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There a million ways to integrate technology into the classroom. There is an endless amount of tools for all content areas and topics. But the key to utilizing these technologies is to use them to enhance the learning environment. They are not simple replacements of past tools, but enhancements allowing students to reach further outside the classroom walls and engage them in the content at hand. As a social studies teacher global outreach, collaboration and accessing resources are an important part of shaping good citizens.
Having the use of Google Docs and other collaboration tools increases students ability to work with others. This is an important life skills that students should attain. In social studies, using collaborative tools encourages students to work with people of different cultures, backgrounds, learning abilities, and socio-economic status. This is essential in creating 21st century citizens and workers who can collaborate and create with others (Cox, 2015).
Assessing and Evaluating Resources
Part of being a global citizen in the 21st century is being able to find your way through a sea of resources and information. An important skill I must teach my 8th graders is how to evaluate their sources, view bias, and corroborate information to gain knowledge and form opinions. Technology allows students to have immediate access to these resources. It also allows them to fact check and corroborate almost instantly. Additionally, students can collect and annotate their resources using online tools. Sites like Diigo, Scoop.it, and others allow for collections of resources that students can then use to write, create, analyze, investigate and more.
Other advantages of technology include the ability to find resources for students of all learning levels. Digital articles can be shared in multiple reading levels, along with using pictures and summaries to help students comprehend the articles (Roblyer, 2016).
The technology I use in my classroom will have huge benefits on my students. It will not only help them learn the social studies content, but also will prepare them for their futures. Utilizing technology will also “ [set students] up for this increasing digital economy (Cox, 2015).” To find these advantages it is important to remember, technology is not just simply a replacement, it is an enhancement and an increased opportunity for learning.
Cox, Janelle. “Benefits of Technology in the Classroom.” TeachHUB. N.p., 2015. Web. 06 Nov. 2016.
Roblyer, M. D. (2016). Integrating educational technology into teaching (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. | <urn:uuid:7b74d22a-a565-4b09-83e5-3096ae96261c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://dleonebsu.wordpress.com/2016/11/06/relative-advantage-technology-in-social-studies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511216.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017195553-20181017221053-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.933806 | 516 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The increasing prevalence of non-communicable dis-eases reflects an escalating cost and burden to society. Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, insu-lin resistance, renal diseases and cardiovascular disease are a few of the interrelated diseases that are tradition-ally attributed to lifestyle factors such as obesity. How-ever these diseases may also be programmed in-utero, as a result of exposure to a sub-optimal in-utero envi-ronment. Maternal factors such as dietary intake, cen-tral adiposity and general heath during gestation may significantly contribute to the programming of an off-spring disease phenotype. Ethnicity is an identified in-dependent risk factor as indigenous societies appear to have a greater risk of expressing cardiovascular and metabolic disease phenotypes compared with their Western counterparts. This together with the shift to-wards Western diets and an increasingly sedentary life-style caused by changing work habits increases the pro-pensity for diabetes and hypertension in indigenous populations. This review discusses the developmental origins of obe-sity and related diseases and the impact of obesity and related cardiovascular and metabolic disease. We dis-cuss these implications in reference to the global com-munity as well as the Western Pacific.
|Pages (from-to)||8 - 15|
|Number of pages||8|
|Journal||Samoa Medical Journal|
|Publication status||Published - 2009| | <urn:uuid:c9ff9769-d958-4a2b-814c-14650f22681f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/the-role-of-maternal-diet-in-programming-obesity-hypertension-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358798.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227084805-20210227114805-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.908634 | 291 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Stream. Set Length(Int64) Method
Sets the length of the buffered stream.
public: override void SetLength(long value);
public override void SetLength (long value);
override this.SetLength : int64 -> unit
Public Overrides Sub SetLength (value As Long)
An integer indicating the desired length of the current buffered stream in bytes.
value is negative.
The stream is not open or is
The stream does not support both writing and seeking.
Methods were called after the stream was closed.
The buffer is flushed before setting the length of the underlying data source or repository. If the specified value is less than the current length of the buffered stream, the buffered stream is truncated. If the specified value is larger than the current length of the buffered stream, the buffered stream is expanded. If the buffered stream is expanded, the contents of the buffered stream between the old and the new lengths are not defined.
SetLength flushes any buffered writes if necessary.
A stream must support both writing and seeking for
SetLength to work. | <urn:uuid:d568a968-506d-4659-a657-0b5e1edf9707> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/dotnet/api/system.io.bufferedstream.setlength?view=netframework-4.8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540551267.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213071155-20191213095155-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.859147 | 234 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Nigerian Termite Mound
A species of termite found in Nigeria farms fungi in climate controlled underground gardens. Alltech is very familiar with this termite technology. The process, known as solid state fermentation (SSF) has been shown to help maximize the bioavailability of nutrients in animal feed by releasing more energy, calcium and available phosphorus from the plant fibers. While Alltech was the first to adapt this technology for the animal health industry, the company was not the first to use this unique process.
Around many areas of Nigeria, you will see many strange, earthen mounds. Some can tower almost 20 feet above ground! If you were to take a look inside one of these mounds, you would find millions of termites working in synergy with fungi to sustain and support their colony. These tall mounds serve as a nice shelter for the termites, and also play another role in their food preparation. Much like Alltech's SSF process, these mounds act as climate controlled chambers that provide an ideal environment for the fungi. Unlike some termites, Nigerian termites are unable to digest the fiber rich plant materials they bring to the mound to eat. They have to consume and excrete the material. After excretion, a specific fungal strain, originating from their DNA, begins to grow on the excreted matter. This creates a fungus garden, in which enzymes secreted by the fungus break down the fiber and release the nutrients. Then the lucky termites can eat and digest the fungus / fiber mixture.
Alltech's SSF technology, gave rise to Allzyme SSF. We select a specific fungal strain, aspergillus niger, which is then applied to a fibrous substrate and cultivated in humidity and temperature controlled chambers. While in these chambers the fungal strain grows and creates enzymes that break down the substrate. The finished product helps farmers get all the available nutrients out of their animal's feed.
Alltech's Allzyme SSF Production Plant in Serdan Mexico
We are faced with a growing global population that has to be fed. The world is asking the agriculture industry to produce more with less. As the world strives to meet global demand, we must remember some of the solutions to many of our problems may just be hidden under a rock... or maybe in a mound.
If you have any questions regarding the termites or Allzyme SSF, please feel free to contact us at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:bc1bd679-9010-4ea8-b886-502d26b3a7a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.alltech.com/blog/posts/fungus-farming-pioneers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113010.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00013-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948886 | 507 | 2.5625 | 3 |
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY - HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography is a powerful tool in analysis. This page looks at how it is carried out and shows how it uses the same principles as in thin layer chromatography and column chromatography.
Note: It is important to read the introductory page about thin layer chromatography before you continue with this one - particularly the part about how thin layer chromatography works. High performance liquid chromatography works on the same basic principle. HPLC is essentially an adaptation of column chromatography - so it might be a good idea to have a (very quick) look at that as well.
Use the BACK button on your browser to return quickly to this page.
Carrying out HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography is basically a highly improved form of column chromatography. Instead of a solvent being allowed to drip through a column under gravity, it is forced through under high pressures of up to 400 atmospheres. That makes it much faster.
It also allows you to use a very much smaller particle size for the column packing material which gives a much greater surface area for interactions between the stationary phase and the molecules flowing past it. This allows a much better separation of the components of the mixture.
The other major improvement over column chromatography concerns the detection methods which can be used. These methods are highly automated and extremely sensitive.
The column and the solvent
Confusingly, there are two variants in use in HPLC depending on the relative polarity of the solvent and the stationary phase.
Normal phase HPLC
This is essentially just the same as you will already have read about in thin layer chromatography or column chromatography. Although it is described as "normal", it isn't the most commonly used form of HPLC.
The column is filled with tiny silica particles, and the solvent is non-polar - hexane, for example. A typical column has an internal diameter of 4.6 mm (and may be less than that), and a length of 150 to 250 mm.
Polar compounds in the mixture being passed through the column will stick longer to the polar silica than non-polar compounds will. The non-polar ones will therefore pass more quickly through the column.
Reversed phase HPLC
In this case, the column size is the same, but the silica is modified to make it non-polar by attaching long hydrocarbon chains to its surface - typically with either 8 or 18 carbon atoms in them. A polar solvent is used - for example, a mixture of water and an alcohol such as methanol.
In this case, there will be a strong attraction between the polar solvent and polar molecules in the mixture being passed through the column. There won't be as much attraction between the hydrocarbon chains attached to the silica (the stationary phase) and the polar molecules in the solution. Polar molecules in the mixture will therefore spend most of their time moving with the solvent.
Non-polar compounds in the mixture will tend to form attractions with the hydrocarbon groups because of van der Waals dispersion forces. They will also be less soluble in the solvent because of the need to break hydrogen bonds as they squeeze in between the water or methanol molecules, for example. They therefore spend less time in solution in the solvent and this will slow them down on their way through the column.
That means that now it is the polar molecules that will travel through the column more quickly.
Reversed phase HPLC is the most commonly used form of HPLC.
Note: I have been a bit careful about how I have described the attractions of the non-polar molecules to the surface of the stationary phase. In particular, I have avoided the use of the word "adsorpion". Adsorption is when a molecule sticks to the surface of a solid. Especially if you had small molecules in your mixture, some could get in between the long C18 chains to give what is essentially a solution.
You could therefore say that non-polar molecules were more soluble in the hydrocarbon on the surface of the silica than they are in the polar solvent - and so spend more time in this alternative "solvent". Where a solute divides itself between two different solvents because it is more soluble in one than the other, we call it partition.
So is this adsorption or partition? You could argue it both ways! Be prepared to find it described as either.
Looking at the whole process
A flow scheme for HPLC
Injection of the sample
Injection of the sample is entirely automated, and you wouldn't be expected to know how this is done at this introductory level. Because of the pressures involved, it is not the same as in gas chromatography (if you have already studied that).
The time taken for a particular compound to travel through the column to the detector is known as its retention time. This time is measured from the time at which the sample is injected to the point at which the display shows a maximum peak height for that compound.
Different compounds have different retention times. For a particular compound, the retention time will vary depending on:
That means that conditions have to be carefully controlled if you are using retention times as a way of identifying compounds.
There are several ways of detecting when a substance has passed through the column. A common method which is easy to explain uses ultra-violet absorption.
Many organic compounds absorb UV light of various wavelengths. If you have a beam of UV light shining through the stream of liquid coming out of the column, and a UV detector on the opposite side of the stream, you can get a direct reading of how much of the light is absorbed.
The amount of light absorbed will depend on the amount of a particular compound that is passing through the beam at the time.
You might wonder why the solvents used don't absorb UV light. They do! But different compounds absorb most strongly in different parts of the UV spectrum.
Methanol, for example, absorbs at wavelengths below 205 nm, and water below 190 nm. If you were using a methanol-water mixture as the solvent, you would therefore have to use a wavelength greater than 205 nm to avoid false readings from the solvent.
Note: If you are interested, there is a whole section about UV-visible spectroscopy on the site. This explores the question of the absorption of UV and visible light by organic compounds in some detail.
Interpreting the output from the detector
The output will be recorded as a series of peaks - each one representing a compound in the mixture passing through the detector and absorbing UV light. As long as you were careful to control the conditions on the column, you could use the retention times to help to identify the compounds present - provided, of course, that you (or somebody else) had already measured them for pure samples of the various compounds under those identical conditions.
But you can also use the peaks as a way of measuring the quantities of the compounds present. Let's suppose that you are interested in a particular compound, X.
If you injected a solution containing a known amount of pure X into the machine, not only could you record its retention time, but you could also relate the amount of X to the peak that was formed.
The area under the peak is proportional to the amount of X which has passed the detector, and this area can be calculated automatically by the computer linked to the display. The area it would measure is shown in green in the (very simplified) diagram.
If the solution of X was less concentrated, the area under the peak would be less - although the retention time will still be the same. For example:
This means that it is possible to calibrate the machine so that it can be used to find how much of a substance is present - even in very small quantities.
Be careful, though! If you had two different substances in the mixture (X and Y) could you say anything about their relative amounts? Not if you were using UV absorption as your detection method.
In the diagram, the area under the peak for Y is less than that for X. That may be because there is less Y than X, but it could equally well be because Y absorbs UV light at the wavelength you are using less than X does. There might be large quantities of Y present, but if it only absorbed weakly, it would only give a small peak.
Note: If you want lots more detail about HPLC you could explore the site operated by Waters Corporation - a supplier of HPLC equipment.
You will also find a useful industry training video which talks through the whole process by following this link.
Linking to other sites is always a little bit hazardous because sites change. If you find that either of these links don't work, please contact me via the address on the About this site page.
Coupling HPLC to a mass spectrometer
This is where it gets really clever! When the detector is showing a peak, some of what is passing through the detector at that time can be diverted to a mass spectrometer. There it will give a fragmentation pattern which can be compared against a computer database of known patterns. That means that the identity of a huge range of compounds can be found without having to know their retention times.
Note: If you have forgotten about mass spectrometry, explore the mass spectrometry menu - particularly how a mass spectrometer works, and the formation of fragmentation patterns.
© Jim Clark 2007 | <urn:uuid:0a41d9c7-b01f-4308-a98b-293b8161c369> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/chromatography/hplc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132495.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00119-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955694 | 1,968 | 2.703125 | 3 |
International Summer School - BEYOND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE? Ethical, legal and societal aspects of genome editing in agriculture
Project period: 1 October 2016 - 1 October 2018
Below you find all relevant information about the International Summer School "Beyond Precautionary Principle?", funded by BMBF, organized by Institute TTN. The Summer School will take place from 2 October (Monday) - 6 October (Friday) 2017 at Studienhaus Gut Schönwag near Munich. Young scientists are invited to diskuss with following experts: Helga Torgersen, Hans-Georg Dederer, Angela Kallhof, Joachim Schiemann and Lynn Frewer
The international summer school will analyse and discuss corresponding scientific, legal and ethical questions not least by comparing the ongoing debates in Germany and the United Kingdom. This comparison is of particular interest since the political discussions, ethical evaluations and the juridical frameworks in the two states can be considered as counterparts. In addition, contrasting the situation in Europe and in the USA will reveal the arguments offered in favour of and against the need for labelling.
The summer school will discuss current debates about the use of Genome Editing in agriculture through an international and multi-disciplinary dialogue. The aim is to develop recommendations for more consistent ethical evaluation and legal framing. For these purposes, the summer school invites young scientists from the fields of molecular biology and agricultural sciences as well as politics, law, sociology and philosophy/ethics.
The programme includes talks of the participants and of a team of high profile experts from different disciplines in the field. During the five-day summer school, the main topics will be discussed in four distinct sessions offering the following scientific, legal and ethical/societal perspectives:
I. Regulating new breeding technologies for plants and animals: A comparison between the debate in the United Kingdom and Germany
II. Legal aspects of Genome Editing: Differences between a process-based and an outcome-based regulation
III. Societal and ethical implications of the precautionary principle facing intended and off-target effects
IV. Using food labels to cope with uncertainty in risk discussions
These main topics can be understood as the framework of the programme. Abstracts/Papers should address one or more of the mentioned issues. However, there is also the possibility to choose a different topic. In such a case (or in case of doubts), please contact the organizers.
Call for Abstracts
We invite up to 15 young researchers from all areas of the field to present and discuss their work within an interdisciplinary group of young scientists and a team of high profile experts from different disciplines.
Travel expenses will be reimbursed. Accommodation and meals are provided by the summer school. An expense allowance of 300,- Euro will be paid to each participant.
- Abstract (about 400 words)
- CV + List of publications
Please send your application until 31 March 2017 to Christian.email@example.com
Procedure at a glance
1. Submission of abstracts
2. Evaluation of abstracts by organizers + external experts
3. Applicants will be informed of the success of their application
4. Invited participants develop a full paper (for the planned anthology)
5. Summer School
6. Participants revise their papers
During the summer school, scientific experts will present and discuss fundamental aspects of the daily session. The following list of experts corresponds to the main areas.
Experts who have already confirmed their attendance:
Dr. Helge Torgersen, Senior Researcher, Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna
Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Dederer, Lehrstuhl für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht, Völkerrecht, Europäisches und Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht, Universität Passau
Prof. Dr Lynn Frewer, Professor of Food & Society, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University
Prof. Dr. Angela Kallhoff, Professor of Ethics with Special Emphasis on Applied Ethics, University of Vienna, Austria, Faculty of Philosophy and Education.
Prof. Dr. Joachim Schiemann, Former Head of the Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology at the Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg
Submission of abstracts (deadline): 31 March 2017
Submission of papers (deadline): 1 September 2017
Summer School: 2 October (Monday) - 6 October (Friday) 2017 [Arrival possible: 1 October (Sunday), after 7 pm]
Conference Language: English
Organisers: Stephan Schleissing, Christian Dürnberger, Sebastian Pfeilmeier | <urn:uuid:bf9916c6-8fe2-449a-83e9-a633a6f2960b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.ttn.st.evtheol.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/abgeschlossene/iss_precautionary_principle/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.865939 | 983 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Categories English Summary of social learning leaders/hashtags/communities. Post author By Kirinkai Kitamonic Post date February 10, 2020 Summary of social learning leaders/hashtags/communities. 500 words ← Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation. Why was the Constitution necessary? → How can I become a writer at HomeworkMarket ? | <urn:uuid:8f7ff466-ca80-4256-a0ae-16c4d7759aa1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://easyhomeworkhelp.com/summary-of-social-learning-leaders-hashtags-communities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415065312-20210415095312-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.95325 | 86 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Contact lenses are worn over the cornea (the front clear structure or top of the eye) and are used for a variety of eye disorders. These days, special contact and cosmetic lenses are helpful in eye condition. Since contact lenses are worn over the eye, it is important to clean and maintain them regularly to see properly, and to ensure that eye infection do not occur due to improper use. There are many types of contact lenses; here is a brief over view of contact lenses currently available.
- Hard or Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP)lenses: These lenses are harder and more rigid as compared to soft lenses, and therefore take more time getting used to. They are durable, and if the power does not change, they can be worn for a period of up to two to three years, if taken care of. As they allow the eye to breathe better, corneal damage is less likely. They are useful in correcting numbers that have a high astigmatism or cylindrical component of the glass number. Due to their hard nature, they can slip off easily from the cornea.
- Soft contact lenses: Soft contact lenses, as the name suggests, are soft and pliable in nature. They are more comfortable and are less likely to fall off on their own. They can be used to correct vision in a variety of number correction disorders, including myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism.
- Daily wear lenses can be worn every day, but should be removed at night and need to be cleaned regularly.
- Single use lenses or disposable lenses are meant for single day use only.One should always remove any contact lens prior to sleeping.
- Extended wear lenses can be worn continuously, both day and night, for a certain number of weeks. It is still recommended to take lenses off night to prevent infection and so that the eye can breathe.
Specialised contact lenses: Mono-vision lenses are used when one of the eyes is being corrected for distance, and the othernon-dominant eye for near vision. For presbyopia or near vision related problems due to age after forty years, usually one is recommended to use bifocal contact lenses. These lenses may take some time getting used to. Cosmetic lenses are tinted, and therapeutic coloured lenses help colour a certain part of the eye to attain normality in cosmesis.
You should contact your ophthalmologist immediately if you have any unusual problems with contact lenses, such as pain, redness or watering, or even reduced vision. An early visit to your eye doctor can save a lot problems.
Important do's and dont's
- Clean and/or change your contact regularly.
- Wash your hand properly before handling contact lenses.
- Change the soaking solution in the lens-case daily and clean it too.
- Never wear your lenses on a pink eye or infected eye.
- Do not over use your lenses. Your eyes need to breathe.
- Follow the instructions of your treating doctor.
- Do not sleep with your lenses overnight.
- Identify the right and left lenses on the box.
- Try to avoid direct heat or air from blowers onto the eye whilst wearing lenses.
- Avoid using any drops, unless recommended, over contact lenses.
- Keep your fingernails trimmed and clean to avoid the contact lenses getting dirty.
- Do not wear the contact lens if the eye is smarting or hurts in any way,or is red. | <urn:uuid:ee8f7a48-db36-4cb5-8dbe-8782f962678f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/contact-lenses-how-to-choose-and-use-142/post | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00754.warc.gz | en | 0.919524 | 715 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- an agent who buys or sells for a principal on a commission basis without having title to the property.
- a person who functions as an intermediary between two or more parties in negotiating agreements, bargains, or the like.
verb (used with object)
- to act as a broker for: to broker the sale of a house.
verb (used without object)
- to act as a broker.
- an agent who, acting on behalf of a principal, buys or sells goods, securities, etc, in return for a commissioninsurance broker
- (formerly) short for
- a dealer in second-hand goods
- to act as a broker (in)
late 14c., from Anglo-French brocour “small trader,” from abrokur “retailer of wine, tapster;” perhaps from Portuguese alborcar “barter,” but more likely from Old French brocheor, from brochier “to broach, tap, pierce (a keg),” from broche “pointed tool” (see (n.)), giving original sense of “wine dealer,” hence “retailer, middleman, agent.” In Middle English, used contemptuously of peddlers and pimps.
1630s (implied in brokering), from (n.). Related: Brokered.
A financial agent or intermediary; a middleman. | <urn:uuid:4453c712-bb7a-4689-9cc9-d30dd83b9770> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.liberaldictionary.com/brokered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737645.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808110257-20200808140257-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.933163 | 307 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It is widely believed that solar energy is the best power option shortly. With the earth’s natural resources and fossil fuels running out due to excessive human exploitation, renewable energy sources will be our only hope in the upcoming days. With wind and solar energy being the major renewable energy source, people can look forward to these sources for their energy needs. However, it is a major inconvenience as the Sun doesn’t shine always and the wind does not blow every time, so the need was to find a storage solution for later use. The latest storage technologies like Lithium battery (Lithium Batterie) offer the liberty to store these intermittent sources of energy and power the houses throughout the day.
What are lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion batteries are a contemporary energy storage solution that is rechargeable. They can be paired with solar energy systems to store solar power and then connected to an Inverter; the electricity can be used to meet household energy needs. Lithium-ion batteries are popular in electronic devices like cell phones and electric vehicles.
Solar inverters can be used with four lithium-ion batteries, lead acid, nickel-based, or flow. However, lithium-ion batteries are the most popular storage solutions for solar energy systems as they have a high energy density, are light weighted, and are cost-effective. Besides, lithium-ion batteries also have some other advantages like portability, long life, fast charging, safe, maintenance-free and many more that make them one of the most popular choices for storage.
Understanding the features of Lithium-ion batteries:
Lithium-ion batteries have some amazing features that have made them one of the most trusted and widely used solar storage solutions. Lithium-ion batteries are the first choice for energy storage solutions in aviation, telecommunications, and IT.
- Depth of discharge (Dod): Compared to other rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries have a higher depth of discharge. Every battery comes with a recommended Dod to maintain the health of the battery. While most other rechargeable batteries have a 50% depth of discharge, lithium-ion batteries are deep cycle batteries with around 95% Dod. This makes it a convenient option as energy stored in the lithium-ion battery can be used for a longer period without charging.
- Lightweight: Lithium-ion batteries are known for their lightweight and are used widely in electronic gadgets such as laptops, mobile phones, etc. Being lightweight, they make for the best storage solution compared to the other popular rechargeable batteries. Lithium is the lightest naturally available metal.
- Maintenance-free: Lithium-ion batteries require very little or no maintenance, making it a popular choice.
- Scalable: The features mentioned above and technological advances have made it possible to scale lithium-ion batteries for broader use across industries. They are also used as battery packs for high-power applications and devices like electric vehicles or wheelchairs.
However, apart from the features that make lithium-ion batteries so popular and useful as a storage option, certain precautionary measures must be taken for safe and efficient usage. One important measure to be taken with these batteries is proper handling. If the lithium-ion batteries are exposed to overcharge, dropping from a greater height, or under/overheating, it could affect the battery and its functionality and, in the worst case, have chances of combustion. Besides, if these batteries remain unused for a longer period, there are chances that the batteries are completely discharged and cannot be recharged again. And finally, these batteries are from a bit of the expensive end; however, with the government-sponsored debates for the solar initiative, it’s not a big deal.
Why use lithium-ion batteries with solar inverters?
Lithium-ion batteries make for the best storage option for residential solar energy as they store a significant amount of energy within a small space. Moreover, with their high Dod, they provide greater use of energy. A solar Inverter runs efficiently with lithium-ion batteries and is finding increased usage on the residential and commercial front. Solar energy linked with storage it can make residents’ energy independent. Solar inverters are an essential component of the solar energy system, as the solar energy from the Sun cannot be directly used.
Batteries are required to run an interrupted power supply from the inverters. And to power, these inverters lithium-ion batteries are the most important alternative with their efficiency and highly beneficial features. Moreover, lithium-ion batteries fit perfectly with the solar inverter’s technology and adapt well to the features.
Lithium batteries (Lithium Batterie) are popular across industries for their adaptability and outstanding performance. With the inclusion of these batteries in the solar energy systems for residents, the cases of adapting to solar energy have also witnessed significant acceleration. The performance of lithium-ion batteries has been remarkable, from portable devices like mobiles, laptops, etc., to bigger systems like inverters. So the minimum limitations of these batteries are ignored and are widely used. | <urn:uuid:e2b512bb-a220-4cd4-84d3-bf51bdc1c636> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://teriwall.com/lithium-ion-batteries-the-best-storage-option-for-solar-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00829.warc.gz | en | 0.936897 | 1,039 | 3 | 3 |
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The character of Old Harjo in John Milton Oskison's short story "The Problem of Old Harjo" is a Creek Indian who has been convinced by a missionary woman, Miss Evans, to convert to Christianity (Oskison himself is a Cherokee). Old Harjo has two wives. Interpretation of Scripture since around the twelfth century prohibits christian men from having more than wife. Old Harjo faces the dilemma of knowing how to blend his new beliefs with his old life. He also faces the problem of deciding what authority he sill recognize and embrace: his ancestral and cultural authority or his new religious authority, an authority presented to him in the form of Mrs. Rowell, who is the Director of the Indian Mission. These dilemmas make Old Harjo feel powerless as he is psychologically and practically forced from both sides of the dilemma: If he wants to embrace the new faith Miss Evans has taught him, he has no choice--according to the authority of Mrs. Rowell.
The character of Uncle Julius McAdoo in Charles Waddell Chestnutt's short story "Goophered Grapevine" is a former slave of advanced age living in the South and functions in the story structure as the narrator of the interior framed tale. His narration bridges the life of the Northerner of the frame who is interested in buying the plantation with the conjurer of the past. We learn from his story that, as his surname is McAdoo, he is the son of the previous plantation owner, "Mars Dugal' McAdoo" and he was a slave to his father on his father's plantation. His tale about the "goophered" plantation reveals the evil that was visited upon slaves by their masters as when Uncle Julius tells that Mars Dugal set up "guns en steel traps" in order to catch the slaves he suspected of eating from his harvest of grapes. Uncle Julius's tale also demonstrates how, following emancipation, former slaves had the liberty to turn, or attempt to events, to their advantage: As the Northern says when the frame returns following Uncle Julius's narrative, "[Our] respectable revenue from the neglected grapevines. ... doubtless, accounted for his advice to me not to buy the vineyard, though whether it inspired the goopher story I am unable to state."
In the end result, while Uncle Juluius experienced powerlessness as a slave (although, as he says of the slaves behavor,"en de grapes kep' on a-goin des de same"), as an emancipated former slave, he found he had some power to direct his destiny as proven by his situation on the Northerner's new plantation: "I believe, however, that the wages I pay him for his services are more than an equivalent for anything he lost by the sale of the vineyard." This contrasts with Old Harjo's situation in which power over directing his preferred and desired destiny never entered his hands: He was forced to bow to one external force or the other. There is a common element in their powerlessness in that Old Harjo and Uncle Julius were each powerless against the dictates of the white culture surrounding them.
We’ve answered 319,187 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:d847c228-debe-4cd8-b0e1-1aad2b74c42b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/compare-characters-old-harjo-okisons-story-uncle-193677 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280280.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981413 | 669 | 3.109375 | 3 |
By Paul Rincon
BBC News science reporter, in Washington DC
Crows and jays are the brain boxes of the bird world, according to a Canadian scientist who has invented a method of measuring avian IQ.
Crows acquire food in inventive ways
The IQ scale is based on the number of novel feeding behaviours shown by birds in the wild.
The test's creator Dr Louis Lefebvre was surprised that parrots were not high in the pecking order - despite their relatively large brains.
The research was presented at a major science conference in Washington DC.
The avian intelligence index is based on 2,000 reports of feeding "innovations" observed in the wild and published in ornithology journals over a period of 75 years.
"We gathered as many examples as we could from the short notes of ornithology journals about the feeding behaviours that people had never seen or were unusual," said Dr Lefebvre, of McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
"From that we established different numbers for different birds. There are differences. There are some kinds of birds that score higher than others.
