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Definición de supposition en inglés:
A belief held without proof or certain knowledge; an assumption or hypothesis: they were working on the supposition that his death was murder [mass noun]: their outrage was based on supposition and hearsay
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Hypotheses, suppositions tentatively accepted, help the therapist to focus on what seems most relevant at that moment.
- There is no direct evidence, and what follows is too contingent on a series of hypothetical suppositions to be convincing.
- In most cases, however, this kind of mutual informing included only assumptions and suppositions.
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Table of Contents:
- Understanding the Cause of Sneezing
- Common Causes of Puppy Sneezes
- What to Do at Home to Prevent Your Puppy from Sneezing
- Frequently Asked Questions About Puppy Sneezing
- When to Call Your Vet
A sneeze is a sudden, involuntary outflow of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth. It’s usually a response to an irritant finding its way into the upper airway, most often to the delicate mucous membranes that line the nasal passages. While a semi-regular occurrence for humans and dogs, sneezing can indicate a larger problem for a puppy.
Understanding the Cause of Sneezing
Although normal and healthy puppies may occasionally sneeze or have nasal discharge (running nose), severe, chronic, or recurrent bouts of sneezing or nasal discharge suggest a more serious problem. Sneezing and runny nose often occur together and may be accompanied by postnasal drip, gagging, and/or a snorting-sounding noise that resembles a swallowed sneeze.
Sneezing and nasal discharge can be caused by dozens of conditions. Some causes are brief and self-limiting, such as acute viral infections. Other problems are recurrent, like seasonal allergies. More serious causes (tumors or lodged nasal foreign bodies) are relentless and chronic unless the problem can be resolved.
Common Causes of Puppy Sneezes
Sneezing is a common dog symptom that has a variety of causes. Some of the most common conditions include:
One of the most common causes for sneezing dogs is allergic rhinitis (allergies). Environmental allergies have similar symptoms in puppies as they do in humans: nasal inflammation, chest congestion, running noses, and, you guessed it, sneezing. If you suspect your pup has allergies, visit your vet and discuss treatment options. The key will be identifying what your little pal is allergic to and creating a plan for keeping your pup away from the irritant. Dogs can be allergic to a variety of tree and plant pollens, mold, dusts mites, and even to cats! Occasionally, dogs having an allergic reaction, such as to an insect bite or vaccine, can lead to sneezing.
Objects such as small particles of dirt, mold, blades of grass, foxtails, thorns, or even small parts of toys can accidently go into the nose, which is irritating. Foxtail is a plant that has barbed seed on the top that dogs can inhale or run into while playing. Treatment involves removing the foreign body from the nasal cavity.
Dogs will roam throughout your house sniffing around, and occasionally they’ll inhale something that doesn’t sit right. While the irritants are in their nasal passages, they’ll try and sneeze them out. Perfume, spray deodorant, air-freshener, carpet powder, pollen, hair spray, cleaning products, cigarette smoke, detergent, sunscreen, bug repellent, and burning fragranced candles, as well as small particles of dust, are some of the most commonly-inhaled irritants that can cause your puppy to sneeze.
Both cats and dogs can suffer infectious diseases of the nasal cavity that include the symptom of sneezing. In fact, most infectious diseases that affect the upper respiratory system of your puppy will result in sneezing. In dogs, anything from kennel cough, canine distemper virus, or the canine flu can cause sneezing, which can be more common in puppies with a compromised immune system. Another cause of an upper respiratory infection is due to fungal organisms, such as from Aspergillus, Blastomycosis, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasmosis. Fungal infections can be severe and life-threatening.
Upper Airway Obstructions
There are a number of things that can build up and block a puppy’s airway. Anything from canine cancers to polyps to excess tissue in the upper airways can build up, cause irritation, and disrupt the flow of air through your pup’s nasal passages. When that happens, your puppy will labor to breathe and sneeze.
A small nasal mite, known also as Pneumonyssoides caninum, can live in the nasal cavity of dogs. Any age, breed, or size of dog can be affected and the most common symptoms are a runny nose, sneezing, and reverse sneezing. It can be spread from dog to dog and does not appear to infect humans. Diagnosis is made by examining the nasal cavity using a fiberoptic scope and visualizing the mites, or based on seeing the nasal mites in collected discharge. Treatment may include antiparasitic medications.
Tumors can invade the nasal cavity, leading to a variety of clinical signs including a bloody nose, sneezing, trouble breathing, decreased activity levels, and a decreased appetite. However, nasal tumors in this area are fairly uncommon in puppies.
This adorable behavior, referred to as play sneeze, can be a normal part of excited canine play. Some behaviorists view this as a method of dog-to-dog communication, as though they were saying “we are just playing” or “this play is just for fun.”
Dog breeds with pushed in faces and short snouts, referred to as brachycephalic breeds, are more prone to sneezing. These breeds include Boston Terriers, Boxers, English and French Bulldogs, Bull Mastiffs, Chow Chows, Lhasa Apsos, Pekingese, Pugs, Shih Tzu, and Mastiffs, just to name a few.
Also known as a mechanosensitive aspiration reflex, the reverse sneeze is a noisy event. It occurs when dogs pull air in through their noses, as opposed to out through their nose with a regular sneeze. The sound produced is unique and can be alarming to pet owners, who often mistake it for choking.
Sinusitis, the inflammation of the lining of the sinus cavity, can cause a dog sneeze. It can be provoked by an infection or tumor.
What to Do at Home to Prevent Your Puppy from Sneezing
If your puppy is sneezing regularly, the best course of action is to take them to see your vet. If the sneezing is infrequent, here are a couple tips to try to prevent it:
- Confine and Monitor Your Puppy. It is a good idea to place your dog in a crate or small space (such as a bedroom or bathroom) to observe this behavior. By doing this, you can try to narrow down what is causing your puppy to sneeze. Observe for concurrent problems, such as a runny nose, blood around or dripping from the nose, decreased or lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, trouble breathing, watery eyes, eye redness, or a decreased activity level. Any of these additional problems should increase your level of concern.
- Ease Up on Exercise. Don’t overexercise your puppy if they’re sneezing. If the culprit is an infectious disease, exercise will only make it worse. Once you’ve seen your vet and have pinpointed the cause, ask your vet for a recommendation for when they can start exercising again.
- Evaluate your Home. Look around your house for respiratory irritants that could be bothering your puppy. Items can include new carpet, scented candles, air-fresheners, vaping chemicals, or other household products. If possible, remove irritants to see if they eliminate the symptoms in your puppy.
- Take Your Puppy’s Temperature. If you have a thermometer at home, take your puppy’s temperature. If your puppy has a fever exceeding 103 degrees Fahrenheit, call your vet clinic for advice or an evaluation.
- Medication. Do not use any medication without the advice of your vet. Some human medications can be toxic to dogs.
Frequently Asked Questions About Puppy Sneezing
Is it normal for a puppy to sneeze a lot?
It is normal for puppies to sneeze occasionally just like we can have the occasional sneeze. Excessive sneezing or sneezing associated with a runny nose or eyes, lethargy, decreased activity level, or a decreased appetite can all be signs of problems.
What should I do if my puppy is sneezing?
If your puppy is suddenly sneezing a lot, monitor them closely for other abnormal symptoms that may be a concern. Look around the house for any potential new irritants and remove them if possible. If you are concerned, the safest thing to do is to call your vet clinic.
Why is my 8-week-old puppy sneezing?
An occasional sneeze in an 8-week-old puppy is normal. They will sometimes sneeze when playing or when they inhale dust or an irritant.
Why is my dog sneezing so much all of a sudden?
New onset severe sneezing can be caused by an inhaled irritant or foreign body. Dogs can get things up their noses, such as plant awns or blades of grass, that can cause sudden and severe signs.
When to Call Your Vet
When your puppy is sneezing, the cause can range from a benign environmental allergy or irritant to rather serious condition (such as a nasal tumor). The occasional dog sneeze is not a problem and relatively normal. When the sneezing is considered abnormal, various diagnostic tests may be recommended including blood tests, radiographs (x-rays), sedation with fiberoptic scoping of the nasal cavity, cytology, and culture of any discharge.
When in doubt about your dog’s symptoms, always stick to the safe side and have your puppy examined by your veterinarian. Some pet owners, understandably, try to avoid the vet due to the hefty costs that accompany visits. That’s where pet insurance comes in handy. Pet insurance provides pet owners with the freedom to make veterinary decisions without stressing the financial implications. Learn why most vets recommend pet insurance to pet owners.
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Sean has been in the industry of gardening and landscaping since 2006. He is also a certified arborist that specializes in plant health.
The Croton (Codiaeum variegatum) houseplant in commonly called "Bush on Fire" due to its bright, variegated foliage. There are many varieties with red, orange, yellow, purple and/or white variegation. "Picasso's Paintbrush" is a variety with thin leaves that resemble a paintbrush dipped in various colors of paint. Finding croton to match indoor décor may take a little searching, but the payoff is worth it.
The croton plant is tropical and native to southern India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, and western Pacific Ocean islands. The tropical nature of croton may make it a little more difficult to grow compared to the average, low-maintenance houseplant.
Watering, humidity, soil, sunlight, and temperature must mimic that of tropical regions. Fertilizing will also need to take place a few times a year to keep croton flourishing. Diseases and pests may become a problem but are easily corrected and controlled.
Light Requirements for Croton
The Croton plant requires moderate to bright light, so keep the plant within 3–5 feet of a window receiving sunlight. East and west windows are usually suitable locations to place croton. The leaves of croton should be erect and reaching towards the light. The more sunlight it receives, the more vivid the foliage becomes. Those who live in tropical and semitropical regions have the fortune of planting these colorful plants outside without the fear of frost and cold winters.
- Lack of Sunlight: A lack of proper sunlight will cause the leaves to elongate and become limp. Elongated, limp leaves are generally unattractive and not a health problem. More the croton closer to the light source to reduce elongated leaves and build stronger stems.
- Sunburn: Too much direct sunlight and heat may cause the edges of the leaves to burn and discolor. Simply move the plant a little bit away from the light source and monitor the burns and leaves over time to see if burning continues. Excessive sunburn will kill foliage and even the entire plant if left unchecked.
Temperatures for Croton
Croton prefer temperatures around 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures cannot fall below 60 degrees Fahrenheit; otherwise, leaves will begin to drop. Croton cannot tolerate drastic temperature shifts and will become stressed upon encountering temperature shifts. Once placed, croton should not be moved away from its location.
- Watering: Croton require somewhat heavy watering due to their tropical nature. The soil should remain slightly moist at all times and not be allowed to completely dry out. Croton will wilt when dry, and repeated wilting is detrimental to the health of croton.
- There are two main rules when watering most houseplants, croton included: water thoroughly & promote drainage. Thorough watering involves the entire root mass being watered. This builds a strong root system and moisture uptake. Drainage is very important, and water must never be left standing and become stagnant in the bottom of the growing container. Wilted leaves are an indicator of excessive watering. Pour excess water from the container to discourage diseases and root rot. Root rot is a common problem with many houseplants that are left standing in water, which can kill the plant if left uncorrected.
- When to Water: The best method to estimate when to water is by feeling the weight of the container before and after a thorough watering. Poking a finger into the soil to test for moisture will only test the upper few inches of the container.
- Misting: Tropical environments are humid, and croton require misting for the foliage to remain healthy. Mist a few times a week, or possibly once a day depending on how dry the area is. Misting helps keep moisture at an optimum level and promotes healthy foliage.
Placing a pot with drainage holes into a tray will create a little humidity. Adding gravel to the tray will slow down the rate of evaporation and increase the time between waterings.
Soil for Croton
Common potting soil works just fine for croton. Soil from the garden may also be used, as long as it is loamy and fertile. Potting soil retains moisture while allowing adequate drainage. Remember to prevent the soil from being saturated and waterlogged. Drain away excess water after watering. Waterlogged soil promotes disease, especially root rot. Root rot occurs when the roots do not receive enough air and begin to rot.
Croton should be lightly fertilized once a month during the growing season with balanced, water-soluble houseplant fertilizer or granular fertilizer (5-5-5 NPK). Croton does not require fertilizer during the winter months. Dilute by half the recommended amount listed on the fertilizer package when using a water-soluble fertilizer. Apply fertilizer solution in tandem with watering. This will prevent excess fertilizer which can cause the foliage to burn and possibly kill croton.
Granular fertilizer releases nutrients slowly over time. It can be applied on top of the soil or mixed into the soil. Granular fertilizer should still be used in small amounts to prevent damage to the plant as well.
Root Rot & Pests
- Root Rot: Root rot is by far the most common disease amongst houseplants. Root rot occurs from overwatering and letting the plant sit in stagnant water. Root rot happens when the roots do not receive enough air and begin to rot. Rooting roots will cause foliage to discolor and eventually drop. The roots will also emit a pungent smell of decaying vegetation. Curing root rot is as simple as watering less, draining excess water, and amending the soil with sand and/or perlite to promote better drainage.
- Pests: Spider mites are a common pest amongst houseplants, including croton. The mites can cause very noticeable damage. Spider mites can usually be controlled by regular misting and good air circulation. A miticide spray application may be necessary if an infestation is high. Spider mites create spider web-like structures along the stem and leaves.
Mealybugs, thrips, and scales may also become a problem. Eradication can easily be done with chemical insecticide or insecticidal soap.
Caution About Crotons
The sap may cause skin irritation. Wearing gloves or avoiding the sap is recommended. The leaves are slightly toxic when consumed. Prevent children and pets from eating live or dropped leaves. Although, the leaves have been used in herbal medicines and remedies. Never attempt to use croton, or any plant with toxic properties, as an herbal medicine unless experienced in such a field.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
© 2012 Sean Hemmer
Kim on September 11, 2019:
Hello ya’ll I am a new Gardner. I bought a croton , false Aurelia and another from that tropical line. I repotted in a clay pot and used potting soil. I have a east facing kitchen window. I feel this will provide enough light. Is there anything in need to know to keep my plants alive other than water and light.? Thanks , kim
Anderson Patricia on August 01, 2018:
I have a tall, 3 ft croton. But it’s bare up to the top. How can I get it to Bush out
keli on November 06, 2017:
just bought mine now all the leaves are falling off
Sean Hemmer (author) from Wisconsin, USA on September 17, 2012:
I have yet to run into anything similar to croton in garden centers. There are a ton of varieties with varying colors and leaves. This site features a lot of varieties...
And yes, it is very possible it will grow into a large plant. My small croton has grown about 6 inches this year so far.
chrissieklinger from Pennsylvania on September 17, 2012:
I have a small plant that looks similar to this and I wonder if it is a Croton and will get that big one day???? Are there other houseplants that look similar to this? | <urn:uuid:e0c38c46-6833-4518-bbd2-e33b30ac3a7b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://dengarden.com/gardening/Croton-Care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876500.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021122208-20201021152208-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.924307 | 1,712 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Precambrian time, period of time extending from about 4.6 billion years ago (the point at which Earth began to form) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, 541 million years ago. Precambrian time encompasses the Archean and Proterozoic eons, which are formal geologic intervals that lasted from 4 billion to about 541 million years ago, and the Hadean Eon, which is an informal interval spanning from 4.6 billion to 4 billion years ago. The Precambrian represents more than 80 percent of the total geologic record.
All life-forms were long assumed to have originated in the Cambrian, and therefore all earlier rocks were grouped together into the Precambrian. Although many varied forms of life evolved and were preserved extensively as fossil remains in Cambrian sedimentary rocks, detailed mapping and examination of Precambrian rocks on most continents have revealed that additional primitive life-forms existed approximately 3.5 billion years ago. Nevertheless, the original terminology to distinguish Precambrian rocks from all younger rocks is still used for subdividing geologic time.
The earliest evidence for the advent of life includes Precambrian microfossils that resemble algae, cysts of flagellates, tubes interpreted to be the remains of filamentous organisms, and stromatolites (sheetlike mats precipitated by communities of microorganisms). In the late Precambrian, the first multicellular organisms evolved, and sexual division developed. By the end of the Precambrian, conditions were set for the explosion of life that took place at the start of the Cambrian, the first period of the Phanerozoic Eon (541 million years ago to the present).
The oldest rocks in the world occur in the Canadian Shield. Their ages have been calculated from precisely measured ratios of the radioactive decay of trace amounts of certain isotopes in the rock sample. The ratio of…
The Precambrian environment
Several rock types yield information on the range of environments that may have existed during Precambrian time. Evolution of the atmosphere is recorded by banded-iron formations (BIFs), paleosols (buried soil horizons), and red beds, whereas tillites (sedimentary rocks formed by the lithification of glacial till) provide clues to the climatic patterns that occurred during Precambrian glaciations.
One of the most important factors controlling the nature of sediments deposited today is continental drift. This follows from the fact that the continents are distributed at different latitudes, and latitudinal position affects the temperature of oceanic waters along continental margins (the combined area of the continental shelf and continental slope); in short, sedimentary deposition is climatically sensitive. At present, most carbonates and oxidized red soils are being deposited within 30 degrees of the Equator, phosphorites within 45 degrees, and evaporites within 50 degrees. Most fossil carbonates, evaporites, phosphorites, and red beds of Phanerozoic age dating back to the Cambrian have a similar bimodal distribution with respect to their paleoequators. If the uniformitarian principle that the present is the key to the past is valid (meaning the same geologic processes occurring today occurred in the past), then sediments laid down during the Precambrian would have likewise been controlled by the movement and geographic position of the continents. Thus, it can be inferred that the extensive evaporites dating to 3.5 billion years ago from the Pilbara region of Western Australia could not have been formed within or near the poles. It can also be inferred that stromatolite-bearing dolomites of Riphean rock, a sedimentary sequence spanning the period from 1.65 billion to 800 million years ago, were deposited in warm, tropical waters. Riphean rock is primarily located in the East European craton, which extends from Denmark to the Ural Mountains, and in the Siberian craton in Russia.
Today, phosphate sediments are deposited primarily along the western side of continents. This is the result of high biological productivity in nearby surface waters due to the upwelling of nutrient-rich currents that are moving toward the Equator. The major phosphorite deposits of the Aravalli mountain belt of Rajasthan in northwestern India, which date from the Proterozoic Eon, are associated with stromatolite-rich dolomites. They were most likely deposited on the western side of a continental landmass that resided in the tropics.
Evolution of the atmosphere and ocean
During the long course of Precambrian time, the climatic conditions of the Earth changed considerably. Evidence of this can be seen in the sedimentary record, which documents appreciable changes in the composition of the atmosphere and oceans over time.
Oxygenation of the atmosphere
Earth almost certainly possessed a reducing atmosphere before 2.5 billion years ago. The Sun’s radiation produced organic compounds from reducing gases—methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). The minerals uraninite (UO2) and pyrite (FeS2) are easily destroyed in an oxidizing atmosphere; confirmation of a reducing atmosphere is provided by unoxidized grains of these minerals in 3.0-billion-year-old sediments. However, the presence of many types of filamentous microfossils dated to 3.45 billion years ago in the cherts of the Pilbara region suggests that photosynthesis had begun to release oxygen into the atmosphere by that time. The presence of fossil molecules in the cell walls of 2.5-billion year-old blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) establishes the existence of rare oxygen-producing organisms by that period.
Oceans of the Archean Eon (4.0 to 2.5 billion years ago) contained much volcanic-derived ferrous iron (Fe2+), which was deposited as hematite (Fe2O3) in BIFs. The oxygen that combined the ferrous iron was provided as a waste product of cyanobacterial metabolism. A major burst in the deposition of BIFs from 3.1 billion to 2.5 billion years ago—peaking about 2.7 billion years ago—cleared the oceans of ferrous iron. This enabled the atmospheric oxygen level to increase appreciably. By the time of the widespread appearance of eukaryotes at 1.8 billion years ago, oxygen concentration had risen to 10 percent of present atmospheric level (PAL). These relatively high concentrations were sufficient for oxidative weathering to take place, as evidenced by hematite-rich fossil soils (paleosols) and red beds (sandstones with hematite-coated quartz grains). A second major peak, which raised atmospheric oxygen levels to 50 percent PAL, was reached by 600 million years ago. It was denoted by the first appearance of animal life (metazoans) requiring sufficient oxygen for the production of collagen and the subsequent formation of skeletons. Furthermore, in the stratosphere during the Precambrian, free oxygen began to form a layer of ozone (O3), which currently acts as a protective shield against the Sun’s ultraviolet rays.
Development of the ocean
The origin of Earth’s oceans occurred earlier than that of the oldest sedimentary rocks. The 3.85-billion-year-old sediments at Isua in western Greenland contain BIFs that were deposited in water. These sediments, which include abraded detrital zircon grains that indicate water transport, are interbedded with basaltic lavas with pillow structures that form when lavas are extruded under water. The stability of liquid water (that is, its continuous presence on Earth) implies that surface seawater temperatures were similar to those of the present.
Differences in the chemical composition of Archean and Proterozoic sedimentary rocks point to two different mechanisms for controlling seawater composition between the two Precambrian eons. During the Archean, seawater composition was primarily influenced by the pumping of water through basaltic oceanic crust, such as occurs today at oceanic spreading centres. In contrast, during the Proterozoic, the controlling factor was river discharge off stable continental margins, which first developed after 2.5 billion years ago. The present-day oceans maintain their salinity levels by a balance between salts delivered by freshwater runoff from the continents and the deposition of minerals from seawater.
A major factor controlling the climate during the Precambrian was the tectonic arrangement of continents. At times of supercontinent formation (at 2.5 billion, 2.1 to 1.8 billion, and 1.0 billion to 900 million years ago), the total number of volcanoes was limited; there were few island arcs (long, curved island chains associated with intense volcanic and seismic activity), and the overall length of oceanic spreading ridges was relatively short. This relative shortage of volcanoes resulted in low emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). This contributed to low surface temperatures and extensive glaciations. In contrast, at times of continental breakup, which led to maximum rates of seafloor spreading and subduction (at 2.3 to 1.8 billion, 1.7 to 1.2 billion, and 800 to 500 million years ago), there were high emissions of CO2 from numerous volcanoes in oceanic ridges and island arcs. The atmospheric greenhouse effect was enhanced, warming Earth’s surface, and glaciation was absent. These latter conditions also applied to the Archean Eon prior to the formation of continents.
Temperature and rainfall
The discovery of 3.85-billion-year-old marine sediments and pillow lavas in Greenland indicates the existence of liquid water and implies a surface temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) during the early part of Precambrian time. The presence of 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites in Australia suggests a surface temperature of about 7 °C (45 °F). Extreme greenhouse conditions in the Archean caused by elevated atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide from intense volcanism (effusion of lava from submarine fissures) kept surface temperatures high enough for the evolution of life. They counteracted the reduced solar luminosity (rate of total energy output from the Sun), which ranged from 70 to 80 percent of the present value. Without these extreme greenhouse conditions, liquid water would not have occurred on the Earth’s surface.
In contrast, direct evidence of rainfall in the geological record is very difficult to find. Some limited evidence has been provided by well-preserved rain pits in 1.8-billion-year-old rocks in southwestern Greenland.
The presence of tillites (glacial sediments) indicates that extensive glaciations occurred several times during the Precambrian. Glacial deposits are not necessarily limited to high latitudes. In general, they are complementary to the carbonates, evaporites, and red beds that are climatically sensitive and restricted to low latitudes.
The oldest known glaciation took place 2.9 billion years ago in South Africa during the Late Archean; the evidence is provided by glacial deposits in sediments of the Pongola Rift in southern Africa. The most extensive early Precambrian Huronian glaciation occurred 2.3 billion years ago during the early Proterozoic. It can be recognized from the rocks and structures that the glaciers and ice sheets left behind in parts of Western Australia, Finland, southern Africa, and North America. The most extensive occurrences are found in North America in a belt nearly 3,000 km (1,800 miles) long extending from Chibougamau in Quebec through Ontario to Michigan and southwestward to the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming. This probably represents the area of the original ice sheet. Most details are known from the Gowganda Formation in Ontario, which contains glacial deposits that are up to 3,000 metres (9,850 feet) thick and that occupy an area of about 20,000 square km (7,700 square miles); the entire glacial event may have covered an area of more than 2.5 million square km. Paleomagnetic studies indicate that the Gowganda glaciation occurred near the paleoequator. Similar, roughly contemporaneous glacial deposits can be found in other parts of the world, suggesting that there was at least one extensive glaciation during the early Proterozoic.
The largest glaciation in the history of the Earth occurred during the late Proterozoic in the period between 1 billion and 600 million years ago. It left its mark almost everywhere. One of the best-described occurrences is in the Flinders Range of South Australia, where there is a sequence 4 km (2.5 miles) thick of tillites and varved sediments occupying an area of 400 by 500 km (250 by 300 miles). Detailed stratigraphy and isotopic dating show that three worldwide glaciations took place: the Sturtian glaciation (750 to 700 million years ago), the Varanger-Marinoan ice ages (625 to 580 million years ago), and the Sinian glaciation (600 to 550 million years ago).
What is the explanation for all these occurrences of glacial deposits? Some paleomagnetic studies have shown that the tillites in Scotland, Norway, Greenland, central Africa, North America, and South Australia were deposited in low or near-equatorial paleolatitudes. Such conclusions are, however, controversial, because it has also been suggested that the positions of the northern and southern magnetic poles may have migrated across the globe, leaving a record of glaciations in both high and low latitudes. There is the possibility that floating ice sheets could have traveled to low latitudes, depositing glacial sediments and dropstones below them. Whatever the answer, the existence of such vast quantities of tillites and of such extensive glaciations is intriguing. It has been suggested that they record the existence of a frozen “snowball” Earth.
Precambrian rocks were originally defined to predate the Cambrian Period and therefore all life, although the term Proterozoic was later coined from the Greek for “early life.” It is now known that Precambrian rocks contain evidence of the very beginnings of life on Earth—which, based on the age of the rocks that contain the oldest evidence of life, took place nearly 3.5 billion years ago—the explosion of life-forms without skeletons before the Cambrian, and even the development of sexual reproduction.
The earliest signs of life on Earth are in western Greenland where apatite (calcium phosphate) grains within a 3.85-billion-year-old meta-sedimentary rock have carbon isotope ratios that indicate an organic origin. The presence of organic hydrocarbon droplets in kerogenous sediments has been found in the 3.46-billion-year-old Warrawoona Group in the Pilbara craton of Western Australia. These are small amounts of oil that date to the Archean Eon (which lasted from about 4.6 billion to 2.5 billion years ago).
The first fossil evidence of terrestrial life is found in the early Archean sedimentary rocks of the greenstone-granite belts (metamorphosed oceanic crust and island arc complexes) of the Barberton craton in South Africa and in the Warrawoona Group, which are both roughly 3.5 billion years old. There are two types of these early, simple, biological structures: microfossils and stromatolites (sheetlike mats precipitated by communities of microorganisms).
The microfossils occur in cherts and shales and are of two varieties. One type consists of spherical carbonaceous aggregates, or spheroids, which may measure as much as 20 mm (0.8 inch) in diameter. These resemble algae and cysts of flagellates and are widely regarded as biogenic (produced by living organisms). The other variety of microfossils is made up of carbonaceous filamentous threads, which are curving hollow tubes up to 150 micrometres (0.006 inch) long. Most likely, these tubes are the fossil remains of filamentous organisms. Hundreds of them have been found in some rock layers. The oldest microfossils, and possibly the oldest known evidence of life on Earth, comes from the Apex chert deposit in Western Australia. The chert dates to 3.47 billion years ago and holds at least five species of microfossils. Some of these species were early photosynthesizers, whereas others had metabolic processes that relied on methane cycling. Such diversity suggests that the first forms of life were much older than the chert in which they were discovered, possibly as old as 4 billion years. A much younger, but no less fascinating, collection of microfossils occurred in the 2.8-billion-year-old gold reefs (conglomerate beds with rich gold deposits) of the Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa. These beds are notable because they contain carbonaceous columnar microfossils up to 7 mm (slightly less than 0.3 inch) long that resemble modern algae, fungi, and lichens. They probably extracted gold from their environment in much the same way that modern fungi and lichens do.
Stromatolites are stratiform, domal, or columnar structures made from sheetlike mats precipitated by communities of microorganisms, particularly filamentous blue-green algae. The early Archean examples form domes as tall as about 10 cm (4 inches). Stromatolites occur in many of the world’s greenstone-granite belts. In the 2.7-billion-year-old Steep Rock Lake belt in Ontario, Canada, they reach 3 metres (9 feet) in height and diameter. Stromatolites continued to form all the way through the geologic record and today grow in warm intertidal waters, as exemplified by those of Shark Bay in Western Australia. They provide indisputable evidence that life had begun on Earth using algal photosynthesis in complex, integrated biological communities by 3.5 billion years ago.
These Archean organisms were prokaryotes that were incapable of cell division. They were relatively resistant to ultraviolet radiation and thus were able to survive during Earth’s early history when the atmosphere lacked an ozone layer. The prokaryotes were predominant until about 1.7 billion to 1.9 billion years ago, when they were overtaken by the eukaryotes (organisms possessing nucleated cells). The latter made use of oxygen in metabolism and for growth and thus developed profusely in the increasingly oxygen-rich atmosphere of the early Proterozoic (the Proterozoic Eon extended from 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago). The eukaryotes were capable of cell division, which allowed DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic coding material, to be passed on to succeeding generations.
By early Proterozoic time both microfossils and stromatolites had proliferated. The best-known occurrence of microorganisms is in the 2-billion-year-old stromatolite-bearing Gunflint iron formation in the Huronian Basin of southern Ontario. These microbial fossils include some 30 different types with spheroidal, filamentous, and sporelike forms up to about 20 micrometres (0.0008 inch) across. Sixteen species in 14 genera have been classified so far. Microfossils of this kind are abundant, contain beautifully preserved organic matter, and are extremely similar to such present-day microorganisms as blue-green algae and microbacteria. There are comparable microfossils from the early Proterozoic in Minnesota and Michigan in the United States, the Belcher Islands in Hudson Bay in Canada, southern Greenland, Western Australia, and northern China. These microbiota lived at the time of the transition in the chemical composition of the atmosphere when oxygen began accumulating for the first time.
During the late Proterozoic, stromatolites reached their peak of development, became distributed worldwide, and diversified into complex, branching forms. From about 700 million years ago, however, they began to decline significantly in number. Possibly the newly arrived metazoans (multicelled organisms whose cells are differentiated into tissues and organs) ate the stromatolitic algae, and their profuse growth destroyed the habitats of the latter.
There is the intriguing question as to when sexual division arose in life-forms. In the late 1960s, American paleobiologist J. William Schopf pointed out that the abundant microflora of the 900-million-year-old Bitter Springs Formation of central Australia includes some eukaryotic algae that have cells in various stages of division arranged into tetrahedral sporelike forms. These resemble the tetrad of spore cells of living plants known to develop by sexual division. In effect, by the end of the Precambrian the conditions were set for the explosion of life at the start of the Phanerozoic Eon (which extends from about 541 million years ago to the present).
Metazoans developed rapidly from the beginning of the Cambrian, when organisms acquired the ability to produce the protein collagen and, thus, skeletons and shells. However, more-primitive metazoans without skeletons—the Ediacara fauna—appeared earlier (more than 600 million years ago), after the end of the Varanger-Marinoan ice age at 580 million years ago and before the onset of the Cambrian Period at 541 million years ago. They are found as impressions of soft-bodied, multicellular animals in the rocks and have the form of tiny blobs, circular discs, or plantlike fronds ranging from less than 1 cm (less than 0.4 inch) to more than 1 metre (about 3 feet) long. The type locality is the Ediacara Hills in South Australia, where over 1,500 well-preserved specimens have been collected, resulting in the naming of more than 60 species and 30 genera. They occur in a quartzite that is stratigraphically situated some 500 metres (1,600 feet) below the base of the Cambrian System. These organisms resemble modern jellyfish, worms, sponges, seaweed, sea anemones, and sea pens. Comparable impressions in the youngest Precambrian sediments have been found in over 30 localities from every continent except Antarctica. Ediacaran fossils have been discovered in areas such as Charnwood in central England, Ukraine, Iran, the Ural Mountains and the White Sea coast in Russia, Namibia, Newfoundland, the Mackenzie and Wernecke mountains in northwestern Canada, the Yangtze valley in China, and North Carolina in the southeastern United States. Ediacaran fossils have been deposited in environments ranging from tidal marine habitats to the deep seafloor. Some forms show evidence of sophisticated adaptations, such as the use of multiple modes of reproduction. The Ediacaran organisms were probably the ancestors of shelled organisms that mark the beginning of the Phanerozoic. | <urn:uuid:2213ea3e-7e1f-4ac2-86ff-e030c791f6f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.britannica.com/science/Precambrian-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.945826 | 4,791 | 4 | 4 |
Thank you for coming to GMO Answers! We all want to know that the food we eat is safe, including GM foods from GM seeds.
Denneal Jamison-McClung, associate director of the University of California, Davis International Biotechnology Program discusses the health and safety of GMOs in a recent post. She explains the following:
“GMO foods have a long, safe track record (17 years in the marketplace). From their introduction in 1996 until now, scientists have found, through repeated and extensive testing, that GMO foods are no more risky than comparable non-GMO foods, nor do they differ in nutritional value.
“Currently approved GM crops developed through specific genetic additions or subtractions are as safe as conventional and organic crops developed via random genetic shuffling. Most people do not realize that plant breeders have been randomly altering and admixing plant genomes for centuries. Techniques using chemicals and radiation to break plant DNA and induce mutations have been used to develop many conventional and organic crops. Whether using traditional approaches or genetic engineering, the goal of plant scientists is to develop crops with new and agriculturally useful traits. Humans have been changing plant genomes for generations – we just have new, more precise, tools.”
Dr. Bruce Chassy, professor emeritus of food safety and nutritional sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, answered a question about human feeding trials. An excerpt of his insight to the question is below, and the full response is available here:
“The composition of GM crops and foods derived from them is carefully studied. Using our knowledge of toxicology, food allergy, and nutrition, it is possible to predict if a food will have an adverse effect based on composition alone. The study of composition is a better indicator of safety than are animal studies on whole foods. Many scientists in fact question if whole food studies in animals are useful and have suggested they not been done. Studies in humans are even more difficult to do and would likely yield little useful information since the diets' composition is the same, the outcome would be the same. Since these are whole foods, with animal studies animals can be fed diets containing large amounts of the food ingredient being tested every day, which would be very difficult to do with humans. Moreover, at the end of a study with animals, post-mortem examinations are performed that allow for a careful pathological examination of most all tissues to understand the pathologies that resulted from consuming large amounts of the whole food tested.”
You might also be interested in the post “Environmental Medicine – Not Your Average Specialty” on Science-Based Medicine. Here is an excerpt:
“The AAEM is not recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. It is listed as a questionable organization on Quackwatch. And the American Board of Environmental Medicine is listed as a dubious certifying board.
“…Environmental medicine patients are told that the world has made them sick. They blame their symptoms on everything from cell phones to the very walls of their houses, from air pollution to food additives. The theory is that while one chemical might not be a problem, many different chemicals and substances overwhelm their ability to cope.
“Environmental Medicine involves the adverse reactions experienced by an individual on exposure to an environmental excitant. Excitants to which individual susceptibility exists are found in air, food, water, and drugs, and are frequently found in the home, work, school, and play environments. Exposures to these agents may adversely affect one or more organ system and this effect is commonly not recognized by individuals and their physicians.
“Their practice guidelines are explained here. Many of the diagnostic tests they recommend are questionable. Treatment includes avoidance, immunotherapy, nutritional supplements, detoxification, restricted diets, and drugs.”
If you have any additional questions, please ask at http://www.gmoanswers.com/ask. | <urn:uuid:31e1e189-8712-4fba-a73d-693398c71687> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://gmoanswers.com/ask/american-academy-environmental-medicine-states-gm-foods-have-not-been-properly-tested-and-pose | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811795.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218081112-20180218101112-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.963531 | 803 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The following general garden chores await you in early spring.
Fertilize plants cut back in winter and apply a generous layer of mulch.
Mulch borders and paths, provided the soil is moist and weed-free.
Prepare the soil for planting by digging.
Remove perennial weeds from beds. Clean up driveways and paths.
As the weather warms and there is no rain for an extended period of time, be sure to provide adequate watering during this most important growing season.
March marks the beginning of the gardening year. Start the new season by first cleaning up the garden vigorously and keeping it tidy after the winter:
Cut back wilted and dead plant parts.
Rake the beds and borders thoroughly.
Remove any leaves or mulch left over from the previous year.
Cut back plants such as roses and other flowering plants.
Perennials also receive a strong pruning.
Fruit trees can also be pruned now.
Shred the cuttings and compost them.
Check your garden plants for diseases and pests.
Treat them if necessary.
Replace damaged planters.
The perfect time to prune roses is traditionally when the forythia blooms. Summer bloomers such as clematis, hydrangea and lavender can also be pruned now. Pay increased attention to diseases, as plants weakened by winter are especially susceptible now. Remove infected plant parts and dispose of them in the household waste.
Those who have not yet done so, prune their fruit trees now. Only peaches and sweet cherries are pruned in the summer after harvest. Prepare everything for the coming harvest by bringing forward frost-sensitive vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers on the windowsill. Directly into the cold frame, on the other hand, you can plant hardier plants such as early radishes, kohlrabi or radishes, which you can sow or else put into the ground as pre-grown plants.
Annual summer flowers such as sweet peas or snapdragons can also be grown in advance and then placed in the bed as young plants from April onwards. The sooner you can enjoy the pretty flowers.
Berry bushes such as gooseberries can be planted now, and the strawberry bed must also be prepared for the new season. Remove wilted and dead plant parts (preferably with sharp scissors!), weed, loosen the soil and work in some composted manure as fertilizer. Alternatively, you can use berry fertilizer
The lawn is happy to have these maintenance tasks done in March:
Rake over bare or expired spots and reseed.
Lime as needed.
Weed, fertilize the lawn and apply moss killer if necessary.
Once grass begins to grow on established lawns, you can mow.
By April, the preparatory work is done, and now the gardening really gets started. Fertilize all garden plants that need it – this applies especially to perennial shrubs and perennials, but also bulb flowers and vegetable plants. These plants need the fresh supply of nutrients, as they have their greatest growth spurt at this time and need energy and nutrients accordingly. Plants that are malnourished in the spring will develop only meager growth as well as a lack of blooms and little fruit.
Adequate watering is also important now, especially if there is little rain in April. But for this, there may already be many a hot day, which puts the plants under stress. Watering is best done early in the morning, which is especially important in gardens that are increasingly threatened by slugs – here you should definitely not water in the evening, as this only attracts the animals additionally.
In addition, frost-insensitive vegetables can be sown directly into the bed from April onwards. However, be careful not to sow all the seeds at the same time, but to put them in the ground at different times. That way, after all, you won’t harvest the vegetables all at once (and get flooded), but gradually. Hardy perennials can also be planted now, as well as summer flowers (provided they are not frost sensitive). Be sure to work in compost beforehand so that the plants have sufficient nutrients available.
Your lawn should be, if not already done in March, at the latest now
Lime and fertilize (with a time delay, of course)
scarify and remove felt and dead material
reseed bare spots
In May, you can enjoy the first harvest – provided, of course, that you have sown and planted accordingly early. Radishes, spring onions, spinach, lettuce and chard can already be harvested. Early kohlrabi and radish is also ready. Furthermore, May is wild garlic month: do you have the spicy herb in your garden? If not, then it’s high time to cultivate it!
In May, the weather is often exciting again, because the Ice Saints often cause a cold snap in the middle of the month. However, once this has passed, you can now bring cold-sensitive plants outside. This applies not only to potted plants such as bougainvillea, oleander, geraniums and the like, but also to many popular vegetables such as tomatoes and peppers. Beans, zucchini and cucumbers are also quite sensitive and are only now allowed outdoors. The same applies to many herbs, which you have ideally pre-pulled and which now come into the bed.
However, even after the Ice Saints, make sure that sensitive plants are protected from the cold by covering them with a fleece, for example.
Otherwise, you now have the same tasks in terms of care as in April:
fertilize (if not already done)
ensure a sufficient water supply
weed and prevent weeds (e.g. by mulching)
Loosen the soil in the beds
Furthermore, it is important to carefully check the garden plants for aphids. These pests spread in the garden quite early in the year, which is why it makes sense to combat them early on – the less you have to worry about a real plague later on. Slugs should also be collected regularly and the beds protected from the voracious animals by appropriate measures.
Don’t forget to prick out your seedlings now so the young plants have plenty of room to grow. | <urn:uuid:374e890c-d76d-4f97-ba93-4ff07c9d6a17> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.brontieandco.com/hello-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.958582 | 1,322 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Differential Diagnosis: Pulmonary
Pulmonary symptoms may be due to a variety of conditions. among the major differential diagnoses to consider in the patient with dyspnea are the following:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Mechanical obstruction (foreign body, tumore)
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Upper respiratory infection
- Lower respiratory (bronchitis, pneumonia)
- Atypical organisms
- Other Opportunistic
- Congestive heart failure
- Valvular heart disease
- Congential heart abnormalities (i.e., atrial septal defect)
- Pulmonary embolism
- Septic emboli
- Primary lung cancer
- Metastatic to the lung
Injury or Toxin-related
- Inhalation injury (i.e., fire smoke)
- Injection drug use (ritalin, others)
Interstital Lung Disease
- Radiation exposure
- Lymphangitic spread of malignancy
- Immunologic/ Inflammatory arthridities (i.e., Goodpasture's syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sarcoidosis)
- Systemic disorders (i.e., scleroderma, collagen vascular disorders)
Abnormal Breathing Patterns
- Obstructed breathing: In the presence of airway obstruction, the work of breathing is minimized by maintaining a slow rate and increased tidal volume. Either inspiration or expiration may be prolonged and labored and is often associated with audible wheezing or stridor.
- Kussmaul's breathing: Regular pattern, moderate or slightly rapid rate, an abnormally large tidal volume and usually little apparent effort. This is the pattern seen at rest in patients with metabolic acidosis, and is the pattern adopted automatically by individuals during exercise.
- Restricted breathing: Small tidal volume and a rapid rate; seen in patients with decreased distensibility of the lung or chest wall or with reduction of vital capacity from other causes.
- Gasping respirations: This pattern consists of irregular quick inspirations associated with extension of the neck, followed by a long expiratory pause. It is characteristic of severe cerebral hypoxia, and is also seen in cardiovascular shock or other conditions with severely reduced cardiac output.
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration: Periodic breathing pattern characterized by alternating periods of hypoventilation and hyperventilation. Typically an apneic phase will last for 15-60 seconds followed by a phase of increasing tidal volume with each breath and then decreasing progressively to the apneic phase. This pattern is seen at times in normal infants and healthy elderly individuals, and normal persons at high altitude. Disease states associated with cheyne-stokes respiration include increased intracranial pressure, uremia, coma, and after administration of a respiratory depressant such as morphine.
- Sighing respirations: Markedly irregular pattern of frequent, deep, sighing inspirations, seen during severe anxiety. | <urn:uuid:1fcaf6b3-1a3f-4159-b0b0-6ac4c7be2804> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/pulmonary/diffdx.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678663724/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024423-00037-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862249 | 627 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Perhaps the one question we’re asked most frequently by teachers preparing to integrate mathematical modeling into their classroom is “Is this mathematical modeling?” Usually, the teacher has a specific activity in mind and what they really want to know is “Will doing this activity require my students to engage in the full process of mathematical modeling?” Before I go any further, let me say – not every task that supports the development of modeling skills, needs to engage students in the full process of modeling. We’ll explore that in another post, but just keep in mind that here, I’m talking only about those tasks that are designed to have students engage in the full process.
Unfortunately, I don’t think there is an easy or simple to use “litmus test” to answer the question “Is this modeling?” I do think however, that we can list several tests that together tend to catch most of the key points of confusion. So, here are four things you should think about or ask yourself if you’re wondering if the task in front of you is a mathematical modeling task.
Can you find the “why” or the “how” question?
While mathematical modeling “tasks” are generally not cleanly formulated as one-line questions, if you think about your task, you should be able to see your way through to at least one central question you are aiming at answering. Try to find this central question and then ask yourself if your central question is a “why” or a “how” question. If it is, this is a good sign that your task is mathematical modeling task. If you can envision how a mathematical model will help you answer that question, even better! Let’s think through an example to try and clarify this point. A few days ago we discussed the “Great Lakes Problem.” Recall, that the idea was to investigate pollution in the Great Lakes (or your favorite local body of water). That starts out so “open” that there isn’t even a question there at all! But, we “banged that down” to a toy model where we were asking “If we stopped all pollution into lake X, how long would it take for pollution levels to reduce to some level?” That’s a “how” question and a good indicator that you’ve potentially found a mathematical modeling task. Or, consider the discussion around the “tipping buckets” system. There, we were asking “Why is the period of oscillations X and not Y?” Again, a good indicator of a modeling problem.
Will your model have explanatory or predictive power?
Remember, we build mathematical models for a reason. That reason is generically to be able to explain something we see or to be able to predict (and perhaps control) what will happen next with a given system. If you try and envision the model coming out of your task, ask yourself whether it will have this predictive or explanatory value. Again using the Great Lakes problem as an example, the model there would let us predict how long it would take pollution levels to reach some value under certain conditions. That’s a clear testable prediction. In the tipping buckets problem, a good model would help us explain why the period of oscillation is as observed. It would also let us predict what the period would be if we changed the inflow rate of water or other parameters in the system. If the models you envision don’t have predictive or explanatory power, it’s probably not a modeling problem. Now, note, this does depend on the type of model you are imagining your students will construct. If you are envisioning a purely descriptive model, you of course will not see explanatory value. But, you should see predictive value, albeit limited by the nature of descriptive modeling.
Do you already have in mind one right answer?
If you do, this is probably a sign that this isn’t a mathematical modeling activity. Remember that when constructing a mathematical model, the modeler is making assumptions and decisions along the way. These choices lead down different paths and consequentially result in models that look different from one another. You should be able to imagine students constructing different models while engaged in your activity. You should also be able to imagine that some of these models are better than others and have an idea in mind as to what makes a better model for your situation. Is it more successful in terms of making predictions? Does it explain more of what is observed? If you can only imagine one path to one answer that you have in mind, it’s probably not a modeling problem.
Is it clear what validating your model against the real world would mean or look like?
The ultimate test of any model is whether or not it accurately captures that aspect of the real world it was intended to capture. To test that, at some point, the modeler has to validate their model against real world data. Does the model predict accurately what actually happens in the real world? Is it able to explain and account for the full range of observations about the real world system? When you are thinking through your task, ask yourself “If a student created a model of this situation, how would we know if it is any good?” If there is no way to objectively compare the model to the real world, this is probably not a modeling problem.
Hopefully, asking yourself these four questions will help you determine whether or not you’re on the right track with your modeling tasks. Please feel free to send along any questions you might have or tasks you would like input on. We’re happy to help! | <urn:uuid:16bd42dc-3f08-4d08-bd30-7b7a6394f8fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://modelwithmathematics.com/2015/08/is-this-mathematical-modeling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866326.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524131721-20180524151721-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.95206 | 1,188 | 3.390625 | 3 |
How to Safely Take Your Medication on Timeadmin
If your doctor prescribes medication for a long-term medical condition, it’s important that you take your medication exactly as directed. Skipping a dose, waiting too long between doses, or taking your doses too frequently don’t allow the medication to work as intended and can all lead to serious medical issues. If you forget a dose, your symptoms might flare up, or your condition might take a turn for the worse. If you take a second dose too close to an initial dose, you run the risk of overdosing on that medication, which could result in serious side effects, hospitalization, or even death.
According to the CDC, patients fail to take medication as prescribed 50% of the time! In patients with chronic diseases, the majority end up slacking on their medication routine after just six months. For one reason or another, they don’t stick with their prescribed treatment, forget to take their meds, or lapse into bad habits. Those bad habits can have life-threatening consequences.
It’s also important to follow all the directions prescribed. For example, if a label says to take medication in the morning, don’t try to take it at night instead. The body responds better to certain medications at different times of the day. If you remember your prescription but take it at the wrong time, the dose might lose its effectiveness. Likewise, if your doctor tells you to take a medication with food, pay attention and do as instructed, or else your body won’t absorb the medication as well on an empty stomach.
To make your medication habitual and part of your daily schedule, various medication aids are available, to prompt you to take specific dosages at the right times. Incorporate these into your day-to-day procedures, so medicine can work, alleviate, and heal as intended:
- Integrate your medication into your routine. For example, tell yourself you’ll take your medication when you brush your teeth in the morning, or when you eat breakfast. It’ll become natural practice in your daily sequential actions.
- Use a pill container. You can tell at a glance if you’ve taken your doses for the day or not. There are many types of containers available to suit your needs. You can find containers that hold a week’s worth of medication, or even a whole month’s worth. Many have different compartments for different times of day (morning, noon, evening, bedtime, etc.), so you can keep track of timed doses more easily. All it takes is a little planning and pre-organization to ensure you stay on track for medication.
- Set an alarm. A talking alarm clock can give you a verbal message to take your pills. Use as many alarms as you need to cover all your daily doses, then go about your day with one less worry.
- Refill your pill containers at the same time each week or month. Remember to also plan ahead if you’re going on vacation. Bring enough medication to cover you while you’re away, with a few extra doses in case of emergency.
At KC Home Medical Supply, we offer medication aids to help you remember to take your medication exactly on time and as directed. Find the ones that suit your needs, and contact us for more information or guidance. | <urn:uuid:28b2266b-ed96-4fbc-87d2-fcc269af03c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://kchomemed.com/blog/how-to-safely-take-your-medication-on-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530452.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211074417-20191211102417-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.929677 | 698 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Is it necessary, really, to learn how to read a film?’ asks the seminal book on film studies, How To Read a Film, in the first line of its preface.
James Monaco, who wrote the first edition of this quintessential book in 1977, which has since been updated many times and now stands at 736-pages, obviously thinks so.
As do many lecturers, who recommended the book as an introductory text for students studying or interested in film, and of course his publisher, Oxford University Press. But what would Japan’s most highly regarded film director, who put Japanese filmmaking on the international map, Akira Kurosawa (1910-1998) have thought?
- Study the great novels and dramas of the world
Kurosawa didn’t go to film school. In fact, he didn’t attend any institutes of higher education, finishing formal education at the age of seventeen. He did, however, read an awful lot of books and often recommended aspiring students of film and directors, to follow his example, and read, as well as write, and direct.
Kurosawa read major works that many claim to have read, but often actually haven’t, such as War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), a 1,296 –page book he said he had read at least thirty times.
When he was growing up Kurosawa reportedly read everything he could get his hands on without discrimination: both the classics and contemporary fiction. It’s something that Japan’s most notorious author Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) also claims. And it’s probably true to say that books probably influenced Kurosawa’s cinematic storytelling more than anything else.
However, it seems highly unlikely that How To Read a Film was on Kurosawa’s reading list alongside works by the authors he is known to have read and admired such as William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881), Natsume Soseki (1867-1916) and Maxim Gorky (1868-1936).
Kurosawa made his directorial debut in 1943, 34 years before Monaco’s text was published and before students started studying how to read, analyse, appraise, deconstruct and critique films.
By the time of its publication Kurosawa had already directed 25 of the 30 films he directed during his career.
Nonetheless and unsurprisingly, as he is considered a visionary and one the world’s greatest directors, Kurosawa does get a mention, even in the early editions, of this book, which became an instant classic when it was initially published in the 1970s.
According to Monaco, filmmakers outside Japan were unaware of the long history of Japanese filmmaking, including ‘the more interesting styles of silent films in which ‘Reciters’ were used to describe and explain action – a device borrowed from Kabuki theatre, until the unexpected success of Kurosawa’s Rashomon at the Venice Film Festival of 1951’, where it won the Golden Lion.
Interestingly, one of Kurosawa’s older brothers, Heigo, was a well-regarded ‘reciter’, benshi, at a cinema in Kanda, an area in Tokyo famous for its large number of secondhand bookshops.
