and resurrection? This suggestion is supported by the fact that when the emperor Constantine built the Church of the Martyrion,20 the earliest section of today's Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in 326 A.D., it too was oriented toward Jesus' tomb.
Another sanctuary oriented toward Jesus' tomb, according to the Franciscan archaeologist Emmanuele Testa, was the oldest church in front of Mary's tomb, an ancient Judeo-Christian holy place in the Kidron Valley.
But there is more. In the lowest layer, Pinkerfeld found pieces of plaster with graffiti scratched on them that came from the original synagogue wall. In his own words: "In the first [Roman] period, the hall was plastered. The fragments were handed over to the late Prof. M. Schwabe for examination."21 Both Schwabe and Pinkerfeld died without publishing these graffiti.
Ultimately they were published by a team of experts from the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum led by Professors Emmanuele Testa and Bellarmino Bagatti. Their interpretation is as follows:
"One graffito has the initials of the Greek words which may be translated as 'Conquer, Savior, mercy.' Another graffito has letters which can be translated as 'O Jesus, that I may live, 0 Lord of the autocrat.' "d 22I agree with the Franciscan authors that on this basis we can conclude that the synagogue building was originally a Judeo-Christian house of worship. As we shall see, later references to the building as the "Church of the Apostles" also support its identification as a Judeo-Christian synagogue.
The Building of a Judeo-Christian Synagogue
The historical conditions after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. and some new archaeological evidence suggest the circumstances under which this Judeo-Christian synagogue was built.
In 70 A.D. the Roman general Titus suppressed the First Jewish Revolt (66-70 A.D.) by utterly destroying Jerusalem and burning the Temple. The first-century historian Josephus tells us that the destruction reached the farthest corners of the city and was so complete that someone passing by would not know a city ever stood there.23
23 Jewish War 7.3-4.
24 Eusebius, Church History 3.5,2-3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29.7; 30.2,7.
25 "Ascension of Isaiah 4" in James H. Charlesworth, ed., The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Vol. 2 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985), pp. 161f.
e The religion practiced by the Jews, even when practiced by believers in Jesus, was recognized by Roman law as legitimate (religio licita). Gentiles who became Christians, on the other hand, were persecuted until the time of Constantine (early fourth century). This might be one reason why Jewish believers in Jesus did not call themselves Christians, but rather Israelites, Nazoreans or Ebionites.
This destruction, indeed, included the western hill, Mt. Zion (Zion III). In 1983, during an excavation in the Dormition Abbey, the building on Mt. Zion adjacent to this ancient Judeo-Christian synagogue, I found coins, dating from the second and third years of the First Jewish Revolt (67 and 68 A.D.), on the steps of a ritual bath (see photo at left) lying under huge layers of destruction debris, and in the remains of an oven. Thus, it is safe to conclude that the building that stood on the site of the adjacent Judeo-Christian synagogue also fell victim to the Roman onslaught.
The Judeo-Christian community in Jerusalem escaped this terrible catastrophe by fleeing to Pella in Transjordan and the countryside of Gilean and Bashan24 in expectation of the Parousia, the second coming of Christ.25
When this did not occur and they realized that the time of Jesus' return was not yet at hand, they decided to go back to Jerusalem to rebuild their sanctuary on the site of the ancient Upper Room — where the Last Supper had been held, where the apostles returned after witnessing Jesus' ascension on the Mount of Olives and where Peter delivered his Pentecost sermon as recorded in Acts 2. It was this site on which they made their synagogue. They were free to do this because they enjoyed a certain religious freedom from the Romans (religio licita) inasmuch as they were Jews who confessed Jesus as their Messiah, and not gentile converts.e
The archaeological evidence is consistent with this suggestion. On the outside face of the synagogue, at the base of the eastern and southern walls, we can see building stones of the original Roman-period building, which still exists to a considerable height. These large stones (for example, in the third course, 3 by 3.5 feet [96 by 110 cm]) are assigned by most archaeologists to the Herodian period, that is, before 70 A.D. But these stones were not originally hewn for this building. They were brought here from elsewhere and are in secondary use. This is evident because the corners of the stones were damaged during transport. Moreover, squared ashlars (large rectangular stones) of different heights were used in the same course on the eastern wall. Had this been original construction, the heights of stones in any one course would have been uniform.
Someone during the Roman period (after the destruction of Jerusalem) must have erected this synagogue structure by using ashlars brought here from elsewhere. Who would have done this? I believe that the returning Judeo-Christians did it in the late first century, when they put up their synagogue on the site they identified with the cenacle (the Upper Room, where the Last Supper was held), the center of the primitive community around James, "the brother of the Lord" (Galatians 1:19). The most probable period when such an imposing structure would have been built was between 70 and 132 A.D. According to Eusebius, during those years there was a flourishing Judeo-Christian community in Jerusalem presided over by a series of 13 bishops from the circumcision (that is, Judeo-Christians).26 Early Church writers identified this Judeo-Christian synagogue as the Church of the Apostles.
26 In his own words: "And the history also contains the remark that there also was a very big church of Christ in Jerusalem, made up of Jews, until the time of the siege of Hadrian" (Eusebius, Demonstratio Evangetica 3.5, in Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects, ed. A.F.J. Klijn and G.J. Reinink [Leiden, Neth.: EJ. Brill, 1973], p. 139). The list of bishops is to be found in Eusebius, Church History 4-5:1-4.
27 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 733.
28 Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844), Vol. I I 1, p. 985 (hereafter cited MPL).
Mt. Zion in Pre-Byzantine Times
Why was this ancient Judeo-Christian synagogue on Mt. Zion (Zion III) called the Church of the Apostles?
Bishop Epiphanius (315-403 A.D.), a native of the Holy Land, transmitted to us the following information: When the Roman emperor Hadrian visited Jerusalem in 130/131 A.D., there was standing on Mt. Zion "a small church of God. It marked the site of the Hypero-on (Upper Room) to which the disciples returned from the Mount of Olives after the Lord had been taken up [see Acts 1:13]. It had been built on that part of Sion."27
The ancient sanctuary on Mt. Zion known to Epiphanius could only have been a Judeo-Christian synagogue, for the building of Christian "churches" was made possible only after Constantine's Edict of Milan (313 A.D.).
Who built this synagogue-church — already standing on the southwestern hill in 130 A.D. — in memory of the place of the Last Supper and the Pentecost event? Some information comes from a tenth-century Patriarch of Alexandria named Euthychius (896-940 A.D.), who wrote a history of the church based on all the ancient sources that were available to him. According to Euthychius, the Judeo-Christians who fled to Pella to escape the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. "returned to Jerusalem in the fourth year of the emperor Vespasian, and built there their church."28 The fourth year of Vespasian was 73 A.D., the year Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebellion, fell to the Romans. The Judeo-Christians returned to Jerusalem under the leadership of Simon Bar-Kleopha, who was the second bishop of Jerusalem after James, "the brother of the Lord," and, like Jesus, a descendant of the royal Davidic family.
The Judeo-Christians probably built their church, at that time called a synagogue, sometime in the decade after 73 A.D. For its construction, they could have used some of the magnificent ashlars from Herod's destroyed
If that is so, the event may in fact be referred to in one of the apocryphal Odes of Solomon composed about 100 A.D. by a rival sectarian Judeo-Christian group. The fourth ode begins:
"No man can pervert your holy place, 0 God, nor can he change it, and put it in another place, because [he has] no power over it. Your sanctuary you designed before you made special places."29
29 Charlesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, p. 736.
30 Chariesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, p. 386.
f In Eusebius' time, Mt. Zion was south of the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina, the name given to Jerusalem by Emperor Hadrian, who rebuilt it as a Roman City.
31 Baidi, Enchiridion, no. 728.
|Was this passage in condemnation of the effort of the Judeo-Christians who built the synagogue on Mt. Zion to transfer some of the holiness of the destroyed Temple to their place of worship on the new Mt. Zion by constructing it in part with stones from that Temple?
From this time on, the western hill of Jerusalem was referred to by Christians as Mt. Zion (Zion III). Very few places in Jerusalem can point to such an enduring tradition as Zion's claim to be the seat of the primitive church. No other place has raised a serious rival claim.
The earliest mention of Zion in this new outlook is found in the apocryphal Life of the Prophets from the end of the first century A.D. It mentions that Isaiah'.s tomb was close to the Siloam Fountain, near the tombs of the Kings, "to the east of Zion."30 The "east of Zion" could only refer to Christian Zion on the western hill. Other sources regarding Christian traditions on Mt. Zion are found in the early church fathers. An outstanding early witness is Eusebius (265-349 A.D.), the great church historian. His testimony is of special value because it was written before the Council of Nicea (325 A.D.) and the consequent development of a Christian Jerusalem. Eusebius writes in his Demonstratio Evangelica (c. 312 A.D.):
"This is the word of the Gospel, which through our Lord Jesus Christ and through the Apostles went out from Sion and was spread to every nation. It is a fact that it poured forth from Jerusalem and Mt. Sion adjacent to it,f on which our Savior and Lord had stayed many times and where he had taught much doctrine."31
How Pilgrims and Bishops Saw Mt. Zion
In the year 333 A.D. the Bordeaux Pilgrim, whom we have already mentioned, arrived in the Holy City. According to his itinerary, he did not go, as other pilgrims did, first to the Holy Sepulchre. Instead he took the road from the Temple to Mt. Zion (Zion III). He records for us how he came down from the Temple to the Siloam Pool and ascended Mt. Zion, passing the ruins of the house of Caiaphas, the High Priest in the time of Jesus, and entered the "wall of Sion." He reports that this is the place where the Palace of David must have stood. He also observes that a synagogue, still visible, was left standing on the site. Afterwards he exits from the wall of Sion and goes in the direction of the Neapolis Gate (today's Damascus Gate) viewing also some walls of Pilate's palace, located on his right, on the slope of the Tyropoeon Valley.32
32 Baldi, Enchiridion, nos. 729, 886.
33 See Herbert Donner, Die ersten Pahtinapilger (Stuttgart: Catholic Bibelwerk, 1983), pp. 41f.
In the opinion of some scholars, the Bordeaux Pilgrim may have been a Jewish Christian,33 who was well versed in the Hebrew Scriptures and who was drawn to places connected with Jewish history. The synagogue that he saw on Mt. Zion could only have been a Judeo-Christian one, because he himself mentions that at this time Jews were allowed in Jerusalem only once a year to lament the destruction of Temple near a "perforated stone" in its vicinity (most probably the perforated rock [sahne] under the Dome of the Rock).
Since we know of no other synagogue building standing at the pilgrim's time on Mt. Zion, the synagogue he refers to must be identified with the building we have been discussing. This same Judeo-Christian building, called a synagogue by the Bordeaux Pilgrim, was called a church by others (for example, Epiphanius) when seen from a different perspective.
Another piece of evidence for the identification of this building comes from the pen of a man whose name is easily confused with the tenth-century Euthychius, quoted earlier. I refer now, however, to a man named Eucherius, who wrote in about 440 A.D., 500 years before Euthychius. Eucherius was a very learned man, originally a Roman senator and then archbishop of Lyons in France.
Basing his work on Jerome and other earlier sources, Eucherius writes:
"The plain upper part [of Mt. Zion] is occupied by monks' cells, which surround a church. Its foundations, it is said, have been laid by the Apostles in reverence to the place of the resurrection of the Lord. It was there that they were filled with the Spirit of the Paraclete [the Holy Spirit] as promised by the Lord."34
34 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 735.
35 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 730.
36 Eusebius, Church History 3.11, 32:4ff.
|The puzzling and somewhat difficult expression "in reverence to the place of the resurrection of the Lord" might indicate the synagogue's orientation towards Jesus' tomb in the Holy Sepulchre Church, which was also the site of the resurrection.
In 348 A.D., just a few decades after the Roman emperor Constantine declared Christianity a licit religion, thus allowing it to develop freely, Cyril, later bishop of Jerusalem, delivered a famous sermon in the newly constructed basilica of the Holy Sepulchre. In the course of his address, he remarked that it would have been more appropriate to speak about the Holy Spirit in the very place where the Pentecost Spirit descended upon the apostles, namely "in the Upper Church of the Apostles."35 By this time the Judeo-Christian synagogue on Mt. Zion had become known as the Church of the Apostles. It became known as the Church of the Apostles not only because the apostles returned there after witnessing Christ's post-resurrection ascent to heaven, but also because the building was built, as we have seen, under the leadership of Simon son of Kleophas. Kleophas was known as a brother of Joseph of Nazareth,36 therefore Simon was a cousin of Jesus. Simon was later considered one of the apostles, outside the circle of the 12. For this reason, the house of worship built by Simon could rightfully be called the Church of the Apostles.
At this point, it becomes clear why Cyril, the bishop of the gentile Christian community of Jerusalem, did not preach in the Church of the Apostles, although he acknowledges that that would be the more appropriate place to talk about the Holy Spirit. He did not preach at the Church of the Apostles because this church was a synagogue in the hands of Judeo-Christians, as we deduced from the Pilgrim of Bordeaux. At this time Judeo-Christians and Gentile Christians had already separated.
But how could a Judeo-Christian community exist in Jerusalem from the second to the fourth century?
A Judeo-Christian Community on Mt. Zion
After the emperor Hadrian suppressed the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome in 135 A.D., Jews were banished from Jerusalem by imperial decree. Whether this included Judeo-Christians is not clear. The revolt had been led by a man named Bar-Kokhba, who made messianic claims of his own — the revolt is sometime called the Bar-Kokhba Revolt. Naturally, Christians of Jewish descent opposed these messianic claims, thus incurring the wrath of Bar-Kokhba's followers, so perhaps the Judeo-Christians were not required by the Romans to leave Jerusalem. Or perhaps, after Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Roman city named Aelia Capitolina — to obliterate any associations with the Jews — and Hadrian was succeeded by a much milder emperor named Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.), the Judeo-Christians drifted back to Mt. Zion.
Their adherence to Jewish customs, especially circumcision and observance of Jewish holy days, naturally alienated them from the church of the gentiles. The fissure became a gaping canyon with the strongly anti-Judaic positions taken by the Byzantine church after the Council of Nicea (325 A.D.).
Though recognizing the authenticity of the place, the gentile Christians looked with suspicion and almost contempt at the synagogue of the Judeo-Christians on Mt. Zion, considering their way of life outdated, if not heretical.37
37 The church fathers (Eusebius, Epiphanius, Jerome and others) called it "a cottage in a cucumber field" (MPG 22, p. 43-44; Baldi, Enchiridion, nos. 733, 734).
38 G. Pasquati, ed., Seconde Lettre (Berlin, 1935), pp. 11-17.
39 MPG 41, p. 845.
This dispute, especially as it relates to Mt. Zion, is referred to in a letter from the church father Gregory of Nyssa, who visited Jerusalem in 381 A.D. Gregory reported that the very place that was the first to receive the Holy Spirit was now in turmoil, and that a counter-altar had been set up.38 Bishop Epiphanius of Salamis also declared that Mt. Zion, which was once a privileged he height, had now been "cut off" (as heretical) from the rest of the church.39 This was the situation during the second half of the fourth century A.D.
To fend off gentile influence, both pagan and Byzantine (that is, gentile Christian), the Judeo-Christians of Mt. Zion built a wall around their ancient sanctuary. It was this kind of ghetto wall that the Bordeaux Pilgrim referred to when he visited Mt. Zion in 333 A.D. He entered and exited through a wall, he reported.
Byzantine Christian Takeover of Mt. Zion
How the Byzantine Christians finally took possession of the ancient Judeo-Christian sanctuary, we do not know when. But in 1984, Belgian scholar Michel van Esbroeck published some texts, recently discovered in a Georgian monastery in Russia, that seem to answer at least this question. In one of these texts a certain bishop, John of Bolnisi, records that the feast of dedication of the Anastasis (a circular structure built over Jesus' tomb as a memorial of his resurrection) occurred on September 13, whereas the nearby Constantine church of the Martyrion was dedicated on September 14 and the Church of Hagia Sion (Holy Zion), the mother of all churches on Mt. Zion, on September 15.
In Bishop John's own words:
"And the 15th of the same month was the dedication of the Holy and Glorious Zion, which is the mother of all churches, that had been founded by the Apostles, which emperor Theodosius the Great has built, enlarged, and glorified, and in which the Holy Spirit had come down on the holy day of Pentecost."40
|40 Michel van Esbroeck, Les plus anciens homiliaires Georgiens (Louvain, Belgium, 1975), PP. 314-315.||So the construction of the first Byzantine church on Mt. Zion was ordered by Theodosius 1, who reigned between 379 and 395 A.D. This emperor also had built the first Byzantine church in Gethsemane. The structure of the apostolic synagogue was left untouched, however. The new church simply formed a kind of vestibule to the ancient structure. This we know from the famous mosaic in the apse of the Pudentiana church in Rome, which was made about 400 A.D. This mosaic not only shows the Church of the Holy Sepulchre but also the two buildings on Mt. Zion next to each other.
The reconciliation between Judeo-Christians and gentile Christians of Jerusalem was brought about by an illustrious person of this period, Saint Porphyrius, later bishop of Gaza. He himself seems to have been of Jewish descent. He came to Jerusalem from Thessalonica and may have become a monk on Mt. Zion. In any event, he was a great preacher who succeeded in integrating the Judeo-Christians into the imperial church. Prior to this the two groups had lived physically apart and intellectually aloof from one another.