"The crows, the jays, that kind of bird - the corvidae - are the tops; then the falcons are second, the hawks the herons and the woodpecker rank quite high."
Dr Lefebvre said that many of the novel feeding behaviours he included in the work were mundane, but every once in a while, birds could be spectacularly inventive about obtaining their food.
During the war of liberation in Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, a soldier and avid bird watcher observed vultures sitting on barbwire fences next to mine fields waiting for gazelles and other herbivores to wander in and get blown to smithereens.
"It gave them a meal that was already ground up," said Dr Lefebvre.
"The observer mentioned that once in a while a vulture was caught at its own game and got blown up on a mine."
Another bird watcher observed a great skua in the Antarctic who joined in with seal pups feeding on the milk from their mother.
Many of the birds that ranked high on the innovation scale are the least popular with the public.
"When you look at published reports on whether people like birds or don't like birds, they don't correlate well with intelligence," said the McGill researcher.
"People tend not to like crows, because they have this fiendish look to them and they're black and they like dead prey. Warblers and the birds that people tend to like are not the high innovators."
But Dr Lefebvre said the scale did not measure how smart birds were, only how "innovative".
"With the word 'smart' you have to have a value judgment. You can never know whether a bird has been learning by observation or has figured something out by itself."
The work was presented to the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). | <urn:uuid:80143a75-bebe-46ba-bbca-4fce2de31b0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/4286965.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00260-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973465 | 629 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The H in H1N1 stands for hemagglutinin, the virus’s outer protein and one that human immune systems respond to. There are 15 known versions of the protein, only five of which are specific to human disease. So by targeting these hemagglutinin proteins, Inovio’s system should, at least in theory, be effective not just for seasonal flu, but for avian (H5N1) and swine (H1N1) flu as well. “There’s nothing magical about swine H1N1 versus seasonal flu,” Kim says. “It’s just a divergence from what your body has been exposed to, and looks different enough to the immune system to evade it.”
In animal tests, this certainly seems to be the case. The company has tested the H1 component of the vaccine in mice infected with the virulent, epidemic-causing 1918 version of the H1N1 virus. The vaccine prevented any visible symptoms in inoculated mice, while every single one of the nonvaccinated mice died.
Of course, putting something as novel as an electroporation vaccine into widespread use could prove difficult especially because it requires its own technology, which is currently expensive. “If you have to do electroporation, that could potentially be a difficult thing to implement, certainly more difficult than spraying something up someone’s nose,” says Greg Poland, director of the Mayo Clinic’s Vaccine Research Group, in Rochester, MN. (This is how live, weakened-virus flu vaccines are currently administered; inactivated-virus vaccines are given with the classic needle and syringe.)
As far as the vaccine itself goes, most of the experts are in agreement. “The idea is a very good one, the need is a great one, and any company that would make a dent into this would certainly be a winner,” says virologist Peter Palese, head of the microbiology department at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, in New York City. But, although the company’s animal studies are an improvement over earlier DNA vaccination results, he notes that “the proof of the pudding will lie in human trials.”
Inovio has tested its H1 and H5 components in animals, and the group hopes to start human trials of the H5 component in early 2010. H1 tests, they believe, are just a short distance behind. “We think it would likely take two shots, a month apart, and then a booster every five years,” Kim says.
Inovio isn’t limiting itself to influenza, either. It has an HIV vaccine in development and is also working to create vaccines for diseases that are of greater concern in developing countries: malaria and dengue are at the top of the list. In contrast to the $20 billion flu-vaccine market, though, “such vaccines hold promise but will never even start to pay for themselves,” says Scripps’s Tom Edgington. “It’s a long path to something that helps the public and changes the world.” | <urn:uuid:10d74541-3d9d-4002-9e65-2ef1de534be2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/415411/toward-a-universal-flu-vaccine/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535775.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00536-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963373 | 667 | 3.359375 | 3 |
By Ameena Jandali and Dr. Henry Millstein
As we near the end of Ramadan, it is appropriate to reflect on the purpose of this sacred month. Throughout the month, Muslims have engaged in a number of special spiritual practices, including fasting, supererogatory prayers and the reading of the Quran. All of these actions are aimed at achieving ihsan, an Arabic term that means simultaneously the perfecting of one’s character, the deepening of one’s relationship with God and the perfecting of good conduct towards fellow human beings.
While Muslims, like other religious practitioners, are often painstakingly meticulous in their focus on and adherence to the specific rituals and acts of worship that are meant to lead to ihsan, it is often the actualization of ihsan where human beings fall short, thereby missing one of the most important purposes of our religious endeavors. Whether something as mundane as overlooking the needs of others when serving oneself at a Ramadan dinner, to the worst example of contravening ihsan through violence against others — this is the pivotal issue for religious communities today and the reason that religious practitioners often have a bad reputation in an increasingly secular world.
Central to ihsan is the readiness to treat others as you want them to treat you, the ethic expressed by various forms of the “Golden Rule” in virtually all religious traditions. The classic Western expression of this “ethic of reciprocity,” as it is called, is found in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (7:12 and 6:31 respectively): “Do to others as you would have them do to you.”
The Jewish tradition expresses a similar idea in negative form: “That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. (Talmud Shabbat 31a)” This saying is attributed to the great sage Hillel, a contemporary of Jesus, who reportedly uttered it when a Gentile offered to convert to Judaism if Hillel could teach him the whole Torah while standing on one foot.
The most pointed Muslim expression of the ethic of reciprocity is found in a hadith or, a saying of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh): “Not one of you is a believer until he wishes for his brother/sister what he wishes for himself. (An-Nawawi 13)” This version of the Golden Rule adds depth to the Christian and Jewish versions; while the latter refer solely to outward behavior, the Muslim version speaks to an inward dimension: The believer must not only do what the other wants but must desire what the other desires. Implied here is the idea that right actions must spring from right character. In other words, this saying speaks directly to the concept of ihsan that is central to the observance of Ramadan and indeed to the whole endeavor of Muslim spirituality.
This connection between inner character and outward behavior is, of course, also a mainstay of Jewish and Christian traditions. In rabbinic texts, Rabbi Akiva, agreeing with Hillel that the commandment of love of neighbor (Leviticus 19:8) is the foundation of the Torah, grounds the commandment in the common nature that all human beings share from Adam. In other words, it is the inner realization of our shared human nature that impels us to love of neighbor (a term the rabbis interpreted to mean all humanity, including foreigners.) In Christianity, Jesus’ insistence on inner righteousness is central to his message: “Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks. (Matthew 12:34)”
Hindu tradition likewise affirms the bond between inner character and the observance of the Golden Rule. In the great Indian epic the Mahabharata, the wise minister Vidura advises his king as follows: “Listening to wise scriptures, austerity, sacrifice, respectful faith, social welfare, forgiveness, purity of intent, compassion, truth and self-control — are the ten wealths of character… Hence, (keeping these in mind), by self-control and by making dharma (right conduct) your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself. (Shanti-parva 167.9)”
A classic Buddhist expression of the ethic of reciprocity also affirms the connection between inner and outer: “Look where you will, there is nothing dearer to man than himself; therefore, as it is the same thing that is dear to you and to others, hurt not others with what pains yourself. (Udanavarga 5:18)” Here, the observance of the Golden Rule springs from the inner realization of one’s commonality with fellow human beings — echoing the Muslim and Jewish view that humanity’s common descent from Adam is the root of the commandment of love.
In all these traditions, the Golden Rule, the touchstone of human character, rests on the harmony of inner spirit and outward behavior; and the imperative of love and compassion is a major motivation for the inward cultivation of the spirit. All our traditions affirm that without that inward cultivation—the fundamental goal of all religions—our behavior towards others will always ring hollow—and even worse, directly contravene our religious teachings. This cultivation of spirit, while not exclusive to religion, is nonetheless one of religion’s primary gifts to humankind. In this season, sacred to the second-largest religious community in the world, people of all faiths have the obligation to remind firstly themselves, and secondly others, of religion’s role in promoting a spirit and practice of true brotherly/sisterly love, compassion and harmony.
Ameena Jandali, is ING’s content director. She holds a master’s degree in Near Eastern Studies from UC Berkeley. Henry Millstein, ING’s programs manager. He holds a PhD in Jewish Studies from UC Berkeley and the Graduate Theological Union.
Islamic Networks Group (ING) is a non-profit organization that counters prejudice and discrimination against American Muslims by teaching about their traditions and contributions in the context of America’s history and cultural diversity, while building relations between American Muslims and other groups. To find out more about ING, visit http://www.ing.org | <urn:uuid:e8551f7d-952b-4b55-9a47-645c1e7248d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.patheos.com/blogs/altmuslim/2014/07/the-golden-rule-to-becoming-better-people-through-religious-practices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121423.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00017-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943703 | 1,289 | 2.875 | 3 |
Atrial Fibrillation Alert? There’s an App for That
September 6, 2018
With a cellphone app to predict and diagnose atrial fibrillation, Technion students Noam Keidar and Gal Eidelstein won first prize at the recently held Technion Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Final Project Exhibit Competition. The project was mentored by Assistant Professor Yael Yaniv of the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
Atrial fibrillation is a dangerous heart disorder treated with a defibrillator, a device found today in many public areas. Immediate treatment of atrial fibrillation can save approximately 90% of patients, but each minute that passes after the event lowers the survival rate by approximately 10%, making early or immediate diagnosis critical.
The student-developed app predicts events at least 4 minutes in advance – with a 100% prediction rate. Such a warning enables early referral of the patient for medical assistance or treatment with a defibrillator. The app is based on recordings of the electrical activity of the heart (ECG) of many healthy people and deep learning (stratified neuronal networks). In addition to the life-saving and clinical damage-prevention potential of this app, the system is expected to provide the research community with extensive information about evolvement of atrial fibrillation.
The novel project was recently presented at the Technion’s Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Final Projects Exhibit. The exhibit displayed 23 projects of fourth-year, undergraduate students at the faculty. The projects involved upon three main disciplines: (1) imaging and medical signal processing, (2) biomechanics and (3) flow, biomaterials and tissue engineering.
Associate Professor Amir Landesberg, who has spearheaded the exhibit for the past few years, presented the dramatic global biomedical engineering trends. He noted that approximately $2 billion is invested each year in Israel alone, and that the annual growth rate in this field stands at approximately 7%.
“To date, our Faculty has 1,108 graduates, 96% of whom work in the field and approximately 13% of whom are senior managers in industry,” said Landesberg. “Biomedical engineering is an essential element of future medicine – predictive, preventative, personalized and precise medicine.”
Other top prizes during the exhibition sponsored by Dr. Doron and Liat Adler were:
Second prize was awarded to Shunit Polinsky, who developed a user interface for a printed robotic hand, under the guidance of Dr. Yoav Medan and Yair Herbst of the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering and the nonprofit organization Haifa D3, which engages in development of low-cost, personalized bionic hands. Polinsky developed a lightweight, rotating hand, which can be actuated by a healthy leg or hand. Use of the robotic hand is intuitive and enables a broad range of movements, including holding a disposable cup filled with water. The price of the hand is estimated at approximately 100 dollars, while existing bionic hands cost tens of thousands of dollars.
Noah Michael and Zemach Bar-Mocha won third place for their project on degradable scaffolds for spinal cord injuries, prepared using 3D printing and freeze-drying. The students developed a degradable polymeric scaffold suitable for treatment of injured spinal cords. The scaffold was fabricated by 3D printing, can be tailored to patient specifications and the implant is integrated relatively rapidly into the spinal cord. The project was directed by Ben Kaplan from the laboratory of Professor Shulamit Levenberg of the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
The “Audience’s favorite” Prize was awarded to Nofar Azoulay and Eyal Habif, who developed a platform for drug transfer via artificial saliva, a work mentored by Shani Elias Krema from the laboratory of Associate Professor Josue Sznitman of the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering.
For more than a century, the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology has pioneered in science and technology education and delivered world-changing impact. Proudly a global university, the Technion has long leveraged boundary-crossing collaborations to advance breakthrough research and technologies. Now with a presence in three countries, the Technion will prepare the next generation of global innovators. Technion people, ideas and inventions make immeasurable contributions to the world, innovating in fields from cancer research and sustainable energy to quantum computing and computer science to do good around the world.
The American Technion Society supports visionary education and world-changing impact through the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Based in New York City, we represent thousands of US donors, alumni and stakeholders who invest in the Technion’s growth and innovation to advance critical research and technologies that serve the State of Israel and the global good. Over more than 75 years, our nationwide supporter network has funded new Technion scholarships, research, labs and facilities that have helped deliver world-changing contributions and extend Technion education to campuses in three countries. | <urn:uuid:f2f311a9-0213-4834-8154-9b73ca14e566> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ats.org/news/atrial-fibrillation-alert-theres-an-app-for-that/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003215-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.944951 | 1,033 | 2.703125 | 3 |
RNA Relics and Origin of Life
AbstractA number of small RNA sequences, located in different non-coding sequences and highly preserved across the tree of life, have been suggested to be molecular fossils, of ancient (and possibly primordial) origin. On the other hand, recent years have revealed the existence of ubiquitous roles for small RNA sequences in modern organisms, in functions ranging from cell regulation to antiviral activity. We propose that a single thread can be followed from the beginning of life in RNA structures selected only for stability reasons through the RNA relics and up to the current coevolution of RNA sequences; such an understanding would shed light both on the history and on the present development of the RNA machinery and interactions. After presenting the evidence (by comparing their sequences) that points toward a common thread, we discuss a scenario of genome coevolution (with emphasis on viral infectious processes) and finally propose a plan for the reevaluation of the stereochemical theory of the genetic code; we claim that it may still be relevant, and not only for understanding the origin of life, but also for a comprehensive picture of regulation in present-day cells. View Full-Text
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Demongeot, J.; Glade, N.; Moreira, A.; Vial, L. RNA Relics and Origin of Life. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 3420-3441.
Demongeot J, Glade N, Moreira A, Vial L. RNA Relics and Origin of Life. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009; 10(8):3420-3441.Chicago/Turabian Style
Demongeot, Jacques; Glade, Nicolas; Moreira, Andrés; Vial, Laurent. 2009. "RNA Relics and Origin of Life." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, no. 8: 3420-3441. | <urn:uuid:5b9a1c1a-f91d-4d8f-bfec-7a0bee063a6a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/8/3420 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813431.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221044156-20180221064156-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.879869 | 449 | 2.84375 | 3 |
"This year’s 72-student class is split into four groups that rotate through five courses during the day: Codeworlds (math/English), Being, Space and Place (social studies/English), The Way Things Work (math/science), Sports for the Mind (game design), and Wellness (health/PE). Instead of slogging through problem sets, students learn collaboratively in group projects that require an understanding of subjects in the New York State curriculum. The school’s model draws on 30 years of research showing that people learn best when they’re in a social context that puts new knowledge to use. Kids learn more by, say, pretending to be Spartan spies gathering intel on Athens than by memorizing facts about ancient Greece."
"Most sixth-graders don’t expect to ever need to identify integers, but at Quest, it’s the key to a code-breaking game. In another class, when creatures called Troggles needed help moving heavy objects, the class made a video instructing how long a ramp they should build to minimize the force they needed to apply. “They’re picking concepts up as well as, if not better than, at other schools,” says Quest’s math and science teacher Ameer Mourad. Beyond make-believe, Quest is the first middle school to teach videogame design. Salen says building games teaches students about complex systems, which will prepare them for growing fields such as bioinformatics."
Read the complete article from Neat-o-rama here | <urn:uuid:47095078-8a5a-4db9-95d4-3ef7556e4f9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://prestwickhouse.blogspot.com/2010/01/schooling-through-video-games.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330120036-20200330150036-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.925193 | 322 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A water engineer with 35 years of experience says California urbanites generally are oblivious to droughts. However, this time is different. The drought will clobber agriculture this spring and summer, resulting in billions in lost income. Food prices will rise nationwide. Cities will feel the pain too. The unending circle of using water to create energy to move water could be disrupted. Not only does California rely on hydropower, traditional forms of energy production like natural gas, coal, and nuclear, need water for cooling.
California needs to rebuild its creaky water system. Let’s hope Sacramento lawmakers present a workable, realistic, non-pork-filled bond measure that voters can approve without feeling slimy. (The past two attempts at water bond measures have been withdrawn because they reeked of special interest favors and did little to help the water situation.)
With many [San Joaquin] valley farmers having already been advised to expect water supplies of 0 to just 10 percent, even if it does start raining, we should expect that well over 500,000 acres of valley farmland, an area as large as the state of Rhode Island, will be fallow in 2014. This will equate to billions of dollars in economic activity and thousands of jobs lost in all sectors of the economy, from farmworkers, to truck drivers, processors, advertisers, marketers and equipment and auto dealers to all types of stores, from local mom-and-pops to big chain retailers without customers. And considering that 14.5 percent of California’s electricity normally comes from hydropower generation, which will be way down in 2014, don’t be surprised if utilities have difficulty keeping the lights on and have to raise electric rates to deal with it.
But if 2014 remains dry, as all data indicates it will, urbanites all up and down the state are going to get a huge dose of the harsh reality that California now faces a perpetual water supply crisis that can only be solved by building new storage facilities and updating our water-delivery systems. So maybe this is one instance where a 2014 drought will have one beneficial aspect to it. | <urn:uuid:bc6d816d-38d0-4fb2-a52a-28eb6fcac4c6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://polizeros.com/2014/01/18/calif-water-manager-says-urbanites-get-drought-wake-call/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889314.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00002-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950916 | 435 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How significant was 9/11?
What were the events that led to 9/11?
Osama Bin Laden has claimed that Al-Qaeda was solely responsible for the 9/11 attacks. The US Governments investigations into the events of 9/11 also came to the conclusion that Al-Qaeda was solely responsible. Bin Laden has since claimed in a radio broadcast that the reason for the attack was part of the, "fight, Allah willing, against the Isreali's and their allies, in order to pursue justice for the oppressed." This places the events of 9/11 as being the culmination of a long power struggle in the Middle East, which has its origins hundreds of years previously. Below is a brief timeline of events that have demonstrated an escalation in anti-western / US extremism from radical muslim groups. For longer term conflicts between muslim extremists and the west, look at the hisory of the Arab-Isreali conflict.
1979 - American Embassy in Iran is stormed by Iranians and embassy staff taken hostage.
1982 - US Embassy in Beirut is bombed by Muslim extremists.
1982 - US Marine base in Beirut is bombed by Muslim extremists.
1985 - The ship the Achille lauro is seized by Muslim extremists and one US citizen is killed by them.
1986 - A West German nightclub is bombed, killing an American, by Muslim extremists based in the Libyan Embassy.
1986 - The US bombs Libya in retaliation for the Germany bombing.
1988 - Passenger jet Pam Am Flight 103 is blown up by Muslim Extremists over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270 people.
1991 - First Iraq War.
1993 - 5 killed and hundreds injured by a bomb placed by Muslim extremists in the World Trade Centre.
1993 - 18 US troops killed in Mogadishu, Somalia.
1995 - A car bomb planted by Muslim Extremists kills 5 Americans and injures 30 more in Saudi Arabia.
1998 - US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania bombed by Muslim Extremists.
2000 - US warship USS Cole attacked by Muslim extremists.
The main escalation in this type of terrorist activity can be traced to the founding of Al-Qaeda by Osama Bin Laden in 1989. Originally formed to fight a 'jihad' against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan the organisation soon turned its attention to the United States. Bin Laden issued a fatwa against the United States because of their involvement in Sudan and began a campaign of bombings against US bases and forces.
Why did Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda target the United States?
Source - Osama Bin Laden, May 1998
Your position against Muslims in Palestine is despicable and disgraceful. America has no shame. ... We believe that the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. Nothing could stop you except perhaps retaliation in kind.
Source - Osama Bin Laden, May 1998
For over half a century, Muslims in Palestine have been slaughtered and assaulted and robbed of their honor and of their property. Their houses have been blasted, their crops destroyed. And the strange thing is that any act on their part to avenge themselves or to lift the injustice befalling them causes great agitation in the United Nations which hastens to call for an emergency meeting only to convict the victim and to censure the wronged and the tyrannized whose children have been killed and whose crops have been destroyed and whose farms have been pulverized
Source - Osama Bin Laden, May 1999
If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and the Americans in order to liberate Al-Aksa Mosque and the Holy Ka'aba Islamic shrines in the Middle East is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that I am a criminal.
Source - Osama Bin Laden, October 2001
We swore that America wouldn't live in security until we live it truly in Palestine . This showed the reality of America, which puts Israel's interest above its own people's interest. America won't get out of this crisis until it gets out of the Arabian Peninsula , and until it stops its support of Israel.
Source: Osama Bin Laden Radio broadcast made following 9/11
"The Palestinian cause has been the main factor that, since my early childhood, fueled my desire, and that of the 19 freemen (Sept. 11 bombers), to stand by the oppressed, and punish the oppressive Jews and their allies," the al Qaeda chief said.
"We shall continue the fight, Allah willing, against the Israelis and their allies, in order to pursue justice for the oppressed, and we shall not give up one inch of Palestine, as long as there is still a single true Muslim alive.
Source: Extract from Usama Bin Laden's statement to the hijackers prior to 9/11
Then every one of you should prepare to carry out his role in a way that would satisfy God. You should clench your teeth, as the pious early generations did.
When the confrontation begins, strike like champions who do not want to go back to this world. Shout, "Allahu Akbar," because this strikes fear in the hearts of the non-believers. God said: "Strike above the neck, and strike at all of their extremities." Know that the gardens of paradise are waiting for you in all their beauty, and the women of paradise are waiting, calling out, "Come hither, friend of God." They have dressed in their most beautiful clothing.
If God decrees that any of you are to slaughter, you should dedicate the slaughter to your fathers and [unclear], because you have obligations toward them. Do not disagree, and obey. If you slaughter, do not cause the discomfort of those you are killing, because this is one of the practices of the prophet, peace be upon him. On one condition: that you do not become distracted by [unclear] and neglect what is greater, paying attention to the enemy. That would be treason, and would do more damage than good. If this happens, the deed at hand is more important than doing that, because the deed is an obligation, and [the other thing] is optional. And an obligation has priority over an option.
Do not seek revenge for yourself. Strike for God's sake. One time Ali bin Abi Talib [a companion and close relative of the prophet Muhammad], may God bless him, fought with a non-believer. The non-believer spit on Ali, may God bless him. Ali [unclear] his sword, but did not strike him. When the battle was over, the companions of the prophet asked him why he had not smitten the non-believer. He said, "After he spit at me, I was afraid that I would be striking at him in revenge for myself, so I lifted my sword." After he renewed his intentions, he went back and killed the man. This means that before you do anything, make sure that your soul is prepared to do everything for God only.
Then implement the way of the prophet in taking prisoners. Take prisoners and kill them. As Almighty God said: "No prophet should have prisoners until he has soaked the land with blood. You want the bounties of this world [in exchange for prisoners] and God wants the other world [for you], and God is all-powerful, all-wise."
Source - Osama Bin Laden, February 2003
This action was done in response for the American political, economical, and military support to Israel the state of terrorism and to the rest of the dictator countries in the region.
Source - Osama Bin Laden, February 2003
... the Mujahideen saw the black gang of thugs in the White House hiding the Truth, and their stupid and foolish leader, who is elected and supported by his people, denying reality and proclaiming that we (the Mujahideen) were striking them because we were jealous of them (the Americans), whereas the reality is that we are striking them because of their evil and injustice in the whole of the Islamic World, especially in Iraq and Palestine and their occupation of the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries
PBS - a brief history of Al-Qaeda
Timeline of the History of Al-Qaeda | <urn:uuid:cbd1cef6-3058-4f31-97da-d1d3efaa5292> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.gcsehistory.org.uk/modernworld/terrorism/buildupto911.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660801.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00199-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970103 | 1,667 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Recent images of people fleeing from Syria and moving across Europe have obvious parallels to the flight of Belgians seeking refuge in Britain after the outbreak of war in August 1914. With the advance of the German Army further into Belgium, many Belgian civilians fled their homes and arrived on British shores. Most of them arrived in Folkestone on steamer ships from Ostend. The current situation, and the responses of various European countries to the growing refugee crisis, has many similarities to what occurred just over a hundred years ago.
Belgian refugees in Folkestone during the First World War
Thanks to the digitised newspaper records of the British Newspaper Archive we can see how communities in Britain responded to the Belgians who, like the Syrians today, were fleeing for their lives. The journalists of the Folkestone, Hythe, Sandgate & Cheriton Herald were ideally placed to report on the numbers arriving in the town. On 29th August 1914 the paper reported that ‘many hundreds’ of refugees from Belgium were arriving at the port and that after ‘strong representations’ that something needed to be done for the arrivals a committee was formed to coordinate the town’s response to those in need. The Herald reported that the people of Folkestone had given ‘a flood of offers of assistance’ and that there was ‘abundant evidence […] of the great sympathy felt in the town for the Belgians.’ The paper detailed that there had been
[…] animated and interesting scenes at the Harbour. One lady wore carpet slippers, not having had time to secure a pair of boots owing to her hurried departure. Some of the refugees had been in trains for two or three days, and some had not tasted food for twenty four hours. They told heart-rending tales of poor Belgian folk on the road to Antwerp, some with furniture in carts. Among the arrivals were the picturesque figures of Belgian Roman Catholic priests, presenting a contrast to the usual style of English clerical dress.
Meetings were held in Folkestone town hall and contacts were made with the Belgian Refugee Committee in London. On arriving in Folkestone refugees were to leave any baggage in the cloakroom of the Harbour and then be taken to the Husband Memorial Hall to register, in addition to being given food, water and arrangements for accommodation. An agreement was also made for Belgians to exchange currency at the London County and Westminster in Sandgate Road. A fund was set up to accept donations to assist the Belgians, and the Belgian flag was flown outside St Michael’s Hall to indicate that it was the main help-point for Belgians in the town where any French-speaking volunteers were acting as interpreters. Emergency shelters were also set up at the Town Hall, Fearnley Hall, the Congregational Hall in Tontine Street, the Catholic School in Guildhall Street, the Baptist Lecture Hall, the Dover-Road Schools and the North Street Mission Hall. The general idea was that the Belgians would be sent on to London, and suggestions that Folkestone would be flooded with desperate Belgians appeared to have caused some alarm as Mr Routly, the Folkestone Refugee Committee Spokesman, was at pains to underline that ‘stories in certain London papers of hundreds and even thousands of destitute refugees arriving in Folkestone are almost entirely devoid of fact, and the statements are only calculated to do harm to the town, besides causing sympathetic people all over the country much unnecessary anxiety.’
By the end of August 1914 there were approximately 800 Belgian civilians in Folkestone. More were expected, and more made the crossing to Folkestone, especially after the fall of Antwerp on 10th October 1914, and well into 1915 as reports of atrocities committed by the German army in places such as Louvain and Dinant continued. The propaganda value of these stories was very valuable to the British press and the British war effort generally, and Catriona Pennell’s A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland (Oxford University Press, 2014) provides detailed analyses of the impact the atrocity stories had in the early stages of the conflict, and of the instances of public unrest and rioting which occurred in places such as Deptford and Lewisham.
Numerous towns and cities in Kent and other counties continued to set up committees and funds to help Belgian Refugees. In Surrey for example, a patriotic evening of speeches and performance was staged at the Redhill Market Hall. The Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser reported on the afternoon and evening performances in some detail. A play The King’s Man was performed, ‘it’s [sic] episodes founded upon the tragic incidences of the present time, must have brought home to many the fearful ordeal through which Belgium is passing.’
Today, most notably in Germany, many people are helping those fleeing Syria. One hundred years ago many communities in Britain, and in particular the people of Folkestone, showed their humanity and set a precedent for helping those seeking shelter in Britain.
Dr Emma Hanna is a Research Fellow at the University of Kent and a Co-Investigator on the Gateways to the First World War project. | <urn:uuid:56d4d3ba-4cfc-42ab-a682-85639d3afc81> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.gatewaysfww.org.uk/blog/contemporary-echoes-refugees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587854.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026072759-20211026102759-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.978204 | 1,068 | 3.125 | 3 |
What it means to be magnificent, and extravagant, and parsimonious.
We humans are social animals, and much of our happiness comes from times spent with others. Among the best of those are the times spent at weddings and holiday festivals and other great and memorable events. We can all appreciate what a good thing it is for those who put on such events to make them into something truly outstanding. If life were a suit of clothing, then a grand occasion is a very fine ornament which perfectly complements it, and makes the whole thing be all the more beautiful. With this in mind, we now turn to the virtue of magnificence.
Magnificence is like liberality, in that both are about using wealth. But magnificence is about things on a grander scale and on a whole nother level. It is like the difference between giving a good wedding gift (liberality) and putting on a great wedding (magnificence). Anyone who has the virtue of magnificence will be liberal also, but someone that is liberal might not have magnificence (they may not have enough money, for instance). Also note that while liberality deals with giving and taking, magnificence is only about spending. And, of course, being a virtue, magnificence has two opposed vices. People who spend wrong and do so on the side of deficiency are called parsimonious. Those on the side of excess are called extravagant.