Nevertheless, as motion pictures with synchronised sound, took off in the 1930s the role of the benshi became an anachronism and slowly became obsolete even in Japan. Tragically, Heigo killed himself in 1933. Three years later Kurosawa got his first job in the film industry as a trainee assistant director.
This didn’t stop him from reading or change the types books he read. Kurosawa still read pulp fiction, contemporary Japanese literature and the great Russian authors, but his approach became more analytical.
He started reading more carefully, asking himself as he read about the author’s objectives and how each author went about expressing these in words and within narrative prose. He also started making notes and importantly, he also started writing screenplays.
Unsurprisingly, the first film Kurosawa directed, a decade after the death of his brother, whom he idolised, Sanshiro Sugata (Judo Saga), was an adaptation of a newly published novel by the judo master and Naoki Prize-winning author Tsuneo Tomita (1904-1967).
The action film was set in the 1880s when judo was founded by Jigoro Kano (1860-1938) out of the traditional Japanese martial art Jujitsu with the help of the author’s father – one of the Four Guardians of Kodokan Judo – and other similar exceptionally proficient fighters.
The film established Kurosawa’s reputation in Japan as an exciting and important newcomer, and alongside the book, helped shape how Kurosawa portrayed fighting and fighters in his films.
Kano, like Kurosawa himself, had a major lasting impact on how the world saw Japan as a nation as well as his chosen profession. He was the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Kano helped shape many things besides his sport, which would many years later become a popular international and Olympic sport. He’d influence the Olympic movement in Japan, the nation’s so-called Olympic Literature, and indirectly Kurosawa’s career through his sparring partner’s son’s novel published in 1942, the year before Kurosawa’s first film went on general release.
- The art of storytelling
It was another Japanese author, though: Ryunosuke Akutagawa (1892-1927) that brought Kurosawa and Japanese filmmaking international attention and recognition.
Akutagawa, after whom one of Japan’s most prestigious literary awards is named, is best known outside Japan for his first published short story ‘In a Grove’, which cleverly employs multiple narrative viewpoints in the form of witness statements of a single crime, a rape – giving the impression that reality is never what it first seems.
Readers of ‘In a Grove’ are left totally unsure as to the true outcome of this intriguing but compact tale. An authentic reflection perhaps of the real world in which the true nature of things cannot always be readily determined.
Akutagawa’s short stories, of which he wrote many, followed and developed the long and continuing tradition of masterful short story writing by Japan’s leading authors of each generation.
Kurosawa’s award-winning film Rashomon, his 11th film, sensationally used the title of another Akutagawa short story that the director and his team cleverly combined with ‘In a Grove’ creating a unique film format that introduced the non-linear literary technique, now sometimes dubbed ‘the rashomon effect’, to the world of cinematic storytelling. As a result, it exposed Japanese filmmaking to a truly international audience.
Rashomon became an instant classic. It not only triggered a brand new approach, it also influenced many leading directors including the likes of Steven Spielberg, who is currently working on a television adaptation of the film.
This has all helped embed the role of the short story in Japan as an excellent source and important creative format; and masters of the modern Japanese short story; writers like the Akutagawa-nominated author Kanji Hanwa who specialises in the genre, have found their stories, sometimes with and sometimes without their consent, being used at Japanese film schools to teach scriptwriting.
Most of Kurosawa’s films were literary adaptations and he constantly argued that reading and writing were the critical components to cinematic success. He believed that memory is the source of creativity and that reading and writing creates memories, alongside living an interesting life, without which the creative process would not function.
Some academics argue that ‘reading like an author’ can have measurable cognitive benefits improving, for example, brain connectivity, as well as having more general health benefits. And this is something that Kurosawa seems to have understood instinctively.
By some measures Kurosawa is the most successful and important film director outside the English-speaking world. In 2018, the BBC conducted a survey of 209 international film critics to come up with a ranking: The 100 greatest foreign-language films.
Two of the top five ranked films were made by Kurosawa and he is the only director to have two films in the top five; Seven Samurai is ranked number one, and Rashomon number four.
Kurosawa has a total of four films included in the list ranking him, in terms of the number of films, alongside directors such as Federico Fellini (1920-1993), Andrei Tarkovsky (1932- 1986) and Ingram Bergman (1918-2007), who all also have four films in the BBC list of the top 100 foreign-language films.
Following Kurosawa’s advice on storytelling is probably, therefore, a very good place to start. He argued that it is only through writing scripts that you learn the specifics about the structure of film and what cinema is, and all you need to do that is paper and a pencil.
It is often argued that writing helps process ideas and memories, as well as develop clarity of thought. Many experts and fans have commented on Kurosaka being a champion of this and that he drew and painted how he wanted scenes in his films to look, a technique dubbed ‘Every Frame a Picture’. One talented admirer has even created a cartoon strip, tilted: Kurosawa The Note Taker portraying the importance he placed on reading and writing.
This is how Kurosawa honed his craft. He wrote many scenes and scripts for the films he directed. Films like his debut movie as a director, and films he didn’t direct, like Sword for Hire, which is based on a novel by the Akutagawa prize-winning author Yasushi Inoue (1907-1991), who is also known for his novella and short stories.
Kurosawa’s approach to storytelling was to write and rewrite, drawing on his experiences as well as his emotional memories, including his literary memories from the vast number of books he had read. All of which contributed to the formation of his humanistic worldview.
Sometimes he’d loosely adapt, for instance classic works of European literature or contemporary Japanese fiction for the screen; and sometimes he’d combine and blend well-known narratives to great effect.
When asked if his works had a common thread he reportedly said they all posed a common question: “Why can’t people be happier together?”
- How to read like Kurosawa
Some individuals, not just aspiring directors, want to read like Kurosawa with the aim of mimicking or capturing his creativity; others just want to do so to understand him and his films better; and others still simply want to read about him.
There are many websites and online resources to help budding aficionados, including reading lists from book recommendation sites such as Book Riot with articles and headlines like: What to Read If You Love Akira Kurosawa.
That said, Kurosawa actually talked publicly about his favourite books on national television in Japan. They were apparently: War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, Sanshiro by Natsume Soseki, The Idiot by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Tale of Heike, a Japanese medieval classic, which has been referred to as Japan’s Iliad.
A list of Kurosawa’s top one hundred films exists thanks to a memoir, which was published posthumously, but sadly unlike David Bowie (1947-2016), another creative genius who believed strongly in the power of reading and was a great lover of all things Japanese, Kurosawa did not publish a list of his favourite 100 books.
Interestingly, none of the books that are known Kurosawa favourites, or books that have clearly influenced the films he made, appear on Bowie’s 100 must-read books reading list.
Bowie’s inclusion of one Japanese literary author Yukio Mishima and his book The Sailor Who Fell from Grace from the Sea might have raised a comment from Kurosawa as Mishima was famously at times dismissive of Kurosawa’s films, despite or perhaps because of his own interest in appearing in films and having his works adapted for film.
Some renowned Japanese directors also criticised Kurosawa’s films as not being ‘Japanese’ but made for foreigners in a similar manner to how the works of Haruki Murakami are depicted today by some Japanese literary critics.
That said, Bowie’s exclusion of anything written by Dostoevsky, Tolstoy or Shakespeare might have also surprised Kurosawa, but he would probably have approved of Bowie’s inclusion of the Iliad in his list of must read books.
- Inspired and inspiring
Brilliant wordsmiths and their narratives inspired Kurosawa probably more than anything; and he in turn has inspired multiple new generations of individuals working in film, television and other mediums.
Many notable films and television dramas, including; The Virgin Spring (Ingmar Bergman), Star Wars (George Lucas), Breaking Bad (Vince Gilligan), She Has Got To Have It (Spike Lee), The Magnificent Seven (Antoine Fuqua), A Fist Full of Dollars (Sergio Leone), The Outrage (Martin Rift), A Bug’s Life (John Lasseter), to list just a few, are adaptions of or have been inspired by his films.
Impressively, when Kurosawa won his final Oscar, on his birthday in 1990, two delighted super-fans presented his award to him: George Lucas and Steven Spielberg.
- New literary montages: books galore
There have been countless books written about The Emperor, Tenno, of Japanese Film, as he was known – making Kurosawa’s publishing legacy an impressive one. Books and Kurosawa, in life and death, are a powerful combination.
He wrote about his life in Something Like An Autobiography, which he penned in Japanese in 1981. Reviewers, scholars, collaborators and fans have contributed biographies, memoirs and scholarly works including, for instance, All The Emperor’s Men – Kurosawa’s Pearl Harbor and Akira Kurosawa and Interstextual Cinema, to the canon of film studies. And added to this, documentaries have also been made.
One recent book by Peter Tasker that exploits a Japanese literary format known as Zuihitsu, which means literally ‘at will and pen’, presents a fragmented multi-narrative viewpoint of Kurosawa and his films in a Rashomon-like manner that would both delight and fascinate him.
He would also approve of the production values of Tasker’s stylish On Kurosawa: A Tribute to the Master Director, another book that, will no doubt, end up on the must read lists of aspiring filmmakers and Kurosawa admirers.
Nonetheless, Kurosawa would probably encourage such individuals to focus their reading on fiction that explores humankind in all its many forms, rather than non-fiction or film literature even if it is about him. And a good place to start is probably with Japanese short stories and novella, the formats that helped propel his career to a global level.
- New novelisations and J-cuts
Books by contemporary Japanese authors, including Fuminori Nakamura who had three adapted for film in Japan last year alone and Mitsuyo Kakuta whose books have ended up as unmissable television dramas and films, are still a rich creative reservoir that are regularly exploited locally.
Digital technologies and streaming, are generating new demand and opportunities for diverse creative storytelling in traditional formats. Who knows what future undiscovered creative cuts and blends lie in store?
Following Kurosawa’s example of reading, mixing, merging and repurposing Japanese fiction (no matter where you or your audience is based) seems to be the perfect starting point for filmmakers. Not just to learn how to ‘read a film’ but to read the market and its opportunities in novel ways that will surprise and inspire a new generation of film buffs and international audiences.
© Red Circle Authors Limited | <urn:uuid:7f6d00c7-4e9b-4e5c-ba7e-1183c13f419a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/how-to-read-a-film-kurosawa-and-his-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.97369 | 3,460 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Introduction: Inflatable Kites
Is kind of cool to think about easy setup kites, but more when you just have to blow them, don't you think so?
So without more intro bring it on.
Materials and tools to have:
PVC sheets, at least 5 meters for iterate any color, thinner better for the weight, but easy to broke.
High frequency machine or know someone had one.
Plastic PVC valves.
Plastic PVC eyelets (this one is an option for attach for the string)
Plastic PVC hangers (this one is another option for attach for the string, but more creative options could be done)
Inkscape for the drawings
Kite reel off course
Step 1: Know the Process for Make Inflatables
Here on Instructables there are lot content about kite design so i will focus on the inflatable part. Inflatable design is commonly seen in beach products that most of them are made in PVC sheets and a one way plastic air valve, the other ones are huge dummies that need an electric fan so could be made of some fabrics and other materials; but they could be more useful in many things like this time to work as easy setup frame for the "kite".
The first and most important thing to know about inflatable design is the process to make them that is HF (High frequency) welding sometimes called RF welding; is a manufacturing process where two plastic parts of the same material (PVC generally) are welded together using an electromagnetic field (27,12 MHz).The objects that needs to be welded are clamped together between two metal electrodes and a high frequency voltage is supplied. As a result the molecules in the material starts to vibrate and heat up. Eventually the material will melt, and the force supplied by the electrode will melt (fuse) the two surfaces together. After cooling a permanent seam has been created. The resulting weld seam can be as strong - or even stronger - than the surrounding material. Here is were the first and "hard" to get material appear, find a HF machine. Depend of where you live could be more easy to find, my experience was to search the companies that make inflatables sounds logic, but is confusing when you find that most of them focus on the huge dummies that are made by sewing so be careful, is more easy to find on advertising factories that made products like clappers, balloons or even plastic tents, also this people have the valves, accessories and great inventory of electrodes shapes.. There are many parameters in the process (Electrical power, Pressure applied, Welding time, Cooling time, Materials involved, The specific geometries, Thickness, Area to be welded), so for a first time i suggest to know someone expert with this machines.
The same machine is used for weld the valve and accessories like plastic hangers and eyelets
More details and videos of how it works here:http://www.fiabmachines.com/
A DIY option is glue but apply it very well between sheets.
Step 2: Design It
The second thing in inflatable design come from the process; The sheets (the second material to get PVC sheets that comes in all colors and flavors) are putted one over another (like sewing) so you are restricted to work with 2D shapes but thanks to the air this 2 sheets into cool 3D shapes, even welding in different planes you can make almost everything in an inflatable version. As example look welding lines of a swim ring two sheets are welded in a form of two concentric circles 2D that inflated transform in an 3D torus.
Third tings based on experience: use rounds in your design, make big things and the most important iterate; the most cool and sometimes headache things about inflatables at the beginning, is that when you try something new you will never know what 3D shape is going to take by blowing air into.
So basically that it is talking about design, you need to plan everything, make many ideas, if you don't want to spend a lot on samples.
The design of this kite is made using a vector program like inkscape, Even free plans of kites could work just think about the inflatable zones, the valve and hangers; is just the front view of the kite traced with double line as easy follow guide for welding.
some 3d rendering in Creo parametric for good show (not necessary step)
Step 3: Fabricate or Find Someone Do for You
In this instructable i show the prototype of the arc kite type, other designs didn't work well. Print the drawings in real scale so the the design can be traced while welding.
The first thing to weld is the one way valve that use a sometimes called electrode (cylinder) or mold or die. Also is good to weld eyelets ir hangers for the rope. (first prototypes i tried many places for test different configurations)
HF welding process uses" electrodes" that are good electric conductors as copper or aluminium, for samples thick wires are used for so any curve could be made for achieve almost any design, remember the rounds.
Needs expertise to made a proper continuous weld that doesn't allow air come in or out.
Step 4: Try It
If everything works well; no leaks, just pump air through the valve.
Same advises as other kites don't forget safety, speed wind, string adjustment and someone help never enough.
We have a be nice policy.
Please be positive and constructive. | <urn:uuid:be4bf492-e044-4ba1-bbfe-fd4758862de2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.instructables.com/id/Inflatable-Kites-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866965.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624141349-20180624161349-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.945528 | 1,152 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Crusaders Camp Mission Hostel at Otford, near Sydney's Royal National Park, was used by the Church Missionary Society in 1942 to house 98 Aboriginal children who had been evacuated from Croker Island, north of Darwin in the Northern Territory. The evacuees, who were accompanied by the Croker Island Mission staff, were wards of the Commonwealth Government. These children, who were aged 1 to 16, were defined at the time as 'half-castes'. The evacuees had left by 1946.
The Cairns Post and The Argus of 20 May 1942 reported that 98 'half-caste' children from the Methodist Mission on Croker Island, Northern Territory, had arrived in Melbourne, after travelling seven weeks by lugger, truck, rail and foot via the Methodist Inland Mission in Alice Springs. The children were aged from 1-16 and the newspaper reported they would be sent to Sydney, to Otford (which The Cairns Post called 'Oxford'), under the care of Mr K. Wale, superintendent of Croker Island Mission. Wale told the newspaper they would be 'educated and fitted to take their place in society, which he considers has been denied them in the past.' The younger children from Croker Island attended Otford school during their time in the hostel, whilst the older children attended Scarborough school. Many of the high school aged girls attended Wollongong Domestic Home Science High School, and received weekly cooking classes at Burwood High School. The carers included Miss Margaret Somerville, who had been with the children since Croker Island, and Misses Olive Peek and J Marsh.
Sources used to compile this entry: 'Half-Caste Children. From Croker Island. On Way to Sydney.', Cairns Post, 20 May 1942, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/42344718; 'Long Journey for Aboriginal Children', The Argus, 20 May 1942, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/11977138; George, Karen and George, Gary, 'Interstate movement of Northern Territory children (1942-1970s)', in Find & Connect web resource, Find & Connect web resource project for the Commonwealth of Australia, 2013, http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/nt/biogs/YE00088b.htm; George, Karen and George, Gary, 'Croker Island Mission (1940 - 1968)', in Find & Connect web resource, Find & Connect web resource project for the Commonwealth of Australia, 2014, http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/nt/biogs/YE00021b.htm; Henty-Gebert, Claire, Paint Me Black: Memories Of Croker Island And Other Journeys, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, 2005, 72 pp, http://www.worldcat.org/title/paint-me-black-memories-of-croker-island-and-other-journeys/oclc/778074479?referer=di&ht=edition.
Prepared by: Naomi Parry
Created: 20 November 2012, Last modified: 13 February 2018 | <urn:uuid:4bc78175-d9b4-4ffb-ad0d-3b0eaf79dc81> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/nsw/biogs/NE01218b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487620971.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615084235-20210615114235-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.945002 | 690 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What Is the Role of Mental Health Professionals in Schools?
Half of all lifetime diagnosable mental health conditions begin by the age of 14.¹ Schools can play a major support role during these critical years.
Whether you’re a parent, principal, or doctor, it’s important to consider the role schools play in identifying and addressing mental health issues. For many young people, the warning signs of mental health disorders become apparent in the school setting. If not properly diagnosed and treated, they can develop into significant health issues—or worse.
Parents may ask: “What is the one mental health sign I can look for in my child?”
There’s no easy answer, and a further challenge is that there’s a fine line between common difficulties and significant mental health concerns—and it’s difficult for those without degrees in counseling, social work, or psychology to identify where a problem falls. But it’s important that someone in their world can, as one in five school-aged children experience at least one of the following:2
|Disabilities||Suicidal thoughts||Sexuality concerns|
|Academic performance||Alcohol and substance abuse||Peer pressure|
Who’s responsible for helping these children and adolescents? Family-initiated private mental health care is not always an option. School counselors serve the entire student body, and while they may hold an MS in School Counseling, they aren’t able to serve as one-on-one mental health counselors for individual students. However, when school districts team up with mental health professionals who have expertise in the general student body needs, they create opportunities for conversations that can lead to necessary outside treatment.
One school might have a need for someone with a PhD in Psychology who can identify the signs of depression in students. Another might require a professional with an MS in Addiction Counseling who can help children facing drug and alcohol issues. A care team that includes a social worker with a graduate degree (such as a Master of Social Work or MSW) might benefit districts with a high number of government case workers assigned to their families. Oftentimes, a school psychologist is responsible for diagnosing learning disabilities and providing therapy to treat behavioral and emotional issues. They can also address specific needs, including:
- Helping families deal with crisis and loss.
- Classroom interventions.
- Conflict and problem resolution.
- Helping students overcome obstacles.
This level of support allows the school counselor to put his or her MS in School Counseling degree to good use on a more academic front—acting as an academic advisor, directing students toward the best college fit, and advocating for students as needed.
What is the mechanism for funding mental health support in schools?
Cost is one of the primary obstacles schools face as they try to secure the support of a mental health team. They typically consider funding opportunities like Medicaid or private funding. In some areas, private mental health providers have opened afterschool programs for children who face especially challenging situations, such as abuse, neglect, poverty, drug exposure, aggression, and even separation from their families.
In the end, whether a child or adolescent works with a professional holding an MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling or an, MS in School Counseling, when schools team up with mental health professionals, they’re taking an important step in giving their students the support—in school and in life—they need.
Earn your degree
Walden University offers an MS in School Counseling, an MS in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, or for those who wish to broaden their career further, Walden’s MS Dual Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and School Counseling degree could be your best choice. Upon successful graduation of this dual degree program, you will have earned two degrees from an accredited program and be able to pursue licensure or certification as both a mental health counselor and a school counselor.
Explore Walden University’s online counseling degree programs to launch, advance, or change the direction of your career. Earn your graduate degree in a convenient online format that fits your busy life. | <urn:uuid:ce33c88c-f4e5-44d3-9c21-550870250571> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.waldenu.edu/global/archive/psychology-counseling/resource/what-is-the-role-of-mental-health-professionals-in-schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057424.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923135058-20210923165058-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.94782 | 851 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- Site: Qanats Cultural Landscape
- Keywords: Iran, Cultural Landscape, Qanat, Hydraulic system, maqsam, muqannis, jub, payab, kort, Gonabad.
1. OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS AND CATEGORIES
1.1 National and International Classification Lists
The cultural and historical value of Qanats Cultural Landscape is partially recognized in the Tentative List of UNESCO (“Qanats of Gonabad”), with date of submission: 09/08/2007, criteria: (ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi), category: cultural, and ref.: 5207.
1.2. Cultural Landscape Category/Tipology
Organically evolved landscapesRelict (or fossil) landscape
Associative cultural landscape1
1.3. Description and Justification by Med-O-Med
For more than two millenia a large proportion of the irrigation water used within the confines of the modern state of Iran has been supplied by annual horizontal walls knowns as qanats. The qanat system within an area represents a traditional response to the problem of water supply and irrigation and ir is particularly characteristic feature of the landscape of Iran. It is a method for developing and supplyng groundwater and consits of a gently sloping tunnel, cut through alluvial materia, which leads water by gravity flow from beneath the water table at its upper end to a ground surface outlet and irrigation canal at its lower end. Qanats are constructed by the hands labour of skilld workers known as muqannis using techniques which have altered little since qanat construction began. Qanat systems are found in Tehran, Garmsar, Semmar, Damghan, Shahrud, Sabzevan, Mashad, Gonabad, Zarand, Isfahan, Kashan, Ghazvin, in settlements, oases, villages, towns and cities. The built environments of most alluvial fan towns and villages on the Iranian Plateau are aligned along the major watercourses (shahjub) that run from the mouth of the qanat down slope through the length of the settlement. In larger and more complex basin settlements, smaller streams of water emanating from the points of division (maqsam) of several qanats form a spatial skeleton of parallel pathways lined by village structures, walled orchards, and gardens. They are trunk lines of human activity. Most alluvial fan settlements are triangular in shape. Below walled orchards and gardens at the top of the village, secondary distribution channels (jub) branch outward from the maqsam to form “water lattices” that broaden the area being cultivated. These smaller streams irrigate an elaborate grid of rectangular plots (kort) of irrigated land bounded by low, parallel levees. Interestingly, qanats also underlie the street patterns of larger cities as well. In some cities, qanat water flows in tunnels beneath residential areas and surfaces near the cultivated area. Staircases from the surface (payab) reach down to these streams. Only the Qanats of Gonabad are proposed in the Tentative List of UNESCO. The property contains of 427 water wells with a length of 33113 meters and has been constructed based on different sciences like physics, geology and hydraulics and made it possible for the inhabitants to live in such a dry land that it rains there scarcely. Med-O-Med has included the other qanats which are scattered in the Iranian territory to compose one Associative Cultural Landscape, where the historical and cultural values linked to these hydraulic system are pointed out.
2. NAME / LOCATION / ACCESSIBILITY
- Current denomination Qanat.
- Current denomination Qanat.
- Original denomination Qanat.
- Popular denomination Qanat.
- Address: Tehran, Garmsar, Semmar, Damghan, Shahrud, Sabzevan, Mashad, Gonabad, Zarand, Isfahan, Kashan, Ghazvin.
- Geographical coordinates: Gonabad coordinates: 34°21′10″N 58°41′01″E
- Area, boundaries and surroundings: Almost all the qanat systems of Iran are found associated with large alluvial fons in the piedmont zone between the high mountains and the Kavir of salt desert, or in large alluvial valleys on the desert margin. The majority of these environments occur in a roughly circular peripheral zone around the Great Kavir of Central Iran. As a result of this fact, most of the qanat systems are found in the Central Plateu groundwater province of Iran. However, qanat systems often occur in the larger intermontane valleys of the Zagros mountains.
3. LEGAL ISSUES
- Owner: Iranian Government.
- Body responsible for the maintenance: Iranian Government.
- Legal protection: QANAT OWNERSHIP In many villages, qanat ownership is widely diffused throughout the population, and this widespread stake in the water supply system reinforces social cooperation. Qanats usually are built by wealthy individuals, but the constant need for tunnel repairs owing to natural disasters or social dislocations leads to rapid fragmentation in ownership. Many qanats have as many as two to three hundred owners and the water of some qanats is divided into as many as 10,000 time shares. In some cases, the system of dividing water goes back hundreds of years. The current division of water at Ardistan in central Iran, for example, dates back to the 1200s when Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, ordered that the town’s water be divided into twenty-one shares with each share allotted to a specific quarter. A complete record of changes in ownership exists for the Vakilabad qanat built in Mahan, a town southeast of Kirman, in the 1860s. Initially, its water was divided among three men in six shares. One-sixth of the water was allotted to the then custodian of the Shah Ni’matullah Vali Shrine. This portion has increased to one-third of the water and is now owned by twenty of his descendants. The remaining water was sold off bit by bit such that some seventy families now own shares in the qanat. In another qanat system in the same town, water ownership has fragmented to such a degree that the owner of the smallest portion has rights to only thirty seconds of water once every twelve days. In Lambton’s view, the historic inability of the Iranian upper class to retain property intact over time is the primary reason that Iran never developed a feudal aristocracy comparable to that of medieval Europe.
- Public or private organizations working in the site: There is a UNESCO water related center called "Qanat" which fulfills its mission under the auspices of this organization. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran formally submitted to UNESCO a detailed proposal for the establishment of the International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures in Yazd, Iran under the auspices of UNESCO, which finally met with the 32nd session of the General Conference of UNESCO’s approval. According to this approval, an agreement on the establishment of the center was signed by the director general of UNESCO and the Iran’s minister of energy on March 26th 2005. Following that agreement, the Headquarters for the International Center on Qanats and Historic, Hydraulic Structures was designed and built in Yazd. This building, with an area of 2000 square meters is located downtown surrounded by some other research centers in Yazd. It enjoys a dome-like roof and an octagonal building with a pool in the middle reminding us of the Qanat vestibules. It is focused on: · Research · Training · Technology transfer · Scientific gathering · Publication · Cooperation
Qanats first appeared in the mountains of Kurdistan in western Iran, eastern Turkey, and northern Iraq more than 2,500 years ago in association with early mining in that region. Several factors explain this origin. Most importantly, perhaps, this region is one of the oldest mining and metallurgical centers in the Middle East. The need to dig tunnels in the search for minerals meant that the inhabitants of the region had mastered the basic technology necessary for qanat construction. Qanats differ little from the horizontal adits dug into hillsides by early miners. Indeed, these adits may well have been sloped to drain unwanted seepage as they are today. Additionally, and somewhat ironically, the earliest report of a qanat system is chronicled on a tablet narrating the destruction of the qanats which provided water to the city of Ulhu (modern Ula), located at the northwestern end of Lake Urmia by Sargon II in 714 BC. Soon thereafter, Assyrian cities, particularly those located on the upper Tigris River, relied on qanats for drinking water. Some- what later, the capital city of the Medes, Ecbatana (modern Hamadan) was watered by qanats as was Darius’s capital city of Persepolis. Under the Achaemenids (550–331 BC), when Persian rule extended from the Indus to the Nile, qanat technology spread well beyond the confines of the Iranian Plateau. The Achaemenid rulers provided a major incentive for qanat construction by allowing qanat builders and their heirs to retain profits from newly-built qanats for five generations. As a result, thousands of new settle- ments were established and others expanded. To the west, qanats were constructed from Mesopotamia to the shores of the Mediterranean as well as southward into parts of Egypt and Arabia. They were particularly important sources of water in the foothills of eastern Iraq, the Syrian Desert, and the Hadhramaut. In the Yemen and in Oman, qanats are locally called falaj (plural: aflaj). To the east of Iran, where they are generally known by the Persian term kariz, qanats came into use in Afghanistan, the Silk Road oases settlements of Central Asia, and the Chinese province of Sinkiang (now Xinjiang), although whether this diffusion occurred under the Achaemenids or some later Persian dynasty is uncertain. Strangely, in the Turfan Basin, which has one of the most extensive qanat systems in the world, it is possible that many of the qanats were built by imported Turki laborers in the 1700s. The expansion of Islam initiated a second major diffusion of qanat technology. The early Arab invasions spread qanats across North Africa into Spain, Cyprus, and the Canary Islands. In most of North Africa, they were called fughara, and were built and maintained by a specialized caste of black slaves. In Morocco, qanats were referred to as khittara (or rhettara).
- Oldest initial date /building and inauguration date: More than 2500 years ago.
5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
5.1. Natural heritage
- Heritage: Other
- Geography: High Mountain
- Site topography: Natural
- Climate and environmental conditions: Most of teh qanat systems are situated in those areas receiving precipitation totals of between 100-300 mm. Such precipitation values are below the minimun anual needed for crop production.
- Geological and Geographical characteristics: Almost all the qanat systems of Iran are found associated with large alluvial fons in the piedmont zone between the high mountains and the Kavir of salt desert, or in large alluvial valleys on the desert margin. The majority of these environments occur in a roughly circular peripheral zone around the Great Kavir of Central Iran. As a result of this fact, most of the qanat systems are found in the Central Plateu groundwater province of Iran. However, qanat systems often occur in the larger intermontane valleys of the Zagros mountains.
Land uses and economical activities:Hydraulic system applied in agriculture.
Agricultural issues or other traditional productions and their effect on the landscape:In the central part of Iran farming practices are dominated by the production of cereals (wheat and barley). Other crops include melons, fruits and vegetables, and in some areas, as near Ghazvin, commercial crops such as cotton are being encoureged. Animal husbandry is largely confined to the grazing of shep and goats on very poor quality pasture. For the most part, despite plans for teh future modernization, agricultural techniques and practices are geared towards subsistence agricultrual production.
Summary of Landscapes values and characteristics:
Qanats are still found throughout the regions that came under the cultural sphere of the Persians, Romans, and Arabs. It is a method for developing and supplyng groundwater and consits of a gently sloping tunnel, cut through alluvial materia, which leads water by gravity flow from beneath the water table at its upper end to a ground surface outlet and irrigation canal at its lower end. Qanat systems are found in Tehran, Garmsar, Semmar, Damghan, Shahrud, Sabzevan, Mashad, Gonabad, Zarand, Isfahan, Kashan, Ghazvin.
5.2. Cultural Heritage
A) Related to current constructions, buildings and art pieces in general
In the case of gardens: original and current style:It is not the case.
Man-made elements related to water management:
Domestic, industrial ensembles, energy related systems:
B) Related to ancient remains
C) Related to intangible, social and spiritual values
- Languages and dialects: Persian
- Lifestyle, believing, cults, traditional rites: A qanat system has a profound influence on the lives of the water users. It allows those living in a desert environment adjacent to a mountain watershed to create a large oasis in an otherwise stark environment.
Condition: environmental/ cultural heritage degradation:In many places qanat system is being rapidly replaced as a supplier of groundwater by production form deep wells. In the Ghazvin area, for example, an integrated programme for the optimus use of local water supplies instituted by the Iranian Government in the early 1960's has the objetive of increased and improved groundwatere development by pumped wells. As consequence, the water table of the area has been lowered aand a large number of qanats have been dewatered.
Perspectives/Views/ Points of interest/Setting:
Qanat systems in all the sites mentioned in this file.
- Living heritage
- Maintenance quality
Authenticity:Qanats appear to have originated in the vicinity of Armenia more than 2500 years ago and spread rapidly throughout south est Asia and north Africa during Achaemenid times (550 to 331 B.C). A qanat system has a profound influence on the lives of the water users. It allows those living in a desert environment adjacent to a mountain watershed to create a large oasis in an otherwise stark environment.
Universality:Qanats are renewable water supply systems that have sustained agricultural settlement on the Iranian plateau for millennia. By their very nature, qanats have encouraged sustainable water use. A qanat system has a profound influence on the lives of the water users. It allows those living in a desert environment adjacent to a mountain watershed to create a large oasis in an otherwise stark environment. To describe the universality of "Qanats Cultural Landscape", Med-O-Med agrees to the UNESCO criteria proposed in the Tentative Lis for the Qanats of Gonadad (ii, iii, iv, v, vi): ii) Qanat system exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in water technology and landscape design, contributing to the oases development. iii) Qanats bear an unique testimony to the pesian cultural tradition. iv) They are an outstanding example of a type of technological ensemble related to wateer management with an history of more than 2000 years, which illustrates significants stages in human history. v) Qanats are an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement and water use which is representative of the iranian culture. Qanats defined village lifeworlds on the plateau by (1) determining settlement location, (2) structuring built environments within settlements, and (3) requiring social cohesion in water allocation, water distribution, water use, and system maintenance. vi) This hydraulic system is directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions.
Values linked to the Islamic culture and civilisation:Although the methods of qanat construction were carried westwards into the Mediterranen and subsequently into Latin America, qanats and qanat systems attained their maximun development in Iran. They are a tangible expression of Islamic culture and define a way of relation betwen persian people and natural resources (water). The expansion of Islam was involved in the international diffusion of qanat technology. The early Arab invasions spread qanats westward across North Africa and into Cyprus, Sicily, Spain, and the Canary Islands.
Historical and graphical data (drawings, paintings, engravings, photographs, literary items…):
Qanats Cultural Landscape is one of all of the cultural landscapes of Iran which are included in The Cultural Landscape inventory runned by Med-O-Med.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5207/ http://whc.unesco.org/venice2002 http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/t5207.html https://medomed.org/es/2012/the-qanats-or-subterranean-wells-in-al-andalus/ http://iahs.info/hsj/161/161004.pdf http://www.icqhs.org/English/ http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/ http://environment.research.yale.edu/documents/downloads/0-9/103english.pdf http://users.bart.nl/~leenders/txt/qanats.html -Bahadori, M. N. (1978). Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture. Scientific American, February, pp.144-154. -Beaumont, P. (1971). Qanat system in Iran. Bulletin of teh International Association of Scientific Hydrology. XVI, 1.3/1971. -Beaumont, P. (1968). Qanat on the Varamin Plain, Iran. Trans. Inst. of Brit. Geogs. Pub. Nº 45, pp. 169-179. -Beekman, C. S., P. S. Weigand, and J. J. Pint. (1999). Old World Irrigation Technology in a New World Context: Qanats in Spanish Colonial Western Mexico, Antiquity 73(279): 440-446. -English, P.W. (1968). The Origin and spread of qanats in the Old World. Proc. of teh AM. Philosophical Society. Vol. 112, p. 170-181. -English, P. (1997). Qanats and Lifeworlds in Iranian Plateau Villages, Proceedings of the Conference: Transformation of Middle Eastern Natural Environment: Legacies and Lessons, Yale University, October. -Issan, A. (1969). The groundwater provinces of Iran. Bull. of teh Interantional Association of Scientific Hydrology, Vol XIV, Nº 1, pp. 87-99. -Lightfoot, D. (2003). Traditional Wells as Phreatic Barometers: A View from Qanats and Tube Wells in Developing Arid Lands. Proceedings of the UCOWR Conference: Water Security in the 21st Century, Washington, DC, July. -Noel, E. (1944). Qanats. Journal of teh Royal Central Asian SOciety, Vol. 31, pp. 191-202. -Pazwash, N. (1983). Iran’s Mode of Modernization: Greening the Desert, Deserting the Greenery, Civil Engineering, March. pp. 48-51. -United Nationals Environmental Programme. (1983). Rain and Water Harvesting in Rural Area. Tycooly International Publishing Limited, Dublin, pp 84-88. -UNESCO. (2001). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. World Heritage Committee. 25 session. Helsinki, Finland. -UNESCO. (2002). Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation. Associated Workshops, World Heritage. Ferrara, Italy. -Wessels, K. (2000), Renovating Qanats in a changing world, a case study in Syria, paper presented to the International Syposuim on Qanats. May 2000, Yazd, Iran. -Wulff, H.E. (1968). The Qanats of Iran. Scientific American, April, p. 94-105.
Compiler Data: Sara Martínez Frías. | <urn:uuid:e4828a81-2300-40ff-9ef0-d1d5a095481f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://medomed.org/featured_item/qanats-cultural-landscape-iran/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.905626 | 4,488 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Can Solar Power Be More Than Window Dressing?
Solar power has been only capable of producing a small part of data centre energy needs, but this may change, says Peter Judge
Solar power has always seemed a good long term bet for renewable energy. After all, pretty much every single Joule of energy we use on the planet comes from the sun originally
The sun’s energy is caught by plants, which make fuels, either through the long process of fossilisation producing oil and gas, or by directly producing wood, or man-made ethanol to burn. Animals’ energy comes from plants, and the sun drives the water cycle which produces hydro-electric energy.
Nuclear power uses energy stored from older suns where the heavier elements are made. Geothermal energy does include energy originating on earth – it is the heat of the earth’s core, but it is maintained at that temperature by radioactive decay inside the earth.
Why is solar power so difficult?
Solar panels have taken a long while to reach marketable quality and government programs have backed the idea that solar will get better – and fostering a UK solar power business could give Britain a head-start in an economy trying to move away from fossil fuels.
But these hopes have been dashed, by the coalition government’s decision to reduce the generous feed-in tariffs which were persuading domestic users to buy into solar power and generate the kind of market which it needed.
However, even if solar did take off, it still faced an obvious problem – it only works in the day time. Our grid requires continuous power, so it is very difficult to replace fossil fuels with anything intermittent like solar or wind power.
One answer to this problem is, of course, a way of storing excess solar energy until it is needed, using batteries. That would require a massive improvment in battery technology – and there are signs this may eventually emerge.
Google, it seems, feels solar has a way to go. The search giant had funded a research program to make solar energy cheaper than coal, but recently pulled the plug on it, focusing on its core business. However, it is still supporting home solar power, and schemes to use solar in data centres.
IBM, too, is using solar in data centres, though only to supplement other power sources, and provide a small fraction of the sites’ energy needs.
But that will always be the shape of solar use. It can’t replace other sources, but (as with domestic feed-ins) it can displace demand. If managed properly, it could reduce overall demand in the long term.
Continued support from tech giants could keep solar from disappearing behind a cloud of disappearing public support. | <urn:uuid:82f16dd4-526d-4fe9-8855-297f16f89e1a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/comment/could-solar-power-be-more-than-window-dressing-46979 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997874283.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025754-00035-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950778 | 557 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Post Author: Bill Pratt
Philosophers who study how we know things (epistemologists) have long debated whether we have innate or intuitive knowledge. This kind of knowledge is often referred to as a priori knowledge. It is knowledge that one has prior to or independently of sense experience. It cannot be proven by experience.
The debate over a priori knowledge is important to Christians because atheists, agnostics, and naturalists often deny the existence of most kinds of a priori knowledge and claim that we can only know what we observe with our senses. For example, do we know that raping little children for fun is wrong? Most people would say “yes” and in a poll I ran last week on the blog, 89% did answer “yes.” Now, this is hardly a scientific poll, but the results, I think, are still indicative.
This is an example of a priori knowledge, because we don’t come to this conclusion by observing the world around us – we just know intuitively that raping little children for fun is wrong. Philosopher Louis Pojman lists eleven examples of propositions that have been proposed as a priori knowledge by epistemologists:
- If John is taller than Mary and Tom is taller than John, Tom is taller than Mary.
- 5 + 7 = 12
- Nothing is both red and green.
- Some sentences are not both true and false.
- If Socrates is a man and all men are mortal, Socrates is mortal.
- Every event has a cause.
- All bodies are extended.
- A greatest possible being necessarily exists.
- It is wrong to harm people just for the fun of it.
- If I believe I exist, I exist.
- Not both p and not-p.
These propositions represent several different categories of knowledge: mathematics, knowledge of “greater than,” laws of logic, morality, deductive logic, causality, knowledge of space, knowledge of God, and introspective knowledge.
Philosopher Alvin Plantinga holds that a priori knowledge, besides being true, must fulfill four conditions:
- The proposition p must be believed and believed to be necessarily true.
- You must be able to form the belief immediately upon understanding it.
- The proposition p must not be believed on the basis of perception, memory, or testimony.
- The belief must be accompanied with a certain phenomenal feel, what the rationalists call intuition.
What do you think? Do you think certain kinds of knowledge are built in to human beings, that we just know some things intuitively? If so, what kinds of things do you think we know intuitively?
I’ve given you 11 examples of what some philosophers have considered to be a priori knowledge, but I’d like for you to vote in the poll below. The assignment is easy: tell us which of the 11 propositions, once you’ve read and understood the terms in them, are intuitively obvious or self-evident. I look forward to seeing the results. | <urn:uuid:a2228b67-821b-4fac-8cbf-ac0a9540a129> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.toughquestionsanswered.org/2011/03/07/do-we-have-intuitive-knowledge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00020-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940742 | 640 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Mississippi River is the largest river of the United States and the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Its source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi’s watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. In the 19th century, during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny, the Mississippi and several western tributaries, most notably the Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States.
Formed from thick layers of the river’s silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods. During the American Civil War, the Mississippi’s capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory, due to the river’s strategic importance to the Confederate war effort. Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that replaced steamboats, the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees, locks and dams, often built in combination. A major focus of this work has been to prevent the lower Mississippi from shifting into the channel of the Atchafalaya River and bypassing New Orleans.
Since the 20th century, the Mississippi River has also experienced major pollution and environmental problems – most notably elevated nutrient and chemical levels from agricultural runoff, the primary contributor to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone.
Name and significance
The word Mississippi itself comes from Misi zipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River).
In the 18th century, the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States, and since the country’s expansion westward, the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States, and the Western United States. This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase “Trans-Mississippi” as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition.
It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, such as “the highest peak east of the Mississippi“ or “the oldest city west of the Mississippi”. The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast call-signs, which begin with W to the east and K to the west, mixing together in media markets along the river.
The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself, its watershed, its outflow, its prehistoric and historic course changes, and possibilities of future course changes. The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands.
The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections: the Upper Mississippi, the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River; the Middle Mississippi, which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River; and the Lower Mississippi, which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. It is divided into two sections:
- The headwaters, 493 miles (793 km) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
- A navigable channel, formed by a series of man-made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis, Missouri, some 664 miles (1,069 km).
The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca, 1,475 feet (450 m) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, Minnesota. The name “Itasca” was chosen to designate the “true head” of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth (veritas) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head (caput). However, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams.
From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, the waterway’s flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole, these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below Saint Paul, Minnesota, and continuing throughout the upper and lower river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river’s flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks.
The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Before it was built in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud, Minnesota, depending on river conditions.
The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river’s elevation is 799 feet (244 m). Below the dam, the river’s elevation is 750 feet (230 m). This 49-foot (15 m) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams. The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete. Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River. The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall.
After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963, the river’s head of navigation moved upstream, to the Coon Rapids Dam. However, the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp, making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river.
The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes, with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish, near Grand Rapids, Minnesota, over 11 miles (18 km) across. Lake Onalaska, created by Lock and Dam No. 7, near La Crosse, Wisconsin, is more than 4 miles (6.4 km) wide. Lake Pepin, a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi, is more than 2 miles (3.2 km) wide.
By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul, Minnesota, below Lock and Dam No. 1, it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet (209 m) above sea level. From St. Paul to St. Louis, Missouri, the river elevation falls much more slowly, and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams.
The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities; the St. Croix River near Prescott, Wisconsin; the Cannon River near Red Wing, Minnesota; the Zumbro River at Wabasha, Minnesota; the Black, La Crosse, and Root rivers in La Crosse, Wisconsin; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; the Rock River at the Quad Cities; the Iowa River near Wapello, Iowa; the Skunk River south of Burlington, Iowa; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota, the Chippewa River in Wisconsin, the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa, and the Illinois River in Illinois.
The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque, Iowa, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side. The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through Savanna, Illinois. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at Vicksburg, Mississippi).
The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River’s confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri, for 190 miles (310 km) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.
The Middle Mississippi is relatively free-flowing. From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence, the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet (67 m) over 180 miles (290 km) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile (23 cm/km). At its confluence with the Ohio River, the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet (96 m) above sea level. Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois, no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River.
The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the long-term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second (7,970 cubic meters per second), while the long-term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is 208,200 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s). Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and the Allegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi.
In addition to the Ohio River, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River, flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas; the Arkansas River, joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post; the Big Black River in Mississippi; and the Yazoo River, meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile (1.6 km) in width in several places.
Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River, with 30% of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route, rather than continuing down the Mississippi’s current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf. Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary, it is actually not, because its water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River.
The Mississippi River has the world’s fourth-largest drainage basin (“watershed” or “catchment”). The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,220,000 km2), including all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico, part of the Atlantic Ocean. The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40% of the landmass of the continental United States. The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains, Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,400 m).
In the United States, the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North; to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande, the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers, and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf.
The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles (160 km) downstream from New Orleans. Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat, but the United States Geological Survey‘s number is 2,320 miles (3,730 km). The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days.
The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second (7,000–20,000 m3/s). Although it is the fifth-largest river in the world by volume, this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon, which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second (200,000 m3/s) during wet seasons. On average, the Mississippi has only 8% the flow of the Amazon River.
Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately. The images from NASA‘s MODIS (to the right) show a large plume of fresh water, which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter-blue surrounding waters. These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately. Instead, it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico, into the Straits of Florida, and entered the Gulf Stream. The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS.
Before 1900, the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. During the last two decades, this number was only 145 million metric tons per year. The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams, meander cutoffs, river-training structures, and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them.
Over geologic time, the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course, as well as additions, deletions, and other changes among its numerous tributaries, and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region.
Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching, the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so. This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel, raising the river’s level and causing it to eventually find a steeper, more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico. The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as bayous. This process has, over the past 5,000 years, caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles (24 to 80 km). The currently active delta lobe is called the Birdfoot Delta, after its shape, or the , after La Balize, Louisiana, the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi.
The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age. The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present-day United States and Mississippi basin. When the ice sheet began to recede, hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited, creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley. During the melt, giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed, creating such features as the Minnesota River, James River, and Milk River valleys. When the ice sheet completely retreated, many of these “temporary” rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean, leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features “over-sized” for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period.
Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage, about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present, blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island, Illinois, diverting it to its present channel farther to the west, the current western border of Illinois. The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin, Illinois. South of Hennepin, to Alton, Illinois, the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage.
Timeline of outflow course changes
- c. 5000 BC: The last Ice Age ended; world sea level became what it is now.
- c. 2500 BC: Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi.
- c. 800 BC: The Mississippi diverted further east.
- c. 200 AD: Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi.
- c. 1000 AD: The Mississippi’s present course took over.
- Before c. 1400 AD: The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea
- 15th century: Turnbull’s Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South. The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River.
- 1831: Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull’s Bend.
- 1833 to November 1873: The Great Raft (a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River) was cleared. The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course.
- 1963: The Old River Control Structure was completed, controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya.
- Cahokia’s rise and fall linked to river flooding (article in Popular Archaeology periodical)
Historic course changes
In March 1876, the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie, Tennessee, leaving a small part of Tipton County, Tennessee, attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel. Since this event was an avulsion, rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition, the state line still follows the old channel.
The town of Kaskaskia, Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia (Okaw) Rivers. Founded as a French colonial community, it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819. Beginning in 1844, successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east. A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River, forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state. Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town, including the original State House. Today, the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side.
New Madrid Seismic Zone
The New Madrid Seismic Zone, along the Mississippi River near New Madrid, Missouri, between Memphis and St. Louis, is related to an aulacogen (failed rift) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico. This area is still quite active seismically. Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812, estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale, had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area, and were felt in many other places in the Midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river.
When measured from its traditional source at Lake Itasca, the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles (3,730 km). When measured from its longest stream source (most distant source from the sea), Brower’s Spring in Montana, the source of the Missouri River, it has a length of 3,710 miles (5,970 km), making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile, Amazon, and Yangtze. When measured by the largest stream source (by water volume), the Ohio River, by extension the Allegheny River, would be the source, and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania.
At its source at Lake Itasca, the Mississippi River is about 3 feet deep. The average depth of the Mississippi River between Saint Paul and Saint Louis is between 9 and 12 feet (2.7–3.7 m) deep, the deepest part being Lake Pepin, which averages 20–32 feet (6–10 m) deep and has a maximum depth of 60 feet (18 m). Between Saint Lois, Missouri, where the Missouri River joins and Cairo, Illinois, the depth averages 30 feet (9 m). Below Cairo, where the Ohio River joins, the depth averages 50–100 feet (15–30 m) deep. The deepest part of the river is in New Orleans, where it reaches 200 feet (61 m) deep.
The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states, from Minnesota to Louisiana, and is used to define portions of these states borders, with Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi along the east side of the river, and Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas along its west side. Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river, although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states.
In all of these cases, the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states. In various areas, the river has since shifted, but the state borders have not changed, still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment, leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel, contiguous with the adjacent state. Also, due to a meander in the river, a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee, but isolated from the rest of its state.
Communities along the river
|Quad Cities, IA-IL||387,630|
|St. Cloud, MN||189,148|
|La Crosse, WI||133,365|
|Cape Girardeau–Jackson MO-IL||96,275|
Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river. They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end.
- Bemidji, Minnesota
- Grand Rapids, Minnesota
- Jacobson, Minnesota
- Palisade, Minnesota
- Aitkin, Minnesota
- Riverton, Minnesota
- Brainerd, Minnesota
- Fort Ripley, Minnesota
- Little Falls, Minnesota
- Sartell, Minnesota
- St. Cloud, Minnesota
- Monticello, Minnesota
- Anoka, Minnesota
- Coon Rapids, Minnesota
- Brooklyn Park, Minnesota
- Brooklyn Center, Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Saint Paul, Minnesota
- Nininger, Minnesota
- Hastings, Minnesota
- Prescott, Wisconsin
- Prairie Island, Minnesota
- Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin
- Red Wing, Minnesota
- Hager City, Wisconsin
- Maiden Rock, Wisconsin
- Stockholm, Wisconsin
- Lake City, Minnesota
- Maple Springs, Minnesota
- Camp Lacupolis, Minnesota
- Pepin, Wisconsin
- Reads Landing, Minnesota
- Wabasha, Minnesota
- Nelson, Wisconsin
- Alma, Wisconsin
- Buffalo City, Wisconsin
- Weaver, Minnesota
- Minneiska, Minnesota
- Fountain City, Wisconsin
- Winona, Minnesota
- Homer, Minnesota
- Trempealeau, Wisconsin
- Dakota, Minnesota
- Dresbach, Minnesota
- La Crescent, Minnesota
- La Crosse, Wisconsin
- Brownsville, Minnesota
- Stoddard, Wisconsin
- Genoa, Wisconsin
- Victory, Wisconsin
- Potosi, Wisconsin
- De Soto, Wisconsin
- Lansing, Iowa
- Ferryville, Wisconsin
- Lynxville, Wisconsin
- Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
- Marquette, Iowa
- McGregor, Iowa
- Wyalusing, Wisconsin
- Guttenberg, Iowa
- Cassville, Wisconsin
- Dubuque, Iowa
- Galena, Illinois
- Bellevue, Iowa
- Savanna, Illinois
- Sabula, Iowa
- Fulton, Illinois
- Clinton, Iowa
- Cordova, Illinois
- Port Byron, Illinois
- LeClaire, Iowa
- Rapids City, Illinois
- Hampton, Illinois
- Bettendorf, Iowa
- East Moline, Illinois
- Moline, Illinois
- Davenport, Iowa
- Rock Island, Illinois
- Buffalo, Iowa
- Muscatine, Iowa
- New Boston, Illinois
- Keithsburg, Illinois
- Oquawka, Illinois
- Burlington, Iowa
- Dallas City, Illinois
- Fort Madison, Iowa
- Nauvoo, Illinois
- Keokuk, Iowa
- Warsaw, Illinois
- Quincy, Illinois
- Hannibal, Missouri
- Louisiana, Missouri
- Clarksville, Missouri
- Grafton, Illinois
- Portage Des Sioux, Missouri
- Alton, Illinois
- St. Louis, Missouri
- Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
- Kaskaskia, Illinois
- Chester, Illinois
- Grand Tower, Illinois
- Cape Girardeau, Missouri
- Thebes, Illinois
- Commerce, Missouri
- Cairo, Illinois
- Wickliffe, Kentucky
- Columbus, Kentucky
- Hickman, Kentucky
- New Madrid, Missouri
- Tiptonville, Tennessee
- Caruthersville, Missouri
- Osceola, Arkansas
- Reverie, Tennessee
- Memphis, Tennessee
- West Memphis, Arkansas
- Tunica, Mississippi
- Helena-West Helena, Arkansas
- Napoleon, Arkansas (historical)
- Arkansas City, Arkansas
- Greenville, Mississippi
- Mayersville, Mississippi
- Vicksburg, Mississippi
- Waterproof, Louisiana
- Natchez, Mississippi
- Morganza, Louisiana
- St. Francisville, Louisiana
- New Roads, Louisiana
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Donaldsonville, Louisiana
- Lutcher, Louisiana
- Destrehan, Louisiana
- New Orleans, Louisiana
- Pilottown, Louisiana
- La Balize, Louisiana (historical)
The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert, through which the river (locally named “Nicolet Creek”) flows north from Lake Nicolet under “Wilderness Road” to the West Arm of Lake Itasca, within Itasca State Park.