The reconciliation was finalized when the bishop of Jerusalem, John II (served 387-419 A.D.), blessed the altar of the Judeo-Christians (propitiatory, Hebrew kapporet), now in the Theodosian church, on the feast of Yom Kippur (September 15), possibly 394 A.D. On that occasion Bishop John gave a most astonishing sermon full of Judeo-Christian symbolism. In it he praised again and again the great merits of Porphyrius the Israelite.41
41 van Esbroeck, "Jean II de Jerusalem," Analecta Bollandiana 102 (1984), pp. 99-133.
g See James F. Strange and Hershal Shanks, "Has the House Where Jesus Stayed in Capernaum Been Found?" BAR, November/December 1982.
42 Baidi, Enchirdion, no. 734.
43 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 732.
44 Baidi, Enchiridion, no. 745. The ancient Georgian liturgical calendar gives us this information: "Commemoration of John, the Archbishop of Jerusalem, who first built Sion and of Modestos, who rebuilt it after the fire." (Gerardo Garitte, Le calendrier Georgien du Sinaiticus 34 [Brussels, 1958], p. 187.) The reference to John II's activity can only be to the Theodosian building, since everyone knew that the apostolic synagogue stood already on Mt. Zion for centuries. John's activity is probably so strongly stressed because John was not only the Jerusalem bishop at the time Theodosius constructed the vestibule church, but also the man who enlarged it into the big rectangular church of Hagia Sion. (In the first Byzantine Zion church, the Column of Flagellation was part of the architecture of the portico; in the second, it stood in the center of the church. See Baldi, Enchiridion, nos. 732, 734, 739, 740, 741, 745, 746.)
45 MPL 41, P. 813.
46 From this time on, this building is often called in Greek the diakonikon, that is, a side chapel of the Hagia Sion church.
From both the text of Bishop John's sermon and the Pudentiana mosaic, I am inclined to agree with van Esbroeck that the Byzantine vestibule church, adjacent to the Church of the Apostles, was built as an octagon. The octagonal form was used for Christian memorial churches, in this case a memorial to the mother of all churches, the Church of the Apostles. Other examples of octagonal memorials are the church memorializing Saint Peter's house in Capernaum, which has in large parts survivedg and the Constantinian sanctuary built above the grotto of Jesus' nativity in Bethlehem.
To enhance the attraction of the Theodosian building, the presumed column of the flagellation of Jesus, which so far had been lying in the ruins of the house of Caiaphas, was inserted into the portico.42 Crowds of people came to venerate this column on Good Friday morning, according to Egeria, an intrepid female pilgrim who visited Jerusalem around 394 A.D. From her description of the liturgy, there was a double sanctuary on Mt. Zion,43 the old Church of the Apostles and the Theodosian Church in front of it.
It seems as if on Pentecost the people gathered in the newly built church of Theodosius, while the presbyters (ordained priests) went also to another church, apparently the ancient Judeo-Christian synagogue. One gets the same impression from a moving passage in Bishop John's dedication sermon, where he exhorts the builders, priests and architects to go to the Upper Room.
It appears that John also built on Mt. Zion the great rectangular Hagia Sion church shown on the Madaba mosaic map from the sixth century and described by Bishop Arculph in the seventh century.44
After the reconciliation with the original Judeo-Christian owners of Mt. Zion and their absorption into the gentile church, John was free to conceive a great plan of reconstructing Mt. Zion and adding the great church of Hagia Sion. To realize this grandiose scheme, a monk's vision came to his aid.
In 415 A.D. the bones of the first martyr, St. Stephen, were found in Kafar Gamaliel, at a site indicated in a vision experienced by the monk Lucien. John then ordered the bones handed over to him. Interpreting the monk's vision, John declared, "The carriage, you have seen [in your vision], drawn by a large ox signifies Stephen. Sion, the first church, is the big carriage."45
Based on this interpretation, the relics of Stephen were solemnly brought in a great procession into the sacrarium of Mt. Zion, that is, the old Judeo-Christian synagogues.46 The date of the transfer of St. Stephen's bones was December 26, 415 A.D., and this became the date of the feast of St. Stephen.
The relics of Stephen, whether genuine or not, did not stay on Mt. Zion for very long. The entire Byzantine empire was caught up in the excitement of the discovery. When Theodotus's wife, the empress Eudocia, came to Jerusalem, she had a new church erected in honour of St. Stephen north of the Damascus Gate, at the site of today's Lole Biblique. Most of St. Stephen's bone relics were moved there in 439 A.D.; others were taken to Constantinople; still others went to the Mount of Olives. Apparently only the empty sarcophagus remained in the old sanctuary on Mt. Zion. Because of the erroneous notion at the time that the City of David and the tombs of the kings
Of Judah stood on this hill, two more memorial tombs were added in the tenth century, one for David and one for Solomon. It was these two tombs, plus St. Stephen's sarcophagus that the Crusaders found upon their arrival, as we have seen above.
Mt. Zion from the Crusader Period Until Today
The Church of Hagia Sion was burnt during the Persian invasion of 614 A.D. It was rebuilt by Patriarch Modestos, and partially destroyed again in 1009 A.D. by Hakim, the Fatimid sultan of Egypt. So, when the Crusaders arrived in Jerusalem in 1099 A.D., they found the magnificent Byzantine Church of Hagia Sion in a heap of ruins. On the south part of the ruins of the Hagia Sion, the Crusaders in the 12th century built a new church, which they named St. Mary of Mt. Zion, in memory of the tradition that Mary had lived on Mt. Zion after the resurrection of her son and had also died there.
In 1985, while a sewage channel was being dug in front of the Dormition Abbey, I took the occasion to examine the area archaeologically and was able to locate the foundation of the facade of this Crusader church. The southwest corner of the church is in an exact alignment with the southern wall of the building of the ancient Judeo-Christian synagogue (see Crusader remains). The bases of nine Crusader pilasters and the western section of the northern wall of the Crusader church were also discovered and preserved.
Thus, it was the Crusaders who first included the walls of the ancient Judeo-Christian synagogue, which had become the Church of the Apostles, into their own basilica. As the Madaba map clearly shows, even the big rectangular Byzantine Hagia Sion was separate from the remains of the older Church of the Apostles.
Above the remaining walls of the Church of the Apostles, the Crusaders built a second floor. The room on this floor, known as the cenacle, commemorated both the Last Supper and the Pentecost event described in Acts 2. This may have been the actual site of the Upper Room, referred to in Acts, where the Last Supper was held. This room is still visited today by Christian pilgrims. On the lower floor, next to the pseudo-tomb of David, the Crusaders commemorated the place where Christ washed the feet of his disciples (John 13:1-20).
When the Crusaders were forced to leave Jerusalem after their defeat at the Horns of Hattin near Tiberias in 1187 A.D., they entrusted their church on Mt. Zion to Syrian Christians.47
47 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 763.
48 The Syrian Christians transferred the traditions of Mt. Zion to the church of St. Mark near the Armenian quarter, which they venerate also as the cenacle.
The Syrian Christians were forced to abandon the Last Supper room when the entire complex on Mt. Zion was destroyed by order of one of the Ayubic sultans of Damascus a few decades later (1219 A.D.). Christian pilgrims of the 13th and early 14th centuries lament in their journals that the Church of the Apostles and the cenacle were in a state of disrepair.48
Near the end of the Crusader period, a travel account written in Hebrew by a Spanish Jew named Benjamin of Tudela (1167 A.D.) directs us to the "Tomb of David" on Mt. Zion. Benjamin relates that during his stay in Jerusalem, a Jew named Abraham told him a fantastic story. While employed by the Christian patriarch to reconstruct a damaged monument on Mt. Zion, two Jewish workers accidentally happened upon a secret passage and suddenly found themselves in a palace made of marble columns — the tombs of David and the Kings of Israel! A golden scepter and golden crown rested upon a table. There were riches all around. Suddenly they were struck down by a fierce whirlwind and began to hear voices telling them to leave immediately. Frightened, they crept back through the secret passageway, out into the open.
They related their discovery to the patriarch. The patriarch with the help of Abraham, wrote a report to Constantinople. After three days, the two workmen were found sick in bed. They could not be persuaded to return to the site. They reported: "We shall never again return there, for God does not want this place to be seen by any human being."49
|49 Baldi, Enchiridion, no. 760.|
As fantastic and confused as their story may sound, it became the basis of Jewish folklore concerning the tomb of David. Soon the local Moslems also accepted the site as authentic.
Between 1335 and 1337 A.D. the Franciscan fathers, who had just recently arrived in the Holy Land, purchased the site on Mt. Zion from the Saracens. The king of Naples served as an intermediary in this affair. Thus Mt. Zion became the first convent of the Franciscans in the Holy Land. Since then the Franciscans have been entrusted with the care of the holy places. To this day the Superior of the Franciscans carries the title Custos Sancti Montis Sion, "Custodian of Holy Mt. Zion."
The Franciscan friars repaired the roof of the cenacle (the Upper Room) in the 14th century, strengthening it with a gothic rib vaulting. South of the cenacle they built their new monastery (Mt. Zion Monastery) in the center of which was an open court surrounded on three sides by the cloister. It can still be seen today.
Apparently the Franciscans were never able to occupy the tomb of David on the ground floor, however. There Moslem holy men had made their abode. Indeed, local Moslems pleaded with the authorities to remove the infidels from the upper floor of the tomb of Nabi Dawood (the prophet David). These pressures became even more intense during the Turkish period. By the middle of the 16th century, the Franciscans were violently forced to abandon Mt. Zion completely.
In order to hinder their return, both David's tomb and the cenacle were declared mosques. A prayer niche (mihrab) was inserted in the wall indicating the direction of prayer toward Mecca. It was exactly opposite the orientation of the niche of the first century Judeo-Christian synagogue-church, which pointed to the Holy Sepulchre.
Since 1948, Mt. Zion has been part of Israel. The government's Department of Religious Affairs now administers both floors of the building. The pseudo-tomb of David is used as a Jewish synagogue and the upper room is left open for Christian visitors. Unfortunately, the only archaeological exploration of this very important site was the cursory examination by Pinkerfeld. Perhaps one day it will be excavated more thoroughly. In the meantime, we may venerate it as Christendom's most ancient shrine: The mother of all churches.
This article appeared in the May/June 1990 issue of the
Biblical Archaeology Review.
Copyright ©1990 Biblical Archaeology Society
The Biblical Archaeology Review is published every other month by the Biblical Archaeology Society, a non-profit society,
4710 41st Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20016
Subscription price is $27.00 per year in the United States, $33.00 elsewhere.
Editor: Hershel Shanks
Pixner's Jerusalem's Essene Gateway The Mt. Zion Project
Biblical Archaeology Review | <urn:uuid:a27c3a17-b686-452a-bc72-b3d11a4260b3> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://centuryone.org/apostles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988961.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509062621-20210509092621-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.964396 | 12,762 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Split Enzyme Reassembly (SER) Platforms
In a split enzyme reassembly (SER) platform, an enzyme is split into inactive or “off” fragments and fused to targeting moieties, i.e., peptide and/or protein partners. In the absence of target, the split enzyme fragments do not reassemble and enzyme activity is not observed. However, if the targeting moieties find their target, the interaction brings the split enzyme fragments into close proximity. Those fragments associate and/or fold and a functional enzyme is generated and the enzyme is then “on.” Common split enzymes, including beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), beta-lactamase, and luciferase to name a few, can be used as reporters for molecular imaging of cellular dynamics or directed enzyme pro-drug activators for chemotherapy. Beta-gal can be utilized to activate a pro-drug therapy in a two-step approach. In the first step, a drug-activating enzyme is targeted or expressed in tumors. In the second step, a nontoxic pro-drug, a substrate of the exogenous enzyme that is now localized to tumor tissues, is administered systemically. The result is that a systemically administered pro-drug can be converted to high local concentration of an active anti-cancer drug in tumors by a targeted enzyme, such as beta-gal. Several pro-drug substrates exist, which, when activated, generate toxicity for cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. | <urn:uuid:8a1900b1-c950-413f-935a-7520c5cfb680> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.broomelab.com/split-enzyme-reassembly-platforms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645824.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318145821-20180318165821-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.933362 | 310 | 2.734375 | 3 |
TAKING YOUR FERRET’S TEMPERATURE; A digital thermometer is suggested. Coat the end with a lubricant such as vasoline or KY jelly. If necessary, have someone scruff and comfort them. Gently insert ½ inch into the rectum. Normal temperature is 101-103*F.
HOW TO GIVE MEDICATION; #1 Rule- have everything ready before you pick the ferret up. Be sure to read and follow the directions on administering, dosage, and storage. Liquid medication; Administer with a dropper of syringe in the side of the mouth. Do not go too quick, allow them to swallow to avoid forcing medicine down the “wrong way” or into the lungs. Pills; best to breakup and disguise in treats such as hairball medicines.
CPR/ ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; CPR should only be done by an experienced person; however, this may not be practical. Review this with your vet in the event of an emergency. Know their lung volume is very small and there is a high risk of rupturing if performed improperly. The slightest excessive compression efforts can cause cracked ribs or bruised lungs. Consult your vet for instructions.
MOVING AN INJURED FERRET; Gently wrap the ferret in a bulky towel or blanket. Gently slide both hands underneath them and cradle their body as you move to the towel. Try not to let any part of them flop over your hands, to avoid a possible broken bone from puncturing a lung or airway.
LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES;
The following common emergencies are listed alphabetically to help stabilize your ferret enough to get them to the vet.
ANIMAL BITE/DEEP PUNCTURE WOUND; Clean the affected area with diluted betadine (the color of weak ice tea). Bandage with clean gauze or other bandaging material to protect from debris and to control bleeding. Be careful not to tighten the dressing too much where you will be cutting off the circulation. Seek vet care immediately.
BLEEDING; Direct pressure is the best way to control. Holding the wound firmly with your fingers and gently apply a pressure bandage to help stop serious bleeding. Do not attempt to use a tourniquet, or apply too tight, where you cut off the circulation. Seek vet care immediately.
BREATHING, LABORED; Breathing sounds that are harsh and rattling, an increased effort to inhale or exhale, or breathing with an open mouth are all signs of a serous health problem. Common causes of breathing difficulty in ferrets are heart disease and respiratory infections.
BROKEN BONES; Manifested by the ferret’s inability to stand without pain, support its weight normally, or move or walk normally. The ferret may vocalize, cry, or make some other unusual noise when picked up. There may be visible or internal swelling. Tenderness of the affected area is also common. Stabilize the broken bone by bandaging it to the ferret’s body. The average size ferret can have ¼ of a baby aspirin per 24 hr period for pain.
BURNS; Non chemical- Apply cool compress followed by light application of aloe vera gel. Chemical- Flush with copious amounts of cool water. Do not apply any cream or ointments, bandage lightly. Seek vet care immediately.4. a pet carrier for the travel and a portable cage for your location. A suggestion is to get a playpen type cage. One that can be set up quick, and just about anywhere. It is also easy to travel with.
CHANGE IN COLOR OF GUMS AND NOSE; Gums and nose should be pink. Pale or white gums are a serious problem. These clinical signs may indicate anemia, internal bleeding or shock. Conversely, gums, which are bright red, can be the sign of toxemia-severe systematic infection. Keep the ferret warm and calm. If the ferret is fully conscious, offer soup or fluids orally. Contact a veterinarian immediately.
CHOKING/RETCHING/VOMITING; There are many causes for these clinical presentations; foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract, severe gastric ulcers, heart conditions, and severe respiratory infections. Try to keep the ferret as calm as possible and get to the nearest vet clinic as soon as possible. For choking, hold the ferret in both hands. Have the head lower than the rear (on a 45 degree angle). Firmly but not vigorously, shake the ferret as if you are trying to shake the obstruction out of their mouth. You should review this procedure with your vet.
CONVULSIONS; Possible causes for convulsions are; low blood sugar secondary to an insulinoma, distemper, and lymphoma. Of these, low blood sugar is the most common. Carefully rub either Karo syrup or honey on the ferret’s gums. When in a convulsive state, they are often not able to swallow. Use small amounts initially. As it gets absorbed through the mucous membranes and the ferret starts coming around, try to feed the ferret some duck soup or chicken baby food. The initial bolus of sugar will help save the ferret’s life by making the seizure stop, but too much will stimulate even more insulin to be secreted and the ferret may go into another seizure later. A vet can help you properly diagnose insulinoma and prescribe appropriate treatment. The ferret should see a vet asap-especially if the ferret does not respond to the administration of sugar.
DISLOCATIONS; A swelling of any joint or limb, sometimes both. Immobilize the affected limb by bandaging it to the body.
DROWNING; Ferrets can swim only for a few minutes before succumbing to exhaustion. Remove the ferret from the water immediately. Gently swing the ferret upside down to try to void any water from the respiratory tract. Wrap the ferret in a warm towel and proceed to the vet immediately.
EAR INJURIES; These range from bites, scrapes, complete avulsions and foreign bodies in the ear. Minor wounds may be cleaned with diluted Betadine and treated with antibiotic ointment. Minor bleeding can be controlled with pressure. Never stick a q-tip deep into the ear canal. Rupture of the eardrum can occur.
ELECTRIC CORD BITE/SHOCK; Burns on the lips and gums may be visible. The ferret may be lying on its side having difficulty breathing. This requires immediate vet attention. One of the most common consequences of electric shock is pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).
EYE INJURIES; These can include scratches, perforating injuries, foreign bodies, and chemical or contact corneal trauma. All are absolute medical emergencies.
FAINTING OR LOSS OF BALANCE; This is manifested by the ferret collapsing or showing weakness that is generalized or confined to the hind limbs. Causes for this can be cardiac or metabolic problems such as low blood sugar. Try giving Karo syrup or honey. Take the ferret to the vet asap.