We can think of the magnificent person as an artist of putting on grand shows (e.g. sponsoring the production of a play) and hosting big occasions (e.g. a costume ball). Like an artist, they do things tastefully and in proportion. It is like we said before: What it means to have a certain virtue is based on what that virtue tries to make happen (i.e. its objects) and how it makes it happen (i.e. its actions). The virtue of magnificence is about trying to make sure that the production has everything it needs for it to be a great and memorable experience (these are the objects) and it involves spending large sums of money to make that happen (which are the actions). It will not be enough to simply have people show up, nor will it be enough to simply spend a lot of money. Just because you do something at all, that does not mean that you are sure to get a good result; rather, you must do the thing right and well if you want it to turn out good.
Now, a person that truly has the virtue of magnificence will gain honor on account of them doing something that is for the good of many (just as the other virtues also get a person honor on account of their results). And recall what we said before, that virtuous people do what they do gladly, and not grudgingly. So the magnificent person is going to spend to make the occasion be the best that it can be. A magnificent person is not going to be worrying about spending too much, nor are they going to try to get away with buying cheap versions of things. So, again, we can think of the magnificent person like the liberal person: a liberal person gives whatever they have to in order to help a friend in need, and is not thinking about what it is costing them. It is the same kind of thinking in both the virtues, but the difference is in scale, or how much money is involved.
Note also that magnificence especially involves appreciating of the fineness of things, like the fineness of a work of art. This is different from someone knowing how much money this or that sells for, what value other people put on the thing. The magnificent person must be the one that decides themselves that the money spent on this or that will be worth it for the occasion. Being virtuous, they make the right decision. This will be confirmed by the people that come to the event. But the people there that agree that the event is great, unless they also have the virtue of magnificence, would not have known beforehand what would be worth the expense (or even what to get), any more than people know what a piece of art is worth before the artist becomes famous.
Though we also have to emphasize that it is not just taste that is part of magnificence, but also proportion. Whoever would be magnificent should spend both in proportion to their means (otherwise they would be like the prodigal) and in proportion to the occasion (otherwise they are parsimonious or extravagant).
So it should be clear that someone who is poor cannot be magnificent. Big events all call for a lot of money to be spent, and someone poor is not going to have that kind of money. If such a person tries anyways, then they are being foolish and two errors will be made. First, they will be living beyond their means. Second, they still will not do enough to make for a special event. Really, it would be better if they would leave such doings to someone else, someone that is more able.
Those of high birth or great reputation are most suited for the virtue of magnificence. This is because they have the means by which they can get such a virtue. They have the money to spend, and so they can learn how to spend it right.
Besides big occasions, we can also find the virtue of magnificence displayed in whatever things are public for such a person. I mean here their house (as it is open to visitors), their family tomb, and so on. These will have money spent on them tastefully and in good proportion. (And where ever you see the magnificent person has spent money on something, it is notable how well-done and suitable it is.) But it is also important to note that the things that the magnificent will put out are not just nice, but great, and we might well say that such things are rightly great, to where one really cannot imagine what would be better.
The person who goes to the side of excess is called extravagant. This person spends too much on the wrong things. This is the kind of person to turn what should be a minor banquet into a huge feast. Or, if they put on a play, then they go way overboard on the budget, and spend a ridiculous amount on the costumes. And yet such a person is likely to also to not spend much on other things, not because they are being stingy, but because they simply don't know what is right and they have no sense of proportion. For example, they may spend too much getting a great venue, but then they spend too little on decorations. But for whatever they do spend big on, they expect that everyone will be impressed by it, and give them honor for it.
A parsimonious person tries to spend as little as possible, and so makes cheap the occasion. Or even if such a person does spend a lot of money, they have a way of wasting it by not spending proportionally, and so they ruin even what meager effects they would have produced. This is because they are not trying to do a good job of putting on the event, but rather they are trying to see where they can cut costs. Perhaps, for example, the venue and decorations are fine, but then they ruin it by hiring second-rate caterers (knowing full well that they are second-rate). This is also the type of person to complain to people about how much they had to spend, as if they had spent too much when they really did not even spend enough.
While extravagance and parsimoniousness are vices, they are different from the other vices in that they do not really hurt other people; and while these vices are in bad taste, they are not terribly bad, so they are probably not going to cause disgrace.
|« PREV NEXT »| | <urn:uuid:5920b721-281e-4290-b5f5-620ec29347ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://rbrogan.github.io/aristotelian-ethics/04-02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690035.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924152911-20170924172911-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.980201 | 1,614 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Get the Recipes
The first time I saw a mustard field in full bloom was from the window of a car during a family vacation in France. It was an extraordinary sight; mustard flowers are a stunningly bright shade of yellow, and to see them blanketing the landscape beneath a vibrant blue sky is to feel for a moment as though you're on the surface of the sun.
That may explain my feeling that mustard should always be hot, and why the spicier French and English mustards have a bigger place in my pantry than the sweet bright American version. English mustard claims the crown when it comes to serious heat, but hot, creamy French-style Dijon mustard has the most versatility.
Dijon mustard is a vital ingredient in just about every sandwich I make. It's perfect with eggs or potatoes (i.e.: devilled eggs, egg salad, mashed potato, potato salad), and provides the right finishing note for simple cheese dishes like mac and cheese, raclette, or a grilled cheese sandwich. Add it to hot dishes at the end, not the start, to retain the spiciness on the palette.
Dijon and melted butter make a delicious simple sauce for fish or roasted vegetables (you can use lemon juice for acidity and flour to thicken), and Dijon is essential to one of the simplest and best vinaigrettes you can hope to make.
The use of mustard in food goes back to ancient times. It was known to the Egyptians three millennia ago, it appears in the Bible as part of Hebrew cuisine, and it was used by every Mediterranean civilization up through the Greeks and the Romans.
As anyone who's eaten mustard greens surely recognizes, mustard is part of the brassica family of plants, which also gave the world cabbage, collard greens, and cauliflower. Yet it's the seeds rather than the leaves that are most celebrated for their culinary use. The Romans have the earliest recorded recipes for prepared mustard. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about mixing ground mustard seed with vinegar, though he used it to treat scorpion stings rather than to flavor a ham sandwich.
The Romans used mustard as both a prepared sauce and as freshly crushed seasoning, like pepper, and the word "mustard" may come from the Roman "mustum ardens." which broadly translates as "spicy grape juice." The Romans brought mustard to every corner of their empire, but it was in Gaul that it really took hold. Mustard became a foundation stone of French cuisine and a favorite of such worthies as Charlemagne, Louis XIV, and Pope John XXII of Avignon. It's no surprise that a former Roman trading post, Dijon, came to establish itself as a commercial mustard powerhouse.
What sets Dijon mustard apart? Originally it was verjuice, the sour juice of unripe grapes, which Dijon-based mustard maker Jean Naigeon used in place of vinegar for a smoother product. Yet the term Dijon mustard is not one of Europe's many protected designations, meaning there are no rules about how or where the product is made. Dijon mustards tend to follow the same style, but the majority are now made outside Dijon, and it's near impossible today to find any made with verjuice.
The closest thing to real Dijon that you'll find on supermarket shelves may be Grey Poupon, not coincidentally judged the best classic Dijon in a Serious Eats taste test. Grey Poupon proudly boasts right there on the label that it's made with white wine, and that combination of white wine and vinegar is as close as you're likely to get to the flavor of verjuice. There is nothing called "poupon" in Grey Poupon, nor does the name represent its pale color; Messrs Grey and Poupon were actually the founders of the brand. Maurice Grey developed new technology for milling and separating mustard seeds in the mid 19th century, and Auguste Poupon bankrolled the operation. Both were based in Dijon, but the product is now made in New York by Kraft and largely unknown in France.
Because there is no regulation about what makes a mustard Dijon, I advise paying attention to the labels to make sure what you're buying will have a flavor and consistency that cuts the mustard, so to speak. Dijon should not be the bright yellow of the mustard crop, but a more modest creamy shade. The impact is all in the flavor, which is hot, strong and complex.
Look for Dijon mustard with the least number of ingredients. Only water, mustard seeds and vinegar are necessary; wine is welcome. Additional acids and sulfites are just about impossible to avoid, though mustard doesn't need a lot of preservatives. As no less an authority than French's will attest, there are no ingredients in mustard that spoil. The product can be safely stored at room temperature, away from heat and light, but the flavor and color may hold up best in the refrigerator.
Many brands include turmeric, paprika or garlic, so be aware of those differences when deciding which brand you prefer. Even Grey Poupon lists mysterious "spices" among its ingredients.
Mustard in a squeezy bottle may contain additional thickeners to change the consistency, though I'm at a loss to why anyone would want to serve Dijon mustard in a squeezy bottle. One doesn't generally trail thick snakes of it across a hot dog. Indeed, if you're used to American mustard, be very careful not to use Dijon interchangeably. Though Dijon is not traditionally the absolutely hottest mustard, the intensity of its flavor may come as an eye-watering surprise! | <urn:uuid:3a779b3a-310e-455e-81d9-c836b4146b86> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.seriouseats.com/2013/12/pantry-essentials-dijon-mustard.html?ref=thumb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159985.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00231-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958658 | 1,189 | 2.609375 | 3 |
NAP-Ag in Uruguay supports development of loss and damage estimation protocol
5 June 2018 - Uruguay´s Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP–Ag) project is providing support to develop a systematic protocol for estimations of loss and damage in agriculture due to climate events. Methodical estimations of loss and damage are important for effective climate risk management, to support policies and programs in reducing the impact of climate change in agriculture and promote adaptation.
On 28 February 2018, the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (MGAP) of Uruguay declared a state of emergency due to drought conditions in large regions of the country. The Agricultural Emergency Fund was deployed with credits for livestock family farmers to purchase feed for cattle in an effort to reduce the losses. Summer crops were also compromised and lack of rainfall during the growing season resulted in yield losses especially in soybean.
The Office of Agricultural Programing and Policies (OPYPA) of the Ministry of Agriculture with support of the NAP-Ag Programme met on 17 May to discuss estimates of losses due to this drought. During the presentation Claudio Hernandez, NAP Consultant, highlighted the need for disaggregated data to be able to measure accurately the direct losses due to the 2018 drought. Moreover, the losses in livestock production are hard to estimate because they have a longer-term impact on fertility, weaning rate and beef production.
Ángela Cortelezzi, an Agronomist from OPYPA, highlighted the impact of a yield reduction due to drought conditions on the overall economy of the country. More than 70% of Uruguay´s exports are agricultural products with beef, soy and cellulose being the three main products.
In the past estimations for climate events such as drought, flooding and extreme storms were done on an ad hoc basis. With support from the UNDP-FAO Integrating Agriculture in NAPs programme (NAP-Ag) the goal is to have a systematic and sustainable system for monitoring loss and damage in the agricultural sectors. This effort is supported at regional level by the Southern Agricultural Council (CAS) and at national level through the National System of Response to Climate Change. | <urn:uuid:002b3991-11f2-4137-be1f-9f8a31487797> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.adaptation-undp.org/nap-ag-uruguay-supports-development-loss-and-damage-estimation-protocol | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859904.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180617232711-20180618012711-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.947145 | 445 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Carotid Artery Disease
When you feel the pulse on either side of your neck you are feeling the blood being pumped from your heart through the carotid arteries, the two large blood vessels in your neck. These arteries supply your brain with blood. When the Carotid arteries become narrowed or blocked, you have an increased risk of having a stroke.
It is a disease that often does not cause symptoms, but that can have serious results. Left untreated, the narrowed arteries reduce of blood supply to your brain. Carotid Artery Disease caused by atherosclerosis may result in the plaque in a carotid artery cracking or rupturing and creating an embolus, blood clot, that travels to the brain resulting in a stroke.
If your disease is in the early stages and the narrowing has not progressed too far, your condition may be best treated with medications that control your cholesterol, avoiding tobacco and close observation.
If your disease is more progressed, two options to reduce your risk of stroke are surgery and carotid artery stenting. The surgical option, called carotid endarterectomy, involves the actual removal of the plaque from your carotid artery and the sewing on of a patch to widen the vessel. Stenting is the placement of a metal scaffolding within the vessel to increase its intra-lumenial diameter and prevent plaque from breaking off and embolizing to the brain. Stenting is performed through a small puncture in the femoral artery.
Each technique, endarterectomy, and stenting carries its own set of risks and benefits and our surgeons are experts in both techniques. The treatment of your condition will be tailored to your unique situation and the best treatment offered depending or your needs. The surgeons at University Vascular will carefully explain your options. A comprehensive discussion with you about the details of your disease and treatment options is an important part of the care we deliver. | <urn:uuid:73819f01-d35e-44df-a011-d6f9af7758e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://athensvascular.com/vascular-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.941299 | 393 | 2.625 | 3 |
History of Valley School
Valley School of Ligonier was founded in 1946 by Constance Prosser Mellon and General Richard King Mellon. On September 24, 1947, the doors opened for 43 children. Mrs. Mellon envisioned Valley as a nurturing community where students build their academic skill and learn to become responsible and compassionate adults. She felt that children learn best in small classes with skilled teachers who know and care about each child. She wanted a school with students from diverse backgrounds and she made sure that tuition was moderate and financial aid was available. An athlete, Mrs. Mellon knew the benefits of physical fitness and team play. Hoping children would feel at home in nature, she selected the School's 400 acre wood setting. | <urn:uuid:bbb65c1e-e936-4799-a39a-d2ebc287a41c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.valleyschoolofligonier.org/page.cfm?p=357 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522343.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213084839-20171213104839-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.975748 | 145 | 2.578125 | 3 |
There seems to be something irresistibly droll about words in –ee which leads journalists and other writers to constantly create new ones. Perhaps it is the belittling or diminutive sense that makes it seem funny (by analogy with such words as “bootee” or “townee”, using another sense of the –ee suffix) or perhaps it is the mouse-like squeak of the ending that attracts. Whatever the cause, dozens of such words are generated each year, most of them destined to be used once and never seen again. Here are some examples, mainly extracted from the British newspapers The Guardian and The Independent on Sunday over the past couple of years:
arrestee, assaultee, auditee, auditionee, awardee, biographee, callee, contactee, contractee, counsellee, dedicatee, defrostee, detachee, electee, explodee, extraditee, fixee, flirtee, floggee, forgee, hittee, interactee, introducee, investee, lapsee, mentee, murderee, outee, ownee, phonee, pickee, rapee, releasee, rescuee, sackee, shortlistee, slippee, spinee, staree, tagee, ticklee, trampolee.
Most of these new words denote some person who is the passive recipient of the action concerned or is the one to whom something is done (for example, an extraditee is a person who is extradited; a murderee is the person who has been murdered). For these words the suffix is being used in the same way it was when it was first introduced in medieval times as a word-forming agent in legal English. The two suffixes –or and –ee formed a pair; the first indicating the person initiating the action, the second the one receiving it. So we have pairs like appellor and appellee, lessor and lessee, and mortgagor and mortgagee. When the suffix moved out of legal English into the wider world, it took this sense with it, so we have words like trustee (a person to whom something is entrusted), addressee (someone addressed), referee (one to whom something is referred), transportee (a person who has been transported to a distant colony as a punishment), and so on.
The trouble came when a number of words appeared, derived from French reflexive verbs (where the subject and object are the same), in which the person concerned appears not to be the object of the activity, but the one who initiates it; an absentee is someone who absents him- or herself, not someone who is “absented” by another person; a refugee is actively seeking refuge, though that situation may have been brought about by others. These words have been used as a model for creating new ones and the result has been that we now have a number of words in which the useful distinction in the old legal terms has been lost or blurred. The example which is most often quoted is escapee, because the person who escapes is rarely a passive agent, but takes the initiative; a better word would be escaper. Similarly, attendees are people who attend meetings or conferences (also called conferees), but a strict interpretation of the suffix might suggest that in both cases those attending have had the experience inflicted upon them (often true, in my experience, but that’s not the sense meant). If the meeting is full, such people may also be standees (people who are standing because there are no seats). Likewise, a retiree is a person who has retired (though this action may in fact have been involuntary).
An argument in favour of such words is that they have the nuance of denoting people for whom the action concerned has been completed: an escapee has actually escaped, whereas an escaper may merely be escaping; a returnee is someone who has actually returned, not just someone who is in the process of returning. But the context usually makes clear which is meant and this argument doesn’t hold for all such words.
Terms in –ee are often unattractive as well as illogical or confusing and, because of the humorous undertones of many of them, can sometimes signal the wrong message. It would be better to be cautious about inventing, or even using, words in –ee which are not part of the standard language, and even then, as in the case of escapee, to consider whether there is a better word.
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Donate via PayPal. Select your currency from the list and click Donate. | <urn:uuid:dbdc5b7b-2535-4c51-af5b-8f6d5ab484da> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://worldwidewords.org/articles/ee.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512679.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020080138-20181020101638-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.968334 | 966 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Preservation and storage are critical components of a local food system. The more food we are able to preserve and store during the productive months, the longer we are able to serve local food throughout the year. This may impose some financial burden up front, but then the product is in inventory and can be served later without additional cost.
A big challenge in Peirce Hall, however, is a lack of storage space. Our produce cooler can generally only hold three days’ worth of produce; our meat freezer is not nearly large enough to keep a month’s worth of meat. To some degree, the local food program helps alleviate this storage problem. Our relationship with Bergman allows us to store most of our beef off campus, which would be impossible if we had no relationship with a facility that has spare room in the freezer. Bergman’s facility has extensive freezer space, and he graciously allows Kenyon to use some of the space to make up for the inadequate cold storage in Peirce. We do not use the space only for meat storage: over the summer, we ask Wilma Hershberger to make as much applesauce for us as she can, and then we freeze most of it until it’s needed in the dining hall. This way we can extend the availability of local products long into the winter.
However, the nature of our produce supply poses some problems. Our individual suppliers work on a small scale, so we usually don’t pick up the food from them daily. An industrial distributor is able to deliver daily, so chefs can work with produce day by day without having to account for the supplier’s schedule. In our system, we accumulate produce over the week and the chefs use it up as they go. Because we sometimes visit a particular farmer only once a week, we must be able to fit a week’s worth of that particular food into the cooler. It can even be difficult to find room for all of the food in the coolers. A good solution to this limitation could be investing in a refrigerated truck, which might serve as a flexible source of food storage. | <urn:uuid:8876724e-09be-449c-8608-fc7bcdbda819> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://farmtocollege.wordpress.com/local-food-infrastructure-2/storage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541309137.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215173718-20191215201718-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.956321 | 437 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Sooty Thrush is a bird similar to the Clay-colored Thrush, the national bird of Costa Rica, but with black plumage. The bill and feet are a striking bright orange, with a light blue iris featuring an orange eye ring. It can be found in the highest mountains in Costa Rica, either flying between trees, or hopping in the ground in typical thrush fashion. Its song is delivered in intervals and has a metallic, harsh quality. In Colombia, there are two species very similar to the Sooty Thrush, one called the Great Thrush and another one called the Glossy-black Thrush, however both have dark irises and yellow eye rings, and look plumpier than the Sooty. | <urn:uuid:a110700c-5f14-4c9c-8d6e-8a48cbf68629> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://thenatureadmirer.com/2017/04/11/sooty-thrush-turdus-nigrescens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.961116 | 152 | 2.734375 | 3 |
(2012 2nd edition) Kevin W. Plaxco & Michael Gross, John Hopkins University Press,
£??? / US$????, pbk, xi +330pp, ISBN 978-1-421-400969-9
Recent years have seen an explosion in the discovery of exoplanets (planets beyond the Solar System). We have found giant rocky planets (super Earths), large gas giants around small stars and even planets orbiting binary stars, with some astronomical research projects quickly discovering scores of planets. Indeed it has been estimated that there are a billion habitable Earth's and tens of billions of super Earths! So not surprising there is much interest and speculation as to life elsewhere e in the Universe than on Earth. Indeed many astronomy and astrophysics courses now have modules on astrobiology that can also be taken as free choice options by those studying related science. (Back in my day, my college's free choice modules on the Fundamentals of Astronomy and Stellar Astronomy & Astrophysics contained nothing on astrobiology, though we did do the theory of exoplanet detection, which was something given none had been detected back then.)
With Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction, Kevin W. Plaxco & Michael Gross have provided quite a comprehensive introduction to a significant body of science that underpins, as well as the science that directly relates to, astrobiology.
The first chapter is (what my fellow biologists might call) bravely titled 'What is life?' Though they commendably quote a judge on his definition of pornography who says he knows it when he sees it. From then on in further chapters the authors look at: the origins of a habitable universe; the primordial soup (the Miller-Urey experiment etc); basic biochemistry and cellular biology; a concise history of the Earth (and they do mean concise); extremophiles (such as bacteria living in hot springs); looking for life in the Solar System (Mars, Titan and so forth); and looking for life beyond in the Galaxy.
Though the topic of astrobiology is popular with many outside of academia, this text is really most relevant to those who have already done science at school and who are doing science at university that has a module in astrobiology (or in which astrobiology is a free choice minor). Of greater relevance to this site's regulars, it would also be of interest to the science graduate into hard SF and space opera. True such SF-loving scientists (and there are many of us) are probably aware of the astrobiological basics Plaxco and Gross present, but the authors do more than this: they have compiled a neat package of both relevant historic together with a whistle stop tour of the plethora of the past couple of decades' recent research that illuminates this topic. Indeed looking at my bookshelf, astrobiology has come a long way from, say, the likes of Horrowitz's Utopia and Back (1986) or Horneck and Baumstark-Khan's Astrobiology: The quest for the conditions of life (2001). So books like Plaxco and Gross' Astrobiology do fill a genuine need.
At this point it should be noted that this is the book's second edition; the first came out in 2006. This means that the authors have been able to ensure that the key outputs of half a decades of intervening research are included.
Science writer Michael Gross has presumably been the one who brought a very readable style to what could have been a dry text given the level to which this book is aimed. Science writers do not just write popular science but few venture into university level textbooks, even introductory ones, and it is good to see accessible introductory texts that speaks across a number of disciplines. Conversely Kevin Plaxco presumably drove the science content. Here he has taken a very much chemistry and molecular biology approach to astrobiology, though there is some sound astronomy in there too. This approach is not surprising as astrobiology in these early decades of the discipline seems to be led by astrophysicists and chemists: we biologists, let alone biosphere (Earth system) scientists, have yet to get a look in as if biology isn't a real science but we are coming as biologists in Earth system science are now impacting on climate change science and we have astrobiology in our sights (cf. Lenton and Watson's Revolutions that made the Earth). However I digress, exoplanet hunting aside, biochemistry, molecular biology and microbiology is currently where it is at in astrobiology and it is only right and proper that a current (2012/3) introduction to the subject takes this approach too. And I have to say the authors do it well: I particularly liked their presenting a good case as to why life in the Universe is very much in the main likely to be carbon-based.
The book is illustrated with line diagrams and some b&w photos. While these might have benefited being printed on gloss art paper, the quality serves the purpose of study well enough and the last thing a student needs is a more expensive textbook. The book also has a useful subject index, though is very light on academic references, but this too is fine for a basic, introductory text. Students embarking on astrobiological studies, and SF enthusiasts wishing to go a little beyond the popular science, will find this a very worthwhile book.
A different version of this review has appeared in Biologist magazine.
[Up: Non-Fiction Index | Top: Concatenation]
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New study discovers major differences between GMO and non-GMO corn
(NaturalHealth365) A 2016 study published in Scientific Reports of Nature magazine has revealed major differences between GMO corn and its natural, non-GMO counterpart. These findings call into question the safety of genetically modified organisms in terms of human health and safety both near- and long-term.
The peer-reviewed study conducted at King’s College in England used molecular profiles to assess the composition of GMO and non-GMO corn. In particular, the effects of genetic engineering to make a type of Roundup weed killer-resistant corn called “NK603” was studied.
Researchers find differences in 117 proteins and 91 metabolites of Roundup-resistant GMO corn
Tiny biochemical molecules called metabolomics as well as specific proteins called proteomics were examined. Major problems related to oxidative stress and energy utilization were detected, as well as disturbingly large increases in harmful polyamines.
The genetically modified organisms showed a marked increase in the polyamines cadaverine and putrescine, potentially toxic substances that can heighten histamine (allergic) reactions. Both compounds have also been linked with the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.
The researchers found clear, profound compositional differences in the GMO corn, showing that it’s not anywhere near equivalent on a molecular level to non GMO varieties. A total of 91 small molecule biochemicals (metabolites) and 117 proteins were found to be altered in the NK603 corn. These alterations were caused largely by an imbalance in energy utilization as well as oxidative stress damage within the cells.
U.S. studies of GMO crops aren’t nearly thorough enough
In the U.S., a very general assessment of molecular composition is in use by regulatory agencies assessing the safety of GMO foods and crops. If the content of nutrients is found to be in a similar range as non GMO versions, the food is dubbed “substantially equivalent.” However, studies have shown eating these foods may not be safe. Rats fed GMO corn have shown higher incidence of kidney and liver damage over two years of consumption compared with control subjects.
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The 2016 British study of Roundup-resistant GMO corn went much deeper into the compositional analysis of this frankenfood than the comparatively crude tests used in the U.S. For example, GMO crops are tested for total protein content here, but the more important measure is looking at the profiles of specific types of proteins, as the British study did.
Long-term effects of genetically modified organisms on the food chain still unknown
Testing methods and technologies called “omics” allow for a far more in-depth, molecular composition profile. Assessments of protein types, gene functioning, and biochemical metabolite profiles can be taken. The result is highly detailed molecular information to help assess the safety of a crop much more accurately than just gross nutrient analysis.
The results of this study fly in the face of claims of the GMO industry and regulatory agencies. These organizations say that GMO corn is “substantially equivalent” to non GMO corn and safe to consume. Researchers are now calling for a more thorough evaluation of NK603 GMO corn and the results of consumption to health and human genetics over time.
GMOs & Dangerous Chemicals
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Grazing Goat Whey Protein™ is formulated exclusively for the health-conscious consumer looking for the finest whey protein nutritional supplement on the planet.* Best of all, this goat whey protein comes from goats that graze – 365 days per year – on pesticide and chemical free pastures. No hormones, antibiotics or pesticides are used – ever. This product is non-GMO and gluten free. | <urn:uuid:e0380dfa-4813-4714-9f2c-878bd091e344> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.naturalhealth365.com/gmo-genetically-modified-organisms-2128.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201904.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319052517-20190319074517-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.923232 | 1,446 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Bible, Old and New Testaments, distinguishes between the acts of immersion, sprinkling, and pouring.
Almost all denominations administer baptism. All those who do, say that baptism
is an important rite in the life of a Christian. There is, however, controversy
the reason why and age when a person should be baptized. We want to address a third controversy. Namely, what is the proper way to baptize a person? Is it necessary to immerse a person in water, or is it acceptable to sprinkle (aspersion) or pour water on him (affusion)?
There are four words related to baptism in the New Testment (baptisma, baptismos,
bapto, baptizo). Except for baptisma, these words are also used by ancient secular
Although the Bible student may easily locate entire books devoted to the study of these words, a survey of standard lexcons will be sufficient to establish their range of meaning
(read lexicons and dictionaries carefully, including the introductory comments explaining the editor's method). Depending on the context in which these words are found they may mean to dip, dye, immerse, plunge, sink, bathe, drench, soak, overwhelm, flood, submerge, or wash. The common element in these uses is the abundance of water (or other liquid) involved. Drenching, soaking, flooding, bathing, and washing cannot be accomplished with a small amount of water.
Notice that in certain contexts these words might not mean to immerse (proponents
of sprinkling sometimes make a point of this), especially when used figuratively
Mk. 10:38). However, baptism is an appropriate figure of speech in these instances because of the complete overwhelming of the subject implied by the word. Though baptism may not always mean immersion, it is never equivalent to sprinkling or pouring. Jesus did not ask James and John if they were willing to endure a sprinkling of trial, nor did the
apostles experience a minor outpouring of the Holy Spirit. The advocates of aspersion and affusion need to prove that baptizo describes what they practice. They cannot.
In the Old Testament (LXX) the words baptize/baptism are found in such contexts
as the following: a priest is to dip his finger in blood (Lev. 4); articles
made unclean are to be put
into water (Lev. 11:32), a live bird is to be dipped in the blood of a slain bird (Lev. 14:6f); Naaman dipped seven times in the Jordan (2 Kgs. 5:14). In the New Testament the rich man asked if Lazarus could dip his finger in water (Lk. 16:24), and Jesus dipped His morsel while eating (Jno.13:26). One interesting extra-biblical occurrence is found in the Odyssey when Odysseus blinds Polyphemus by gouging out his eye with a stake. He drove it into the eye of the cyclops as when "a smith dips (bapto) a great axe or adze in cold water amid loud hissing to temper it."