The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855. It spanned the river in Minneapolis where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located. No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River.
The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856. It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport, Iowa. Steamboat captains of the day, fearful of competition from the railroads, considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation. Two weeks after the bridge opened, the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge, setting it on fire. Legal proceedings ensued, with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad. The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the railroad.
Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance, with their cities or locations. They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi’s source to the Lower Mississippi’s mouth.
- Stone Arch Bridge – Former Great Northern Railway (now pedestrian) bridge at Saint Anthony Falls connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy-Holmes neighborhood.
- I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge – In Minneapolis, opened in September 2008, replacing the I-35W Mississippi River bridge which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1, 2007, killing 13 and injuring over 100.
- Eisenhower Bridge (Mississippi River) – In Red Wing, Minnesota, opened by Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1960.
- I-90 Mississippi River Bridge – Connects La Crosse, Wisconsin, and Winona County, Minnesota, located just south of Lock and Dam No. 7.
- Black Hawk Bridge – Connects Lansing in Allamakee County, Iowa and rural Crawford County, Wisconsin; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the Historic American Engineering Record.
- Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge – Connects Dubuque, Iowa, and Grant County, Wisconsin.
- Julien Dubuque Bridge – Joins the cities of Dubuque, Iowa, and East Dubuque, Illinois; listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
- Savanna-Sabula Bridge – A truss bridge and causeway connecting the city of Savanna, Illinois, and the island city of Sabula, Iowa. The bridge carries U.S. Highway 52 over the river, and is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
- Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge – A 4-lane steel girder bridge that carries Interstate 80 and connects LeClaire, Iowa, and Rapids City, Illinois. Completed in 1966.
- I-74 Bridge – Connects Bettendorf, Iowa, and Moline, Illinois; originally known as the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge.
- Government Bridge – Connects Rock Island, Illinois and Davenport, Iowa, adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 15; the fourth crossing in this vicinity, built in 1896.
- Rock Island Centennial Bridge – Connects Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa; opened in 1940.
- Sergeant John F. Baker, Jr. Bridge – Connects Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa; opened in 1973.
- Norbert F. Beckey Bridge – Connects Muscatine, Iowa, and Rock Island County, Illinois; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with light-emitting diode (LED) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge.
- Great River Bridge – A cable-stayed bridge connecting Burlington, Iowa, to Gulf Port, Illinois.
- Fort Madison Toll Bridge – Connects Fort Madison, Iowa, and unincorporated Niota, Illinois; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999.
- Keokuk–Hamilton Bridge – Connects Keokuk, Iowa and Hamilton, Illinois; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge.
- Bayview Bridge – A cable-stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river, connecting the cities of West Quincy, Missouri, and Quincy, Illinois.
- Quincy Memorial Bridge – Connects the cities of West Quincy, Missouri, and Quincy, Illinois, carrying eastbound U.S. 24, the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges.
- Clark Bridge – A cable-stayed bridge connecting West Alton, Missouri, and Alton, Illinois, also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program, Nova; built in 1994, carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river. This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area, replacing the Old Clark Bridge, a truss bridge built in 1928, named after explorer William Clark.
- Chain of Rocks Bridge – Located on the northern edge of St. Louis, notable for a 22-degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing, necessary for navigation on the river; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi. Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges; now a pedestrian bridge.
- Eads Bridge – A combined road and railway bridge, connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis, Illinois. When completed in 1874, it was the longest arch bridge in the world, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m). The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring, as was the use of steel as a primary structural material; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project.
- Chester Bridge – A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150, between Perryville, Missouri, and Chester, Illinois. The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night. In the 1940s, the main span was destroyed by a tornado.
- Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge—Connecting Cape Girardeau, Missouri and East Cape Girardeau, Illinois, completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights.
- Caruthersville Bridge – A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri and Dyersburg, Tennessee.
- Hernando de Soto Bridge – A through arch bridge carrying Interstate 40 across the Mississippi between West Memphis, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee.
- Harahan Bridge – A cantilevered through truss bridge, carrying two rail lines of the Union Pacific Railroad across the river between West Memphis, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee.
- Frisco Bridge – A cantilevered through truss bridge, carrying a rail line across the river between West Memphis, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee, previously known as the Memphis Bridge. When it opened on May 12, 1892, it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
- Memphis & Arkansas Bridge – A cantilevered through truss bridge, carrying Interstate 55 between Memphis and West Memphis; listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Helena Bridge
- Greenville Bridge
- Old Vicksburg Bridge
- Vicksburg Bridge
- Natchez-Vidalia Bridge
- John James Audubon Bridge – The second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana. It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez. This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011, due to the 2011 floods.
- Huey P. Long Bridge – A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 (Airline Highway) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana.
- Horace Wilkinson Bridge – A cantilevered through truss bridge, carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana. It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River.
- Sunshine Bridge
- Gramercy Bridge
- Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge
- Huey P. Long Bridge – In Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana.
- Crescent City Connection – Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans, Louisiana; the fifth-longest cantilever bridge in the world.
A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world. The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, which was established in 1802. Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags, close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars.
Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s, so the period 1830–1850 became the golden age of steamboats. As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase, river traffic was an ideal solution. Cotton, timber and food came down the river, as did Appalachian coal. The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans-shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels. As a result, the image of the twin stacked, wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology. Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana, to the Ohio River; down the Missouri and Tennessee, to the main channel of the Mississippi. Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish. Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s. Most have been superseded by pusher tugs. A few survive as icons—the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance.
A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi, most of which were built in the 1930s, is designed primarily to maintain a 9-foot-deep (2.7 m) channel for commercial barge traffic. The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing. The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it. No flood control is intended. During periods of high flow, the gates, some of which are submersible, are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function. Below St. Louis, the Mississippi is relatively free-flowing, although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams.
On the lower Mississippi, from Baton Rouge to the mouth of the Mississippi, the navigation depth is 45 feet (14 m), allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the Port of New Orleans and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150-foot (46 m) air draft that fit under the Huey P. Long Bridge to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge. There is a feasibility study to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet (15 m) to allow New Panamax ship depths.
In 1829, there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi, the Des Moines Rapids and the , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock. The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles (18 km) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline, Illinois. Both rapids were considered virtually impassable.
In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru, Illinois. The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways. In 1900, the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The second canal, in addition to shipping, also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues (typhoid fever, cholera and other waterborne diseases) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan.
The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) channel at the Des Moines Rapids, but work did not begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837. The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids. By 1866, it had become evident that excavation was impractical, and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids. The canal opened in 1877, but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle. In 1878, Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5-foot-deep (1.4 m) channel to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel, by closing secondary channels and by dredging. The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock, which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids, opened in 1907.
To improve navigation between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area, including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama. The dams, which were built beginning in the 1880s, stored spring run-off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth.
In 1907, Congress authorized a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m) channel project on the Mississippi River, which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9-foot-deep (2.7 m) channel project.
In 1913, construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk, Iowa, the first dam below St. Anthony Falls. Built by a private power company (Union Electric Company of St. Louis) to generate electricity (originally for streetcars in St. Louis), the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro-electric plants in the world at the time. The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids. Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917. Lock and Dam No. 2, near Hastings, Minnesota, was completed in 1930.
Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Corps’s primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river. It was thought that the river’s velocity would scour off bottom sediments, deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding. The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river.
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9-foot (2.7 m) channel project, which called for a navigation channel 9 feet (2.7 m) feet deep and 400 feet (120 m) wide to accommodate multiple-barge tows. This was achieved by a series of locks and dams, and by dredging. Twenty-three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence.
Until the 1950s, there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois. Chain of Rocks Lock (Lock and Dam No. 27), which consists of a low-water dam and an 8.4-mile-long (13.5 km) canal, was added in 1953, just below the confluence with the Missouri River, primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis. It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water.
U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico. Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico, leaving New Orleans on a side channel. As a result, the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure, which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans.
Because the large scale of high-energy water flow threatened to damage the structure, an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station. This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers. Beginning in the 1970s, the Corps applied hydrological transport models to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi. Dam 26 at Alton, Illinois, which had structural problems, was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990. The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished.
The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes, as well as route part of the Mississippi’s flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The main structures are the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway in Missouri; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana, which direct excess water down the west and east sides (respectively) of the Atchafalaya River; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway, also in Louisiana, which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain (see diagram). Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River.
The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history. Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower, a goosefoot, a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BC. The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BC during what is now called the Woodland period, with increasing evidence of shelter construction, pottery, weaving and other practices. A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 AD, spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. A period of more isolated communities followed, and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters (maize, beans and squash) gradually came to dominate. After around 800 AD there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture, with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers. The most prominent of these, now called Cahokia, was occupied between about 600 and 1400 AD and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants, larger than London, England of that time. At the time of first contact with Europeans, Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed, and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress.
The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, Misi-ziibi (Great River). The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo-zaaga’igan (Elk Lake) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo-ziibi (Elk River). After flowing into Lake Bemidji, the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag-ziibi (River from the Traversing Lake). After flowing into Cass Lake, the name of the river changes to Gaa-miskwaawaakokaag-ziibi (Red Cedar River) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish-ziibi (Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River), Gichi-ziibi (Big River) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River, then finally as Misi-ziibi (Great River) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River. After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft, the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi-ziibi was named “Mississippi River”. The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians, known as the Gichi-ziibiwininiwag, are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi-ziibi. The Cheyenne, one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River, called it the Máʼxe-éʼometaaʼe (Big Greasy River) in the Cheyenne language. The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe. The Pawnee name is Kickaátit.
On May 8, 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River, which he called Río del Espíritu Santo (“River of the Holy Spirit”), in the area of what is now Mississippi. In Spanish, the river is called Río Mississippi.
French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century. Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo (“Big river” in Sioux language) in 1673. Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception.
When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century, natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River. When he found the Chicago Portage, he remarked that a canal of “only half a league” (less than 2 miles (3.2 km), 3 km) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. In 1848, the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River. This both accelerated the development, and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes.
In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France, calling the river Colbert River after Jean-Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane, for King Louis XIV. On March 2, 1699, Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi, following the death of La Salle. The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage.
In 1718, about 100 miles (160 km) upriver, New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile, the capital of French Louisiana at the time.
Following Britain’s victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi. Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, which the British occupied during the war. Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida.
Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris (1783) states, “The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States”. With this treaty, which ended the American Revolutionary War, Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas, which Spain had occupied during the war. In 1800, under duress from Napoleon of France, Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France. When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803, a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France, which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property. These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney’s Treaty in 1795.
France reacquired ‘Louisiana’ from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800. The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans – the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson.
In the Treaty of 1818, the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north. In effect, the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin.
So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin, as well as settled in it, that Zadok Cramer wrote a guide book called The Navigator, detailing the features and dangers and navigable waterways of the area. It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over a period of 25 years.
Mark Twain’s book, Life on the Mississippi, covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer. The book was published first in serial form in Harper’s Weekly in seven parts in 1875. The full version, including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors, was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885.
The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811. Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811–12. The Upper Mississippi was treacherous, unpredictable and to make traveling worse, the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed. Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable.
Steamboat transport remained a viable industry, both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century. Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line, which, from 1859 to 1898, operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans.
Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami, wrote about his journey on the Virginia, which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota. He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi. The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi, as well as the nature of travel itself. The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade.
Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War. In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis, Tennessee, while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans, Louisiana. The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and the Union’s Vicksburg Campaign (December 1862 to July 1863), and the fall of Port Hudson, completed control of the lower Mississippi River. The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, was pivotal to the Union’s final victory of the Civil War.
20th and 21st centuries
The “Big Freeze” of 1918–19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis, Tennessee, preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois. This resulted in widespread shortages, high prices, and rationing of coal in January and February.
In the spring of 1927, the river broke out of its banks in 145 places, during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km2) to a depth of up to 30 feet (9.1 m).
In 1962 and 1963, industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons (13,000,000 L) of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin, creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control water pollution.
On October 20, 1976, the automobile ferry, MV George Prince, was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from Destrehan, Louisiana, to Luling, Louisiana. Seventy-eight passengers and crew died; only eighteen survived the accident.
In 1988, the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet (3.0 m) below zero on the Memphis gauge. The remains of wooden-hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres (18,000 m2) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis, Arkansas. They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries. The State of Arkansas, the Arkansas Archeological Survey, and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two-month data recovery effort. The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought.
The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood, primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.
Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997: the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee, and the upper portion around Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri. The Nature Conservancy’s project called “America’s Rivershed Initiative” announced a ‘report card’ assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+. The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems.
In 2002, Slovenian long-distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river, from Minnesota to Louisiana, over the course of 68 days. In 2005, the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society’s Upper Mississippi River Campaign.
Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf. Either of two new routes—through the Atchafalaya Basin or through Lake Pontchartrain—might become the Mississippi’s main channel if flood-control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood.
Failure of the Old River Control Structure, the Morganza Spillway, or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana‘s Atchafalaya Basin and down the Atchafalaya River to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of Morgan City in southern Louisiana. This route provides a more direct path to the Gulf of Mexico than the present Mississippi River channel through Baton Rouge and New Orleans. While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event, such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction, maintenance, and operation of various levees, spillways, and other control structures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The Old River Control Structure, between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin, sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30% of the Mississippi’s flow to the Atchafalaya River. There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi’s main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin. If this facility were to fail during a major flood, there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi’s main channel. The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood, but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play. In particular, the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity. These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973, which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods, such as that of 2011.
Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river, it is normally dry on both sides. Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood, the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location. During the 2011 floods, the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1/4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft3/sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans. In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream, this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system.
Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure. Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated, “The Mississippi wants to go west. 1973 was a forty-year flood. The big one lies out there somewhere—when the structures can’t release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way. That is when the river’s going to jump its banks and try to break through.”
Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans. This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway, built to reduce flooding in New Orleans. This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4–6 meters (12 to 20 feet) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new, shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico. Diversion of the Mississippi’s main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion, but to a lesser extent, since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area.
The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin. Ralph Samuelson of Lake City, Minnesota, created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922. He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph (130 km/h) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year.
There are seven National Park Service sites along the Mississippi River. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other six National Park Service sites along the river are (listed from north to south):
- Effigy Mounds National Monument
- Gateway Arch National Park (includes Gateway Arch)
- Vicksburg National Military Park
- Natchez National Historical Park
- New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park
- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin, far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate/subtropical regions, except the Yangtze. Within the Mississippi basin, streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species. Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics, as well as relicts such as paddlefish, sturgeon, gar and bowfin.
Because of its size and high species diversity, the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions. The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species, including walleye, sauger, large mouth bass, small mouth bass, white bass, northern pike, bluegill, crappie, channel catfish, flathead catfish, common shiner, freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon.
In addition to fish, several species of turtles (such as snapping, musk, mud, map, cooter, painted and softshell turtles), American alligator, aquatic amphibians (such as hellbender, mudpuppy, three-toed amphiuma and lesser siren), and cambarid crayfish (such as the red swamp crayfish) are native to the Mississippi basin.
Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive. Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp, including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior. They have spread throughout much of the basin, even approaching (but not yet invading) the Great Lakes. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil.
- Herman Melville‘s novel The Confidence-Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales-style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel down the Mississippi River. The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise.
- Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River. One of his first major works, Life on the Mississippi, is in part a history of the river, in part a memoir of Twain’s experiences on the river, and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river. Twain’s most famous work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is largely a journey down the river. The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence, escape, freedom, and adventure.
- William Faulkner uses the Mississippi River and Delta as the setting for many hunts throughout his novels. It has been proposed that in Faulkner’s famous story The Bear, young Ike first begins his transformation into a man, thus relinquishing his birthright to land in Yoknapatawpha County through his realizations found within the woods surrounding the Mississippi River.
- Much of Edna Ferber‘s 1926 novel Show Boat takes place on the Mississippi River. The novel is the basis for the 1927 musical play of the same title by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II.
- Jonathan Raban‘s Old Glory: An American Voyage, a 1981 travel book describing the author’s single-handed journey by boat down the river, was the winner of The Royal Society of Literature‘s Heinemann Award and the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award.
- The song “When the Levee Breaks“, made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zeppelin IV, was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927.
- Ferde Grofé composed a set of movements for symphony orchestra entitled “Mississippi Suite“, based on the lands the river travels through.
- “Ghost,” a song by Indigo Girls, mentions the “mighty” Mississippi and its watershed’s relative narrowness.
- The stage and movie musical Show Boat's central musical piece is the spiritual-influenced ballad “Ol’ Man River“. Its composer, Jerome Kern, also composed an orchestral piece entitled “Mark Twain Suite”.
- The musical Big River is based on the travels of Huckleberry Finn down the river.
- The Johnny Cash song “Big River” is about the Mississippi River, and about drifting the length of the river to pursue a relationship that fails. The places mentioned in the song are Saint Paul, Davenport, St. Louis, Memphis, Baton Rouge and New Orleans.
- “Louisiana 1927” is a 1974 song written and recorded by Randy Newman on the album Good Old Boys. It tells the story of the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 which left 700,000 people homeless in Louisiana and Mississippi.
- Illinois-born singer Lissie has a song called Oh Mississippi dedicated to the river.
- “Roll On Mississippi” and “Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town” are two classics from Charley Pride that refer to the Mississippi River.
- The late Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn collaborated on the song “Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man“.
- Paul Simon mentions the river and the Mississippi Delta in his song “Graceland“.
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- List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River
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- Hobbs, H.H., Jr. (1989). “An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae, Cambaridae, and Parastacidae)”. Smithsonian Journal of Zoology. 480 (480): 1–236. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.480.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Matheny, K. (December 23, 2016). “Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan”. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
- “Designation of Infested Waters”. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
- Ambrose, Stephen. The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation: From the Louisiana Purchase to Today (National Geographical Society, 2002) heavily illustrated
- Anfinson, John O.; Thomas Madigan; Drew M. Forsberg; Patrick Nunnally (2003). The River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. OCLC 53911450.
- Anfinson, John Ogden. Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River (US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1994)
- Bartlett, Richard A. (1984). Rolling rivers: an encyclopedia of America’s rivers. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-003910-0. OCLC 10807295.
- Botkin, Benjamin Albert. A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore: stories, ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country (1984).
- Carlander, Harriet Bell. A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River (PhD Diss. Iowa State College, 1954) online (PDF)
- Daniel, Pete. Deep’n as it come: The 1927 Mississippi River flood (University of Arkansas Press, 1977)
- Fremling, Calvin R. Immortal river: the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times (U. of Wisconsin Press, 2005), popular history
- Milner, George R. “The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley: Foundations, florescence, and fragmentation.” Journal of World Prehistory (1990) 4#1 pp: 1–43.
- Morris, Christopher. The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina (Oxford University Press; 2012) 300 pages; links drought, disease, and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river.
- Penn, James R. (2001). Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-042-5. OCLC 260075679.
- Smith, Thomas Ruys (2007). River of dreams: imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3233-3. OCLC 182615621.
- Scott, Quinta (2010). The Mississippi: A Visual Biography. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1840-7. OCLC 277196207.
- Pasquier, Michael (2013). Gods of the Mississippi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-2530-0806-0.
- Mississippi River, project of the American Land Conservancy
- Flood management in the Mississippi River
- Friends of the Mississippi River
- Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MN) from the NPS
- “Mark Twain’s Mississippi”, from the digital library of Northern Illinois University
- Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi, the alternative course for the river, and the various control structures and floodways
- Lower Mississippi Valley – Engineering Geology Mapping Program – PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries.
- Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map
- “Old Man River Loses His Kinks” , April 1942, Popular Science article on 1930-40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez
- The short film “The River (1938)” is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- The short film “The River (Part II) (1937)” is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- The short film “The Valley of the Giant: Mississippi River story” is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- Geographic data related to Mississippi River at OpenStreetMap
- Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River, University of Minnesota, 2009
- MRTIS – Mississippi River Traffic Information System | <urn:uuid:60350146-154d-4002-9014-03ef71801baa> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://oksuvcw.org/?page_id=201&rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMississippi_River | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583897417.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123044447-20190123070447-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.908535 | 19,673 | 3.6875 | 4 |
I and N are both unlikely in the general population. (1/4 for each.) Both are strongly selected for in computer programming. Programming also selects for T over F, but T is not rare in the general population. Therefore INT? is over-represented in programming.
As an extrovert I'm painfully aware of how my personality and profession don't always get along...
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How Long Does A Whooping Cough Last
A disease that generates severe coughing and it may possibly last for a long while is known as whooping cough. This coughing is so severe that it usually causes a pain in your rib cage and can hurt it badly. It is also known as pertussis. It is known to be contagious can its germs can transfer from person to persononly by coughing within a small distance. Whooping cough is known to cause other deadly diseases which sometimes aren’t curable, like pneumonia. Whooping cough could be cured if treated in the early stages with utmost care and under a physician’s observation.
Back in the day whooping cough was known to be the reason of the death of around 5000 to 10,000 people in United States of America each year but luckily with the enhancement in technology and medicines this number has reduced to less than 30 per year. Even though the occurring of whooping cough is not bound to an age group, it usually happens to the unimmunized children who are less than 1 year old. Proper immunization can prevent the babies from suffering from whooping cough in future. Reports have also concluded that it happens almost as frequently to aged people and people who are chain smokers.
Whooping cough’s symptoms are same as of those you get during a common cold. It is just that these symptoms keep getting severe with the passage of time, resulting in a severe whopping cough. The question here stands that how long does whooping cough lasts? Normally the coughing lasts for about 1 to 2 weeks but again it completely depends on the severity of it.
Usually upon the visibility of the symptoms and later the change in them, people ask questions like how long does the whooping cough last? Doctors around the world have conducted many researches which have generated a conclusion that a lot of times the fact of how long does the whooping cough last depends on the contagiousness. Pertussis is a very contagious disease as the bacteria doesn’t take very long to spread from one person to another. This keeps the cycle of bacteria transferring intact, hence making it very difficult for the whooping cough to get a complete cure. The incubation period which is the time span between the infection and the visibility and severity of the symptoms for the whooping cough is about 7 to 10 days, but in worst cases it may go on for as long as 21 to 25 days.
The answer to the question of how long does the whooping cough last is also dependent on the prevention that is taken. Proper vaccination and medication with avoiding the use of any cold food (edibles or beverages) can prevent the severity and will help in reducing the days of healing. It is also important to take all the medicines with a doctor’s consent and also visit the doctor time to time to check the status of the whooping cough. This will answer your frequently asked question of how long does the whooping cough last and also keep you updated so that you can take precautions accordingly. | <urn:uuid:75bac874-975b-4255-97c6-91442686d562> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.howlongdoes.com/health/how-long-does-a-whooping-cough-last/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769328.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00076-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978305 | 614 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Harvard boffins build cyborg skin of flesh and nanowires
Man and machine become one
Humanity has taken another step down the path of the Borg with the invention of the first flesh containing a functional nanowire sensor network that's biocompatible with the human body.
"With this technology, for the first time, we can work at the same scale as the unit of biological system without interrupting it," team leader Charles Lieber, the Mark Hyman Jr. Professor of Chemistry at Harvard, told the Harvard Gazette. "Ultimately, this is about merging tissue with electronics in a way that it becomes difficult to determine where the tissue ends and the electronics begin."
A team from Harvard University has built the cyborg flesh by laying out a 3D grid of nanowires and small sensors and then growing tissue around them. The group has got as far as building blood vessels with the technique that can measure pH levels, as well as a chunk of rat neurons, heart cells, and muscle that can be used to test drugs.
"Previous efforts to create bioengineered sensing networks have focused on two-dimensional layouts, where culture cells grow on top of electronic components, or on conformal layouts, where probes are placed on tissue surfaces,” said team member Bozhi Tian.
"It is desirable to have an accurate picture of cellular behavior within the 3-D structure of a tissue, and it is also important to have nanoscale probes to avoid disruption of either cellular or tissue architecture."
The next step is to build these nanowire systems so that they can not only monitor, but also control the tissue they are built into. The field has possibilities for building prosthetic devices that can link up with human nerve tissue, or even organs that could be implanted and controlled by the recipient.
It might also lead to the creation of an army of cyborg warriors to destroy mankind, although the researchers left that last part out. El Reg suspects that Reading University's Captain Cyborg is already frothing at the mouth with eagerness. ® | <urn:uuid:f96519a1-fd10-42f9-8218-d5688041fb6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/30/harvard_cyborg_skin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.964016 | 421 | 3.21875 | 3 |
|A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
A condition of kidney failure is characterized by fluid retention in the body. Excessive fluids accumulate in the blood stream, lungs, heart cavity and various other sites in the body. This condition manifests itself visibly in the form of puffiness and swelling of the body. The fundamental aspect to be remembered by patients of kidney failure or their caretakers is that excessive quantity of sodium and fluids can lead to immensely detrimental consequences.
End stage renal disease denotes the stage where the kidney completely stops its functioning and the chances of survival are only offered by dialysis or kidney transplantation. Avoiding certain foods and taking good care of one’s diet can not only prolong the advent of this end stage but can also help to survive with dialysis for a longer period of time.
The first food component that needs to be restricted in the diet is sodium. Foods with high levels of sodium include cured meats such as ham, sausage, bacon and corned beef, most cheeses, fast foods, pickles, bouillon cubes, soy sauce, and most Chinese or oriental foods. Sodium is an essential preservative for packaging food products. Therefore, it would be prudent to avoid canned or packaged food such as cereal, bread, baking mixes and most canned vegetables. If unavoidable, one should thoroughly rinse such food to wash off the extra sodium. Patients of renal failure should opt for white cheese, unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and fresh vegetables and fruits.
The intake of fluids also needs to be regulated in patients with kidney failure. The usual limitation set by doctors for such patients is about four to 8 cups at the max each day. Apart from water, the term ‘fluid’ includes juices, ice cream, gelatin desserts and water melon. Foods rich in potassium can also be harmful for renal failure. Foods to be avoided in this category include nuts, avocados, potatoes, winter squash, inclusive of pumpkins, oranges, kiwi, peaches, apricots; and dried fruits, lentils and beans.
More Articles : | <urn:uuid:83b09fe8-040e-4fa1-b273-ea41427722c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.rocketswag.com/health/disease/k/kidney-failure/Foods-To-Avoid-With-Kidney-Failure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00489-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93889 | 445 | 3.234375 | 3 |
DVMs partner with human microsurgeon to reverse vasectomy
Minnesota, a Przewalski's horse, was vasectomized in 1999 before being brought to the National Zoo in 2006. At the time, he wasn't an important part of the gene pool for his species, which was declared extinct in the wild in 1970. But after a review of the 1,500 horses kept at zoos around the world, it was determined that Minnesota's genetic contribution is highly valuable to the continuation of the species.
Dr. Budhan Pukazhenthi, a reproductive scientist who worked as a veterinarian in his native India, and Dr. Luis Padilla, an associate veterinarian, both of the National Zoo's Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Va., took on the case and began researching how they could reverse Minnesota's seemingly permanent sterile condition.
Almost immediately, both reached out to a human fertility specialist they knew could help — Dr. Sherman Silber, director of the Infertility Center of St. Louis.
"When this problem was presented to me with this particular stallion, the first name that popped into my head was Dr. Silber," says Pukazhenthi, adding that Silber has performed thousands of reverse vasectomies on humans and also had worked with St. Louis zoos, reversing the vasectomies of South American bush dogs and primates.
Silber signed onto the project without hesitation, donating his and his staff's expertise.
"Anytime you can apply clinical work and clinical science beyond that realm to the animal world, it's really thrilling, Silber says. "For horse lovers everywhere, I think it's kind of thrilling to bring back from almost extinction the progenitor of their favorite animal."
In their first attempt in March 2007, Padilla says he and Silber tried approaching the surgery while Minnesota was on his side. But heavy scar tissue from the original vasectomy and his positioning made things difficult.
"There was just no way we could get adequate access," Silber says.
A test a few months later proved the surgery was unsuccessful. So the doctors began to brainstorm and decided they could risk a dorsal surgery, with Minnesota on his back, but only for a limited time.
For human patients, a reverse vasectomy can take up to two hours, Silber says. But in the dorsal position, he only had one hour to complete his challenge.
"We had to know exactly what we were doing because we could only have him on his back for an hour," Silber says. "We didn't really have thinking time in this situation; we just had to move."
In October 2007, with the help of gravity in the dorsal position, Silber says he had better access. The biggest problem he faced in moving from humans to animals, he says, was the tougher scrotal skin in animals. Entering through the groin instead of the scrotum, a technique he discovered working with the dogs and primates, helped, Silber says.
Six months later, the doctors discovered their work paid off when a semen sample from Minnesota proved he could sire more of his species.
"Animals are so precious, we don't try anything on animals we haven't tested on humans," Silber jokes before becoming serious. "I've always dreamed of using my expertise to contribute in some way to wildlife survival. It also was exciting to pioneer a new procedure for which humans were the test animal."
Not every species-management program will want to attempt the procedure, Padilla says, but adds it's another option. Other options for species management that are less permanent, like gender separation and hormone treatments, can present other problems, Pukazhenthi says. Vasectomies are the most effective way to control zoo populations, which is critical with exotic and large animals because the institutions that can care for them only have so much space and resources.
The doctors plan to release a detailed report on the procedure, but have not yet decided when and where it will be published.
In the meantime, Minnesota is being lined up against several possible mates. The species' current population is based on only 14 animals. The Przewalski's horse, native to China and Mongolia, is being reintroduced into the wild in small groups throughout Asia. | <urn:uuid:f7fe351b-9276-4a58-9319-7b5d1d55b155> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvms-partner-with-human-microsurgeon-reverse-vasectomy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718311.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00405-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980573 | 888 | 2.53125 | 3 |
First of two parts.
In 1968, John H. Dales, an obscure Canadian economics professor, came back from a sabbatical determined to write a book that would lay out a new approach to solve the problems of pollution.
He was weary of industries arguing how their emissions did very little harm to the environment. He was equally weary of environmental groups presenting themselves as the forces of good in a battle against greed and evil.
Dales, a modest, soft-spoken man, started out his book, "Pollution, Property & Prices," by saying it contained "virtually no factual information and very little in the way of outraged denunciation of evil."
It was a purely academic exercise for Dales, who died in 2007 after a lengthy illness. As far as he knew in 1968, when his book was first published by the University of Toronto Press, the ideas he presented were not likely to go very far. Friends describe Dales as a thinker, definitely not a promoter.
Yet this was not a modest proposition. It was the beginning of what we now call "cap and trade." Dales invented a market where companies traded government-issued permits granting them rights to emit a certain amount of pollutant, permits that gradually declined over time. While few people recall the paternity of this idea, 43 years later cap and trade is rapidly spreading around the world as a useful and politically palatable tool to limit emissions of gases that cause climate change.
The European Union's economywide Emissions Trading System covers more than 11,500 factories and utilities in 30 nations and generates trading volumes worth more than $300 million a year. California is about to launch its version of a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases. Utilities in the upper East Coast are operating their form of it. Twenty-three Midwestern and Eastern states trade permits that reduce nitrogen oxides. Another 29 states trade credits that promote the use of renewable energy.
Then there is China, which has pilot trading programs under way and aims at a national program somewhere around 2015. New Zealand started its program last summer, and Australia's Parliament just signaled approval for its plan. South Korea, Brazil, Japan and Switzerland are moving ahead with theirs.
Republicans get whiplash
The oddest turn in this twisting tale of policy formation is that it was the United States that first introduced cap and trade on an international level. It did that after two Republican administrations led by Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush successfully used cap-and-trade schemes to get the lead out of gasoline and to rid the air of unhealthy sulfur pollutants that caused acid rain.
But now the United States stands as an outlier. The rapid turnabout has given several Republican presidential candidates political whiplash, forcing them to admit that they once supported the idea, but now they don't. One of the biggest former enthusiasts was former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty, who was bludgeoned out of the race by Rep. Michele Bachmann (Minn.). "When it came to cap and trade, I fought it with everything that was in me," she remarked during a recent debate.
The ferocity over his issue would have shocked Dales, whose idea was that a gradually shrinking number of permits to pollute would change the political game. Companies that invested in cleaner technology and reduced their emissions would have excess permits to sell to help them pay for it. Companies that simply wanted to hang on could, as long they bought more permits.
As for environmental groups, Dales reasoned they could simply put their money where their mouths were and buy permits and retire them. That would accelerate the shrinkage of pollutants. Thus, Dales concluded, "at least part of the guerrilla warfare between conservationists and polluters could be transferred into a civilized 'war with dollars'; both groups would, I think, learn something in the process."
The adventures of a non-promoter
The fact that his father's idea has spun around the world still shocks Dales' son, John Robert Dales, now an importer and wholesaler in Toronto. "That book just sat there for quite a while. Father was a pure academic in the sense that he was never going to be promoting the idea."
His father wrote the book, then took early retirement and went back to his other pursuits, which included "bird watching and plant watching," his son recalls. "He was a man who lived in his mind more than anywhere else."
Dales, who earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University, was no shrinking violet when it came to defending his ideas, though. "He could be rough on anyone whose logic was fuzzy," his son recalled.
Don Dewees, a fellow economics professor at the University of Toronto in the 1970s, remembers Dales spent a lot of his time on campus talking with engineering and science experts to learn more about pollution. In seminars and meetings, when the subject came up, Dales had a tendency to take over the discussion.
"He had a clear vision of the problem and the solution," recalled Dewees. "John had his own starting point, and he would begin there and carry on through. With an audience who were not economists, he would expect them to catch up quickly."
In 2002, after cap and trade had been used in the United States to get the lead out of gasoline and remove sulfur dioxide from the air, the decision was made to republish Dales' slim (111-page), elegantly written book. The reason for that was that cap and trade was now being discussed as the world's solution to the problem of climate change.
While Dales wrote mostly about water and air pollution. He -- like the rest of the world in 1968 -- appears to have had only a vague notion of how carbon dioxide and other accumulating forms of man-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere might damage the planet.
Success finds many 'fathers'
In the final pages of "Pollution, Property & Prices," he mentions "the possibility that the exhausts of high-flying supersonic aircraft may lead to an increasing carbon-dioxide cloud over the world, and a consequent rise in temperature sufficient to melt polar ice caps and flood coastal populations."
There was a private celebration at the university when the second edition was published. Dales was there, but by then he may not have fully known what all the fuss was about. "At that point, he'd been retired for quite some time. His health was not wonderful," recalled Dewees.
In 2005, Dales' idea had become still more popular. "We'd go to a conference on emissions trading, and it was astonishing the number of people who would just stand up and claim they invented emissions trading," remembered Thaddeus Heutteman, who operates an Atlanta-based company that does market analysis of emissions trading.
To clarify matters, Heutteman and other members of the fledgling Environmental Markets Association created the John H. Dales Memorial award, an annual prize that is given to people who best carried on Dales' dream of using natural market forces to curb pollution.
John Robert Dales, who does business with Chinese companies in his importing business, was there to accept the first award on behalf of his father. According to his notes of his talk, he told the assembled traders that the time would come when China would seize the idea.
"Then the deep cultural penchant for trading in China will take over. I would expect rapid innovation in the field of pollution control once China gets at it," he predicted.
Tomorrow: the winding road to China.
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E&E is the leading source for comprehensive, daily coverage of environmental and energy politics and policy.
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Uglies Man and the Natural World Quotes
How we cite our quotes: (Chapter.Paragraph)
Then she saw the stumps at the edges of the settlement, and gasped. "Trees...," she whispered in horror. "You cut down trees."
Shay squeezed her hand. "Only in this valley. It seems weird at first, but it's the way the pre-Rusties lived too, you know? And we're planting more on the other side of the mountain, pushing into the orchids." (24.3-4)
The Smokies have a complex relationship to the natural world: they plant new trees, but they also have to cut down old trees. It's a delicate balancing act, with "starving without technology" on one side and "destroying the world through meddling" on the other. (That sounds like an awesome circus.)
Life was much more intense than in the city. She bathed in a river so cold that she had to jump in screaming, and she ate food pulled from the fire hot enough to burn her tongue, which city food never did. Of course, she missed shampoo that didn't sting her eyes, and flush toilets (she'd learned to her horror what "latrines" were), and mostly medspray. (28.4)
Here's why we love Tally, because she can see both the good and the bad in a situation. So, living much closer to the natural world means that things are more interesting and intense in a good way. (Kind of like that time she rode the roller coaster with Shay—it was intense and fun to be scared.) But on the downside, there's no good shampoo and no medspray. Love that medspray!
The Smokies hunted, but they were like the rangers, killing only species that didn't belong in this part of the world or that had gotten out of control thanks to the Rusties' meddling. (28.6)
So the Smokies are totally good in relation to the environment, right? They hunt, but only non-native species; they cut down trees, but they plant more; and they don't even pour toxic material into the river, like normal cities. Great, but is it sustainable? What if they fix all the "Rusties' meddling"—how will they reorganize their society to maintain nature instead of changing it? | <urn:uuid:823876e6-4a84-4e23-a058-9c430ab44c49> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.shmoop.com/uglies/man-natural-world-quotes-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982969890.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200929-00062-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973706 | 500 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Introduction Designed in collaboration between architects Waugh Thistleton, structural engineers Techniker, and timber panel manufacturer KLH, Stadthaus, a nine-storey residential building in Hackney, London, is thought to be the tallest timber residential structure in the world. Stadthaus is the first high density housing building to be built from pre-fabricated cross-laminated timber panels. It is the first building in the world of this height to construct not only load-bearing walls and floor slabs but also stair and lift cores entirely from timwber. Waugh Thistleton are committed to reducing the environmental impact of architecture. In the endeavour to build buildings that reduce our impact on the planet we see it as vital not only to consider the energy usage over the life of the building but also the energy expended in producing the building. For some years we have been researching the use of solid timber structures in housing to replace the accepted route of concrete and steel. Timber stores 0.8 tonnes of carbon within 1 cubic metre and is a replenishable material. In comparison the production of both concrete and steel are one-way energy intensive processes that release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The panels can also be easily demounted and used as an energy source at the end of the building’s life. So the case for timber was made to the client and the local authority both in terms of the environmental consideration and potential economies to cost and programme. Design approach The form of the design was predetermined by a number of factors. Previous architects had received two planning refusals on the site and as a result the acceptable parameters for the building’s approval were clearly defined. The site area is 17m x 17m and bound on all sides by other residential buildings. An extrusion of the site area set the building’s plan form and the height at nine stories was set as a maximum, before over shadowing would become an issue. It was a requirement from client Metropolitan Housing Trust that a separate ground floor entrance was provided for the affordable units, this resulted in a mirrored floor plan from east to west, with an identical entrance to each aspect. Both tenures are served by an individual staircase and lift. The five upper storeys are designated for private sale and the three lower storeys for social housing. The majority of social housing is made up of family apartments, which overlook the play area to the rear of the building. Housebuilder Telford Homes specifically required that the interiors were consistent with a standard developer specification, which means that inside the apartments feel completely conventional, belying the revolutionary nature of their structure. Construction Method: The building was assembled using a structural cross-laminated timber panel system. The timber panels are produced in Austria by KLH using Spruce planks glued together with a non-toxic adhesive. The waste timber is converted to fuel powering both the factory and local village. Each panel is prefabricated including cutouts for windows and doors and routed service channels. As the panels arrived on site they were immediately craned into position and fixed in place. Four carpenters assembled the eight-storey structure in twenty-seven days. The speed of the construction in such a densely populated environment is especially relevant, as was the lack of noise and waste, creating far less intrusion on the local community than a traditional concrete frame construction. Designing a building constructed from load bearing panels creates a number of opportunities. Any internal wall can become a party wall and have a significant portion removed from the surface area as openings. This simple flexibility allowed for different plan types up and down the building and an animated façade where windows were placed according to the best advantage. Typically a new technology in construction provides a reduced volume of building material; lighter weights produce cheaper faster buildings. The impression of solidity once inside this building is evident, the interior spaces and the acoustic they give off affirm a sense of place and home. Traditional trades and methods followed on once the structure of each floor was complete. The enthusiasm of the work force for the construction and the ease of the build was a benefit beyond those we anticipated. The building was completed in 49 weeks, estimated to be a saving of five months over a notional concrete frame construction and occupied ahead of programme in January 2009. Sustainability Using a bulk timber panel system affects the carbon footprint of the building in three ways. Firstly, the production of cement produces 870 kg of carbon dioxide. This equates to 237 kg of carbon per tonne. We have estimated that if this building were to be a concrete structure, it would contain approximately 950 cubic metres of concrete. This would require 285 tonnes of cement and would, therefore, produce approximately 67,500 kg of carbon. Additionally, the production of steel produces 1750 kg of carbon dioxide, which is 477 kg of carbon per tonne. It is estimated that the building would, if built in reinforced concrete, require about 120 tonnes of steel, the production of which would have generated 57,250 kg of carbon. We have used 901 cubic metres of timber within the building. Timber absorbs carbon throughout its natural life and continues to store that carbon when cut. The fabric of Stdathaus will store over 186,000 kg of carbon. Thus, our chosen construction method has resulted in a reduction in the carbon load of the building of 67,500 + 57,250 + 186,000 = 310,750 kg of carbon. This is equivalent to over 310 tonnes of carbon. The estimated carbon dioxide produced in the generation of the energy for the building, including the transportation of the timber panels from Austria, is 10,000 kg/c/yr. This has been entirely offset by the building’s carbon saving for some 21 years. Building high in timber Concerns associated with timber buildings are predominantly related to acoustics and fire protection. Timber buildings are classified as poor in terms of their acoustic performance due to the light structure as compared to reinforced concrete and masonry. However, cross-laminated solid timber panels have a significantly higher density than timber frame buildings. They provide a solid structural core on which different, independent and separating layers can be added. This layering principal overcomes any acoustic or sound transfer issues. In Stadthaus an economic layering strategy of stud walls, floating floor build-ups and suspended ceilings, gave sound attenuation far in excess of building regulations (58 - 60db). Regulations in Europe have meant there are no precedents for Stadthaus. However, architectural and engineering methods in timber construction pioneered by Waugh Thistleton and Techniker are now accepted internationally. By gaining the necessary certificates from both NHBC and BRE, both of which treated Stadthaus as a pilot scheme, we consider that timber panels are the building material of an environmentally conscious future. | <urn:uuid:a61fb0f5-038a-485d-967e-4228b69d08b7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://archello.com/project/stadthaus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.960853 | 1,385 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Have you ever noticed commercial buildings with lighting that changes through a range of colors and patterns at different locations on the structure and wondered how that works? Have you ever thought about what kind of system would allow you to control lighting and scheduling? We are going to discuss lighting control systems and hopefully shed some light on how it all works.
What is a Lighting Control System?
We all use lighting control systems every day in the form of a single light switch or a dimmer in our homes and offices. It is a very rudimentary lighting control system and is effective for a single room or space. But, if you are managing a commercial building and need to control lighting externally on the building or internally - in various rooms on various floors at different times of the day - the need for a control system where everything can be managed on an app or web app becomes evident.
Lighting control systems consist of intelligent network-based solutions that incorporate electronic communication between various system inputs and outputs associated with lighting control using a central computer or devices. There is a widespread use of lighting control systems for both indoor and outdoor lighting in commercial, industrial, and residential buildings. The term smart lighting is sometimes used to describe lighting control systems. The purpose of lighting control systems is to provide the right amount of light at the right time.
The primary goal of lighting control systems is to increase energy savings from the lighting system, satisfy building codes, and/or comply with energy conservation and green building programs. Lighting control systems can include technologies designed to reduce energy costs, improve convenience, and provide security. The fixtures may be high efficiency and the controls may be automated based on conditions like occupancy or daylight availability. As the name implies, lighting refers to the deliberate application of light to accomplish some aesthetic or practical effect (e.g. illuminating a security breach). Lighting consists of task lighting, accent lighting, and general lighting. (Wikipedia, read Sept. 2022)
Security Considerations with Control Systems
Since lighting control systems have become more sophisticated and are network connected, they can be at risk for a cyber attack and can also provide entry for a hacker to attack other information technology (IT) systems on that network. For improved energy and operational efficiency connected or Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being incorporated into building systems. But, there are major cyber security concerns with devices that have an Internet Protocol (IP) address and communicate outside the building. Potential attacks on “connected” or “smart” lighting systems can come in the following forms:
A vectoring attack occurs when an intruder gains access to one unsecured networked system through another network. Vectoring can be limited by securing systems, encrypting data, authenticating users, and implementing air gaps between critical systems
- Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack involves overloading a website with traffic from multiple sources in order to render it unavailable. It has been documented that lighting technologies can be used in DDoS attacks, but these products tend to be residential in nature (e.g., WiFi-enabled light bulbs). You should consult your facility's information technology (IT) department before connecting any lighting devices with IP addresses to a network. Before allowing the device to be used, IT departments might test it.
Data packets (units of data) are vulnerable to being intercepted by attackers in systems that do not use encrypted protocols. Because the packet is not encrypted, the information in the packet (e.g., lighting output value) could be maliciously modified by the attacker (e.g., turning off the lights in a government office). First, seek out an encrypted system. If the system is not encrypted, incorporate a virtual LAN (VLAN) between the light fixtures and gateways or network switches.
There are exciting improvements in energy efficiency and operational efficiency associated with connected lighting systems, but it is important to ensure that they are cyber secure. It is important to ensure physical security with legacy lighting systems as well. IP-based devices are the most vulnerable. It is possible to mitigate this risk using 128-bit encryption or virtual local area networks to secure equipment communications, as well as selecting equipment with strong authentication measures. Lighting sensors used in commissioning lighting systems should also be turned off once commissioning is complete. A more sophisticated system will use advanced controls, such as PoE and cloud-based systems. (Energy.gov, 2018)
Cloud-based Scheduling and Control
There are exciting advances being made in the field of lighting scheduling and control in the form of cloud-based software for scheduling and control of API-based lighting systems to manage complex installations in commercial buildings, entertainment venues, bridges, and other structures. For owners, maintenance, and administrative personnel, the ability to control API-based, Internet Connected lighting control systems from any web-connected device is a game-changer.
The Silverlogic has partnered with a client to develop a mobile responsive web app called Lumentender® that is a first mover in the cloud-based scheduling and controlling of commercial-scale lighting systems. Its ease of use and ability to manage multiple lighting systems from any browser, and schedule daily lighting events have caught the attention of some of the largest lighting manufacturers. According to our client, there is no comparable alternative to Lumentender® in the current market space:
- Allows users to manage multiple lighting systems
- Users can create custom scenes and scene combinations
- Users can schedule daily and special lighting events
- Users can take live control and manually trigger lighting scenes
- Lumentender® works across multiple supported lighting manufacturers
A recent partnership agreement with a market leader in innovative and advanced lighting technology furthers Lumentender's goal to deliver the ability to easily and precisely schedule and control high-performance lighting systems from any web-connected device. (uslightingtrends.com, August 31, 2022) | <urn:uuid:91a16490-5f94-43db-bf72-84ed6264e1dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://blog.tsl.io/introduction-to-lighting-control-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500151.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204173912-20230204203912-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.937248 | 1,215 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Describes processes of heat exchange and the units of heat.
Quiz on Exothermic and Endothermic Processes Quiz
To describe images using words using Visual Literacy.
To encourage students to generate questions, activate their prior knowledge, and collect information to answer their own questions using a Question and Answer Table.
Find out how exothermic reactions and supersaturated solutions make hand warmers possible.
Has many practice problems on temperature change and energy.
View a review video at this link on endothermic and exothermic reaction. | <urn:uuid:00048116-df21-4878-a921-e4ce0ff9be81> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.ck12.org/chemistry/Exothermic-and-Endothermic-Processes/?difficulty=at+grade&by=ck12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261771.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00114-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.830687 | 113 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Cepsa women referents support the inclusion of female students in scientific careers
70 women with STEM profiles who work in the company go to training centers to share their experience and become references
BY RRHHDigital, 12:15 – 14 March 2021
The women leaders of the Spanish company Cepsa brought their experience and professional career to different classrooms across the country, with the aim of breaking down gender stereotypes in technical science careers and encouraging young students to choose a future job. which has only 17% of women. technological positions.
This initiative stems from the alliance between the Cepsa Foundation and the Inspiring Girls Foundation and aims to promote the professional ambition of girls in careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), since in Spain, only 30% of graduates in these disciplines are women. , based on a Randstad report.
“Testimonials like mine, what they can do is, rather than convincing, open all possible opportunities to girls,” Toro Martnez, Head of Information Systems Projects at Cepsa, told Efe Monste. A STEM volunteer taught students at IES Baha Marbella to eliminate stigma in this area.
One of the objectives of these meetings is to ensure that the girls “can choose freely” despite the fact that “they do not have many references” in certain formative branches in which, in Toro’s opinion, the presence of women in this type of training is “much smaller”.
For her part, Marbell High School counselor Leticia Lpez commented that the way to try to bridge the “gender gap” in the choice of studies and professions is to “give them female-inspired role models. In current areas of lower prevalence. women. | <urn:uuid:3a8216e1-12a8-4404-bece-953059f23439> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://bcfocus.com/cepsa-women-referents-support-the-inclusion-of-female-students-in-scientific-careers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057091.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920191528-20210920221528-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.938263 | 367 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In January, over 30 authors published a new report on the status of the world’s primates. The title gave a bleak prognosis: “Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates.” This week, co-hosts Chris Askew-Merwin andBen Finkel ask why primates matter and how we can preserve them. We sat down in the studio with two Michigan primatologists and conservationists: Dr. Andrew Marshall, professor in the anthropology, Program in the Environment, and School of Natural Resource and Environment, and Julie Jarvey, member of the Gelada Research Project based here at the University of Michigan.
Our conversation delves into the unique role primates play in our understanding of tropical ecology. Marshall shares with us lessons learned in his research including a new edited volume: An Introduction to Primate Conservation, as wells a work in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. Jarvey fills us in on what’s happening with a unique primate population on the other side of the world: the gelada monkeys of the Ethiopian highlands.
We also talk actions and solutions, from guidelines for being a tourist visiting primate countries, to being consumers here at home. Jarvey shares with us some outreach, including the hilarious and educational Gelada Rap video.
Between telling stories on global issues and primate behavior, we play some monkey-themed tunes from the Kinks, Simon & Garfunkel, and the Rolling Stones. If you love the content we provide on It’s Hot in Here,please consider donating to WCBN during our fundraising week. There are some neat premiums being offered in exchange for donations, and it’s your support that helps us continue to bring you this show!
In this week’s episode co-hosts Chris Askew-Merwin and Malavika Sahai talk food and power, with a focus on corporate control over the food industry. This conversation is based on an interview we air between Malavika and guest Phil Howard from Michigan State University, a professor and sociologist studying food markets and food systems. He has a new book out, entitled Concentration and Power in the Food System: Who Controls What We Eat?, and is perhaps most famous for his widely-circulated infographics about concentration of ownership in the food system. They talk taking back power through consumer purchasing power and sustainable movements in pre-existing markets.