FROSTBITE/HYPOTHERMIA; Gently massage the extremities and body. Keep the warming process gradual. Heating pads may be used if kept on “low” setting and the ferret is checked frequently. Bluish or black discoloration of the skin or limbs can indicate death of that tissue and is very serious.
HEAD INJURIES; If the ferret is unconscious or bleeding from the ears, nose or mouth, keep the animal horizontal and immobilized. Keep movement to an absolute minimum. Since neck injuries often occur along with head injuries, movement can result in permanent paralysis.
HEATSTROKE; Never leave a ferret in an enclosed area in the sun without adequate shade. Never leave a ferret in the car; ferrets can overheat easily. Immediately wrap the ferret in cool, wet washcloth. Freshen the cool water ever couple of minutes. Alcohol can be applied to the feet and ears to help cool a drastically overheated ferret. Continue cooling procedures until the ferret’s temperature is below 103*F. Even if the ferret comes around, vet care is still necessary. Overheating can dramatically damage a ferret’s internal organs. The lining of the intestinal tract may slough. Antibiotics and fluid therapy may be necessary.
NOSE, FACE, JAW INJURIES/NOSEBLEEDS; If a nosebleed is minor, apply direct pressure using gauze or tissues. Any nose, face or jaw fractures or other facial injuries are serious and handling should be kept to a minimum. Transport the ferret to a vet wrapped in a towel.
SPINAL OR NERVE INJURIES; Clinical signs may include wobbly gait, tenderness, difficulty in breathing, or inability to move legs. Keep handling to a minimum. Transport to a vet wrapped in a towel.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS; If possible, take careful notes so you can tell the vet whether the ferret is breathing quickly or slowly, whether the pupils are dilated or very small, whether muscles are supple or stiff, and whether or not the ferret is responsive to voice, and or touch. Again, low blood sugar can cause this clinical presentation. Carefully rub a small amount of Karo syrup or honey on the ferret’s gums. Seek vet help immediately.
VACCINE REACTION; This can happen after administration of either the ferret distemper vaccine or the rabies vaccine. The most common clinical presentations are vomiting or difficulty breathing within 15-30 minutes of being vaccinated. Immediate vet care is imperative. A ferret can die from this reaction. It is strongly recommended to pre-medicate all ferrets with Children’s dye free Benadryl prior to vaccinations. This is an extremely safe drug and its only side effect is slight drowsiness. The dosage for a ferret weighing 1.5-3 lbs should be 1 cc. You should stay at your vet’s office for at least 15-20 minutes after the vaccine.
ABNORMAL SYMPTOMS REQUIRING EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT BUT ARE
NOT IMMEDIATELY LIFE- THREATENING
ANIMAL BITES OR SCRATCHES; Clean affected area with dilute Betadine. Apply a light amount of antibiotic ointment. If wound is very deep or begins to appear red, inflamed or has a discharge, seek medical help.
CONSTIPATION; Signs include straining to defecate, vocalizing when trying to pass a bowel movement, scant, reduced or absent stool, or thin watery stools. This can be caused by ingestion of a foreign body, passing of a mass of hair, or an enlarged prostate secondary to an adrenal tumor. Laxatone or mineral oil may be administered every 4 hours to aid the passage of stool or aberrantly ingested material. If the ferret’s abdomen becomes distended with gas, or if the ferret is laterally recumbent or depressed, seek vet care immediately.
DIARRHEA; A green stool is indicative of an increase rate of passage of ingestion through the gastrointestinal tract. It is common to happen occasionally in normal ferrets, but is still considered an abnormality. Evaluating the whole ferret and subsequent stools will help you determine if the episode was singular and perhaps secondary to a minor dietary indiscretion, or a change in environment, or if it is a medical problem. If it is only one episode and the ferret returns to normal, try to think back to what the ferret was exposed to or may have eaten that their digestive system was not use to. Ferrets, being carnivores, may have adverse reactions to treats that are very sugary. If the diarrhea persists, medical attention is warranted. They will dehydrate very quickly. Give small amounts at a time of pedialyte to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. A vet can help determine the cause of the diarrhea and prescribe medications to control it and cure the cause. If a ferret is recovering from an extended episode of diarrhea and has lost weight, duck soap is often beneficial in the recuperative phase. This mixture is highly palatable, digestible and easily absorbed from the intestinal tract. The nutrical in the recipe is beneficial for providing a quick, easily absorbed energy source, but remember, too much sugar (nutrical has a lot of sugar in it) can exacerbate the diarrhea. Use an anti diarrhea or any other medications ONLY under vet supervision.
DROOLING OR PAWING FRANTICALLY AT THE MOUTH; This sign is consistent with low blood sugar, severe stomach ulcers or possible ingestion of toxins. Evaluate the environment for toxins. If there is anything found, call the poison control center at 1-900-680-0000. If the ferret is alert enough to swallow, administer Karo syrup or honey and get the ferret to the vet.
HAIR LOSS; Rat tail; the loss of all the hair on the tail, is a common sign of stress or excessive shedding in the ferret. As the season progresses, the hair will often grow back. It is also an indication of adrenal gland disease. This is when the adrenal tumors over secrete the sex hormones. It is curable with surgery, however when left untreated, they will die. Swelling will occur in the vulva of the females, and the prostate in the males. This will cause an inability to urinate, eventually causing the bladder to errupt, an electrolyte imbalance happens quickly, and a critical increase in potassium level causing the heart to stop. They also can get blemishes or black heads. Ask your vet what type of soap to use for this.
INSECT BITES; Clean area with dilute Betadine. Apply a small amount of Benadryl tropical cream. Watch the ferret for any progressive signs such as swelling of the bitten area or difficulty breathing. Seek vet care as needed.
ITCHY SKIN; This may be local or generalized. Causes for itching include dry skin, parasite, dietary problems or adrenal disease. Recommended therapy until a vet can evaluate the ferret. Benadryl given orally at a dose of 1mg per lb; bathing in relief shampoo followed by relief cream rinse. This is a vet product that is safe to use on ferrets. The active ingredient is paroxamine HCI. It is a topical antihistamine. Unrelenting itchy skin is also uncommon presentation for adrenal disease.
RED BLOTCHES WITH A BLACK CRUST/EXUDATE; This is most commonly a mast cell tumor. Cytology performed right at your vet’s can tell you if it is a mast cell tumor or not. Surgical removal is recommended.
SNEEZING; Causes include upper respiratory tract infections, dust, other inhalant irritants or even allergies. It is important to remember that humans can transfer cold and influenza viruses to ferrets. If you or a family member is sick, use caution when handling or interacting with your ferret. Your vet can prescribe antibiotics for your ferret. Keep in mind the antibiotics will not kill a cold virus but it will help minimize secondary bacterial infections.
SPRAINS AND STRAINS; Due to their active nature, they can sprain a joint or strain a muscle easily while playing. If you notice signs of lameness, restrict activity to a pet carrier or small cage till medical attention is sought.
Copyright © 2018 Broward Ferret Rescue Inc. - All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:1156ef68-fabe-4e0c-8e6d-0ec7d37184b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://browardferretrescue.org/first-aid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.908251 | 3,304 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Excessive alcohol consumption in college, particularly binge drinking, has been an ongoing problem for decades, but statistics show that the issue is growing steadily worse. According to a 2019 survey, 53% of college students reported consuming alcohol in the past month, and over one-third reported participating in binge drinking during that time.¹
Binge drinking is defined as consuming an excessive quantity of alcohol in a relatively short amount of time, bringing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to at least 0.08 or above. For men, binge drinking involves consuming five or more alcoholic beverages within two hours. It consists of drinking more than four drinks for women within the same time frame.² Excessive alcohol consumption and binge drinking have dire consequences, causing over 1,500 deaths each year and often contributing to violence, sexual assault, academic problems, suicide, health issues, and more.³
Between 1998 and 2014, the number of alcohol-related overdose deaths rose by 254%.³ Additionally, binge drinking dramatically increases the risk of developing alcohol use disorder over time.
There are many reasons that binge drinking and excessive alcohol consumption are common among college students. And although students involved in Greek organizations are more likely to engage in risky drinking behaviors, Greek life is far from a prerequisite.
During their first six weeks of college, students are at the highest risk of engaging in binge drinking behavior, which can lead to continued excessive alcohol use and many dire consequences. Many of these students are getting their first taste of freedom without parental structure and control and, as a result, cross boundaries that they wouldn't have if faced with direct punishment or consequences.
College campuses are notoriously inconsistent in their enforcement of drinking rules and regulations. For instance, some colleges are considered "dry," meaning that alcohol is not allowed on campus. But university security often looks the other way on game days or when fraternity or sorority parties occur. Many college students are actually underage when they drink, but lenient attitudes toward this law persist.¹¹
Alcohol is often widely available to underage drinkers on college campuses because older students make purchases for them, and drinking frequently takes place at private parties, where IDs are not required to enter.
Starting college is often intimidating for many students. They have just crossed the threshold from high school, where they had an established set of friends, and are now developing new social circles. This situation makes them more vulnerable to peer pressure, as they want to appear more confident than they may feel. Additionally, those who enter into Greek society often participate in rush week, when many incoming fraternity and sorority members are pressured to drink heavily to show their dedication to the upper members of the organization. College students report drinking games more frequently than any other hazing behavior, followed closely by consuming enough alcohol to get sick or pass out.¹²
Students may start binge drinking as a social activity, but many often discover that alcohol temporarily relieves stress. Unfortunately, those who turn to drinking to quell their worries over academic affairs often find themselves in an unhealthy cycle. They may begin skipping classes due to hangovers or failing to study for exams, ultimately further degrading their academic performance.
Alcohol overdoses and deaths on college campuses have inspired many administrators to impose more stringent enforcement in recent decades. Still, overdose is just one of many health impacts of binge drinking.
Accidental injuries resulting from excessive alcohol consumption include those incurred from overdoses, vehicle accidents, falls, burns, and more. There were 10,142 deaths resulting from drunk-driving automobile accidents in 2019, the equivalent of one person dying every 52 minutes.⁴ And since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol accidents have risen, with a 25% increase in alcohol-related deaths between 2019 and 2020.⁵
One in five women reports being raped while enrolled in college, and the number of unreported cases is likely far higher.⁶ Alcohol is a contributing factor to date rape and other forms of assault, as it often leaves victims in a vulnerable position, both mentally and physically.
Alcohol is a significant contributor to violent assaults of a non-sexual nature as well, with over 600,000 assaults initiated by someone drinking each year.⁷ Alcohol reduces inhibitions and destabilizes thinking, often resulting in violent overreactions and poor decision-making.
Immediate repercussions of drinking, like those discussed above, are just the tip of the iceberg regarding alcohol's negative impacts on health. Over time, alcohol contributes to many chronic health issues and increased mortality, including:
The younger you are, the more significant some of these factors are. For instance, drinking during adolescence and early adulthood has a more profound impact on brain development than on older individuals. Binge drinking can lead to underdeveloped areas and abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex, cerebral regions, and hippocampus.
These abnormalities may contribute to depression, anxiety, and a higher risk of suicide among heavy drinkers. Nearly a quarter of acute alcohol-related deaths are attributed to suicide, exceeding the fatalities from alcohol-related car accidents.⁸
Binge drinking often starts with students seeking social approval or letting loose and partying. Still, the unfortunate reality is that it ultimately damages many social aspects of a person's life over time.
Heavy drinking during college impairs academic performance. Binge drinking can take priority over studying for exams, leading to them frequently skipping classes. The result is that the student falls further and further behind, is often forced to drop courses to avoid flunking out, and takes longer to earn their degree — if they complete their studies at all. Needless to say, this can cause discord between the student and their family, as well as impact the trajectory for their future success.
As discussed above, binge drinking brings the dangers of physical and sexual violence. But even if students manage to avoid those dangers, they are still at risk for poor decision-making that can result in damaging consequences. Heavy drinkers are more prone to commit minor unlawful offenses that may result in arrest or expulsion from school. These include actions like shoplifting, driving under the influence, vandalism, or engaging in unprotected sex.
Excessive alcohol consumption depletes our judgment and often leads to risk-taking, including within consensual sexual relationships. Impaired individuals don't often consider the risks of unprotected sex and may have an increased chance of unwanted pregnancies or STDs. And for those who decide to carry a child to term, alcohol use during pregnancy increases the risks of miscarriage, fetal developmental deformities, and SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).⁹
Binge drinking can damage an individual's relationships with family, friends, mentors, peers, and romantic partners. As their drinking progresses, these relationships can become more unstable and may end altogether. If you're struggling in a relationship with someone who exhibits symptoms of a drinking problem, there are many resources to help you. These include Al-Anon, anonymous help hotlines, and online communities.
According to the CDC, excessive drinking costs the United States upwards of $249 billion annually from healthcare and criminal justice expenditures and lost work productivity, with binge drinking accounting for 77% of these costs.¹⁰ And that’s just on the national level. In terms of personal financial impacts, binge drinking can be devastating.
Some of the financial costs associated with binge drinking include:
In short, binge drinking costs a lot more than it pays out. Preventing binge drinking on college campuses builds stronger, healthier, and more responsible young adults while saving money for the individual and the community at large.
Whether you're a parent, instructor, or college administrator, preventing binge drinking should be a top priority to ensure students' safety, success, and futures. Below, we'll look at some critical methods for approaching this topic and preventative measures to ensure student adherence.
It is vital for college administrators to establish clear rules, regulations, and penalties regarding alcohol consumption by students, both on- and off-campus. CollegeAIM is a comprehensive resource for college personnel that helps identify student drinking issues and provides strategies for addressing them.
Additionally, most college campuses provide healthcare for students, but many lack specific therapy options for those dealing with binge drinking and addiction. Improving treatment options available for students struggling with alcohol abuse is one step toward a solution.
Education about the impacts of binge drinking is essential. It can help students make the best decisions when faced with peer pressure, stress, and other contributing factors to excessive alcohol consumption.
Sending your child away to college is a challenging transitional phase in your relationship. You may not want to interfere with your child's studies and personal life as they attempt to spread their wings for the first time.
However, staying in regular contact will help you assess what struggles they may be facing. And even before they set off to that far-away dorm room or campus apartment, you should talk with them about the dangers of binge drinking and the potential consequences that come along with it. Many of the statistics in this guide will give you a starting point for topics to address.
If you sense that your child is engaging in binge drinking or other risky behaviors, talk to them and offer nonjudgmental feedback on how they can make better choices. It can also be beneficial to discuss options for therapy and counseling.
If you're struggling with binge drinking, excessive alcohol use, or addiction, many resources for help are available at your fingertips. If you're a student, you can reach out to the mental health services provided at your university. They can advise you on treatment options, including group support services, rehabilitation facilities, and more.
You can also find many resources online, including SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) and others. Below are several links to top-notch resources for help:
In addition to these online resources, your doctor or healthcare provider can help you overcome unhealthy drinking behaviors and addiction with different forms of treatment, based on your circumstances and preference, including:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020, September). 2019 National survey on drug use and health. Table 6.21B—Types of illicit drug, tobacco product, and alcohol use in past month among persons aged 18 to 22, by college enrollment status and gender: Percentages, 2018 and 2019. Center for Behavioral Statistics and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetTabsSect6pe2019.htm#tab6-21b.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2021, October). College Drinking. NIAAA. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/college-drinking.
Hingson, R., Zha, W., and Smyth, D. (2014). Methodology for arriving at estimates described in Magnitude and trends in heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-impaired driving, and alcohol-related mortality and overdose hospitalizations among emerging adults of college ages 18–24 in the United States, 1998–2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 78(4), 540–548. Retrieved on May 15, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28728636/.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts: Research Note. (2020, December). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813060.
White, A., Castle, J., Powell, P., et al. (2022, March 18). Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2790491
Muehlenhard, C., Peterson, Z., Humphreys, T., Jozkowski, K. (2017, April 4). Evaluating the one-in-five statistic: Women's risk of sexual assault while in college. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5):549–5756. Retrieved May 15, 2022 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28375675/.
Hingson, R.; Heeren, T.; Winter, M.; et al. (2005). Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: Changes from 1998 to 2001. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 259–279. Retrieved May 15, 2022, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15760289/.
National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics. (2022). Alcohol Abuse Statistics. NCDAS. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://drugabusestatistics.org/alcohol-abuse-statistics/.
O’Leary, C.M., Jacoby, P.J., Bartu, A., D’Antoine, H., Bower, C. (2013, March 1) Maternal Alcohol Use and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Infant Mortality Excluding SIDS. Pediatrics. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/131/3/e770/30981/Maternal-Alcohol-Use-and-Sudden-Infant-Death
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (n.d.) Binge Drinking. Division of Population Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May, 15 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/binge-drinking.htm#.
Mcmurtrie, B. (2014, December 14). Why Colleges Haven't Stopped Binge Drinking. The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/15/us/why-colleges-havent-stopped-binge-drinking.html.
Allan, E.J. and Madden, M. (2008, March 11). Hazing in View: College Students at Risk. National Study of Student Hazing. National Study of Student Hazing. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from https://www.stophazing.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hazing_in_view_web1.pdf. | <urn:uuid:b256241c-b0d5-4fa1-bb5c-94070ad6653b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.innerbody.com/college-binge-drinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644571.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528214404-20230529004404-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.938703 | 3,062 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A LAKER’S DOZEN
Lakes are fragile!
Caring for lakes today will preserve their value for tomorrow.
- Always check your boat, trailer and equipment for plant fragments before you launch and after take-out to avoid spreading invasive plants from lake to lake.
- Respect the Shoreland Zone Regulations. Before making any change on your property, check with your town office or Code Enforcement Officer to see what’s permitted and what’s not permitted in the shoreland zone - the area within 250 feet of lakes and 75 feet of streams.