The Bible clearly distinguishes between the acts of dipping, sprinkling, and pouring by using different words for these actions. We find these three words used in the same Old Testament context in the instructions governing the sin offering (Lev. 4, LXX). The priest was to dip (bapto) his finger in the blood of the sacrifice, sprinkle (prosraino) it seven times before the Lord, and then pour (ekcheo) the remaining blood out at the base of the altar (vss. 1-7). Similar distinctions are made in the New Testament. If the writers had wanted to say that people had water sprinkled or poured on them when they became Christians, there were words available to convey the idea. However, those words were not used because they suggest actions different from what actually took place. The word baptize was used because people were immersed in water.
Paul compares what happens in baptism to the death, burial, and resurrection
of Christ (Rom. 6:2-5; Col. 2:12). The apostle reminds Christians that they
have died to sin (Rom. 6:
2), have been buried with Christ through baptism (vs. 4), and have been raised to a new kind of life (vs. 4). It is not just that Christians are buried with Christ, but that they are buried with Him in the act of baptism. The Colossians passage says that we have been buried with Christ "in" baptism. Immersion is the only practice that replicates the gospel. As the penitent believer descends into the baptismal grave and is raised up a new creature, a spiritual union is established between him/her and the crucified-resurrected Christ (Rom. 6:5) Sprinkling and pouring prove to be inadequate substitutes for Scriptural baptism.
Defenses of sprinkling and pouring take various routes. Some suggest that there would not have been enough water in Jerusalem to immerse 3000 in one day (Acts 2). Some argue that since we are cleansed from sin by a sprinkling of Christ's blood (Heb. 12:24), baptism may be administered by sprinkling as well (but notice that our hearts are sprinkled from an evil conscience when our bodies are washed with pure water (Heb.10:22). Other rguments are made (some try to redefine the words), but they seem to be produced by a desire to justify established practice.
We have attempted to show what Jesus instructed His apostles to do (Matt. 28:18-20) and what they practiced. We are to continue in the apostles' doctrine (Acts 2:42). If the New Testament teaches that people are to be immersed for the remission of their sins, than that is what we are obligated to practice. Anything else consititutes error. We have not been able to deal at length with arguments in favor of sprinkling or pouring. We have simply attempted to establish the truth hoping that in this we will be equipped to identify error when confronted by it. May God bless our efforts.
By Robert Hutto, in Biblical Insights, Vol.5, No. 7, July, 2005.
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What Does Print Management Mean?
Print management is essentially the management of various print tasks. Some software companies have developed sophisticated print management software to help human users coordinate all of the processes that take place between a printer and the machines that demand print jobs.
Techopedia Explains Print Management
Print management software covers an array of issues. One is the use of drivers and programs to make computers and printers compatible. Another is the administration of the network where various machines are waiting on jobs. But another aspect is to make these programs user-friendly using icons and intuitive controls, to explain how the print management works. In addition, there may be other features and tools like pricing for public systems and the calibration of print jobs by color, size or layout. As printers and print jobs have become more complex, print management software does a good job of making these processes transparent to users. | <urn:uuid:5f8014f7-259d-46f0-955e-ef686bb3534d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.techopedia.com/definition/30656/print-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.921446 | 176 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In a 2011 survey, the Wikimedia Foundation found that less than 10 percent of its contributors identify as women.
In an effort to improve representation, the international campaign Art+Feminism was established to improve content on women and the arts on Wikipedia, and to encourage women to participate in the online research tool.
As part of Art+Feminism, Washington University Libraries and Women in Architecture and Design are hosting the annual Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon from 3 to 7 p.m. on March 26 at the Kranzberg Art & Architecture Library.
“We’re trying to create a supportive environment for people to learn how to edit Wikipedia,” says AJ Robinson, librarian for Islamic Studies, South Asian Studies, and Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies, and one of the organizers of the event.
The edit-a-thon will include tutorials for beginners, editing support, reference materials, childcare, and food and drinks. People of all gender identities and expressions are invited to participate in the free event.
“We’re going to set up some basic tasks for people to work on if they haven’t had a lot of experience editing before, things like identifying articles that don’t have citations for their sources,” Robinson says.
“University students are particularly well suited for doing this work since they are constantly being encouraged to find trustworthy sources for their information and learning how to synthesize and communicate it.”
The Kranzberg Art & Architecture Library will have a variety of sources available, and librarians at the event can show visitors how to access information. Participants are asked to bring a laptop and power cord and, if possible, to create a Wikipedia account before the event. To learn how to create an account, visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CreateAccount.
Since 2014, Art+Feminism edit-a-thons have taken place around the world, creating and improving more than 11,000 articles. Events have taken place at other institutions, including The Museum of Modern Art in New York, Yale University, McGill University in Montreal, and the Archives Nationales in Paris.
Robinson says the edit-a-thons have additional positive outcomes.
“When I think about the impact of these events, I’m looking at how many people have engaged in editing Wikipedia. It’s such a commonly used source, but then so few people actually really understand the process of the knowledge creation. You can’t really understand it unless you’ve gotten involved and tried to edit a page yourself.”
For childcare, please include the first names and number of children requiring care, their ages, and what time you plan on attending the edit-a-thon. Childcare is free, but an RSVP is required by March 19th: http://bit.ly/2GZUbg1
To view tutorials on editing Wikipedia, see the guides on Art+Feminism’s website. | <urn:uuid:c10c2469-9425-421c-9c9a-f998495c3e2e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://library.wustl.edu/edit-a-thon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257259.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523143923-20190523165923-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.925438 | 629 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Genetics may play a surprisingly small role in determining the precise wiring of the mammalian nervous system, according to painstaking mapping of every neuron projecting to a small muscle mice use to move their ears. These first-ever mammalian "connectomes," or complete neural circuit diagrams, reveal that neural wiring can vary widely even in paired tissues on the left and right sides of the same animal.
Scientists at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describe the work this week in the journal PLoS Biology, accompanied by vivid images depicting neurons that are strikingly treelike, but also tremendously varied.
"We had expected to find a great degree of neural symmetry in the same mouse's two interscutularis muscles, but this isn't even close to true," says Jeff W. Lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology in Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
"It looks like the mammalian nervous system may be a bit like a football game," he adds. "Even when the rules are the same, every single outcome is unique."
Curiously, the connectome of the mouse interscutularis -- a muscle also found in dogs, rats, and other mammals that readily move their ears -- reveals that some of its neurons are as much as 25 percent longer than is necessary. This casts doubt on a longstanding assumption among neuroscientists that neural wiring length is generally minimized to conserve space, energy, and resources.
"This well-known hypothesis that wiring length should be minimized has been in the scientific literature for decades," says Ju Lu, a postdoctoral researcher in molecular and cellular biology at Harvard. "It's very surprising, frankly, to find so much excess wiring in the mammalian nervous system."
Lichtman and Lu's work represents only the second connectome to date, following one for the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. While their task initially appeared manageable -- the entire interscutularis muscle is but a few millimeters in length -- teasing out the muscle's tangle of about 15 intricately branched and intertwined axons proved fiendishly complex.
"It's a bit like taking a giant plate of spaghetti and, without unraveling it, trying to figure out which strand goes where," says Lu. "Except in this case, each strand of spaghetti has up to 37 branches."
Working with mice containing a gene that causes motor neurons to fluoresce, Lichtman and Lu used an automated microscope to gather tens of thousands of images. These images were analyzed with semi-automated tracing tools, although the need for frequent corrections and manual editing by Lu slowed the pace of the mapping to a scant half-millimeter per hour.
Connectomes from a mouse's two interscutularis muscles depict dramatically different neural circuitry even within mirror-image tissues from the same animal.
"Comparison of each neuron and its counterpart on the opposite side of the animal revealed that each connectome was unique," Lichtman says, "demonstrating wiring diagrams that differ substantially in form, even within a common genetic background."
Lichtman says the research suggests the mammalian nervous system is in some ways unexpectedly primitive, its freeform structure lacking the regimentation seen in insects and worms. But, he adds, this seeming randomness may be advantageous.
"This may explain why humans and other mammals can quickly adapt their behaviors to a changing environment," Lichtman says. "We may be less perfected in our genetic evolution, but our flexible neural wiring may allow us to undergo behavioral evolution at a very rapid rate."
Such variation in the nervous system, he adds, could help explain why different humans, each equipped with the same neural building blocks, excel at tasks ranging from dancing to mathematical computations, and from crossword puzzles to bowling.
Source: Harvard University
Explore further: Study finds genetic clue to menopause-like condition in young women | <urn:uuid:0099b415-b43d-494e-baaa-4751f28a7039> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://phys.org/news153473075.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767198.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00133-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94639 | 794 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Subsequent is an article on Bernese Mountain Dog.
Bernese Mountain Dog picture set
Your dog (the scientific title is Canis lupus familiaris) is a four-legged mammal from the category of dogs, a subspecies of a wolf that were domesticated nearly 15, a new subspecies of a new wolf that were domesticated 15 000 years ago and was the first domesticated pet. Since that time dogs have already been spread around the globe and are accompanying individuals in most of days gone by and existing cultures, such as for example working creatures, guards, hunting assistants or pets only. In accordance with recent tough estimates, the entire world human population is between 700 mil and 1 billion dogs, with the largest number of predators on the planet.
For the activities of mating, education and informal study of dogs, a standard term kinology can be used, and canines are usually studied by zoologists scientifically. | <urn:uuid:8a0dabcd-c99f-4087-83ff-0bd8ada1d927> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.wolfdogbasics.com/bernese-mountain-dog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255071.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519161546-20190519183546-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.955488 | 188 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Assessment is the process by which programs evaluate what students know, think, or do as a result of those programs. Programs then use assessment results to make any improvements needed to the curriculum. In addition to this main purpose, assessment results are also of beneficial use when it comes to demonstrating that an institution has met accreditation and performance funding standards.
Programmatic assessment at UTK is outlined by five main steps in a cycle, as seen below. It’s important to note that the cycle is iterative, meaning changes can be made at any step when deemed necessary by the program.
Assessment is NOT
- The only information considered when evaluating programs
- Course Grades
- Course grades indicate the extent to which students have individually met course requirements. In contrast, assessment results indicate the extent to which students, as an aggregate, have met program objectives.
- Assignment of course grades vary across courses and course sections. Additionally, course grades often include things such as attendance that aren’t directly related to program objectives, and there can be a lot of subjectivity in how instructors assign grades. In contrast, assessment is intended to directly measure program objectives and to be as objective as possible (e.g., performing inter-rater reliability checks for any rubrics the program uses to evaluate student performance).
- Student Opinions or Satisfaction
- Because the purpose of assessment is to determine how much students have learned or developed as a result of the program, it’s essential to have direct measures of student learning (i.e. directly testing what the student knows, thinks, or does). Student opinions or satisfaction can provide additional information, but ultimately are indirect measures and thus should not be used as the only measure for a program objective.
For more information on assessment, visit the Tennessee Teaching and Learning Center’s page at http://tenntlc.utk.edu/programmatic-and-course-based-assessment/ | <urn:uuid:73229282-d410-4294-9ae0-4fbd1b474ba5> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://oira.utk.edu/assessment/resources/what-is-assessment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447043.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00040-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945113 | 399 | 3.359375 | 3 |
This post is an excellent example of a deliberate attempt to change society by changing the language. In this case, they are trying to change the way we look at certain behaviors and beliefs by changing the definitions of the words we use to discuss these behaviors and beliefs. We are all aware of this ongoing attempt to change society by controlling what we can say and how we can say it. We call it ‘political correctness,’ but it is nothing more than a manifestation of the Progressive belief that language controls thought, and thus, controlling language can control society. And this is one of the primary reasons I place so much emphasis on language, especially definitions: because, if we do not know what words mean, we will not be able to recognize when we are being manipulated by those who are trying to control what those words mean. So, let’s look at two of the words that are being changes before our very eyes: ‘bigot’ and ‘tolerate.’
First, I want to make you aware of a story that will illustrate the points I hope to make in this post. I could have found many similar stories, but this one is just as good as any of the others [warning: story contain strong and possibly offensive language]:
Here is the assertion in a nutshell:
“If you object to the homosexual lifestyle/agenda, you are intolerant and a bigot.”
The first thing I did when I started to write this post was go to Webster’s to look up the definition of bigot and I found this:
: a person who is obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially : one who regards or treats the members of a group (as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and intolerance
Now, because I know that our language is being manipulated to alter our thinking and behavior, I recognized that this definition has been changed from what it used to mean. So I went to my hard copy Webster’s Dictionary from 1996 and this is what I found:
“One fanatically devoted to one’s own group, religion, race, or politics and intolerant of those who differ.”
Now, upon first read, these two definitions appear to be the same – but they are not. There is a subtle change in the current definition. Go back and re-read it and notice that the current definition defines a bigot as someone who ‘hates:’ a ‘hater.’ This is important because it is intended to justify hating the hater – which is exactly what is being done by those who adhere to the PC mentality. The problem is that this understanding of ‘bigot’ ignores a key aspect of the definition: ‘intolerance.’ By ignoring the connection to tolerance in defining ‘bigot,’ the definition of ‘bigot’ is further altered. So let’s look at what ‘tolerance’ actually means. We go straight to the root word:
1: to endure or resist the action of (as a drug or food) without serious side effects or discomfort : exhibit physiological tolerance for
2a : to allow to be or to be done without prohibition, hindrance, or contradiction
b : to put up with <learn to tolerate one another>
Here is where the real deception is found. In our society today, ‘tolerate’ is being treated as though it means ‘accept,’ but it does not! I can tolerate another person’s beliefs without having to accept them, but this is not the implication in the PC message. According to the PC NAZI’s in our society, if you do not embrace those who are different, then you are intolerant and that makes you a bigot – a ‘hater.’ And from there, you are assumed to be the problem and it becomes ‘acceptable’ to treat you as the problem.
What should we learn from all of this? Simple: the people pushing the PC mantra are actually the ones who are intolerant and bigots. BY definition, if the PC crowed attacks people who are trying to hold to their religious beliefs, then the PC crowed is the group that is being intolerant. In this case, they are being intolerant of religious people. Now, I understand that the first objection will be Christians are intolerant because they will not accept a change in the definition of marriage. The answer to this objection is in the meaning of the words. Remember, tolerate does not mean accept. Christians must allow homosexuals to live the way they want. Their faith commands them to leave those who will not accept the Gospel in peace, for Christ to deal with. But that does not mean they have to accept the homosexual agenda, which includes the changing of what marriage means. You see, the homosexual agenda is doing this through the government – the same government that represents the Christian believers. So to ‘accept’ these changes means they must let unbelievers change their faith. This is not intolerant on the part of the Christians, it is an attack on Christians by intolerant homosexuals – and I can prove the point.
Assume the same line of argument that the homosexual/PC crowed is using against Christians; now let me prove that homosexuals are just as intolerant and bigoted.
If gays do not accept pedophilia, then they are intolerant bigots, haters!
Do you see how easy that was? Now, if the gays try to object, all you have to do is replace ‘gay’ in their own arguments and you have made the same argument against gay haters as they have made against ‘homophobes.’ Now, I can already hear the first objection: children cannot make the decision to have sex. NO! That is a moral judgment; an opinion. The proof is in our laws already. Our elementary schools pass out condoms, so they are acknowledging that young children can and do decide to have sex on their own. In fact, the argument is: “They’re going to do is anyway, so…” So, if homosexuals are going to claim that pedophilia is morally objectionable, then how can they object to Christians who say homosexuality is morally objectionable? They can’t – not without proving themselves to be hypocrites.
And there is the point: the PC crowed – by definition – is a bunch of hypocrites!
This is just one example of the mess we make when we unpin from objective morality, and this is why the founders said that individual rights and liberty cannot be preserved unless the people are religious: because objective morality can only come from the Creator.
[NOTE: if you are one of those who will object to my argument, let me ask you a question. Would you rather be a homosexual in a Christian country, or in an Islamic country? If you are honest with yourself, the answer to that question should help you see who is being ‘intolerant’ in this debate.] | <urn:uuid:4176ec76-c05d-4046-aac8-b92df9804a22> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://theoyl.com/2014/01/20/defending-the-language-definition-of-bigot-tolerate-reveal-hypocrisy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.961355 | 1,464 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Looking like a woodgrain pattern, or a watermark in paper, moiré is a French word meaning “watered.” It can be achieved in a variety of ways, including engraved rollers, weaving, and printing. Most characteristically, moiré uses a horizontally ribbed fabric—most often taffeta or faille—and the design is pressed into the fabric and chemically set for durability. Without this setting treatment, moisture can destroy the pattern.
The present meaning of moiré was first used in the 18th century when it was achieved by folding a horizontally ribbed fabric lengthwise and pressing. The ribs that didn’t align were flattened, resulting in the characteristic pattern on both sides of the fold. This is now called moiré antique.
Moiré is a pattern, not a fabric, but in its most characteristic form it is achieved on silk, acetate, rayon, nylon or polyester taffeta or faille. It is sometimes called watered silk.
Uses: Dresses, trims, household decorations | <urn:uuid:a8c5ea73-2af9-43c1-ad46-40657a6e2cc1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://vintagefashionguild.org/fabric-resource/moire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823035753-20170823055753-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.960389 | 221 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Image Credit: Cat | For Construction Pros
Cold Planers are pavement recycling machines. These machines are asphalt milling machines that are used to remove pavement or asphalt concrete from roadways. Cold planers can also known as pavement planers, pavement recyclers, mill or asphalt milling machine or roto-mills. A cold planer operates by bringing a rotating mandrel with spikes into contact with the pavement at a specific depth and slope. Cold planers come in many sizes and configurations to accommodate specific applications. | <urn:uuid:85bb204d-cefc-44b0-bde1-23d70dca9efd> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/building_construction/building_construction_tools_machines/cold_planers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549877.131/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00091-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897979 | 105 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron prior to the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
Related decarburizing with air processes had been used outside of Europe for hundreds of years, but not on an industrial scale. The process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia, where the scholar Shen Kuo describes its use in the Chinese iron and steel industry. In the 17th century, accounts by European travelers detailed its possible use by the Japanese. The modern process is named after its inventor, the Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1856. The process was also claimed to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly, though there is little to back this claim up.
The oxidation process removes and skims off impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon in the form of oxides. These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag. The refractory lining of the converter also plays a role in the conversion—the clay lining is used in the acid Bessemer, in which there is low phosphorus in the raw material. Dolomite is used when the phosphorus content is high in the alkaline Bessemer (limestone or magnesite linings are also sometimes used instead of dolomite)—this is also known as a Gilchrist-Thomas converter, named after its inventor, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. In order to give the steel the desired properties, other substances could be added to the molten steel when conversion was complete, such as spiegeleisen (a ferromanganese alloy).
Managing the process
When the required steel has been formed, it is poured out into ladles and then transferred into moulds while the lighter slag is left behind. The conversion process, called the "blow", is completed in around twenty minutes. During this period the progress of the oxidation of the impurities is judged by the appearance of the flame issuing from the mouth of the converter: the modern use of photoelectric methods of recording the characteristics of the flame has greatly aided the blower in controlling the final quality of the product. After the blow, the liquid metal is recarburized to the desired point and other alloying materials are added, depending on the desired product.
A Bessemer converter can treat a "heat," the term for a batch of hot metal, of 5 to 30 tonnes at a time. They usually are operated in pairs; one being blown while another being filled or tapped.
Before the Bessemer process, Western Europe and the United States relied on the puddling process to reduce the carbon content of white cast iron (refined pig iron), converting it to wrought iron. It was possible to make low-quality puddled steel, but the process was difficult to control and quality varied. High-quality steel was made by the reverse process of adding carbon to carbon-free wrought iron, usually imported from Sweden. The manufacturing process, called the cementation process, consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box. This produced blister steel. The blister steel was then put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted, producing crucible steel. Up to 3 tons of expensive coke was burnt for each ton of steel produced. Such steel when rolled into bars was sold at £50 to £60 (approximately £3,390 to £4,070 in 2008) a long ton. The most difficult and work-intensive part of the process, however, was the production of wrought iron done in finery forges in Sweden.
This process was refined in the 18th century with the introduction of Benjamin Huntsman's crucible steel-making techniques, which added an additional three hours firing time and required additional large quantities of coke. In making crucible steel the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles each containing 20 kg or so. This produced higher quality crucible steel but increased the cost. The Bessemer process reduced the time needed to make steel of this quality to about half an hour while requiring only the coke needed to melt the pig iron initially. The earliest Bessemer converters produced steel for £7 a long ton, although it initially sold for around £40 a ton.
A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia. Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a "partial decarbonization" method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel. This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo (1031–1095) in 1075 when he visited Cizhou. Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron-production district along the Henan-Hebei border during the 11th century. In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield. This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production.
The Japanese may have made use of the Bessemer process, which was observed by European travelers in the 17th century. The adventurer Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo describes the process in a book published in English in 1669. He writes, "They have, among others, particular invention for the melting of iron, without the using of fire, casting it into a tun done about on the inside without about half a foot of earth, where they keep it with continual blowing, take it out by ladles full, to give it what form they please." According to historian Donald Wagner, Madelslo did not personally visit to Japan, so his description of the process is likely derived from the accounts of other Europeans who had traveled to Japan. Wagner believes there is a possibility that the Japanese process is similar to the Bessemer process, but cautions that alternative explanations are also plausible.
In the early 1850s, the American inventor William Kelly experimented with a method similar to the Bessemer process. Wagner writes that Kelly may have been inspired by techniques introduced by Chinese ironworkers hired by Kelly in 1854. When Bessemer's patent for the process was reported by Scientific American, Kelly responded by writing a letter to the magazine. In the letter, Kelly states that he had previously experimented with the process and claimed that Bessemer knew of Kelly's discovery. He wrote that "I have reason to believe my discovery was known in England three or four years ago, as a number of English puddlers visited this place to see my new process. Several of them have since returned to England and may have spoken of my invention there."
Sir Henry Bessemer described the origin of his invention in his autobiography written in 1890. During the outbreak of the Crimean War, many English industrialists and inventors became interested in military technology. According to Bessemer, his invention was inspired by a conversation with Napoleon III in 1854 pertaining to the steel required for better artillery. Bessemer claimed that it "was the spark which kindled one of the greatest revolutions that the present century had to record, for during my solitary ride in a cab that night from Vincennes to Paris, I made up my mind to try what I could to improve the quality of iron in the manufacture of guns." At the time steel was used to make only small items like cutlery and tools, but was too expensive for cannons. Starting in January 1855 he began working on a way to produce steel in the massive quantities required for artillery and by October he filed his first patent related to the Bessemer process. He patented the method a year later in 1856.
According to his autobiography Bessemer was working with an ordinary reverberatory furnace but during a test, some pieces of pig iron were jostled off the side of the ladle, and were left above the ladle in the furnace's heat. When Bessemer went to push them into the ladle, he found that they were steel shells: the hot air alone had converted the outsides of the iron pieces to steel. This crucial discovery led him to completely redesign his furnace so that it would force high-pressure air through the molten iron using special air pumps. Intuitively this would seem to be folly because it would cool the iron. Instead, the oxygen in the forced air ignited silicon and carbon impurities in the iron, starting a positive feedback loop. As the iron became hotter, more impurities burned off, making the iron even hotter and burning off more impurities, producing a batch of hotter, purer, molten iron, which converts to steel more easily.
Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to four ironmasters, for a total of £27,000, but the licensees failed to produce the quality of steel he had promised—it was "rotten hot and rotten cold", according to his friend, William Clay—and he later bought them back for £32,500. His plan had been to offer the licenses to one company in each of several geographic areas, at a royalty price per ton that included a lower rate on a proportion of their output in order to encourage production, but not so large a proportion that they might decide to reduce their selling prices. By this method he hoped to cause the new process to gain in standing and market share.
He realised that the technical problem was due to impurities in the iron and concluded that the solution lay in knowing when to turn off the flow of air in his process so that the impurities were burned off but just the right amount of carbon remained. However, despite spending tens of thousands of pounds on experiments, he could not find the answer. Certain grades of steel are sensitive to the 78% nitrogen which was part of the air blast passing through the steel.
Bessemer was sued by the patent purchasers who couldn't get it to work. In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it, even though he could not convey it to his patent users. Bessemer's company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making.
The solution was first discovered by English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet, who had carried out thousands of experiments in the Forest of Dean. His method was to first burn off, as far as possible, all the impurities and carbon, then reintroduce carbon and manganese by adding an exact amount of spiegeleisen. This had the effect of improving the quality of the finished product, increasing its malleability—its ability to withstand rolling and forging at high temperatures and making it more suitable for a vast array of uses.
The first company to license the process was the Manchester firm of W & J Galloway, and they did so before Bessemer announced it at Cheltenham in 1856. They are not included in his list of the four to whom he refunded the license fees. However, they subsequently rescinded their license in 1858 in return for the opportunity to invest in a partnership with Bessemer and others. This partnership began to manufacture steel in Sheffield from 1858, initially using imported charcoal pig iron from Sweden. This was the first commercial production.
Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, a Londoner with a Welsh father, was an industrial chemist who decided to tackle the problem of phosphorus in iron, which resulted in the production of low grade steel. Believing that he had discovered a solution, he contacted his cousin, Percy Gilchrist, who was a chemist at the Blaenavon ironworks. The manager at the time, Edward Martin, offered Sidney equipment for large-scale testing and helped him draw up a patent that was taken out in May, 1878. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas's invention consisted of using dolomite or sometimes limestone linings for the Bessemer converter rather than clay, and it became known as the 'basic' Bessemer rather than the 'acid' Bessemer process. An additional advantage was that the processes formed more slag in the converter, and this could be recovered and used very profitably as a phosphate fertilizer.
Patents of such value did not escape criticism, and invalidity was urged against them on various grounds.[clarification needed] But Bessemer was able to maintain them intact without litigation, though he found it advisable to buy up the rights of one patentee.[who?]
In the case of Robert Forester Mushet, he was assisted by the patent being allowed to lapse in 1859 through non-payment of fees. Mushet's procedure was not essential and Bessemer proved this in 1865 by exhibiting a series of steel samples made using his process alone, but the value of the procedure was shown by its near universal adoption in conjunction with the Bessemer process. Whether or not Mushet's patents could have been sustained is not known, but in 1866 Robert Mushet's 16-year-old daughter travelled to London to confront Henry Bessemer at his offices, arguing that Bessemer's success was based on the results of her father’s work. Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual pension of £300, a very considerable sum, which he paid for 25 years.
In 1866, Bessemer also provided finance for Zerah Colburn, the American locomotive engineer and journalist, to start a new weekly engineering newspaper called Engineering based in Bedford Street, London. It was not until many years later that the name of Colburn's benefactor was revealed. Prior to the launch of Engineering, Colburn, through the pages of The Engineer, had given support to Bessemer's work on steel and steelmaking.
The Bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacture by decreasing its cost, from £40 per long ton to £6–7 per long ton, along with greatly increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital raw material. The process also decreased the labor requirements for steel-making. Prior to its introduction, steel was far too expensive to make bridges or the framework for buildings and thus wrought iron had been used throughout the Industrial Revolution. After the introduction of the Bessemer process, steel and wrought iron became similarly priced, and some users, primarily railroads, turned to steel. Quality problems, such as brittleness caused by nitrogen in the blowing air, prevented Bessemer steel from being used for many structural applications. Open-hearth steel was suitable for structural applications.
Steel greatly improved the productivity of railroads. Steel rails lasted ten times longer than iron rails. Steel rails, which became heavier as prices fell, could carry heavier locomotives, which could pull longer trains. Steel rail cars were longer and were able to increase the freight to car weight from 1:1 to 2:1.
As early as 1895 in the UK it was being noted that the heyday of the Bessemer process was over and that the open hearth method predominated. The Iron and Coal Trades Review said that it was "in a semi-moribund condition. Year after year, it has not only ceased to make progress, but it has absolutely declined." It has been suggested, both at that time and more recently, that the cause of this was the lack of trained personnel and investment in technology rather than anything intrinsic to the process itself. For example, one of the major causes of the decline of the giant ironmaking company Bolckow Vaughan of Middlesbrough was its failure to upgrade its technology. The basic process, the Thomas-Gilchrist process, remained longer in use, especially in Continental Europe, where iron ores were of high phosphorus content and open hearth process was not able to remove all phosphorus; almost all inexpensive construction steel in Germany was produced with this method in the 1950s and 1960s. It was eventually superseded by basic oxygen steelmaking.
The Bessemer Process in the United States
While visiting Europe to obtain information on shipbuilding, armor, and armaments from 1862 to 1863, Alexander Lyman Holley visited Bessemer's Sheffield works, and expressed interest in licensing the process for use in the US. Upon returning to the US, Holley met with the famous inventor John Ericsson, who referred Holley to a pair of businessmen who had helped him build the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor, John F. Winslow and John Augustus Griswold. With Winslow and Griswold's support, Holley returned to England in 1863, and paid Bessemer £10,000 to license the technology. The trio began setting up a mill in Troy, New York in 1865. The factory contained a number of Holley's innovations that greatly improved productivity over Bessemer's factory in Sheffield, and the owners gave a successful public exhibition in 1867. The Troy factory attracted the attention of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who wanted to use the new process to manufacture steel rail, and ended up funding Holley's second mill as part of its Pennsylvania Steel subsidiary. Between 1866 and 1877, the partners were able to license a total of 11 Bessemer steel mills. One of the investors they attracted was Andrew Carnegie, who saw great promise in the new steel technology after a visit to Bessemer in 1872, and saw it as a useful adjunct to his existing businesses, the Keystone Bridge Company and the Union Iron Works. Holley built the new steel mill for Carnegie, and continued to improve and refine the process. The new mill, known as the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, opened in 1875, and started the growth of the United States as a major world steel producer.