The conversation between Malavika and Phil got us thinking about a previous show we had on sustainability in the craft beer industry, from November 2015. We review a clip from the episode, A Cultural Shift to Conservation, with Kris Spaulding of Brewery Vivant in which she discusses being a LEED certified brewery and profit sharing at Brewery Vivant.
Along with these fabulous content-rich interviews, we play some groovy tunes from Weird Al Yankovic and The Beatles. If you love the content we provide on It’s Hot in Here, please consider donating to WCBN during our fundraising week. There are some pretty neat premiums being offered in exchange for donations, and it’s your support that helps us continue to bring you this show!
In this week’s episode host Chris Askew-Merwin and our newest host Audrey Pallmeyer discuss clips from the fantastic panel titled Advancing Environmental Sustainability in the Trump Era which was held on Tuesday, January 31, 2017. The panel was hosted by the U of M’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. The panel is moderated by SNRE’s interim dean, Dan Brown and includes a range of phenomenal thinkers including, Professor Joe Arvai, Professor Rosina Bierbaum, Keith Creagh, Director of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Laura Rubin, Executive Director of the Huron River Watershed Council, and Professor David Uhlmann. Listen as the panelists discuss their fears regarding this new administration and explain their reasons for optimism. If you are feeling worried but don’t know what concerns are valid or if there is any reason to be even slightly optimistic then this is the show for you! For more information about the panel or the panelists click here. To listen to the full panel watch the video below.
This inauguration weekend is coupled with an act of resistance: a Women’s March on Washington with sister marches happening across the globe in solidarity with socially marginalized individuals under a Trump presidency. Traveling all the way from Ann Arbor to be a part of the action are a group of students from our own School of Natural Resources and the Environment at the University of Michigan who were compelled to demonstrate to defend women, the environment, and environmental justice.
Making posters for the march
Our guests Sindhu Bharadwaj, Tyler Fitch, and Katie Williamson reached out to friends in the area for housing, collected their coins for transportation, and made a plan to trek to D.C. and on today’s show discuss some of the nuances of an anti-oppression vs pro-justice framework for social movements. They also critically speak about parallels between The Women’s March and Occupy Wall Street, the impact of activist art, and strategies for keeping up energy and momentum for movements. A lot to take in, including some excellent music from Sleigh Bells, Aimee Mann, and the Dixie Chicks, you won’t want to miss this episode!
Cover photo taken by James Bourland at the Women’s March in Chicago
In this week’s episode of It’s Hot in Here, your host Chris Askew-Merwin investigates the future of transportation by speaking on the phone with Sue Zielinski, Managing Director for SMART (Sustainable Mobility & Accessibility Research & Transformation) at the University of Michigan. Listen as Sue explains how transportation is moving away from a culture of individually owned cars towards a future with a diversity of choices all connected through information technologies allowing consumers like you or I, to effortlessly navigate through urban and rural areas whether by train, plane, bicycle, or car.
Sue Zielinski, Managing Director for SMART
Then enjoy a fascinating pre-recorded lecture by Sue given on Thursday, January 12, 2017 and entitled “The New World of Transportation: Connected, Multi-Modal, and Information-Technology-Enabled.” This lecture was the second part of a 6-lecture series hosted by the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, a University of Michigan institute which hosts educational events for adults to continue their learning. Check out the rest of the lectures they have coming up in the link listed below. Enjoy the show and tune in next week for more environmental news, views, and grooves.
In the third part of our Standing Rock series hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin are joined in studio by returning guests John Petoskey, JD candidate, and Jens Lund, a visiting scholar from Denmark. We are also joined by Becca Lynn a University of Michigan student getting her BA in Sociology. In this segment we discuss the recent progress made at Standing Rock through the efforts of water protectors and debate whether this is major victory or just an incremental piece of progress. Becca shares first-hand experience from Standing Rock and explains how the water protectors have organized themselves and their actions. We debate the impacts that the new presidential administration may have on this struggle, how similar struggles play out in other environments, and how recent political changes are impacting the morale and resolve of the water protectors and their supporters. Tune in also for the amazing Native American and First Nations music we jam to including songs by Sacramento Knoxx, A Tribe Called Red, and Thomas X.
In this week’s episode of It’s Hot in Here, hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin are joined by Bridget Vial, an organizer for Divest and Invest at the U of M and Jens Lund, a visiting scholar from Denmark to discuss the growing movement calling for institutions, cities, and countries around the world to divest their funds from fossil fuel stocks. We also chat with Valeriya Epshteyn, another organizer from Divest and Invest who gives us a great overview of the organization and how it fits into the larger divest movement. Hear Jens talk about international efforts and listen as Bridget gives us a sneak peak at what Divest and Invest are up to in the coming semester. This is a great show. Hope you all enjoy it!
In the second installment of our conversation on Standing Rock we hear about what it’s really like to be on the ground in the camp. First, correspondent Leana Hosea speaks with water protectors at the camp who discuss police presence on the ground and morale as they continue to defend their land. We also listen to some live music from the site. Then, School of Social Work Students Anna Lemler and Maria Ibarra join hosts Chris Askew-Merwin and Malavika Sahai to discuss their experience visiting the Standing Rock camp. They delve into some of the politics of colonization, the negative impact some white activists have had on the camp, and talk about the role that non-Native demonstrators have in the Dakota Access Pipeline struggle. Anna and Maria recently visited the camp and donated supplies collected from University of Michigan students and had firsthand experience working on projects following indigenous leadership on-site. These are some personal accounts you won’t want to miss!
Tune in for an update and discussion from the first week of the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 22) in Marrakech, Morocco. Graduate students Ember McCoy and Ed Waisanen from the School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan join hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin to discuss their perceptions and experiences on the ground at COP 22 in Marrakech. Hear how the representatives from around the world reacted to the news about the surprising presidential election. But this isn’t all doom and gloom. We delve into Ed and Ember‘s experiences as well as clips from a few interviews they conducted and find reasons to be optimistic for the future of the environmental movement and for the fight against climate change. The discussion moves between the happenings at COP 22, the election, climate finance, international relations and even a few bad puns. You sure don’t want to miss this one!
From left to right: Ed, Ember, Cameron (our wizard of a producer), Malavika, and Chris
In the first of our three-part series on the Standing Rock protests we invited two Native American activists and graduate students from the University of Michigan, John Petoskey, JD candidate and Katherine Crocker, PhD candidate to join hosts Malavika Sahai and Chris Askew-Merwin to have a discussion on the evolution of the protest and its place in the larger scope of indigenous rights. Listen and learn about the injustices caused by the Dakota Access Pipeline but also about the threats posed closer to home by Line 5, an oil pipeline that cuts through the Straits of Mackinac. This show explores the legal framework behind Native American protests as well as a fascinating discussion on the responsibility of STEM academics to engage in political and ethical activism. Tune in also for the fantastic music from Native American artists such as Ojibwe rapper Thomas X, Ojibwe / Anishinaabe & Xicano emcee Sacramento Knoxx, and Cree rapper Drezus among others. We hope you enjoy the show and tune in later this month as we put out parts two and three. | <urn:uuid:5c0e0cf3-6353-4110-9469-6eda3b100bd1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.hotinhere.us/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.946268 | 2,390 | 2.625 | 3 |
Seniors hoping to stay sharp in old age are bombarded with recommendations, from doing brainteasers to drinking red wine. But a recent review of research brings sobering news: Currently, there is no good evidence that any supplement, medication, diet or behavior change actually prevents Alzheimer's or other age-related cognitive decline.
Such a grim verdict on a much-dreaded disease might seem like cause for despair. It's not, say researchers.
"The bad news is we have nothing that's been proven to prevent Alzheimer's disease," said Cynthia Carlsson, a professor and Alzheimer's researcher at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, who was not on the panel that reviewed the research. "But the good news is we're really at a tremendous point in understanding more about the disease causes."
For instance, evidence is mounting to suggest Alzheimer's damages the brain well before outward mental impairment shows up. So if doctors had tools to identify these pre-symptomatic individuals, they could start early treatments to help at least slow the mental slide.
Ongoing research has pinpointed several biological markers, or indicators that someone is at risk for Alzheimer's (just as blood pressure is a biomarker for risk for cardiovascular disease). These include proteins called beta-amyloid and tau, found in the spinal fluid during the early stages of the disease. In full-blown Alzheimer's, these proteins form plaques and tangles in the brain which seem to interfere with the functioning of neurons. Exactly what causes the proteins to form isn't known, but variations on a gene called APOE seem to increase the risk.
But when it comes to behavioral risk factors, the evidence isn't as strong.
The panel of 15 independent scientists convened by the National Institutes of Health reviewed 250 human research studies and 25 review papers on Alzheimer's prevention and found that in all cases, the correlations were too weak to confidently point to any risk factor as a cause of Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline. In most cases, the studies were too small and the associations too limited to draw firm conclusions, said panel head Martha L. Daviglus, a professor of preventative medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago.
"It doesn't mean that if we are going to do a well-designed study with a specific number of people included that the same risk factors are not going to be showing some association," Daviglus said. "But we have to be careful."
Reviewing the research
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 5 million Americans, according to the Alzheimer's Association. The disorder is marked by memory loss, confusion and the inability to function independently.
While the NIH-convened panel found no strong evidence for Alzheimer's prevention, the scientists did say some factors showed very limited evidence of protection against Alzheimer's, including omega-3 fatty acids and a diet low in saturated fat and high in vegetables.
A few studies also showed that increased cognitive engagement and physical activity might keep older people sharp and possibly keep their brains clear of dementia, while high blood pressure and diabetes showed associations with cognitive decline.
None of this evidence met the panel's criteria for high-quality evidence, but it bears further study, say Alzheimer's researchers.
"We certainly have evidence," said Arthur Kramer, a neuroscientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who was not on the panel. "The question is, 'How good does it have to be to make recommendations to the public?'"
Strengthening the evidence
The panel recommended a commitment to large, long-term studies with standardized measurements of cognitive function. A multi-site Alzheimer's disease registry, like those used in cancer research, could help bring volunteers and researchers together, according to the report.
Studies also need to start earlier, said panel member Carl Bell, a psychiatrist at the University of Illinois in Chicago. Alzheimer's starts affecting the brain in mid-adulthood, Bell said, and research that starts on older adults won't catch those changes.
"They're looking to prevent it after probably a progression of 10 to 20 years," Bell said. "It's too late then."
Doctors can't yet predict who will develop Alzheimer's just by peering into the individual's genome or spinal fluid. But biomarkers like the APOE gene variation and measurements of beta-amyloid and tau proteins can predict a person's risk for getting the disease, just as high blood pressure predicts risk for cardiovascular disease.
Just as lowering blood pressure would lower one's risk for heart problems, lowering these biomarkers could lower the risk for Alzheimer's. In that way, Alzheimer's biomarkers give researchers a benchmark to see if their treatments are working. Instead of waiting for full-blown Alzheimer's to develop, researchers can measure the effect of their preventative treatments on beta-amyloid or tau in the spinal fluid, said the University of Wisconsin's Carlsson, who studies the effects of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs on Alzheimer's risk.
And while the plaques and tangles on the brain can't be seen, improved brain imaging can track blood flow in the brain, giving insights into which parts of the brain are experiencing decline. Detailed neuropsychological tests that measure memory and judgment are another common research tool.
Continuing disease research
The kinds of studies recommended by the panel are happening, said Laurie Ryan, the Program Director of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials at the National Institute on Aging.
"We actually have a number of trials in the works looking at things like exercise and cognitive training," Ryan said.
Pharmaceutical industry researchers are putting resources into possible preventative drug treatments, she said. The NIH is also working in partnership with a number of private firms on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a five-year study looking at changes in brain structure and function in 400 people with cognitive impairment, 200 people with Alzheimer's and 200 healthy individuals. The data from that project is available online to researchers worldwide, Ryan said.
Meanwhile, studies on preventative factors from cholesterol-lowering drugs to the benefits of social engagement are ongoing, and the preliminary results provide reason for hope, said Ryan. Several studies may provide answers in as little as a few years, she said.
"There's a lot of data that really does suggest that we want to be looking at these lifestyle interventions to help people think about a healthy aging brain," Ryan said. "Diet, exercise, staying socially active, staying engaged with people, those things are going to improve your quality of life no matter what."
- 10 Ways to Keep Your Mind Sharp
- 7 Ways the Mind and Body Change With Age
- 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Brain | <urn:uuid:d6e03347-7e84-4260-955f-bcfc81683293> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.livescience.com/8282-alzheimer-disease-bad-news-good-news.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315809.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821043107-20190821065107-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.956178 | 1,384 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Image: Waves at Belmont Shore from Photo Collection – Los Angeles Public Library via https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/has-a-hurricane-ever-made-landfall-in-california . Click on the link to learn more about the storm and to see more photos.
“According to several historical and meteorological sources, the only tropical storm documented to make landfall in Southern California in the 20th century rolled into Long Beach on Sept. 25, 1939. The former hurricane didn’t have a name at the time and came as a surprise to the locals.”
Excerpt and 2013 graphic from http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2013/09/on_this_day_in_1939_a_tro.php .
“Heavy rain drenched the area (5.66 inches in Los Angeles, 11.60 inches at Mount Wilson). Fifty-four lives were lost at sea.” [ship death number is different from the graphic above].
See a less-than-two-minute video about the storm here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwlVt_46WUw . | <urn:uuid:7c1242bf-df7c-4702-b454-586189f5955b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://1939socal.wordpress.com/2017/09/24/only-tropical-storm-to-hit-california/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742316.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114211915-20181114233325-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.897447 | 257 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Many times people get annoyed at signs telling them what they can and cannot do, but, as some people tend to learn the hard way, more often than not these signs are there for a good reason.
They are there for the safety of people who are reading them, because officials who put them there are aware of the dangers that exist.
Not everyone heeds warning signs, and that’s exactly what three twenty-three year old men have recently learned the hard way.
These three men were rescued by emergency services after getting trapped on the sacred site of Uluru in the Northern Territory in Australia.
There are plenty of signs that request that people do not walk over the site, as a means of showing respect for the Indigenous Anangu people who were the traditional owners of the area. In spite of these signs, the men supposedly went off of the walking path and ended up being trapped in a crevice.
People on social media are not being very understanding of the plight of the three trapped men; many are labeling it as karma, after all, the signs clearly stated that out of respect people should not walk there.
People are angry that the men did not respect the ancient and sacred site and decided to walk around and on it, even though there are signs kindly asking people not to do this.
It took about eleven hours for the entire rescue crew from the Northern Territory Police, Fire, and Emergency Services to be able to ensure the men’s safety and remove them from the place they had got trapped.
This has sparked a lot of talk about respect and what can best be done to honor the original owners. Many people are saying this is simply rude, to ignore the signs.
Others are saying that the traditional owners of the site should be able to have more involvement; they should be allowed to be tour guides so that they can share their history and heritage with those who are interested.
Not only that, but there are ways for them to make money off of the sacred site that have not been explored. If people are going to use it anyway, there should be a way in which those who originally owned it could profit from it.
This is not something rare either, as there are frequent rescues of people who are attempting to climb the site which is really taking its toll on the volunteers in the rescue team, as it puts a wear and tear on the volunteers and equipment which costs a lot of money.
People should really be more respectful of sacred sites and realize that while they are beautiful to look at and may be tempting to climb, the signs are there for a reason and should be adhered to.
It is not only a safety hazard, but it is something that can be truly disrespectful to indigenous people who have already had their sacred land taken.
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The report estimates that 22,500 migrants have died or disappeared on the way to Europe since 2014 and 14,469 of those perished while crossing the Mediterranean.
Though the 2016 EU-Turkey deal to reduce migration stemmed the flow of those crossing into Europe via the eastern Mediterranean route, the risk of dying in the Mediterranean has gone up, according to the report called “Fatal Journeys.”
“Death rates have increased to 2.1 per 100 in 2017, relative to 1.2 in 2016,” said the U.N.’s migration agency. “Part of this rise is due to the greater proportion of migrants now taking the most dangerous route — that across the Central Mediterranean — such that 1 in 49 migrants now died on this route in 2016.”
Migrants attempting to cross are often traveling in crowded boats not equipped to handle the open sea.
“The Central Mediterranean route, ending at Lampedusa or the main island of Sicily, accounts for only about a quarter of almost 1.5 million people who have arrived since 2014 on all routes, but for 88 percent of all migrant deaths in the Mediterranean,” according to the International Organization for Migration’s report.
It adds that the actual number of deaths may be higher because of data collection hurdles.
“Sometimes it is because deaths occur in remote regions of the world, while in other cases, it may simply be due to the lack of priority given to collecting such data by national authorities, or a lack of resources to collect such information,” the report said. | <urn:uuid:5ae61483-426c-4b7a-995a-bd5ff5200652> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.politico.eu/article/refugees-central-mediterranean-sea-named-most-deadly-route-for-migrants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.948157 | 325 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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You probably know about the [F5] key - pressing [F5] opens the Go To dialog. You enter a range name or a cell reference, click OK, and Excel selects a range or cell, accordingly. It's a quick and easy way to get from one spot to another. What you might not know is that you can use this feature to select a range, where no range exists. Excel uses the current cell as the top-left anchor cell and you enter the bottom-right anchor cell (or vice versa). Excel will select everything in between, including the two anchor cells. The trick is to hold down the [Shift] key.
Let's work through a simple example. You can use any sheet, even a blank one, but we'll use this technique to select a small data range. Specifically, to use [F5] select A5:C21, do the following:
- Select A5.
- Press [F5].
- Enter C21 in the Reference field, but don't click OK yet.
- Press and hold the [Shift] key.
- While holding down [Shift], click OK.
That certainly was easy! I purposely chose a subset because there's an easier way to select an entire data range: simply press [Ctrl]+[Shift]+8.
This [F5] key trick comes in handy when you want to select a subset of a larger range, or even an area that comprises more than one data range. In addition, in a small range, a quick drag might be quicker, but you won't always be working with a small range that's visible on screen. It's just one more selection technique to have in your bag of tricks.
There are many ways to approach most selection tasks. Feel free to share your favorites!
Susan Sales Harkins is an IT consultant, specializing in desktop solutions. Previously, she was editor in chief for The Cobb Group, the world's largest publisher of technical journals. | <urn:uuid:59c7b6c5-de24-411d-9e42-515bb3af9487> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/microsoft-office/a-quick-excel-keyboard-trick-for-selecting-large-ranges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023864543/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305125104-00007-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925317 | 408 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30.
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Some beautiful but remote lights twinkle across the sky this evening. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, shines at us from almost nine light-years away. Betelgeuse, the orange shoulder of Orion, is hundreds of light-years away. And arcing across the sky, the Milky Way is the combined glow of millions of stars, many of which are farther still.
Looking at this view under a dark, moonless sky can help us appreciate the vastness of the universe. But to fully appreciate its workings, scientists also must look at the other end of the size scale — to the tiniest particles.
It’s at these scales that scientists can probe some of the mysteries of the universe. One is why the universe consists almost entirely of matter, with only a tiny bit of antimatter. The Big Bang should have created them in almost equal amounts. But there may have been an imbalance, so most of the antimatter was destroyed.
Another mystery is whether particles of gravity “jump” into hidden dimensions. If they do, that could explain why gravity is so much weaker than the other basic forces of nature.
To solve these mysteries, scientists use particle accelerators, which ram together subatomic particles at almost the speed of light. These experiments are telling us about the first moments of the universe, and the processes that shape it today — processes that work not only on the smallest scales, but across the immensity of time and space.
Script by Damond Benningfield | <urn:uuid:1bd402c7-762d-43f4-83d1-6e204ee78a5b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://stardate.org/radio/program/2018-01-31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.928753 | 365 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Are You Making These Common (and Avoidable) Financial Mistakes?
Personal finance is all about making the right choices for your own situation, though this concept is often much easier said than done. How much should you save and where? What will you need for retirement? And how do you really know if you’re on the right track?
Though there’s no short or easy answer to those questions, you can learn the basic concepts of personal finance that will help guide your choices. We’ll highlight some of the most common financial mistakes people make without having to go through them yourself. Do yourself a favor, and avoid these three common financial missteps.
1. Not Using Credit Cards Wisely
Credit cards are useful tools when used responsibly, but you can quickly accumulate debt if you don’t understand how they work or get behind on payments. When you don’t pay off your credit card balance in full for each billing cycle, you actually accrue daily rather than monthly interest.1 This means that your interest is recalculated every day you carry a balance rather than every month. Even if you don’t use your card again, your balance will increase until you pay it down.
This problem can quickly escalate when you carry over a balance from month to month. If you can’t afford to pay off your balance in full or are just making the minimum monthly payments, you can end up paying significantly more for your purchases than you would have if you paid in cash.
That doesn’t mean that you should stop using credit cards altogether; in fact, they can help you build a positive credit history, provide fraud protection and even include perks like cash back or other bonuses. And if you close a credit card account, it can actually lower your FICO score by a few points; when your score is already low, that can make a more significant difference. Don’t think of your credit limit as free money; instead, aim to use credit cards just like you use cash. In case you can’t pay off a credit card purchase immediately, try to wait to make it in the first place.
If you simply want to build or improve your credit score, it doesn’t matter how small your card purchases may be. You can prove yourself responsible to banks and lenders and improve your credit score with small purchases as long as you’re paying your balance on time and in full each month.
2. Comparing Yourself to Others
It’s easy to get into the mindset that you need to somehow financially match your friends and family, regardless of income or background. But when you compare your lifestyle, possessions or home to those of your peers, you can lose sight of your budget and what you can realistically afford for yourself. It can also lead to feelings of jealousy and resentment since you might feel like you deserve more than what you currently have. However, there will always be factors at play that you can’t see or won’t understand. Personal finance is not a competition.
Instead, try to focus on benchmarks that you set for yourself; your own situation can always improve. If you have debt to pay off or need an emergency fund for rainy days, work on those first. When you set personal goals, you’re more motivated to actually reach them.
3. Not Prioritizing Savings
As Warren Buffett suggests, “Pay yourself first.” It sounds like a pretty solid concept. However, this doesn’t mean that you should splurge on a new purchase before you cut a check to your landlord; it’s actually a reverse budgeting technique that can help you live within your means while you put money aside for the future. Reverse budgeting prioritizes your savings goals over your fixed and discretionary expenses.
Savings automation can help you reach your goals faster and get you more comfortable living on a tighter budget. When you don’t have to manually make a transfer, drive to the bank or even see the funds that you put aside, you might forget that you’ve done it in the first place. You can also ask your employer to deposit your paycheck directly into a higher interest savings account rather than your checking account. Then, set up repeating transfers to your checking account to cover your minimum monthly expenses. Because your fixed expenses are constant and you’ve already saved for the future, whatever leftover money in your checking account is for your discretionary (or non-essential) everyday expenses.
If you’re like most Americans, you probably didn’t have a personal finance course in school, though it could’ve saved you some headaches along the way. Regardless of your age, income or goals, there’s no time like now to start forming smarter financial habits.
1Woodruff, M. (April 13, 2012). Watch out for this ‘invisible’ daily interest charge on your credit card bills. Retrieved September 10, 2019 from https://www.businessinsider.com/credit-card-companies-charge-daily-interest-rates-2012-4
The information in this article is provided for education and informational purposes only, without any express or implied warranty of any kind, including warranties of accuracy, completeness or fitness for any particular purpose. The information in this article is not intended to be and does not constitute financial or any other advice. The information in this article is general in nature and is not specific to you the user or anyone else. | <urn:uuid:55cf817f-6df6-4bc2-9ee8-f84563643795> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.cashnetusa.com/blog/avoidable-financial-mistakes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.941494 | 1,135 | 2.71875 | 3 |
People who have multiple chemical sensitivity get a wide array of complex symptoms which can range from low levels of exposure to chemicals. These levels will not cause symptoms in many people. People who suffer from the multiple chemical sensitivity will have multi – system illnesses which are result of the exposure to a wide variety of environmental chemicals.
The multiple chemical sensitivity is a condition within the sphere where of the environmental sensitivities which is a descriptor used in the wider sense to describe a variety of reactions to environmental stressors, including chemicals and physical phenomena, such as electromagnetic radiation which are found at levels that are commonly tolerated by the majority of people. You should know that the multiple chemical sensitivity is a chronic condition.
The symptoms of this condition can recur reproducibly with the repeated exposure of the same chemical. The symptoms recur in response to low levels of exposure which are lower than previously or commonly tolerated. Symptoms of this condition happen when you are exposed to multiple unrelated chemicals.
Symptoms can improve or resolve when the trigger chemicals are removed and multiple organs can be affected by this condition. There are not reliable tests to diagnose the multiple chemical sensitivity and there are no effective or proven treatments for this condition. Somme doctors prescribe antidepressants because they think that they can help dealing people with the symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity. Other doctors have found that medications for sleep and anxiety have helped to their patients. They can help to treat specific symptoms, such as headaches.
There are many people who have found their treatment on their own. Some people have found that experiencing certain foods or chemicals can make their symptoms worse. When you avoid things which trigger your symptoms, then they can help to improve your condition. There are some things which have shown that can help a lot to people who suffer from multiple chemical sensitivity, such as quitting a job; avoiding any possible allergens and pollutants; and going on a very strict diet.
The multiple chemical sensitivity can cause many different symptoms which some people link to their environment. The multiple chemical sensitivity is known by other names, such as sick building syndrome and environmental illness. Also, some doctors call this condition as idiopathic environmental intolerance. The symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity which are reported by people who are affected by this condition can range wide differently.
The most common symptoms of the multiple chemical sensitivity include mood changes; memory problems; trouble concentrating; confusion, gas, bloating; diarrhea; skin rash; muscle pain or stiffness; breathing problems; changes in heart rhythm; chest pain; sore throat; sneezing; itching; congestion; nausea; dizziness; fatigue and headache. The triggers which can set off people’s symptoms vary a lot. They include chlorine, new carpet, insecticide, perfume, auto exhaust and tobacco smoke. Those feelings are real and they can happen for many different reasons. Many people ask if the multiple chemical sensitivity is an illness but the health experts do not agree with it.
It is known that the high doses of chemicals can make people sick and the irritants, such as cigarette smoke and pollution can worsen conditions like asthma. It is not known how low levels of chemical exposure affect people. There are some doctors which suggest that it is an immune response similar to allergies. Other doctors say that the symptoms stem from an extreme sensitivity to certain smells.
Also, it is a possible that some conditions, like anxiety and depression can play a role in it. There are some cases when people point to a major event, like a chemical spell. Also, they can link their symptoms to contact with low levels of chemicals at work, such as if their office has poor ventilation. Some people say that the levels of exposure generally considered safe for most people can have an effect on a few. | <urn:uuid:9e0600b2-7746-43c7-887c-aebbd2d9edd6> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.homenaturalcures.com/multiple-chemical-sensitivity-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891228.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026115814-20201026145814-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.965577 | 750 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Indian prime minister Narendra Modi is crisscrossing his country, declaring that his government has eliminated the nation’s persistent electrification gap. Modi hopes this potent political message will help propel his party to another victory in India’s April and May national elections.
But energy experts and entrepreneurs advise taking the party’s electrification claims with large lumps of salt—particularly any assertions of a nonstop power supply. “Supply quality has improved over time. But 24/7? Definitely not,” says Johannes Urpelainen, who runs the Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy (ISEP) at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore. He visited Indian villages in January where power flowed just 2 hours daily.
Roughly 300 million citizens lacked power when Modi was elected in 2014. At first, he reaffirmed his predecessor’s goals of bringing power to every village and hooking up their health and community centers and schools by 2018. Then Modi upped the ante in 2017, vowing to plug in every household in India by this year.
Many rural residents now have electricity in their homes and villages.Photo: Anindito Mukherjee/Bloomberg/Getty Images
More than 25 million households received a free or heavily subsidized link to the national grid and its big generating stations under Modi’s new effort, dubbed Saubhagya, which is Hindi for “good fortune.” This pushed the percentage of electrified households in India to 99.99 percent according to the project’s online dashboard.
The government’s statistics, however, overlook some serious gaps. Recent surveys by ISEP in four northern states identified many villagers who failed to apply for or receive a connection.
Many rural enterprises, which were not offered discounted connections, also remain without power. That’s a missed opportunity since businesses are an engine for development. Some research has even questioned the benefits of residential electrification, notes Catherine Wolfram, an energy policy expert at the University of California, Berkeley. “There’s reason to believe that connecting enterprises would lead to more economic gains than connecting households,” she says.
Wolfram calls Modi’s electrification push a “huge achievement,” but she says it could be 5 to 10 years before Saubhagya’s success transforms rural life in India. “Getting all that equipment to remote villages is impressive. Getting electricity to actually flow over the wires is another challenge,” says Wolfram.
India has plenty of generation available and decent distribution infrastructure. The challenge is primarily economic: freeing debt-ridden power distributors and their cash-strapped consumers from a self-reinforcing cycle of low power demand, low distribution revenues, and poor reliability.
Villagers who got new connections are unlikely to plug much in for the foreseeable future. For most, appliances such as refrigerators and fans are prohibitively expensive, so the grid will likely power just a few lights and charge phones. And, despite such low usage, many villagers may struggle to pay for it along with their monthly service fee. There is a risk that electrification may backslide as state grid companies disconnect households that fail to pay.
A sign in Fateh Nagla, in Uttar Pradesh, announces the program.Photo: Prashanth Vishwanathan/Bloomberg/Getty Images
Weak revenues for state distribution companies that must maintain Modi’s grid expansions may, in turn, lead to more rolling blackouts and low-voltage conditions. In other words, the self-reinforcing negative feedback loop that already afflicts India’s rural power systems may require a more targeted fix.
Urpelainen of Johns Hopkins offers one: a national power-quality monitoring system to hold the government and distributors accountable. With such a system in place, “anybody in India could look at how their village is doing relative to the rest of the country,” he says.
Pune-based consumer advocate Prayas Energy Group is proving the power-monitoring concept via a network of several hundred sensors across India. And ISEP is separately developing cheaper Internet-connected sensors that Urpelainen estimates could be deployed in 100,000 villages to create a high-resolution nationwide network for less than US $20 million.
One group that is not pushing for a quick grid reliability fix is India’s entrepreneurial solar-power suppliers, for which rolling blackouts offer a lifeline. Less than 2 percent of households electrified via Saubhagya received a home solar system in lieu of a regional grid connection. Urpelainen, Wolfram, and other energy experts say that extending the grid was cost effective for rural India, which is densely populated compared with, for example, Africa’s powerless regions. “Most unelectrified villages were in areas where the grid was nearby,” says Urpelainen.
But rather than being killed off by Modi’s grid build-out, off-grid solar providers are pivoting to survive as a reliable backup for those village residents who can afford to pay more for better service.
One example is the Kolkata-based Mlinda Sustainable Environment, which operates 25 village-scale solar minigrids in Jharkhand. Vijay Bhaskar, Mlinda’s managing director, says they provide two services that most village grids do not: round-the-clock supply as well as the three-phase electricity needed to run heavy machinery. As Bhaskar puts it: “We work to increase demand mainly on the productive side that improves livelihoods and incomes.”
This article appears in the April 2019 print issue as “India Races Toward Universal Electrification.” | <urn:uuid:46eb1e53-3823-4758-a5e3-cb3e2ef1e3e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-power-line-to-every-home-india-closes-in-on-universal-electrification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00886.warc.gz | en | 0.956294 | 1,188 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I still remember the first time I encountered the sea as a child during a holiday in Bar Harbour, Maine. I remember the crashing hiss and role of the constant surf, the vast blue expanse that seemed to define my world, the fresh haze of spray. And the smell. That distinctive briny green sulfur smell that we recognize as the sea.
The main component of that smell is the sulfur gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). DMS is produced and emitted by the marine microbe belonging to the order Pelagibacterales as they eat and digest dying phytoplankton. Among the most abundant forms of life on Earth, these small microbes—you can find half a million of them in a teaspoon of seawater—pump out DMS and methanethiol, which help create clouds.
Marine phytoplankton (photosynthetic algae) such as coccolithophorids first create dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)—the precursor to DMS—as a kind of ‘sunscreen’ to protect themselves as they grow and photosynthesize in the upper euphotic (sunlit) layers that are fed nutrients from upwelling of deeper ocean layers.
Named after the four scientists who originally proposed it (including James Lovelock of the Gaia Hypothesis) the CLAW Hypothesis describes a negative feedback loop between ocean ecosystems and the Earth’s atmosphere in which the ocean’s phytoplankton help regulate Earth’s climate. When the phytoplankton die, the DMSP is released by eating and digesting bacteria. The DMSP is then catabolized by marine Alphaproteobacteria (Pelagibacterales)—the most abundant chemo-organotrophic bacteria in the oceans—the bacteria assimilate DMSP into their biomass and emit dimethyl sulfide and another sulfur gas methanethiol, both climate-active.
Dimethylsulphide (DMS) forms an aerosol in the atmosphere that affects the amount of sunlight reflected by clouds and reduces the amount of sunlight hitting the ocean surface—effectively lowering temperature.
Lovelock later proposed that instead of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW Hypothesis may act to create a positive feedback loop.
According to the Anti-CLAW Hypothesis, increasing temperatures under global warming may stratify the world ocean, decreasing the supply of nutrients from the deep ocean to the productive euphotic zone. Phytoplankton activity would decline, resulting in lower production of DMS. The decline in DMS in the atmosphere would lead to a decrease in cloud condensation nuclei and a fall in cloud albedo. This would result in further climate warming which would spiral into less DMS production (and further climate warming) and so on.
Evidence exists for both feedback loops. We know too little about all the mechanisms involved–what triggers them and how they affect each other–to go beyond suggesting that either feedback model could occur. As with many things to do with climate, we’re watching and learning as we go…
Johnston, Ian. 2016. “How the sea gets its smell–and why it’s important.” Independent, May 16, 2016.
Wolfe, Benjamin. 2014. “Why Does the Sea Smell Like the Sea?” Popular Science, August 19, 2014.
Science Policy Group at USC. 2016. “DMS: the anti-greenhouse gas.” Science Policy Group at USC, May 4, 2016.
Nina Munteanu is an ecologist, limnologist and internationally published author of award-nominated speculative novels, short stories and non-fiction. She is co-editor of Europa SF and currently teaches writing courses at George Brown College and the University of Toronto. Visit www.ninamunteanu.ca for the latest on her books. | <urn:uuid:554012e5-2c1d-4c9a-a234-2a2de2505df3> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://themeaningofwater.com/2018/02/06/how-the-smell-of-the-sea-affects-earths-climate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335286.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928212030-20220929002030-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.907883 | 848 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Water! Life for a community!
Except for the name “Eagle Rock,” water is implied in all of names of Idaho Falls. In the early days of the community, the water brought by canals gave life to the town as the barren land was transformed to one of farms, homes, trees and lawns. The name “Idaho Falls” was chosen purposely to change its image from a bleak, dry, barren place to one of life and abundance. And water was critical in creating the opportunities to do that. The name “Idaho Falls” was selected to indicate abundant water which in turn meant hope for life and community. The sandy area along rocky banks of a river that was once called uninhabitable developed into a community.
Barrenness transformed to life and community through water – that’s one way Idaho Falls can be characterized from a historical perspective. There are other ways. Most everyone who lives here has their own opinion and perspective of what Idaho Falls means, why they came and why they stay. They may live here because of their occupation, family connections, recreational pursuits, or many other reasons. Or it might have something to do with their religion. Anyone moving to Idaho Falls sooner or later discovers the dominant role religion plays in this community. Another name for this part of Eastern Idaho is the “Mormon Corridor.”
Idaho Falls, as every community, is constantly changing. Families move here and people move away from here. Babies are born and residents die. Businesses start and grow and others close. New churches start, some churches grow; others decline and close.
In the flux of history and people, what can we say about Idaho Falls, and its immediate surroundings? | <urn:uuid:7269387a-8869-4977-8f78-2ca9d2fcbb1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://jesusinidahofalls.com/2017/01/21/water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511761.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018084742-20181018110242-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.976647 | 357 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The word "regular" has a broader meaning that includes the definitions you gave, and more. In a general sense, "regular" means something like "follows a predictable pattern". It could describe something periodic or symmetric, or it could just describe a group of things where all items have a certain form. In the case of regular expressions, the programming term is inherited from theoretical computer science and (originally) linguistic theory, and you have to drill down a few layers to find the original thing that was referred to as having a "regular" structure.
A regular expression is an "expression" (in this case just a generic term meaning some letters and symbols grouped as a single phrase) that describes a "regular language"; to put it simply, in order for a sentence to be part of the language described by a regex, it must follow the rules presented in the regex.
Next, a regular language is any language that can be generated by a "regular grammar". This is a term that comes from linguistic theory1. Here the word "regular" has a specific technical meaning related to the structure of the grammar's rules that really doesn't apply at all to regular expressions or languages. This is where the "regularity" comes in. All rules in a regular grammar must have a very small, specific, predictable structure, or the grammar doesn't count as "regular" any more.
So in short, a regular expression describes the rules that sentences must follow in order to belong to the language generated by a certain regular grammar.
1: If you're interested in the history and use of these terms in mathematical logic and linguistic theory, here's a basic overview and some links for more research (thanks to @DamkerngT. and @reinierpost for input):
- This use of the term "regular" was probably introduced first by the mathematician and logician Stephen Kleene in his 1951 RAND Corporation report "Representation of events in nerve nets and finite automata" (pdf link), slightly modified and republished in 1956 as a formal paper with the same name (published in Automata Studies, Princeton University Press).
- In this paper (section 7, beginning on pg. 46), Kleene uses the term "regular events" to describe the inputs and processing rules of "nerve nets" (neural networks) and finite automata (also called "finite state machines"); finite automata were later proven to be logically equivalent to regular expressions.
- Particularly relevant quote (section 7.1, paragraph 3): "Our objective is to show that all and only regular events can be represented by nerve nets or finite automata."
- The terms "regular language" and "regular grammar" were coined by Noam Chomsky as a part of the Chomsky hierarchy, a categorization of different grammars based on the complexity of the languages they describe. | <urn:uuid:38644874-a278-43f8-844e-2e5019984bad> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/83917/how-did-regex-get-its-name | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00819.warc.gz | en | 0.948465 | 586 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Polymethyl methacrylate is a plastic containing one or more derivatives of acrylic acid.
We know it simply as acrylic.
It is sold under many trade names: Plexiglas, Lucite, Acrylite, Perspex, Acrilex and Crystallite.
There are two types of acrylic sheet commonly used by the sign industry—cast and extruded.
Cast acrylic is made by injecting the ingredients into molds as a molten liquid, about the consistency of syrup, in one of two ways. The “cell cast” or “batch cell” method is made in sheets in a mold made of two plates of polished glass with gaskets at the edges. The liquid plastic fills the cavity between the two plates of glass and may be heated. Several plates may be stacked to produce multiple sheets of acrylic. After curing, the molds are disassembled and cleaned for reuse.
“Continuous cast,” is a higher production method. The molten mixture is cast between two continuous sheets of polished metal in much longer runs as it goes through a series of heaters for curing. Again, gaskets seal the edges.
Cast acrylic is polished and is known for optical clarity. It is harder than extruded acrylic and less prone to scratch. It is also more heat resistant, which is why cast acrylic cuts so much cleaner when machined, whereas extruded acrylic tends to melt behind a saw blade.
Extruded acrylic is a less costly process and provides the larger share of acrylics used in the sign industry. It is manufactured by forcing the semi-molten acrylic mixture through forms and rollers.
Acrylite FF is an example of an extruded acrylic sheet. Acrylite GP is cast.
Airplane and helicopter canopies are made from cast acrylic because of its optical clarity.
Plastic sign faces are mostly extruded acrylics. | <urn:uuid:b57a45ff-9864-4a19-8312-db2dad5633fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://signbrad.com/2015/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513512.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211125234-20171211145234-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.955257 | 390 | 3.359375 | 3 |
|As you read the attached article, answer all focus questions in a short, two to three sentence response.
Andrew Jackson's Shifting Legacy
by Daniel Feller
History Now 22 (December 2009)
Of all presidential reputations, Andrew Jackson’s is perhaps the most difficult to summarize or explain. Most Americans recognize his name, though most probably know him (in the words of a famous song) as the General who “fought the bloody British in the town of New Orleans” in 1815 than as a two-term president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Thirteen polls of historians and political scientists taken between 1948 and 2009 have ranked Jackson always in or near the top ten presidents, among the “great” or “near great.” His face adorns our currency, keeping select company with George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and the first secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. Jackson is the only president, and for that matter the only American, whose name graces a whole period in our history. While other presidents belong to eras, Jackson’s era belongs to him. In textbooks and in common parlance, we call Washington’s time the Revolutionary and Founding Era, not the Age of Washington. Lincoln belongs in the Civil War Era, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson in the Progressive Era, Franklin Roosevelt in the Era of the Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II. But the interval roughly from the 1820s through 1840s, between the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the coming of the Civil War, has often been known as the Jacksonian Era, or the Age of Jackson.
Yet the reason for Jackson’s claim on an era is not readily apparent. Washington was the Father of his Country. Lincoln, Wilson, and Franklin Roosevelt were war leaders who also (not wholly coincidentally) presided over dramatic changes in government. But besides winning a famous battle in the War of 1812 years before his presidency—and at that, a battle that had no effect on the war’s outcome, since a treaty ending it had just been signed—just exactly what did Andrew Jackson do to deserve his eminence? He led the country through no wars. No foreign policy milestones like Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase or the “Doctrines” of James Monroe or Harry Truman highlighted Jackson’s presidency. He crafted no path-breaking legislative program like Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal or Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society. Indeed Jackson’s sole major legislative victory in eight years was an 1830 law to “remove” the eastern Indians beyond the Mississippi, something more often seen today as travesty than triumph. That measure aside, the salient features of Jackson’s relations with Congress were his famous vetoes, killing a string of road and canal subsidies and the Bank of the United States, and Jackson’s official censure by the United States Senate in 1834, the only time that has yet happened. On its face, this does not look like the record of a “top ten” president.
Focus Question: Why might some historians question Jackson’s place on the list of “great” or “near great” presidents?
An exception might be claimed for Jackson’s handling of the Nullification Crisis of 1832–33. Most southern states in Jackson’s day vehemently opposed the “protective tariff,” an import tax that provided most of the government’s revenue and also aided American manufacturers by raising the price of competing foreign (mainly British) goods. In 1832 the state of South Carolina declared the tariff law unconstitutional and therefore null and void. In assuming this right, independent of the Supreme Court or anybody else, to judge what the U.S. Constitution meant and what federal laws had to be obeyed, South Carolina threatened the very viability of the federal Union. Although he was himself a Southerner, no great friend of the tariff, and a South Carolina native, Jackson boldly faced down the nullifiers. He first confronted nullification’s mastermind (and his own vice president) John C. Calhoun with a ringing public declaration: “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved.” He then responded officially to South Carolina’s action with a blistering presidential proclamation, in which he warned that nullification would inexorably lead to secession (formal withdrawal of a state from the United States), and secession meant civil war. “Be not deceived by names. Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt?” Bloodshed was averted when Congress passed a compromise tariff which South Carolina accepted and Jackson approved. Although he played no direct role in its passage, Jackson took much credit for the compromise, and even many political opponents conceded it to him.
For his own generation and several to come, Jackson’s defiance of nullification earned him a place in the patriotic pantheon above the contentions of party politics, at least in the eyes of those who approved the result. In the secession crisis thirty years later, Republicans—including Abraham Lincoln, an anti-Jackson partisan from his first entry into politics—hastened to invoke his example and quote his words. In 1860 James Parton, Jackson’s first scholarly biographer, managed to praise Jackson’s unionism while providing a negative overall assessment of his character.
Still, though not wholly forgotten, Jackson’s reputation as defender of the Union has faded distinctly in the twentieth century, and hardly explains historians’ interest in him today. Secession is a dead issue, and commitment to an indivisible and permanent American nationhood is now so commonplace as to seem hardly worth remarking.
Focus Question: Why might Jackson’s strong stand in the nullification crisis earned him a reputation as one of the “great” or “near great” presidents?
Rather, Jackson’s continuing prominence, and the source of continuing controversy, lies in something much less concrete: his place as an emblem of American democracy. He is remembered less for specific accomplishments as president than for his persona or image, his role as America’s first presidential Representative Man. That image has deep roots. In 1831–32, midway through Jackson’s presidency, a French aristocrat named Alexis de Tocqueville toured the country. Returning home, he published Democracy in America, still the most penetrating analysis of American society ever penned. Tocqueville organized his exposition (which in many respects was not at all flattering) around two themes. One was “the general equality of condition among the people.” The other was democracy, which gave tone to everything in American life: “the people reign in the American political world as the Deity does in the universe.” Tocqueville saw democracy, for good or ill, as the future of Europe and the world. “I confess that in America I saw more than America; I sought there the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices, and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress.”
America, then, was democracy embodied—and Andrew Jackson was its exemplar. Born poor, half-educated, self-risen, he was the first president from outside the colonial gentry, the first Westerner, the first with a nickname (“Old Hickory”), the first to be elected in a grand popular plebiscite—all in all, the first living proof that in America, anyone with enough gumption could grow up to be president. He furnished the plebeian template of humble origins, untutored wisdom, and instinctive leadership from which would spring “Old Tippecanoe” William Henry Harrison, “Honest Abe” Lincoln, and a thousand would-be imitators down to the present day.
Focus Question: How does Jackson serve as the example of American Democracy, as de Tocqueville saw the U.S. during the 1820s through 1830s?
The image of Jackson as a quintessential product of American democracy has stuck. Yet always complicating it has been the interplay between the personal and the political. If Jackson is a potent democratic symbol, he is also a conflicted and polarizing one. In his own lifetime he was adulated and despised far beyond any other American. To an amazing degree, historians today still feel visceral personal reactions to him, and praise or damn accordingly.
Jackson’s outsized, larger-than-life character and career have always offered plenty to wonder at and to argue about. His lifelong political antagonist Henry Clay once likened him, not implausibly, to a tropical tornado. Jackson’s rough-and-tumble frontier youth and pre-presidential (mainly military) career showed instances of heroic achievement and nearly superhuman fortitude. Mixed in with these were episodes of insubordination, usurpation, uncontrolled temper, wanton violence, and scandal. Jackson vanquished enemies in battle everywhere and won a truly astonishing victory at New Orleans. He also fought duels and street brawls, defied superiors, shot captives and subordinates, launched a foreign invasion against orders, and (disputably) stole another man’s wife. As president he was, depending on whom one asked, either our greatest popular tribune or the closest we have come to an American Caesar.
An adept manipulator of his own image, Jackson played a willing hand in fusing the political and the personal. First as a candidate and then as president, he reordered the political landscape around his own popularity. Swept into office on a wave of genuine grass-roots enthusiasm, Jackson labored successfully through eight years as president to reshape his personal following into an effective political apparatus—the Democratic Party, our first mass political party, which organized under his guidance. Significantly, the party’s original name was the American Democracy, implying that it was not a party at all but the political embodiment of the people themselves. Democrats labeled their opponents, first National Republicans and then Whigs, as the “aristocracy.” But the initial test of membership in the Democracy was less an adherence to a political philosophy than fealty to Andrew Jackson himself.
A generation after Jackson’s presidency, biographer James Parton found his reputation a mass of contradictions: he was dictator or democrat, ignoramus or genius, Satan or saint. Those conundrums endure, and the facts, or arguments, behind them would fill a book.
Focus Question: How was Jackson able to manipulate his image to gain respect and support from the people?
There are a few focal points upon which Jackson’s modern reputation has turned for better or for worse. One is his attack on corporate privilege and on the concentrated political influence of wealth. In his famous Bank Veto of 1832, Jackson juxtaposed “the rich and powerful” against “the humble members of society—the farmers, mechanics, and laborers,” and lamented that the former “too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.” No president before and few since have spoken so bluntly of economic antagonisms between Americans. Jackson went on, in his Farewell Address in 1837, to warn of an insidious “money power,” made up of banks and corporations, that would steal ordinary citizens’ liberties away from them. (It said something of Jackson’s sense of his own importance that he presumed to deliver a Farewell Address, an example set by Washington that no previous successor had dared to follow.)
Jackson’s Bank Veto was so riveting, and so provocative, that in the ensuing presidential election both sides distributed it as a campaign document. Foes of bankers, corporations, Wall Street, and “the rich” have turned to it ever since. Populists and other agrarian insurgents in the nineteenth century, and New Deal Democrats in the twentieth, claimed it as their birthright. Writing in the wake of the Great Depression and the New Deal, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., made the Bank Veto the centerpiece of The Age of Jackson (1945), the foundational work of modern Jacksonian scholarship.
In the late twentieth century, Jackson’s strictures attracted some historians who were articulating a class-based analysis of American history, and who used them to interpret Jackson as a foe not only of capitalist abuses and excesses, but of capitalism itself. To other recent scholars, though, the Bank Veto has seemed merely demagogic, while to most people outside the academy the whole Jacksonian struggle over banking grew to appear baffling and arcane, divorced from our present concerns. All of that has suddenly changed. Since the financial collapse of 2008, Jackson’s warnings seem not only urgently relevant but eerily prescient. They are again often quoted, and his reputation has enjoyed, at least for the moment, a sharp uptick.
Focus Question: How was Jackson’s Veto Message on the Bank Recharter Bill used during the 1830s?
How has the Bank Veto been interpreted in more modern times?
The other framing issue for Jackson’s recent reputation—one that Schlesinger did not even mention, but which has come since to pervade and even dominate his image—is Indian removal. The symbolic freighting of this subject can hardly be overstated. Just as Jackson—child of the frontier, self-made man, homespun military genius, and plain-spoken tribune of the people—has sometimes served to stand for everything worth celebrating in American democracy, Indian removal has come to signify democracy’s savage and even genocidal underside. It opens a door behind which one finds Jackson the archetypal Indian-hater, the slave owner, the overbearing male patriarch, and the frontiersman not as heroic pioneer but as imperialist, expropriator, and killer.
To Schlesinger (who was no racist) and to others who have seen Jackson’s essential importance in his championship of the common man, the “little guy,” against corporate domination, Indian removal appeared to be an aside, at worst a regrettable failing. But to many today it shows Jackson and his white man’s democracy at their core. There is no doubt that removing the Indians, particularly those in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, was centrally important to Jackson. Together with purging the federal bureaucracy of his political opponents and instituting what he called “rotation in office” (and what his enemies dubbed the “spoils system”), it stood at the head of his initial presidential agenda. Jackson’s motives and methods in pursuing Indian removal were deeply controversial at the time and remain so today. He claimed to be acting only on impulses of duty and philanthropy. The Indians could not, without violating the essential rights of sovereign states, remain where they were; their own self-preservation required quarantine from pernicious white influences; and the terms offered for their evacuation were reasonable and even generous. Critics, then and since, have branded these as artful rationalizations to cover real motives of greed, racism, and land-lust.
Connecting directly to our widely shared misgivings about the human cost of Euro-American expansion and the pejorative racial and cultural attitudes that sustained it, the recent debate over Jackson’s Indian policy has gone mainly one way. A handful of defenders or apologists—most notably Jackson biographer Robert V. Remini—have dared to buck the tide, but for most scholars the question is not whether Jackson acted badly, but whether he acted so badly as to exclude considering anything else he might have done as palliation or excuse. Both inside and outside the academy, at least until the sudden resuscitation of Jackson as anti-corporate champion, the arch-oppressor of Indians had become Jackson’s prevalent image. Far more American schoolchildren can name the Cherokee Trail of Tears (which actually happened in Martin Van Buren’s presidency, though in consequence of Jackson’s policy) than the Bank Veto, the Nullification Proclamation, or perhaps even the Battle of New Orleans.
Focus Question: Why, in more recent times, has the way Jackson handled Indian Removal during his presidency, been criticized?
How does Indian Removal reflect Jackson’s ideas of democracy in the early Nineteenth Century?
No simple conclusion offers itself. Jackson’s reputation, like the man himself, defies easy summary. The one thing that seems certain is that Americans will continue to argue about him.