- Control storm water run-off from buildings, paths, driveways and road. Check your property on a rainy day and fix run-off sites by planting vegetation, placing gravel and small stones, or constructing swales to capture water flow so it will infiltrate the ground.
- Cultivate a wooded buffer beside the lake. Trees, shrubs, and grasses protect water quality by slowing rainwater and filtering out soil and pollutants before they are carried to the lake.
- Limit lawn size, mow less often, and don’t rake within 75 feet of shore.
- Limit fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide use. Long lasting residues in these products not only can harm aquatic life; but they can also feed algae, turning lakes green.
- Don’t stress your septic system. Inspect the system yearly and pump the tank every 2-5 years. Systems 20 years of age and older should be inspected by a specialist. Use phosphorus-free cleaners and detergents. Stagger laundry loads. Minimize water use.
- Construct docks with lake-friendly materials. Choose cedar, cypress, plastic, or aluminum instead of wood which has been pressure-treated with arsenic.
- Dogs, humans and boats should never be washed in the lake!
- Observe headway speed within 200 feet of shore. Fast boating in shallow water disturbs
habitat of aquatic animals, stirs up sediment, and can erode the shoreline.
- Give wildlife a chance. Lake shallows and lands near the shoreline provide food and shelter to many native species and serve as nurseries for their young. Walk softly!
- When it’s time to replace a boat motor, choose a clean-burning 4-stroke engine.
- Support your Belgrade Lakes Association and its LakeSmart initiative.
Belgrade Lakes Association
P.O. Box 551 Belgrade Lakes, ME 04918 | <urn:uuid:fa32b1df-dc87-4d23-90ac-537dc3328f75> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://belgradelakesassociation.org/Resources/LakeSmart/LakersDozen.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.892853 | 519 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the past decades, studies on meditation and personality mindfulness activities have flourished. With that, let’s shed light on the positive effects of mindfulness on one’s overall health. It comes as no surprise why many people are searching for “how to practice mindfulness” on the internet.
Personality scientists are trying to come up with fresh insights on the topic. It is interesting to learn how mindfulness affects the human behavior and motivation. Simultaneously, personality meditation is extremely beneficial for one’s well-being and health. In a recent conference held in Long Beach, some leading researchers in mindfulness presented new and related studies.
According to the new findings, there are five ways in which this is beneficial. Let’s learn them today.
Five Ways In which Personality Mindfulness is Beneficial for You:
Mindfulness can increase your empathy, making you a kinder human
A series of studies from Paul Condon and colleagues at the Northeastern University explored personality mindfulness. In fact, they showed how mindfulness increases empathy for others.
Researchers examined how meditating and non-meditating participants react to a clever experiment. In the experiment, participants were asked to stay in a waiting room. In the meantime, researchers prepare for the session. A person seemingly in pain (an actor hired specifically for the study’s purpose) then approaches them. Two other people (also actors) refuse to give up their seats for the person in pain. Obviously, this creates a “bystander effect” that could urge the participant not to do anything, as others aren’t either.
In addition, those who were practicing meditation for eight weeks were more likely to give up their seat. According to Dr. Condon, meditation boosts one’s compassionate response to people who are in pain.
You learn to forgive others for their wrongdoings
Many people who want to be more forgiving want to know how to practice personality mindfulness. This is because studies also suggested that mindful people are more forgiving of others. Three studies were presented by psychologist Dr. Johan Karremans of the Radboud University. All these showed that those who practice meditation tend to forgive their partners more readily. Also, these people are likely to be more accepting of their partners in general.
It increases your self-control, reducing your tendencies to feel angry or depressed
If you have neurotic tendencies, you’d want to know how to practice personality mindfulness in daily life. Know that this practice will help silence the voice of an “obnoxious roommate” inside your head.
Neuroticism is one of the so-called “Big Five” personality traits. It is characterized by a negative effect and anxiety about the future, loneliness, and moodiness. Practicing meditation may be beneficial for people who want to detach from common neuroticism characteristics. These may include obsessive worries and negative thoughts, as well as behavioral difficulties.
Psychologist Dr. Michael Robinson elaborates that mindfulness can lessen the feelings of depression and anger among people with neuroticism. His other studies further revealed that mindfulness can actually help in increasing self-control.
Mindfulness can fight your implicit racial biases
While the majority of people are not openly racist, research suggests that almost all project racial biases unconsciously. Some studies suggest that meditation can play as an antidote to this automatic mentality. This focuses on people’s tendency to think, judge, and react hastily to things unconsciously, which empowers these biases.
Another research highlighted how mindfulness can fight implicit racial biases by evicting the automatic brain reactions. The mini study asked participants to pair black and white faces with positive or negative words. The study concluded that participants who listened to a mindfulness recording were less racially biased than those who didn’t.
Additionally, psychologist Dr. Brian Ostafin said mindfulness may decrease or prevent all automatic responses.
It ignites your sense of wonder
Strong experiences in art, nature, and spirituality can give you the feelings of wonder and awe. Moreover, it will give you a sense of joy and amazement. This is particularly the case when facing things that are larger than yourself. Practicing mindfulness can arm your mind with these experiences. A recent University of Groningen did a research on this topic recently. They actually discovered that participants who exercised personality mindfulness had greater reactions to inspiring images. At the same time, this was not the case in other participants.
The benefits of personality mindfulness for growth are indeed true. If you want to know how to practice mindfulness, you can ask peers who have already tried it or search for other tips on the internet. There are many ways to practice mindfulness, and you simply have to figure out what works best for you. When you reap the benefits of mindfulness, you’ll be proud to say, “This is how mindfulness changed my life.”
BESTSELLER E-BOOK “The Biggest 4 Medical Conditions Generated by Electromagnetic Radiation”
Click here to start the download | <urn:uuid:08c195d8-1ccc-4653-b218-78c82e7a6443> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://emfshieldprotect.com/blog/healthy-lifestyle/personality-mindfulness-transform-133776 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120171153-20181120193153-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.953034 | 1,029 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gel electrophoresis techniques are one of the most common lab practices. They are widely used in both academia and industrial research. The most widely known ones are AGE (agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). While AGE is primarily used for relatively bigger macromolecules like DNA (50–20,000 bp), SDS-PAGE is used primarily for smaller ones like proteins (5-250,000 Dalton) or DNA (5-500 bp).
Any biological research dealing with these macromolecules as separate entities require their isolation from the bio-sample. Since none of the molecules (macro and micro) exist as a single entity, their isolation can be challenging and cumbersome. But with the invention of SDS-PAGE, scientists made the isolation of proteins a very easy task!
Until this point, everything looks fancy and clear. The real challenge begins when students face issues while learning about this topic. Though they and their educators both acknowledge the power of SDS-PAGE, several issues have surfaced that give this topic a bad reputation and tag of being “too complex”.
We, at Labster, understand this issue and have gathered some resources to make this learning journey easier for students. We also understand how difficult it can be for educators and teachers to explain a technique as complex as this with no visual aids or availability of a real experimental setup. We’ll list the most common issues faced by students and simultaneously provide practical solutions for educators to resolve them. By the end, we’ll share why a virtual lab simulation will prove useful not only for your students but also for you as an educator to deliver concepts more effectively.
There are three reasons why students feel challenged by the topic of SDS-PAGE. Acknowledging these issues is the first step toward making the topic more approachable.
SDS-PAGE is even more complex than AGE. There’s a long list of variables involved in this technique ranging from SDS, APS, TEMED, acrylamide, methylenebisacrylamide, buffers (2 types; stacking and separating) and water. Although students are fascinated by the vertical nature of this gel (in contrast to the horizontal gel of AGE), learning about SDS-PAGE turns out unnerving for young learners. The list of variables doesn’t end here as there are additions in the sample preparation, gel running buffer, and gel staining steps. The extensive nature and steps of SDS-PAGE are bound to overwhelm the students.
Students fail to follow the protocol as textual details of each step blow their minds. There is a dearth of visually engaging flowcharts and animated videos that could ease capturing the essence of the technique. On top of this, the lab setup for SDS-PAGE has several things to be taken care of. With no video guidance, students get frustrated when the experiments fail due to one or the other issue in the lab setup.
There are too many details that need to be taken care of. The concentration of stacking gel and resolving gel is different. The ratio of acrylamide and methylenebisacrylamide is definite. Gel pore size is dependent on the protein in question. Gel can’t be over-run, tank buffer can’t be overheated, and well can’t be overloaded. Students get overwhelmed with so much information. Not knowing the reasons behind each one of these warnings can make it a lot for them to remember and comprehend.
To address the problems encountered while teaching SDS-PAGE, educators can engage the under-listed solutions in their classes. These can clarify many instrumental aspects of the major techniques involved. Not only can they make teaching easier for educators like you but will also make lessons clearer and easier to assimilate for your students.
Before letting your students dive into intricacies of the practical handling, it would be advisable to first clarify their basic idea of the biological cells, structures, macromolecules, charges, etc. You can opt for interactive discussions where core concepts are built. Such a practice will ensure that running an SDS-PAGE gel isn’t just a mechanical job but a well-thought and scientifically-planned experiment. You can use the hints enlisted below.
Difference between AGE and PAGE
Difference between stacking gel and resolving gel
Use of TEMED and APS
Orientation of gel (vertical versus horizontal)
Gel concentration, Pore size and Protein separation
If your students are educated about these preliminary topics, learning the technique of SDS-PAGE won’t be as challenging as it is otherwise.
Figure: An indicative value of gel concentration corresponding to the protein size in question. Image Source
The technique can be introduced to students as a manifestation of human curiosity. No scientist is working on a specific science problem alone in the world at any point in time. Many others are working simultaneously on it. Similar is the story of the invention of SDS-PAGE. L. Ornstein and B. J. Davis (1960) deserve credit for the novel concept of stacking gel in SDS-PAGE. The breakthrough of switching to polyacrylamide gels which had higher stability and almost zero risk of microbial decomposition was made by David F. Summers in 1965 while dealing with poliovirus proteins. He also recommended the usage of SDS in the polyacrylamide gel (due to its denaturing effect). Ulrich K. Laemmli, who worked on the bacteriophage T4 as a postdoctoral fellow, detailed the SDS-PAGE technique that he employed to characterize the proteins in the bacteriophage's head in 1970. There’s another lesser-known name in the invention of SDS-PAGE, Jake Maizel. It’s reported that Jake and Laemmli, combinedly invented the technique.
Although history is interlinked, the motto of telling this history should be clear. Students should feel motivated to start innovating as they learn the SDS-PAGE technique.
Figure: a snippet showing the separation of different protein molecules based on size. It is a part of the SDS-PAGE simulation by Labster. It is available for University and College courses.
Since there are too many peculiarities in the SDS-PAGE technique, allowing your students to experiment is a good way to let them learn and develop an interest in practical lab handling. Allowing your students to do a few of the under-listed things can help them gain better perspectives of the details.
Elimination of stacking gel (letting only resolving gel in the apparatus)
Skipping size markers (size references to check the size of our protein)
Using random electrical settings (voltage and current)
Skipping the use of removable protein stain
Connecting the wrong electrodes in an electrophoresis chamber
Using different concentrations of gels
As your students perform these alternative ideas, they might or might not get optimal results. But that will efficiently teach them the idea behind perfect optimizations of the SDS-PAGE techniques.
Figure: Two different gels form the basis of SDS-PAGE. Image Source
Figure :An interactive snippet from the SDS-PAGE simulation by Labster. It is available for University and College courses.
Educators can make their students intrigued about this topic by salting out the practical applications of the technique. We have listed some of them for you to begin with.
Biochemistry (For proteins isolation and analysis)
In combination with western blotting (For separating a specific protein from a protein mixture)
In mass spectrometry (for sample preparation)
In medical diagnostics (Example: As a part of HIV test)
Figure: A snippet from the SDS-PAGE simulation by Labster. It is available for University and College courses.
Since SDS-PAGE is a complex topic to teach in conventional classroom setups, utilization of interactive and fun-based methods is highly recommended. In the dearth of such options, students tend to cram the technique protocols without understanding the fundamental idea that underlies its functioning. To avoid such a scenario, we at Labster have developed an engaging and interactive tool.
We bring virtual laboratory simulations that can ease your process of lecture delivery and lab handling sessions. You can make more insightful points as students are rendered with better visual options. The 3D simulations help them understand the intricacies of PAGE apparatus and the chemicals involved.
By using this way of active and immersive teaching, our virtual learning platform takes an advent in the field of Science to make the upcoming scientists thorough with the “basics of their respective subjects.”
You can learn more about the SDS-PAGE simulation from Labster here or get in touch to find out how you can start using virtual labs with your students.
Virtual Labs are interactive science simulations that accelerate STEM learning through gamification. Educators assign labs to students through their internet browsers, where students can train lab skills, visualize abstract theory, and learn science through real-world scenarios.Try for Free
Ready to rethink your STEM program?
Talk to an expert to discover if virtual labs are right for you.Schedule a Free Consultation | <urn:uuid:1b0c038d-a646-48e0-b041-91eb99157972> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.labster.com/blog/make-sds-page-more-approachable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.922908 | 1,952 | 3.28125 | 3 |
This town was founded by the Medlycot landlords through their lessee, a Captain Pratt, in the early years of the 18th century. Some of the 18th century houses remain on Medlycot Street and their exposed stone facades testify to their great age. The site of the town was chosen by Captain Pratt because of its green field nature and its potential for shipping. Though subject to tidal influences, the quay can provide up to 4.5 metres of water, enough for 18th century trading ships of 500 tonnes or less.
The town prospered in the 18th century. Houses were built, churches flourished, and trade was brisk. The Society of Friends were among the first inhabitants, though no trace of them remains today. Catholics, Protestants, Presbyterians and Methodists all had churches in the town. In the mid 18th century, the Land Agent, James Moore, controlled the town and it's hinterland. He was a successful business man who encouraged building and trade. Travel writer, Dr. Pococke, said in 1752; "The market of Newport consists of frieze, yarn and different sorts of corn, beef a penny, a goose for 6 pence and they have a merchant who imports very good French wine at £16 a hogs head." By the late 18th century the O'Donel family had acquired the Medlycot estate, and built Newport House, overlooking the harbour from the north side.
Newport continued to develop. The 19th century saw the town and the surrounding district's population explode to over 12,000 people - then disaster; the famine left a shattered community, emigration or starvation. Out of the disaster of famine one man began to develop trade and industry to sustain the town. Martin Carey began his career as a small trader and by the end of the century the Carey family had erected, or caused to be erected, many of the buildings that remain to this day, one such building is the grain drying store. A display of history and heritage is situated in the furnace room, whose arching walls were designed to spread the heat from the central fireplace, to dry the corn spread on the porous floor in the room above. The genierosity of Martin Carey in the early years of the 20th century provided the town with the magnificently situated and exceptionally beautiful St. Patrick's Church, Martin Carey provided over half the costs of the building, £10,000, in his will of 1910. The church was completed in 1918.
This essay was written by JPMcDermott of the Newport Historical Society from sources in the National Library of Ireland and the National Archives of Ireland. Other sources available from The County Library, Castlebar, County Mayo. | <urn:uuid:3470ba58-7485-4580-a395-163fdcebac9e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/en/towns-villages/newport/newport-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816841.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225170106-20180225190106-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.980196 | 555 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Learn Design Thinking in one day by applying its methodology and techniques on a real life case study.
- Definition of Challenge: Identification of the challenge (problem, opportunity) that is presented on the case study.
- Research: Analysis of each personas’ needs, problems, and expectations.
- Persona (demographic + psychological analysis)
- Interpretation: Generation of insights based on grouping, pattern recognition and root cause analysis of research outcomes
- Empathy Mapping
- Mind Mapping
- Affinity Diagram
- 5 Whys
- Functional Decomposition
- Journey Maps
- Idea Generation: Leveraging insights to generate creative solution ideas that will satisfy the needs, expectations and problems of personas.
- Reverse brainstorming
- Value Proposition Canvas
- Prioritization Matrix
- Interactive Artful Thinking Game:
- Creative Thinking & Thinking out of the Box Games
- Prototyping: Prototyping of selected solution ideas
- Story Boards
- Role Play
- Evaluation: Assesment of at what level the selected solution will satisfy problems, needs and expectations. | <urn:uuid:10fb8f28-6c7d-4d7b-8b34-6956e8ed1a7f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.artbiztech.org/en/design-thinking-bootcamp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.781053 | 228 | 3.640625 | 4 |
THESE ARE MERELY GUIDES…INTRODUCE YOUR OWN IMAGINATION!
We have put together a series of activities that supplement the presentation Qwalena, allowing educators to provide appropriate front loading and follow up lessons. The purpose of these activities stem from not only the new mandated policy and call to incorporate Indigenous worldview and perspective in each curricular area, but also the many discussions about how to include unique Indigenous content in classrooms. In order for teachers to develop and implement curriculum about and on Indigenous peoples that is accurate and true in nature, both teacher and student must work through the process of acknowledging, disrupting, and seeking a new perspective.
Our goal in this teacher’s guide is to create interactive activities that enhance a student’s ability to acknowledge dominant discourse, dismantle stereotypes, and seek a more accurate understanding.
It is important that educators develop activities placing students at the center of the learning experience. Educators must also create activities that cater to a variety of learning styles so that oral, visual, and kinesthetic learners can engage in the learning experience in meaningful ways.
* Special thanks to Meagan Innes, SD 41, for your collaboration and development of this Teacher’s Guide. We greatly appreciate your professional working knowledge of incorporating Indigenous world views and curriculum in the classroom. This was not possible without your input, guidance and effort.