In the U.S., commercial steel production using this method stopped in 1968. It was replaced by processes such as the basic oxygen (Linz-Donawitz) process, which offered better control of final chemistry. The Bessemer process was so fast (10–20 minutes for a heat) that it allowed little time for chemical analysis or adjustment of the alloying elements in the steel. Bessemer converters did not remove phosphorus efficiently from the molten steel; as low-phosphorus ores became more expensive, conversion costs increased. The process permitted only limited amount of scrap steel to be charged, further increasing costs, especially when scrap was inexpensive. Use of electric arc furnace technology competed favourably with the Bessemer process resulting in its obsolescence.
Basic oxygen steelmaking is essentially an improved version of the Bessemer process (decarburization by blowing oxygen as gas into the heat rather than burning the excess carbon away by adding oxygen carrying substances into the heat). The advantages of pure oxygen blast over air blast was known to Henry Bessemer, but the 19th century technology was not advanced enough to allow for the production of the large quantities of pure oxygen to make it economically feasible for use.
- Cementation (metallurgy) process
- Methods of crucible steel production
- Open hearth furnace, the Siemens-Martin process
- Ponting, Clive (2000), World History, A New Perspective, Pimlico, ISBN 0-7126-6572-2
- Needham, Joseph (2008). Science and civilisation in China, Volume 5, Part 7 (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–5. ISBN 9780521875660.
- Tanner, Harold (2009). China: A History. Hackett Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 0-87220-915-6.
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- Wagner, Donald (2008). Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5, Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. Cambridge University Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-521-87566-0.
- "Bessemer process". Britannica 2. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. p. 168.
- Gordon, Robert B. (2001). American Iron, 1607–1900. JHU Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6816-0.
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- Temple, Robert K.G. (1999). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. London: Prion. p. 49. ISBN 9781853752926.
- Erickson, Charlotte (1986) . British industrialists: steel and hosiery 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 0-566-05141-9.
- Bessemer, Sir Henry (1905). Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. Offices of "Engineering,". p172.
- Anstis 1997, p. 147.
- J.E. Gordon, "The new science of strong materials", Penguin books.
- "Mushet, Robert Forester". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- Anstis 1997, p. 140.
- Bessemer, Sir Henry (1905). An Autobiography. London: Engineering. pp. 176, 180.
- Blaenavon World Heritage Site: Blaenavon and the 'Gilchrist-Thomas' Process
- Chapter 18 Manganese in Steel Making
- Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-521-27367-6.
- Misa, Thomas J. (1999) . A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865–1925. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6052-0. OCLC 540692649. Chapter 1 online.
- Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60, 69. ISBN 0-521-27367-6.
- Payne, P. L. (1968). "Iron and steel manufactures". In Aldcroft, Derek H. The development of British industry and foreign competition, 1875–1914; studies in industrial enterprise. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 92–94, 97. OCLC 224674.
- Abe, E. The Technological Strategy of a Leading Iron and Steel Firm: Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd: Late Victorian Industrialists Did Fail. Business History, 1996, Vol. 38, No. 1, pages 45–76.
- Rail that Survived Demolition by "Lawrence of Arabia": An Analysis
- Thomas J. Misa, A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America, 1865–1925 (1995): chapter on Holley and Bessemer process online
- Anstis, Ralph (1997), Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet, Albion House, ISBN 0-9511371-4-X
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bessemer converter.|
- "Bessemer's explanation of his process". The Engineer. 15 August 1856.
- "How the Modern Steel Furnace Does Its Work". Popular Science: 30–31. February 1919. | <urn:uuid:ac6f2590-5d4e-46f7-9c4d-ee4ad9857c27> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929656.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00140-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950673 | 5,059 | 3.59375 | 4 |
How to Know If Your Child Has a Learning Disability Like Dyslexia
He is a smart child and he’s motivated, but he struggles to keep up in school. It’s a frustrating scenario for parents and children, but this divide between ability and academic achievement may be a symptom of an undiagnosed learning disability (LD). There are a number of learning disabilities, the most common being dyslexia, but all involve learning problems that are not related to intelligence or motivation. Students diagnosed with these disorders—approximately one in five children according to the National Center for Learning Disabilities—have a neurological disorder that affects the way they learn.
For these children and the other students who have undiagnosed learning disabilities, school can be a discouraging place. These learning differences will manifest in poor grades and confidence issues if not addressed, so it’s important that parents learn to spot the symptoms of learning disabilities in their children as early as possible.
Review the list below and observe your child for any signs of dyslexia or other type of learning disability. The earlier a child is diagnosed, the easier it will be to overcome the learning challenges and reach his potential.
Symptoms in Preschool Students
- Delays or difficulties with pronouncing or recognizing words
- Trouble conveying thoughts or finding the correct words
- Problems with eye–hand coordination and motor skills such as using crayons, coloring within the lines, cutting with scissors, tying shoes, and using buttons or zippers
- Memory issues such as learning the alphabet or the days of the week and following instructions
- Slow to socialize with other children
Symptoms in Elementary School Students
- Problems connecting letters with sounds and sounding out words
- Poor spelling and grammar, may spell the same word differently in the same assignment
- Slow to learn math skills and do basic calculations
- Reading comprehension problems and difficulties with remembering facts and sequences
- Messy and inconsistent handwriting
Symptoms in High School Students
- Poor and inconsistent spelling
- Slow reader and may avoid reading tasks
- Short term memory problems
- Slow to accomplish tasks
- Trouble organizing classes, schedules, and homework
Socially, children with learning disabilities can have trouble making friends, become easily frustrated, can be moody, and have trouble accepting criticism. Such children are easily overlooked in today’s busy classrooms, so it is often parents who are the first to notice symptoms of a learning disability in their children. “Early signs of learning disabilities can include developmental delay in language, motor, or visual–spatial coordination areas,” explains David Urion, M.D., director of the Learning Disabilities/Behavioral Neurology Program at Boston’s Children’s Hospital. “Children with delayed language acquisition often have later reading or writing troubles, and such children should be followed closely in their early school years.”
Children with learning disabilities may suffer from low self-esteem, believing they are stupid or slow because they have trouble keeping up in school. In fact, students struggling with dyslexia or other learning challenges are often extremely intelligent. “We know that very, very many people with dyslexia have very high IQs,” explains dyslexia specialist Devon Barnes. And they are in good company, as Winston Churchill, Albert Einstein, Ludwig van Beethoven, Thomas Edison, Leonardo da Vinci, John Lennon, and Steve Jobs were all extraordinarily successful, despite or maybe because of their dyslexia. Getting an early diagnosis and teaching children how to overcome their learning challenges will go a long way to improve confidence and instill a love of learning.
If you suspect your child might be suffering from a learning disability, make notes of the signs you have observed and schedule a meeting with your child’s teacher or principal. Provide a written request for an educational evaluation. By law, public schools are required to evaluate all children who may have a disability. Learning Disabilities Association of America offers guidelines on requesting an evaluation. If your child is diagnosed with a learning disability, you can speak to the school about what special education options might be necessary, such as an Individualized Education Program (IEP).
A diagnosis will be helpful in determining a student’s individual learning style so that he can learn and study in the ways that work best for him. Learning online in a virtual school may also be effective, as the individual pace and more personalized attention is ideal for students whose learning style may not fit the mainstream classrooms. Visit K12.com for more information about online learning.
Elizabeth Street is a writer and managing editor for Learning Liftoff. For the past 20 years, she has written newsletter and website content for nonprofit and corporate organizations on such topics as the plight of children of prisoners worldwide, the lack of prenatal care for mothers in developing countries, and child mentoring programs. She has a particular interest in the importance of providing all children with a quality education regardless of their family’s financial status or background. A native of Virginia, Elizabeth is a graduate of James Madison University and loves animals, with particular fondness for her two cats, Oscar and Emmy. | <urn:uuid:ef7ea154-3287-4f34-b930-43d97576b631> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.learningliftoff.com/how-to-know-if-your-child-has-a-learning-disability-like-dyslexia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736057.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810145103-20200810175103-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.949091 | 1,057 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Sea floor spreading dating Interracial bisexual uk chat rooms
The models show a ridge (a) about 5 million years ago (b) about 2 to 3 million years ago and (c) in the present.
Paleomagnetism (or palaeomagnetism in the United Kingdom) is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials.
These curves diverged, but could be reconciled if it was assumed that the continents had been in contact up to 200 million years ago.
This provided the first clear geophysical evidence for continental drift.
Patterns of seafloor spreading in the Pacific (left), Arctic (centre), and Atlantic oceans (right) showing the relative age of oceanic crust.
This record provides information on the past behavior of Earth's magnetic field and the past location of tectonic plates.
These include biomagnetism, magnetic fabrics (used as strain indicators in rocks and soils), and environmental magnetism.
As early as the 18th century, it was noticed that compass needles deviated near strongly magnetized outcrops.
Early in the 20th century, work by David, Brunhes and Mercanton showed that many rocks were magnetized antiparallel to the field. His intent was to test his theory that the geomagnetic field was related to the Earth's rotation, a theory that he ultimately rejected; but the astatic magnetometer became the basic tool of paleomagnetism and led to a revival of the theory of continental drift.
Japanese geophysicist Motonori Matuyama showed that the Earth's magnetic field reversed in the mid-Quaternary, a reversal now known as the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. Alfred Wegener first proposed in 1915 that continents had once been joined together and had since moved apart.
In 1797, Von Humboldt attributed this magnetization to lightning strikes (and lightning strikes do often magnetize surface rocks). | <urn:uuid:2a1078b3-93c3-4f4a-982c-766d69b75dd1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://maria-sharapova.ru/sea-floor-spreading-dating-21271.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.950515 | 411 | 3.828125 | 4 |
With commitments from leading car and stationary-power manufacturers to hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and the first ever fuel cell electric vehicle to go on sale later this year, interest is once again swelling in this carbon-free technology.
Now, thanks to several new projects from the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office, scientists from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) will have an important role in accelerating innovation and commercialisation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
Berkeley Lab has been awarded $8m for two new DOE research efforts, one to find new materials for hydrogen storage and another for optimising fuel-cell performance and durability.
In addition, Berkeley Lab is leading a range of other hydrogen and fuel cell research projects aimed at developing next-generation fuel cell and related energy-conversion technologies.
“Berkeley Lab has had a strong fuel cell research program going back decades,” said scientist Adam Weber, who leads fuel cell research at Berkeley Lab. “With these new DOE consortiums, each national lab brings its core competences while synergistically leveraging each other. This way we’ll be able to push the state-of-the-art much faster and further than we could individually.”
Fuel cells are considered one of the most promising and fast-growing clean energy technologies.
In 2014, about 50,000 fuel cell units were shipped worldwide, with a nearly 30% market growth every year since 2010. This year, Toyota’s Mirai will be the first fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) to be commercially available for sale in the US. Still, cost remains one of the biggest challenges to wider adoption.
The Fuel Cell—Consortium for Performance and Durability (FC-PAD) is led by Los Alamos National Laboratory and includes Argonne National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, with Weber serving as the consortium’s deputy director. Its goal is to improve and optimise polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which are used primarily for transportation, while reducing their cost.
“If we can make individual cells more durable and perform better with less costly components or fewer of them, than you would drive down the cost of the vehicle,” Weber said.
Specifically one research focus of Weber’s work for FC-PAD will be trying to understand and optimise mass transport in the fuel cell, or the transport of reactants and products, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and water. Mass-transport issues can limit fuel-cell performance.
“One of our core competences at Berkeley Lab is in mathematical modeling and advanced diagnostics, which we can use to study, explore, and describe the transport phenomena across length scales from the microstructural to macroscopic levels,” he said.
Like batteries, fuel cells use a chemical reaction to produce electricity. However fuel cells don’t need to be recharged; rather, they will produce electricity as long as fuel is supplied. In the case of a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen is the fuel, and it’s stored in a tank connected to the fuel cell.
Safe and cost-effective hydrogen storage is another challenge for FCEVs, one that the other DOE consortium, Hydrogen Materials—Advanced Research Consortium (HyMARC), seeks to address. HyMARC is led by Sandia National Laboratories and also includes Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Jeff Urban, the HyMARC lead scientist for Berkeley Lab, noted the Lab’s strengths. He said, “Berkeley Lab brings to the consortium a combination of innovation in H2 storage materials, surface and interface science, controlled nanoscale synthesis, world-class user facilities for characterising nanoscale materials, and predictive materials genome capabilities.” | <urn:uuid:161a6dbf-2d8e-4b22-ad3f-c3e08b97368f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.gasworld.com/berkeley-lab-awarded-8m-for-research/2009377.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530040.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420200802-20190420221746-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.932401 | 792 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Posted October 4th, 2011
Jim Kim Montclare with students.
Teens love gadgets, especially tablets, mobile consoles and smart phones with touch screens that allow for both visual and tactile experiences. Applying that insight to pedagogy, Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biological Sciences Jin Kim Montclare and NYU-Poly students have created a digital app for the iPad that brings chemistry to life by making it intuitive, interactive, engaging and just plain fun.
Montclare’s team developed the app, called Lewis Dots, as part of a program that put dozens of iPads in the hands of 10th grade girls at Brooklyn's Urban Assembly Institute of Math and Science for Young Women (UAI), where Montclare is a mentor. “When the iPad launched, I realized it could be a valuable tool to engage students in chemistry at a young age – the shortage of students entering college to study science and engineering is particularly acute among girls in underserved minority groups,” Montclare says.
The app is based on the eponymous molecular diagrams familiar to chemistry students in which elements are depicted as letter abbreviations, and electrons and bonds are dots and dashes. Available as a free iPad download from iTunes, Lewis Dots takes the pencil-and-paper template a step further: Students can drag periodic elements and electrons about the iPad touch screen to make and break bonds and assemble molecules. They learn about ionic and covalent bonding in the process, since heuristics determine which atoms can form which kinds of bonds. Users can also save the structures and diagrams as images in Photos App with the tap of a button.
Lewis Dots was developed by Carlo Yuvienco, a NYU-Poly biomedical engineering doctoral candidate and a National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 fellow in the Applying Mechatronics to Promote Science project. Instead of hiring a software consultant (which would have cost a fortune), Yuvienco found a few nooks and crannies in his packed schedule, plunked down $99 to become a Mac IO developer, and wrote the app based on the UAI chemistry curriculum.
"At the time I was juggling a fellowship and research, but I knew Dr. Montclare was in a bind,” he says. “But I also knew it was a worthwhile idea, and I felt I had a little co-ownership with it." Two NYU-Poly undergraduates, Maurica Lewis and Jinhui Zhao, helped develop the teaching interface and actually implemented the use of the Lewis Dots app in the tenth grade classroom.
One benefit of the Lewis Dots app is that it doesn't limit the size of the molecule a user can create the way, say, a piece of paper does. "You can build molecules as big as you want. And sometimes you want to erase or delete, and this lets you do that easily as well," Yuvienco says. "The beauty of the app is that one can learn from scratch by using it. It’s simple functionality but that's what chemistry is: connecting the dots between atoms.”
Montclare says that for the high school students the app goes beyond what a computer can do. "Yes, you can do visualization of molecules on computers – and we have done that using 3D molecular visualization programs – but I wanted to give students an interface that lets them understand it by actually touching the screen. And it helps students get excited about science, engineering because the interface itself is technology.”
Word is getting out about Lewis Dots as Montclare submitted a paper on the app to the Journal of Chemical Education. As part of its peer review process, chemistry teachers around the country will be looking at Lewis Dots. "It will be good in terms of getting exposure and feedback on whether teachers and students like it," says Montclare.
Next up is a range of new functions such as letting teachers project diagrams from the app on a classroom screen. The NYU-Poly team also plans to add electrochemistry heuristics. "And we are thinking about balancing equations, which is hard for some students,” says Montclare.
Yuvienco says the key is not to just blindly add functionality, just for the sake of having lots of features. “We want them to be geared toward a curriculum – toward the student – with a pedagogical objective."
But even as a 1.0 model, Lewis Dots has been a big hit with UAI tenth graders. "They think chemistry is fun, and are now a more positive about science," says Montclare.
The project development and iPads for the UAI students were provided through grants from The Camile & Henry Dreyfus Foundation, The Teagle Foundation and the NSF Materials Research Science & Engineering Centers (MRSEC) program. | <urn:uuid:b0003adc-f11f-4098-b22e-e24758a0e688> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://engineering.nyu.edu/press-releases/2011/10/04/new-ipad-app-makes-chemistry-just-plain-fun-teens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00344-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959017 | 1,018 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Chanukah Gifts & Kids: Light a candle each night for the many faces of courageThursday, November 29, 2012 | by dasee berkowitz
My 4-year-old son is obsessed with superheroes, dressing up at every opportunity as the superhero du jour to do battle with the bad guys lurking around the corner.
From a developmental perspective, I know this fantasy play is his way of exercising control over a world he is learning is increasingly out of his control. But I also see other qualities — his desire to be strong, to stand up for the good guys — in short, to be courageous.
Becoming courageous doesn’t happen overnight. It develops when children have opportunities to stand up for what’s right and to take responsible risks. Through experiences my husband and I provide, and the stories we tell them, we can lay some groundwork.
As I think about a central message of the Chanukah story and the way I want to portray it to my kids, models of courage abound. From Judah Maccabee, to Judith, to Hannah and her seven sons, heroes and heroines fought for the right to be different, to be Jews who refused to assimilate into the prevailing Hellenistic culture.
When Antiochus Epiphanes came to power, and observance of the most basic mitzvot (circumcision, Shabbat celebration and kashrut) were turned into capital offenses, their acts of courage formed the basis of a central narrative of the Chanukah story that has been passed down through the generations.
Consider Judah Maccabee, whose army with a bunch of Jewish soldiers used guerrilla tactics and religious zeal to defeat the stronger Assyrian Greek army. He forced the Assyrian Greeks to rescind the policies that forbade Jewish practice, and in 164 BCE liberated the Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to a place of Jewish worship.
Consider Judith, who did her part to prevent the siege of Jerusalem in her hometown of Bethulia by seducing Holfenes, the Assyrian Greek army general, and then decapitating him. Her bravery is so highly esteemed by the rabbis that it is because of her act of courage that Jewish women are obligated to light Chanukah candles.
And consider Hannah and her seven sons, who refused to bow down to Zeus and Antiochus and eat non-kosher meat. The Book of Maccabees relates that each of her sons and then her mother were tortured to death.
These acts of courage seem extreme and even unpalatable to our modern ear, but they also lead us to deeper questions about the nature of courage. Are there values and beliefs for which we are willing to make great sacrifices, and if any of these values or beliefs were to be violated, would we be stirred to action?
While these figures present us with one narrative of the Chanukah story — of heroism in battle and martyrdom — a second narrative is favored by the ancient rabbis. The story begins with the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the faith the Jews had that the small cruse of oil could last for eight days (in time for others to travel and get more oil), instead of one.
The second narrative downplays the military victory won by human hands and elevates the story to one in which our faith in God and God’s miracles are kindled. It reminds us that courage is born when we continue to have faith and hope even in our darkest time. Having faith in itself is an important kind of courage.
Overcoming our most natural desires and exercising personal restraint is another kind of heroism. This is a kind of everyday courage.
When we are present in a difficult conversation with someone we care about, even though our impulse is to leave, we are a hero. When we resist the urge to say something that we know will offend another person, even if we think it is warranted, we are courageous. When we have vowed not to feed a habit that is destructive to us, and when tempted and resist, we are being our own heroes. n
Dedicate each night to a hero
Candle 1 to the classic Chanukah heroes of Judah Maccabee, Judith and Hannah.
Candle 2 to the courageous acts of our children who welcome a new kid to school, speak out against bullying or have faith that the next day at school might be a little better than today.
Candle 3 to someone in your community who took up a cause you believe in and fought for it.
Candle 4 to someone in your family — perhaps a parent or grandparent — and a courageous act they performed during their lives.
Candle 5 to American and Israeli soldiers who are fighting to protect values and ideals that are sacred to us.
Candle 6 to the courage that you have exercised by restraint — with a co-worker, spouse, child, friend or parent.
Candle 7 to a person in your life who most exemplifies courage.
Candle 8 to that quality of courage in ourselves that enables us to bring light into dark places and for the energy to continue to stoke the embers of our own sense of courage. | <urn:uuid:2ce7dca1-b6fc-4151-baef-83f6011a72de> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.jweekly.com/includes/print/67170/article/chanukah-gifts-kids-light-a-candle-each-night-for-the-many-faces-of-courage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737867468.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221747-00150-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961043 | 1,060 | 2.625 | 3 |
Photo source: University of Connecticut https://wiki.bugwood.org/Iris_pseudacorus
This invasive iris is also called “yellow flag” or “yellowtail” iris. It should not be confused with other yellow irises, including bearded and Siberian species.
This iris has invaded wetlands and shorelines across America, present in all but four states. It is native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa and was imported to North America as an ornamental plant as early as the late-1700s. Yellow iris was discovered on the shore of White Bear Lake near the historic Fillebrown House in the summer of 2020 and treated later that summer.
Yellow iris expands quickly via rhizomes and forms dense mats of roots that crowd out native species, reduce the habitat available to native fish and waterfowl, and clog and narrow waterways. All parts of the plant are toxic to livestock and other animals.
If property owners see any of this growing on their lakeshore, they should arrange to have it removed as described below.
How to identify invasive yellow iris
It is a perennial aquatic herbaceous plant that grows one to three feet tall along shorelines or in shallow water. The leaves gradually taper (sword like shape) and are up to ¾ inch wide. They are green to blue-green in color. The center of the leave is sharply thickened. The leaves are stalkless and have parallel veins.
They bloom May-July. Two or three deep yellow flowers adorn one round stalk, shorter than the outer leaves. Three outer dropping sepals with brownish mottled markings surround the true flower. Oblong capsules contain numerous flattened seeds that look like thick coins. There is a short root system with stout rhizomes (roots).
How to control/remove invasive yellow iris
Wear gloves and cover your skin if working with the plant, as contact with the plant and its sap can cause skin irritation.
Small clumps can be dug out, though this is only effective if the rhizomes are entirely removed.
Mowed plants will regenerate from the rhizomes, so plants must be cut multiple times to exhaust their energy reserves. The sap may cause skin irritation, so gloves should be worn when handling cut or damaged stems.
Glyphosate herbicides approved for aquatic use (such as Rodeo, Roundup aquatic formula, and Aqua Star) can be effective, particularly if applied to recently cut foliage and stems. In Minnesota, eradication of such semiaquatic plants in public waters below the ordinary high water level (OHWL) requires a permit from the DNR. (For reference, the lake reached levels a few inches above the OHWL in 2019 and 2020.) If these irises are found growing outside public waters on private land, they may be controlled by property owners without a permit.
Minnesota DNR information on yellow iris: https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/terrestrialplants/herbaceous/yellowiris.html | <urn:uuid:59d4f569-1ff1-446c-86cb-8444052ffb19> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://wblcd.org/index.php/about-lake/invasive-species/invasive-yellow-iris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.933865 | 708 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The development that artificial intelligence has brought to man continues to take us through an exponential path into the fourth industrial revolution. With advancements in machine learning and automated technology, we continue to make breakthroughs like never before. In a new research, carried out be Astronomers in Britain and published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society last week, using old NASA data, fifty new planets were discovered.
The British astronomers, in collaboration with computer scientists at the University of Warwick, built a machine learning algorithm that was able to filter through data containing thousands of potential planets. Researchers before now have never been clear about which is an actual planet. This is largely due to the fact that scientists in searching for exoplanets look for dips in light that indicate a planet passing between the telescope and their star. But these dips could also be caused by other factors, like background interference or even errors in the camera.
But with this algorithm, they are making exponential breakthroughs in telling the difference. They made the algorithm immerse itself in data collected by NASA’s now-retired Kepler Space Telescope over a period of nine years on a world-hunting mission. After the algorithm has gone through the data, it very quickly learned to separate real planets from false positives. It was thereafter given data sets yet to be confirmed, in which it found fifty exoplanets ranging from some as big as Neptune and others as small as Earth.
“In terms of planet validation, no-one has used a machine learning technique before,” David Armstrong, one of the study’s lead authors at the University of Warwick said in a news release. “Machine learning has been used for ranking planetary candidates but never in a probabilistic framework, which is what you need to truly validate a planet.”
With this discovery researchers are looking to use AI going forward to carryout more telescope missions. According to the release, this algorithm is the most likely way going forward because “the AI is faster than current techniques, and can be automated to perform on its own.” Armstrong also said that the algorithm could be used to analyze data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), an all-sky survey mission that completed its primary mission on July 4. | <urn:uuid:2250aaaa-1a9c-46fc-a877-fc0e0f755968> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://risenetworks.org/ai-identifies-50-planets-in-new-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038460648.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417132441-20210417162441-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.957726 | 467 | 3.6875 | 4 |
A fecal impaction is a large lump of dry, hard stool that stays stuck in the rectum. It is most often seen in people who are constipated for a long time.
Causes of Fecal impaction
Constipation is when you are not passing stool as often or as easily as is normal for you. Your stool becomes hard and dry, and it is difficult to pass.
Fecal impaction often occurs in people who have had constipation for a long time and have been using laxatives. The problem is even more likely when the laxatives are stopped suddenly. The muscles of the intestines forget how to move stool or feces on their own.
You are at more risk for chronic constipation and fecal impaction if:
- You not move around much and spend most of your time in a chair or bed.
- You have a disease of the brain or nervous system that damages the nerves that go to the muscles of the intestines.
Certain drugs slow the passage of stool through the bowels:
- Anticholinergics, which affect the interaction between nerves and muscles of the bowel
- Medicines used to treat diarrhea, if they are taken too often
- Narcotic pain medicine, such as methadone and codeine
Fecal impaction Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Abdominal cramping and bloating
- Leakage of liquid or sudden episodes of watery diarrhea in someone who has chronic constipation
- Rectal bleeding
- Small, semi-formed stools
- Straining when trying to pass stools
Other possible symptoms include:
- Bladder pressure or loss of bladder control
- Lower back pain
- Rapid heartbeat or light-headedness from straining to pass stool
Tests and Exams
The health care provider will examine your stomach area and rectum. The rectal exam will reveal a hard mass of stool in the rectum.
If there has been a recent change in your bowel habits, your doctor may recommend a colonoscopy to check for colon or rectal cancer.
Treatment of Fecal impaction
Treating a fecal impaction involves steps to remove the impacted stool. After that, measures are taken to prevent future fecal impactions.
Often a warm mineral oil enema is used to soften and lubricate the stool. However, enemas alone are usually not enough to remove a large, hardened impaction.
The mass may have to be broken up by hand. This is called manual removal:
- A health care provider will need to insert one or two fingers into the rectum and slowly break up the mass into smaller pieces so that it can come out.
- This process must be done in small steps to avoid causing injury to the rectum.
- Suppositories inserted into the rectum may be given between attempts to help clear the stool.
Surgery is rarely needed to treat a fecal impaction. An overly widened colon (megacolon) or complete blockage of the bowel may require emergency removal of the impaction.
Most people who have had a fecal impaction will need a bowel retraining program. Your doctor and a specially trained nurse or therapist will:
- Take a detailed history of your diet, bowel patterns, laxative use, medications, and medical problems
- Examine you carefully.
- Recommend changes in your diet, how to use laxatives and stool softeners, special exercises, lifestyle changes, and other special techniques to retrain your bowel.
- Follow you closely to make sure the program works for you.
With treatment, the outcome is good.
- Tear (ulceration) of the rectal tissue
- Tissue death (necrosis) or rectal tissue injury
When to Contact a Health Professional
Tell your health care provider if you have chronic diarrhea or fecal incontinence after a long period of constipation. Also tell your health care provider if you have any of the following symptoms:
- Abdominal pain and bloating
- Blood in the stool
- Sudden constipation with abdominal cramps, and an inability to pass gas or stool. In this case, do not take any laxatives. Call your health care provider immediately.
- Very thin, pencil-like stools
Lembo AJ, Ullman SP. Constipation. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 18.
Madoff RD. Diseases of the rectum and anus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 147.
|Review Date: 1/22/2013
Reviewed By: George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, California. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. | <urn:uuid:96fc5186-8011-4e0b-9aac-b23464c74b2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.drugs.com/enc/fecal-impaction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.90813 | 1,092 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Military and aerospace are two industry sectors that utilize most advanced electronic applications. The systems used in these sectors demand precision and superiority in terms of performance. Most military and aerospace systems are required to adhere to IPC –A-610E Class 3 for high performance products as per the IPC guidelines. This is why PCBs must be made with utmost precision and attention. There are several factors that influence the design of these PCBs. Do you wish to know about these factors? Well, read this post. It will discuss important factors affecting their design.