Daniel Feller is Betty Lynn Hendrickson Professor of History and Editor of The Papers of Andrew Jackson at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He is the author of The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840. | <urn:uuid:5db8dedc-11b0-444b-9c7c-4638355a2dfd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://essaydocs.org/andrew-jacksons-shifting-legacy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829997.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218225003-20181219011003-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.966795 | 3,516 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Privilege has become a serious area of inquiry in recent years. White privilege and male privilege have hit the spotlight, as has racial disparities in police brutality and the #MeToo movement highlighting workplace harassment and sexual assault. Privilege is a complex phenomena to understand and even harder to teach. But, if we are really going to unravel racism or sexism, we know we have to include the privileges those problems support.
Environmental privilege is a related phenomena, and while it seems to be an understudied area of privilege (and not the only one) it is still important, probably more than we realize. One way I teach about privilege is through the lens of the Person in Environment perspective. Looking at any human being, we can see that their particular personhood—built on their age, gender, race, and wealth status—combines with their environment—a conglomeration of geography, culture, space and time—to create a type of privilege. This privilege reflects itself in a person’s lived experiences, including their experiences of nature’s bounties and burdens.
The best place to begin learning about any privilege is self-examination.
The best place to begin learning about any privilege is self-examination. Peggy McIntosh’s 1989 piece about white privilege, “Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack” was a groundbreaker for white readers. Yet, we know it doesn’t tell the whole story of privilege. As we consider environmental privilege, the lens provided by McIntosh provides a framework to view environmental privilege. Using similar statements, we can consider the many ways the environment provides privileges that we may no longer “see.” I list a few of them here knowing full well that geography, wealth, nation, as well as gender and race, all intersect and influence the experience of environmental privilege. For many people living in wealthy countries, their environmental privilege can look like the following list of privileges:
1) I use as much tap water as I choose for my daily activities, such as bathing and cooking, without thinking about it.
2) Year round, I eat fruits and vegetables that are not grown in the region in which I live.
3) I control the temperature of my home for my own comfort.
4) I own land.
5) I have access to beautiful views of nature where I live, work, or play.
6) I breathe clean air at home, school, and work.
7) My trash is hauled far away from my home.
8) I drink clean water.
9) I feel safe in the outdoors near my home.
10) When I go to parks or nature preserves, I see people who look like me.
Raising awareness on privilege—beginning with oneself—is one important way for students to learn about environmental justice. Coupling this reflection with data on environmental injustices—asthma rates, lead exposure, or proximity to landfills—is an important beginning place. This data brings to life the documented disparities for women and people of color in the United States. But this data is rarely enough. All of us can reflect on our own experiences and contributions to these systems to begin to imagine the possibilities of change.
Environmental justice is a key social problem of contemporary society, but like issues of race or gender, it is hard to teach about justice without recognizing the flip side: the privileges some people in society have. Like we have learned from our efforts to dismantle racism and sexism—where white people begin to identify the privileges of being white and men begin to recognize the privileges of being male—Black Lives Matter and #MeToo have brought what were once abstract concepts into the lived realities of people lives. Elevating the understanding of the injustices experienced by people, and simultaneously asking those with more privileges to reflect and consider ways to dismantle their own privileges, is one method of social change. Environmental justice is similar to social justice in this way. Dismantling the power structure includes recognition of privileges and the replacement of privileged behaviors with new behaviors focused on equity.
After all, we teach about environmental justice because we want to change the experiences of people, and we want our students to infiltrate and modify the institutions and organizations in which they will work and lead. When we reflect on our own privileges and see the data, we can begin to see the ways it can be changed, and even more importantly, that we have the responsibility to do the changing.
Featured image credit: Tree vs. concrete by Paweł Czerwiński. CC0 via Unsplash. | <urn:uuid:2e13b64b-f294-4e03-8f96-ae6a156e9197> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blog.oup.com/2018/08/teaching-environmental-privilege-integrall-justice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668782.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117014405-20191117042405-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.948757 | 935 | 3.421875 | 3 |
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Instructional Scaffolding and Its Implementation in Genre
A scaffolding approach enables students to develop Teachers can scaffold student learning by helping Take a step-by-step approach to teaching to move...
Scaffolding Approaches aarondalbey.org
2 Scaffolding in socio-constructivist learning. Scaffolding aiming to list some issues (Eds.), Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches. In Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches and issues, Interactive Learning Environments In Scaffolding student learning: Instructional. Approaches to learning A variety of constructivist and student-centred learning approaches can be strategies regarding instructional scaffolding.
... Roger Azevedo and others published Scaffolding Self-Regulated Learning and Metacognition Scaffolding Student Learning: Instructional. Approaches and Issues.! 17/03/2011 · as a scaffolding tool on students’ learning do students need in problem-based learning learning: Instructional approaches and issues..
Scaffolding in problem-based learning for low-achieving
Instructional Approaches on scaffolding and collaborative instructional approaches are effective in improving student learning, and scaffolding. Scaffolding approaches are necessary to differentiate the content/process/product based on students' diverse needs. Scaffolding instruction for these students. ... (or Instructional) Scaffolding is a works through these problems. The students are then student learning: Instructional approaches and.
Scaffolding Student Work « Notes on Teaching and Learning
... from “packaging” to “scaffolding use instructional scaffolding to aid the student in his/her modernise their approaches to workplace learning. Scaffolding Student Learning by Instructional Approaches and Issues. 4 This book addresses the how-tos of scaffolding students who need support in.
Scaffolding EduTech Wiki
1 Scaffolding Reading and Writing on a literacy teaching approach that is have some relevance to the problems of indigenous students
Learner perceptions of scaffolding in supporting learning: Instructional approaches and issues Scaffolding student learning: Instructional. Download Citation on ResearchGate Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches and issues. Advances in learning & teaching. This volume explores the
Shiseido Crystallizing Straight For F... indulgy.com. SHISEIDO Crystallizing Straight. Agent 1 H1 – For normal hair SH2 – For thick hair, hard-to-control hair H2 – For normal hair N2 shiseido crystallizing straight h1 h2 instructions SHISEIDO CRYSTALLIZING STRAIGHT Straightener Perm For Resistant Hair H1+H2 400ml - $43.50. Shiseido Professional Crystallizing Straight H1 Straightener Before leaving. | <urn:uuid:770d8ba6-1339-4e97-94ea-27c16154e8af> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://airfoildb.com/alberta/scaffolding-student-learning-instructional-approaches-and-issues.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540586560.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214094407-20191214122407-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.887181 | 616 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Latest figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) show 431 men in every 100,000 were diagnosed with cancer in the UK between 2008 and 2010 - a rise from 403 between 2001 and 2003.
However, the rate of cancer deaths decreased. Between 2001 and 2003, the mortality rate was 229 per 100,000 males, which decreased to 204 in 2008-10.
A similar pattern was found with women. In 2008-10 the cancer diagnosis rate stood at 375 per 100,000 women, an increase from 342 in 2001-03, while, there were 149 deaths per 100,000 - a fall from 160 in 2001-03.
The ONS data shows that the highest death rates were in Scotland - around 15% higher than the UK average for men and women.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:534a4e5f-aef2-4c36-bf1e-eb4cc2d097d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.standard.co.uk/panewsfeeds/fewer-uk-patients-dying-from-cancer-8389833.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.970097 | 162 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Home Remedies For Sensory Processing Disorder
Sensory Processing Disorder is an unfortunate neurological condition that affects many people around the world, but there are many home remedies for this disorder that can help ease the symptoms, including cognitive practice, salt therapy, homeopathy, skullcap, increasing melatonin levels, and dietary alterations.
Sensory Processing Disorder
Many people confuse sensory processing disorder with other forms of autism spectrum disorder, but in fact, the two are very different. Sensory Processing Disorder is characterized by the inability to properly interpret and experience sensory information from one’s environment. This issue can often go undiagnosed, and the child is instead considered overly picky, easily agitated, distracted, hard to please or simply “difficult”. The problem, of course, is that this neurological disorder can severely impact learning and behavior, a problem that can last well into their older ages. This can manifest as being overly sensitive to various textures, movement, tactile skills, and movement, or it can affect balance, eating and normal play activities. It is believed that this disorder is caused by genetic and neurological factors, many of which are still being researched. | <urn:uuid:f7be607b-0547-4718-8062-0a65ec302a68> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://healthblogs.online/2017/05/08/home-remedies-for-sensory-processing-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806856.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123180631-20171123200631-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.956429 | 239 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Stress can be hard on the body and the mind for anyone. But why do men and women handle stress differently?
It's obvious from a social perspective that men are expected to treat stressful situations differently than women. However, there may be biological reasons you probably hadn't considered.
Why Do Men And Women Handle Stress Differently?
When it comes to the question of, why do men handle stress different from women? The answer is hormones. The way the body responds to these hormonal levels affects how we respond to stress as men and women.
Both estrogen and testosterone cause the body to respond to stress and process it in different ways chemically. This is the real reason men and women handle stress differently from one another.
Hormones And Stress
Women and men differ in their hormones. Women's bodies produce estrogen while men's bodies produce what's called testosterone. But these aren't the only hormones that make the difference.
When stressful situations occur, the body produces three types of hormones. These are known as cortisol, epinephrine, and oxytocin. To better understand this, we'll cover each hormone and its basic function.
When the body feels stressed the brain releases a chemical hormone called cortisol. This hormone is known as a steroid and is produced by the adrenal glands and is considered the main stress hormone.
Its job is to regulate the body's immune system and metabolism. Another function of cortisol is the regulation of glucose levels in the body.
Cortisol also lets the brain know how many hormones it should produce and when. So if cortisol levels are low then the brain reduces the number of hormones it releases and vice versa.
Some suffer from constant high cortisol levels. This causes several issues for the body. We've compiled a little list of basic symptoms of high cortisol levels.
Most often if you live or work in a stressful environment, you may experience some of these symptoms. Creating a peaceful calm environment helps to reduce stress and bring cortisol levels down.
More commonly known as adrenaline, epinephrine also plays a role in stress. This hormone is directly secreted from the brain, unlike cortisol which comes from the adrenal glands above the kidneys.
The part of the brain that produces epinephrine is called the medulla. The hormone gets released from here during periods of intense fear or anger.
Once released into the bloodstream it goes to work to increase your overall strength and heart rate. It also affects your blood pressure and sugar metabolism. This helps the body to move quickly especially if flight becomes the option over a fight.
Unfortunately, like its cousin Cortisol, it has its downward effects on the body. When too much epinephrine is being released, the body shows a myriad of symptoms. Below is a short list of the issues the body faces when it has far too much adrenaline pumping through it.
If you're feeling these effects, they typically are temporary. However, the overuse of stimulants like caffeine can cause adrenal exhaustion a very serious condition. As with all health-related issues, it's important to consult your doctor if you're suffering from acute stress.
The final determining hormone during intense moments of stress is oxytocin. It operates as both a hormone and neurotransmitter for the brain.
Oxytocin begins its journey from the hypothalamus where it first released. From there it travels to the pituitary gland at the base of the brain itself.
This hormone also plays a huge role in women's reproductive systems. It regulates everything from childbirth, to sex and breastfeeding.
During bouts of stress, oxytocin is released automatically to regulate the other two hormones. Its primary function is to induce feelings of nurturing and relaxation.
Who Makes More Hormones Men Or Women?
To answer the question of why do men and women handle stress differently, we need to look at the hormone oxytocin.
The reason for this is that studies have shown that epinephrine and cortisol levels play no role at all. In fact, these two hormones are produced at the same rate regardless of gender.
The sole purpose of oxytocin is to reduce fear and anger. Think of it as an antidote to the increased amount of cortisol and epinephrine that does the exact opposite. In fact, the two are considered to be neurotoxins that decrease cognitive abilities.
So which one makes more oxytocin? The answer is women. Men typically produce lower levels of oxytocin making them less likely to calm down as quickly as women do. In most studies, women produce oxytocin at much higher rates than men.
Men VS Women: What's The Difference?
Aside from oxytocin, there are other ways the men and women differ in terms of stress. The psychology of how a man approaches a stressful situation differs from women.
Women take the nurturing route over a fight. The reason for this is that estrogen and oxytocin are working together. The mix of the two results in a response to protect their security by attempting to deescalate stressful situations.
How a man would respond to this situation is different. Their oxytocin levels are low and mixed with testosterone so they go for the fight-or-flight approach.
It's important to note that not all men will automatically elect to fight. There is a little risk assessment involved and if there is an opportunity for flight, a man may do that instead. Running can be a risky behavior when one is in immediate danger just as fighting can be.
Social Norms Play A Role
It's important to point out that women and men have an entirely different set of social values. These values are a big determiner for why men and women handle stress differently. As each role is treated entirely different between culturally and domestically, our responses to it vary.
Men are more drawn to competition. They are willing to compete and see how things play out. This allows them to take part in more risky behavior during stressful times.
This competitive spirit is a portion of what makes men respond in ways that women can appear combative in their nature. For men, it is the thrill of testing one's limits that drive them.
Therefore, men are more likely to plow headfirst into a situation rather than assessing the risk. It is also why they are more prone to fight than to flee.
Women mostly value relationships. Therefore, it's more unlikely that they'll take part in risky behavior like a competition where there is an opportunity for loss.
This stems from the innate desire to nurture those around them. Since relationships are a key component to nurturing, it becomes the priority. This leads women to do more diplomatic work, and they'll attempt to deescalate a situation rather than escalate it.
It's also the reason more women would flee a stressful situation if they were in a life-threatening situation. Running is a form of protection as one removes themselves from the stress as the oxytocin goes to work to balance out the fear responses.
All of these answers combined help us better understand the question of why do men and women handle stress differently. The answer is a mix of both hormonal responses from the body and a little psychology.
We've learned that with the stress hormones epinephrine, cortisol, and oxytocin. Oxytocin is the only real hormone that matters. That's oxytocin, which is produced at a higher rate by women than men. We've also learned that this hormone makes one feel relaxed and ready to nurture those around them.
This hormone gives women the distinct ability to calm down and balance out the other two hormones. It is also part of the reason women make relationships a priority as oxytocin induces these types of emotional responses.
Men have the unfortunate disadvantage of producing far lower levels of oxytocin into the brain. This causes them to respond more directly to fight or flight.
A reduced level of oxytocin may also be the reason men thrive on competition. Risky behavior comes more naturally to men rather than women.
Finally, we come to the understanding that social norms and cultural roles of the sexes play a factor in why men and women handle stress differently. These accepted norms help us govern our individual stress responses as well and should not be counted out as a determining factor.
All together they make up the whole to answer a good question. Why do men and women handle stress differently? The answer is in body chemistry and sociology.
So the next time a friend asks you, “Why do men and women handle stress differently?”
You tell them it's hormones and societal norms. That's really all it is!
By understanding these differences, we're able to take new approaches to how we handle stress personally. Allowing us to find more ways to create peace in stressful times. | <urn:uuid:4a186f7b-10b0-4c57-826e-706a35a8598f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://theempoweredme.com/why-do-men-and-women-handle-stress-differently/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905777.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029184716-20201029214716-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.955699 | 1,792 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The automobile as we know it was not created originally as a way to take the kids to their after school activities. It was a development of the trusty horse and cart that drove or pulled the economy of the industrialised world. It’s no coincidence that we measure the power rating of cars, trucks and commercial vehicles in horse power! When they first hit the roads, cars could only match the ability of a few horses interms of pulling power and speed.
Since someone at vehicle manufacturer Volkswagen first sketched the idea of a “box on wheels” to deal with transporting goods and products, the commercial vehicle industry has grown to become one of the dominant income streams for many manufacturers including Volkswagen, Ford and Fiat.
As the horse drawn vehicles of the 1880s made way for petrol and diesel driven cars and buses, a number of challenges were faced by the manufacturers, particularly the ever increasing size of the goods needing transport, and, in Europe at least, a road network which struggled to keep up. Anyone who has driven through the narrow winding streets of Paris or London knows that it’s hard enough to find road space even in a family car so modern manufacturers of commercial vehicles have to build something big that handles like a small car. There are of course calls from some quarters for all vehicles to be banned from City centres.
It wasn’t always this way. The first commercial vehicles in the UK like AEC (Associated Equipment Company) or Leyland have all but disappeared or been swallowed up as subsidiaries of larger companies as they struggled to keep up with the ever changing needs of the post war economy. AEC who got their start in 1912, about the same time as most of the car and commercial vehicle brands we are familiar with today, only made it to 1979 for example.
Some brands like Leyland had an injection of money by winning government contracts like the Royal Mail contract (Postman Pat drove one!) but competition has meant that the UK companies have made way for their European counterparts.
As time progressed, and information transfer requirements got faster, there was a new market develop for the manufacturers. That of the light commercial vehicles like the Ford Transit van. This documentary on Youtube describes the origins of the light commercial vehicle industry. City centres could no longer afford to be congested with large trucks and lorries, as they had been before, and a new type of vehicle filled the gap between a car and a lorry. Rapid delivery, nimble handling and even a bit of creature comfort and mod-con gadgets were the reward for the drivers of a new fleet of modern commercial vehicles.
In the 2000’s a new challenge was faced by manufacturers. The increase in the price of diesel, and penalties for vehicles which were seen as polluters, have forced the manufacturers to look at increasing efficiency and decreasing the waste products of their fleets. Companies like Fiat with their flagship Ducato van have risen to the challenge and it seems like the next evolution of the commercial range will be an environmentally friendly one. | <urn:uuid:f0b0745c-a441-43d5-92ed-71f8dbd512db> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.technostuffs.com/blog/the-history-of-commercial-vehicles-from-cart-to-nippy-vans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676588972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715203335-20180715223311-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.977577 | 614 | 3.078125 | 3 |
You can know whether you have attention deficit hyperactivity. Noticing the symptoms of ADHD is hard because they are less obvious. There are specific symptoms that show in children who have ADHD. For example these children are a short attention. These children also get distorted very easily. When it comes to schoolwork these children always keep making careless mistakes. Children who suffer from ADHD also keep losing things because they can’t remember where they kept them. Children with ADHD cannot stick to duties that are tedious and time consuming. Children with ADHD keep changing activities and tasks.
Another common symptom of ADHD is that children appear unable to listen to what they are being told. You can got these children any instructions because they can’t even listen to what they are being told. Organizing tasks is also hard for children with ADHD. Teenegers with ADHD are always unable to sit still. In this case they cannot stay in an environment that is very quiet. Fidgeting is another common symptom of people with ADHD. People with ADHD are always unable to concentrate on simple duties. Another common symptom of ADHD is that patients have excess movements. This simply means they can’t stay in one place.
Another symptom of ADHD is that patient’s keep talking. These people also find it very hard to wait for their turn during a conversation. Patients with ADHD do not think a situation through before acting. This is very dangerous because it can lead to accidents. Another common symptom of people with ADHD is that they keep interrupting conversations. People with ADHD also have little or no sense of danger. This makes them always find themselves in dangerous situations. This can be a great problem for children especially in school. They are unable to have a healthy conversation with other students in school. They will always find themselves discipline cases all the time.
Another symptom of ADHD is that it causes people to be depressed. Depression can be bad because it may make you feel suicidal. Anxiety disorder is another symptom of patients with ADHD. This will make the patient to always stay worried and nervous. People with anxiety disorders have increased heartbeat, sweating and dizziness. People with ADHD don’t find sleep easily. At night they are always unable to sleep. They also have irregular sleep patterns which can be very dangerous. Patients with ADHD also have conduct disorder. In this case patients always have antisocial behavior. This means a patient will always be caught fighting, stealing and harming other people or even animals. ADHD is also characterized through oppositional defiant disorder. This makes patients have a negative and disruptive behavior. This is especially towards people with authority like parents. People with ADHD sometimes suffer from epilepsy. There are learning difficulties experienced by people with ADHD. Knowing whether can be hard but these symptoms may suggest you have ADHD. | <urn:uuid:9fa4d4d4-e0bd-4d04-86b5-d4ba50dd69ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://aioaio.info/5-takeaways-that-i-learned-about-tests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741660.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114062005-20181114084005-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.975559 | 559 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)
Quick facts and control methods
Common weeds at a glance
A fine-textured and fast-growing perennial, Bermuda grass is frequently planted as a lawn in warm climates. In other sorts of lawns and in gardens, though, it can be a difficult weed. It spreads by underground stems (rhizomes), above ground runners (stolons), and seed.
If you have a Bermuda grass lawn, use deep barriers or edging to prevent it from advancing into other parts of the garden. Dig up stray clumps before they form sod, being sure to remove all the underground stems; any left behind can start new shoots. Repeated pulling and digging are generally necessary to stop this weed; mulches will slow it down, but it eventually grows through most of them.
For chemical control, you can use a selective herbicide containing fluazifop-butyl or sethoxydim, which can be sprayed over some ornamentals. Spot-treat actively growing Bermuda grass with glyphosate, taking care not to get the chemical on desirable plants. | <urn:uuid:b37d4f80-fbdf-42e9-b891-551d690a9f15> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.sunset.com/garden/flowers-plants/bermuda-grass-cynodon-dactylon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735810.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803111838-20200803141838-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.926813 | 229 | 2.875 | 3 |
Interactive, scaffolded model
This Activity Requires:
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Please Note: Many models are linked to directly from within the database. When an activity employs our scripting language, Pedagogica, as do some of the "guided" activities, the initial download may take several minutes. Subsequent activities will not take a long time. See this page for further instructions.
Students observe a model of a gas and are challenged to prevent spatial equilibrium while the model is running. Students learn how spatial equilibrium is determined.
Students will be able to:
Nature loves equilibrium. All natural systems tend to move in this direction be it energy minimization, pressure, or osmosis. Spatial equilibrium explores the nature of how molecules move from an area of high concentration to lower concentration. Students set up various starting conditions and watch as the system naturally reaches a spatial equilibrium in which the concentration is, on average, over time, the same everywhere.
This activity is linked closely with two other activities:
Brownian Motion: http://molo.concord.org/database/activities/40.html
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Dialysis: http://molo.concord.org/database/activities/223.html
Continual movement of atoms results in motion that appears random and causes particles to be distributed evenly among the atoms in a gas.
Additional Related Concepts
You might find useful the classroom support available at: http://www.concord.org/~barbara/workbench_web/unit1/index.html
Imagine that you are at a party where someone dared you to pop one of the Helium balloons in a room that has all the windows and doors closed. Describe what would happen to those Helium atoms once they have been released from the balloon. Specifically, talk about their eventual position inside the room and how they arrived there.
Does not work on all Macs. | <urn:uuid:fa35721c-64ac-43f9-bc67-60797a51fcb4> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://workbench.concord.org/database/activities/220.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186780.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00605-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897073 | 422 | 3.953125 | 4 |
If you live in the United States, you may be forgiven for assuming that International Worker's Day or May Day is a holiday observed in state communist countries. Here's a fact for you: it did not originate in Cuba or the former Soviet Union. May Day actually has its origins in the United States.
More than 250,000 workers in the Chicago area were involved in peaceful protests, with several labour organisations, such as the Trades and Labor Assembly, the Socialistic Labor Party and the local Knights of Labor. Public opinion and the clearly expressed sentiment from the workers included strikes. Nearly 100,000 US workers walked off their jobs on the first of May 1886. It is important to note that up until May 3, 1886, all protests had been peaceful, but then violence broke out at the McCormick Reaper Works between picketing steelworkers and police, when the latter, with the help of Pinkerton agents, harassed and beat the strikers. Beatings from police clubs were answered with rocks thrown by the strikers, to which the police responded with gunfire. At least two strikers were killed, and some others wounded.
Unfortunately, two detectives went to the police and reported a speaker using "inflammatory" language, and the police went to send home the already dispersing crowd. An unknown person threw a bomb into the police ranks, and the police responded by firing into the crowd. An estimated seven or eight civilians were killed, up to forty wounded, and among the police one officer died on site with another seven dying in the ensuing weeks. Big business and government conducted what some call the first "Red Scare" in the US, aided by mainstream media, portraying the anarchists in a negative light.
Eight anarchists were arrested and, in a gross mockery of justice, in a trial with a jury comprised of business leaders, they were convicted of murder, even though only three of those anarchists had been present at what is now known as the Haymarket Massacre. All were innocent but the world saw these eight individuals convicted, not for actions but for political and social beliefs. Two were hung in November of 1887, but six years later, the remaining six anarchists were pardoned by the state governor, who railed against the travesty of justice committed against these people.
Why are we telling this story? This is not only a story of the birth of International Workers' Day. The roots of the pursuit of social justice are found here. The eight-hour workday, the weekend, improvements in working conditions, and eventually the growth of the civil rights movements all came from this. The rights we enjoy across the world today should not be taken for granted, and there is still much more to do. Let’s not forget the sacrifices of these men, women, and yes, children, in the quest for civil rights in all of society.
A Few Related Links:
Do One Thing: http://www.doonething.org/calendar/workersday.htm
Encyclopaedia Britannica: http://www.britannica.com/topic/May-Day-international-observance
India Celebrating: http://www.indiacelebrating.com/events/international-labour-day/
Note: Images in this post courtesy of New York Public Library Digital Collection. | <urn:uuid:050b57d1-80aa-4626-8bc3-2c2728f70030> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://blog.virtualability.org/2016/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158001.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922005340-20180922025740-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.969728 | 675 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Law enforcement and government agencies take identity theft seriously. They recognize it as a major crime that has a long-lasting impact on the health of the economic system. For example, banks that reimburse fraud victims for their losses stand to lose plenty of money in the process. Because of the seriousness of the crime, specific identity theft laws have been passed at the federal and state levels in the United States.
In 1998, the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was passed by the US Congress. Those identity theft laws made identity theft a federal crime for the first time. Under this law, anyone who is found guilty of identity theft can be sentenced to up to 15 years. Plus, depending on how the crime was committed, the criminal could be in violation of many other federal laws, including computer fraud or financial institution fraud.
In 2004, President Bush signed the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act. This law amends all previous laws governing identity theft. This law defined aggravated identity theft and set punishment levels for the crimes that fit into this category. The law defines aggravated identity theft as when a person “knowingly transfers, possess, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person” while committing certain felonies.
When someone is found guilty of aggravated identity theft, two years is added to their sentence from the original felony. If the crime has certain terroristic elements, five years is added to the original sentence. The law also allows for even stiffer penalties when someone abuses their position of power or commits the crime at their place of employment.
In addition, each state has a set of identity theft laws. The penalties for these crimes vary greatly on a state to state basis. Some states send mixed signals when it is time for punishing an identity thief. For example, Alabama ranks identity theft as a Class C felony while trafficking in stolen identities is considered a more serious, Class B felony. While those categorizations may sound harsh, the maximum prison sentence for a Class B felony is two years and only half that for a Class C felony. In some states, the identity thief could be out on the street before the victim has even cleaned up the mess left behind.
Internet Fraud Laws
Another set of identity theft laws came in 2008 with the passing of the Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act. Prior to the passing of the law, so-called cyber criminals had to cause at least $5,000 in losses before they could be prosecuted. That ridiculous requirement is gone thanks to this law. If, at minimum, ten computers were attacked, the thief can be charged with a felony under this new law. | <urn:uuid:acd3d770-a778-4dfb-bbe1-dc3902c467fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.identity-theft-scenarios.com/identity-theft-punishment/laws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170651.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00061-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953997 | 531 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Global Decline of Insects
A recent analysis of 74 reports from around the globe shows that the biodiversity of insects is being seriously threatened. The studies come from multiple countries with the majority being in Western Europe and the United States. China, Australia, Brazil, and South Africa also contributed.
The report indicates that 40% of the insect population is currently declining with 1/3 of the population already endangered. This could lead to the extinction of 40% of the insect population in a few decades. At this rate, insects are declining 8 times faster than mammals, birds, and reptiles. While insects may not seem like a major cause of concern, they are in fact, essential for all ecosystems to function correctly. Insects are at the center of food webs, pollinate countless plants, keep soil healthy, in addition to controlling other pests.
Declining bug populations isn’t limited to insects that are specialized to a region, but in fact affects common insects, as well. For instance, one species of bugs currently in decline is beetles. There are over 350,000 species of beetles with many of them shrinking in population, particularly the dung beetle. Another example would be the honey bee. There were 6 million honey bee colonies in 1947, however, 3.5 million have been lost since then. Furthermore, a study in 2013 showed that the honey bee population in Oklahoma declined 50% compared to 1949.
Interestingly, it was discovered that a small number of insect species are actually increasing. These insects were determined to be adaptable species, who are simply taking the place of the dwindling species. Unfortunately, this increase is not enough to make up for the decline.
The rapid loss of insects can be linked to four major factors. One factor is pollution from chemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers. Another factor is biological influences such as pathogens or introduced species. Finally, there is habitat loss due to urbanization and agriculture. This is, in fact, the main cause of insect decline. It’s necessary to remove tree and shrubs for both farming and construction, but both result in fewer habitats for pests. In the case of agriculture, it often leaves behind bare fields with sterilized soil.
Given these factors, researchers do outline ways for us to allow declining populations to recover. For instance, since agricultural methods are thought to be the major factor, it is suggested that we alter these practices. One way to do this would be to increase the amount of organic farming versus conventional farming. A larger amount of organic farming would reduce the number of chemicals and presumably allow more bugs to survive.
Another option to mitigate insect decline is to reduce the effects of climate change. The effect of climate change on pests is particularly evident in the tropics. In these areas, where there isn’t a large presence of industrial agriculture, the decline is contributed to rising temperatures. The pest species are adapted to the current temperatures and do not have the ability to adapt to hotter conditions.
Unfortunately, there isn’t one simple solution to reverse the decline of insects. However, now that we are aware of the issue, there are factors to consider changing relating to climate change and agricultural practices. If no changes are made, the insect population appears to be at great risk.
Carrington, Damian. “Plummeting Insect Numbers 'Threaten Collapse of Nature'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 Feb. 2019, www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/10/plummeting-insect-numbers-threaten-collapse-of-nature.
Sanchez-Bayo, Francisco, and Kris A.G. Wyckhuys. “Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: A Review of Its Drivers.” Biological Conservation, Elsevier, 31 Jan. 2019, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718313636. | <urn:uuid:1ecdcfad-a334-4fe6-9baa-203897ded359> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://seairaglobal.com/blog/pest/global-pest-decline.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524517.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716075153-20190716101153-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.943506 | 812 | 3.59375 | 4 |
THE ICON PROCESS
Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries, is a breakdown of tooth enamel due to acids caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. These acidic bacteria get to work dissolving the enamel, and can cause sensitivity, white spots from de-calcification, and a feeling of embarrassment due to the physical appearance of the affected teeth.
In the past, there were not many options for fixing these issues outside of drilling into the damaged teeth. Drilling can often cause more harm than good, along with creating anxiety, and unnecessary pain for the patient.
Enter Icon by DMG. Introduced ten years ago, this procedure took the dental world by storm. Rather than painful and damaging drilling, DMG’s Icon treatment uses resin infiltration that “fills in” the white spots caused by cavities and creates a protective barrier to prevent further damage and sensitivity to the teeth. The minimally invasive, restorative treatment is done in one visit, with no drilling -- and no pain.
How Icon Works
- The teeth are cleaned with a plain pumice
- A gel is applied 1-4 times which removes the outer remineralized layer of enamel that was previously blocking healing ions from absorbing into the teeth
- Ethanol is applied as a drying agent
- A resin infiltrant is applied and allowed to soak into the teeth for 3 minutes
- The teeth are light-cured to solidify the infiltration
- Resin infiltrant is applied a second time for 1 minute
- The teeth are rinsed with water to wash off the resin infiltrant
- A moderate polishing of teeth is done to remove any remaining materials
*Some of these steps may be repeated depending on the degree of severity.
Benefits of Icon:
- Minimally-invasive treatment
- Typically only takes 45-minutes to complete
- Long-lasting treatment option
- Preserves healthy tooth enamel and structure
- Less expensive than alternative procedures
- Lessens sensitivity and discoloration of the teeth
While there are over-the-counter whitening products available, ICON resin infiltration is considered a long term treatment option that will not add further harm to damaged teeth. Research has proven that this procedure can last for at least two years, with many patients showing stable results for even longer.
CNS Dental is proud to offer Icon Resin Infiltration to our patients. If you want to learn more about the benefits and methods of Icon to determine if it’s right for you, contact our office today! | <urn:uuid:ecbc27d9-b406-4e7d-9acd-f597664ae5c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.cns-dental.com/the-icon-process/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703496947.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115194851-20210115224851-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.936263 | 533 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in Britain has called electronic cigarettes “beneficial to public health” and the “public can be reassured that e-cigarettes are much safer than smoking.”
In their latest study: Nicotine Without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction, the RCP came to numerous conclusions including that e-cigarettes are 95% safer than smoking. The RCP says it is “unlikely” that vaping is even 5% as dangerous as smoking — and may be substantially safer than that.
Here are some other key points from the RCP:
- E-cigarettes are not a “gateway” to smoking: Vaping is embraced almost exclusively by those who are using or have used tobacco;
- Vaping does not “normalize” smoking: There is no evidence that never-smokers, and teens in particular, are drawn to e-cigarettes and will end up smoking as a result
- E-cigarettes are, for many, an effective smoking-cessation tool and people are more likely to try quitting if vaping is available as an alternative;
- The potential long-term harm of e-cigarettes is unknown but there is no question the harm is less than tobacco.
While electronic-cigarettes can optionally contain nicotine which is known to be addictive, it is actually the smoke itself which is harmful as opposed to the nicotine. The nicotine can be safely classified as innocuous, much like caffeine.
Indeed the nicotine and caffeine comparison is very valid, as coffee drinkers may be addicted to the caffeine but it is actually the sugar (or high fructose corn syrup) found in coffee or cola products which is harmful when drank excessively.
The RCP states there should be regulation especially to protect children, but goes on to state that ensuring products are safe and standardized rather than discouraging their use by smokers is the appropriate strategy.
Electronic-cigarettes are the first smoking cessation device which has not been treated as medicine but rather as a a socially acceptable alternative to smoking. Ex-smokers turned vapors proudly blow out clouds of vapor, satisfied in the fact that they have kicked a habit. Yet this gives off the impression of users gaining pleasure from the product instead of solely using it as a medicine. Therefore, the image of vapors comes off as people who have found a loophole which allows them to smoke again rather than people who have beat an addiction by tackling more than the just the nicotine craving but the act of smoking itself.
This study comes on the heels of a New York judge ruling that vaping is not smoking and smoking laws were irrelevant to smokers.
Will these latest rulings and studies stop the Liberal government in Ontario from proposing sweeping new regulations which would change the definition of an e-cigarette to include “e-substance,” expand the list of places where e-cigarettes cannot be sold and set out rules for their display and promotion? Only time will tell.
It is safe to say that if a new delivery-room procedure reduced deaths of mothers during labor by 95%, it would be widely hailed as a groundbreaking achievement in medicine and be covered by multiple news outlets. If anything is improved by 95% it would be celebrated. But when it comes to smoking tobacco, which is lethal – there has been no celebration of this new technology which is saving lives.
By not embracing this new technology, we are in fact encouraging smoking. The RCP said that if regulation “makes e-cigarettes less easily accessible, less palatable or acceptable, more expensive, less consumer friendly or pharmacologically less effective, or inhibits innovation and development of new and improved products, then it causes harm by perpetuating smoking.”
It should be noted that the RCP is hardly an agency which is pro-smoking in any way. They are ahead of the curve in their studies: In 1962, two years before the US surgeon general officially linked smoking to disease for the first time, the RCP was there issuing strong warnings on the dangers of smoking.
This is not a study which should be ignored. Tobacco smoking is one of the top single greatest preventable causes of death. Now we have a way to make it 95% safer. So should we embrace that or ban it because it appears to enjoyable?
“The growing use of electronic cigarettes as a substitute for tobacco smoking has been a topic of great controversy, with much speculation over their potential risks and benefits,” writes RCP advisor John Britton in a prepared statement. “This report lays to rest almost all of the concerns over these products, and concludes that, with sensible regulation, electronic cigarettes have the potential to make a major contribution towards preventing the premature death, disease and social inequalities in health that smoking currently causes in the UK.” | <urn:uuid:8a0309f8-c20a-4389-a580-b0f333003999> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://nationalvapeshow.com/2016/05/vaping-beneficial-to-public-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249569386.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224003630-20190224025630-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.965467 | 972 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Electricity plays an important role in human life and its activities.
Currently, many villages in Indonesia still do not have electricity due to the absence of a power plant capacity and difficult areas to access.
With desire, determination and commitment, Sahabat Alam brings Sahabat Alam friends to help them fulfil their dream; flowing the electricity into their houses for the children's studying, watching television, cooking and all other activities in the day and mainly at night.
As today’s crisis environment causes climate change, this draws us to create a power plant that uses natural potential nearby which functions all year long.
The potential electricity we will apply is based on surveys and researches of the location combined with our school knowledge of Science, Electricity, Mathematics and Physics. These knowledge will definitely help us in providing a new source of energy that is environment-friendly without damaging the mother nature.
The great potential for water energy which comes from waterfall in which the water energy combined with a turbine and dynamo could be utilized and converted as a source of electric energy which we call as “Electric Generator Water Reel”.
The power could be obtained from the head of the waterfall combined with the volume per second flow of the waterfall and the gravity:
Power = Head x Flow x Gravity
At the same time, we are utilizing a clean, environment-friendly, green, renewable and sustainable energy that does not increase the amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which worsens the greenhouse effects; as earth’s temperature rises.
Living with electricity will provide a better life and development to the village. More development activities can be carried through with electricity that is previously impossible. This is definitely promoting better quality of life and economic growth to the villagers; improving education and health facilities, providing peace and spirit of mutual assistance for all villagers; bringing and uniting all villagers’ sense of togetherness in becoming an independent village which excels in welfare and better life without destroying the earth. | <urn:uuid:61ac6176-2293-4dd1-8b27-dccaf6d35979> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://sahabat-alam.com/cont.php?cid=22&mul=0&scid=25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.951919 | 402 | 2.625 | 3 |
This remarkable book looks at hundreds of autobiographies penned between 1760 and 1900 to offer an intimate firsthand account of how the Industrial Revolution was experienced by the working class. The Industrial Revolution brought not simply misery and poverty. On the contrary, Griffin shows how it raised incomes, improved literacy, and offered exciting opportunities for political action. For many, this was a period of new, and much valued, sexual and cultural freedom.
This rich personal account focuses on the social impact of the Industrial Revolution, rather than its economic and political histories. In the tradition of best-selling books by Liza Picard, Judith Flanders, and Jerry White, Griffin gets under the skin of the period and creates a cast of colorful characters, including factory workers, miners, shoemakers, carpenters, servants, and farm laborers. | <urn:uuid:ff825bff-d8e6-4c24-be9d-72c9f4930302> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/libertys-dawn-a-peoples-history/9780300194814-item.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00327-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935156 | 164 | 2.921875 | 3 |
I began to formulate what I still consider the fundamental fact about learning:
Anything is easy if you can assimilate it to your collection of models.
If you can't, anything can be painfully difficult.
What an individual can learn, and how he learns it, depends on what models he has available.
The gear can be used to illustrate many powerful " advanced" mathematical ideas, such as groups or relative motion. It is this double relationship both abstract and sensory that gives the gear the power to carry powerful mathematics into the mind.
Many cultural barriers impede children from making scientific knowledge their own.
there is a world of difference between what computers can do and what society will choose to do with them.
In my vision, the child programs the computer and, in doing so, both acquires a sense of mastery over a piece of the most modern and powerful technology and establishes an intimate contact with some of the deepest ideas from science, from mathematics, and from the art of intellectual model building.
Programming a computer means nothing more or less than communicating to it in a language that it and the human user can both " understand."
Every normal child learns to talk. Why then should a child not learn to " talk" to a computer?
It is possible to design computers so that learning to communicate with them can be a natural process, more like learning French by living in France than like trying to learn it through the unnatural process of American foreign-language instruction in classrooms. Learning to communicate with a computer may change the way other learning takes place.
Much of what we now see as too " formal" or " too mathematical" will be learned just as easily when children grow up in the computer-rich world of the very near future. | <urn:uuid:e0d9ae4e-73c2-41c2-ba76-0d46a80a8ec2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://wiki.nikitavoloboev.xyz/books/mindstorms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.954397 | 355 | 3.03125 | 3 |
that's so gay
By Diogenes (articles ) | Dec 10, 2009
The website bears the aptly unwieldy name Think before you speak. Don't say "That's so gay." A project of the Gay Lesbian Straight Education Network, the campaign employs posters, print ads and videos with the aim of curbing an element of teen slang that gay ideologues find particularly vexing.
For the uninitiated, it may be well to explain that saying "That's so gay" does not condemn the object of disparagement as characteristic or suggestive of homosexuality. The fascinating point, on the contrary, is that the word gay in this slang has become a general term of disapproval, semantically indistinguishable from "wrong." As Prof. Wittgenstein said, usage is meaning.
This is illustrated with admirable if unintentional clarity by the instructional videos provided at the site. One of them shows a pair of young cashiers named Emma and Julia discussing their plans for the night. The following dialogue takes place:
Julia: "So, are you going out tonight?"
Emma: "I can't. My parents say I have to be home right after work."
Julia: "That's so gay."
At this point an indignant customer interrupts to rebuke them: "That is so Emma and Julia!" and the voiceover draws the moral: "Imagine if who YOU are were used as an insult."
They've bull's-eyed the wrong target. English provides plenty of words that are meant to demean homosexuals, but gay is not one of them. On the contrary, gay is the term homosexual pedants insist the rest of us use in referring to homosexuals. "An insult," as analytic philosopher Michael Levin writes, "is a word or a gesture used with the intention of causing affront through the mutual recognition of that intention." Yet there is no mutual recognition here, as is obvious from the fact that the whole thrust of the Think Before You Speak campaign is to instruct the speaker about an intention he didn’t have. Nota bene: Julia didn't intend to disparage gays, she intended to disparage the decision of Emma's parents. And Julia's use of the adjective gay did not condemn that decision as fey or twee or camp but simply as wrong, as contemptible in itself. And that's the linguistically interesting point.
We've had occasion earlier to point to the etymology of the word "bad," which has become the most general term of disapproval in the language. The Oxford English Dictionary gives it thus:
bad-de (2 syllables) the Middle English reflex of Old English baeddel, 'man of both genders, hermaphrodite', doubtless like Greek androgynos, and the derivative baedling, 'effeminate fellow, womanish man, malakos,' applied contemptuously, assuming a later adjectival use.
Notice what took place: the word bad was not a tag or label that disapproving Saxons pinned on bisexuals. It worked the other way around: bisexuality was a notion that Saxons contemptuously pinned on things -- any kind of things -- of which they disapproved. Nor do we need any deep psychological investigation into the roots of Saxon homophobia to find the cause; the reason is nearer to hand. There's nothing wrong with a woman's being womanish. There is something wrong with a man's being womanish. To say it's bad for a man to be womanish is to state a tautology: x = x. As Beowulf said to Hrothgar, That's so gay.
It's important to understand that a womanish man is bad in a sense prior to and wholly apart from any moral judgment whatsoever about sodomy. A womanish man or mannish woman is bad in the "pre-moral" way that a closed aperture is bad or a permeable bulwark is bad. A nut with a left-handed thread is bad for a bolt with a right-handed thread. Try to put them together and, as the Aussies say, you bugger it up -- and even Aussies with no moral qualms about buggery will say it. As Levin explains, while our judgments may be conscious and personally formed, our tools for expressing them are acquired from without:
When we become entangled in decisions about how to talk, we lose contact with the reality our thought is supposed to be about. Like playing the piano, language is largely a system of acquired habits, and fluent speech accompanied by constant conscious decisions about which words to utter is as difficult as fluent pianism accompanied by constant conscious decisions about which keys to hit.
Hence the self-defeating futility of the Think Before You Speak campaign. They're asking the young to replace an unwitting 21st century reference to warped sexuality with an unwitting 8th century reference to warped sexuality. Even if the Emmas and Julias of the coming generation are inhibited from using a particular locution because of a political taboo attached to it, the structure of the human mind will not change. Gay activists are trying to square the circle, and the thing can't be done. Gays may well succeed in extorting social tolerance of homosexual activity -- in the short run, at least -- but until Homo sapiens retro-mutates into a sub-rational species we will continue to distinguish right from left, even from odd, good from gay.
"So are you saying my same-sex attracted son is bad?" Let me try to forestall the objection. No. I am saying (with the Church) that your son's same-sex attraction is bad. It is a disorder, and any loving parent wants his child freed from every disorder. The attraction is bad the way one man's autism is bad (innocently acquired, with harmful consequences). It is bad the way another man's alcoholism is bad (acquired innocently or not, with harmful consequences). It is bad the way a third man's kleptomania is bad (innocently acquired, yet intrinsically ordered to sin). Moral reprobation attaches not to possession of the affliction but to embracing and indulging it so as to pretend it's not an affliction at all.
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Posted by: email@example.com -
Dec. 11, 2009 5:26 PM ET USA
Excellent! I love the word,'gay'. I've used it as an adjective all my life..merry,bright,lively. I feel happy and gay. It's a good word, however made licentious later on, it became laughable and embarrassing. Sorry creatures seem to usurp the goodness out of something so innocent. Look at our poor language today...made innately phobic with time.
Posted by: -
Dec. 11, 2009 2:53 PM ET USA
i have always rejected the use of the word "gay" as a general reference to anyone gay. I think the correct use of gay is as a reference to a subject's attitude and demeanor in life, which, until recently, could be used to a man or a woman. I respect the historical development of the use of the word gay and also respect the use of it. But I maintain that the word gay has become a trap for homosexuals and that in fact not all homosexuals behave as gay people. A correction in semantics is due.
Posted by: Gaby -
Dec. 11, 2009 7:47 AM ET USA
The retort: "That's so Emma & Julia!" is off the mark: the girls used the word "gay" based on a widespread understanding of moral judgment - "gay" = bad. No such exists for "Emma & Julia". Only if Emma & Julia did something BAD, would a moral judgment ever be attached to their names. What really bugs gays is that a widespread moral judgment STILL clings to their name, IN SPITE of all their social machinations to obliterate it. They can suppress it, but they can't get rid of it.
Posted by: kmbold -
Dec. 11, 2009 12:48 AM ET USA
Breathtaking insight. Baedling, gay, fairy, whatever — he's bent. Now what is the etymology of that word? | <urn:uuid:fe8633ca-5595-4f31-a6aa-455d11f809a8> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/otr.cfm?id=5168 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270877.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00268-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952795 | 1,825 | 2.53125 | 3 |
My friends love to introduce me as a body language expert. Whoever I am introduced to inevitably, crosses their arms, gives a tight downward smile, and steps away from me and then says, “Nice to meet you.” There are over 50 different interpretations for an arm cross. Below are a few fun arm crosses and their meaning.
Quick Cross- the arm goes across the front of the person’s body and protects the thorax (heart and lungs) and the ventral front (belly). But, the movement covers the person’s nervousness because the person seems to be doing something else. The person may be adjusting the shirt cuff, watch band, button or collar, or checking a cell phone or other electronic device. Any of these gestures gives a person an excuse to cross their arms in front of their body. I often see a quick cross in celebrities about to give an apology statement. When I teach my public speaking class I notice that executives adjust their cuff as they get up to speak.
Fist Cross - Crossed Arms (with the hands into fists) - It’s a strong sign of hostility as well as defensiveness. If it's combined with a tight-lipped smile or clenched teeth and red face, a verbal or even physical attack could happen. A conciliatory approach is needed to discover what is causing it if the reason is not apparent. When preparing to teach presentation skills to the FAA, I was observing a meeting between the FAA and neighborhood residents who would be affected by a new runway and flight path for the Atlanta airport. When the meeting started 21 residents of over 100 had their arms crossed in some manner. When the FAA official began speaking more people crossed their arms and as they did the FAA officials’ speech got faster and louder as he pushed to get through the wall. I have seen this a thousand times as a presentation coach, speakers feel the stress, antagonism and they feel more cut off and alone so they go faster. Some speakers get louder and more aggressive some get more anxious and apologetic. By the end of the presentation there were only three people in the audience who didn’t have their arms crossed. All three people were from the FAA. It wasn’t surprising, but when the first residents got up to speak out of over 100 people all but seven arms came uncrossed in the group of residents and all four FAA people not in the audience crossed their arms! Many of them had the next arm cross.
Thumbs- Up “TooCool for School”Arm Cross-I was analyzing a video of the interrogation of a husband suspected of murdering his wife and charting the nonverbal behavior for the TV show “In Session.” The suspect was sitting at the table with his arms crossed and his hands hidden under his arms, except for the thumbs which were sticking up. This posture says someone is defensive, but superior. It is seen in situations where someone wants to look cool and in control while still maintaining a level of protection behind their crossed arms. I have seen this pose given by so many gangster rappers in their videos. I think it must be a part of the Gangster training video. It must have some guy wearing sunglasses inside in a dark bar demonstrating and saying. “To look like a gangster, cross arms over your chest and stick up your thumbs, millions of hit songs will follow.”
Muscle Hug Cross-Crossing your arms and grabbing your biceps or elbows. You wish your muscles where bigger. This is a person who is fearful and insecure or not able to fight you now, but they wish they could.
Partial Arm-Cross - Whereone arm swings across the body to hold or touch the other arm to form the barrier in a one arm hug. Partial arm barriers are often seen in meetings where a person may be a stranger to the group or is lacking in self-confidence.
Broken Zipper Cross (also called the fig leaf) - Hand protecting the center of the pelvis. Needless to say we protect vulnerable parts of the body. This is typically a male gesture. Children may use this gesture when they are being admonished. I see it in lines outside the soup kitchen in Atlanta in humble homeless men. I see this in athletes as they stand on the basketball court during the national anthem or as they are about to get an Olympic medal. | <urn:uuid:06e52014-3920-4fb0-889c-b8e8438950e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://pattiwood.net/article.asp?PageID=10249 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120101.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00617-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972322 | 900 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What Planting Zone Am I In?
Your Planting Zone Will Determine What Vegetables to Plant in Spring
U. S. planting zones are based on the weather history of any given area. The question “what planting zone am I in?” is one of the most asked by beginning gardeners. Knowing your planting zone is the first place to start on your journey to becoming a successful gardener.
Hardiness zones remove some of the confusion experienced by gardeners when trying to determine whether a plant will endure the winter cold or summer heat in their area. There’s also the question of the number of days in your growing season, which influences what you can or can’t expect to produce in your garden. Knowing the answer to what planting zone am I in can even help save you time and money as you won’t purchase plants which won’t thrive in your zone.
When You See “Zones 3-7” on a Plant Label, What Does it Mean?
These numbers represent the hardiness zone developed by Harvard’s Arnold Arboretum, which put together guidelines to give us a notion of how plants would survive the temperatures in a particular region. The 1990 hardiness zone map was said to be created according to historical weather patterns. The U.S. has 13 zones in all and nearly all plants are assigned a hardiness zone.
To find your zone, visit the USDA’s website and click on your state or enter your zip code. You’ll notice each zone is broken up into “a” and “b.” The “a” portion of the zone typically has a winter which is five degrees colder than the “b” portion.
It’s interesting to me, being farther north doesn’t necessarily mean colder temperatures. For example Portland, OR; Tallahassee, FL; and London, England are considered to be Zone 8, even though they are at 30-, 45- and 51-degrees latitude. There’s a simple reason for this. The jet stream and coastal winds modulate the weather in London and Portland making them similar to Tallahassee. Since their “asphalt jungles” retain heat, big metropolitan areas may also be somewhat warmer.
This is much like the effect experienced by an off-grid homesteader I know who lives a few miles down the road. Their homestead is at 3200 feet above sea level up on a mountain. Although he has snow longer than the valley below, he can produce a nice crop of corn because he has a longer growing season. My friends in the valley have to use cold frame gardening to help prolong their season. I was shocked too! The reason is the rising heat from the valley floor late in the fall and early winter which creates a longer season for him. Who knew?
When You See “Zones 3-7 / 4-6” on a Plant Label, What Does it Mean?