Teacher’s Guide Activities: | <urn:uuid:cb74deeb-f645-40e5-a6ee-441d6d2a41c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://qwalenateachersguide.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.940326 | 288 | 4.375 | 4 |
The first hydrogen powered train has run on the UK mainline as part of a project being delivered in partnership with the University of Birmingham and Porterbrook– signalling a major step forward towards the UK’s net zero targets.
The trials of the train, known as HydroFLEX , which have been supported with a £750,000 grant from the Department for Transport, follow almost two years’ development work and more than £1million of investment by both the University of Birmingham and Porterbrook.
Unlike diesel trains, hydrogen-powered trains do not emit harmful gases, instead using hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water and heat. The ground-breaking technology behind the trains will also be available by 2023 to retrofit current in-service trains to hydrogen - helping decarbonise the rail network and make rail journeys greener and more efficient.
Transport Minister Grant Shapps standing next to the HydroFLEX train
Transport Secretary Grant Shapps, who met with leading rail experts from the University of Birmingham’s Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education (BCRRE) onsite to see first-hand HydroFLEX on the mainline, has also announced the ambition for Tees Valley to become a trailblazing Hydrogen Transport Hub. Bringing together representatives from academia, industry and government to drive forward the UK’s plans to embrace the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel could create hundreds of jobs while seeing the region become a global leader in the green hydrogen sector. Tees Valley is perfectly placed to reap these benefits, following the development there of the world’s largest versatile hydrogen refuelling facility made possible through Government funding.
Grant Shapps, the UK’s Secretary of State for Transport, said: “As we continue on our road to a green recovery, we know that to really harness the power of transport to improve our country – and to set a global gold standard – we must truly embed change.
“That’s why I’m delighted that through our plans to build back better we are embracing the power of hydrogen and the more sustainable, greener forms of transport it will bring.”
Latest from BCRRE on Twitter
Professor Stephen Jarvis, Head of the College of Engineering and Physical Sciences at the University of Birmingham, said: “BCRRE is setting the pace for rail innovation both in the UK and globally. The HydroFLEX project is a great example of how world-class R&D, together with the right industry partnerships, can deliver decarbonisation technologies that are both innovative and practical.
“Successful mainline testing is a major milestone for HydroFLEX and is a clear demonstration of the important role hydrogen has to play in the UK’s rail industry. Through BCRRE and Porterbrook, we are looking forward to delivering this technology into the UK transport market, ensuring a cleaner future for our railways.”
To kick start the development in Tees Valley, the Department for Transport has commissioned a masterplan to understand the feasibility of the hub and how it can accelerate the UK’s ambitions in Hydrogen. The masterplan, expected to be published in January, will pave the way for exploring how green hydrogen could power buses, HGV, rail, maritime and aviation transport across the UK. The aim would then be for the region to kick on and become a global leader in industrial research on the subject of hydrogen as a fuel as well as an R&D hub for hydrogen transport more generally, attracting hundreds of jobs and boosting the local economy in the process.
Through our £23m Hydrogen for Transport Programme, the plans announced also include £6.3m of funding for a green hydrogen refuelling station and 19 hydrogen-powered refuse vehicles in Glasgow, a world-first for the size of the fleet. This will give a post-Covid boost to local economies through the creation of green jobs while also de-carbonising the transport network.
The next stages of HydroFLEX are already well underway, with the University of Birmingham developing a hydrogen and battery powered module that can be fitted underneath the train, which will allow for more space for passengers in the train’s carriage.
Mary Grant, CEO of Porterbrook, said: “Porterbrook is committed to innovation and the delivery of a carbon neutral and sustainable railway. The mainline testing of HydroFLEX achieves another important milestone on this journey.
“I’m also delighted to be able to announce our intention to start producing HydroFLEX trains, creating the world’s first electric and hydrogen powered bi-mode rolling stock, as well as generating significant opportunities for the UK supply chain.”
The department is developing even more ways to slash emissions across transport, as work to create the Transport Decarbonisation Plan continues. The plan will develop a first-of-a-kind approach to decarbonise every mode of transport and is due to be published before the end of this year.
Julian David, techUK’s CEO said: “The announcement on the further progress of the Hydrogen for Transport Programme is a demonstration of the UK Government’s commitment to developing a hydrogen infrastructure as part of its efforts to decarbonise transport and encourage the shift to zero emission vehicles.
“With the growing demand to switch to a net zero economy, the advancement of R&D means we can further demonstrate this innovative technology for road, rail, and freight and logistics as an efficient and economic solution. techUK is excited to work together with the tech community and the Government to spearhead the market offering for green hydrogen.”
What is HydroFLEX?
The HydroFLEX project is a ground-breaking partnership between the University of Birmingham’s Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education (BCRRE) and railway rolling stock company, Porterbrook. A UK first, its aim is to demonstrate how hydrogen could be deployed across the rail network to offer a cleaner alternative to current diesel trains.
The project involves the conversion of an existing Class 319 train, fitted with a hydrogen fuel cell, giving it the ability to run autonomously on hydrogen power on non-electrified routes.
With new funding for mainline testing recently announced, this project is a great example of what can be achieved by combining academic research, expertise and private sector know-how.
In addition to BCRRE and Porterbrook who led the initiative, HydroFLEX has been made possible by extensive collaboration across the industry, including: Chrysalis Rail for installation; Denchi Group for traction batteries; Ballard Power Systems for the fuel cell; Luxfer for hydrogen storage tanks; SNC Lavalin for design and hazard identifications; Aura for exterior livery design; and dg8 for design and engineering support
Why do we need hydrogen trains?
Transport currently accounts for around a quarter of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions and the UK Government has committed to reduce its carbon emissions by at least 80%, against 1990 levels, by 2050.
Hydrogen fuel cell technology is an effective alternative to diesel engines. Potentially entirely carbon neutral in operation, they are more environmentally friendly while offering similar performance.
Meet our HydroFLEX experts
Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education
Director of BCRRE
Alex is Director of the Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education (BCRRE), part of the School of Engineering at the University of Birmingham – the largest specialist railway research, education and innovation centre in Europe. He leads the BCRRE Enterprise Group (working alongside the Academic Group) with responsibility for leading commercial and professional services activities and building partnerships with the global rail industry. He is also the Thematic Lead for ‘Introducing Innovation’ in the UK Rail Research and Innovation Network – a ground-breaking partnership between academia and the rail industry.
In addition, Alex is the Managing Director of the Rail Alliance, the UK’s rail cluster with a SME Community of more than 730 member organisations and an active member of the European Rail Clusters Initiative.
Before joining the University of Birmingham in 2018, Alex was Marketing & Strategy Director at Alstom UK&I with responsibility for strategy, innovation and stakeholder engagement. He has previously held senior roles at Atkins, the Transport Systems Catapult and Centro (the West Midlands Transport Authority). Alex is a Fellow of the Institute of Engineering and Technology and a Chartered Fellow of the Institute of Logistics and Transport.
Dr Stuart Hillmansen
Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education
Reader in Railway Traction Systems
Stuart Hillmansen is the academic lead for the HydroFLEX project. Over the last decade his team have led the development of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells as a propulsion technology for autonomous rail vehicles. Our 1/5 scale Hydrogen Hero train, developed to compete in the IMechE’s Railway Challenge has been pivotal in disseminating the technology. BCRRE’s partnership with Porterbrook, formalised in Innotrans 2018, then paved the way for the development of HydroFLEX. The partnership has now achieved mainline approval for this technology to operate on the GB railway network. This historic achievement provides a substantial boost towards the efforts of the industry to decarbonise.
Kevin Blacktop, Head of Project Delivery
Kevin joined the Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education (BCRRE) at the University of Birmingham in July 2018, as Head of Delivery. This role includes project management and technical input to HydroFlex, the UK’s first hydrogen train launched in July 2019.
He led the Strategic University Partnerships programme at Network Rail in the Research and Development function for 7 years and he was technical lead for the EU funded SUSTRAIL project. Prior to this role he led the development of a number of rail projects such as the extension of the Birmingham Cross City Line to Bromsgrove and the upgrade Cross City Service to Redditch as part of Network Rail Infrastructure Projects. He started his career in the automotive sector working in engine design and development, before undertaking a OEM problem resolution role.
Charlie Calvert, Lead Systems Engineer
Charles joined the University of Birmingham 3 years ago to research hydrogen train technology. He has been involved in the HydroFLEX project from its inception two years ago in his role as the University of Birmingham's lead systems engineer.
During this time Charles has been involved in all elements of the project including initial concept design and specification, engagement with suppliers and stakeholders and supervision of and involvement in the fitting out of the HydroFLEX train with the new hydrogen hybrid power train.
Following the construction of the train last year, Charles has fulfilled the roles of Test Engineer supervising activity in the train's hydrochamber and overall test controller.
Peter Amor, Hydrogen Refuelling
Peter started work on HydroFLEX in June 2019, assisting with the testing of the then-newly converted train. His main role at this time was refuelling, which informed a great deal of study over the next year into the logistics of supplying hydrogen powered trains on the real railway.
His other role has been to simulate hypothetical hydrogen-powered trains and to explore their practicality in the real world. This might involve conversions of existing rolling stock, or brand new trains, but there will need to be a depot infrastructure to support this, something he is taking forward into his PhD on depot infrastructure. The HydroFLEX train is a valuable resource as it allows him and other researchers to understand the process of moving from an idea to a mainline-approved final product, and provides valuable data on real-world hydrogen consumption, among other things.
Dr Jeff Allen, Control and Software Design and Implementation
Jeff is managing director of Jeff Vehicles Ltd., a company set up to carry out consultancy in innovation in Transport and Energy, especially to promote battery and hydrogen powered vehicles. He has most recently worked with University of Birmingham and train leasing company Porterbrook on electronic, electrical and software design for the U.K.’s first hydrogen powered train and mainline approvals.
He holds two Guinness World Records for charging time in an electric vehicle, across Britain and across Europe and he has written a popular free book “Driving an electric car”. He lectures/tutors on signalling and software topics at University of Birmingham and Glasgow Caledonian University for Institution of Railway Signal Engineers and Institution of Railway Operators degree courses.
He has won awards for Institution of Engineering and Technology papers on railway subjects. He is also a director of Vanguard Sustainable Transport Solutions. | <urn:uuid:93ae5e37-9bdf-4e67-a14f-25f955071323> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/railway/research/rail-decarbonisation/power-electronics-energy/hydrogen-train-mainline.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203091020-20230203121020-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.941741 | 2,586 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The world’s largest planetarium is the Science Center of Nagoya Japan Planetarium. Scheduled for opening in March 2011, it will have seating space for 400 individuals and have a diameter of 35 meters. It has close up views of the Solar System planets. The 12 Zodiac constellations can also be seen.
Overview of a Planetarium
It is a facility with a specially designed theater. There it holds representations of the universe, the Solar System and galaxies. Any or all of these are projected. A specialized projector or hemispheric screen will be utilized.
Using these devices, it will be possible for people to view the evening skies. Not all of these facilities come close to the size of the world’s largest planetarium. Some of them are quite small.
Its origins go back a long, long time. The term was used to denote a model of several celestial bodies called ornery. Various techniques were utilized to produce representations of the planets. These were used as much for study as for education. But historians usually credit the Zeiss firm for inventing the contemporary planetarium during the 1920s.
It was the Zeiss firm that created the projector technology required for projecting on a half-dome. Throughout the 1960s, it would become one of the leading makers of planetarium components.
Many people use the term to denote specifically the projection component used in the facility. This component enables it to project pictures clearly along the whole dome. Modern planetariums also have animation built in.
These contemporary facilities make use of lasers to keep the display clean. Lasers are also utilized to pinpoint specific areas on the display.
The seating in most of these places are reclined. This enables individuals to see the displays without having to contort their bodies. The presentations may be concise or lengthy. Some will have only narration. Others will include special effects. One of the most common applications is to help people understand the constellations.
Aside from the main theater, these facilities also often have space and science related exhibitions for their audience. These may consist of physical demonstrations, informational displays, study charts and examine planet models. Many of the sites also offer guides.
It is worth pointing out that there are many challengers to the title of the world’s largest planetarium. Many planetariums are now being built, but it is unclear if any will be able to surpass the one in Japan. | <urn:uuid:a8e57928-ccd8-4bc5-81a4-8f75572c9591> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.dimensionsguide.com/biggest-planetarium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.956716 | 495 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Brain Records, Scientists Retrieve What the Eye Sees
9/28/2011 by: Darleen Hartley
By analyzing fMRI scans of a subject’s brain, neuroscientists are able to identify images that subjects have seen. Although the process has no practical application currently, the technology is attracting attention by both scientists and alarmists.
The research team lead by Shinji Nishimoto and Jack Gallant at UC Berkeley use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in the visual cortex to reconstruct what the subject saw. A motion encoding model was developed identifying the spatial position, motion direction and speed filters the brain uses to make sense of visual input.
They foresee the technique helping to diagnosis brain conditions and expand research in neural prostheses or brain machine interfaces. Neurological evaluation and diagnosis involving conditions such as stroke or dementia might be improved with the help of such techniques. Gallant says, "The visual system is also tightly integrated with other sensory subsystems and systems for memory and language." Applications in visual trauma and even blindness could be pursued. It could possibly assist in determining the mental state of a person who lies in a coma.
Original and Retrieved Image
However, alarmists jump to conclusions involving nefarious uses. The foremost threat, they think, is that the technology would be used to extract scenes from a person's memory. They conjure up spy movies or science fiction novels where subjects are forced to undergo treatment to reveal covert information. Dream images might be used to uncover unconscious motives, or plans. Big Brother would not only be watching, he would be probing, and worse yet, interpreting to meet forgone conclusions.
Gallant did admit: "It is possible that decoding brain activity could have serious ethical and privacy implications downstream in, say, the 30 to 50-year time frame." For now, the process is too complicated, involves too many sophisticated devices, and requires such in depth knowledge that the casual malevolent is incapable of duplicating their work.
Jack Gallant, is Professor of Psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, and is affiliated with the graduate programs in neuroscience, bioengineering, biophysics and vision science. He says that in his lab, "Our main experimental tools are functional MRI and electrophysiology; our main theoretical tool is nonlinear system identification ('reverse engineering')." Gallant’s lab also is involved in the STRFPak system, a Matlab toolbox for estimating the linear and nonlinear stimulus-response mapping function of sensory systems. The software can be used to estimate quantitative encoding models for any sensory system, based on data collected using neurophysiology, EEG or fMRI.
fMRI, Functional MRI, Magnetic Resonance, Shinji Nishimoto, Jack Gallant, UC Berkeley, STRFPak, brain, neuroscience, bioengineering, biophysics, vision, EEG, MRI, Matlab, software, neurophysiology
© 2009 - 2011 Bright Side Of News*, All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:647206ad-77f9-4619-a475-8b107e4452ca> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.brightsideofnews.com/print/2011/9/28/the-brain-records2c-scientists-retrieve-what-the-eye-sees.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382705/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00032-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914262 | 606 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Resilience as a Path to Healthy School Communities: Lessons Learned from Indigenous Youth
At this annual full-day workshop, students and educators learn from youth mentors, Elders, community members and researchers, highlighting tools, successes and lessons learned from resilience-promoting work across the province.
In 2017, over 400 participants from 33 school communities attended the 2nd Annual Resiliency Workshop. Youth, Elders, teachers, community members and researchers shared stories of resiliency focused on the theme “To Be Wisely Aware”. The Masters of Ceremony were three grade 11 students from Tsuu T’ina Nation. Keynote sessions included a musical Bell Let’s Talk performance by Great Big Sea’s Sean McCann, inspiration from Kainai educator and coach Andrea Fox, Dr. Sean Lessard’s stories and three young First Nations mentors including World Indigenous Games gold medallist Rilee Many Bears. Delegates were able to choose between eight concurrent sessions and, upon reflection, created an action plan to bring back to their schools.
The next event will be held in January 2018. | <urn:uuid:480c57f6-b575-48d3-9bb5-e8b28915d67f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://resilientschools.ca/resiliency-workshop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255944.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520121941-20190520143941-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.947958 | 229 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One of the first wildflowers to pop up like little yellow stars in southwest Texas is Fendler’s Bladderpod (Physaria fendleri). Starting last week, these tufts of small yellow flowers are marking many of the desert areas like globs of bright jewels.
Here again was an adventure in identification for several reasons. And I will outline how I pursued identifying this plant. Most of the yellow flowers we see with non-fused petals belong to the very large family Asteraceae, or the sunflowers, and have multiple flower petals (more than 4 petals/flower). However, a few yellow flowers have only four or less non-fused petals. Those usually belong to a different family of plants: the Brassicaceae, or mustard family.
Once the flowers were narrowed down to the family, then one must use details of leaves, seed, and growth habit to correctly identify the plants. This process is called ‘plant systematics’, most commonly referred to in plant guides as ‘keying’ a plant based on their parts. But that also has limitations, as I will explain in a bit.
When the flowers were keyed in the mustard family and in a genus (Lesquerella), sometimes collectively called ‘bladderpods’, the next step was to determine which species this plant was. This was more difficult because the flowers and leaf shape are typical of two species: Gordon’s Bladderpod (L. gordonii )and Fendler’s Bladderpod (L. fendleri). They both have tiny silver hairs on their leaves and stems. And they grow in the same region!
The only differences between these two species are that the Gordon’s Bladderpod is an annual, whereas the Fendler’s Bladderpod is a perennial. Because of that, the Gordon usually begins flowering a month or two later than the Fendler’s. Additionally, the Gordon’s usually have longer stems that may lie on the ground and turn up at the tips, and thus they have a more open appearance. The Fendler’s, on the other hand, often grows in more compact and upright clusters.