Factors to be Considered During the Design and Fabrication of Military and Aerospace PCBs
During the PCB assembly process, various factors must be taken into consideration. They are mentioned below:
Material of Construction: PCB assemblies used in military and aerospace applications must be strong enough to withstand high temperatures. Typically, high temperature laminates like aluminum and copper substrates are used in PCBs for aerospace and military applications. Nowadays, anodized aluminum is used to minimize the effects of heat induced oxidation. Various aluminum substrates combined with thermally conductive pre-pegs are known to offer weight advantages.
Reduction of Electromagnetic Induction and Attenuation: During the PCB assembly for military and aerospace applications, a stranded wire is dipped into the hot melted solder, dried, and left to solidify. Dried soldering achieves strength on drying. It helps improve transform a stranded wire into a solid wire, and eliminate air gaps, as well as allow a stable air flow. This helps reduce effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI), as well as attenuation. Also, it improves the reliability of aerospace/military PCBs by about 2-5%.
Thermal Dissipation: Many times, it is seen that certain components on a PCB start dissipating heat more than 1 watt. It becomes important to control this heat dissipation to avoid PCB damage. This is the reason why components are usually mounted about 20.00 MILS from the board surface or a spacer is used between a component and a heat sink. Both these strategies help control heat dissipation in military or aerospace PCBs. This spacing also helps avoid stress, as there is a sufficient clearance to protect the PCB surface, and components. This adds to the reliability of aerospace PCBs.
Conformal Coating and Surface Finishes: Most aerospace and defense applications are subjected to extreme environment conditions, such as continuous exposure to moisture, water, extreme temperature, and humidity. Hence, application of an appropriate conformal coating becomes important. Generally, acid based sprays are considered for conformal coating. Other types of surface finishing and coating include ENIG, HASL, immersion silver, etc.
PCB driven Aerospace and Military Applications
The following are some advanced aerospace and military applications that utilize high quality PCBs:
- Cryptanalysis systems
- Cyber counterintelligence systems
- Command and control systems
- Automatic search jamming systems
- AMRAAM – Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missiles
- ECCM – Electronic Counter-Countermeasure
- IADS – Integrated Air Defense System
- AEW&C – Airborne Early Warning & Control
- AWACS – Airborne Warning and Control System
- ASRAAM – Advanced Short Range Air to Air Missiles
All the above-mentioned examples will help you understand the rising importance of PCBs in aerospace and military industry. It is important that you source these PCBs from an ITAR certified manufacturer. Accelerated Assemblies provides PCB assemblies military industry. All PCBs are subjected to intensive testing and inspection before delivering to the client, which helps ensure high quality and long term performance. | <urn:uuid:8b57ad06-3af2-48c9-b8a5-5849e788b303> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.acceleratedassemblies.com/blog/what-are-the-factors-affecting-military-and-aerospace-pcb-assembly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.922751 | 749 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Motivating desired behavior in your child may not be a cinch, but having a method is the first place to begin. You can motivate your child with consistent structure and personalized, age-appropriate motivation that is tailored to their needs. Whether it’s homework, chores, or daily self-care, children may get distracted, discouraged, or refuse to finish tasks without a system to assist them.
BCBA, Xylene Contaoi, of Xcite Steps, outlines three tried and true systems for motivation:
A visual schedule shows a child what their day will consist of, when to expect which tasks, and what the expectations are. Without knowing what to expect, kids can lose focus or get discouraged. Tailor the schedule to their age and ability: for older kids or adolescents, the schedule can be a simple list with times (or they can create their own!). For youngers and/or children who cannot read, create a board with pictures that represents each task. Post the schedule within the child’s view in their workspace.
Check out visual schedule examples here.
Getting enough sensory breaks is crucial for kids! Consistently leaving one’s space and getting some exercise can avoid meltdowns and/or task refusal. Let your child decide what type of break they would like to work for: dancing, hugs and squeezes, bouncing on a medicine ball, or even running/walking laps around the house or block. The most important thing is that your child finds it motivating.
Setting boundaries for breaks may be necessary if your child struggles with transitions, or bringing their energy back to “work time”. Establish boundaries before beginning (e.g. five laps, two songs, no throwing or screaming indoors, etc.). Setting a visual timer is a good way to help children keep time limits in mind.
Need some ideas? Here are 100 sensory break options for kids.
Some children work fine with a visual schedule. Others may need extra motivation, such as a token board, to complete their tasks. Token boards work by showing a child what they need to earn in order to receive a reward or a break. A token board consists of tokens a child earns for completing tasks or giving responses.
For younger kiddos who need a lot of reinforcement, a five-token board is a good place to start. When to give a token is up to the discretion of the facilitator, depending on the child’s abilities. Tokens can be given more liberally on days they need extra motivation, or more sparingly on days when a child works more independently.
Tailor the board to the child’s interests! It can be as simple or fancy as a child likes, but created in such a way that has a positive association for the child. Read more about implementing token boards here. And, check out these pre-made token boards!
These motivation systems are as dynamic as the children they serve. They can and should be created and modified according to the child’s needs. The possibilities are endless!
If you’re still not seeing the results you want, reach out for help. San Diego’s Xcite Steps Behavior and Therapy Center specializes in ABA and family therapy. Xcite’s BCBAs are trained professionals passionate about giving your child the program that works best for them.
Watch Xylene’s full interview here. | <urn:uuid:dbd91e9c-c043-46fd-864d-8bd695bee442> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://tritonsupportservices.com/2021/02/15/you-can-motivate-your-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358956.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227114444-20210227144444-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.931907 | 702 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Specialty polymers and resins primarily are proprietary polymers, monomers, resins and intermediate products. They are made by specialty polymers for industrial applications companies based upon proprietary curing technologies or chemical combinations, or those designed for special applications.
Types of Specialty Polymers
There are various grades or types of specialty polymers including elastomer or rubber, thermoplastic, thermoset and composite material. Each one differs in terms of physical, mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. These properties in turn determine how suitable a given product is for a particular application.
Specialty Elastomers – These kinds of specialty polymers are designed for applications that involve highly abrasive operations. They are utilized in conveyor belts, wear seals, hose covers as well as various parts for petroleum drilling equipment. Specialty elastomers along with rubber materials are characterized by a high degree of flexibility as well as elasticity (high reversible elongation). These plastic materials are produced based upon chemical systems like polyurethane, butyl, chloroprene, neoprene, polybutadiene, neoprene, isoprene and natural rubber, along with other synthetic rubber or compounds.
Specialty Composites – Specialty polymers manufacturing firms customize specialty composites for applications like vibration damping, noise control, cushioning as well as shock isolation. They are utilized in products like sound barriers, acoustical foams and molded isolators. A majority of specialty composites are filled with a strengthening phase, toughening phase, reinforcement fibers or like specialty fillers that impart certain unique properties onto them. Such fillers include aramid fiber, fiber glass, carbon or graphite, minerals or metal. Some specialty composites however do not have fillers.
Specialty Thermoplastics – The specialty thermoplastics are applied in bio-composites, bio-plastics and certain fluid-resistant applications. As an example, companies for specialty polymers manufacturing TPO can soften it repeatedly using heat before getting it hardened by cooling effects. As such, specialty thermoplastics allow for injection molding of certain sections. Thermoformed and scrap can as well be reprocessed for reusing waste materials and containing manufacturing costs.
Specialty Thermosets – Coatings and adhesives make use of specialty thermosets. These products include epoxy resins along with elastomer-modified epoxy resins, epoxy functional modifiers and monomers, reactive liquid polymers as well as thermoset reducers and catalysts. Specialty thermosets are crosslinked polymers cured through application of pressure or heat. Generally, cured thermoset resins have higher heat-resistance relative to thermoplastics, though melting is unable to reprocess them.
A lot of specialty polymers manufacturing plants can avail other kinds of specialty polymers for specific applications. Flexible PVC is for instance among the products which companies for specialty polymers manufacturing PVC are capable of supplying to industrial plants.
Properties of Specialty Polymers
The properties exhibited by specialty polymers and resins depend upon their composition. It is important for industries for specialty polymers manufacturing TPE for example to give special consideration to properties like usage as water absorption, viscosity, use temperature and tensile strength.
Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress that a polymeric material is capable of withstanding while being pulled and stretched before necking deformation happens.
Use temperature is on its part the allowable range of temperature within which the compound can work effectively and determines the environments in which the resin can be utilized.
Viscosity is the parameter used for measuring flow-resistance of a compound and needs to be understood well for production, processing and even application of the material to be done correctly.
Water absorption is what amount of water a material is capable of absorbing and is a crucial aspect for any material that gets in contact with water or is utilized as a sorbent. Visit HTTP://WWW.SESPOLY.COM/MARKETS/CONSUMER-INDUSTRIAL-PRODUCTS/ today! | <urn:uuid:a6f84eb5-f145-47c2-bf50-40a9cc8ea45a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.professionalgeologist.org/information-about-specialty-polymers-and-resins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591837.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720213434-20180720233434-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.914928 | 849 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The ocean cover the two third of earth and high sea does not belong to anyone, and criminal pirates have access to move freely and unrestrictedly around the entire ocean. During the past twelve months Piracy has been found a big threat for shipping trade and related 286 incidents off the coast of Somalia occurred with 714 seafarers being held for ransom.
The culture of earning by unfair means of piracy has deepened once the small evils went unchecked it slowly became a big challenge for the whole world. It is also apprehended that a day will come when people will stop to adopt this profession and we may lose a talented and skilled force to sail our vessels and to run the world trade.
International community sometimes faces new problems in bringing pirates to the court of law for punishment as the act is often performed outside the jurisdiction of sea boundaries of any state where the law of the state either may not apply or does not permit to take any legal action. There is need to develop capacity of states in the piracy infested regions to punish those who commit piracy and armed robbery against the ships.
It has also been realized that solution to all these problems are at land and not at sea alone. Piracy will further flourish and can not be stopped by applying force only and these measures are more expensive and difficult to sustain for long term basis. For viable long-term solution we have no alternate except to detect the root causes and to address the vital issues with all the seriousness it deserves. We have to fight piracy if we have sincere collaboration with an effective Somalian government. The gangs of pirates are often more powerful than government. It is pertinent to strengthen the government machinery and to develop their capability to fight with the masterminds of the pirates, stop the incoming routes from where they get sophisticated weapons for this evil act. According to some peoples of Somalia piracy is an reaction to an illegal fishing and dumping of toxic wastes in their water, where as a stable and effective government will also take control to all these issues to secure them. Somalian government will establish a land and sea based stations in collaboration with international communities and organizations for surveillance and monitoring process. Every step shall be made to eliminate corruption among government organizations by providing better facilities for their livelihood. There is need to conduct a research study on behavior of Somalian people, to alleviate poverty, strengthen government infrastructure, establish effective governance and rule of law, providing better opportunities for employment and develop an effective and meaningful collaboration with the international organizations, and setting priorities for short and long term planning measures both at sea and land. | <urn:uuid:129f947e-47f6-4ade-af7c-0667d315d622> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://professionalmariner.com/piracy-solutions-the-root-of-the-problem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129031912-20221129061912-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.965577 | 509 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: firstname.lastname@example.org. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.
Announcement: World Stroke Day --- October 29, 2009
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States (1). Approximately 795,000 strokes occur each year in the United States, at an estimated cost of $68 billion (1). World Stroke Day is October 29. The theme of this year's observance is What Can I Do?
Public health practitioners and other health professionals can encourage their patients to lower the risk for stroke by preventing or controlling high blood pressure and diabetes, lowering cholesterol, avoiding tobacco use, limiting alcohol use, engaging in regular physical activity, and eating a healthy diet with more fresh fruits and vegetables and less salt and saturated fat. Public health agencies also should educate members of the public to recognize the signs and symptoms of stroke and the importance of dialing 911 immediately for prompt medical attention.
CDC addresses stroke prevention by working with state-based programs, the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry, and other organizations to develop strategies to prevent heart disease and stroke. Additional information regarding stroke is available at http://www.cdc.gov/stroke. More information regarding World Stroke Day 2009 is available at http://www.world-stroke.org/world_day.asp.
- Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2009;119:e21--181. | <urn:uuid:80c1811e-dde8-45fe-a47f-bd47c1bc50c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5841a4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897022 | 366 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Investment company, Goldman Sachs’ recent research forecasts renewable energy to be cheaper than other forms of power by 2020.
Alberto Gandolfi, from Goldman Sachs Research said,
What started as a decarbonisation process – thanks to better technology – is about to become a process driven by costs and the economics.
This sounds like more proof that Carbon Fee and Dividend will work. CF&D would drive up the price of fossil fuel and their products and speed up the consumer switch to clean – and now cheaper – alternatives.
It would also give investors confidence that divesting in fossil fuel and investing in the alternatives is the clever move.
The resulting fall in carbon dioxide levels would be a big win for the climate and our planet.
Which begs another question: why is the UK forging ahead with a new nuclear reactor when the cost of renewable power is falling and the technology is coming on in leaps and bounds?
Written by Louisa Davison, 29 August 2017
Views expressed here not necessarily shared by Citizens Climate Lobby. | <urn:uuid:493c097b-16d4-457c-a6fe-2947bf05925a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://citizensclimatelobby.uk/2017/08/renewable-power-set-to-be-cheaper-by-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872766.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528091637-20180528111637-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.9495 | 213 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The top of the limestone unit ranges from about 25 feet above sea level in western Duval County to about 75 feet below sea level locally in the eastern part of the county. The limestone, which is part of the surficial aquifer, is the principal source of water to shallow wells in the county. The unit generally consists of a soft, friable, cavernous, sandy limestone, which ranges from about 5 to 40 feet in thickness. Along the coast and in the southern part of the county, the limestone becomes discontinuous. (USGS)
Additional publication details
USGS Numbered Series
Generalized configuration of the top of the limestone unit of the lower part of the surficial aquifer, Duval County, Florida
1 map :col. ;66 x 78 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm. | <urn:uuid:271933bd-4147-4ba2-8732-cfe5084a8611> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82336 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540409.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00336-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893207 | 168 | 3.03125 | 3 |
MHT File Photo
Historic Postcard, 1923
Cumberland City Hall
Cumberland, Allegany County
The Cumberland City Hall is a 7-bay by 7-bay, 2-story, stone-faced, neo-classical structure. A simple straightforward block underneath, City Hall has a thin "veneer" of neo-classical embellishments, and is classically composed, being made up of a stylobate (base), shaft (the two main floors), and capital (cornice and roof-top balustrade). The entrance in the central bay of each facade is flanked by pairs of giant fluted pilasters, and the entablature above projects slightly to become part of the overall entrance-pavilion treatment. Except for this entranceway the major wall area is plain, broken only by the skillful emphasis of an irregular corner, into which the architect has recessed a curving bay within pilasters formed by the exposed ends of the front and side walls. The upper window in this curving bay has been filled with glass block. A mural by artist Gertrude du Brau on the interior of the rotunda dome depicts the early history of the city.
The Cumberland City Hall, built between 1911 and 1912, replaced an earlier structure erected 1873-1874 which burned in 1910. The firm of Holmboe and Lafferty designed the extant City Hall including its rounded corner. The superintendent of construction was famous architect Wright Butler, and Henry L. Brown of Philadelphia was the contractor. According to local residents, the City Hall is the only example of this sort of municipal architecture in Allegany County. Du Brau's mural on the interior of the rotunda dome depicts the early history of the city including representations of General Edward Braddock and of George Washington. The site has served civic functions since the 1840s at which time the city market was located there. | <urn:uuid:3e55e62a-cb52-4a29-917f-266c3ac2755d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?HDID=127&COUNTY=Allegany&FROM=NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY=Allegany | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00111-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951187 | 397 | 3.125 | 3 |
2 After studying this chapter you will be able to Describe the alternative methods of allocating scarce resourcesExplain the connection between demand and marginal benefit and define consumer surplusExplain the connection between supply and marginal cost and define producer surplusExplain the conditions under which markets move resources to their highest-value uses and the sources of inefficiency in our economyExplain the main ideas about fairness and evaluate claims that markets result in unfair outcomes
3 Self-Interest and Social Interest When you buy a pair of shoes or a textbook or fill your gas tank, or even just take a shower, you express your view about how scarce resources should be used.You make choices that are in your self-interest.Markets coordinate your choices with those of everyone else.Do markets do a good job?Do they enable our self-interest choices to be in the social interest?And do markets produce a fair outcome?
4 Resource Allocation Methods Scare resources might be allocated by using any or some combination of the following methods:Market priceCommandMajority ruleContestFirst-come, first-servedSharing equallyLotteryPersonal characteristicsForceHow does each method work?
5 Resource Allocation Methods Market PriceWhen a market allocates a scarce resource, the people who get the resource are those who are willing to pay the market price.Most of the scarce resources that you supply get allocated by market price.You sell your labor services in a market, and you buy most of what you consume in markets.For most goods and services, the market turns out to do a good job.
6 Resource Allocation Methods CommandCommand system allocates resources by the order (command) of someone in authority.For example, if you have a job, most likely someone tells you what to do. Your labor time is allocated to specific tasks by command.A command system works well in organizations with clear lines of authority but badly in an entire economy.
7 Resource Allocation Methods Majority RuleMajority rule allocates resources in the way that a majority of voters choose.Societies use majority rule for some of their biggest decisions.For example, tax rates that allocate resources between private and public use and tax dollars between competing uses such as defense and health care.Majority rule works well when the decision affects lots of people and self-interest must be suppressed to use resources efficiently.
8 Resource Allocation Methods ContestA contest allocates resources to a winner (or group of winners).The most obvious contests are sporting events but they occur in other arenas:For example, The Oscars are a type of contest.Contest works well when the efforts of the “players” are hard to monitor and reward directly.
9 Resource Allocation Methods First-Come, First-ServedA first-come, first-served allocates resources to those who are first in line.Casual restaurants use first-come, first served to allocate tables. Supermarkets also uses first-come, first-served at checkout.First-come, first-served works best when scarce resources can serves just one person at a time in a sequence.
10 Resource Allocation Methods Sharing EquallyWhen a resource is shared equally, everyone gets the same amount of it.You might use this method to share a dessert in a restaurant.To make sharing equally work, people must be in agreement about its use and implementation.It works best for small groups who share common goals and ideals.
11 Resource Allocation Methods LotteryLotteries allocate resources to those with the winning number, draw the lucky cards, or come up lucky on some other gaming system.State lotteries and casinos reallocate millions of dollars worth of goods and services each year.But lotteries are more widespread. For example, they are used to allocate landing slots at some airports.Lotteries work well when there is no effective way to distinguish among potential users of a scarce resource.
12 Resource Allocation Methods Personal CharacteristicsPersonal characteristics allocate resources to those with the “right” characteristics.For example, people choose marriage partners on the basis of personal characteristics.But this method gets used in unacceptable ways: allocating the best jobs to white males and discriminating against minorities and women.
13 Resource Allocation Methods ForceForce plays a role in allocating resources.For example, war has played an enormous role historically in allocating resources.Theft, taking property of others without their consent, also plays a large role.But force provides an effective way of allocating resources—for the state to transfer wealth from the rich to the poor and establish the legal framework in which voluntary exchange can take place in markets.
14 Demand and Marginal Benefit Demand, Willingness to Pay, and ValueValue is what we get, price is what we pay.The value of one more unit of a good or service is its marginal benefit.We measure value as the maximum price that a person is willing to pay.But willingness to pay determines demand.A demand curve is a marginal benefit curve.
15 Demand and Marginal Benefit Individual Demand and Market DemandThe relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by one person is called individual demand.The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by all buyers in the market is called market demand.Figure 5.1 on the next slide shows the connection between individual demand and market demand.
16 Demand and Marginal Benefit Lisa and Nick are the only buyers in the market for pizza.At $1 a slice, the quantity demanded by Lisa is 30 slices.
17 Demand and Marginal Benefit Lisa and Nick are the only buyers in the market for pizza.At $1 a slice, the quantity demanded by Nick is 10 slices.
18 Demand and Marginal Benefit At $1 a slice, the quantity demanded by Lisa is 30 slices and by Nick is 10 slices.The quantity demanded by all buyers in the market is 40 slices.
19 Demand and Marginal Benefit The market demand curve is the horizontal sum of the individual demand curves.
20 Demand and Marginal Benefit Consumer SurplusConsumer surplus is the value of a good minus the price paid for it, summed over the quantity bought.It is measured by the area under the demand curve and above the price paid, up to the quantity bought.Figure 5.2 on the next slide shows the consumer surplus from pizza when the market price is $1 a slice.
21 Demand and Marginal Benefit Lisa and Nick pay the market price, which is $1 a slice.The value Lisa places on the 10th slice is $2.Lisa’s consumer surplus from the 10th slice is the value minus the price, which is $1.
22 Demand and Marginal Benefit At $1 a slice, Lisa buys 30 slices.So her consumer surplus is the area of the green triangle.
23 Demand and Marginal Benefit At $1 a slice, Nick buys 10 slices.So his consumer surplus is the area of the green triangle.
24 Demand and Marginal Benefit At $1 a slice, the consumer surplus for the economy is the area under the market demand curve above the market price, summed over the 40 slices bought.
25 Demand and Marginal Benefit At $1 a slice, Lisa spends $30, Nick spends $10, and together they spend $40 on pizza.The consumer surplus is the value from pizza in excess of the expenditure on it.
26 Supply and Marginal Cost Supply, Cost, and Minimum Supply-PriceCost is what the producer gives up, price is what the producer receives.The cost of one more unit of a good or service is its marginal cost.Marginal cost is the minimum price that a firm is willing to accept.But the minimum supply-price determines supply.A supply curve is a marginal cost curve.
27 Supply and Marginal Cost Individual Supply and Market SupplyThe relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by one producer is called individual supply.The relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by all producers in the market is called market supply.Figure 5.3 on the next slide shows the connection between individual supply and market supply.
28 Supply and Marginal Cost Max and Mario are the only producers of pizza.At $15 a pizza, the quantity supplied by Max is 100 pizzas.
29 Supply and Marginal Cost Max and Mario are the only producers of pizza.At $15 a pizza, the quantity supplied by Mario is 50 pizzas.
30 Supply and Marginal Cost At $15 a pizza, the quantity supplied by Max is 100 pizzas and by Mario is 50 pizzas.The quantity supplied by all producers is 150 pizzas.
31 Supply and Marginal Cost The market supply curve is the horizontal sum of the individual supply curves.
32 Supply and Marginal Cost Producer SurplusProducer surplus is the price received for a good minus the minimum-supply price (marginal cost), summed over the quantity sold.It is measured by the area below the market price and above the supply curve, summed over the quantity sold.Figure 5.4 on the next slide shows the producer surplus from pizza when the market price is $15 a pizza.
33 Supply and Marginal Cost Max is willing to produce the 50th pizza for $10.Max’s producer surplus from the 50th pizza is the price minus the marginal cost, which is $5.
34 Supply and Marginal Cost At $15 a pizza, Max sell 100 pizzas.So his producer surplus is the area of the blue triangle.
35 Supply and Marginal Cost At $15 a pizza, Mario sells 50 pizzas.So his producer surplus is the area of the blue triangle.
36 Supply and Marginal Cost At $15 a pizza, the producer surplus for the economy is the area under the market price above the market supply curve, summed over the 150 pizzas sold.
37 Supply and Marginal Cost The red areas show the cost of producing the pizzas sold.The producer surplus is the value of the pizza sold in excess of the cost of producing it.
38 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Efficiency of Competitive EquilibriumFigure 5.5 shows that a competitive market creates an efficient allocation of resources at equilibrium.In equilibrium, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.
39 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? At the equilibrium quantity, marginal benefit equals marginal cost, so the quantity is the efficient quantity.When the efficient quantity is produced, total surplus (the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus) is maximized.
40 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? The Invisible HandAdam Smith’s “invisible hand” idea in the Wealth of Nations implied that competitive markets send resources to their highest valued use in society.Consumers and producers pursue their own self-interest and interact in markets.Market transactions generate an efficient—highest valued—use of resources.
41 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? The Invisible Hand at Work TodayThe invisible works in our economy today.It coordinates the self interest of producers and consumers of computers, oranges, and just about every good or service that you can think of.The cartoon on page 111 shows how the invisible hand sometimes works in surprising ways.
42 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Underproduction and OverproductionInefficiency can occur because too little of an item is produced—underproduction—or too much of an item is produced—overproduction.
43 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? UnderproductionThe efficient quantity is 10,000 pizzas a day.If production is restricted to 5,000 pizzas a day, there is underproduction and the quantity is inefficient.A deadweight loss equals the decrease in total surplus—the gray triangle.This loss is a social loss.
44 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? OverproductionAgain, the efficient quantity is 10,000 pizzas a day.If production is expanded to 15,000 pizzas a day, a deadweight loss arises from overproduction.This loss is a social loss.
45 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Obstacles to EfficiencyIn competitive markets, underproduction or overproduction arise when there arePrice and quantity regulationsTaxes and subsidiesExternalitiesPublic goods and common resourcesMonopolyHigh transactions costs
46 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Price and Quantity RegulationsPrice regulations sometimes put a block of the price adjustments and lead to underproduction.Quantity regulations that limit the amount that a farm is permitted to produce also leads to underproduction.
47 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Taxes and SubsidiesTaxes increase the prices paid by buyers and lower the prices received by sellers.So taxes decrease the quantity produced and lead to underproduction.Subsidies lower the prices paid by buyers and increase the prices received by sellers.So subsidies increase the quantity produced and lead to overproduction.
48 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? ExternalitiesAn externality is a cost or benefit that affects someone other than the seller or the buyer of a good.An electric utility creates an external cost by burning coal that creates acid rain.The utility doesn’t consider this cost when it chooses the quantity of power to produce. Overproduction results.
49 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? An apartment owner would provide an external benefit if she installed an smoke detector. But she doesn’t consider her neighbor’s marginal benefit and decides not to install the smoke detector.The result is underproduction.
50 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Public Goods and Common ResourcesA public good benefits everyone and no one can be excluded from its benefits.It is in everyone’s self-interest to avoid paying for a public good (called the free-rider problem), which leads to underproduction.
51 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? A common resource is owned by no one but can be used by everyone.It is in everyone’s self interest to ignore the costs of their own use of a common resource that fall on others (called tragedy of the commons).The tragedy of the commons leads to overproduction.
52 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? MonopolyA monopoly is a firm that has sole provider of a good or service.The self-interest of a monopoly is to maximize its profit. To do so, a monopoly sets a price to achieve its self-interested goal.As a result, a monopoly produces too little and underproduction results.
53 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? High Transactions CostsTransactions costs are the opportunity cost of making trades in a market.To use the market price as the allocator of scarce resources, it must be worth bearing the opportunity cost of establishing a market.Some markets are just too costly to operate.When transactions costs are high, the market might underproduce.
54 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? Alternatives to the MarketWhen a market is inefficient, can one of the non-market methods of allocation do a better job?Often, majority rule might be used.But majority rule has its own shortcomings. A group that pursues the self-interest of its members can become the majority.Also, with majority rule, votes must be translated into actions by bureaucrats who have their own agendas.
55 Is the Competitive Market Efficient? There is no one efficient mechanism for allocating resources efficiently.But supplemented majority rule, bypassed inside firms by command systems, and occasionally using first-come, first-served, markets do an amazingly good job.
56 Is the Competitive Market Fair? Ideas about fairness can be divided into two groups:It’s not fair if the result isn’t fairIt’s not fair if the rules aren’t fair
57 Is the Competitive Market Fair? It’s Not Fair if the Result Isn’t FairThe idea that “it’s not fair if the result isn’t fair” began with utilitarianism, which is the principle that states that we should strive to achieve “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.”If everyone gets the same marginal utility from a given amount of income, and if the marginal benefit of income decreases as income increases, taking a dollar from a richer person and given it to a poorer person increases the total benefit. Only when income is equally distributed has the greatest happiness been achieved.
58 Is the Competitive Market Fair? Figure 5.7 shows how redistribution increases efficiency.Tom is poor and has a high marginal benefit of income.Jerry is rich and has a low marginal benefit of income.Taking dollars from Jerry and giving them to Tom until they have equal incomes increases total benefit.
59 Is the Competitive Market Fair? Utilitarianism ignores the cost of making income transfers.Recognizing these costs leads to the big tradeoff between efficiency and fairness.Because of the big tradeoff, John Rawls proposed that income should be redistributed to point at which the poorest person is as well off as possible.
60 Is the Competitive Market Fair? It’s Not Fair If the Rules Aren’t FairThe idea that “it’s not fair if the rules aren’t fair” is based on the symmetry principle, which is the requirement that people in similar situations be treated similarly.