We now understand what the first set of numbers on a plant label means, but what about the second set? These cover heat zones which can be endured by the plant based on how hot it gets in summer in each zone. The heat zone map is broken up into 12 zones and is founded on high temperatures. The lower the number, the cooler it is in summer. For example, Portland, OR, is in Heat Zone 4. They experience between 30 to 15 days each year with temperatures above 86 degrees. Most of Texas, however, is in Heat Zone 9 where they experience between 121 to 150 days of temperatures 86+ degrees. The American Horticultural Society developed the heat zone map.
Beyond Planting and Heat Zones
Even though hardiness and heat zones are incredibly helpful, they don’t tell the complete story. You’ll find many other weather factors play a role in how well a plant will grow for you, including wind, rain and humidity. These maps were compiled on average temperatures, so they can’t account for unusual weather patterns. We’ve had an increase in what I would call unusual weather especially this year (2016).
Also, zone maps don’t tell us about micro-climates, which are little regions within an area where weather is distinctly different from the rest of the zone. An excellent example of a micro-climate is a mountain. It’s not uncommon for those of us who live in the mountains, especially 3000 feet or more, to experience snowfall even up until July when others below 2500 feet don’t. Even though we’re in the same zones, elevated micro-climates have to have their own considerations.
Wind-sheltered pockets on the south side of a mountain beside a mountain stream create a dramatic difference in climate. Banana trees can sometimes be planted outside farther north than the traditional zone, if they are planted close to the south-facing side of a structure. Several micro-climates can exist in one location.
You may be like me and are wondering if a micro-climate is affecting your plants and homestead? To know this, you should take your own temperature readings around your homestead. I would document them over a whole growing season to determine a pattern. If you keep losing crops or the yields are not up to snuff with some of your plants, you may have a tiny micro-climate affecting their ability to produce.
What About Sunset Zones?
Sunset magazine created its weather zone maps years before the USDA. Sunset zones are regarded as being more exact than USDA hardiness zones. These zones take into consideration many more factors which affect crop production than the USDA. They’re expounded and recorded on in the Sunset Western Garden Book.
Considering Frost Dates
Understanding what planting zone am I in according to your zone’s frost dates is crucial. The last frost date lets you know when it should be safe to put certain varieties in the ground. The first frost date allows you to know when you may need to bring any non-hardy plants inside for the cold winter months or harvest the crop.
These dates can help you plan (and I love my garden journal for this) your gardening tasks like when to add chicken manure compost. They’re only guidelines, remember there are micro-climates and weather patterns not predictable when establishing guidelines. The other factors we’ve discussed also affect the best time for everything gardening. So keep these dates in mind as guidelines, especially when buying new plants in the spring, planning your garden strategy, implementing gardening tips, or putting your garden to bed for the winter.
You may want to bookmark these resources until you know what zones and other basic factors affect you and your garden. It won’t take you long to remember. The next time someone says, “If you are in Zone 8 I wouldn’t try to plant that,” you’ll sound like an expert when you reply, “Intriguing information. I am in Zone 8, but my valley micro-climate enables me to grow it and you should see the nice produce I get.”
Knowing what planting zone you’re in is important information. Do you know the answer? Let us know in the comments below.
Safe and Happy Journey,
Rhonda and The Pack | <urn:uuid:723eb7de-f0c4-497d-8c23-d5c8812710ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://iamcountryside.com/growing/what-planting-zone-am-i-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.937104 | 1,521 | 3.171875 | 3 |
OATS or Avena sativa; are whole-grain cereal derived from Poaceae grass grown in North America and Europe.
The whole oats are beta carotene-like fibers with a high amount of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants!
Amazing tiny oats are the sole source of avenanthramides; our protector against heart diseases.
Oats with its vital benefits in health food like lowering blood sugar, and cholesterol level.
What are the Nutrition Facts of the oats?
Every 100 grams of oats contains:
8% of water.
16.9 grams proteins.
66.3 grams carbs.
0 grams of sugars.
10.6 grams of fiber.
6.9 grams of fats.
Oats are the most grain as a source of protein contains about 11-17% of dry weight. Athletes know more about oats protein.
There are two types of oats protein:
Consists of about 80% of the total protein content; it is similar to legume proteins.
is the minor protein related to gluten; just about 20%.
Oats contain about 66% dry weight of carbs; only 11% of oats carbs are fibers, but 85% is starch.
Oats’ starch is totally different from others; consisting of a long chain of glucose with higher fat content and higher viscosity helping oats to bind easily with our water giving saturation sense.
With amazing oats you will find three types of starch in their content as following:
Rapidly digested starch (7%):
Here, starch is quickly moldered and absorbed like glucose.
Slowly digested starch (22%):
Absorption here is slower than the previous one.
Resistant starch (25%):
Resistant starch works as fibers enhancing the health of your gut.
Oat fibers are pack and porridge. Pack contains about 11% fiber while porridge about 1.7% fiber
There are two types of fibers-containing oats:
Involves lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
The majority of oats fibers are soluble called beta-glucan.
Beta-glucan in oats fibers consists of 2.3-8.5% raw whole oats which are unique; they act as a gel-like solution.
Beta-glucan helps in slower digestion, boosted fullness, and appetite suppression.
Beta-glucan has a vital role in decreasing cholesterol levels especially (LDL), heart disease risks, and insulin levels.
Oats are sugar-free except 1% in sucrose form.
Vitamins and minerals:
contains multiple vitamins and minerals as follows:
which is important for growth development and metabolism.
used for bone health and tissue maintenance.
considered as an antioxidant important for heart health.
Which is the main element of our body hemoglobin; the key transporter of oxygen in the blood.
Selenium as an antioxidant is responsible for immune and mental functions.
Even magnesium as a trace element is responsible for many vital processes; helps in treating migraines, muscle cramps, and fights depression.
Oats zinc has a role in all chemical reactions in your body. One cup of raw oats contains about 2.95 of our daily required value of zinc.
B1 is also known as thiamine which is responsible for neurological body health.
With oats, focusing on details helps you find more than vitamins and minerals.
Check more oat plant components
Oat unique component; its antioxidant power.
Aven. has a role in decreasing arteries inflammation and regulating blood pressure.
It is a polyphenol antioxidant; present in oats and other cereal grains.
mainly concentrated in the Bran; helping your body to easily absorb minerals like iron and zinc.
Our dew treats inform you about all oats benefits
Decreasing cholesterol level:
Studies confirm that oats can reduce the risk of heart disease which is the main cause of mortality worldwide by decreasing cholesterol levels especially bad cholesterol (LDL).
This oat value is back to oats beta-glucan content. Beta-glucan increases the viscosity of your eaten food then slower the abortion of fats and cholesterol.
beta-glucan binds to cholesterol-rich bile acids produced by the liver for digestion and carries these acids out the digestive system rather than out of your body, lowering cholesterol levels.
So Consume 3 grams of foods containing beta-glucan daily and lessen any heart disease risks.
Additional Oats benefits for type 2 diabetes:
Type 2 diabetes is abnormal blood sugar due to reduced sensitivity to the insulin hormone.
Also, beta-glucan of oats is beneficial for blood sugar control; It can diminish glucose and insulin responses after a high carb meal.
For diabetic ones, consuming oatmeal for 4 weeks leads to about 40% of insulin medication.
Oats benefits weight loss upon enhancing the fullness:
38 popular foods may affect fullness, the third top-ranking is oatmeal, particularly during breakfast.
As usual oats warriors do their duty; beta-glucan as a soluble fiber boosts the fullness hormones, delays stomach emptying, and suppresses appetite.
Diet simple equation is here; Low-calories, high-fiber, and highly-nutrition are all in tiny OATS.
Are extremely oats gluten-free?
Individuals with gastrointestinal problems or gluten sensitivity practice a gluten-free diet.
Even most oat products are not Gluten-free, due to wheat contamination, but large amounts can be tolerated by those people.
Oats gluten boosts the nutritional value of gluten-free diets Due to the minerals and fibers intakes.
Individuals with celiac disease can consume about 50-100 grams of raw oats without any side effects but can help in intestinal healing in celiac-suffering patients.
But Sensitive people to the avenin (oats protein) with similar symptoms of gluten sensitivity should exclude oats (oats gluten) from their diet.
Oats may be contaminated with other grains as wheat, not used to celiac patients or wheat allergic.
Child oats benefits: Oat milk and oats overnight are more yummy for children than other oats recipes.
It was found that consuming daily oats for kids under 6 years old can reduce the risk of asthma.
Oats boost our baby's immunity to battle against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
Follow our dew treats regularly to get all about oats recipes especially oats milk and oats overnight for your kids.
Oats benefits for skin:
Oats benefits for skin are variable by adding natural products like honey, egg, coconut oil, and turmeric.
We will talk about oat recipes for skin in detail in other articles, follow us.
Cleaning the skin.
Softening dry skin.
Removing oily skin.
Helping in black halos.
Decreasing water retention.
Assisting in acne treatment.
General oats benefits:
Generally, Oats enhance the immune system.
With oats, you need no more Emollients.
Improve the quality of life when replacing white flour.
Our dewtreats for you today to support more consumption of Rich oats to take valuable benefits in reducing cholesterol levels, decreasing insulin levels, regulating blood pressure, lessening heart disease risks, and stomach fullness. Oat Minerals, protein, carbs, fibers, and vitamins content give oats the top ranking among healthy grains. | <urn:uuid:8d886b97-ad88-4129-9d26-494df43234eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://dewtreats.com/healthy-food-initiated-with-oats-101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499954.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202003408-20230202033408-00825.warc.gz | en | 0.888345 | 1,739 | 3.109375 | 3 |
They might look small and unappealing, but cloves are super foods when it comes to nutrition and health benefits. They are the unopened flower buds of the evergreen clove tree that is native to Indonesia. Although cloves come under the spice category, they hold high importance in Ayurvedic medicine as an antiseptic, analgesic and anti-microbial agent. The oils, leaves, dried flower buds, and stems of this fantastic herb are used in making medicine. Cloves impart a wonderful taste and aroma to the dishes to which they are added. Since they have an intense flavor, care should be taken not to add too much cloves in cooking as it can overpower the taste and flavor of other ingredients in the dish.
Nutritional value of cloves
Cloves are a storehouse of antioxidants and are also good sources of vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber and other important nutrients. This spice contains essential oils like eugenol, which is a chemical compound belonging to the phenyl-propanoids class of compounds. It is this chemical
that gives the cloves its pleasant and wonderful aroma. Eugenol has antiseptic and anesthetic properties and hence it is used effectively in dental treatment procedures and dental care. Cloves are also rich in tannins, flavonoids and saponins. It contains high amounts of minerals like potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron and selenium. It is also a good source of many vitamins like vitamin A, thiamin (vitamin B-1), vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin-C, vitamin-K, and riboflavin.
Health benefits of cloves
Cloves are dense in nutrients and antioxidants that work towards promoting overall health and wellness. Given below are some of the reasons why you should consider including cloves to your diet:
Cloves for clear and beautiful skin
Clove oil has been used widely by skin specialists to treat many skin conditions and to enhance the health and beauty of the skin. It has been found to be very effective in treating acne and pimples. The antibacterial properties of cloves help in killing the acne causing bacteria, thereby preventing acne breakout. The essential oil found in this spice cleanses your skin and also reduces inflammation caused by acne and pimples. Clove oil should be diluted with carrier oil before applying to the skin as it is quite strong and can irritate the skin.
Applying clove oil on the skin can help in removing scars and blemishes. It also exfoliates the skin and removes the dirt and dead cells from the surface of the skin, giving it a smooth and clean appearance. The antioxidants in cloves fight against free radicals and help to prevent early aging signs such as wrinkles, dark spots and fine lines. Cloves are rich in vitamin C that promotes collagen production, which increases elasticity of the skin, making it smooth and supple.
Hair benefits of cloves
Cloves are also found to be highly beneficial for the hair. It helps in strengthening your hair and in preventing hair loss. The application of a mixture of clove oil and olive oil on the scalp and strands of hair acts as a conditioner and makes your hair look smooth and shiny.
Cloves for oral hygiene
Using cloves is an excellent way to keep your mouth clean, fresh and healthy. It helps in eliminating bad breath by cleaning your entire mouth including the palate, tongue and throat. Being antibacterial in nature, it destroys the bacteria that may cause foul breath and infections. The intense aroma of the cloves prevents bad breath and keeps your mouth smelling fresh. Applying clove oil or chewing on a clove is one of the best remedies to get relief from toothache. It also prevents infection by killing the bacteria and the anti-inflammatory effects of this spice reduce swelling in the gums and around the teeth.
Cloves provide temporary relief from toothache
Dab a small amount of clove oil on a cotton ball and place the cotton on your gums or affected tooth. This can help in alleviating the toothache temporarily. Since cloves possess antiseptic property, it can help in preventing infections too.
Cloves have anti-inflammatory properties
Eugenol is the main component of clove’s essential volatile oils, which functions as an anti-inflammatory agent. Studies conducted on animals indicates that by adding clove extract to diets which are already rich in anti-inflammatory components such as cod liver oil helps in further reducing the symptoms of inflammation by another 15 to 30 percent. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cloves can also be attributed to the presence of different kinds of flavonoids such as rhamnetin and kaempferol in this spice.
Cloves for upper respiratory ailments
Cloves function as an expectorant and help in loosening the mucous or phlegm. Since they have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties they help in relieving sore throat and other infections. According to Ayurvedic medicine, drinking tea containing cloves is helpful in lessening or preventing the common colds and flu.
Cloves are beneficial for treating arthritis
The essential oils in cloves work as a rubefacient, which irritates the skin, causing the blood vessels to expand, thereby increasing the flow of blood to the affected area. This property makes cloves a very popular remedy for providing relief from sore muscles and the symptoms of arthritis. Clove oil can be either used in hot baths or as a poultice.
Cloves improve digestion
Clove is found to have carminative properties, which helps in preventing the formation of gas in the intestinal tract. It has medicinal qualities and is used to cure many digestive problems like flatulence, indigestion, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric irritability and loose motion. Cloves help in stimulating blood circulation and hence contribute to improved digestion and metabolism. In addition to this, the essential oils in clove are found to be very effective in reducing inflammation and preventing stomach ulcers. The anti-bacterial effect of this spice is helpful in destroying the harmful bacteria in the stomach thus preventing the occurrence of stomach infections. Chewing on a clove after a meal helps in stimulating the salivary glands to produce more saliva which aids in digestion.
Eating cloves help in lowering cholesterol
If you are looking for easy and natural ways to reduce cholesterol, try adding cloves to your daily diet. A study published by the American Heart Association states that this spice plays an important role in lowering cholesterol. According to the study the active ingredients in cloves helps in stimulating some enzymes that in turn help in lowering the levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides. Eating three cloves a day may help in reducing the cholesterol levels by about 10 to 15 percent.
Cloves can help in relieving acidity
Cloves can be of great help for people suffering from acidity. This spice not only improves digestion but also reduces the symptoms of acidity by lining the throat and stomach with mucous. Cloves have carminative effect which prevents the buildup of gas in the intestine. Chewing or sucking on a raw clove is the best way to get fast relief from acidity.
Cloves for diabetes
Research suggests that cloves show glucose-lowering effects and hence it has been recommended for people suffering from diabetes. According to studies, this spice helps in improving insulin resistance and in controlling blood sugar levels. The study also suggests that the regular consumption of cloves may help in preventing diabetes.
Cloves are a stress buster
The wonderful aroma of cloves can help you relax and soothe your mind. The essential oil Eugenol found abundantly in this spice is known to have muscle relaxant properties. Cloves have stimulating effect on your mind and are helpful in eliminating mental fatigue and exhaustion. Regular consumption of this spice can refresh your mind and improve the functioning of your brain. Clove oil is known to induce sleep and hence is beneficial for people suffering from lack of sleep or insomnia. It is also found to be effective in treating disorders of the nervous system such as depression, anxiety and memory loss.
Cloves have aphrodisiac properties
Cloves are one of the most popularly known aphrodisiacs. The essential oils in this herb are found to be helpful in increasing libido and sexual desire.
Cloves for nausea and vomiting
Cloves are considered to be an effective remedy for nausea and vomiting. They are helpful in providing relief from nausea and morning sickness that is usually found in pregnant women. Inhaling the scent of clove oil or chewing on cloves will help in alleviating nausea. For getting relief from vomiting, you can either drink warm water to which a few drops of clove oil has been added or you can swallow a mixture of powdered cloves and honey.
Cloves for headache
A mixture of clove oil and salt when applied on the forehead is believed to offer a cooling effect, which helps in getting relief from headaches. The anti-inflammatory nature of this spice will help to reduce the inflammation and the analgesic property offers relief from pain.
Cloves improve blood circulation
Clove oil helps increasing blood circulation, which helps in transporting oxygen efficiently to the various parts of the body. This effect can be attributed to the active ingredient Eugenol found in clove essential oil.
Cloves are actually one of the spices that have been highly valued. It is popular and widely used all over the world for their culinary and medicinal properties. The whole range of health benefits that this tiny spice offers makes it a miracle food. In addition to its medicinal and culinary uses, cloves are also useful as an insect repellant, in aromatherapy, and in making cosmetics, soaps, perfumes. | <urn:uuid:bf106c79-44f2-43ab-a1f2-7214ca025d8c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.valuefood.info/2030/health-benefits-of-cloves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.942632 | 1,996 | 2.765625 | 3 |
If a job requires greater corrosion resistance than grade 304 can provide, grade 316 is the 'next step up'. Grade 316 has virtually the same mechanical, physical and fabrication characteristics as 304 with better corrosion resistance, particularly to pitting corrosion in chloride environments.
Grade 316 (U NS S31600) is the second most popular grade accounting for about 20% of all stainless steel produced.
This article follows on from "304 -the place to start" in Issue 10 which is also available on ASSDA's website at www.assda.asn.au
Table 1 compares three related grades - 316, 316L and 31 6H.
Grade 316L is a low carbon 316 often used to avoid possible sensitisation corrosion in welded components.
Grade 316H has a higher carbon content than 316L, which increases the strength (particularly at temperatures above about 500°C), but should not be used for applications where sensitisation corrosion could be expected.
Both 316L and 316H are available in plate and pipe, but 316H is less readily available ex-stock. 316L and 316H are sometimes stocked as standard 316 (test certificates will confirm compliance with the 'L' or 'H' specification).
Grade 316 has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of media. Its main advantage over grade 304 is its increased ability to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments. It resists common rusting in virtually all architectural applications, and is often chosen for more aggressive environments such as seafront buildings and fittings on wharves and piers. It is also resistant to most food processing environments, can be readily cleaned, and resists organic chemicals, dye stuffs and a wide variety of inorganic chemicals.
In hot chloride environments, grade 316 is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion and to stress corrosion cracking when subjected to tensile stresses beyond about 50°C. In these severe environments duplex grades such as 2205 (UNS S31803) or higher alloy austenitic grades including 6% molybdenum (UNS S31254) grades are more appropriate choices.
The corrosion resistances of the high and low carbon versions of 316 (316L and 316H) are the same as standard 316.
Like grade 304, 316 has good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870°C and in continuous service to 925°C. Continuous use of 316 in the 425-860°C range is not recommended if subsequent exposure to room temperature aqueous environments is anticipated, but it often performs well in temperatures fluctuating above and below this range.
Grade 316L is more resistant to carbide precipitation than standard 316 and 316H and can be used in the above temperature range. However, where high temperature strength is important, higher carbon values are required. For example, AS 1210 Pressure Vessels Code limits the
operating temperature of 316L to 450°C and restricts the use of 316 to carbon values of 0.04% or higher for temperatures above 550°C. 316H or the titanium-containing version 316Ti can be specified for higher temperature applications.
316 has excellent toughness down to temperatures of liquefied gases and has application at these temperatures, although lower cost grades such as 304 are more usually selected for cryogenic vessels.
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (see Tables 2 and 3)
Like other austenitic grades, 316 in the annealed condition is virtually nonmagnetic (ie. very low magnetic permeability). While 304 can become significantly attracted to a magnet after being cold worked, grade 316 is almost always virtually totally non-responsive. This may be a reason for selecting grade 316 in some applications.
Annealing (also referred to as solution treating) is the main heat treatment carried out on grade 316. This is done by heating to 1,010-1,120°C and rapidly cooling - usually by water quenching.
316 can be deep drawn without intermediate heat softening enabling it to be used in the manufacture of drawn stainless parts, such as sinks and saucepans. However, for normal domestic articles the extra corrosion resistance of grade 316 is not necessary. 316 is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of other parts for application in the industrial and architectural fields.
Grade 316 has outstanding weldability and all standards welding techniques can be used. Although post-weld annealing is often not required to restore 316's corrosion resistance (making it suitable for heavy gauge fabrication) appropriate post-weld clean-up is recommended.
Machinability of 316 is lower than most carbon steels. The standard austenitic grades like 316 can be readily machined if slower speeds and heavy feeds are used, tools are rigid and sharp, and cutting fluids are involved. An 'improved machinability' version of 316 also exists.
The guidelines in Table 4 are approximate 'first cost' comparisons for sheet material in a standard mill finish suitable for construction projects. The appeal of stainless over its first cost competitors dramatically increases
when lifecycle costs are considered.
Grade 31 6 is available in virtually all stainless product forms including coil, sheet, plate, strip, tube, pipe, fittings, bars, angles, wire, fasteners and castings. 316L is also widely available, particularly in heavier products such as plate, pipe and bar. Most stainless steel surface finishes, from standard to special finishes, are available.
Typical applications for 316 include boat fittings and structural members; architectural components particularly in marine, polluted or industrial
environments; food and beverage processing equipment; hot water systems; and plant for chemical, petrochemical, mineral processing, photographic and other industries.
Although 316 is often described as the 'marine grade', it is also seen as the first step up from the basic 304 grade.
Alternative grades to 316 should be considered in certain environments and applications including:
• strong reducing acids (alternatives might be 904L, 2205 or a super duplex grade),
• environments with temperatures above 50-60°C and with chlorides present (choose grades resistant to stress corrosion cracking and higher pitting resistance such as 2205 or a super duplex or super austenitic), and
• applications requiring heavy section welding (316L), substantial machining (an improved machinability version of 316), high strength or hardness (perhaps a martensitic or precipitation hardening grade).
This technical article featured in Australian Stainless magazine - Issue 13, May 1999. | <urn:uuid:87aa201a-e8b8-4941-a9f4-2feb83ce58f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.assda.asn.au/component/rsblog/post/242-grade-316-the-first-step-up | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500028.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202133541-20230202163541-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.913149 | 1,376 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Editor’s note: today’s caption is the answer to the March puzzler.
Egypt’s Western Desert is dry, which is not surprising; it is, after all, a desert. But this part of the eastern Sahara (west of the Nile River) is so dry—receiving just centimeters of rainfall per year—that researchers describe it as “hyper-arid.” As such, it seems unlikely that much would grow there.
Greenery, however, has been cropping up in the area in recent decades. On February 26, 2017, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 captured these natural-color images of East Oweinat, one of Egypt’s land reclamation projects aimed at making some desert areas suitable for agriculture.
Both the wide and detailed images show the geometric forms of the cultivated land. The circles indicate the irrigation method: water pumped from underground is delivered to sprinklers that rotate around a central pivot point. The “fossil water” used on these fields comes from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, which recharges slowly and is considered a non-renewable resource. But for now, that water means plants can flourish in the driest of deserts.
Agricultural development began here in the 1980s, and images from 1999 and 2001 show crops growing in parcels 1 and 2 in the southern part of East Oweinat. Research published in 2010 reported that the farming operation spanned almost 5,000 square kilometers (1,200,000 acres).
According to a 2014 news report, companies were focused on growing wheat, an important food staple in the country. One company leasing land in East Oweinat reportedly produced 40,000 tons of wheat over the course of a year. Workers can move crops and equipment via the airport on the site’s eastern side.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Caption by Kathryn Hansen. | <urn:uuid:8736df98-3df8-4c62-b6b1-8d6d0ff1ec01> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/89820/cultivating-egypts-desert | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203161435-20231203191435-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.940954 | 420 | 4.125 | 4 |
A percentage is a proportion (or ratio) that states the number of parts or items per 100. For example, if 37 per cent of the pencils in a box of 100 pencils are red, this means 37 of the pencils are red. Percentages for more than one category can be averaged, but it can be a little tricky. In most cases you can’t simply add the percentages together and divide by the number of categories to find the average percentage. This is because the number of items in each category may be different.
Convert each percentage to its decimal form to make calculation easier. In decimal form it’s usually simpler to enter the numbers into a calculator. Divide each percentage by 100 to convert. For example, 37 per cent in decimal form is calculated by dividing 37 by 100 to get 0.37. Do the same for all the percentages in the problem.
Multiply the percentage for each category by the total number of items in each category to find the actual number of items represented by the percentage. For example, let’s say 37 per cent of a box of 200 red pencils has been removed from the box, which is 0.37 x 200, or 74 red pencils removed. Suppose 42 per cent of a box of 300 blue pencils has also been removed. That means 0.42 x 300, or 126 blue pencils, have been removed.
Add the actual number of items represented by each percentage together. For instance, add the number of red and blue pencils removed together. For 74 red and 126 blue pencils used, you get 200 pencils removed overall.
Add the total items in each category together. In the example, the boxes of pencils started with 200 pencils in one and 300 pencils in the other, so 200 plus 300 equals 500.
Calculate the average percentage by dividing the total items represented by percentages by the overall total of items. In the example, a total of 200 pencils were removed out of a total of 500 pencils. Divide 200 by 500, which is equal to 0.40. Convert to percentage form by multiplying 0.40 by 100. The average percentage removed equals 40 per cent. | <urn:uuid:18d11d78-2dfc-4039-bb68-7eb7bb0121c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6437936_calculate-averages-percentages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987823061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022182744-20191022210244-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.898749 | 452 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Acknowledgements to the Research Councils UK and the Department of Science and Technology (Govt of India).
Researchers of the Sustainable Environment Research Group have proven that it is possible to cool greenhouses using solar energy. In hot countries this will enable crops to be cultivated outside the normal growing seasons. Though methods for cooling greenhouses already exist they are poorly suited to hot and humid places like the India and the Middle East. For his PhD project George Lychnos has developed a method for greenhouse cooling that relies on the properties of salts found in seawater. Magnesium salt attracts moisture and, by removing moisture from the air, makes it possible to cool the air by bringing it into contact with seawater. The magnesium chloride salt is recycled as a solution and kept concentrated by the action of sunlight which drives off moisture.
Writing in the journal Energy, Dr. Lychnos and his supervisor Dr. Philip Davies have reported that the solar-cooled cooling system permits cultivation of crops like lettuce, tomato, cucumber and soya all year round – even in the harshest climates. ‘The world’s population is growing most quickly in hot countries and climate change is now posing an additional threat to food security’, says Davies, ‘New technologies are needed to cultivate food intensively in protected environments and these technologies should use renewable energy sources like solar’.
Though there are many concepts available for solar-powered cooling, most of them rely on toxic fluids and heavy-duty pressure vessels. In contrast, this new system needs only seawater and sunlight and operates at atmospheric pressure.
Acknowledgements to the Royal Society and the Greek State Scholarship Foundation.
De-inking sludge is a waste derived from secondary fibre paper mills and is produced during the de-inking stage of paper recycling. Approximately 1 million tonnes of sludge are produced each year in the UK. Currently de-inking sludge is disposed of land-spreading, incineration with natural gas, or by land filling – practices which are highly unsustainable and costly.
An alternative is to convert the sludge into liquid fuels by thermal processing (pyrolysis) which can be used in diesel engines. We are working with the European Bio-energy Research Institute at Aston which has developed intermediate pyrolysis as a means of processing a wide range of biomass and waste materials. Intermediate pyrolysis is being applied to sludge acquired from a local paper mill.
The first stage in the testing of any alternative fuel is to characterize the fuel: this includes measurements of calorific value, flashpoint, cetane index, pH, density, viscosity and elemental analysis. These give an indication of the suitability of the fuel. Pyrolysis liquids are difficult to use in pure form but they can be used as blends with standard diesel or preferably biodiesel. Our engine testing facility enables a range of parameters to be studied, including fuel consumption, cylinder pressures and combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas compositions. Constituents in the exhaust gas like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates can contribute to atmospheric pollution causing global warming or smog formation. Careful attention of the engine parameters and fuel blend can minimize these pollutants while maximizing the engine performance and power output.
Acknowledgements to Research Councils UK
The Punjab in Pakistan is a major agricultural area where the productivity of the land has been improved by the creation of large scale irrigation schemes at the start of the 20th century. One of these schemes, the Lower Bari Dohab Canal Improvement project is to be renovated with funding from the Asian Development Bank and the Government of the Punjab. The project area is about half the size of the county of Yorkshire and involves the conjunctive use of thousands of water wells and many irrigation canals and distributaries. Dr. John Elgy is responsible for the collection and collation of all the data relevant to the area and its hydrology. Some of the data dates back to the 1930s. Much of this data is in old formats and units with the use of multiple map projections and datums, some of which are poorly documented. The data is being restructured into a Geographical Information System (GIS) to give a coherent database. Local staff are being trained in the use of GIS and database management systems.
The project makes extensive use of Dr. Elgy’s expertise in water and land resources planning, groundwater hydrology, remote sensing and geographical information systems where he has published and supervised doctoral students. His teaching of database management systems at undergraduate level and experience in developing countries prompted german-based consultancy Lahmeyer International to approach him to take up the post.
The map illustrates an example of the work being done. It shows a digital elevation model of the project area bounded by the main rivers of the region: Sutlej, Chenab and Ravi.
Acknowledgements to the Asian Development Bank and the Government of the Punjab
Employable Graduates; Exploitable Research
© Copyright Aston University,
Birmingham, B4 7ET | <urn:uuid:dd003f3b-e820-4a66-a2ec-9c36e40e9787> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.aston.ac.uk/eas/research/groups/serg/working-with-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802771164.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075251-00093-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92165 | 1,028 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Identifying Plant Disease Facts
All gardeners know that identifying plant disease is an important task in the garden. In order to grow healthy flowers, vegetables, trees and shrubs, it's important to learn the basics skills for identifying plant disease. Pretend you're the Sherlock Holmes or Hercule Poirot of the garden. Begin your investigation by observation.
Examine the Plant
Being your sleuthing by taking a look at the entire plant. In this photo, the spaghetti squash nestled among the leaves looks healthy...but the plant's leaves show problems. They are turning yellow and some have turned brown and fallen off completely. These are important clues in identifying plant disease.
Rule Out Insects
A closeup inspection of the squash leaves reveals the culprit: squash bugs. While technically not a diseases, part of identifying plant diseases is also ruling out insect damage. A careful inspection of the leaves reveals juvenile insects, such as the ones in the picture, and telltale brown eggs on the leaves. A few adult beetles could be seen on mature leaves too. The proper care for this is prevention using row covers or companion planting to repel insects. Fortunately, the squash appears to be recovering and is still producing fruits (squash).
Plant Disease Lifecycle
Identify Fungal Diseases
Fruits and vegetables yield many clues to identify pests and disease. If all your tomatoes or other fruiting vegetables are developing stains on the base that spread into big black circles like this, your plants are infected with a fungal disease called blossom end rot. It can strike tomatoes, peppers and nearly any vegetable. It is caused by a fungus. Plants are more susceptible if they receive inconsistent water and the soil lacks essential nutrients. Many fungal diseases create spots, splotches and odd marks on the fruit.
Spots Signal Trouble
Trees, especially fruit trees, are susceptible to diseases. There are many diseases that attack fruit and fruit trees. This apple tree exhibits telltale brown spots on the leaves that may indicate rust, a fungal disease. Other signs of disease on foliage include a powdery white, gray or silver coating, which is powdery mildew. This may attack trees, shrubs, annuals or perennials, especially during very moist times of the year. Fungi love moisture and flourish during periods of rain or from improper watering. Many gardening experts recommend watering in the morning so that the sun can dry plant leaves.
More Clues to Identify Problems
Lastly, as you look at your plants, some clues signal insects more than pathogens. If you can actually see the insects on the plant, such as this swarm of Japanese beetles on the rose bush, you'll have an easier time determining which garden pest to contend with. Garden pests mimic disease by discoloring or damaging foliage. Chewed ends or holes in the center of leaves usually signal an insect problem rather than pathogens.
Disease Clues Depend on Time
Some plants exhibit different symptoms at different times, but the symptoms all point to the same culprit. Iris borer, for example is an insect pest that tunnels through the leaves and crown of the iris. Depending on when you notice the problem, the iris may exhibit brown leaves or a mushy center. The leaves may die back. Brown leaves aren't always a sign of a fungal infection or a virus. In the case of a borer, it's an insect. Even the most skilled plant detective may need to consult an expert at the garden center or county extension for a full diagnosis, because so many plant diseases mimic others.
Prevent Pests and Diseases
If you master the skills of identify plant disease and identifying garden pests, you can find a cure for your plants. Visit your local garden center or call your county cooperative extension office for advice. Keeping gardens clean and well maintained and feeding plants nourishing compost keeps them strong and healthy so they can produce wonderful fruits, vegetables and flowers. | <urn:uuid:ff26c372-cf7e-47b9-aa22-9f0756f6708d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Identifying_Plant_Disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662593428.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525182604-20220525212604-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.936719 | 805 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The same Symantec researchers who tracked down the Stuxnet worm four years ago have discovered another potent piece of malware, Re/code reports. The Trojan program is called Regin, and it offers "a powerful framework for mass surveillance," Symantec says in a blog post that calls out "a degree of technical competence rarely seen." Its capabilities suggest that a government is behind it, though which government isn't certain. "The best clues we have are where the infections have occurred and where they have not," says a researcher. About half of the roughly 100 infections detected have been in Russia and Saudi Arabia, but the malware has also appeared in Europe, Mexico, India, and elsewhere in the Middle East. Neither the US nor China is known to have been infected.
Those two countries, as well as Israel, would have the ability to make such malware, Re/code notes. Regin infections stretch back to 2008 (and possibly even 2006, a researcher tells Re/code); they occurred through 2011, "after which it was abruptly withdrawn," per Symantec. "A new version of the malware resurfaced from 2013 onwards." It targets systems running Windows, attacking in five stages and opening the systems for surveillance use: So far, Regin has been employed in "spying operations against governments, infrastructure operators, businesses, researchers, and private individuals," Symantec says. It's not clear how Regin gets distributed, experts say. "In the world of malware threats, only a few rare examples can truly be considered groundbreaking and almost peerless," says a company white paper. "What we have seen in Regin is just such a class of malware." | <urn:uuid:fc4347f2-41a2-4180-9dbb-b3f076477522> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.newser.com/story/199059/almost-peerless-new-malware-in-use-since-2008.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890874.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121195145-20180121215145-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.972348 | 339 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/105003
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An Automated procedure for estimating the leaf area index (LAI) of woodland ecosystems using digital imagery, MATLAB programming and its application to an examination of the relationship between remotely sensed and field measurements of LAI
Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important variables required for modelling growth and water use of forests. Functional–structural plant models use these models to represent physiological processes in 3-D tree representations. Accuracy of these models depends on accurate estimation of LAI at tree and stand scales for validation purposes. A recent method to estimate LAI from digital images (LAID) uses digital image capture and gap fraction analysis (Macfarlane et al. 2007b) of upward-looking digital photographs to capture canopy LAID (cover photography). After implementing this technique in Australian evergreen Eucalyptus woodland, we have improved the method of image analysis and replaced the time consuming manual technique with an automated procedure using a script written in MATLAB 7.4 (LAIM). Furthermore, we used this method to compare MODIS LAI values with LAID values for a range of woodlands in Australia to obtain LAI at the forest scale. Results showed that the MATLAB script developed was able to successfully automate gap analysis to obtain LAIM. Good relationships were achieved when comparing averaged LAID and LAIM (LAIM = 1.009 – 0.0066 LAID; R² = 0.90) and at the forest scale, MODIS LAI compared well with LAID (MODIS LAI = 0.9591 LAID – 0.2371; R² = 0.89). This comparison improved when correcting LAID with the clumping index to obtain effective LAI (MODIS LAI = 1.0296 LAIe + 0.3468; R² = 0.91). Furthermore, the script developed incorporates a function to connect directly a digital camera, or high resolution webcam, from a laptop to obtain cover photographs and LAI analysis in real time. The later is a novel feature which is not available on commercial LAI analysis softwares for cover photography. This script is available for interested researchers. | <urn:uuid:896508f1-ff1b-4e16-bb09-0f0bfe5add2d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.researchonline.mq.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:11089?exact=creator%3A%22Palmer%2C+Anthony+R%22&highlights=false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768050.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00026-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884138 | 475 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Abolition in the classroom means police-free schools. But sworn officers aren’t the only people upholding carceral systems in schools. Educators must get police-like thinking out of our own heads so we don’t replicate systems of harm.
Join DeMointé Wesley and other aspiring abolitionist educators July 6-8 from 3-5pm PST to explore:
Whether you teach Indigenous students or not, this workshop series will give you knowledge and tools to affirm Indigenous Peoples and Native Nations in your classroom.
Join Hunkpapa Lakota educator Helen Thomas to explore settler colonialism, decolonization, Indigenous erasure, tribal sovereignty, and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. This series will provide a space for all educators to learn, reflect, and discuss with others how to affirm Indigenous Peoples and Native Nations in their classroom curriculum and practices.
This workshop series consists of 4 workshops meeting daily Monday through Thursday, July 12-15 from 3-5 pm PST. Each workshop requires 20-30 minutes of pre-workshop learning (through pre-recorded videos). Recordings and resources will be available for those who are unable to attend.
WE ARE NOT ACCEPTING PAYMENT YET.
SIGNING UP HERE PUTS YOU FIRST ON THE LIST TO BE NOTIFIED WHEN WE CONFIRM DATES FOR THE SUMMER SESSION OF THIS WORKSHOP SERIES.
This workshop series will provide a deep exploration into decolonized perspectives of Xicanx histories in the context of the U.S, with critical reflection on how we can apply this knowledge to ourselves and in the classroom.
Join Felina Rodriguez & others to July 19-22, 3-5pm PST to:
*contact us at email@example.com if you have any questions. | <urn:uuid:b86663d3-f2e5-4b61-b1d7-9dae747be451> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://decolonizeyourclassroom.vipmembervault.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487637721.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618134943-20210618164943-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.889022 | 366 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Why Eating Out Is Making You Fat
In recent years, American restaurants have been piling layers of fat, salt, and sugar on their creations — all of which tricks our brain into craving more food, says former FDA commissioner David Kessler, MD, in his book The End of Overeating. "Even lettuce has become a vehicle for fat," he says, citing the cream-based dressings, cheese chunks, bacon bits, and oil-soaked croutons that turn many restaurant salads into health hazards.
If you're watching your calories — or your life expectancy — there are a few fast rules to follow if you eat out at a popular restaurant chain:
- Avoid anything with the word "sampler" or "platter," unless you plan to share it with three or more people and make it your main course.
- Skip anything that comes in an edible bowl or includes the words stacked, stuffed, double, triple, slammed, or dunked.
- Nachos are something best shared with a group, and subs are something best measured in calories, fat, and sodium — not inches.
- When you see the words crispy or glazed, realize that's what will happen to your arteries and your eyes, respectively, if you consume too many of these items.
- Dressing and sauces are among the major calorie culprits of many restaurant choices, sometimes doubling the fat and sodium content of an entree. Ask for all sauces on the side, and try replacing cream-based dressings with mustard (straight mustard, not sugar-loaded honey mustard), suggests New York City-based nutritionist Sharon Richter, MS, RD. Other good alternatives: lemon and grated cheese (25 calories per tablespoon).
- Just because an item falls under the word "appetizers" does not mean it should be followed by more food. Not even in the same day. Some of the country's most ubiquitous food establishments serve appetizers that would stuff a Sumo wrestler.
And remember, the average woman needs 1,500 to 1,800 calories a day to maintain weight (depending upon activity level and frequency), and the American Heart Association recommends limiting dietary fat to 30 percent of total calories.
Armed with these basic tenets, prepare yourself as we unveil some surprising calorie bombs — and the choices you can make to avoid them.
If you fix yourself an oversize sandwich at home - say, with ham, cheese, and mustard — it would likely contain one-third the calories you'd find in many of this chain restaurant's large subs.
The good news about Quiznos, though, is that their Sammies (small, folded flatbread sandwiches) limit the calories to around 300 apiece. Try one with a cup of lower-sodium soup, and you'll be full and mobile. We can't quite say that about the tuna melt.
Tuna Melt with Cheese and Dressing (large)
1,760 calories, 133g fat, 25g saturated fat, 200mg cholesterol, 2120mg sodium
It looks so harmless: tuna salad, cheddar, lettuce, tomato. But the combination of mayo, cheese, and fatty tuna — not to mention the sheer size of this monster — adds up to more fat grams than four Big Macs, says Debi Silber, MS, RD, WHC, a Long Island, NY-based nutritionist and author of The Lifestyle Fitness Program. Even the small sub contains more fat (55 grams!) than most of us should be consuming in an entire day.
Classic Italian Sandwich
Large size, with cheese and dressing: 1,330 calories, 68g fat, 24.5g saturated fat, 135mg cholesterol, 3,760mg sodium
This salami-pepperoni-capicola-ham combo comes with a light vinaigrette and still eats up nearly a day's calories and two days' worth of sodium. If that's not enough to scare you, "We have clear and convincing evidence that sodium is associated with high blood pressure, and high blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke — and it is pretty consistent across populations and ethnic groups," Dr. David Katz, a preventive medicine specialist at Yale University Medical School, told the Los Angeles Times in June. "It is unconscionable that a single meal would have 2,000 milligrams or more of sodium."
"Meats like salami, pepperoni, capicola, and ham are loaded in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and calories," adds Silber. "These foods are caloric time bombs — offering little nutrient value for the amount of calories and fat they have."
Chicken with Honey Mustard Flatbread Chopped Salad
1,070 calories, 71g fat, 13.5g saturated fat, 135mg cholesterol, 1,770mg sodium
This salad looks healthy enough, with chicken breast, tomatoes, and red onion. However, the biggest calorie culprit isn't even the bacon in the salad — it's the honey mustard dressing, which clocks in at 500 calories all on its own. And the skinny-sounding "flatbread"? That adds an additional 330 calories.
Broccoli Cheese Soup
140 calories, 10g fat, 6g saturated fat, 15mg cholesterol, 580mg sodium
This soup is a low-cal way to get a good dose of calcium, folic acid, and antioxidants, thanks to the veggies and dairy. And though the soup comes with 580 mg of sodium (still less than half the amount in their chicken noodle), broccoli has been found to have heart-healthy benefits as well. Researchers at the University of Connecticut found that rats fed with broccoli had decreased blood pressure and inflammation in the heart, as well as higher levels of heart-healthy chemicals.
Sonoma Turkey Sammie
280 calories, 14g fat, 4g saturated fat, 30mg cholesterol, 740mg sodium
(Without cheese and mayo): 170 calories, 3.5g fat, 0.5g saturated fat, 10mg cholesterol, 580mg sodium
Lean turkey, pepper jack cheese, lettuce and tomato, and they claim they've even factored in the Chipotle mayo to the total calorie count. Skip the mayo and you'll bring this down to 220 calories and just 1 gram of saturated fat.
Chicken with Honey Mustard Flatbread Chopped Salad
(Without flatbread and dressing): 240 calories, 11g fat, 5g saturated fat, 70mg cholesterol, 620mg sodium
Yes, this is the same calorie-bomb salad we previously mentioned — but if you skip the flatbread and replace honey mustard with just mustard, you'll winnow this down to around 260 calories. Not bad for a high-protein salad that still has bacon and cheddar.
TGI Friday's is also tight-lipped about their nutritional stats — for good reason. Eating can be an extreme sport here. And while they do post a "Right Portion, Right Price" menu, it's intended to help the wallet, not the waistline. We could only find two items that were 500 calories or under.
Jack Daniel's Ribs & Shrimp
A "full rack" of baby back pork ribs — flinch-inducing on its own — is basted in the chain's Jack Daniel's glaze, accompanied by "battered and fried shrimp" and fries. There are so many kinds of wrong here, someone oughta write a country-Western song about it.
Pecan Crusted Chicken Salad
Sure, there are good ingredients in here: pecans, chicken breast, dried cranberries. And the choice in dressing (balsamic vinaigrette) is wise. But watch out for the word "glazed," which just means the nuts are covered in sugar. And adding blue cheese to an already-dressed salad is yet another example of the "conditioned hyper-eating" referred to by Dr. Kessler.
Loaded Potato Skins Appetizer
Potato skins are nothing but "fat on fat on fat on fat, much of it loaded with salt," as Dr. Kessler puts it — and nowhere is this more evident than at Friday's. The hollowed-out skins are fried, giving the surface area extra "fat pickup" — which is then loaded up with bacon, cheese, and sour cream.
Shrimp Key West
Two skewers of grilled shrimp with lime and Cajun spices, served with steamed broccoli florets. According to the menu, net carbs are just 12. Give TGIF points for evoking the vacation resort with this healthy option — that's the kind of conditioning we all need.
They couldn't help themselves with the glaze (Chinese Kung Pao sauce), but at least this is served over brown rice with pineapple pico de gallo, Mandarin oranges, and broccoli. Compared to white rice, brown rice has more riboflavin, folate, iron, and magnesium. Moreover, it has triple the amount of fiber, which helps you feel fuller longer — and able to resist second helpings.
California Pizza Kitchen
California — the land of fruits and nuts and avocados. Surely their kitchens are healthier than, say, Big Al's New York Pizzeria? Yes and no. California Pizza Kitchen has some eye-poppingly caloric pastas, salads, and specialties — though they are introducing lower-calorie salads in November. In the meantime, stick with what they do best: thin crust pizza. And try not to eat too many slices!
Thai Crunch Salad
If only they'd stopped at the shredded cabbage, grilled chicken, cucumbers, edamame, carrots, green onions, and lime-cilantro dressing — this would be a healthy, crunchy salad. But the peanuts, crispy wontons, crispy rice sticks, and peanut dressing (yes, again with the double dressings) turn this salad into three meals' worth of calories.
Note: California Pizza Kitchen plans to reduce the calories of this salad down to 1,253 by November 2009.
Avocado Club Egg Rolls Appetizer
The avocado, chicken, tomato, and Monterey Jack cheese sound good. But then you see the rest: bacon, deep-fried wontons, and a double whammy that is the ranchito sauce and herb ranch dressing. You don't even want one ranch, much less two.
Blue Crab Cakes
Crab cakes are usually small enough to make for a reasonable lunch entree. But not when they come extra-large and are served with remoulade sauce and an accompaniment of "spaghettini in a creamy lemon-caper sauce." Don't let the word lemon fool you into thinking it's light — this is what the Center for Science in the Public Interest would call "discomfort food."
Sesame Ginger Chicken Dumplings Appetizer
With this app you get a unique mix of flavors along with the heart-healthy omega-3s in sesame seeds and the vitamin A and cholesterol-lowering properties of green onions.
Pear & Gorgonzola Pizza
(1 slice) 188 calories
Here's a pizza you won't find at Big Al's in New York - vitamin C-rich pears, chopped hazelnuts, caramelized sweet onions, and fontina, gorgonzola and mozzarella cheeses. Not only do the hazelnuts provide vitamins E and B, but among all nuts, they also have one of the lowest percentages of saturated fat and are one of the best sources of heart-healthy mono- and polyunsaturated fats. Just be sure to ask for the Gorgonzola ranch dressing on the side when ordering this pie!
Pesto Chicken Thin Crust Pizza
(1 slice) 155 calories
Pesto and pine nuts are rich in calories and fat, so be careful how much you eat. The trick here is to share the pizza with at least one other person — there are six slices in each pie, or 900 calories total for this one.
Though you might know them for their "Grand Slam" breakfasts or their "Rock Star Menu," Denny's has gotten some bad press recently when the chain was sued for "putting customers at risk with its unsafe sodium levels." With the help of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the New Jersey man behind the suit demanded the chain reduce its sodium and fat content across all menu items. Denny's claimed it couldn't meet the demands completely, citing costs and taste compromises, and instead introduced a line of healthier menu options. The chain now claims to use frying oil that adds zero grams of trans fat per serving.
Still, that doesn't mean it's entirely safe to go back into the Grand Slam waters. Brace your arteries and waistlines for these shockers.
Cheesy Three Pack Appetizer
1,940 calories, 125g fat, 23g saturated fat, 100g cholesterol, 3,840mg sodium
"But they're so cute!" Not everything that comes in "mini" size is adorable. You'd be better off ordering the Fit Fare Boca burger (410 calories), or even their Classic Burger (770 calories) than this three-pack of mini cheeseburgers served with onion rings — a frightening overdose of calories, saturated fat, and sodium.
Granola (4 ounces) with Milk (8 ounces)
690 calories, 12g fat, 2g saturated fat, 20mg cholesterol, 430mg sodium
A bowl of cereal that adds up to nearly half a day's calories? And this is supposed to be a breakfast "side"? Take heed: "People don't realize there's a ton of fat and sugar in granola, and restaurants serve oversized portions," says New York-based nutritionist Richter, who tells her clients to avoid granola altogether, not just at Denny's. "Opt for oatmeal instead — or Cheerios."
1,150 calorie, 66g fat, 20g saturated fat, 530mg cholesterol, 2,800 sodium
There are only two eggs in this breakfast entree, yet the bacon, fried potatoes, and cheddar cheese send this one into the danger zone, especially when you factor in the sodium content.
Baja Chicken Salad
280 calories, 13g fat, 3g saturated fat, 75mg cholesterol, 780mg sodium
It may be only half of a salad, but with the double protein combo of grilled chicken and bacon plus folate-rich avocado, this can fill you up. Consider the pico de gallo topping as your dressing and spare yourself the doubling (or tripling) in calories a ranch or blue cheese would provide. And remember to skip the bread!
Seasonal Fresh Fruit Appetizer
70 calories, 0g fat, 0g saturated fat, 0mg cholesterol, 7mg sodium
Yes, you can find fresh fruit at Denny's — and you'll be a walking caveat to all those with stomachaches from wolfing down a French Toast Slam.
280 calories, 16g fat, 6g saturated fat, 20mg cholesterol, 720mg sodium
(omelet only; not counting the toast or sides)
This one will give you bragging rights — a big, fat omelet with only 20 mg of cholesterol, less than a tenth of the average woman's daily cholesterol consumption. For eggs! At Denny's! (Compare that to 530 mg for the Heartland Scramble.) You're also getting a big helping of veggies (green peppers, onions, mushrooms, and tomatoes) and enough protein to last you until lunch.
Don't be fooled by the "apple" in their name — this chain has one of the most egregious menus of the bunch, which might explain why they're secretive about their nutritional information and won't make themselves available to talk to media.
Thanks to legislation in New York City, Seattle, and California, we got the rundown on their biggest diet busters — and the (few) Weight Watchers approved alternatives that will help you dodge their worst bullets.
1,820 calories, 46g saturated fat, 4,410mg sodium
This new menu item stuffs a burger into an already stuffed bacon-cheddar-pepper Jack quesadilla, then adds a Mexi-ranch sauce. With fries (440 calories), this full day's worth of calories adds up to 46 grams of saturated fat — the equivalent of two jumbo steak burritos at Chipotle. And with 4,410 milligrams of sodium, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) calls this one "a prime candidate for Applebee's Don't-Have-a-Stroke (on our property) Special."
Grilled Shrimp Pesto Alfredo Fettuccine
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) once referred to fettuccine Alfredo as "heart attack on a plate." This entree takes the heart attack and finishes it off with a bullet of highly caloric pesto and high-cholesterol shrimp.
Spinach and Artichoke Dip Appetizer
Even though it's an appetizer, it still packs more punch than an entree should. "'Spinach dip' is a misnomer," says Dr. Kessler. "The spinach provides little more than color and a bit of appeal; a high-fat, high-salt dairy product is the main ingredient. It's a tasty dish of salt on fat."
Grilled Chili-Lime Chicken Salad
Reduced-fat cheddar and mozzarella and chili-lime vinaigrette help curb calories, and a nutrient-rich combo of spinach, red onions, roasted red peppers, and mushrooms make this salad a diamond in the (deep-fried) rough.