The other issue with identification of these plants is in the names. Again, I ran into reclassification of an entire genus of plants where the literature, especially plant guides, is very slow to catch up. Including many online plant databases (even state and federal).
The first specimen of this plant was collected in 1847 from near Santa Fe, NM, by Prussian-born natural historian Augustus Fendler. From the specimen, the plant was named and characterized by the famous botanist Asa Gray as Vesicaria fendleri. Years later (1888) the curator of the Gray Herbarium (of Harvard University), Sereno Watson, who was appointed by Gray, renamed the plant Lesquerella fendleri.
Now, move ahead in time to 2002 when a team of botanists and biologists petitioned the organizations involved in taxonomical name conventions to move all the plants of the genus Lesquerella to another existing genus, Physaria. Why would they propose that change? Traditionally plants have been categorized and named based on comparative data: morphological, ecological and distribution. However, in the past two decades the addition of more sensitive and technical tools, such as molecular biology and genetics, have been applied to confirm similarities and separate differences. Consequently, some organisms are now determined too similar rather than more different and are reclassified together in the same genus, even species. Conversely, some molecular differences are important enough to separate some species that were once classified together.
When in doubt, I have always turned to a database used by nearly all biology, molecular and genetic scientists, and which is continually updated, sometimes more than daily. It is crucial for all scientists to keep up with changes in scientific data and reporting, which truly reflects the dynamic world of life sciences and discovery. Although many of the media and even federal plant databases still use the old naming convention, the genus Lesquerella is no longer accepted or correct. As of now most of the species within that genus are now included in the official genus name, Physaria. Unfortunately, it may take another five or more years for that name to propagate through all the databases and into the literature, including the nature guides everyone uses for identifying plants.
An ending note about these two bladderpods: they can be poisonous to livestock, especially horses. The seeds especially contain a large amount of oil that can be toxic if eaten in excess. On the other hand, the Fendler’s Bladderpod is now being considered as a commercial source of oil to make plastics, grease and as an ingredient in cosmetics, mostly to replace castor oil. Me, I just like enjoying their little yellow mounds of stars on the desert floor. | <urn:uuid:17dcf565-ae58-41cf-ae71-9ff410b7ba51> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://desertspaces.wordpress.com/2014/03/04/fendlers-bladderpod/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00246-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963892 | 1,018 | 3.375 | 3 |
People and wildlife, such as bears, are increasingly sharing space throughout Kamloops, so it’s important that we learn how to live with them harmoniously. One of the main reasons bears will enter neighbourhoods is because of mismanaged garbage.
Changing Our Behaviour
Keep Garbage Out of Reach
Garbage is not healthy for bears. When bears learn that garbage means food, they come back to it again and again.
- Store garbage and recycling in a garage or very sturdy shed
- Wait until 4:00 am on collection day to place your garbage on the curb
Pick ripe fruit quickly and remove unwanted fruit trees. Bears are omnivores, so they love eating vegetation, berries, and other fruit. Make sure your backyard isn’t providing lunch for bears!
Check Your Yard for Bear Attractants
Remove the temptations that could invite bears into your yard:
- Store pet food indoors
- Keep your barbecue clean
- Remove bird feeders from May to November
Don't Feed the Bears
Remember that a fed bear is a dead bear. Feeding bears, even unintentionally, is against the law in BC. (Dangerous Wildlife Protection Act, section 88.1).
Residents are reminded that the "Bear Smart Bylaw" is in effect between April 1 and November 30, and infractions may result in a $100 fine (as outlined in Solid Waste and Recyclables Bylaw No. 40-59, 2011).
- Carts should not be placed on the curb prior to 4:00 am on collection day
- Do not accumulate or improperly store bear attractants
To find out where the most recent wildlife sightings have been in Kamloops, visit the Wildlife Alert Reporting Program. For more information, contact the Kamloops WildSafeBC Coordinator at 250-828-2551 or visit WildSafeBC. | <urn:uuid:011ecd4f-41cd-4ad6-9bd0-b10f9b6659fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.kamloops.ca/city-services/recycling-garbage/residential-garbage/bear-smart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991693.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512004850-20210512034850-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.925104 | 386 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Do you have a code of personal conduct? George Washington did. The father of our country wrote down his ideas in a collection known as “110 Rules of Civility.” Among my favorites:
- Sleep not when others speak.
- Use no reproachful language against anyone; neither curse nor revile.
- Cleanse not your teeth with the table cloth napkin, fork, or knife; but if others do it, let it be done without a peep to them.
- Before and after drinking, wipe your lips. Breathe not then with too great a noise for it is an evil.
- Bedew no man’s face with your spittle.
- Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.
Fascinated with George Washington, nine-year-old Joslynn decided to craft her own Rules for Civility during a recent sleepover at our house. She spoke. I typed. Here are some Josie gems:
- Tell other people about Jesus at dinner. Also…everywhere.
- If you are grounded, see if you can get out of it. Say, “I lost control of myself…I wasn’t thinking….or I forgot the calendar at the store.”
- If you’re at your grandfather’s house, eat cookies and milk on his lap if he wants you to.
- Don’t worry about your belly button. It won’t pop off.
- Don’t be on your phone all the time.
- Read the Bible every day, like George Washington did.
- Don’t let your imagination make a mess. Keep it in your room.
It’s fun looking at civility through the eyes of a nine-year-old, though sad that it has nearly become a cultural fossil. But civility matters. To God. To us. It’s the life blood of any society. Is it any wonder, then, that our culture is suffering from issues of the heart? For true civility, the Bible is the ultimate resource.
"This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success.” | <urn:uuid:3224f528-da56-405a-976d-8369439bbde9> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://jongauger.com/blogpage.php?bdKey=849 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.941751 | 504 | 2.875 | 3 |
And from Natural Life Magazine
Q: I’ve just had a baby and want to make sure she has the healthiest possible start in life. With all the viruses and bacteria around us, I am trying to keep our home as clean as possible. But during a recent visit, my mother-in-law said I shouldn’t be using antibacterial soap. I figure that using it is one of the no-brainer things we can do. So who is right?
A: There is a great deal of evidence that the use of antibacterial soap in the normal household is unnecessary and causes far more harm than good, both to human health and the environment.
Since 2000, the American Medical Association (AMA) has been advising the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to closely monitor and possibly regulate the home use of antimicrobials. At the AMA annual meeting in 2000, Myron Genel, chair of the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs and a Yale University pediatrician, said, “There’s no evidence that they do any good and there’s reason to suspect that they could contribute to a problem” by helping to create antibiotic-resistant bacteria. And just this past fall, the FDA finally announced that it is considering restricting antibacterial soaps, which its panel of health experts overwhelmingly said have not been proven any more effective than regular soap in preventing infections among average consumers. Actions the FDA could take include changing product labels, restricting marketing claims or pulling the products off the market altogether.
The advisory panel told the FDA that consumer products that include bacteria-fighting ingredients should be required to have scientific data proving they prevent infections. At issue are antibacterial products that include chemicals such as triclosan, which is known for its bacteria-fighting properties.
However, antibiotics kill more than the disease-causing bacteria to which they are directed. They kill any other susceptible bacteria. Once the ecosystem is cleared of susceptible bacteria, resistant bacteria can multiply and dominate the environment due to lack of competition, resulting in drug-resistant “superbugs”. The phenomenon can be likened to weeds that have overgrown a lawn where the grass has been completely destroyed by an overdose of herbicides. The ubiquity of the antibacterials in soaps “is a worrying thing,” lead researcher Dr. Eli N. Perencevich of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, told the media at a meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America in New Orleans in 2000. He said at the level of usage of antibacterial soap in the typical home, bacteria could easily develop that would be resistant to both antibiotics and the antibacterial soaps themselves. | <urn:uuid:56b7187b-ed44-4885-82aa-ddc552607c4b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://torenatkinson.com/2009/04/12/anti-antibacterial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556482.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624171713-20210624201713-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.956716 | 555 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We modern humans live in a world surrounded by ever evolving technology. Whether it’s the combustion engine or the modern computer, these technologies are ubiquitous and have radically altered the world we live in.
What’s no so obvious is how complex the technologies of traditional societies are too. Bow and arrows and clothing are just a couple of sophisticated technologies that pre-industrial humans created, and used to venture into new, challenging environments.
How is it that we humans have managed to produce such impressive technology, when our closest living primate relatives have produced nothing of the sort?
Many believe this comes down to our superior cognitive abilities. That is, our intelligence and our ability to reason.
However, some scientists argue that the inherent complexity of certain technologies make them very hard to understand. Instead, they argue that complex technologies result from many small improvements made over generations which are culturally transmitted– without people understanding how these technologies actually work.
To help settle the debate, Maxime Derex and his colleagues Jean-François Bonnefon, Robert Boyd and Alex Mesoudi conducted a rather ingenious experiment, involving a technology which changed the face of our planet: the wheel.
Note that at the time of writing this post, the paper is a preprint and yet to be peer-reviewed, and is therefore subject to further to scrutiny. Despite the amendments that may be made to the paper, the significance of this study should become apparent.
The experiment boiled down to getting participants to increase the speed of a wheel down a meter long, inclined track. The wheel had 4 radial spokes, and a single weight could be moved along each spoke.
Participants were organised into ‘chains’ of 5 individuals. Each participant had 5 trials to minimize the time it took for the wheel to reach the end of the track. All participants were provided with the last two choices and scores of the previous participant in their chain (except those who went first). 14 chains were run, with each containing different people.
In total, 140 people took part in the study (with two versions of the experiment conducted). Each person received money for participating in the experiments. The money they received ranged from €3 to €29, depending on their performance and that of their peers.
Derex and his colleagues provide sound reasons for choosing a wheel for their experiment on causal understanding. First, existing studies suggest Westerners generally have poor understanding of how wheels work, which means most participants didn’t know what was required of them (this is not meant to be insulting). Secondly, the speed of the wheel depends solely on the laws of physics, and not on irrelevant factors which could compromise the validity of their findings. And thirdly, the wheel systems doesn’t involve many dimensions, which made it well suited for hypothesis testing.
So what were the researchers actually evaluating? They were essentially testing whether wheel speeds would increase after several generations of trails, and if people’s understanding of the underlying physics would do too.
The wheel’s speed depends on just two variables: its moment of inertia (how mass is distributed around the axis), and its initial potential energy (the distance between the wheel centre of mass and the ground).
If the weights are located closer to the centre of the wheel, and if one of the weights at the top or to the right of wheel are further away from the axis before its descent, then the wheel will cover the track faster. Note that there’s a trade-off here between the two forces, and some experimentation is required to work out the optimal configuration.
The simplicity of the system meant the researchers could measure participants’ understanding of the wheel after they completed their trials. The research team evaluated their understanding by presenting them with a few options, and asking them to predict which wheels would cover the track faster.
So what did Derex and his team find having conducted the experiment?
After the 5 generations, the average wheel speed increased significantly. However, participants’ actual understanding of the physics did not.
The average wheel speed produced by the first participants on their last trial was 123.6 meters per hour, and their average understanding score was 4.60. After 5 generations, the average wheel speed increased to 145.7 meters per hour, while participants’ understanding didn’t significantly change.
With a maximum possible speed of 154 m/h, the team found remarkable improvements in just a few generations.
The authors were particularly interested in whether or not the sharing of lay theories to one and another would increase people’s understanding.
To further explore how individuals gain their understanding, Derex and his colleagues ran another version of the experiment.
The set up was largely the same, with 5 trials per participant and 14 chains. However, the difference was that participants could now also write their own theory about the wheel, and share this with the next participant in their chain.
All participants were provided with the previous participant’s theory, except those who were starting.
What did they find? The average wheel speed increased at a similar rate to the first experiment, and the participants’ understanding also barely changed across the generations (see the graph below).
Counter-intuitively, the authors also found that the sharing of theories had a negative effect on participant’s actual understanding of the underlying physics.
Although little differences were observed between the experimental conditions overall, further digging found “striking” differences in participant’s exploration and independent learning.
The researchers found that if a participant had received a theory about either inertia or potential energy, then their configurations would be constrained to one of these forces. In other words, inheriting an inertia theory increased their understanding of this dynamic, but reduced participant’s understanding of energy (and vice versa).
The main explanation presented is that receiving a theory mostly constrained participants’ focus, and blinded them to the dynamics beyond the theory they received.
Derex and his colleagues argue that these results support the theory that small improvements occur over generations via cultural transmission, in the absence of people’s actual understanding of the technology.
As stated by the authors:
These results indicate that highly optimized technologies do not necessarily result from evolved reasoning abilities but instead can emerge from the blind accumulation of many small improvements made across generations linked by cultural transmission, and demand a focus on the cultural dynamics underlying technological change as well as individual cognition.
With the paper yet to be peer reviewed, it does seem a bit premature drawing lessons from the study at this stage. However, a wealth of research demonstrates the role of cultural evolution in driving technological advancement, which means we can have some confidence in the research findings.
The authors also note that these experiment were conducted on ‘WEIRD’ people. That is, those who are Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic. Further experiments would need to be conducted cross-culturally to confirm whether or not this finding is universal.
These points aside, one key take away I took from these experiments are the roles groups and demographics play in fostering technological advancements, rather than the contributions of individuals.
In business and society more broadly, a widespread belief is that the most significant innovations come from geniuses and their novel ideas. However, such experimental findings from the field of cultural evolution reveal how overly simplistic these beliefs are; these beliefs ignore the wider environmental factors and culturally acquired knowledge that facilitate novel insights in the first place.
Another potential lesson concerns exploration and independent learning. If it is the case that receiving incomplete theories can compromise people’s understanding of technology, then this has implications for research and development professionals (or anyone fostering innovation for that matter). Working around this effect and encouraging independent learning may lead to insights which may have otherwise been missed.
Ultimately, such findings illustrate the importance of experimentation in driving technological advancements. Whether one is trying to improve a process or create new products, continuous small-scale experimentation may lead to new technologies being developed- although you may not understand how they actually work.
Written by Max Beilby for Darwinian Business | <urn:uuid:c2023903-d3c3-4ea4-af24-1cf689015751> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://darwinianbusiness.com/tag/innovation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986659097.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015131723-20191015155223-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.965612 | 1,653 | 3.453125 | 3 |
You can’t swing a dead cat these days without hitting someone who experiences ongoing scuffles with anxiety. It always amazes the Mormodonna that we, as individuals, don’t remember that this is a new problem.
The figures are shocking: “…anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults in the United States age 18 and older (18% of U.S. population). Anxiety disorders cost the U.S. more than $42 billion a year, almost one-third of the country’s $148 billion total mental health bill, according to ‘The Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders’, a study commissioned by ADAA (The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,60(7), July 1999). This was 10 years ago.
Have you ever stopped to wonder why problems with anxiety are skyrocketing, even among children? Are we experiencing a “genetic epidemic” (is this really a thing?), or is it more likely that altered environmental factors are at work? We got our first big clue not too far back when mankind discovered that a healthy gut flora was crucial to overall health. But some really groundbreaking discovery has been made in understanding just what exactly is disrupting the microbiome to the extent that millions of children and adults now suffer with chronic anxiety (not to mention all the other dodgies of the day).
Cook organic food. Organic food is certified to be grown without the use of certain herbicides and pesticides that are known to kill the healthy micro organisms your body depends on to produce essential amino acids. If you haven’t heard of glyphosate, do your homework. It’s the main ingredient in RoundUp. It’s used on everything these days from soy to sugarcane to beets and wheat. It is pervasive in our food supply and it has been given the green light by government agencies because it is thought that it is harmless to humans. The way glyphosate works so well is by disrupting an essential enzyme pathway in plant cells. We humans may not have the same pathway but all the little inhabitants that live in our gut do! And we rely on them to make things like serotonin, tryptophan, tyrosine and methionine – essential for mental health!
The only way to avoid RoundUp is to eat organic food. All you mormodonnas out there — I know you’re cringing, thinking about that moment at the cash register of the local healthy foods store when they tally up how much organic food costs compared to how much you’re used to saving by eating conventional food. You want to get the best deals for your hard earned money, it is only natural. But what’s not natural is what’s IN the conventional food. Pay the farmer or pay the doctor.
And you have to watch out for one of the worst offenders…meat. When it dawns on you how much it costs to buy meat that’s worth a darn, you will begin to understand why eating it “sparingly” is not only healthy for your body but also for your wallet. Life is precious! If it wasn’t treated as precious (which costs money), you don’t want it. GMO corn and soy are cheap and plentiful, but studies show they cause severe depletion of manganese in the blood of animals that eat them. GMO means “Roundup ready” for all intents and purposes. Manganese deficiency has been linked to everything from anxiety to autism. (This is only one of the ways Roundup has been linked to anxiety).
Eat healthy fats. No, I’m not talking about avocado and olive oil (they’re ok but not as spectacular). I would urge you to find yourself the rare and valuable grass-fed lard and tallow. Lard is the fat of pigs – and if those little piggies have been munching grass in the sunshine their fat is going to be simply magical for your brain and everything else. Same goes for the fat of pastured cows, called tallow. I guarantee if you sizzle your next batch of eggrolls in some creamy white lard, your family’s brain cells will tingle with delight. Brains are composed of mostly saturated fat! This whole vilification of animal fats is a tool of the edible seed oil industry, beginning early in the 20th century. It’s reign of horror has got to end. Find a local farmer who sells pig fat and render it into lard yourself at home to save tons of money. YouTube will show you how!
Make a steady supply of broth. Women have known pretty much forever that nothing is more healing than broth. Learn how to make “bone broth” – that slow-simmered building block of life that gels when chilled and can truly repair guts. Give it to those kiddos when they’re sick but also use it to build gut/brain health.