61 Is the Competitive Market Fair? In economics, this principle means equality of opportunity, not equality of income. Robert Nozick suggested that fairness is based on two rules:The state must create and enforce laws that establish and protect private property.Private property may be transferred from one person to another only by voluntary exchange.This means that if resources are allocated efficiently, they may also be allocated fairly.A case study on pp examines Nozick’s claim. | <urn:uuid:ebb78707-3584-41ec-a074-74bd6dc7cdff> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/684391/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825123.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214001053-20181214022553-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.922206 | 3,607 | 4.03125 | 4 |
XDR typhoid infections in 5 US children linked to Pakistan outbreak
Since 2016, five children in the United States have been diagnosed with extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever after traveling to or from Pakistan, where a large ongoing typhoid outbreak has sickened more than 5,300 people, according to a report published today in MMWR.
The outbreak in Pakistan involves a Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi strain that is resistant to most antibiotics commonly used to treat the illness, researchers said. The MMWR report states that 29 patients diagnosed in the U.S. with typhoid fever had traveled to or from Pakistan during 2016 to 2018, including the five children with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections.
“It’s important for travelers and clinicians to know that all travelers to Pakistan are at risk of getting extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever, which can be very difficult to treat,” Kevin Chatham-Stephens, MD, MPH, FAAP, a medical officer in the CDC’s Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, told Infectious Disease News. “Travelers to South Asia, including Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, should take precautions to protect themselves from typhoid fever.”
According to Chatham-Stevens and colleagues, between November 2016 and September 2017, 339 infections caused by the XDR Typhi strain were reported in Pakistan, with one travel-related case also reported in the United Kingdom. Enhanced surveillance efforts in Pakistan identified a total of 5,372 cases as of Dec. 30.
Chatham-Stevens and colleagues reported that the U.S. also has increased surveillance, resulting in the identification of the 29 patients with typhoid fever linked to travel to Pakistan. The children diagnosed with XDR Typhi were aged 4 to 12 years and had traveled to or from Pakistan during late 2017 through mid-2018.
Every year in the U.S., about 350 culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases are reported to the CDC, according to Chatham-Stephens and colleagues. Worldwide, the annual number of typhoid fever cases is around 12 to 27 million, they said. The researchers advised clinicians to be aware that most typhoid fever infections in the U.S. are nonsusceptible to fluoroquinolones — which they said should not be used as empiric therapy — and that the outbreak strain is susceptible to only azithromycin and carbapenems.
In an email, the CDC said it was “concerned” that the outbreak strain also would become resistant to azithromycin, making it harder to treat in areas without access to certain IV antibiotics.
Chatham-Stephens and colleagues said further travel-related cases may be prevented or treated through efforts to promote pretravel vaccination, improved surveillance, including rapid reporting of XDR Typhi cases, and the use of alternative empiric treatments. Chatham-Stephens advised that individuals traveling to South Asia visit a doctor or travel clinic 2 weeks before travel to receive vaccination against typhoid fever.
“Always follow safe food and water guidelines during travel, and if you get sick, see a health care provider as soon as possible,” he said. “Doctors should consider typhoid fever in sick patients who have recently traveled to or from Pakistan.” – by Marley Ghizzone
Disclosures: The authors report no relevant financial disclosures. | <urn:uuid:2dd46d82-36e5-4f09-9cce-bffe2c1a4973> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190110/xdr-typhoid-infections-in-5-us-children-linked-to-pakistan-outbreak | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.956406 | 707 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Motivating your child to complete their homework is a struggle at the best of times, especially when core symptoms of ADHD affect aspects such as organisation and time management.
The following are 5 strategies which can be used to increase your child’s success and motivation to complete their homework and help them to see it as a skill rather than a chore.
- Improve the work environment
Limit distractions in the home and workspace. This can include restricting mobile phone usage during homework hours, reduce unnecessary noise and turn off the television. Whilst reducing unnecessary noise is important, you might find that instrumental music softly playing in the background could help your child block out auditory distracts and improve concentration. Ensure that the workspace is bright and encouraging to work in, in an effort to build motivation
- Develop a routine and schedule
In order to develop a homework habit, it is important to get used to a routine where a specific time and place for homework has been established with you and your child. It is important to consider factors such as:
- When your child is most productive (immediately after school or in the evening after some time to relax from the day),
- Extracurricular activities which can interfere with set homework times,
- Schedule homework when you or someone else has time to monitor.
- Preparation and structure
Ensure your child has all assignments recorded then mark on a calendar. Request the teacher’s help or other responsible students if there are any questions about tasks. Once what needs to be done is established, help your child plan a “things to do” list of tasks for the evening and encourage them to tick off what is accomplished. If your child often forgets to bring home textbooks needed for assignments, ask the teacher if you can borrow a set for home or perhaps purchase one. The most challenging types of assessments are those which span over long periods of time. It helps to:
- Mark the due date on a calendar,
- Break the project down and set goals for what needs to be completed each day in the lead up to the due date,
- Gather resources and encourage your child to begin the research as soon as possible.
- Provide help
While it’s important to be available to answer questions and provide support, avoid your child getting into unhealthy habits and relying on you to do the work for them. Help your child to get started which can be difficult for many of us, but once they’re on a roll, get up and leave. Don’t forget to praise your child for staying on task and give extra praise for achievements.
- Increase motivation and work production
Use rewards, incentives, and other motivation techniques to increase and promote positive behaviour. For example, use a kitchen timer to challenge your child to finish a task before the timer goes off. Reward the work completed in that time-frame depending upon how accurate the work is. Help your child establish mini goals and at the completion of each goal reward them with a break, watch some TV, points/tokens or any other rewarding system you may already have in place. Replace nagging with incentives to motivate your child in completing their homework. This can also work on the flipside; withhold privileges if your child does not stay on task or if they fail to bring home assignments and other materials needed to complete homework.
And remember, it is not your responsibility to turn your child’s work into an outstanding, perfect, work of art. The homework may be too confusing for your child or may take an excessive amount of time to complete. Talk to the teacher about possible adjustments that can be made to ensure that the never-ending homework battle is made somewhat more bearable for you and your child. | <urn:uuid:fb867cb2-ae33-432b-9e38-6630359bc7c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.adhd-clinic.com.au/5-homework-tips-kids-adhd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645613.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318110736-20180318130736-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.952409 | 760 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Prostate Cancer UK said more research was needed to confirm the link between prostate cancer and tofu.
A US study, published on 8 November in the International Journal of Cancer, claimed men eating foods rich in isoflavones could be at risk of developing prostate cancer – the UK’s most common cancer in males.
Isoflavones are compounds which are derived from plants and are found mostly in soy flour, but are also found in soybeans, tofu and miso.
Prostate Cancer UK director Dr Iain Frame told Express.co.uk: “This study suggests a potential link between foods high in isoflavones such as soyabeans and tofu and increased risk of advanced prostate cancer, however, there is currently not enough concrete evidence to say whether this is actually the case.
“Much more research is needed to measure the actual intake of isoflavones in people with varied eating habits.”
The study was published during Movember – the annual month-long charity campaign to raise awareness for men’s health.
Dr Jianjun Zhang, lead author of the research from Fairbanks School of Public Health at Indiana University in Indianapolis, writes in the study abstract: “Prostate cancer is a major cancer in Western countries, and its incidence rate has been remarkably increasing in Asian countries during the last several decades.
“Age, ethnicity and family history are the only established, but non-modifiable, risk factors for this malignancy.”
The researchers compared the number of prostate cancer cases in more than 27,000 men over an 11 year period. The cancer was found in 2,598 of them, with 287 being advanced cases.
Men taking part in the study were asked to write down everything they ate over the period. From this, scientists reported they found isoflavones to be linked to a higher risk of developing prostate cancer.
“Our study offers novel evidence that dietary intake of isoflavones has different effects on advanced and non-advanced prostate cancer,” said Zhang.
“This observation is important for understanding the ethology and prevention of prostate cancer, but needs to be confirmed in more epidemiological studies among populations with diverse dietary habits.”
Currently there are very few establish risk factors for prostate cancer, and more research was needed, according to oncologist Dr Jiri Kubes, a prostate cancer specialist from the Proton Therapy Center in Prague.
“It’s therefore vital that men are aware of the early warning signs, and are visiting their GPs as soon as they suspect something may be wrong. Often, prostate cancer can be present without any warning signs.”
Meanwhile, last week it was revealed that soya foods could help to suppress the development of breast cancer.
There were 46,690 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in 2014, according to Cancer Research UK.
More than 11,000 people died from the disease in the same year. Symptoms include burning, or pain when urinating, frequent urinating at night, finding blood in urine and loss of bladder control.
A healthy diet and regular exercise could help to lower the risk of developing prostate cancer, said Prostate Cancer UK. | <urn:uuid:e6dfe947-3936-4d82-9282-d85cb065f64b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://newsagog.com/is-tofu-safe-prostate-cancer-uk-says-more-research-is-needed-to-confirm-soya-link/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.969473 | 662 | 2.625 | 3 |
New Scientist reports on research showing that social behaviour can follow the laws of a surprising phenomenon – magnetism.
Physicists Quentin Michard and Jean-Philippe Bouchaud were interested in modelling imitation in society – to explain the drop in European birth rates, the explosion in mobile phone ownership and the way clapping at a concert suddenly stops.
The researchers noted similarities in the way magnetic fields influence the spin of electrons in an atom. One atom can influence the next, and with enough effect, the direction of spin in all the atoms can suddenly align.
Modelling each atom as a person allowed the creation of a mathematical model that can accurately predict how, like atoms, human behaviour can suddenly align.
This is not the first time physicists have used mathematical models to predict large-scale human behaviour. Physicist Albert-Laszlo Barabasi used models of dynamic synchronisation to also model audience appreciation – particularly the phenomenon where thunderous applause turns into <a href="synchronised clapping.
Steven Strogatz’s book Sync explores these models in more details, and shows that similar patterns underly many diverse aspects of the world – from human behaviour to the wobble of the London’s Millennium Bridge.
Link to New Scientist item on magnetism and social behaviour. | <urn:uuid:b8a8378d-2c2b-4133-93df-26134ac37de0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mindhacks.com/2005/05/11/magnetism-and-human-behaviour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.883969 | 264 | 3.171875 | 3 |
China did not have a single body of torts law until 2009. As a new piece of legislation in the country, the Torts Law of China, effective as of July 1, 2010, forms a comprehensive framework that regulates torts and provides a legal mechanism to govern liabilities and remedies. A product of the civil law tradition, common law practice and Chinese reality combined, adoption of the Torts Law is hailed in China as an important move toward a civil society that is ruled by law.
The Torts Law premises torts on the fault liability with a few exceptions where the non-fault liability is imposed. Structurally, the Torts Law is distinctive in that it stresses principles and rules of general application, and in the meantime prescribes peculiar tortfeasors and special torts that need to be dealt with differently. In substance, the Torts Law is ambitious because it intends to embrace not only traditional torts but also the newly developed area of torts. In many aspects, the Torts Law is also keen to maintain the Chinese characteristics.
Still, there is a substantial gap between the law on the paper and the law in action. Many ambiguities exist, which require both legislative and judicial interpretations. In addition, many unsolved issues may become obstacles to the application of Torts Law. More significantly, Torts Law enforcement remains a major challenge to the Chi- nese legal system in general and to the Chinese judiciary in particular.
Tort Liabilities and Torts Law: The New Frontier of Chinese Legal Horizon,
Rich. J. Global L. & Bus.
Available at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/global/vol10/iss4/2 | <urn:uuid:d3232f51-7e0a-4166-bcb9-d43953fe1b02> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://scholarship.richmond.edu/global/vol10/iss4/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141686635.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202021743-20201202051743-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.943388 | 346 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Jaworski, Taylor (2009) War and wealth: economic opportunity before and after the Civil War, 1850-1870. Economic History Working Papers, 114/09. Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
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This study uses two samples of linked adult males to examine wealth accumulation by region and occupation between 1850 and 1870. Consistent with past research, the findings here show that wealth accumulation was substantial in the South in the 1850s and stagnant in the 1860s. The findings also suggest improvement in the wealth position of white-collar professionals and blue-collar workers across the entire period, including the Civil War decade, while farmers suffered in the immediate postbellum period. Finally, the value of slaves in 1860 was positively correlated with wealth in 1870, with implications for the legacy of slavery.
|Item Type:||Monograph (Working Paper)|
|Additional Information:||© 2009 Taylor Jaworski|
|Library of Congress subject classification:||H Social Sciences > HC Economic History and Conditions
E History America > E151 United States (General)
|Sets:||Departments > Economic History
Collections > Economists Online
|Date Deposited:||28 Jan 2009 15:33|
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|Record administration - authorised staff only| | <urn:uuid:e66e0d00-d92a-4d32-be6d-cab783e03ef6> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22303/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702039825.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195359-00308-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834935 | 284 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A new study finds that Post-9/11 veterans struggle with home prices at a greater rate than earlier generations of vets and more than other non-vet civilians.
For generations of veterans, getting help achieving the American dream of homeownership was a built-in benefit of military service. After World War II, GI Bills began providing educational and housing subsidies to veterans and their families; and government-backed Veterans’ Assistance loans (mostly to white vets) helped them easily secure mortgages. As a result, today, even as a housing crisis wracks the country—and as an estimated 40,000 homeless veterans go unsheltered each night—veterans are more likely to own their home than civilians.
But zoom in, and you’ll find that the advantage breaks down by war. According to a new report from Apartment List, veterans who served post-9/11 are actually more likely to struggle to afford housing—far more than any group of veterans before them, and even a little more than the average non-vet American citizen. Nearly 35 percent of them are cost-burdened (meaning they spend more than 30 percent of their income on housing) and fewer than half of them own their own homes.
“When you look at the landscape in the way we support our veterans in the housing market, most of it happens on the margins of homelessness, or on the margin of homeownership,” Igor Popov, the author of the report, told CityLab. What this report reveals, he says, is that especially for post-9/11 veterans, focusing on those margins has left out an increasingly unstable middle.
Part of the variance in housing outlook could be explained away by changing demographics, Popov says: Veterans today are younger, and younger people are renting more than they’re buying. They’re also the most diverse cohort in history, meaning they’re more likely to be shut out of the housing market and saddled with intergenerational poverty.
“Underrepresented minorities have unique challenges they face in the housing market,” Popov said. “Whether through implicit discrimination or other things, like the long-lasting effects on neighborhoods of residential segregation.” These are issues that veterans’ assistance policies weren’t initially designed to address—and in some cases, issues that they exacerbated. Today, though African-American and Hispanic veterans only account for around 15 percent of the total U.S. veteran population, according to the National Coalition for Homeless Veterans, they account for 45 percent of all homeless ones.
These younger and more diverse demographics do likely account for the homeownership gap, Popov says, but not all of the variance in cost burden. When comparing veterans’ ability to afford housing compared to a civilian cohort of exactly the same age, race, and gender, post-9/11 veterans’ handicap is staggering: While Vietnam veterans are 10 percent more likely to afford their housing costs than their civilian peers, and Gulf War veterans are a full 25 percent more likely, post-9/11 vets are actually 5 percent less likely to be able to afford their housing costs.
“The veterans returning from war today are part of the first generation to not enjoy a housing affordability advantage,” Popov writes.
So what happened? It’s not that post-9/11 vets earn less than other civilians, even as they have to beat them out for the same housing supply, as Popov initially thought. On average, households with post-9/11 veterans actually earn 9 percent more than non-veteran households. It’s not that veterans are supporting larger households: Family sizes are around the same from generation-to-generation. And it’s not just that post-9/11 veterans are trying to live in pricier cities. Wherever they live, veterans are struggling more.
Part of the problem stems from the housing crash of 2008—around the time that many post-9/11 veterans were returning from or deploying to war. Veterans Assistance loans gave veterans favorable credit terms, but in that era’s environment of super-cheap credit, they had less of a premium. “It wasn’t as big of a relative benefit,” said Popov, especially when “everyone was competing for the same housing stock.” In the years after, veterans, especially ones with PTSD, have been disproportionately affected by the opioid epidemic, which can put them down the path towards homelessness and housing instability. For-profit colleges targeted them, leaving thousands saddled with loan debt. All that is compounded by the fact that nationwide, there’s an extreme lack of affordable housing in every metropolitan area. “Getting employment that is at a livable wage when housing costs are so high makes everything harder,” says Randy Brown, a spokesperson for the National Coalition for Homeless Veterans.
But it could also be that, while the GI Bill and related benefits worked well for some (for a while), veterans of the post-9/11 era aren’t getting the right targeted assistance. “VA home loans are great if you have the money to pay for a mortgage,” says Brown. HUD-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) assistance is great for homeless veterans struggling with mental health issues or disabilities. For veterans at risk of eviction or of falling into homelessness, the biggest benefit is the Supportive Services for Veterans program, which provides temporary financial assistance to those in financial emergencies. “But in between those extremes,” Brown says, “it’s a tough market for affordable housing.”
Even recent proposed updates have backfired. Last year, Donald Trump signed a new Forever GI Bill, which expanded benefits for veterans and their families. But the Department of Veteran Affairs’ IT system wasn’t updated to calculate the new stipends, NBC news reported last month, resulting in missed, incorrect, or late payments to veterans who depend on those stipends for a roof over their heads. This week, NBC found that as of November 8, the glitches had left “more than 82,000 [veterans] … still waiting for their housing payments,” and that hundreds of thousands total were affected.
“A lot of the ways in which we support our veterans date back to policies that were implemented decades ago,” Popov said. “Clearly, the 20th century tactics being enacted are no longer viable when for solving the problems of 21st century veterans.” | <urn:uuid:2c0f5e8e-f034-485a-80b5-e0d317259cc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/11/veterans-housing-unaffordable-young-opioid-homeowner/575635/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578721441.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425114058-20190425140058-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.962264 | 1,353 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Customers of automobiles manufactured a couple of decade in the past would have absolutely identified that their automobiles made use of rubber or artificial belts referred to as V belts. The thickness of a V belt will depend on its particular utility and design. These belts are ribbed at their backside.
After extended use, the V belts get stretched and require tightening. Relying on their place and the elements that get pushed by them, the V belts, that are positioned at totally different places within the motor, essentially require guide changes.
The variety of V belts automobile could have will depend on the amount of equipment that come together with the automobile. An air-conditioned automobile with energy steering would normally have four units of such belts.
Since V belts essentially wanted to be adjusted manually, it was very often that the person would over tighten the identical. Over tightening the belt normally shortens its life and likewise causes further strain on the bearings and bushes wanted to function the equipment, lowering their life as properly ball bearings for sale.
Due to these shortcomings of the V belts, they had been changed by serpentine belts. The usage of serpentine belts resulted within the elimination of many belts on the entrance of engines and additional helped eradicating the guess-work whereas tightening the belts for his or her environment friendly working.
Normally, serpentine belts are thinner and wider, in comparison with V belts. This type of belt has skinny ribs alongside its size. Since these belts are sometimes longer than common V belts, they are often employed for driving extra equipment and elements.
Since these belts make use of stress pulleys, positioned close to the engine’s entrance, they do not have to be adjusted for applicable stress. The pulleys comprise a built-in rubber bushing or heavy spring, which retains belt underneath a continuing strain. Due to this fact, upkeep and subsequent expense is decreased.
However, some upkeep is required. The belt requires frequent substitute, although not as typically as in case of V belts. Moreover, the strain of rubber bushings or heavy springs reduces with time, or the bearing driving the pulley will get dried up.
It isn’t uncommon to see individuals getting caught on the freeway as a result of the bearing of the strain pulley acquired seized by getting dried up resulting from warmth. In such circumstances, the serpentine belt is normally shredded. | <urn:uuid:12d16791-958b-4998-bf19-1effb9783ee2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.braciaisiostry.com/important-automobile-components-serpentine-belts-and-stress-pulleys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257624.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524124534-20190524150534-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.972832 | 480 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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Learn the early beginnings of American whaling through to the Great Age of Yankee Whaling. Get a sense of the challenges and changes that spelled the decline of the whaling fleet.
Amos Haskins, Wampanoag Indian sailed on six whaling voyages between 1839-1861 when he was lost at sea. He rose through the ranks until, in 1851, he was appointed master of the bark Massasoit, #00.231.27
Native American Whaling
Unlike some native peoples of the Pacific Northwest, there is little recorded evidence that eastern woodland native peoples either developed whaling cultures or systematically hunted great whales before Europeans arrived in the Americas. They did hunt small cetaceans and utilized the carcasses of “drift” and stranded whales that washed up on shore. Native use of these as food resources is documented.
As European colonists began to regularly hunt great whales sighted from shore, Native Americans joined them and became actively engaged in the hunt. They became integral members of the first colonial shore-whaling operations, as well as the ocean (pelagic) whaling ventures of later decades.
Explorers and Settlers from Europe
Many early European explorers wrote descriptions of the quantities and types of whales found in the coastal waters of North America. As early as 1535, Jacques Cartier described belugas and other great whales in the St. Lawrence River. Samuel de Champlain wrote a description of Basque whaling for right whales there in 1610.
In 1620, the Pilgrim fathers William Bradford and Edward Winslow wrote: "Cape Cod was like to be a place of good fishing, for we saw daily great whales, of the best kind for oil and bone." These were probably right whales (Eubalæna glacialis), the animal that served as the foundation of North American commercial whaling. The bone to which they referred is the baleen that the mysticete and rorqual whales have growing in the tops of their mouths instead of teeth. Mysticetes (such as the right whale) and rorquals (such as the humpback whale) filter their food through baleen, which is made of keratin, the same material as human fingernails. Baleen was used to make a wide variety of products, such as tools, buggy whips, and corset stays.
Colonial Whaling Begins
The first record of the colonists’ attempts to organize community efforts to hunt drift whales was in Southampton, Long Island, in March of 1644. Over the next 30 years this organization developed into actual shore-whaling operations, where small boats were launched into the surf when whales were sighted offshore. By 1672 the colonists and their Native American neighbors were working together to hunt whales along the coast from small sailing vessels.
While the New Yorkers were developing their seasonal whale fishery generally between October and March, whalers on Cape Cod Bay had also established a thriving shore fishery in Wellfleet, working during the same months. Whales were captured using harpoons with wooden floats attached to long ropes. After the animals were exhausted from dragging the floats, they would be killed with long lances and towed to shore. Their blubber would be removed and boiled down into oil in large iron vats called try-pots. The baleen was also removed, and the carcasses were left to rot.
The whalers of nearby Eastham described this phase of their whaling operation in 1706: "ye Rest of ye Boddy of ye Lean of whales Lye on shoare in lowe water to be washt away by ye sea" (Starbuck, History of the American Whale Fishery, 1878, p. 30).
The Start of Deep-Sea Voyages
As the seasons of the 1720’s saw a noticeable decline in whales off the coasts of Cape Cod and Nantucket, the whalers began to outfit single-masted sailing vessels called sloops to pursue the animals into deeper water. These voyages led the whalers farther out to sea and northward into the well-known whaling grounds off Newfoundland, into the St. Lawrence River and still farther north. Voyages proceeded through the Straits of Belle Isle along the coast of Labrador into the Davis Straits west of Greenland. When whales were captured, the blubber would be removed and stored raw in barrels until it could be boiled out on shore. While the cool temperatures of these northern voyages kept the blubber from spoiling, the oil was of a poorer quality than that obtained while the blubber was fresh.
A Colonial Whaling Industry Takes Shape
With the advent of the systematic hunting of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) that began from Nantucket after 1712, American commercial whaling grew dramatically in its economic importance. Sperm whales differ from other types of whales in several ways, but they were hunted for two main reasons. The first is that sperm whale oil burned cleanly and brightly and was a superior lubricant. Secondly, the spermaceti found in the head of the sperm whale was used to manufacture the finest grade of candles. Colonial exports of candles to England became a profitable business. Occasionally ambergris was found in the bowels of the whales. This material was extremely valuable as a perfume fixative; it was literally worth its weight in gold.
Forking blubber from tub into tryworks, photograph by Herbert Lincoln Aldrich, #00.200.419.9
Two-masted schooners and small square-rigged brigs gradually replaced the single-masted sloops. With the larger vessels whalemen pursued sperm whales throughout the North and South Atlantic as far as the coast of Guinea in Africa and the coast of Brazil in South America.
The adaptation of shore-based try-works to use on shipboard enabled these vessels to stay at sea for longer periods. Oil was boiled out in the try-works on deck and stored in casks [barrels] below deck. This try-works installation of two iron pots in a brick furnace onboard ship was the major technological innovation that enabled the success of the Yankee whaling industry.
Also at this time, the light, cedar-planked, double-ended whaleboat came into general use. While double-ended boats had been used in European whale fisheries for many years, the unique design of the Yankee whaleboat allowed the whalers great versatility, speed and maneuverability. This design remained in use throughout the history of American whaling.
In 1774, two years before the start of American Revolution, the colonial fleet numbered 360 vessels hailing from 15 New England and New York ports. It was around this time that the port of Dartmouth, later to be called New Bedford, was beginning its rise to greatness as a whaling port.
The Impact of War
American whaling came to a disastrous halt during the American Revolution as British naval vessels blockaded American ports and harassed American shipping on the high seas, capturing or destroying many vessels and impressing many American sailors into His Majesty’s Naval service. American whaling ports suffered, but Nantucket in particular was strangled during the war, as whaling was the primary industry there.
After the war, with heavy duties placed on the import of whale products into England, some Nantucket whaling families emigrated to France and England or north to Nova Scotia to continue their occupation and to avoid the heavy taxes. The post-war 1790's were a short period of regrowth between the American Revolution and the War of 1812 as spermaceti candles and sperm oil for lighthouses was in demand in both the United States and Europe.
During the Napoleonic wars, neutral American shipping was cut off from ports in England and France. In response, President Thomas Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act that forbade American vessels from embarking on foreign voyages. This loss of foreign markets once again impeded the American whaling industry. The act was repealed in 1809, but three years later the War of 1812 with England again shut down American ports, bringing maritime commerce to a halt.
After the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ended the War of 1812, American shipping was free to carry on and the whaling ports began to grow. New Bedford, in particular, built its whaling fleet from 10 vessels in 1815 to 36 vessels five years later. Like Nantucket ships, the bulk of these were employed in sperm whaling voyages and New Bedford vessels were hunting throughout the oceans of the world.
"Vinegar Bitters", New Bedford Harbor, METEOR and SUNBEAM, photograph by Joseph S. Martin, 1870,
At this time the classic American whaleship came into general use. These sturdy vessels were generally square-rigged ships of about 300 tons with the brick tryworks built onboard. They had wooden planks suspended from the starboard side where the officers could stand to cut into the whales tied up alongside. There were usually 30 to 35 men onboard and the ships carried three to five whaleboats. The ships were outfitted with whaling gear and enough provisions to last for a cruise of up to four years. Many ships were built specifically for whaling, but many others were converted merchant ships.
In 1841 alone, 75 whaling ships sailed out of New Bedford and the city was fast becoming one of the wealthiest in the nation. New Bedford was not alone. In 1834, 38 East Coast ports between Wiscasset, Maine and Wilmington, Delaware were endeavoring to make money in the whaling industry. Most failed. Through intense competition, industrial infrastructure and whaling expertise separated those ports that could maintain successful whaling fisheries from those that could not.
The New Bedford fleet reached its peak in 1857, when 329 vessels valued at more than $12 million employed more than 10,000 men. The Whaleman’s Shipping List newspaper listed 20 ports in 1855, most of those being the same New York and New England regions that also made up the list of whaling ports before the American Revolution. There was one important addition to that list, however: San Francisco, California.
Arctic whaling and the Civil War
In 1849, whaling master Thomas Welcome Roys of Sag Harbor, New York, sailed the ship Superior through the Bering Straits and into the Western Arctic. His quarry was the bowhead whale (Eubalæna mysticetus). With the hunting of this species, a new chapter in the history of American whaling had begun.
The bowhead is a very fat whale with thick blubber and baleen plates up to 13 feet long. The stocks of this whale in the Western Arctic waters had never been commercially exploited but hunting it was dangerous work in icy seas.
Markets for whale oil and baleen had been steady for many years, then the baleen market spiked around the time of the Civil War. The dictates of women’s clothing fashion in the form of hoop skirts and corsets brought long, flexible baleen into a pricey marketplace.
At this time the need for sperm whale oil for lighting was superceded by the discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 and the market for sperm whale products slackened. This marked the end for ports like Nantucket that had never wholly embraced Arctic whaling. Interestingly enough, Provincetown, Massachusetts, a port that specialized in short voyages and small vessels, continued successful whaling for many more years, but the peak of Yankee whaling had been passed. Access to the Western Arctic was easier from San Francisco, and the New Bedford whaling merchants moved offices and agents there so they could continue their business on both coasts. The opening of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 further consolidated the dual coast whaling business.
Voyages to the Eastern Arctic also increased at this time, but bowhead whale populations there had been commercially exploited for 200 years. Filling the ships often required crews to winter over, a proposition equally as dangerous as whaling in the Western Arctic.