Onion Soup au Gratin
While this soup can vary in calories depending upon the restaurant, Applebee's claims to go light on the cheese. Consuming onions also has blood sugar-lowering effects and may lower your risk for several common cancers.
Cajun Lime Tilapia
A grilled Cajun-seasoned tilapia fillet topped with mango salsa and rice. "Tilapia is a good source of protein and rich in omega-3s," says Silber.
On the Border
This chain of Tex-Mex restaurants is expanding internationally as it expands waistlines here at home. Owned by the people behind Chili's (another restaurant full of insane menu bombs — no small feat to earn the distinction of "absolute worst burger in America" from Men's Health), On the Border wins its own place in the nutritional hall of shame for most caloric salad in America. And just because your doctor told you to eat more fish doesn't mean you should eat it here!
Dos XX Fish Tacos with Creamy Red Chili Sauce
2,350 calories, 152g fat, 31g saturated fat, 4,060mg sodium
No, those numbers aren't typos. Yes, this is all meant for one person. Though fish is generally considered a healthy option, these three fish tacos stuffed with Dos XX beer-battered, golden fried fish, creamy red chili sauce, and cheese are far from that. What it all means, in plain English: fat on salt on fat on deep-fried-fat on alcohol and fat, in a fat-soaked shell...with a little bit of fish hidden inside it all.
In one single meal, you are getting two to three times the maximum daily dose of fat, saturated fat, and sodium. "When our levels of sodium are too high, our blood volume increases which puts more pressure on the arteries and blood vessels," says Silber. "This makes the heart work harder than it needs to." The effects can be cumulative, and it's worth noting that heart disease is the number one killer of women over 65.
Grande Taco Salad with Taco Beef and Smoked Chipotle Vinaigrette Dressing
1,680 calories, 121g fat, 40g saturated fat, 2,660mg sodium
This salad was chosen by Men's Health as the Worst Salad in America in 2008 — perhaps because it contains "as much saturated fat as 40 strips of bacon and more calories than 11 Taco Bell Fresco Tacos." How's that even possible? Watch out for the bowl — it's made of deep-fried tortilla. That's fat-onto-fat-onto-fat, holding up a whole pile of fat.
Big Beef Bordurrito
1,600 calories, 110g fat, 27g saturated fat, 3840mg sodium
The word "stuffed" is a big red flag, because not only is the Bordurrito filled to bursting, but you probably will be too after ingesting it. In this case, it's stuffed with fajita steak or chicken, Mexican rice, cheese, black beans, caramelized onions and red peppers, and sour cream sauce. Oh, wait, what's that noise? Probably your digestive tract staging a pre-emptive rebellion.
Pico Shrimp Taco with Black Beans and Veggies
490 calories, 5g fat, 1g saturated fat, 1,650mg sodium
Shrimp done right with two of the best sidekicks: black beans and veggies. "Black beans are a low-fat source of protein and fiber that helps lower cholesterol," says Silber. Plus, putting the veggies into your taco ensures you don't skip them.
Citrus Chipotle Chicken Salad with Mango Citrus Vinaigrette
290 calories, 3.5g fat, 2g saturated fat, 840mg sodium
Perhaps in response to earning the title of "World's Worst Salad" by Men's Health, On the Border has offered this new "Border Smart alternative": Pulled chicken breast tossed in a Mango Citrus Vinaigrette with peppers, red onions, tomatoes, corn, jicama, and mixed greens — overall, a low-fat salad that's still filling, thanks to the protein from the chicken.
Home to the 16-ounce steak and the 2,700-calorie dessert, Outback is for big appetites and big groups, crocodile hunters, and other people with nerves — and arteries — of steel. The restaurant chain does offer menu suggestions for people concerned about their heart health, carb, sugar, sodium, or MSG intake, or food allergies (including gluten) — but no nutritional breakouts. You can, however, request that your food be prepared without butter, glaze, or seasoning, allowing you to control how much you fatten and salt your meals. Remember to do this, and you'll add years to your life!
Bloomin' Onion Appetizer
This could be called "The Bloomin' Butt." Outback representatives say this is meant to be shared with a group, but the onion — healthy and flavorful on its own —- provides a whole lot of surface area to absorb fat, Dr. Kessler explains. Here it's fried in batter and topped with "spicy signature bloom sauce" — layering salt on sugar on fat.
Aussie Cheese Fries Appetizer
Make sure there are at least five of you digging into this plate! Cheese fries come under particular condemnation from Kessler. "The potato base is a simple carbohydrate, which quickly breaks down to sugar in the body. Once it's fried and layered with cheese, we're eating salt on fat on fat on sugar." And that's not even to mention the bacon and the ranch dressing.
Baby Back Ribs (full rack)
Can you count the sins in here? A full rack of ribs smoked, grilled, coated in BBQ sauce, and served with Aussie fries. That's what's known as fat on fat on sugar on fat on fat.
Seared Ahi Tuna Appetizer (small)
From a calorie and fat perspective, you can't really go wrong with seared Ahi tuna. Split this with someone as an app so you can still indulge in one of the (lower-cal) entree runner-ups.
Prime Rib (8 ounces)
You are at a steakhouse, so if it's meat you're craving, opt for this one. It's a healthy size, and if you ask them to prepare it without butter, it will still be delicious while sparing you the artery-clogging cholesterol and diet-crushing calories.
Shrimp on the Barbie (half-order)
Finally, shrimp that isn't deep fried, drowning in glaze, or piled on a plate designed to feed orca.
"Fresh" has become synonymous with "healthy," and this chain boasts "no freezers, can openers, or microwaves" — in other words, nothing processed, preheated or reheated. That all sounds great, except that nearly a third of the menu items here will run you 1,000 calories or more. Order from their "Healthy Choice" menu — which eliminates the edible shells, tortilla strips, and chips — the fat traps that most people tend to eat once they're put on their plate.
Breaded Fish Quesadilla
1,400 calories, 770g fat, 38g saturated fat, 170mg cholesterol, 2,350mg sodium
More than half the calories in this entree are from fat (770), and 38 grams of saturated fat is more than twice the maximum amount you want to be digesting in an entire day — much less in one meal. The red flag here is the word "breaded" — and the irony is you'll hardly taste it since the fish is buried in a cheesy quesadilla. Avoid this and your heart will pump with pride (and relief).
Shrimp Bean & Cheese Burrito
950 calories, 34g fat, 17g saturated fat, 310mg cholesterol, 2,320g sodium
Enchilada Style: 1,580 calories, 74g fat, 36g saturated fat, 385mg cholesterol, 3,770mg sodium
Shrimp and black beans = good. This burrito = bad. It's the size of a linebacker, for one, and if you order the enticing "Enchilado Style" — melted jack and cheddar on top of the cheese that's already in the burrito, plus nachos and sour cream on the side — you could find yourself consuming a day's worth of calories (1,580 calories), roughly two days' worth of fat (74 grams) and enough sodium (3,770 mg) to bloat you into the next dress size.
Charbroiled Steak Tostada Salad
1,230 calories, 63g fat, 17g saturated fat, 140mg cholesterol, 2,380mg sodium
Be afraid of the word "tostada" — it involves a whole lot of surface area that's deep fried into an edible shell, designed to be eaten after you consume the steak, cheese, sour cream, and guacamole it will contain. The only actual salad ingredients you'll find in here are some (buried) lettuce and tomato.
Charbroiled Shrimp Baja Ensalada
(Without tortilla strips): 193 calories, 1g fat
With romaine lettuce, sliced tomatoes, cotija cheese, and pico de gallo, you'll want to opt for the salsa verde. Just make sure you skip the tortilla bowl and those little crispy "strips" on top — they may look harmless, but they're soaked in fat.
Original Baja Taco Chicken
210 calories, 5g fat, 1g saturated fat, 90mg cholesterol, 280mg sodium
Always look for the word "original," which likely means it was created before the entire restaurant industry overloaded their menus. This relatively lean taco is a good example of fast food done right, and with only 230mg of sodium, it's close to health food in the realm of takeout.
Mango Chipotle Chicken Salad
390 calories, 1g fat
This salad has the kind of "stimuli overload" you can love: mango, avocado, cotija cheese, romaine lettuce, chicken, and chipotle vinaigrette. Enough protein, greens, healthy fats, and fruit in a combination that will make you feel like you've indulged, all for less than 400 calories.
This may come as a surprise to many, but restaurant noodle dishes and stir-fries can be frighteningly high in fat and calorie counts. And few people understand that places like PF Chang's create entrees intended to be shared by the table.
To minimize the damage, ask them to go light on the oil and sauce in the food prep. Chang's also offers "stock velveted" treatment, which replaces oil with vegetable or chicken stock in the cooking, which can "drastically reduce the amount of fat and calories to an entree while still providing great flavor," says Silber. Also, ask for your sauces on the side, and always opt for brown rice.
Chicken Chopped Salad with Ginger Dressing
940 calories, 68g fat, 10g saturated fat, 2,225mg sodium
According to the menu, this salad is simply grilled chicken with house greens tossed with the restaurant's "signature ginger dressing." But they add, "for a lighter touch, try it with our sesame vinaigrette dressing" and that should be your cue that their signature tosser is anything but light. Eater beware: not all salads are made equal.
Crispy Honey Shrimp
2,110 calories, 70g fat, 10g saturated fat, 1,815mg sodium
Though shrimp is relatively low in calories (three ounces contains around 90 calories), the two words "crispy" and "honey" spell bad news. This is the fat on sugar concept, and it works like crack. Remember, kids: just say no!
Lo Mein Combo
1,968 calories, 24g fat, 3g saturated fat, 1,465mg sodium
We're used to seeing our lo mein noodles in a small, harmless-looking white cardboard box. This is something else entirely. Intended to be shared by three people, a big pile of lo mein noodles are stir-fried in oil with large portions of beef, pork, chicken, and shrimp. To avoid keeling over from cardiac arrest, ask for a "vegetable stock velveted" preparation to replace the oil, and remember to split this one!
Asian Ginger Salmon
272 calories, 14g fat, 2g saturated fat, 159mg sodium
We all need more heart and brain-healthy salmon in our diets, and ginger is good for the stomach and for reducing inflammation, according to Silber.
325 calories, 16g fat, 4g saturated fat, 749mg sodium
An 8-ounce portion has only a little over 300 calories, and in addition to being a great source of omega-3s and protein, mahi-mahi provides plenty of selenium, an antioxidant thought to help prevent cancer.
Chang's Lemon Scallops
188 calories, 3g fat, 0g saturated fat, 257mg sodium
More than 80 percent protein, scallops are also a good source of both magnesium and potassium, and these quick-fired scallops in a light lemon sauce won't balloon your waistline, either.
Attempting to curb calories at a family-style Italian restaurant is not for the weak-willed. This is where people go for the ultimate "carbo loading," after all — and Olive Garden doesn't skimp on the carbs or the fats. The restaurant chain does, however, offer a "Garden Fare" section with low-fat options, and their menu suggests substituting sauteed fresh vegetables for potatoes when you choose your side. We suggest asking for those veggies steamed — once you work them into your entree, they'll be plenty sauteed anyway.
Create Your Own Pizza Appetizer (cheese and sauce only)
930 calories, 910 calories, 28g fat, 12g saturated fat, 2,970mg sodium
Before you even add a tomato, you're looking at nearly 1,000 calories and — gasp — 2,970 mg of sodium! The 12 grams of saturated fat also clogged our arteries just thinking about it.
1,510 calories, 87g fat, 37g saturated fat, 3,100g sodium
Milan may be the fashion capital of Italy, but you can be sure those runway models aren't eating anything "Milanese": pan-seared pork scaloppini covered in Italian herb breadcrumbs, accompanied by "asiago cheese-filled tortelloni pasta tossed in a garlic-butter sauce with fresh spinach." Step away from this entree, and no one gets hurt.
Tour of Italy Pasta
1,450 calories, 74g fat, 33g saturated fat, 3,830mg sodium
For the indecisive hedonist, this entree includes lasagna, "lightly breaded" chicken parmigiana, and fettuccine Alfredo — all with a meat sauce made of beef and Italian sausage. In other words, your tour of Italy begins and ends with "The Last Supper."
Venetian Apricot Chicken
380 calories, 4g fat, 1.5g saturated fat, 1,420mg sodium
Venice appears to be a much healthier city than Milan. Case in point: this low-cal grilled chicken breast in an apricot citrus sauce, which is served with an impressive array of top veggies: broccoli, asparagus, and tomatoes.
Linguine alla Marinara
430 calories, 6g fat, 1g saturated fat, 900mg sodium
If you can't stave off the pasta cravings, this classic marinara dish is your best option. No meat, but plenty of ripe tomatoes, onions, and herbs.
Minestrone Soup Appetizer
100 calories, 1g fat, 0g saturated fat, 1,020mg sodium
This very low-calorie soup offers fresh vegetables, beans, and light tomato broth, all of which offer heart-healthy benefits that will help offset the relatively high dose of sodium.
How to Navigate the Menu
Knowing what you're up against is the first step in conquering restaurant bombs. Arming yourself against the seductive smells, tricked-out menus, heaping plates, and multiple distractions will help you make sane choices. "We have made food into entertainment — a 'food carnival,'" says Kessler. "Go into a modern American restaurant: the colors, the TVs, the monitors, the music. You do it with your friends. We've taken sugar and added all these multiple levels of stimuli. What do we end up with? Probably one of the great public health crises of our day."
All nutritional information is from the restaurants' online menus, their respective publicists, and/or Men's Health magazine (NYS ordinance/their NYC menu, and the Center for Science in Public Interest). | <urn:uuid:a1721f24-1c44-4878-8469-df35d2182994> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/recipes/healthy-eating/on-the-go/the-30-worst-fast-food-restaurant-choices/?page=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648008.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00167-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914109 | 7,251 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Over the last decade a growing amount of literature has documented the severe impacts of transport infrastructure on biodiversity, population persistence and gene flow, and there is an increasing awareness of the importance of finding agreement between nature conservation and land use. To ensure ecologically sustainable road planning conservation measures must be taken into consideration already in the earliest phases of road development. This requires adequate tools for assessment, prevention and mitigation of the impacts of infrastructure. For this reason the Danish Road Directorate decided to finance a PhD project with the objective of developing a management tool that could be used to substantiate that the conservation status of annex IV species would be unaffected by the a given road project. The purpose of the project was to provide a standardized and scientifically well founded basis for decisions concerning road lay-out and mitigation measures. As model species was chosen the Moor frog (Rana arvalis). Populations of Moor frogs are assumed to follow a pattern of metapopulation dynamics, with colonisation, extinction and recolonisation of suitable habitat patches. Thus, road constructions must be expected to have implication on both local and regional persistence; the former due to habitat destruction, the latter because of disrupted dispersal between subpopulations due to barrier effects.
The result of the project was the development of the model presented in this thesis. The model, called SAIA (Spatial Amphibian Impact Assessment), considers a landscape mosaic of breeding habitat, summer habitat and uninhabitable land. As input I use a GIS-map of the landscape with information on land cover. In addition, data on observed frog populations in the survey area are needed. The dispersal of juvenile frogs is simulated by means of individual- based modelling, while a population-based model is used for simulating long-term population dynamics. In combination, the two types of models generate output on landscape connectivity and population viability. To assess road impacts two scenarios have to be constructed and analysed. The first scenario should be a map of the area as it is before the planned road construction (scenario 0). This analysis measures the ecological performance of the original landscape and is a reference against which other scenarios are to be compared. The second map (scenario 1) should show the landscape as it is expected to be after the road constructions. In combination, the analyses of scenario 0 and scenario 1 make it possible to assess the effect of road construction on connectivity and population persistence. The analyses also constitute the basis for planning of mitigation measures. Analyses and comparisons of several alternative road projects can identify the least harmful solution. The effect of mitigation measures, such as new breeding ponds and tunnels, can be evaluated by incorporating them in the maps, thereby enhancing the utility of the model as a management tool in Environmental Impact Assessments.
The thesis consists of a synopsis and three manuscripts for scientific journals. An appendix contains examples of the result files SAIA produces. In the synopsis, I give an overview of the background theory and the conceptual model development.
In the first manuscript I introduce an alternative patch concept, the complementary habitat patch, and use a simple model to explore how intra-patch heterogeneity affects immigration and emigration probabilities. I find that the realised connectivity depends on internal structure of both the target and the source patch as well as on how habitat quality is affected by patch structure. Although fragmentation is generally thought to have negative effects on connectivity, the results suggest that, depending on patch structure and habitat quality, positive effects on connectivity may occur.
The second manuscript uses a light-version of SAIA and explores how changes in road mortality and road avoidance behaviour affect local and regional connectivity in a population of Moor frogs. The results indicate that road mortality has a strong negative effect on regional connectivity, but only a small effect on local connectivity. Regional connectivity is positively affected by road avoidance and the effect becomes more pronounced as road mortality decreases. Road avoidance also has a positive effect on local connectivity. When road avoidance is total and the road functions as a 100% barrier regional connectivity is close to zero, while local connectivity exhibit very elevated values. The results suggest that roads may affect not only regional or metapopulation dynamics but also have a direct effect on local population dynamics.
The third manuscript describes the full SAIA model. By means of a case study I demonstrate how SAIA can be used for assessment of road impact and evaluation of which management measures would be best to mitigate the effect of landscape fragmentation caused by road constructions. | <urn:uuid:b029faf5-091f-4b6a-bf7a-bd639dbec58a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www1.bio.ku.dk/forskning/phd-afhandlinger/abstract/?obvius_proxy_url=https://bio2.science.ku.dk/cms/bibliotek-phd-abstract.asp?ID=214 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.930102 | 895 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In The Slope of a Line, you learned that the slope, or m, of a line describes how rapidly or slowly change is occurring.
Positive Slope = Positive Correlation
A positive slope demonstrates a positive correlation between the following:
- x and y
- input and output
- independent variable and dependent variable
- cause and effect
Positive correlation occurs when each variable in the function moves in the same direction. Look at the linear function in the picture, Positive slope, m > 0. As the values of x increase, the values of y increase. Moving from left to right, trace the line with your finger. Notice that the line increases.
Next, moving from right to left, trace the line with your finger. As the values of x decrease, the values of y decrease. Notice how the line decreases.
Positive Slope in the Real World
Samantha is planning a family reunion. The more people who attend (input), the more chairs she orders (output).
James is visiting the Bahamas. The less time that he spends snorkeling (input), the fewer tropical fish he spies (output). | <urn:uuid:162faed8-d0b2-434f-94f9-b669bb14611e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://math.about.com/od/algebra1help/a/Positive_Slope.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00085-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855969 | 236 | 3.625 | 4 |
|Fundamentals of Statistics contains material of various lectures and courses of H. Lohninger on statistics, data analysis and chemometrics......click here for more.|
|See also: autocorrelation function, scatter plot|
Autocorrelation and Scatter Plots
Autocorrelation can easily be shown when one tries to plot the original value against a time-shifted copy of it. Look, for example, at the population of rabbits. The population shows a regular fluctuation within a period of 10 years.
Plotting the rabbit data against itself with no time shift, of course results in a correlation coefficient of 1.0. A time shift of one year already produces a considerably lower correlation coefficient of 0.63.
You should take a closer look at the relationship between the autocorrelation function and the scatter plots by starting the DataLab .
Last Update: 2012-10-08 | <urn:uuid:b467a23e-6599-479a-b18b-b0edfdc26523> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.statistics4u.info/fundstat_eng/cc_corr_auto_3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.876728 | 191 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Lagare A, Rajatonirina S, Testa J, Mamadou S. The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci. 2020 Dec;20(4):1514-1536.
Method: We reviewed articles from Africa published into four databases namely: MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Scientific Research Publishing from 2010 to 2019.
Results: We screened titles and abstracts of 2070 studies of which 311 were selected for full content evaluation and 199 studies were considered. Selected articles varied substantially on the basis of the topics they addressed covering the field of influenza surveillance (n=80); influenza risk factors and co-morbidities (n=15); influenza burden (n=37); influenza vaccination (n=40); influenza and other respiratory pathogens (n=22) and influenza diagnosis (n=5).
Conclusion: Significant progress has been made since the last pandemic in understanding the influenza epidemiology in Africa. However, efforts still remain for most countries to have sufficient data to allow countries to prioritize strategies for influenza prevention and control.
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The federal government agency which has the mandate to govern and protect the milieu and human wellbeing in the United State is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA also known as USEPA).This agency is responsible for the scripting and implementing regulations that are generally supported by the rules which are usually passed and amended by the congress (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 133). The main headquarters of this organization is in Washington D.C and is here where all the environmental rules are foreseen and program implementation authenticated for other federal agencies that are regulated by this agency.
This agency commenced operation in the year 1970 20th of December; this was after it was by president Richard Nixon proposed. President Nixon signed the regulation within the agency into law after the agency establishment was authenticated through by the members of the congress. This has seen the agency from since having the mandate of the chief liabilities in the whole of the states in America for administering and regulating the policies that are concerned with the environmental safety.
The president of the Unites State is the only one, who has the full capability of appointing the administrator of this organization. However, there is no connection of the agency with the cabinet in any way, after been appointed the administrator is also offered a position in the cabinet ranking, the administration that is now led by president Barrack Obama appointed Lisa P. Jackson as the current administrator for this agency (Government Institutes).
The number of the employees that are registered in the payroll of EPA accumulate up to 18,000, this are mainly the full time laborers of the agency, they are divided into several department of engineering, scientists and ecological defense analysts, this are considered the key players in the agency the other department include public affairs, computer whiz and legal and financial departments. This agency all over the United State has ten regional offices and also houses about twenty seven laboratories all over this region, this are the main centers that the agency performs most of the analytical research, assessment and environmental edification.
This agency main function is usually to lay down and impose regulation that govern under several ecological rules national standards, this they perpetuate with incorporating and consulting with different government and non governmental bodies such as the state, the local government and the community of the whole country. It has the power to permit, monitor and impose the standard conscientiousness to all the natives which are in America and the locals of the states. These enforcement has some penalties for those who are founding flouting the regulation that are emplaced this includes sanctions, jail terms and fines among the few remedies that are enforced by this agency. This agency also incorporates other governmental organization into forming drives and programs that are beneficial to the environment and which enhance conservation matters which are ecologically related (William, 44).
Role of Regulation in United State
The rules that would govern the environmental issues like degradation, pollution and green house gases (carbon) emission became a concern in the 1970s, this made the then president Richard Nixon to impact on ecological and preservation of the environment campaign that resulted to the proposing and establishment of EPA (Ferrey, 74). This the president conveyed with executive orders to the congress of the U.S the planned which was initiated as the Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970.
This formed the agenda of the establishment of EPA; this was considered to be a single self-governing bureau which had other smaller arms formulated under it, which hosted other various arms of national bureaus (US National Research Council, 90). The government before the establishment of EPA had not structured any mechanism that was in charge of regulating and enforcing comprehensively on the pollution, this was a mina concern due to the effect that pollution has in causing harm to the health of humans and the degradation effect that it impacted on the ecosystem.
After the establishment the roles of regulation and enforcing the appropriate rules that governs the well being of human and the task for mending the harm committed to the natural ecosystem was assigned to EPA. This gave the agency the mandate of establishing criteria that are favorable to making the environment cleaner and enhancing the good health to the residence of this country. The programs were branded making America to be clean and safer country for the next generation. This made this agency to enter into the many independence bureaus that have an executive branch in the government of the United State. The main regulating power for the roles that it performs is generally derived from pollution control programs, this are basically allocated to them by the congress amended statures (Government Institutes).
Over years that have passed the success story of the agency in regulating pollution in all the states in the United State, there were couple of unyielding years this are in the 1980s and the early 1990s when congress were in tug of war over incorporating the bureau with the cabinet echelon department, however, this did not succeed as the agency still retained the independent title, although a confirmation by the senate after the appointing by the president is injected.
The administrator as the executive of the Bureau is answerable to the president although they are not a member of the cabinet of the United State. There are assistant administrators that are employed to oversee that the primary programs that the agency are responsible with are running effectively. They are responsible for all the responsibilities that this bureau is in charge of, these includes regulation on pollutants, pesticides, prescription drugs and drugs trafficking, development and research, solid waste and water (Marc Et al. 72).
To sum up, EPA’s activity can be divided into two large sections: the first one is administering the laws passed by congress; the second one is the rules which EPA creates. as a rule, laws are rather general, and to keep order in the area controlled by these laws and to provide their functioning, it is necessary to elaborate additional regulative documents.
There are six general topics in rulemaking by EPA: Air, Water, Pesticides, Toxic Substances, Waste, and General. Each of these topics relates to a series of laws: for example, the “Air” topic includes rulemaking connected with the Clean Air Act: this act has granted EPA with authority to develop amending initiatives (Rulemaking Gateway).
- Rulemaking by EPA has the following stages:
- Stage of Pre-Proposal.
- Proposal (at this stage, the initiation is available for public feedback).
- Final Rule is Published.
- End of Development (Rulemaking Gateway).
According to Turner (93) all the funding of the drives and the running of the bureau are regulated by the congress, this also financed by several other nongovernmental investors that are aligned with the agency. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) this agency did discharge the final guideline that mandate the legal responsibility of tenable lenders, this was regulated and enforced by the agency under the provision of this act in April. However, the agency expectation were aimed high as the outcome was not as it had been targeted, this was not the case because under the new regulations there are exemption under the provision of CERCLA, which does not favor secured creditor, although this change is aimed at reducing the burden from real estate investors not the associated corporations that feel that the regulation does not favor them (Sparrow, 86).
However, after clear elucidation it showed that the regulation never the less does not entirely cover the assumed financial burden of the investors, this is because there is bound to be more confusion as the regulation are tricky to understand, this is because it states it for but in the end it is against which it has alleges that it regulates. This has brought speculation of litigation by environmentalist and the producers in due month, this is in the view that the new regulation far surpasses the legal immunity that is mandated to the secured creditors (Lee, 100). However, because this has not fully been impacted upon and the stakeholders have not raised concerned the government is yet to regulate the lending option that have been amended in the CERCLA Act rules and regulation, the federal government addressing this have promised that the government would look into the plight of the grief party and try to amend the areas that have brought about confusion. This leaves the investors in the dark awaiting the federal government word of the amendment on the lending exemption correction to be injected in the CERCLA rules to be revised for probable transformation.
The laws in this field are aimed at protecting human health and environment. EPA administers a range of laws; here some of them are listed:
- Atomic Energy Act (AEA);
- Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act;
- Clean Air Act (CAA);
- Clean Water Act (CWA) ;
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund);
- Energy Policy Act, and others.
As well, EPA fulfills rulemaking in this field. It is focused mainly at providing exact quantitative indicators which are the guides for industrial enterprises, local power, etc. This process is carried rather actively: each month, EPA initiates a series of regulatory actions. For example, during April 2010, 6 initiations took place. One of them is Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters: it is aimed at quantitative limitation of pollution in estuaries and coastal waters of Florida. It is obvious that a law cannot consider such minor details; that is why EPA makes specifications. This initiation is certainly a rather important measure: estuaries and coastal waters have huge influence on human health, which is in turn the basic of the nation’s human capital (Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters).
- This is an example of amendments to the law; sometimes, EPA offers independent initiatives. For example, one of their projects is Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements, and supplementing Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements (proposal phase). This initiative outlines a circle of agents which will report EPA annually: they are suppliers of petroleum, gas and industrial gases, as well as facilities with defined GHG emissions and a range of vehicle and engine manufacturers; EPA also states that Corporate Parent and NAICS Code should be included to the report (Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements).
- These are rather useful initiations: they will help public and corporations to assess GHG emission of different facilities. These reports will provide timely and structured flows of information which will help EPA in its regulation concerning greenhouse gas, which means that this regulation will become more effective. The final result of regulation of greenhouse gas emission is holding back the serious climate change which becomes more and more intensive. As well, reporting to EPA will make the agents more responsible.
- Such projects need institutionalization: they require creating the body responsible for collection and procession of this information. Federal government and other institutions are likely to be involved in this process.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The primary responsibilities of United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is basically to regulate and make obligatory ecological rules, this include the CERCLA Act, Clean Air Act, Recovery Act and many more beneficial provisions that are passed by the congress in favor of EPA rules. These rules are instilled that they maybe conformed in the national, local government and state level of governance. The rules give EPA the authority to inject and deploy sanctions and charge fines to those that flout the regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 222).
Among the major success of this agency is mostly relied on the ban emplacement on toxic material that is harmful to the ecosystem and the advocating for a clean and safe nation. One of the accomplishments that have been well deserved and came at the best time due to the implication that it would have later caused is the ban on the utilization of the DDT pesticide, another which was highly ranked by the United Nation is the cleaning up of the country worst nuclear power plant in the Three Mile Island and funding of Superfund which is responsible for cleaning of the toxicities areas in the nation and the reduction of ozone aerosols chemicals and the regulation that eradicated chlorofluorocarbons sites in the whole country.
In assistance to the states governments EPA, offers all the state government ecological concerns, this is done through provision of research grant and they also offer fellowship for graduates (Ferrey, 65). The agency mandates in the provision of scholarship to local public edification in enlightening the community to indulge in the ecological protection programs, this is offered in the level of public and personal. This agency also offers funds to the states governance and non governmental organization that are in the facilitating and practicing the regulation that are set by the Agency. They also are the major beneficiary funders of most of the major large scale development projects such as the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, this drive major objectives is to provide safe and clean drinking water for the habitant of United States.
EPA is the only registered government funded independent agency in the United States, however, there are other organization which are also federally funded by the government to perform the same tasks and responsibilities of taking care of the ecological systems. However they do not have the mandate to enforce the rules like EPA but they only act on behalf of the agency, these federal agencies are centralized in the responsibilities of other programs which are also funded chiefly by EPA, this includes managing of public utility lands and all natural habitat and these mostly apply to the safeguarding of the endangered species and species that are near extinction (Government Institutes).
The governance of the United States only mandates that EPA have the authoritative power to enforce and regulate under all federal government control of pollution (Turner, 112). This is derived from the stated mission of this agency which acclaims that the main aim of this agency is to guard the health of human beings and offer protection to the natural ecosystem which life is dependant.
The creation of this agency is highly associated with creation of a protocol that would govern the other federal agencies that are aligned to the provision of safeguarding the health and well being of the human being and also to halt pollution and degradation of the environment. EPA establishment consolidated all the other agencies like Federal Water Quality Administration which was responsible for regulation of water pollution programs, regulation of pollution of the ecosystem and waste management under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the regulation of pesticides under the jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture. EPA harmonized these departments and provided the right regulation for each individual requirement on every division of jurisdiction, and provided them with clear regulatory responsibility aimed at protecting the ecosystem and enhancing the health of human beings. These are commemorated as the agency first opened door to the commencement of business on December2, 1970 (William, 42).
Advantages of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Among the world one of the most recognized environmental agency with a record of stream of success in matters that are concerned with the ecosystem. This organization have provided remedies or rallied for them by providing funding to the agency that is regulating the projects, it also offers all the state government ecological concerns, this is done through provision of research grant and they also offer fellowship for graduates (Marc Et al, 11).
The agency mandates in the provision of scholarship to local public edification in enlightening the community to indulge in the ecological protection programs, this is offered in the level of public and personal. This agency also offers funds to the states governance and non governmental organization that are in the facilitating and practicing the regulation that are set by the Agency.
According to Sparrow (100) EPA has supported and funded and been accredited to be the major beneficiary funders of most of the major large scale development projects such as the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, this drive major objectives is to provide safe and clean drinking water for the habitant of United States. Under the agency Recovery act, in Colorado, Denver and California more than $ 500 is said to have been pumped into the project of waste water and drinking water projects that is aimed at provision in the future of clean water in the taps and streams even for the future generation. This projected which incorporated these states Department of Public Health and Environment and help in funding the drives, also in the process offered about 1,000 job opportunities. This only falls within the duration of five month after instilling the project, the safe drinking water initiative has been appraised by other countries government who are allies with the United State.
These projects are funded by the Revolving Loan funds which are reimbursed by EPA, the most flexible aspect on the loan credit facilities is that there is a provision of substantial loan forgiveness; this will actually benefit the community by easing of the economic burden of loan reimbursement forgiveness provision.
EPA involvement in recycling has helped reduce the amount of waste products that cannot decay like plastic, steel and polyethylene materials. The recycling project have also been providing economic benefits to the whole community by increasing a form of employment, and enhancing safe environment and creation of raw material which also enhance provision of other services in different areas (Lee, 231).
Disadvantages of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
In every successful organization there are always errors that are committed by or within the organization or the management; however, some of this aspects are usually mere speculation and criticism. Over the last three decade that EPA has been in operation that is in regard to environmental regulations there has been criticism on the regulation and enforcing of the environmental rules, most of the critics acclaims that EPA uses an anachronistic approach by enforcing the control and command of the regulatory rules, this organization has been further criticized to be ossified in novelty obstruction, ecological improvement hindrance, undemocratic, confuses when trying to adapt which regulatory reinvention to enforce and this agency has been termed to be economically incompetence. This has brought speculation of litigation by environmentalist and the producers in due months, this is in the view that the new regulation far surpasses the legal immunity that is mandated to the secured creditors (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 193).
There has been struggle within the agency of implementing own reforms, this was basically noted while trying to inject Project XL, this project stand for Excellence in Leadership. This agency has been a regulatory body which enforces other federal agencies and mandates its authority over other organization in crisis unraveling, lithe approach of enforcing collaboratively and compliance to federal and state rules (Government Institutes).
This organization has failed doing so because they have wrangle within the managerial structure. This is best seen when EPA delays to present the report that could have revealed that car manufactures were using some loopholes in the regulation instilled by the agency into the production of less fuel competent motor vehicles caused the controversial energy bill to be passed. The delay allowed the bill to have a pass although it was highly debated against it, after this discovery as the agency had to release the report a day prior to the day that the bill as to be passed. The then administrator acted upon his own merit without consulting the other stakeholders, this are just one of the major flaws within the executive ranks.
The regulation also set by EPA although are there to regulate some of the critics speculate that after clear elucidation it showed that the regulation never the less does not entirely cover the assumed financial burden of the investors, this is because there is bound to be more confusion as the regulation are tricky to understand, this is because it states it for but in the end it is against which it has alleges that it regulates. This has been viewed that the agency unanimity ends when trying to regulate even the smallest chore and innovation. This is due to failing of implementing project XL within their managerial structures (Marc Et al, 74).
EPA has provided the best environment safety and enhanced healthy etiquettes for the well being of the residence and the natives that are within the boundaries of United States of America (Lee, 67). During the time that this organization has been in existence there has been tremendous achievement that has been associated with the agency, however, where there is success there is always bound to be criticism and speculations of how things should have been done.
Some of the critics although they represent some pints of truth in them, there are basically about the agency manner of operation are basically on the regulation and reform that the organization enforces, another is the manner which the organization is managed, this is because in the year 2005, this organization delays delivering a report that would they changed the course of certain bill that was passed. The administrators at that time acted pro government whom were for the bill, this taking of sides on an agency which is for the people brought about uproars and decrease the trust of the public on the agency ((Marc Et al, 173).
Environmentalists are the number one claimers that EPA is not acting upon it mandate of protecting the health for the public, and also that they are in the name of enhancing and supporting and advocating for environmental protection drives, they are in these pretence also degrading the same environment that they have sworn to serve. This has been discovered that the material that they use mostly in the clean water programs contained some residues of harmful metal substance (Sparrow, 32).
However, the success of the organization in controlling and regulating environmental and public health safety has surpassed the criticism that has been outlay by the faith and the accomplishment that the public have seen and benefited from (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 233).
Corporate Parent and NAICS Code in the Greenhouse Gas Mandatory Reporting Rule Requirements. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
Ferrey, Steven. Environmental Law: Examples and Explanations. New York: Aspen, 2001. Print.
Government Institutes. How EPA Works: A Guide to EPA Organization and Functions. 2008. Web.
Lee, Kai. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993. Print.
Marc, Roberts, and Thomas, S. The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions. Oxford: Oxford University, 1990. Print.
Rulemaking Gateway. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
Sparrow, Malcolm. Imposing Duties: Government’s Changing Approach to Compliance. Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1994. Print.
Turner, D.B. Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling, New York: CRC, 1994. Print.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Information Resource Management: Access EPA.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office journals. 220-B-95-004, (1996) 113-243. Print.
US National Research Council. Environmental monitoring: a report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Colorado: National Academies, 4 (2008) 89-123. Print.
Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida’s Estuaries and Coastal Waters. United States Environmental Protection Agency. n.d. Web. 2010.
William, S. F. “Hybrid Rulemaking under the Administrative Procedure Act: A Legal and Empirical Analysis.” Chicago: University of Chicago law review. 42(3) (2000) 40-111. Print. | <urn:uuid:a5d2c439-c61d-45dc-99bc-69557e905552> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://premium-papers.com/us-environmental-protection-agency-epa-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335034.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927131111-20220927161111-00750.warc.gz | en | 0.962809 | 4,761 | 3.09375 | 3 |
For thousands of years, lamp technology more or less stayed static, and no wonder. Experimenting with oil and fire tended to lead to explosions or fires. The betty or phoebe lamps used by American colonists were similar to the lamps used in biblical times—a shallow dish, often made of pewter, filled with oil or grease and a floating wick or rag. These low-tech lamps smoked and gave off faint, flickering light, similar to candles. Candles and devices using this oil-burning technique were the main means used to light homes, employed in candelabras, wall sconces, and elegant chandeliers.
It wasn't until the Victorian era that oil lamps improved, thanks to inventions that permitted lamps to burn whale-oil and, later, kerosene—today, these are the primary kinds of antique lamps most favored by collectors. In the late 18th century, Swiss chemist Aime Argand invented the first lamp didn't require a free-floating wick. Instead, it used a flame-enclosing burner and a wick bent into a cylinder shape, which provided the fire with just enough air. Argand's experiments also led to the development of glass chimneys, which were essentially tubes that contained the flame without blowing up.
Thanks to Argand’s ingenuity, new lamps were developed using whale and rapeseed oil (also called colza or canola oil). Because colza oil was so viscous, it had to be fed to the wick from above, or pumped from below. Many of the lamps' side fuel reservoirs were shaped like classical urns, which unfortunately obstructed some of the flame’s light. The Simumbra lamp, however, featured a circular reservoir around the base of the glass light shade.
Whale oil, in particular, was popular because it burned with less smoke and odor than other oils. This fostered a tremendous boom in the whaling industry, which nearly drove some species to extinction. At its peak in 1856, the United States whaling industry produced between four- and five-million gallons of whale oil annually.
Whale-oil lamps used one to six metal tubes that held circular wicks. These tubes—usually there were two—attached to a metal base. The very earliest whale oil lamps were made of pewter and flamed at the top, like a candle. Those designed to be carried or hung on the wall held the oil in a bowl- or jar-shaped reservoir and had a U-shaped handle.
Pewter lamps often lack a maker's mark, although you're more likely to find one trademarked by Roswell Gleason, Eben Smith, or Caper Molineux, than Israel Trask, Boardman, or Calder, all of whom were prominent lamp makers of the day. The commune Brook Farm also produced pewter lamps between 1841 and 1847.
It wasn't long before glass companies introduced whale oil lamps made of blown glass and shaped like vases with goblet-style bases. These often artfully designed lamps contained ...
When collectors are lucky enough to locate a beautiful glass whale oil lamp from this period, the piece is often missing its metal burners and internal tubes that held the wick. That's because in the 1860s, it was a common money-saving move to have your household whale-oil lamps refitted with kerosene burners.
In 1849, Canadian scientist Abraham Gesner figured out how to extract kerosene (also called "coal oil" or "paraffin") from petroleum, a discovery that fueled the invention of even better lamps, particularly after oil was found in Pennsylvania. Michael Dietz patented a clean-burning kerosene lamp, which hit the market in 1857, delivering a swift blow to the whaling industry. This new cheap fuel smelled better than whale oil and did not rot the way whale oil would. The kerosene lamp’s flat wick and burner was perfected in the 1860s, as more and more kerosene plants opened.
Early kerosene lamps were known as wick lamps. They featured a small fuel tank for a base with a lamp burner attached to the top. The wick reached the fuel through a wick tube on the lamp's burner, which usually had a wick-adjustment mechanism that controlled the intensity of the flame. This device was topped with a glass chimney, which protected the flame from being blown out and increased the draft of oxygen to the flame.
All sorts of variations on this design were developed in the Victorian era. The first kerosene lamps were usually of a low-light, "dead-flame" design, wherein the flame was fed with fresh air below and the heated air was released on top. In the late 1860s, Dietz Lantern introduced the "hot blast" tubular lamp design, which circulated a mix of fresh and warm air through side tubes and improved the brightness of the flame. In 1880, other innovators came up with an even brighter-burning "cold blast" design.
Another variation on the wick lamp is the mantle lamp, in which a circular wick burns underneath a conical mantle containing thorium or other actinide or rare-earth salts that glow with tremendous brightness and warmth. Aladdin lamps are probably the best-known brand of mantle lamp—the Aladdin company actually started out as the Mantle Lamp Company.
As much as Victorian loved to tinker with mechanical inventions, they were just as enamored with all things frilly and ornate. The oil lamp chimneys, also known as lamp shades, became the focus of their artistry, as they became shaped like globes or umbrellas, sometimes frosted or etched to reduce the intensity of the light. Typically, oil-lamp manufacturers made the metal parts (the base and burner) and bought the glass elsewhere. Holmes, Booth and Haydens, for example, would buy glass shades from companies like Fostoria or Consolidated. The cheapest and most utilitarian shades were plain opal chimneys made of milk glass.
The most expensive oil lamps became elaborately detailed works of art glass, designed in a startling variety of shapes and colors, including satin glass, amberina, cranberry, and mother of pearl. Early chimneys were hand blown and free-form—these limited-production chimneys with peddle tops and frothed or etched designs are more scarce and in demand than later machine-made examples.
Some shades were engraved or cut with delicate designs, while others were decorated with transfers or hand-painted images in the forms of flowers, portraits, or landscapes. In addition, there was case glass, really two different layers of glass with the inside white to reflect more light and the outside colored (the green and white combination is quite common). Others were made of slag glass, a popular type of opaque, streaked pressed glass, and many featured crystal tassels. Today, these gorgeous and functional lamps are prized by collectors.
Manufacturers competed with one another to see who could come up with the most desirable and unique lamp designs. For example, lamps known today as “Gone With the Wind” style, featuring a large, showy bulbous bowl or globe, became tremendously popular in the 1880s. By 1885, lamp companies were also making shades out of mica, horn, and porcelain. Some chimneys even took convoluted or spiral forms.
In the United States, Bryce, McKee and Company specialized in table lamps, while the Mount Washington Glass Works in New Bedford, Massachusetts, produced chandeliers and globe-shaped shades. Several Pittsburgh companies specialized in shades and chimneys, including Excelsior Flint Glass Company, Keystone Flint Glass Manufacturing Company, Adams and Company, and Atterbury and Company.
Some of the most stunning lamps were made in Europe. F. and C. Osler of Birmingham, England, made breath-taking glass lamps and chandeliers displayed in the 1878 Paris Exhibition. Paris' own Lissaute and Cosson's Glass Works produced black glass lamp bases encrusted with colored and pearl ornaments. European potteries like those in Dresden, Germany, exported porcelain lamps with flowers and Rococo-style Cupids in high relief. But by the late 19th century, the introduction of gas lighting and electric power meant the era of the kerosene lamp would soon come to an end.
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Recent News: Victorian Lamps
Source: Google News
Mixed views on £3m. renovation of Burnley's main thoroughfareBurnley Express, May 23rd
The “Gormless”, a reconstruction of a Victorian lamp-post which currently stands in the centre of St James's Street, will also be removed. Coun. Frost said: “I've no objection to work being done if it's going to be an improvement. There has been a lamp...Read more
COLUMN: That which fire cannot destroyStatesville Record & Landmark, May 2nd
I stop under a Victorian lamp post and see friends, laughing, coming out of Liz Petree's Wine Maestro, and I gaze on fly rods at Carolina Mountain Sports while owner Richard Griggs rings up a customer, smiles and waves goodbye. A family walks out of ...Read more
An Elegant Townhouse in a Revived Corner of LondonNew York Times, February 26th
There is rare, highly prized off-street parking for two cars in front of the house, marked by an original Victorian lamp post. Located on a side street to the east of Earls Court Road, the house is in one of Earls Court's many streets and squares that...Read more
An enduring Rose. Rabbit. Lie. keeps the experiment goingLas Vegas Weekly (blog), December 9th
Before things escalated to the bathtub last Friday night, Neighbor Boy and I were greeted by a pale juggler draped on a table next to weathered books and a Victorian lamp. “Flights of performances” remain vital to Rose. Rabbit. Lie.'s concept...Read more
Steve Duin: Dave Mesirow, in memoriam, and the Portland Night High SchoolOregonLive.com, December 9th
"Heartbreaking," Turene, the program director, told me at the time: "It's like the district is trying to make everything contemporary and we're the nice little Victorian lamp in the corner. It just doesn't fit the decor, so this year we'll put it in...Read more
Harrogate Borough Council supports Civic Society's call to have towns ...Harrogate News, November 12th
Harrogate Borough Council has put its support behind Harrogate Civic Society's campaign to have a number of the town's historic cast iron lamp posts protected by having them listed. Many of the historic lamp posts were first used in about 1849, before...Read more
Thieves steal six-foot Victorian lamp from Gedney Hill gardenLincolnshire Echo, February 10th
A distinctive 6ft tall Victorian garden lamp has been stolen from the garden of a Lincolnshire village. Police are appealing for information about the overnight theft which happened at Gedney Hill, near Spalding, between Friday and Saturday. "The...Read more
Neighbours' fury as classic Victorian lamp-posts are dug up and moved to ...Daily Mail, June 4th
Just over 30 Victorian lamp posts have illuminated the streets of St Andrews, an up-and-coming area of Bristol, since the 1920s. But in April, the city's Labour-run council started replacing them with brighter models as part of a drive to improve crime...Read more | <urn:uuid:c627b562-1b72-43af-8fef-b9cd37823c7b> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.collectorsweekly.com/lamps/victorian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928015.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00277-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968592 | 2,499 | 3.359375 | 3 |
There is a global organization with an unquestioning respect and prestige, is called the International Movement of Red Cross and Red Crescent. This movement, which originated in 1863, currently represents the largest humanitarian network in the world, with almost 100 million volunteers in over 200 countries. The Movement is made up in turn three independent organizations and well defined, namely the International Committee of the Red Cross, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. By partnering to develop strategic plans supported by projects and humanitarian activities. That is the common point.
In its organizational structure is the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which meets every four years, still the highest deliberative body of the International. However, a Standing Committee as the executive body, is responsible for the decisions of the Conference are carried out coordinating actions between the components of the Movement, which in turn meet in General Assemblies regularly to shape policy. These symbols are well known everywhere. Dominican Republic is obviously the International Movement dignitary through the National Association of the Dominican Red Cross. The human victim assistance is the key reason for living in this organization. In recent times, the Movement has been expressing its solidarity with the victims of traffic accidents. In fact they have always offered its cooperation in the tragedies of this kind. But it is now making comparisons with major global spending on pandemic diseases to regain health with the great neglect of road safety. | <urn:uuid:4f4d212e-be8a-47c8-8866-c3043dc783aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.alifelessordinary.info/road-safety-and-society-1-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156613.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920195131-20180920215531-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.955406 | 289 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Video: A Deep Dive Into the World’s Oceans
In the battle for mind-share, space vs. sea is no contest.
From the epic race to reach the surface of the moon, to the well-documented trials and tribulations of SpaceX’s rocket launches, space is widely regarded as mankind’s natural next step.
For centuries, we’ve gazed at the night sky attempting to decode the messages of the cosmos, but we’ve treated the ocean as a dumping ground or as a nemesis. In the era of big data, it’s strange to note that an estimated 95% of the world’s oceans still remain unexplored.
A Deep Dive Into the World’s Oceans
Today’s video, from Tech Insider, helps shed some light on just how deep the ocean is, and put that depth into a context us surface-dwellers can understand.
The ocean is vast, but looking at it in terms of light and food supply allows us to better understand the structure of that ecosystem.
There are five main oceanic divisions:
|Ocean Zone||Depth (m)||Depth (ft)|
|epipelagic||Surface to 200 m||Surface to 650 ft|
|mesopelagic||200 to 1,000 m||650 to 3,300 ft|
|bathypelagic||1,000 to 4000 m||3,300 to 13,000 ft|
|abyssopelagic||4,000 to 6,000 m||13,000 to 20,000 ft|
|hadopelagic||6,000 to 11,000 m||20,000 to 36,000 ft|
Let’s take a look at each layer in more detail.
Scratching the Surface
The surface layer of the ocean, or epipelagic zone, is the portion we’re most familiar with. This portion of the ocean is amply lit by the sun, and though it’s the smallest zone by volume, it contains much of the ocean’s life. In fact, the phytoplankton living at this level produce half of the world’s oxygen.
One of the chief concerns about climate change is that acidification and temperature changes may dramatically influence levels of phytoplankton in the ocean, thus putting Earth’s largest source of oxygen in jeopardy.
Due to its proximity to sunlight, this layer of the ocean is the fuel that feeds the rest of the ocean. As organisms die, they begin to sink to the lower depths in the form of “marine snow”. This is vital since plant life cannot survive beyond this thin, top layer of water. Put simply, the epipelagic zone feeds the rest of the ocean.
The Twilight Zone
The next layer, called the mesopelagic zone, begins 200m below the surface and extends down to the 1km level. At this point, sunlight illuminating the water begins to wane and water pressure already begins to push beyond what the human body can tolerate.
This dimly lit zone is where we begin to see evolutionary adaptations such as bioluminescence. Large fish and whales also enter this zone to hunt for food.
Hello Darkness, My Old Friend
At 1km below the surface – in the bathypelagic zone – sunlight has faded completely and the ocean is nearly pitch black. This region accounts for 90% of the ocean’s volume and as the video below (via TEDed) explains, this is where things start to get really weird.
The aptly named abyssopelagic zone, begins at 4,000 meters below the surface and extends down to 6,000 meters (or the ocean floor). At this level, the water temperature is nearly at freezing level, and because no sunlight reaches this zone, many of the animals that live here are sightless. The Abyss is the largest zone in the ocean, accounting for about 75% of the ocean floor and 54% of the ocean’s volume.
This region of the ocean is the home of the Abyssal plains. The plains are the upper surface of sediment that has accumulated in abyssal depressions, smoothing out what would otherwise by irregular topography. By this depth the consistent flow of marine snow has decreased dramatically, so organisms depend on occasional “feasts” to survive. Occasionally, events such as large algae blooms near the surface end up delivering huge amounts of food to the ocean floor once those blooms die off.
Abyssal plains could eventually become a big deal economically due to hydrocarbon exploration and mineral extraction. An example of the latter is polymetallic nodules. These potato-sized concretions are scattered around the seafloor at depths greater than 4,000 meters. If it becomes economically viable to harvest these nodules (comprised of manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper), companies could generate considerable revenue. Currently, there are eight commercial contractors licensed by the International Seabed Authority to explore the extraction of nodule resources.
Earth’s Final Frontier
The hadopelagic zone comprises less than 1% of ocean volume and 0.2% of the seafloor, but looms large as one of Earth’s least understood ecosystems. In fact, more humans have been on the moon than have visited this area of the ocean, and most of this zone only exists within deep water trenches and canyons that extend well beyond the Abyssal plains. There are 33 “hadal trenches” and five of them exceed 10,000 meters – including the world’s deepest oceanic point, the Mariana Trench.
The water pressure here can reach a mind-bending eight tons per square inch, but in spite of the extreme pressure, lack of food, and near-freezing temperatures, life can still be found. Most of the creatures that inhabit the hadal zone are literally bottom feeders; they eat the very last bits of marine snow that reach the trench floor.