There’s so much more that could be said about things like raw milk and fermented vegetables, but Mormodonna’s first wish for you is the courage to leave the cheap, polluted food behind and be able to commit to cleaner, healthier fare.
“For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the same my name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering: for my name shall be great among the heathen, saith the Lord of hosts.
But ye have profaned it, in that ye say, The table of the Lord is polluted; and the fruit thereof, even his meat, is contemptible.
Ye said also, Behold, what a weariness is it! and ye have snuffed at it, saith the Lord of hosts; and ye brought that which was torn, and the lame, and the sick; thus ye brought an offering: should I accept this of your hand? saith the Lord.” ~ Malachi 1:11-13 | <urn:uuid:b9e26954-a9e9-4b2a-8437-c68364c22b71> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://mormodonna.wordpress.com/tag/stephanie-seneff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320224824-20180321004824-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.950406 | 1,266 | 2.59375 | 3 |
On Friday 2 March, I will be teaching World War II Sacrifice, at RootsTech. You can find this session in255D, RT1743.
Description: This program is NOT suitable for children. What happened to our soldiers, sailors, and Marines who died in World War II? What policies and procedures were, and were not, in place to handle our valiant dead? Who took care of the honored dead? Why did some soldiers return to the United States, while others still sleep overseas? Why are some still considered Missing In Action or unrecoverable? In this engaging and informative presentation, Jennifer shares: A trip through time, exploring the service history of James Privoznik, who was Killed In Action 11 January 1945 during the Battle of the Bulge. Discuss the history of the Graves Registration Service and their job during and after the war. Show you what the IDPF (Individual Deceased Personnel File) is, and how it can help you reconstruct service, and understand what happened to your deceased soldier. Learn why records and personal effects may not exist. Resources for the Prisoners, the Missing, and the Dead.
© 2018 World War II Research and Writing Center | <urn:uuid:df2946b2-91cb-4ddc-893e-6914ead946d1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wwiiresearchandwritingcenter.com/world-war-ii-sacrifice-class-at-rootstech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358033.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226234926-20210227024926-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.954299 | 239 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Robot hand wins rock, paper, scissors every time
June 27, 2012
A robot hand developed by the University of Tokyo's Ishikawa Oku Lab is reportedly so adept at the game rock, paper, scissors that it is unbeatable against a human opponent.
Strictly speaking that should be robot hand and eye, since, as you might have guessed, it uses a high speed vision system that identifies, within a millisecond, the move being made by the human player from the shape of their hand.
Combined with the clearly very highly responsive actuators in the robot hand and wrist, the robot is able to throw its shape before the human player has finished their move.
Interestingly, this has widely been interpreted as "cheating" on the robot's part by the technology media, but is it, really? No one says human players have to play blindfolded, so really the robot has the same information available to it as does the human. That it can see, process information and respond in the time it takes a human to think of and make a move is hardly its fault.
Ironically, the Ishikawa Oku Lab researchers call this an experiment into "human-machine cooperation." It feels more like a demonstration of machine-human kick-assery, and I, for one, welcome our new rock, paper, scissors overlords.
See video of the robot winning again and again below.
- Around The Home
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- Wearable Electronics | <urn:uuid:0862efe5-dced-4f05-8897-71e25129aef5> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.gizmag.com/rock-paper-scissors-robot/23110/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246652631.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045732-00189-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943173 | 341 | 2.75 | 3 |
Thyroid Disease: Are you at Risk?
Fitness for mind and body.
Six million people or so in the United States are unaware they have thyroid disease. A simple blood test can answer that question for you.
Fatigue, depression and moodiness are all symptoms. The standard screening method for both hyper- and hypothyroidism is a simple, highly sensitive blood test known as the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test. It enables doctors to detect even mild cases of thyroid disease long before symptoms appear. Anyone can be struck by thyroid disease, but as in most ailments, there are some factors that could make you more vulnerable:
- Over the age of 60, particularly if you are female
- Your family has a history of thyroid problems
- You have another auto-immune disease, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, Addison's disease or pernicious anemia.
- You have an enlarged thyroid or other members of your family have enlarged thyroids
- You have high cholesterol
- You suffer from depression
- Your hair turned gray before age 40
- You have dyslexia
- You have a fraternal twin
Note: The last three categories are somewhat controversial, but recent research suggests for reasons yet unclear, that people in these categories are more likely to develop thyroid problems.
The two most common thyroid problems occur when the thyroid gland becomes either under-active or over-active. An under-active gland produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormones, which causes hypothyroidism. An over-active gland makes excessive amounts of hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. (Hypothyroidism equals under-active thyroid, hyper over-active). Hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism.
Sluggish Thyroid Symptoms
Almost ten million Americans have hypothyroidism. The cause is usually Hashimoto's disease, a condition that occurs when the body's immune system goes haywire and antibodies are released that destroys the thyroid gland. Women are ten times more likely to develop hypothyroidism. Mild hypothyroidism is often unrecognized because there are not a lot of significant problems that a patient feels. As the condition progresses the metabolism slows down and you can begin to feel tired, sluggish, depressed and moody.
You may also develop dry, brittle hair; coarse and itchy skin; intolerance to cold; constipation and, if you are a menstruating woman, heavier periods. Weight gain, however, is NOT a symptom of thyroid disease. A common misperception is that people think if they cannot lose weight they have thyroid disease, but this is not true. In reality, thyroid and weight problems are not synonymous, although it can be a symptom.
Treatment consists of a tablet, usually taken daily consisting of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (also known as T4 because it contains four iodine atoms) to replace what your body is no longer producing. Doctor's usually begin patients on a low dose, increasing it until the patient begins to feel well and the levels of the hormone in your blood return to their normal range. The treatment is life long, but it may need to be adjusted as the effects of aging take place. Your doctor will check your levels regularly to make sure your thyroxine dosage remains right for you.
A "Hyper" Thyroid
This form of thyroid disease affects about three million Americans - an over active thyroid. Symptoms vary from person to person, but may include weight loss, nervousness, irritability, a fast heart rate (100 to 120 beats per minute or higher), difficulty sleeping, muscle weakness, trembling hands, vision problems and intolerance to heat. This form of thyroid disease is most frequently found in women in the 30's and 40's.
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease, although hyperthyroidism can also occur when nodules - non-cancerous lumps of cells - form in the thyroid gland and begin to secrete excess hormones. Only rarely is hyperthyroidism caused by cancerous growths on the thyroid gland. A common symptom is a goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland that appears as an abnormal swelling in the neck. People with Grave's disease may also develop "bulging" eyes, a condition known medically as exophthalmos. The eyeballs are pushed forward because the soft tissue lining the eye sockets has swollen.
Treatment for hyperthyroidism is a bit more complex than its counterpart, hypothyroidism. Surgery is one option, but if your doctor suggests it, he or she needs to be sure it is necessary. You may wish to get a second opinion as there are other alternatives that are less risky and more cost effective.
One treatment is radioactive iodine therapy. Patients are given a dose of radioactive iodine that essentially shuts down their thyroid gland's ability to manufacture hormones. Since the thyroid cells are the only cells that can absorb iodine, radioactive iodine therapy does not damage other areas of the body and has absolutely no other side effects. In most cases, a single dose of radioactive iodine is enough. The medication is taken by mouth and requires no hospitalization. Of course, you then need thyroxine to restore thyroid hormones.
The medications used to treat hyperthyroidism are another option but these, although effective, have side effects. Many are allergic to the drugs and develop a red, itchy skin rash or swollen, stiff joints. A patient needs close monitoring while on this type of medication. Out of the three options, most doctors prefer the radioactive iodine as the first line of treatment.
Thyroid disease should not be underestimated and is very treatable. When left untreated, it can damage the heart, liver, eyes and other important organs.
You may also find of interest...
Disclaimer: The material on this Web site is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or fitness professional. Please consult with your physician before beginning any fitness program or fat or weight reduction program. FitnessandFreebies.com takes no responsibility for individual results, or any claim made by a third party. | <urn:uuid:c322f356-45be-4e81-ae27-13a378c3b48c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.fitnessandfreebies.com/fitness/thyroid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00039-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946144 | 1,254 | 3.34375 | 3 |
"As teachers we all know that social and emotional intelligence is second to none in terms of health and happiness; as they say EQ > IQ in life!" - Dr. John Irvine
This is a challenging time for helping children develop their social and emotional intelligence. We live in an age when there has never been a greater awareness of how emotional intelligence supports every aspect of a child’s development. At the same time, we are living in a rapidly changing world which is placing pressures upon children to react to new situations. How they deal with these experiences often depends on how they handle their emotions.
This new first-of-a-kind program for K-5 includes lesson plans for Language Arts, Visual Arts, Performing Arts & Music classrooms. Lessons can be used in conjunction with one another or on their own. Program also includes online video tutorials and additional lesson plans.
Teaching emotions in all facets of a school program gives students the opportunity to explore various ways they can identify, understand and cope with difficult emotions. | <urn:uuid:feb5e3f8-7dc2-4fbc-99a9-24a844316a7e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.worrywoos.com/dei-program.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721202430-20170721222430-00577.warc.gz | en | 0.956791 | 207 | 3.390625 | 3 |
News from science never stops topping the weirdness charts, and there was plenty of it this week.
The Olympics has put a focus on world records, and the discovery of a new record in the animal kingdom drew it into the spotlight this week. BBC Nature and other news outlets picked up the story of the Greenland shark, which scientists have been studying through a process of tagging and tracking. Yuuki Watanabe and colleagues at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo discovered that the animals cruised through the water at the amazing speed of 0.34 meters per second, which means they clock in at just over 1.2 kilometers per hour – the slowest swimmers in the world. Since “average” human swimmers can swim several times this speed, at least over short stretches, you shouldn’t be alarmed if you’re being chased by a Greenland shark. You can take a break in the chase once in a while to enjoy a gin & tonic, then climb back in the water for the next leg of predator-evasion.
It’s just like being chased by zombies. Maybe Greenland sharks are zombie sharks.
Tip: learn to distinguish this species from other types of sharks first; otherwise you’ll be in for a nasty surprise. If you’re lucky enough to be chased by one that has been tagged, you can probably follow its progress on your iPhone.
The sluggish pace of the shark made scientists wonder how it catches any prey at all – the California Sea Lion, for example, can attain speeds of 40 miles per hour, which means it has time for several gins & tonics, and can still beat the shark even when completely drunk. Even walruses can achieve a speed ten times that of the shark. (They all seem to be drunk anyway.)
So how does the Greenland shark survive? Easy – it feeds on other animals while they sleep. Even if the prey wakes up from time to time, it will probably mistake the predator for something harmless and just drifing along: a clump of algae, a car tire, or the swim flipper I lost in a pool in the fifth grade.
(Note from the Political Correctness department: Please change “slow” to “speed-impaired.” And is calling a shark “sluggish” a racist comment?)
The next highlight concerns a report on a group at MIT (who else?) who have created artificial worms. If you want to be creeped out, check out the video of the project on the MIT website, where you can see one of the things dancing on the finger of a scientist. The worm’s body is a tube of mesh made of flexible metal. Around it is wrapped a wire that conducts electricity, causing phases of contraction and relaxation. A close study of the function of worm muscle revealed how this rippling movement, called paristalsis, moves it forward, and the process is imitated in the artificial version.
Inside the mesh you can see some pinkish, soft stuff whose function is not explained. That’s where the military comes in: presumably you could pack an artificial worm full of stuff (cameras, bombs, skunk-odor cannisters) and send it through tight spaces to places people can’t (and probably shouldn’t) go. You can step on them or hit them with a hammer and they don’t seem at all perturbed.
The soft stuff might also be undigested food: paristalsis is also the mode by which the human gastrointestinal tract moves waste from the stomach to its exit point. So the same technology could be used to create artificial intestines. I think this is going to be the next great fad: artistic, personalized, full-size renderings of your own intestine as it digests, for example, spaghetti bolognese. You could mount it on a stand in the dining room. To really impress your guests, you can take them down and hit them with a hammer and say, “See, it still works.”
My only advice to the military is not to release these “Terminator worms” into the ocean; they are veeeery slow, and would all be eaten by Greenland sharks.
I don’t know if the following is the best story of the week, but it will be the last for now. Artist Koby Barhad plans to make transgenic mice incorporating the genes of Elvis Presley. First step: buy some of Elvis’ hair on eBay (Barhad managed to get some for the astounding price of $22). Send it off to Genetech Biolabs for sequencing, and then to the inGenious Targeting Laboratory, which makes custom-designed mice whose genomes have been engineered to include foreign genes. Mate the mouse with a partner and you’ll soon have offspring that go on to become rock stars and drug addicts.
The experiment hasn’t been done yet; Barhad dreamed it up mainly to prompt ethical reflections on the kinds of experiments that might be done someday. (Note that Jeremy Rifkin beat him to the punch over a decade ago by trying to obtain a patent on species whose genomes combined the DNA of great apes and humans.) But Barhad’s thinking goes farther. He wants to create environments for the mice that will simulate steps in Elvis’ childhood development. This, perhaps, will lead the animals to develop some of his human characteristics. (Also not a terribly original idea, see The Boys from Brazil, by Ira Levin.) The ideal, I suppose, is to create a mouse with that unmistakeable croon, a lock of hair falling over its forehead, and a tendancy toward drug addiction.
And eventually, of course, the mouse will be kidnaped by aliens. | <urn:uuid:81857fab-a022-4dda-9ede-4e13e923cace> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://goodsciencewriting.com/2012/08/11/zombie-sharks-terminator-earthworms-and-a-mouse-that-croons-elvis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585424.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021133500-20211021163500-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.946531 | 1,206 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Shades of accessibility 20 May 2006
Here's a quick example of how to make colour-coded information accessible to colour-blind users...
The first image displayed below shows how Holmes Place's gym timetables appear to those of us that aren't colour-blind. The following three images show how the timetable appears to people with:
- Protanopia (inability to distinguish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum).
- Deuteranopia (inability to distinguish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum).
- Tritanopia (a rare from of blue-yellow colour blindness).
How people who aren't colour blind see the timetable:
How people with Protanopia see the timetable:
How people with Deuteranopia see the timetable:
How people with Tritanopia see the timetable:
As you can see, the timetables use different colours to denote different types of classes - red denotes a conditioning class, blue denotes a cardiovascular class, yellow denotes a holistic class and so on. But these colours can be very difficult to differentiate if you're colour-blind. Those with Deuteranopia and Tritanopia, for example, will find it extremely difficult to differentiate between combat and conditioning classes, and even those with perfect vision will struggle if reading from a black-and-white printout.
Holmes Place recognises this problem and provides a solution - the information conveyed by the colour-coding is also provided in written form - see the "exercise type" column.
Is your website accessible to colour-blind users? Try our colour-blindness simulator.
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Pastor Philip P. Sam Teacher Pastor Assemblies of God Himachal Pradesh
“Thus says the Lord”… “The Word of God says”… “According to the word of God”… These are some of the phrases we hear commonly or use from the pulpit. When we read the Bible, we read it with the understanding and belief that the Bible is the word of God. We approach the Bible with the fundamental presupposition or belief that Bible is the Word of God. However we understand that the Bible is not a magical book which came from heaven and that it was written by humans. How can we call a book written by humans as the word of God?
How is the Bible “the word of God”? What do we mean when we say that the Bible is the ‘inspired word of God’? Did God dictate the words of the Bible or was it just some ideas that God dictated? Does the Bible contain the word of God or Is the Bible in its entirety the Word of God. These are the questions that we deal with when we discuss about the inspiration of the Bible.
What is meant by the term inspiration? The term inspiration is one which describes the guiding of God in the writing of the Scriptures. Inspiration of the Scripture deals with the process or the acts by which God guided the writing of his word.
Before moving further we need to ask another basic question. Why should we discuss about the inspiration of the Bible? Does it really matter who is the author of the Bible? Inspiration means that the Bible truly is the Word of God and makes the Bible unique among all other books. If Bible were not the word of God then how could Bible have any authority in our life? So, it does matter for us to know who the real author of the Bible is.
This article purposes first of all to study the Biblical testimony to inspiration and thereby evaluate some of the important historical views about the inspiration of the Bible and finally to arrive at a balanced understanding of inspiration and its significance for us today.
A. What does the Bible say about its own inspiration?
We need to evaluate the testimony of the Bible about its own inspiration in order to evaluate any historical views about inspiration and arrive at any significant conclusion. The two most important scripture passages that witness to the inspiration of the Bible are 2 Timothy 3:16-17 and 2 Peter 1:20-21.
“All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for very good work.” 2 Timothy 3:16, 17 (NKJV)
The use of “all scriptures” pasa graphe essentially means the whole or every passage of the Scripture. The word ‘inspired” theopneustos means “God breathed” and suggests that the Scripture is filled with God’s breath or spirit (inspiring). (Brown. E Raymond, Fitzmeyer A Joseph, & Murphy E. Roland (editors), The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990. 1025) In these verses Apostle Paul testifies that the whole Scripture is inspired by God for the purpose of edification of the man of God. The intention of Paul in using the word “theopneustos” is to emphasize the divine origin and divine will in writing of the Scripture.
“…knowing this first that no prophecy of scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit.” 2 Peter 1:20-21
Though the verse above speaks about the word of prophecy, yet we can have a grasp of the idea of inspiration that works through the whole of the Bible. Two facts are asserted here, the first is about the role of human authors and the second is about the role of the Holy Spirit. About the role of human authors, it is very clear in this verse that the writing of the Bible did not go according to the direction of the will of human authors. The writers of the Bible did not write their own views and thoughts. The role of the Holy Spirit is also evident in this verse. The Holy Spirit moved the writers to write the words of God. The Holy Spirit ensured the accuracy of what they wrote in every way.
There are numerous Bible references which indicate that the scriptures were spoken and written under the influence of the Holy Spirit. However, the Biblical view of inspiration of the Bible has come under criticism and the nature of inspiration has been discussed and debated over the course of history.
B. Historical development of the idea of inspiration
The church fathers took the inspiration of the scriptures as almost self-evident. However the way in which the Fathers understood inspiration varied from the time of NT writing till the reformation. Though the views oscillated from that of a “dictation model” to that of “God as the source or author of scripture (conceptual inspiration)” however the prophetic model of inspiration was dominant and the inspiration of the Scriptures was understood in the same way as God spoke through the prophets and used them as mediums to express his words.
Dictation model of inspiration:- According to this view the Bible was dictated word by word and the writers were passive in writing the words of God. Some of the church fathers like Augustine and Jerome have advocated this view.
Conceptual Inspiration:- This view attested in Catholic church statement of faith and doctrine, hold that the concepts in the Bible were inspired but not the words. God gave the concepts but the human authors used words from their own vocabularies and in line their own times. This view is also known as the dynamic inspiration. The human writers provide God’s message in the terms of their writing styles and historical circumstance.
The prophetic theory of inspiration influenced Christians throughout the middle ages, the reformation and is held by many contemporary Christians especially the conservatives. The prophetic theory of inspiration has had many variants in its own explanation of the way in which God spoke through the authors however the most dominant view is that of a verbal plenary inspiration.
Verbal Plenary inspiration:- This view held dear by most conservative protestant scholars emphasize that God not only gave the concept but also guided the human authors in the entire writing process so that the Bible as the word of God is true, inerrant and the revelation of God.
The verbal plenary inspiration hold the view that every scripture is the word of God and since God is true every word is true and is the revelation of God. The Bible does not contain or bear witness to revelation rather the Bible itself is revelation. (Brown. E Raymond, Fitzmeyer A Joseph, & Murphy E. Roland (editors), The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990. 1028)
Historically there were still other views which advocate the partial inspiration according to which some parts are inspired while others are not. There are other schools of biblical studies which hold the view that the writers of scriptures were simply men who wrote with their religious and spiritual insight and there is no supernatural intervention in the process.
The modern era followed by enlightenment which saw the rise of historical critical studies with the availability of a number of text and versions of the Bible, raised critical questions regarding the verbal plenary understanding of the inspiration of the Bible. The There has been considerable amount of critical discussion among the Roman Catholic circles and the Protestant groups regarding the inspiration of the Bible.
Barthian Model Inspiration:- There have been attempts by some modern scholars to justify the critical studies. Notable among them is the Barthian view of inspiration to accommodate the critical studies. Karl Barth’s neo orthodox view of inspiration advocated the view that the Bible does not have any inherent authority and the words of the Bible becomes word of God only when one reads it and gets inspired by God.
How do we evaluate these views about inspiration of the Bible? The underlying reasons for the critical viewing of the inspiration of Bible are due to influence of rationalistic thinking and modern reasoning. The confusing opinions and views regarding inspiration arose due to the treatment of the Scriptures as any other literature. If the Bible is seen as a natural book then there is no question or significance of an understanding of its inspiration. Is the Bible is just another natural, historical or literary book? If yes, then why should we treat it as a revelation of God at all? Furthermore the attempt by some of the scholars like Barth to accommodate the critical studies does not do justice to the inherent value of Bible as a authoritative text. So how do we proceed as we engage with the subject of the inspiration of the Scripture?
C. What did Jesus and the apostles think of the scriptures?
In considering the inspiration of the Scriptures it is of supreme importance for us to note the value that Jesus and the apostles gave to the scriptures. It is a well known fact that Jesus came to fulfill the scriptures and clearly stated in the gospels that the smallest letter in the Law would not disappear until everything is accomplished. “But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one stroke of a letter of the law to fail. (Luke 16:17) When Jesus quoted the scriptures he gave it the highest accord as “the Word of God”. A reading of Mark 7:9-13 makes it clear that for Jesus, the commands given through Moses were indeed the word of God. Thus Jesus attested the role of humans as well as the authorship of God. Furthermore Jesus stressed upon the importance of the scriptures with the following statement. “If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came and the scripture cannot be broken;” John 10:35
Apostle Paul considered the scriptures as the word of God as is evident from the following words that he writes to the Thessalonians church. “And we also thank God continually because, when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men, but as it actually is the word of God, which is at work in you who believe.” I Thessalonians 2:13
The biblical testimony to its inspiration comes more in line with the verbal plenary inspiration. Verbal means that every word of Scripture is God given. The idea is that every word in the Bible is there because God wanted it there. Plenary means that all parts of the Bible are equally authoritative. God supernaturally guided the biblical authors to write the exact things that He wanted to express.
In this line of thought some of the Scripture portions like Psalms which are expression of human emotions were also guided by the Holy Spirit in its composition. This guidance of the Holy Spirit is attested in Acts 1:16 where Peter testifies that Holy Spirit foretold by the mouth of David in the writing of Psalms. Some of the personal statements of the writers was also inspired and guided by the Holy Spirit in the sense that God wanted those things to be communicated to his people. For instance some of the autobiographical statements of Paul in his letters were inspired by God for us to know about the struggles and emotions of a man of God ((I Corinthians 10:1, 2 Timothy 4:13 etc).
D. Is the Bible unique in its inspiration?
Or is it just like other books which were natural historical literary process. Since every word and thought was put in the Bible because God wanted it to be there, the inspiration of Bible is unique. The inspiration of Bible is unique because it takes into account the personality, style, background and the historical context of the authors but at the same time communicating the heart and the very thoughts of God.
E. What is the significance of inspiration of the Scriptures for us today?
The inspiration of the Scriptures makes it authoritative for us today. How else could this ancient book be meaningful and relevant for us today? However we must be careful in approaching the Bible as authoritative norm.
First of all the Bible is not given by God for us to use as a rule book it is rather a dynamic book which reveals the will of God. Unfortunately the church has retorted to the Bible as a rule book from which some traditions are made and imposed. This kind of approach is making the Bible an ancient book for the people of God. The affirmative expression of the Psalmist is meaningful to quote here, “Sacrifice and offering you did no desire…Here I am, I have come to do your will.” (Psalms 40:6&7 paraphrased). God is not intending to put forward some rules and traditions for the church to follow, God wants his will to be followed by his people. The Bible is a letter written to us revealing the nature, personality and the will of our heavenly father. It is also the story of the mighty acts and works of God…a story which continues today through us if we allow him to work through us.
Secondly, only the Holy Spirit can make a meaningful interface between us and the text making the Scriptures authoritative in our life. The Holy Spirit who inspired the writing of the text must inspire us to further the word of God in and through our life. The Holy Spirit not only reveals the true meaning of the word of God but also helps us to pursue the word of God.
That the Bible is the inspired word of God means that we can rely upon and follow every word of the Scripture. The Bible is authoritative in our life and behavior. We can draw meaning, consolation and hope from the Bible because it is God’s word for us. We can count upon the Biblical promises because it not the words of fallible humans rather they are the Words of the Living God. | <urn:uuid:18c550d8-8c66-4738-bf0a-70ff162c2ac0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://revivemegod.com/2017/06/13/inspiration-of-the-bible-uniqueness-in-the-inspiration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225225657-20180226005657-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.966606 | 2,842 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Dates Covered & Contents:
Focusing on the social context and significance of scientific discovery, this title spans c.2000 B.C. through the 20th Century. Topics include exploration and discovery, life sciences, mathematics, medicine, physical sciences, and technology and invention. Chronologies, biographical sketches, bibliographies, and numerous illustrations supplement the articles.
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Our licensing agreements require that off campus access to most of these electronic resources be limited to students, faculty and staff of The College of New Jersey. However, all resources are available from within the library. | <urn:uuid:55411986-1789-474f-bc89-3c9dcf672038> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://library.pages.tcnj.edu/search-tools/databases-a-z/1196-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067077.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00150-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898029 | 172 | 2.828125 | 3 |
See also the
Dr. Math FAQ:
order of operations
3D and higher
Browse Middle School Equations
Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
Selected answers to common questions:
Solving simple linear equations.
- Rearranging an Equation [05/01/1999]
Solve for x in terms of y: y = (900x)/(2+x).
- The Secret to Mathematics? [09/27/2004]
I understand how to divide fractions--invert and multiply--but what if
the dividend or divisor is a variable?
- Setting Up Algebraic Word Problems [08/04/2003]
If each photocopy of a manuscript costs 4 cents per page, what is the
cost, in cents, to reproduce x copies of an x-page manuscript?
- Setting up an Equation [05/25/1999]
When I add 4 to a number I get the same result as halving the number and
adding 10. What is the number?
- Setting Up Equations [11/26/1997]
An airplane travels eight times as fast as a car. The difference in their
speeds is 420 km/h. How fast is each vehicle travelling?
- Simple Equation: 3y + 2 over 4 equals 7 [10/17/2001]
I think you have to subtract 2 on both sides, but I'm lost.
- Simplify and Solve [01/15/1998]
Simplify one side of the equation. Then solve. .75y + y + 10 = 45
- Simplifying Answers [12/17/1994]
How do you answer questions like this? (p^2q^-4)^2 (p^3q^5)^-
- Simplifying Expressions [11/24/1997]
Solve: 2x - ( 3 - x ) = x - 7 .
- Simultaneous Equations [07/01/2002]
A man has a total of 20 dimes and quarters. If the dimes were quarters
and the quarters were dimes he would have 90 cents more than he has
now. How many of each coin does he have?
- Solutions to Equations [01/16/1997]
How do you make a table of values of x and y that make the equation 3/4y
= -x true?
- Solve for X [10/09/1999]
How can I solve equations like 4x - (1/2) = -3/2?
- Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable [02/27/1998]
Solve for q: -13 - q - 9 = 5q - 9 - q.
- Solving an Equation with Decimals [1/31/1996]
I can't figure out what 15.6 + z = 20.4 is. I need step-by-step help.
- Solving an Equation with Fractions [1/30/1996]
v = 6 - 5/4 v. I don't know if this question is asking 6 minus 1 1/4 or 6
* 1 1/4.
- Solving another Equation in One Variable [1/12/1996]
-2[3-2(x-1) + 5(2-x)] = -3[x+2(x-1)]
- Solving a System of Three Equations in Three Variables [06/23/2007]
How can I find values of x, y, and z that make all three of these
equations true: x + y + z = 10, x - 2y + z = -2, and x - y - z = -12?
- Solving Basic Equations with Variables [11/28/2004]
How do I solve an equation like 8x + 6 = 3x + 21?
- Solving Equations [6/28/1996]
Solving Systems of Equations: find k, if 7/x+y = k/x+2 = 11/2-y
- Solving Equations with Fractions in Them [12/06/2004]
How do you solve an equation like -5/7 n = 35?
- Solving Equations with Square Roots [03/28/2003]
When solving x + 1 = sqrt(x + 3), we can square both sides then solve
the equation; however, we get an extra solution that doesn't work. Why?
- Solving for a Variable in One Equation [3/18/1996]
I need to write the following in standard form and solve for the
indicated variable: (2r+3)(2r-1) = -(3r+1)
- Solving for One Uknown among Many: How and Why [09/20/2010]
A student wonders how to solve for an unknown that appears in the middle of several
others. Over the course of several back-and-forths with many examples, Doctor Ian
reveals the different scopes of what it means "to solve," introduces the concept of sets
of solutions, explains why you might want to isolate one term with respect to others,
shows how to do so, decodes the meaning of a string of variables -- and reaffirms
that, indeed, all the rules that the student has learned still work no matter the symbols.
- Solving for One Variable of Many [05/30/2002]
How do you solve a formula with many variables for one of them?
- Solving Linear Equations and the Scale Metaphor [08/26/2004]
When solving linear equations, why do we have to do the same operation
on both sides of the equal sign?
- Solving Linear Equations by Using Inverses [08/13/2003]
Solve for a in b = 5/7(a-8).
- Solving Pairs of Equations by Substitution [11/26/1997]
x + 3y = - 5; 3x - 2y = 7.
- Solving Problems With and Without Algebra [05/14/2002]
In a basketball game, Harold and Isaac scored a total of 19 points.
Isaac and Jacob scored a total of 14 points. Isaac scored as many
ponts as Harold and Jacob together. How many points did each player
score? And how can I solve this without algebra?
- Solving Simple Equations [02/23/1998]
Equations like 3(30+s) = 4(s+19) and others following the same form.
- Solving Systems of Linear Equations [02/09/1999]
Can you help me solve simultaneous equations?
- Solving Two Equations with Mixed Fractions [05/13/1998]
Steps to solving (2 2/3)x - 1 1/4 = 4 1/3 and (4 1/5)x - 2 = 3 1/3.
- Splitting Peanuts [08/03/2002]
On a camping trip, the family had brought many bags of peanuts for
- Step-by-step Solution of Equation in One Variable [05/13/1998]
Commutative, associative, distributive, and other laws of arithmetic
applied to solve w in the equation 2 - 2(w + 6) = 2(w + 5).
- Straight Line on the Graph [09/10/1998]
Let f(x) = ae^(kx) where a>0 and k are constants. Show that the graph of
y = ln(f(x)) is a straight line.
- Substituting Parameters for Numbers [11/29/2001]
I don't know what to do with both sides of the equation 17.20X/100 = X-
- Subtracting One Equation from Another [05/30/2001]
Why can you subtract one equation from another and get something
meaningful that you can use to solve the equations?
- The Sum of Two Numbers is 20... [11/03/1997]
Twice one number is 4 more than four times the other. Find the numbers.
- Switching Dollars and Cents [10/07/1997]
How do I find an equation?
- System Of Equations With Products Of Variables [10/29/2003]
I'm trying to solve a system of three equations and three variables
where the variables are multiplied together, such as 'xy' and 'yz'.
Substitution doesn't seem to be working very well - what's a good way
to get started?
- Three Simultaneous Equations [4/16/1996]
Can you help me solve this problem? | <urn:uuid:9b7b3497-5fc8-4638-a143-ac6c5ae57829> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/mid_equations.html?start_at=81&num_to_see=40&s_keyid=39262431&f_keyid=39262432 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00475-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874827 | 1,884 | 3.609375 | 4 |
With increasing frequency, barriers such as dams are being removed from rivers and streams to improve watershed connectivity, increase biodiversity, and preserve ecological integrity. While barrier removal allows animals to move more freely in freshwater systems, there may be unintended disease consequences related to pathogen dynamics and host immune competence. This is of particular importance in the context of climate change because warm water can increase the disease susceptibility in fish. Many dams have been in place for decades, meaning fish populations have been physically separated for generations; this isolation can result in a loss of genetic immune factors that help recognize foreign pathogens. An evolutionary “arms race” between host immunity and pathogen infectivitycan also take place, resulting in changes to both host and pathogen genomes. When a dam is removed, previously isolated fish populations can mix freely, but so can their bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents. If a host’s immune system cannot recognize and defend against these pathogens, transmission and disease development could negatively impact individual size and survival, decrease population productivity, and alter future disease resistance.Given that many watersheds are warming, pathogen transmission and disease dynamics associated with barrier removal must be evaluated within a temperature context.
I will develop population forecast models that comprise disease-associated outcomes of improved watershed connectivity that will aid managers in making strategic decisions about the timing and location of barrier removals. Iwill start and end my project by bringing together stakeholders and managers to identify perspectives related to watershed connectivity, climate change, and disease concerns for wild brook trout populations. I will compare genetic immune factors (major histocompatibility complex polymorphism) and infectious agent community composition among isolated and connected brook trout sub-populations in a fragmented watershed. I will then use cohabitation experiments that simulate barrier removal to measure transmission efficiency within and among brook trout sub-populations at cool and warm temperatures. My results will be used to parameterize population forecast models that predict brook trout productivity depending on barrier removal, pathogen diversity, genetic immune competence, and projected stream temperatures. I will incorporate my findings into decision-making tools and frameworks that help determine when, where, and how barriers should be removed to maximize the effectiveness of watershed conservation initiatives. The results of this effort will also be examined in a broader context of ecosystem connectivity, informing hypotheses at different spatial scales and across habitat types to identify management considerations and conservation initiatives that merit disease-relevant research.
Follow Amy on Twitter: @tefferfish | <urn:uuid:74759464-c438-4b64-89dc-6d8ef4589455> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://conbio.org/mini-sites/smith-fellows/meet-the-fellows/2019-fellows/amy-teffer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668539.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114205415-20191114233415-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.916601 | 497 | 2.890625 | 3 |
noun, plural: temperaments
(1) Internal constitution; state with respect to the relative proportion of different qualities, or constituent parts.
(2) Condition with regard to heat or cold; temperature.
(3) The tendency to become irritable or angry.
(4) Disposition of an individual.
(5) (psychology)The distinctive mode of thinking, behaving, or reacting of an individual to its surroundings.
It was previously thought that the temperaments were due caused by the imbalance and predominance in proportions of one of the four basic humors: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood.
More recently, with the emphasis on the biological basis of personality, the relationship between temperament and character has been examined with renewed interest.
Word origin: temperament < from Latin temperamentum "proper mixture," from temperare "to mix".
Related terms: temperament theory. | <urn:uuid:10aa2e6f-88b6-492e-9246-0a485076efa3> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.biology-online.org/bodict/index.php?title=Temperament&oldid=94486 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189680.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00027-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931553 | 191 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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