While nearly all organisms on Earth derive energy either directly or indirectly from the sun, certain organisms have adapted to survive by using hydrothermal vents as an energy source. Many of the creatures living around vents contain symbiotic bacteria, which subsist off hydrogen sulphide emissions. This unique ecosystem provides clues for how life could exist on other planets with more extreme ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:789218d6-7513-42a4-a027-c98d68e7e656> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-oceans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870497.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527225404-20180528005404-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.909604 | 1,332 | 3.65625 | 4 |
What is GUR/UX?
Games User Research/Experience focuses on players’ psychology and their behaviour via techniques such as playtesting, analytics, expert analysis, UX design, and others. Game User Researcher and Experience professionals aim to help game developers deliver players the best gaming experience possible.
Games User Research in Game Development
Games User Research, sometimes called “user testing for games”, “player research” or “Games User Experience/UX”, is a core part of modern game development. The goal of Games User Research is to help game designers reach their design goals by applying scientific principles, and by observing and understanding players.
The practice of playtesting is probably the most well-known method of Games User Research. Playtesting is where a representative group of players are observed playing a game and detailed notes on their behaviour, both in and out of the game, are taken and compared against the designers intended behavioural responses. Observations can often be combined with follow up interviews or questionnaires to access data about players motivations, emotions, and thought processes to add additional depth, and help provide context, to the behavioural data.
While playtesting is the best known method, there are other ways to understand players and improve the user experience. These include analytics (tracking player behaviour via data hooks in games), long term engagement diaries (where players report on game play experiences in naturalistic settings via a diary), biometrics (where player physiological data is recorded along with their behavioural and subjective data), User Experience (UX) design, and many others.
With the increase of free-to-play and “games as a service” games and an increased focus on player-centered design, understanding the player and their experiences and psychology has only become more important over time. Finding and removing small issues in the User Experience, particularly if caught early by User Research, can help create a well retaining and engaging game that puts the player at the center of the experience.
Games User Research in Academia
Games User Research is also an academic area which seeks to better understand what motivates players, how their actions can be explained or predicted, or even just to find new ways to capture and use data about players to help with game design. Games User Research relates to psychology, human factors and ergonomics, user experience design, interaction design, computer science, and many other fields. Games User Researchers in all of these fields, inside and outside of academia, come together around a love of gaming, players, and making awesome games.
A Short History of Games User Research
Pioneered by Atari in the early 1970s, Games User Research came of age in the 1990s at Sony with titles such as Crash Bandicoot 2, and later at Microsoft Studios in the USA, where Age of Empires was the first game it was successfully applied to. Now there are hundreds of Games User Researchers and User Experience designers working worldwide, particularly at larger studios and publishers like Activision, EA, Epic Games, King, Microsoft, Riot Games, Rovio, Scopely, Sony, and Ubisoft, as well as a number of smaller studios, in addition to several external UX/UR consultancies. Today Games User Research and Experience processes are carried out at all stages of game development, from pre-production all way through to post-release support. Since 2009 the IGDA ‘GURSIG’ group has been instrumental in helping researchers around the world network and share ideas.
The IGDA GUR SIG Community
The Games User Research SIG of the IGDA is the games user research professional body, and has held an annual conference in San Francisco every year since 2010, following the foundation of the group in 2009. The first European conference was held in London in 2015. The GURSIG LinkedIn group is comprised of more than 1000 professional researchers, game developers, and academics, all aiming to understand players and help developers create the experiences that they aim to deliver.
To learn more about Games User Research, take a look at the following resources:
- Introduction to Games User Research Part 1 and Part 2
- Understanding User Research: It’s Not QA or Marketing!
- Games User Research Summit Presentations. This page updates with full videos of presentations from the annual Games User Research Summits, dating back to 2010. Where experts from all over the industry come together to discuss and share new findings in Games User Research.
- GDC: UX Talks. Full videos of talks from the GDC UX Summit.
- Game UX Summit 2017 and 2016. Full videos of the talks from the 2016 and 2017 Game User Experience Summits.
- This series of videos from Games User Researchers describing what Games User Research is.
- The Twitter account @GamesUR, which shares games user research-related articles weekly.
- The Games User Research book. This book, written by prominent members of the Games User Research profession aims to explain what Games User Research is and give actionable examples of best principles and methodologies.
- The Gamer’s Brain: How Neuroscience and UX can Impact Video Game Design. This book is designed to equip readers of all levels, from student to professional, with neuroscience knowledge and user experience guidelines and methodologies. | <urn:uuid:7e4f73ee-8152-4868-9908-ca391994c8fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://gamesurconf.com/eu/what-is-gamesur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514423.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118061434-20210118091434-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.943018 | 1,072 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The desert is a paradise when it's dry. With humidity? Not so much
I just killed my favorite Haworthia.
It was a beautiful rock hard reptilian looking specimen I'd had for years in a lovely handmade pot. I failed to follow my own advice to back off prior to coming humidity because I wasn't paying attention. But of course it was so hot and they started to shrink so they must need water, right? Wrong.
Haworthias are common green succulents that are usually hard to the touch. They are among the few groups that stand up to our heat, living long and growing quite large after just a year or two. But this is a drought lover, naturally, not a coastal succulent, so it's not as geared for heat and humidity and watering all in the same week or two. After the recent summer storms it died from rapid rot inside the rosette.
This was about evaporation rates which are key to growing here in the desert. Before humidity arrived we were routinely way below 10%. At that low level everything evaporates instantly. A small potted plant will be totally dry a day or two after watering. Under such conditions it's hard to overwater cactus and succulents in properly draining soil. Plants are adapted to survive these dry periods during the heat of summer by slowing their metabolism to become semi-dormant until conditions return for growth. Therefore despite extreme heat, water demands are minimal.
The humidity rates suddenly went up to an extended 70-80% with the latest tropical storms. Moisture existing in a potted plant root zone will remain there unchanged for weeks under this situation. No evaporation or only slight. These plants are not accustomed to lingering moisture in the root zone during the hot season. This scenario may have taken more than just my prize haworthia. Everyone gets meltdown and most of the time they don't know why.
You visit my garden or Moorten Botanical Garden in late summer, things may appear dry and even drier in the Cactarium where evaporation rates are limited. We have learned through many painful losses of specimen plants that it is far better to err on the side of too little water as it won't kill succulents this time of year. Sure they might look a little rough but don't worry, it's normal. One ill-timed watering lets the rot process begin as the root crown is steamed like broccoli to a soft, mushy mess.
You're facing meltdowns, know that some plants can be saved while for others it is almost certainly fatal. Bigger plants with extensive stems, trunks and caudexes are expensive and worth trying to save as they can be a decade old and costly to replace. The moment you discover the problem take the plant out of the pot and remove all soil from the roots. Total exposure is essential to ascertaining the extent of the rot.
Surgically cut out all brown rot and damage with a sharp, sterile knife. Take a good margin leaving only undamaged tissue. Place the naked plant in the shade outdoors for a week of dry weather to allow the exposed flesh to callus off and heal properly. Once it's stabilized you can repot again with new cactus potting soil for recovery during the cool fall months. Sure it will not be as beautiful as before, but it will survive and regrow again.
Under such conditions during this transitional monsoon season, dry plants can be helped through without water by using shade cloth. A small drape helps keep the plant cooler so it weathers dry heat more easily with some temporary shade. When humidity arrives and UV declines, open it up again so the moist air can be taken in via tiny pores called stomates.
A collection of prized cactus and succulents is tricky to manage this time of year. You can't just water them all equally. Care must be taken to consider pot size, soil type, plant species, its origins, and true moisture demands. Late summer meltdown strikes us all, but at least I get to shop for a replacement when the winter resort Season gears up again next month. | <urn:uuid:d955dc3e-c831-45a1-b295-3b9b182f6858> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/home-garden/maureen-gilmer/2017/08/18/desert-paradise-when-its-dry-humidity-not-so-much/571364001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104655865.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705235755-20220706025755-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.962808 | 853 | 2.65625 | 3 |
3-D Cultures Help Identify, Screen Noroviruses
Scientists develop successful in vitro cell culturing
Results: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers and collaborators have shown for the first time that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional model of human small intestinal tissue. Previous attempts in two-dimensional cultures have failed.
Why it matters: Recent outbreaks of human noroviruses have plagued cruise ships, restaurants, nursing homes and schools. Noroviruses cause severe gastroenteritis that typically lasts 24 to 48 hours. According to one of the researchers, Charles Gerba, a newly emergent strain of norovirus that appeared in the United States this winter appears to be more serious and deadly compared to previous outbreaks. Because of the lack of suitable tissue culture or animal models, studies to track their environmental sources and their pathogenesis in humans and identify emergent strains have been difficult.
Figure 1. Human norovirus infection of 3-D small intestinal cells. A) Demonstration of host cellular cytopathic effect, B) transmission electron micrograph showing numerous particles that are the correct size for human noroviruses, C) fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrating the presence of viral RNA. Enlarged View
Methods: The research team grew the tissue cells on collagen-coated microcarrier beads under physiological fluid shear conditions in bioreactors. They used microscopy, polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent hybridization to find evidence of norovirus infection. Evidence of infection and replication of the two principal viral groups that infect humans was demonstrated for multiple passages of viruses through cell culture (Figure 1). Their results, published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, demonstrate that the highly differentiated 3-D cell culture model can support the natural growth of human noroviruses, whereas previous attempts using differentiated monolayer cultures failed. The tools highlighted in the paper are now being used on biosecurity-relevant model systems such as tularemia (rabbit fever).
According to lead author Tim Straub, "Scientists have been trying to get an infectivity assay for the human noroviruses going for about 30 years now, and we are truly the first. Our study shows that selecting the appropriate cell line, growing the cells as 3-D aggregates and infecting them when they are fully differentiated is key for successful in vitro cell culturing of human noroviruses."
Next steps: Future research will include further testing of a broader panel of genetically diverse human noroviruses to obtain a better understanding of norovirus. The goal is to develop improved prevention methods.
Source: Straub TM, K Höner zu Bentrup, P Orosz Coghlan, A Dohnalkova, BK Mayer, RA Bartholomew et al. 2007. "In vitro cell culture infectivity assay for human noroviruses." Emerging Infectious Diseases 13(3):396-403.
Research Team: Timothy Straub, Alice Dohnalkova, Rachel Bartholomew, Catherine Valdez, Cynthia Bruckner-Lea, PNNL; Kerstin Höner zu Bentrup, Tulane University School of Medicine; Patricia Orosz Coghlan and Charles Gerba, University of Arizona; and Cheryl Nickerson, Morteza Abbaszadegan and Brooke Mayer, Arizona State University.
Sponsors: The work was funded by the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PNNL's Environmental Biomarkers Initiative, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Tulane University Wall Fund. | <urn:uuid:f73f8c20-bd9b-4e00-8a08-4bfd6dfbdb38> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.pnnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?id=201 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542588.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00101-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890702 | 758 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Abstract and Keywords
This chapter examines how Alban Berg plotted to survive as a composer during the Third Reich. Berg’s opera Wozzeck premiered in Berlin on December 14, 1925, and achieved undisputed success eight years later. When Adolf Hitler became the leader of Nazi Germany, the works of many atonal composers, whether Aryan or not, were banned from performance in the country. Drawing on Berg’s personal documents held in the Austrian National Library, including musical sketches and drafts of letters, this chapter considers how Berg repackaged Wozzeck and his other opera Lulu in order to survive as a composer amid the harsh political environment during Hitler’s reign. It also comments on Berg’s desperation as a result of the Nazi government’s censorship of performances of Wozzeck. Finally, it considers Berg’s anti-Semitic tone in his opera, as well as his self-promotion to the point of aligning himself with Nazi Germany.
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If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. | <urn:uuid:a4b1a6eb-3943-4d4a-a8a0-99b736e49a3d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733163.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199733163-e-16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923000827-20180923021227-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.96143 | 273 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Food is made up of nutrients (such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins). Some of these nutrients contain energy (in the form of kilojoules) that help fuel the body.
Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and maturation when requirements for energy and almost all nutrients are increased. During adolescence eating habits tend to change due to a more independent lifestyle, increased socialization with peers, part-time work, more risk taking behavior, and experimentation.
Generally, adolescents tend to skip meals more often (especially breakfast), and to eat more meals outside the home. Adolescents often have a diet high in sweets, highly processed foods, fried foods and fast foods, resulting in poor nutrition. | <urn:uuid:15729ea7-a9cb-45e6-98ef-e41981d4b2ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nestle.pk/nhw/nutrition_and_lifestyle/adolescents_eating | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.952631 | 147 | 4.125 | 4 |
On July 16 1950, Brazil and Uruguay faced each other in the first World Cup final after World War II. The match was played at the open-air Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janerio, with Uruguay monumentally upsetting the hosts by winning the game 2-1.
Brazilian playwright Nelson Rodrigues described the loss as the country’s “Hiroshima,” while Uruguay’s win inspired a new Spanish noun, Maracanazo, literally meaning “The Maracana Blow”- with the term used to signify the historic result.
The Maracana Stadium was specifically built for the 1950 World Cup. Construction plans were drawn by seven architectures and the work started in 1948. The building of the stadium came under political scrutiny, with Carlos Lacerda, then Congressman and political enemy of the mayor Angelo Mendes de Morais, criticizing the massive expenditure on the stadium as well as the latter’s location. Despite this, the plan wasn’t shelved.
Nonetheless, the work soon fell behind schedule. Despite 1500 workers engaged on the job, an additional 2000 labourers were employed in the final few months to meet the deadline. The stadium eventually came to use in 1950, just in time for the World Cup match between Brazil and Mexico. However, all the works were only fully completed by 1965.
The idea behind constructing the extravagant Maracana Stadium was “to construct a stadium that would be a testament to the success of Brazilian football and the victory of the Brazilian national team.” The stadium was to be a man-made monument, “that would be worthy of a place among Rio de Janeiro’s other landmarks.” It was to be “audacious and dramatic.” And the aim was fulfilled as Brazil built the largest football stadium on the planet, with a capacity of 200,000 spectators. It was located at the heart of Rio and surrounded by the traditional neighbourhoods of the city.
“Today Brazil has the biggest and most perfect stadium in the world, dignifying the competence of its people and its evolution in all branches of human activity,” wrote newspaper A Noite. “Now we have a stage of fantastic proportions in which the whole world can admire our prestige and sporting greatness.” Journalist Mário Filho of Jornal dos Sports said the Maracana Stadium gave Brazil “a new soul, awakening the slumbering giant within.”
Official FIFA documents state that 174,000 fans attended the final, but apparently there were more than 200,000 people inside the stadium.
Road to the Final
Brazil were chosen to host the first World Cup after World War II and for four years, the country prepared for the spectacle.
With only 13 teams playing the World Cup, there were no knockout rounds. Instead, the winner of the tournament was to be decided by a second round-robin group stage consisting of the four group winners from the first round. The four group winners were Spain, Brazil, Uruguay and Sweden.
As the tournament progressed, Brazil’s ecstatic showings meant they were the front-runners for the trophy. They swept aside their opponents with relative ease, scoring 21 goals in their first five matches.
In the final four-team group, Brazil defeated Spain 6-1 and Sweden 7-1, while Uruguay only managed to draw Spain and defeated Sweden 3-2 after a late strike by Miguez. Before the final group match between Brazil and Uruguay, the former had four points while the latter had collected three (2 points for a win, 1 for a draw).
Hence, Brazil needed just a draw to lift the trophy.
Presumptuous of Victory
On 15 July, São Paulo’s Gazeta Esportiva front-page headline was: “Tomorrow we will beat Uruguay.” Another newspaper, O Mundo, carried an image of the Brazilian players alongside the headline: “These are the World Champions.”
Shortly before the game, Angelo Mendes de Moraes said to the Brazilian players: “You, players, who in less than a few hours will be hailed as champions by millions compatriots! You who have no rivals in the entire hemisphere! You who will overcome any other competitor! You, whom I already salute as victors!”
Jules Rimet, the president of FIFA and the founder of the World Cup, had prepared a congratulatory speech for Brazil-in Portuguese.
No one in their wildest of imaginations, the Brazilians or anyone for that matter, expected Flavio Costa’s team to loss.
“To the Brazilian fans, the thought of a Uruguayan victory was unfathomable,” wrote Joshua Robinson of Wall Street Journal. The match was to start at 3 pm, yet the entire stadium was full by 11 am. The atmosphere was euphoric, as described by Robinson.
Via Wall Street Journal:
“Millions of fans had flooded the streets of Rio de Janeiro’s northern neighbourhoods, surrounding the Estadio Mario Filho, better known as the Maracanã…The luckiest 200,000 among them had been allowed inside… They had smuggled in streamers and flares and drums. Carnival on the terraces. For hours, they danced and sang in the sun, long before a single player took the field. They had all come to Brazil’s new cathedral to soccer, purpose-built for this 1950 World Cup, to bask in their country’s proudest moment. Brazil was about to beat Uruguay and win its first World Cup. They knew it.”
What happened subsequently, however, shocked the entire nation.
Brazil started off impressively, pressing high up the pitch and dominating the proceedings. They had 17 efforts in the first-half, but the visitors came closest to scoring before the interval. Omar Miguez hit the crossbar in the 37th minute and ten minutes earlier, Ruben Moran had missed an open goal.
Yet, in the 47th minute, Brazil broke the deadlock via Friaca. He received a pass from Zizinho, dribbled past two defenders and drilled the ball into the far past. One-nil Brazil.
The entire stadium was in delirium. Soon, flare smoke filled the air and the fans “twirled their handkerchiefs.” Brazil were some 40-odd minutes away from achieving their dream.
After conceding the opener, Uruguay captain, Obdulio Varela picked up the ball and went to the linesman to complain about the goal, arguing it was an offside. This delayed the restart by several minutes and gave Uruguay the time to regroup. “If not they would overrun us,” Varela later said.
This was the cue for Uruguay to bounce back. By the time the game restarted, the 200,000 Brazilian fans had settled down. And in the 66th minute, the men in blue equalized. Winger Alcides Ghiggia received the ball out wide. He got around a defender to deliver a low ball into the box for Juan Alberto Schiaffino, who sniffled the ball into the back of the net. One-all.
The Maracana Stadium had dropped dead silent. It wasn’t panicking, but as Valera put it, the Uruguayans had “passed their nerves” to the Brazilians.
Eleven minutes before full-time, Uruguay scored the winner as Ghiggia blazed down the right wing and drilled a low shot into the bottom corner. Goalkeeper Moacir Barbosa Nascimento had misjudged Ghiggia’s shot.
Barbosa was expecting the latter to cross so he positioned himself in the middle. When Ghiggia took the shot, Barbosa was caught completely off-guard.
Uruguay had the lead. Brazil tried to equalize but couldn’t. The crowd failed to lift them up and the players had succumbed under the pressure of the 200,000 fans around them. “When the players needed the Maracanã most, the Maracanã was silent,” wrote the songwriter Chico Buarque.
There is never a second place in Brazil’s psyche. “In this country you are either first or you are last,” Brazil’s Deputy Sports Minister, Luis Fernandes once told The Independent’s Ian Herbert. “Second place might as well be last place.”
After the match, in Rio, a fifty-eight-year-old man collapsed at his home. Two fans committed suicide inside the stadium. The surviving footage of Ghiggia’s goal is described as “Zapruder’s film of Kennedy getting shot.” There were tears and many suicides across the country in the following days.
“Only three people have reduced the Maracana to silence: Frank Sinatra, the Pope and me,” Ghiggia later commented. Uruguay captain Varela was presented the trophy by Jules Rimet, but was advised against raising it.
According to reports, Costa, coach of the Brazilian team, “discretely exited the stadium disguised as a nanny.” Moreover, the Brazilian team did not participate in matches for the next two years or play in the Maracanã for the next four years. The most visible consequence of the defeat was the fact that Brazil national team changed its jersey colour from white to yellow and green.
“Gigghia’s goal was received in silence by all the stadium. But its strength was so great, its impact so violent, that the goal, one simple goal, seemed to divide Brazilian life into two distinct phases: before it and after it,” wrote author Joáo Máximo.
Brazil’s ‘keeper, Barbosa, was technically at fault for Uruguay’s winner as he was caught out of position. And that moment changed his life forever. The fact that he was black and Brazil were still tackling the issue of racism at that time only made it worse for Barbosa. He was the first black ‘keeper for the nation and his mistake made him the scapegoat for the disaster.
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- Includes CBS, Star Trek & CBS Sports HQ | <urn:uuid:9f1ceab1-39ff-464b-8373-5fbc35642407> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://worldsoccertalk.com/2014/05/13/a-look-back-when-uruguay-shocked-brazil-in-the-1950-world-cup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739073.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813191256-20200813221256-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.975119 | 2,368 | 3.25 | 3 |
|Reducing Misdiagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders|
Washington, D.C. - Misdiagnosis or incomplete diagnosis of bipolar disorder is
extensive among psychiatric patients, according to a study published in the
January 2001 Journal of Psychiatric Services.
Psychiatrists who reconsider diagnoses in overlapping areas of bipolar depression, major depression and other disorders are more likely to make correct diagnoses, according to the study, which suggests that between 15% and 40% of patients with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed. Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of a major depressive disorder with manic tendencies.
Lead author Charles L. Bowden, M.D., chairman of the department of psychiatry at the University of Texas Health Science Center, says the most effective way to prevent misdiagnosis is to fully discuss comorbid, or multiple disorders with any patient that may be at high risk. Encouraging patients to look for subtle yet diagnosis-defining manic sides of the illness is crucial.
"It's important to put it in the person's consciousness, rather than just relying on your own assessment," Bowden says. One reason is that the effects of depression can be long-lasting, whereas the manic symptoms are generally more fleeting and less likely to be recognized by a doctor who does not have the benefit of observing a patient at all times.
It is also a good idea to have a significant other or family member participate in some components of a patient's assessment. Patients may not always acknowledge parts of their illness, especially the manic parts. "Often, they're not withholding or denying, but it just doesn't register," Bowden says. "Having a family member there can give them objectivity."
The study indicates that current limitations of diagnostic tools and resources result in patients who are treated with antidepressants without the benefit of mood stabilizers. For this reason, it is important that clinicians be aware of any hint of bipolar disorder developing in the course of antidepressant therapy.
Because the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth-Edition requires a manic episode to make a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, many patients are initially diagnosed and treated as having major depression. A manic episode involves a distinct period of abnormal, irritable moods, characterized by inflated self-esteem, sleeplessness and other traits.
In some cases, misdiagnosis is a function of symptom overlap, while other patients may truly have more than one disorder. In the past, bipolar disorder was often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, but this problem diminished with the realization that psychosis is common in both disorders, rather than specifically to schizophrenia.
["Strategies to Reduce Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Depression," by Charles L. Bowden, M.D., et al., p. 51, Journal of Psychiatric Services, January 2001.]
---American Psychiatric Association
Articles in The Science of Mental Health are written by the originating institution. This article was originally posted to Newswise. Newswise maintains a comprehensive database of news releases from top institutions engaged in scientific, medical, liberal arts and business research. The friendly interface allows you to search, browse or download any article or abstract. | <urn:uuid:dd891ad1-1735-45dc-90e4-7bc0b2774d65> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://mentalhealth.about.com/library/sci/0101/blbddx0101.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119655893.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030055-00157-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950051 | 641 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This 3-minute musical snippet is an improvisation from about eight years ago. Entirely spur-of-the-moment, in the living room, and thus the recording is absolutely low tech. Two musicians, both amateurs. Mon amie is playing a hang, a Swiss innovation, which uses the sides and tips of the fingers to sound resonating metallic ringing tones. I’m playing a digital keyboard which had been set to emulate a zither. What unites these two instruments, an uncommon duo, is the scale they are tuned to. More on that after having a listen…
If you don’t understand musical scales, they really can be thought of as just a selected group of musical notes. This selecting also implies some excluding; in other words, some notes are not within the chosen scale and so will never be heard. While western music is much more built around concepts like harmony, many traditional eastern musics feature pieces which are far more colored, identified, by the scales (or modes) they are being played or composed within. Setting aside esoteric forms like microtonal and atonal musics, the most typical scales are either 5-note (pentatonic) or 7-note scales. The notes within the scale can and usually do recur in higher and lower octaves in a tune or piece. Rumanikos is a 7-note scale of eastern European origin.
Indulge me a bit longer? Pianos are very useful for visualizing scales because the notes are laid out linearly in space. Conventional music contains 12 separate distinct notes per each octave. (The full piano keyboard contains seven and a third octaves laid out side by side.) Therefore, a typical musical scale will select seven of these twelve notes, low to high, at the expense of five excluded other notes — per each octave. A very common musical scale, known as the major scale, simply consists of all the white keys on a keyboard, excluding the black keys. A very common pentatonic scale consists of all the black keys. This is why doodling around on a piano while using exclusively the black keys affords a certain pleasing unity of sound; one is playing melodies within a pentatonic scale. Here’s another way to conceptualize what a major scale looks like:
Major: C – D – E F – G – A – B C ► (Listen)
Rumanikos: C – D Eb – – F# G – A Bb – C ► (Listen)
Major scales have either directly adjacent notes, like E and F, or consecutive notes which are separated by a single excluded tone, such as G and A. But notice the spacing of notes within Rumanikos. Between Eb and F# there are two consecutive excluded tones, making for a large ’empty’ interval. Also, there are three distinct pairs of directly adjacent notes within Rumanikos. These two factors give the Rumanikos scale it’s unique, characteristic, and haunting feel. Rumanikos is an eastern European scale, popular with gypsy or tzigane musicians. It has older roots within Persian and Arabic music, and in fact bears a close relationship to the well-known Arabic scale, or maqam, known as hitzaz.
Hangs (rhymes with gong) are really interesting instruments, blending both melodic and rhythmic elements. They were developed around the year 2000 by two Swiss ethnomusicologists and metallurgists. The quickest way to absorb what they are all about is to take a quick half hour tour via YouTube, noting the varying playing styles possible. A good place to start is here. Hangs are very accessible to novices; it’s not too difficult to elicit some pleasing sounds from the instrument. Yet it offers several avenues of more advanced exploration for serious players. Hangs have been manufactured in more than 40 different musical scales over their relatively brief lifetime, including African pygmy scales, Chinese and Japanese pentatonic scales, and various middle Eastern scales. There are also numerous less expensive knockoffs available nowadays. You can try out a virtual hang with nothing but a laptop and a mouse for free.
Zithers occur across cultures throughout the Eurasian landmass. There are also African and South American variants. The word itself is German, reflecting the Bavarian folk instrument. The Chinese variety has fewer strings and a more spare and stark appearance and sound. Architecturally, it’s amazing; it looks like a sculpture. A specially attractive feature of it is the way notes can be bent by the musician. Perhaps my favorite zither is the Arabic version, known as a qanoon. And I leave off with this recommended sample, a duet composed by Andrew Cronshaw featuring qanoon and zither.
► You can use this INDEX to scan through all available ||SWR|| articles. | <urn:uuid:4554f12a-1d49-4921-997b-8a01bbd8633a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://skirmisheswithreality.net/2018/02/11/rumanikos-duet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401582033.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927215009-20200928005009-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.943986 | 1,017 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Many scientists are making the case that humanity is living in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, but there is no agreement yet as to when this epoch began. The start might be defined by a historical event, such as the beginning of the fossil-fueled Industrial Revolution or the first nuclear explosion in 1945. Standard stratigraphic practice, however, requires a more significant, globally widespread, and abrupt signature, and the fallout from nuclear weapons testing appears most suitable. The appearance of plutonium 239 (used in post-1945 above-ground nuclear weapons tests) makes a good marker: This isotope is rare in nature but a significant component of fallout. It has other features to recommend it as a stable marker in layers of sedimentary rock and soil, including: long half-life, low solubility, and high particle reactivity. It may be used in conjunction with other radioactive isotopes, such as americium 241 and carbon 14, to categorize distinct fallout signatures in sediments and ice caps. On a global scale, the first appearance of plutonium 239 in sedimentary sequences corresponds to the early 1950s. While plutonium is easily detectable over the entire Earth using modern measurement techniques, a site to define the Anthropocene (known as a "golden spike") would ideally be located between 30 and 60 degrees north of the equator, where fallout is maximal, within undisturbed marine or lake environments.
The Bulletin elevates expert voices above the noise. But as an independent, nonprofit media organization, our operations depend on the support of readers like you. Help us continue to deliver quality journalism that holds leaders accountable. Your support of our work at any level is important. In return, we promise our coverage will be understandable, influential, vigilant, solution-oriented, and fair-minded. Together we can make a difference. | <urn:uuid:6d329f9a-dfe2-4461-9f93-be483746ca61> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://thebulletin.org/2015/05/can-nuclear-weapons-fallout-mark-the-beginning-of-the-anthropocene-epoch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989614.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511122905-20210511152905-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.913765 | 369 | 3.828125 | 4 |
When people ask how to prepare their child for preschool, there are 3 key things for new parents to remember; talk to them, read to them, and let them play.
So what does that mean?
So you should always talk to your child. Have a conversation about anything that you can think of. Ask them questions. Wait for them to answer. Point out things that you see in your daily life, and ask them what they think. This builds their vocabulary. It teaches them to have a conversation, and to listen and wait their turn.
Always read to your children. You should give children opportunities to explore books, to read books with you, to listen to you read, and to just sit and have time to flip through them and learn what a book looks like.
Before children go to bed, is a nice time to read them a story, and then have them help you to read a book, by looking at the pictures, listening to your words and repeating it back.
Giving children shared book experiences at home, sets them up for preschool, where the children are read to on a daily basis. They’re read to in larger groups, there’s typically a reading corner where they can read books on their own, and then they can sit with the teacher and have a one-on-one book experience.
So with the Reading and the Talking, the last thing you should always let your children do, is play, and you want to give children lots of opportunities to play with other children, in any type of social setting before they go to preschool.
You can take them to the park, you can take them to play areas, you can have playdates at home. This gives them a chance to play with materials with someone else. To interact with them, to have conversations with them, to watch another child play, and see if maybe that’s something they can do as well.
These beginning social experiences, will set them up nicely for when they walk into a preschool, and are given the opportunity to talk to 10-15 of their peers, and choose who they want to play with and where they want to play.
So the key is really to give them the life experiences. To give them lots of books, talk to them a lot, let them play, and when they walk into a preschool classroom for the firs time, they’ll be ready to go!
If you want to talk to us more about whether Forever Kids Academy in Pembroke Pines is right for your child, then talk to us today or fill out the enrollment request and will send you a prospectus. | <urn:uuid:7930901a-63b0-4b77-ace4-678d87d38c70> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://foreverkidsacademy.org/3-ways-prepare-child-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999273.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620190041-20190620212041-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.980588 | 542 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Successful launch of the Jason-3 oceanography satellite
A collaboration between CNES, NASA, NOAA and EUMETSAT, Jason-3 will continue the reference altimetry mission for the Copernicus-MyOcean service, supporting the study of sea level variations, surface wave height and wind speed for meteorology and navigation, and continental altimetry vital for continental hydrology and operational oceanography. Jason-3 is the latest in the series of satellites that draw their heritage from the pioneering TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry satellite, launched by CNES in 1992, which marked a watershed in the study of ocean movements. In 1997-1998, TOPEX/Poseidon was the first to closely track an El Niño/La Niña episode from space, revealing all the early telltale signs of the bulge of warm water propagating across the ocean 20 to 30 centimetres above the average sea-surface height, thus providing proof of the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system.
From its highly inclined 1,336-kilometre orbit, Jason-3 will cover 95% of the globe’s ice-free oceans every ten days. Planned to operate for three years with a possible extension to five years, it will assure the data continuity so vital to effective monitoring of global warming before being joined by two other satellites, Jason-CSA/Sentinel-6A and Jason-CSB/Sentinel-6B.
Developed by CNES and Thales Alenia Space, Jason-3 is built around a Proteus spacecraft bus. It is carrying a Poseidon-3B altimeter, the main mission instrument that measures the range from the satellite tothe ocean surface, an advanced microwave radiometer (AMR) to measure emitted radiation, a CNESdesigned DORIS orbit determination system, a GPS payload (GPSP) and a laser retroreflector array (LRA)developed by NASA/JPL.
On the occasion of the launch, CNES President Jean-Yves Le Gall commented: “Just weeks after the historic success of the COP21 climate conference, CNES is very proud to see the Jason-3 satellite launched to pursue our emblematic cooperation with the United States, with whom we were the first to record the rise in global sea level, marking a watershed in the study of global warming. Jason satellite data are crucial to oceanographers and climate experts all over the world and Jason-3 is now set to bring them a new tool that will play a key role in tackling climate change as part of the fleet of satellites showcased by CNES at the recent COP21 climate conference.”
Tel. +33 1 44 76 75 39
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(v.; n.) begin; admit into a group; a person who is in the process of being admitted into a group
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(n.) an indirect remark; insinuation
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(adj.) uninteresting, boring flat, dull
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(adj.) unable to pay debts
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(adj.) having the characteristics of an island; narrow-minded, provincial
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(n.) having the characteristics of an island
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(adj.) without blame or faults
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ENGLISH & WELSH ROOTS - Do You Remember? English and Welsh Roots & Remembrance Day
Article posted: November 19, 1999
By: Fawne Stratford-Devai Biography & Archived Articles
On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month silence spread across Canada as we paused to remember those who had given their lives in the service of their country. Veterans of this century's war and peace keeping missions marched in cities and towns across Canada on Remembrance Day. Flags were flown, medals were polished, bag pipes and bands set the march for parades. In Ottawa, proud veterans marched on parliament hill with tears in their eyes as thousands of people stood in the cold November air and cheered.
We do remember - Don't we?
Often when researching our family history we find ourselves buried in the records of past centuries. Yet today we stand in the waning months of the 20th century and we will soon find ourselves at the dawn of not only a new century, but a new millennium. Have we carefully documented the life, love and laughter of this century's families?
Even now, decades after the end of the second world war, the positive and negative consequences of this century's wars remain with families.
Tens of thousands of Canadians rest in graves far from home, in cemeteries in foreign lands maintained by the http://www.cwgc.org Commonwealth War Graves Commission. They fought along-side their friends, family and Commonwealth counterparts in some of the bloodiest warfare of this century. They did not return home. Families were devastated. Generations still living carry the memories and scares of these wars.
During the twentieth century the service of Canadians during both world wars saw tens of thousands of men stationed in many areas of England. The passion of this tumultuous time led many to relationships with local English girls. Tens of thousands of these young women would find themselves immigrating to Canada as war brides following the end of hostilities. Yet other "partnerships" resulted simply in offspring and no marriage. Today there are estimated to be thousands of children of Canadian soldiers who are actively searching for their fathers. These stories are told in such books as The Aldershot Canadians: In Love and War 1939-45 by Mark Maclay. They are reflected in the practical work of Project Roots and the Canadian War Children of WW II. Project Roots is a volunteer detective agency that is working to find the long-lost Canadian fathers of British and European War Children who were born to single, unwed mothers in the aftermath of World War Two. To date, Project Roots and the Canadian War Children of WWII http://www.project-roots.com/index.html has successfully reunited 2500 war children with the Canadian fathers who left them behind.
In my own family history my aunt came to Canada as a war bride at the end of World War II. Many years later her younger sister (my mother) came to Canada to live with her sister and fell in love with my father. Had my aunt not come to Canada as a war bride would my mother have followed?
On a the other hand, the English and Welsh roots of those who served in Canada's Forces overseas are evident in their military records. While searching the Canadian Expeditionary Force website I came across the enlistment papers (attestation papers) of Canadians who served in World War I. It is quite amazing to find so many whose place of birth was listed as a town or village in England or Wales, Ireland or Scotland.
Often when researching our English and Welsh roots we fail to search Canadian military records for information about our ancestors. Aside from place of residence and birth, attestation papers document the physical description of the person enlisting. Information about Canadian military records can be found at the National Archives of Canada website http://www.archives.ca.
Records of the Canadian Expeditionary Force: http://www.archives.ca/exec/naweb.dll?fs&020106&e&top&0 Over 600,000 Canadian enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War One. This database is a searchable index to the personnel files of those who enlisted. A growing number of actual attestation papers are being put online and linked to the index over time.
Books of Remembrance: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/books/ These books record the names of Canadians who fought and died in the wars of this century.
Department of National Defence: http://www.dnd.ca/ The official website of the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces.
The Canadian Air force: http://www.airforce.dnd.ca/ Includes information on the history of the Air force as well as links to other Air force related websites.
Canadian Army homepage: http://army.cipherlogic.on.ca/ The unofficial Canadian Army homepage.
Canadian Genealogy and History Links - Military: Links to more Canadian military information than you can imagine. National and Provincial breakdowns. http://www.islandnet.com/~jveinot/cghl/military.html
The Canadian Military Heritage Project: http://www.rootsweb.com/~canmil/index.html The website is dedicated to presenting Canadian military history ~ the wars, uprisings and conflicts in which Canadians participated.
Canadian Peace Keeping Veterans Association: http://www.islandnet.com/~duke/cpva.htm Website includes a Roll of Honour of Canadian Peacekeepers who have given lives in the Service Of Peace, poems from those who have served and links to international peace keeping sites.
Canadian War Museum: http://www.cmcc.muse.digital.ca/cwm/cwmeng/cwmeng.html Canada's national institution which is dedicated to both education and remembrance.
Lost Celtic Connections: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Lane/4398/ A website dedicated to families from the United Kingdom who were torn apart by World War II. Includes database of families and many other links.
Canadian Military Genealogical FAQ: http://www.ott.igs.net/~donpark/canmilfaq.htm. Although somewhat dated, this website offers a number of sources to be considered when searching for Canadian Military information.
Veterans Affairs Canada: The Canadian Government department charged with recognizing and honouring the sacrifices of Canada's veterans and all Canadian citizens during war. Includes information about Canadian Military Medals and Decorations, the departments Mission and Mandate with related links.
The Royal Canadian Legion: http://www.legion.ca/ Learn about the Legion, their work in the community, and various programs they offer. Good educational kits for teachers and students.
War, Peace and Security Guide: http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milhist/index.html from the Information Resource Centre, Canadian Forces College. Time lines of Military history with information for specific wars and links to biographies, museums and military websites.
Field Diaries of the First World War: http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/mackay4/pop1.htm The website includes the actual field diaries of Andrew Cecil Meredith Thomson which cover the period June 18,1915 to May 20, 1917.
Somewhere in France, Letters from the Great War: http://www.escape.ca/~stothers/ Includes the letters of John Cannon Stothers to family in Southern Ontario. John Cannon served with the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
Pier 21, Halifax Nova Scotia: http://www.pier21.ns.ca/ Pier 21 was the gateway for 1.5 million immigrants to Canada from 1928 to 1971. Located on the Halifax waterfront, it was recently restored as a museum and tribute. "During World War II, 3,000 British evacuee children, 50,000 war brides and their 22,000 children, over 100,000 refugees and 368,000 Canadian troops bound for Europe passed through Pier 21."
War Brides of WW II: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/9710/WarBrides.html Dedicated to those women who left home, family, friends and country to be with the men they loved.
UK War Brides Registry: http://uk-pages.net/warbrides/warbrides.html
War Brides and the Lennox and Addington County Museum:
http://fox.nstn.ca/~museum/form.html in preparation for an exhibit sponsored in partnership with Lennox and Addington Historical Society.
War Brides - from Parks Canada: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/library/background/25_e.htm Did you know? : Military Headquarters in London established a Canadian Wives Bureau whose job was to register war brides, then assign them a priority for transportation to Canada. In effect, immigration approval occurred before marriage was permitted. After the wedding, war brides became Canada's responsibility. Special War Brides' Clubs gave lectures to acquaint soldiers' wives with Canadian life.
Sources for Genealogical Research in Canada: http://www.king.igs.net/~bdmlhm/cangenealogy.html Includes links to many military related resources and websites.
Canadiana: The Canadian Resource Page: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Unofficial/Canadiana/ With links to all things Canadian.
There are many published resources about the Canadian Military experience, Canadian War Brides and similar themes discussed in this article. One of the best starting points for such published works is the National Library of Canada's searchable database at: http://www.amicus.nlc-bnc.ca/wapp/resanet/searche.htm
Newspapers at the National Library of Canada: http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/services/enews.htm
DO YOU REMEMBER?
Have you recorded the memories of your families during this century? Family history research is about more than just names on paper, it is about your family - real people. For this reason it is critical that we understand the context of our family member's lives. Before dashing off in search of more distant research links, stop and ask yourself about the context in which this century's family members live(d). Sit down and try and answer a few questions about your family. The answers will not only bring your family stories to life but will also begin to record the history of this century ~ for future generations. Below are listed a few questions to help you to begin to place your family within the context of a living story:
Understand every day life. What kind of clothing did family members wear? Did they buy the clothes or make them at home? Did they order them from store catalogues? What kind of food did they eat? Was there a traditional meal served on Sundays? How was the food prepared? Did they use a fireplace, or a woodstove, or a modern electrical or gas stove? Where did they get their food? Did they buy their food or raise it at home?
What was the medical experience. What diseases were prevalent? What names were used to describe them? Who treated family members when they were ill? Did a doctor come to the home? Where were children born (at home, in modern hospitals)? Who attended the birth of children?
Know the community: What kind of community did your family live in? A large urban city? A small Town? A rural outpost? Who governed the community? Where were local records kept (tax and assessment records). How did you family fit in the community? Did they own land? Did family members participate in local groups or fraternal clubs and similar associations?
Who were their nearest neighbours? How far away did they live? Did they travel by road or water, by car or wagon to visit?
Understand their education. Were children educated at home or in a school? Was there a school near the house? How far away? What kind of school (one room schoolhouse, modern schools for different grades)? What was the name of the school(s)? Did all the children go to school? What age did a child's education end? What classes and subjects were taught? Who was the teacher?
Mobility: The 20th century has been one of the greatest centuries for mobility. How did your family end up in Canada? Did they immigrate to Canada this century? Did they choose to come to Canada? How did they travel here - by boat, by plane?
How long did your family live in one house? In one town? In the same province? How often did they move? What address did they live at? Did they move for employment? How did your ancestor get around? Was it by road or by water, on horse or foot, by rail or steamer? How far was the family from "civilization" such as stores, churches and schools? How far did they have to walk on a regular basis?
Picture the house. Was the house built of bricks, boards, logs, or even sod? How did your family protect their home from the weather? What was the roof made of (tin, cedar shingles, sod)? What was the foundation made of? Was there a basement? How many rooms were there? How big were the rooms? What was each room used for? Was there a porch, a sitting room or parlour? Was there any out-buildings - a barn, a garage, an outhouse? What material was the floor made of - dirt, wood, tiles? How was the house decorated? Were the walls wallpapered, painted, news papered? Were there any decorations? Were there any windows? How many? Did they have glass? Did they open? What was the finest possession in the house?
Understand the work. What type of work did your family do? Were they professional business people? Did they run a small store? Were they farmers? What crops did they grow? How big were their fields? How much did the crops yield? What farm machinery or implements did they use? Did they plow with a horse, an ox, a tractor or combine? What types of farm animals did they raise? Did they have cows for milk and chickens for eggs? Did the head of the household work one job or two? How did the wife and children contribute to the family funds? Did the children work as hired hands or servants in neighbours homes? What chores did the family do - each day, each week, annually?
Know the lay of the land. What was the land like where the family lived? Hilly, flat, wooded, fronting a lake? Was there a river nearby? What kinds of trees were in the area? What about birds and wildlife? What was the weather like? When did the first frost occur? How did the weather and seasons affect the way the house was built? Were there any major environmental events during your family's life--the ice storm of ‘98, the plague of grasBookstorers, a prairie fire, a flood? How was the family affected?
Faith, Devotion and Religion. Was your family deeply religious? Quietly pious? What local church did they attend? How many members were in the congregation? Was the family active in the church and its various social and outreach activities? Who was the minister? Was the minister educated and ordained or simply a local person called to preach? What was the church service like? Were hymns sung? What did it mean to the family to belong to a particular religious community? How did the religion affect family life, their clothing, marriage rites and customs, burial customs, their outlook on life and the afterlife? Is the cemetery connected with the church? Does your family member have a gravestone? Is there a symbol on the stone that signifies a connection to the church, to a faith, to a fraternal group? Are other family members buried nearby?
Understand the Family Structure. How big were families? How far apart were children born? How old were family members when they married? Was the age different for a man and a woman? Did many children die (the child mortality rate)? Was their more than one wife because women died in childbirth? What was the average life span of men and women? Did the younger family members care for elderly family members? Who were the children named for? Were they family names or just popular names of the time? Were nicknames used? Did the wife cope for long stretches without the aid of the husband? How much did the husband participate in family routines?
History and events. How did war and conflict, peace and politics affect your family? How did the family learn of current and world events? Through a local newspaper? Could someone in the family read the newspaper? Did any famous or historical people or events touch the lives of your family members? Were sons forced to enlist when war was declared or did they volunteer? Were women in the family forced to work in factories or on the farm during the war? How did they cope when their family members died far from home? Did they erect memorials? How did they serve the cause? How did the experience of war affect them at home? Did they rush to bomb shelters when air raid sirens sounded? Did they fear for their lives?
Understanding the Laws and Record Keeping. What age did young people have to be before they could marry? At what age could a child choose his or her own guardian? What happened when a family member died without a will? Who inherited the land and household belongings? Did the widow have any rights such as dower rights? What were those rights? What could people do if they wanted a divorce? Did your family vote?
What kind of record was created when a child was born or a family member died? Could someone in the family write? Who kept the family Bible? Were the entries written by a man, a woman or a young child? Did the church keeps records of your family's participation? If so, what kind of records were kept? Is the family listed in the city or rural directory? In a business directory?
As you begin to answer some of the questions listed above, many others will come to mind. The answers to many of these questions will also lead you to records that document your family. Perhaps one of these records will tell you the exact place of origin in England or Wales that your family originated from!
More importantly: Have you preserved the records and stories of your family in this century? Will your stories and records teach others to remember?
Whether your task is one of documenting the modern century or your immediate family, please keep in mind that your research is the legacy you leave to others - verify the records and stories you discover!
New at the LDS Family Search Website
The LDS FamilySearch Internet Site has added new features and improved its search capabilities:
The LDS FamilySearch website site improvements mean that visitors to the site can now search by:
Postcards From The Front
Postcards from the Front: http://mckague.com/photographs/collections/postcards/
The postcards on this web site were sent to three small children by their father, Captain James Nelson Richards, during World War I while serving with the Canadian Expeditionary Force. In them, Capt. Richards tries to explain to his daughters what is happening in Europe and why he cannot be with them.
In Flanders Fields
A Canadian of Scottish descent penned one of the most famous poems associated with war:
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks still bravely singing fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below,
We are the dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe!
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch - be yours to hold it high!
If ye break faith with us who die,
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
More English & Welsh Resources
About Fawne Stratford-Devai
Fawne Stratford-Devai's work on Land Records and early Ontario records is well known in the genealogy community. A published author of several Canadian and UK research books, she has also contributed articles to the Ontario Genealogical Society's newsletter "Families" as well as writing for the online family history newsletter the "Global Gazette". Biography | <urn:uuid:e9ca6257-d70b-4b64-8acf-c562495af3ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazfd/gazfd42.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00269-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966834 | 4,344 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The following article discusses just that:
The first way was: "How important is it to you to vote in the upcoming election?"
The next day, 82% of the people who answered that question actually went out and voted.
The second version of the questionnaire instead said: "How important is it to you to be a voter in the upcoming election?"
96% of those people voted.
The researcher did three versions of this study, and the results were robust: Yes, wording matters. By using a noun instead of a verb, the questionnaire was able to encourage people to identify more strongly with the idea of being someone who votes.
The article is worth reading because it outlines why the researcher thinks this works--what the psychology behind the effect is--and that may give you ideas for how to reveal character in your writing. The rule of thumb is that when someone says, "I am a [noun]", they care more deeply than someone who says, "I [verb]."
And since I'm discussing the power of words, here's an interesting article on the predictive power of words. It may be possible, by analyzing the wording used by journalists talking about the economy, to predict some of the behaviour of the stock market: | <urn:uuid:5db17d1b-860b-4606-bfdd-0ce2bc6d2b85> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://jjdebenedictis.blogspot.com/2011/07/power-of-wordsand-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186353.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00547-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972015 | 254 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Instructors and professors specify representation documents on their kids to gauge exactly what the students realize and what observations they have produced through completing type responsibilities. Whilst each and every trainer has his own factor and specifications, most picture papers aren’t any one or more to two sites in total. To publish a useful and profitable expression, students must starting their report with an introduction that alleviates an individual into topic and briefly shows just what will get discussed via a thesis record.
Render a summary of one’s representation paper. Decide what you wish to discuss and how many paragraphs the whole newspaper could be.
Amount each organized writing and write a one-sentence classification of precisely what the paragraph will discuss. Here is an example, writing 3 – The part of suicide in “The Catcher when you look at the Rye”. Compile any total of any assigned studying, textbooks or online learning resources you must used to back up the claim and suggestions we reveal you could try this out in your expression paper.
Starting your start with a helpful record with regards to the topic to achieve the viewer fascinated about your paper. Make report certain to what you will end up preaching about in remainder of your very own report and prevent creating common or vague comments. As an example, versus create “‘The Catcher from inside the Rye’ is one of the most debatable magazines written in the twentieth millennium,” write some thing such as “Since J.D. Salinger’s novel ‘The Catcher inside Rye’ was printed in 1951, it’s been flanked by controversy as a result of the so-called bad substance delivered through the e-book, most notably abusive drinking, premarital love-making and individual language.” Such an introduction enables the subscriber know your entire papers is about “The Catcher during the Rye” but at the same time that you’ll be creating specifically the arguings and arguments linked to the book. Continue reading «Getting publish an Introduction for a picture report» | <urn:uuid:4f72b3bb-287e-40cb-9a02-45beed246ec2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://television.formulamedica.com.co/category/writing-a-scientific-research-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.933584 | 421 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 'Yukon Gold'
Once again the earth has given forth its fruits through the humble night shade the French appropriately call -- Pomme de terre!
Last winter I planted some sprouted potatoes from my pantry and under minimal input and less than six hours of sunlight (due to its location), here they are, food once more and even more. Since I planted them from leftover tubers, I didn't do as much management as I would have. However, there are some things that can be done to optimize potato harvests. For the sake of those who are interested in trying potatoes in the future, here is a list of activities worth considering:
1. Hill-up the soil during early growth of the stems. Stolons (the part that becomes tuber) grow on buried parts of the stem. Covering more of the basal stem allows the formation of more tubers. Since my potatoes were grown in large pots, I could have simulated hilling-up by adding more soil at the base of the plants;
2. Water when necessary. Use rainfall instead of the temperature as basis for watering. The low temperatures of winter is often deceiving. I tend to assume the soil is moist when the air temperature is cold. My mistake. After tuber initiation, consistent water supply (along with other factors such as sunlight and fertilizer) is very important for a good bulking rate (enlargement) of the tubers;
3. Apply a second dose of fertilizer. Fertilizer was basally applied but I skipped the necessary side-dressing which would have enhanced and prolonged foliage growth that results in large potatoes. | <urn:uuid:1f1790ef-d8ba-41ce-8abe-40815f6d9c1f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://masteringhorticulture.blogspot.com/2015/06/apple-of-earth.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00819.warc.gz | en | 0.969898 | 345 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.
Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For example:
Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word. For example:
The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish.
Word creation with prefixes and suffixes
Some prefixes and suffixes are part of our living language, in that people regularly use them to create new words for modern products, concepts, or situations. For example:
|word||prefix or suffix||new word|
Email is an example of a word that was itself formed from a new prefix, e-, which stands for electronic. This modern prefix has formed an ever-growing number of other Internet-related words, including e-book, e-cash, e-commerce, and e-tailer.
You can read more about prefixes and suffixes on the OxfordWords blog. Here you will find guidelines, examples, and tips for using prefixes and suffixes correctly.
Back to grammar | <urn:uuid:24045b5e-0a2a-41a1-a2fc-f712b13d6116> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/prefixes-and-suffixes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823634.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00283-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852918 | 315 | 4.65625 | 5 |
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