The Civil War, like the wars before, was very bad for the whaling fleet. Confederate cruisers like the Shenandoah, the Alabama and the Florida destroyed more than 50 Yankee whalers. In addition, New Bedford contributed 37 old whaling ships to the war effort in the form of the "Stone Fleet." These vessels were filled with rocks and sunk at the mouths of Southern harbors in an attempt to block shipping.
After the war, two Arctic disasters, one in 1871 and the other in 1876 claimed 30 New Bedford ships and 15 from other ports. Whaling ports lost millions of dollars in these disasters and as ships were lost owners could seldom afford to replace them, as the markets for whale products continued to decline.
Beginning in the 1860s the American whaling industry suffered a gradual decline. Decade by decade, the value of whale oil dwindled, fewer ships were sent to sea, fewer men signed on, fewer fortunes were made, and fewer livelihoods depended on American whaling prowess. Simultaneously, beginning in the 1860s Norwegian entrepreneurs Svend Foyn was developing a new, mechanized whaling technology that would ultimately result in an enormous increase in whales taken worldwide. The reasons usually given for the decline of Yankee whaling fail to account for the simultaneous rise of the new "modern" Norwegian whaling technology:
PETROLEUM: The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 supplanted some of the many applications for sperm and whale oils, but the burgeoning industrial economy was rapidly creating new uses for whale oils. The American whaling industry might have continued to flourish had it adapted and modernized –as the runaway efficiency and economic viability of the "modern" Norwegian technology abundantly demonstrates. Whale oil could not compete with petroleum as a fuel or illuminant; but as a lubricant for clockworks and delicate machinery, as a foodstuff and source of fat for human consumption, as animal feed, fertilizer, and (later) as a lubricant for military use and the aerospace industry, whale oils were ideally suited and remained viable and much in demand until the mid 20th century.
CONFEDERATE NAVY: The American Civil War (1861-65) diverted attention from whaling, raised insurance premiums to unprecedented heights, and subjected the Yankee fleet to the depredations of Confederate commerce raiders. The Confederate Navy, largely lacking the numbers and firepower to break the Union blockade, to defend Southern ports, or to engage Union warships in actual combat, concentrated their energies on capturing and burning merchantmen and whalers wherever they could be intercepted at sea. (Characteristically, the crews and passengers were not harmed. In courtly Southern fashion, they were generally put safely ashore, and only the vessels and cargoes destroyed–the motive being to disrupt the Northern economy.) Confederate corsairs depleted the whaling fleet and cost the Yankees money but the ships and cargoes were insured and the crews survived. The owners could have recuperated and the fishery been revitalized had postwar economic circumstances warranted.
BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN PORTS: Part of the Northern effort to inhibit commerce and shut off the inflow of supplies to the Confederacy was to blockade Southern ports. For this purpose they purchased old and derelict whaleships, filled them with stone ballast and scuttled the hulks in the harbors of Charleston and Savannah –a program subsequently dubbed the "Stone Fleet." This is erroneously taken to have been a severe blow to the whaling industry; however, it was quite the reverse. Only a small portion of the whaling fleet was involved. Most of the affected vessels were already derelict and all were past their prime–this is precisely what made them eligible. Wartime conditions were already making whaling quite hazardous, insurance premiums were so high that cash flow was strained and profits were difficult even if a ship were to return home safely; and these particular vessels were already so dilapidated that they would hardly have been the best ones to insure and risk on a whaling voyage. More to the point, the whaleships were sold, not given, to the government. At a time when whaling merchants were hard pressed to make any kind of profit with these derelict vessels, they were offered a great deal: sell them outright. The capital realized from the sale, added to profits earned from ascending wartime oil prices, could have been reinvested in whaling at war’s end–and the fishery thus been revitalized–had postwar economic circumstances warranted.
ARCTIC DISASTERS: Loss of life, loss of cargoes, and depletion of the whaling fleet in individual shipwrecks in the Arctic ice, and the cataclysmic loss of 45 ships and barks in disasters off Alaska in 1871 and 1876, effectively dampened enthusiasm for bowhead whaling. The implication was that there may have been better ways to earn a living and better investments for capital. This was perhaps especially the case when technological remedies–reinforcement of hulls to withstand Arctic ice, and auxiliary steam engines, to facilitate navigation and increase maneuverability in high latitudes–failed to produce the intended result. Nevertheless, despite insurance payments and other reimbursements (such as restitution for the rescuers) being tied up in decades-long litigation, the economic consequences of these setbacks was not in themselves ruinous. The fishery could have recuperated, had economic circumstances warranted. Moreover, a proven technology was available. By the 1870s Norway’s new, mechanized whaling technology had already shown itself to be viable and profitable. Yankee whaling merchants could have adopted it had they wanted.
DECLINING WHALE STOCKS: Ever since the first Basque pelagic voyages, the history of whaling was a cycle of depletion of stocks, constant searching for new grounds and new stocks, and efforts to better and more effectively to harvest whales by improving the efficiency of the hunting-and-killing apparatus. In the 1860s and ’70s, when American whaling went into decline, there was no shortage of whales, only a perceived shortage. It was actually a decline in numbers among the traditionally hunted species on traditionally hunted grounds. This was coupled with another (erroneous) perception that all or virtually all of the potential grounds had already been discovered and were already being exploited. "Modern" Norwegian whalers readily proved otherwise.
The real reason for the decline of the American whaling industry was the economics of the new Norwegian technology versus other, more advantageous pursuits for American investment. The "modern" Norwegian whalers were efficiently able to harvest not only all of the species that had been hunted for centuries, but also blue whales and finbacks–species that, by reason of their speed in the water, eluded the Yankee hand-whalers. Mechanized chaser boats equipped with high-powered deck cannons firing heavy-caliber, explosive harpoons increased volume and efficiency. This was a significant opportunity for an emerging Norwegian economy; but for Americans to adopt these "modern" methods and convert to the new technology would have diverted capital and resources from potentially more lucrative opportunities. The Norwegians exploited their own coastal waters. Later, between 1904 and 1940, they established shore-whaling stations on six continents (including on the American Northwest Coast) and pioneered pelagic factory-ship expeditions to hitherto unexploited grounds off Antarctica. It was this efficient technology, and the failure of the whaling nations to adhere to protective quotas regulating the catch, that by the mid 20th century several species were devastated to the point of extinction. American hand-whaling became obsolete except among Native Arctic peoples, whose motives were subsistence and cultural, rather than commercial. The new whaling technology passed America by, as American interests, American expectations, and American capital turned to more promising ventures–in manufacturing, railroads, mining, agriculture, and exploitation of western lands. | <urn:uuid:61062ee5-a267-4db9-85e7-47493fd41669> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.whalingmuseum.org/learn/research-topics/overview-of-north-american-whaling/american-whaling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00320-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973564 | 4,133 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Daniele Bochicchio, Stefano Mostarda, and Marco De Sanctis are authors of ASP.NET 4.0 in Practice.
With so many multicore CPUs on the market, multithreading and parallel execution are becoming more popular topics among developers. Both multithreading and parallel execution aim at reducing computing time, providing better performance.
Multithreading is the ability to execute multiple tasks at the same time using different threads (see Figure 1).
Parallel execution is the ability to span a single task across multiple CPUs and use the whole power to execute a computing task in the fastest possible way.
Process, Threads, and Execution
When a program is executed, the operating system creates a particular object called process, giving an isolated memory space to it.
A process contains a specific kind of items called threads, used to execute the code. A process, in fact, does not have the ability to execute anything. A process contains at least one thread (the primary one). When the primary thread is terminated, the process itself is terminated, and the memory is unloaded.
Creating a thread is easier from a performance point of view than creating a process; you are not required to allocate memory.
When a piece of code is executed, the thread is blocked, waiting for the response. If you have a single thread responding to your code execution needs, the problem is simple -- you'll have a waiting list for the code to be executed.
This approach will not work for normal applications. Let's imagine if, while in a production program like the ones in Office, you have to wait for every single operation you'll do before moving on. It will be impossible using a similar approach to have a background spellchecker or start printing while editing a document.
Multithreading is very important; in fact, ASP.NET does support multiple threads. Using this approach, one request does not stop the others and multiple requests at the same time can be served. What is really important at this point is the ability to create new threads and assign a specific code to them to execute part of the work in a different thread. To be clear, I'm speaking of generating multiple threads from a single request to increase response time.
This approach is very useful in scenarios where you need to make calls to external resources, just like databases or web services are.
There is a strong debate about whether generating multiple threads in a web application is a best practice or not because the working threads are shared by all requests. In such a situation, if you can afford a better application componentization, this can be achieved by simply moving the thread generation to a different layer and using the application as a controller and display only. Anyway, the technique shown in the next example may be useful in a lot of scenarios where this componentization is not needed or possible. | <urn:uuid:dc4f7ddc-7646-4ba6-b191-f7592e9c7ff5> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/reducing-computing-time-with-multithread/225700238 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738095178.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222135-00182-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933645 | 580 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Japan’s power-sector transformation continues, with energy-efficiency advances and weak economic growth resulting in a 2.7 percent decline in electricity demand over 2015.
It’s the fifth consecutive annual decline as the country’s electricity market evolves in the lingering wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Japan continues to invest almost US$20 billion annually in new solar developments that are bringing 8 gigawatts of solar-powered electricity online per year. Meantime, a gradual nuclear facility restart is under way, and oil and liquid natural gas (LNG) is cheap.
These factors together mean less market share for thermal power generation and signal an almost inevitable decline in thermal coal imports and coal-fired power generation over the balance of this decade.
Japanese electricity demand was 806 terawatt hours (TWh) in 2015, down from 906 TWH in FY2010/11 at 906TWh and having declined at a compound rate of 2.3 percent—this despite annual GDP growth of 0.6 percent annually over this period (translating to a 3 percent annual improvement in electricity productivity). Electricity efficiency continues to grow as technology grows and because the more than 20 percent increase in the price of electricity since 2010 has driven consumers to conserve. This decoupling of economic growth from electricity demand mirrors trends established in China, Australia, Germany and the U.S. over the past five years.
On Japan’s nuclear-energy front, Kansai Electric Power Co. this month fired up the third Japanese nuclear reactor to clear post-Fukushima safety rules and overcome court challenges. The country’s 40 other operable reactors remain shut, however, so Japanese nuclear power operated at an average capacity utilization rate of only 4.5 percent of potential. Nuclear power generated 1.4TWh in December 2015, or 2.2 percent of Japan’s total generation. If all of the country’s nuclear reactors restarted, nuclear could return to supplying 30 percent of Japan’s total electricity.
On the solar front, Japan was one of the three largest solar installation markets globally in 2015, with installs estimated to have reached 8 gigawatts (China was No. 1 with 15 gigawatts of installs last year, and the U.S. is estimated to have installed 7.5 gigawatts). Total Japanese solar installations are estimated to have reached nearly 30 gigawatts at the end 2015, on track to exceed 50 gigawatts by 2020. Even with relatively low solar irradiation, Japan is estimated to have generated 30TWh of solar power over 2015, or 3.7 percent of Japan’s total electricity generation. And even with a slowing solar installation rate, IEEFA see Japanese solar generating 40TWh of Japan’s electricity, a 4.8 percent market share and a gain over 4.2 annualy in the five years since Fukushima. Further growth is likely: the Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association last April published a strategy document outlining how the country can reach 100 gigawatts of installed photovoltaic generation capacity by 2030.
One worrying trend for Japanese power utilities: total electricity demand declined 8.7 year over year this January. This is a notable number, even allowing for monthly variability, since it is more than double the rate of decline evident over 2015.
The Australian government’s Office of the Chief Economist estimates that Japanese thermal coal use declined marginally over 2015, despite a reported increase in coal imports to 145 million metric tons as utilities increased inventories while coal prices hit decade lows. Barring a significant and sustained recovery in oil and LNG prices, IEEFA sees a decline in thermal coal demand in Japan of 3 percent annually until 2020. This is likely even in the face of already record low U.S.-dollar thermal coal prices, which are forecast to decline a further 10-20 percent by 2022 to US$42/metric ton.
Japan today has a record 48 coal-fired power plants on the drawing board as it plans to bring 24 gigawatts of new capacity online during the next decade. Given the likely increased market share of both solar and nuclear over the next five years, and the declining electricity-demand profile, IEEFA sees a significant number of closures of dated coal-fired plants and/or a decline in average thermal power plant utilization rates. These fundamentals will undermine the commercial rate of return on the 48 proposed new plants.
IEEFA notes that such an outcome would be similar to what’s happening now in China, where the average coal-fired power plant utilisation rate has declined from just over 60 percent in 2011 to a record low 49.4 percent in 2015. Similarly, in India, the prolonged annual addition of 15 gigawatts of new coal-fired power plants has been met with significantly weaker than forecast electricity demand growth. The result: India’s coal-fired power sector utilization rate has fallen from 75 percent in 2011 to an estimated 61 average rate in 2015 (with IEEFA seeing that number dropping to a record low average of only 57 percent in 2016).
While Japan was one of the very few large energy markets reporting thermal coal import growth last year, it’s a trend that will probably not last. Indeed, 2015 will mostly likely stand as a peak year for Japanese thermal coal imports. We see a 2-3 percent annual decline over the remainder of this decade as electricity demand continues to decline and as solar and nuclear gain market share.
Tim Buckley is IEEFA’s director of energy finance studies, Australasia.
RenewEconomy Free Daily Newsletter | <urn:uuid:e4f8ece2-6371-4894-9584-8a471c795553> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://reneweconomy.com.au/2016/70893 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824757.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00245-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930686 | 1,143 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Where Is Ecuador On Map
Ecuador from mapcarta, the free map. Map of ecuador shows that the equator cross through the country;
Module:location map/data/ecuador is a location map definition used to overlay markers and labels on an equirectangular projection map of ecuador. The location map of ecuador below highlights the geographical position of ecuador within south america on the world map. Detailed tourist map of ecuador with inset of the galapagos islands.
Ecuador is a country on the equator in northwestern south america.
The galapagos islands, ecuador is located at ecuador country in the islands place category with the gps coordinates of 0° 46' 38.1324'' s and 91° 8' 33.2808'' w. Ecuador's area is somewhat smaller than that of italy, or slightly smaller than the u.s. Thinking about checking out ecuador, but don't know where to start? Know where is ecuador located on the world map? | <urn:uuid:547b5aab-1b16-4bf9-ba34-f94e2bfa3854> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://worldmap-64870f.netlify.app/970-where-is-ecuador-on-map-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.854651 | 214 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Geology of Antarctica
The snout of Taylor Glacier, which drains part of the Polar Plateau and terminates in the Victoria Land Dry Valleys. The cliff-like nature suggests a stable or advancing snout. The glacier terminates in the saline Lake Bonney. Note the small hanging glacier with rejuvenated glacier below in the background. | <urn:uuid:b0c822dd-cd22-49c8-bc39-d903b5965e14> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/antarctic/geology/9_into_the_future/index-en.html?id=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658376.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00202-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855231 | 69 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A caller’s daughter recently developed blister-like chigger bites after being in sagebrush. Mice, rats, rabbits, ground squirrels other mammals, and even birds and reptiles can host chiggers. When people go through areas where there are or have been infested animals, chigger mites can hitch a ride and then feed on us.
“Chigger mites are about 1/20 inch long, usually bright red, have hairy bodies and travel rapidly. The larval stage has three pairs of legs whereas the nymph and adult stage have four pairs of legs. They are usually encountered in late spring and summer in areas where weeds have overgrown. They lurk on grass stems, leaves and shrubbery, usually in damp, shaded spots close to the soil. The preferred feeding locations on people are parts of the body where clothing fits tightly over the skin such as around the belt line, waistline and under socks, or where the flesh is thin, tender or wrinkled such as the ankles, in the armpits, back of the knees, in front of the elbow, or in the groin” (Chiggers, HYG-2100-98, by William F. Lyon, Ohio State University).
Chigger larvae do not burrow into the skin, nor suck blood. To feed, they find a hair follicle or a skin pore on the host and inject enzymes that break down skin tissue, allowing the chigger to suck up the dissolving tissue. They can feed for 24 to 96 hours. Bites are slightly larger than mosquito bites and intense itching can last for up to two weeks. Any welts, swelling, itching or fever will usually develop three to six hours after exposure. Scratching a bite may break the skin, resulting in secondary infections. Chiggers are not known to transmit any disease in this country. After feeding, chiggers drop from the host.
Adult chiggers are beneficial predators on other insects and mites and are harmless to humans. It is only the first larval stage that feeds on vertebrate hosts. To prevent chigger bites keep weeds on your property cut down and mow the lawn often. Wear pants tucked into socks or boots. Use insect repellant on skin and clothing following label directions when going into areas of heavy grasses, weeds or brush. Avoid sitting or lying on lawns or in patches of vegetation. Keep moving and stay on roads and trails when out hiking. Wash field clothes in hot soapy water before wearing them again. Expose clothes after washing to hot sunshine to reduce lingering chiggers. Be chigger prepared! | <urn:uuid:968f9668-14ac-46db-bbe5-af61f988cdab> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.growyourownnevada.com/chiggers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.95156 | 542 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Installing and Using a Terminal Emulator
This guide will show the process of installing and configuring a terminal emulator. For Windows, this tutorial will be using Tera Term which is an open-source, free, software-implemented, terminal emulator. For Linux, the tutorial will use PuTTY, which is a free and open-source terminal emulator, serial console, and network file transfer application. Digilent uses these terminal emulators in our demos for communicating through the USB UART and Ethernet on Digilent FPGAs.
Note: For Linux, Digilent uses Ubuntu 16.4, as it is the only distribution supported by Vivado. This and other tutorials may or may not be applicable to other Linux distros.
- Windows: 13.3 MB of free hard-drive space for Tera Term.
- Linux: 611.3 kB of free hard-drive space for PuTTY
1. Installing a Terminal Emulator
The Windows and Linux links below are a step by step tutorial on installing a Terminal Emulator.
2. Using a Terminal Emulator
The Windows and Linux links below are a tutorial on using a Terminal Emulator. | <urn:uuid:5809eae1-e123-4705-bd6b-64e5dec6de28> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://digilent.com/reference/programmable-logic/guides/serial-terminals/start | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00792.warc.gz | en | 0.755735 | 254 | 2.625 | 3 |
Towards Climate Smart Farming—A Reference Architecture for Integrated Farming Systems
Climate change is emerging as a major threat to farming, food security and the livelihoods of millions of people across the world. Agriculture is strongly affected by climate change due to increasing temperatures, water shortage, heavy rainfall and variations in the frequency and intensity of excessive climatic events such as floods and droughts. Farmers need to adapt to climate change by developing advanced and sophisticated farming systems instead of simply farming at lower intensity and occupying more land. Integrated agricultural systems constitute a promising solution, as they can lower reliance on external inputs, enhance nutrient cycling and increase natural resource use efficiency. In this context, the concept of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerged as a promising solution to secure the resources for the growing world population under climate change conditions.
Starvation is one of the biggest threats we are facing as humanity in the 21st century. The global demand for food is increasing, with recent studies forecasting that the global population will reach 9.5 billion people by 2050, and more than 80% of available land is already cultivated. Global demand for farming products is expected to increase by 70% for food production and double for livestock products by 2050. However, agricultural production is strongly affected by the changes in climate conditions, such as rising temperatures, changing rainfall regimes and variations in the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events such as floods and droughts. The estimated impacts of the climate change indicates that the yield loss could be up to 35% for rice, 20% for wheat, 50% for sorghum, 13% for barley and 60% for maize, and livestock production will be also negatively affected.
Both farmers and breeders need to find efficient and affordable methods in order to strengthen the resilience of agriculture and livestock farming against climate change. The concept of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) reflects an ambition to improve the resilience of agricultural systems against climate change. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines CSA as agriculture that enhances productivity, improves resilience, reduces greenhouse gases (GHG) and facilitates the achievement of national food security and development goals . The CSA includes both traditional and innovative approaches; and technologies that promote agricultural productivity, increase the stability at the farm level and foster the sustainability of the relevant value chains. A system that adopts the concept of CSA is expected to increase its resilience against fluctuating climate conditions and therefore offer increased food production in the face of a changing climate and increased climate variability, while improving nutritional outcomes and reducing the carbon cost of farming and its contribution to GHG emissions.
It includes three major pillars: (a) increasing agricultural productivity; (b) increasing adaptive capacity at multiple scales (from farm to nation); and (c) reducing greenhouse gas emissions . While there is a consensus on the potential of the CSA to support global food and nutritional security in less-favored conditions, CSA scholars have different perspectives when approaching the scaling of CSA options.
Integrated systems can combine crop production, livestock and forestry, supporting the production of at least three types of product from the same land area over a defined period. These systems, based on inter-cropping, succession and/or rotation, can optimize the biological cycling of nutrients between plants and animals, and maintain long-term soil fertility. According to the FAO, Mixed Farming Systems (MFS) are defined as farming systems managed by households and/or enterprises where crop cultivation and livestock rearing together form integrated components of a single farming system. MFS offer a lot of advantages, such as efficient use of resources by using crops and grassland to feed animals and fertilize their fields with manure from the animals, complementarities between crops and livestock and a flexibility that allows the adjustment of crop/livestock ratios in anticipation of risks, opportunities and needs. Such context-relevant integration of crops and animals in the same system appears to support a biological, ecological and economic sustainability in the global food production chain.
Nevertheless, MFS is not a universal panacea. The economic results of MFS are not as optimal as those of dedicated systems, especially considering the remuneration of labor. This is the reason why MFS are usually established in less-favored areas, e.g., mountains or sloppy areas, rough landscapes and heterogeneous terrains, where conventional farming or breeding does not usually take place. In order to achieve a satisfied level of sustain- ability under these conditions, MFS should be able to effectively monitor the farm area, the animals and the grasslands. That is a difficult task, as MFS are extremely complex systems that include interactions between climate and weather, surface and sub-surface soil, crops, pastures, animal production and human management with economic components. Critical features such as income stability and sustainability need special quality dimensions, criteria and indicators for the evaluation of trans-disciplinary processes. Moreover, the climate, through weather patterns, as time progresses, play a decisive role, as rainfall and temperature drive the productivity, profitability and environmental health of the system. In addition, there is a need for reducing the energy needed to maintain the MFS operation. Another challenge is related to the role of research on MFS and the need for multi-disciplinary knowledge integration. A lack of integration between the research of different disciplines, such as agronomists, veterinarians and social scientists, limits the necessary integral vision and makes MFS difficult to implement. Moreover, science lacks influence mainly because of biases towards academic research rather than practical applications. It should be noticed, however, that this lack of knowledge integration is not always the case. There are countries that present significant progress in integrated farming systems from both practical and research perspectives. The complexity of using MFS is increased when combining crop and livestock production due to the increase of the management demands of organizing multi-tasking activities. Considering that finding reliable labor with the required skills in specialized farming systems is difficult enough; the problem becomes even more acute in a diversified farming system that requires the aggregation of various kind of knowledge and skills. Additionally, for a mixed farming system, the bureaucratic and administrative workload, which requires expertise that especially older farmers do not possess, is expected to increase compared to a specialized farm.
The success of MFS depends heavily on the aggregation of data, which is either produced by or affects the MFS, given that new technologies and solutions are effectively applied in order to collect, process and use it during decision making. Precision agriculture is a method in which farmers optimize inputs such as water and fertilizer to enhance productivity, quality and yield. The fact that farmers are more precise with planting, harvesting, fertilizing leads to higher efficiency and productivity of the farm while ecological standards are respected. Today, mobile applications, smart sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cloud computing and edge computing make precision agriculture possible for farming cooperatives. It goes without saying that the implementation of MFS requires extended technological features, such as sophisticated equipment, extended monitoring range, real-time processing capabilities and specialized artificial intelligence (AI) models.
Although precision agriculture is characterized by high complexity and depends heavily on cutting edge technologies, it constitutes a method that soon or later is going be used across the globe. Developed countries, such as USA, Australia, Canada and some European countries, including Germany, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, have made significant progress towards this area and already show some level of adoption of precision agriculture.
In developing countries instead, the acquisition of cutting edge technologies and the lack of suitable infrastructure constitute major impediments to precision agriculture exploitation. Although precision agriculture, as it can be found in North America, Australia and Europe, differs considerably in developing countries, the need for accurate data and targeted interventions is actually greater there, due to the stronger imperative for change and the lack of resources. What is really encouraging is that over the past few years there has been considerable effort from developing countries to use some kinds of precision agriculture methods in various applications, such as yield monitoring and tractor auto-guidance.
In developing countries, MFS play an important role, as in some cases they act as the backbone of a sustainable agricultural policy, especially for individual farmers or small farming communities. During the last decades, research efforts in various developing countries have been redirected to integrated farming systems rather than dedicated ones, so as to cover several complementary enterprises under various agro-ecological situations. These efforts revealed that integrated farming systems can not only be profitable and productive but also eco-friendly, a countermeasure to unemployment and provide financial stability to the stakeholders.
Designing and applying integrated farming systems has severe constraints. Towards the technological direction, a severe constraint is the lack of long-term, structured, concrete data. In the best scenarios so far, end users’ actions heavily depend on short-term, biased data. As a result, data analytic services fail to operate on a larger scale since they are highly affected by area peculiarities and seasonality. That explains the fact that different frameworks and assessment schemes result in contradictory outcomes. Examining MFS implementations in view of the end-user, a new kind of barrier that lies in farmers’ willingness to cooperate, emerges. This barrier goes beyond technical solutions, adding a socio-economic dimension to the widespread exploitation of MFS.
MiFarm-CSA architecture aims at providing a CSA-based, multi-actor and community-oriented architecture, for advancing the current farming system to a smart, resilient and integrated/mixed farming ecosystem, aiming at increasing the resilience of the underlying farms, crops, livestock and forestry against the negative impacts of the climate change. Moreover, the proposed architecture envisions to foster cooperation between farmers and breeders through the provision of a sustainable MFS reference model.
This blog post is part of the paper Towards Climate Smart Farming—A Reference Architecture for Integrated Farming Systems from Georgios Kakamoukas, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Andreas Maropoulos, Thomas Lagkas, Konstantinos Zaralis, and Chrysoula Karaiskou. The paper can be found in https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4001/2/1/5 | <urn:uuid:df8731b7-0e0c-4122-a5bc-5b89534aaf0d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://openhub.smartroot.eu/2021/03/08/towards-climate-smart-farming-a-reference-architecture-for-integrated-farming-systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.935232 | 2,070 | 3.625 | 4 |
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Cancer is always named for the part of the body where it starts, even if it spreads to other body parts later.
When cancer starts in the cervix, it is called cervical cancer. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus. The cervix connects the vagina (birth canal) to the upper part of the uterus. The uterus (or womb) is where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant.
Cervical cancer is highly preventable in most Western countries because screening testsscreening tests and a vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are available. When cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life. | <urn:uuid:b7fbadaf-3532-4deb-9f05-cc2be81097b8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://m.cdc.gov/en/HealthSafetyTopics/DiseasesConditions/Cancer/Gynecologic/Cervical/basicInfo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663611.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00269-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914964 | 165 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities, serving as the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital (Cape Town is the legislative capital and Bloemfontein the judicial capital). Pretoria is contained within the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as one of several constituent former administrations (among which also Centurion and Soshanguve). Pretoria itself is sometimes referred to as "Tshwane" due to a long-running and controversial proposed name change, which has, as of 2015, yet to be decided.
Pretoria in South Africa is popularly known as the Jacaranda City due to the thousands of Jacaranda trees planted in its streets, parks and gardens.
The Southern Transvaal Ndebele occupied the river valley, which was to become the location of the city of Pretoria, by around 1600.
During the difaqane in Natal, another band of refugees arrived in this area under the leadership of Mzilikazi. However, they were forced to abandon their villages in their flight from a regiment of Zulu raiders in 1832.
Pretoria itself was founded in 1855 by Marthinus Pretorius, a leader of the Voortrekkers, who named it after his father Andries Pretorius. The elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. Andries Pretorius also negotiated the Sand River Convention (1852), in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal. It became the capital of the South African Republic (ZAR) on 1 May 1860. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers' settlement movements of the Great Trek.
During the First Boer War, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty which ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention.
The Second Boer War (1899 to 1902) resulted in the end of the Transvaal Republic and start of British hegemony in South Africa. During the war, Winston Churchill was imprisoned in the Staats Model School in Pretoria but escaped to Mozambique. The city surrendered to British forces under Frederick Roberts on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.
The Pretoria Forts were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War. Though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments.
Union of South Africa
The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony and Natal Colony in 1910 to become the Union of South Africa. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal. (As the capital of the ZAR, Pretoria had superseded Potchefstroom in that role.)
On 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital.
After the creation of new municipal structures across South Africa in 2000, the name Tshwane was adopted for the Metropolitan Municipality that includes Pretoria and surrounding towns.
Beginning in 2005, the African National Congress wished to change the name of the city to match the name of the Tshwane municipality, however this has been met with stiff opposition, particularly from Afrikaner civil rights groups and political parties since it denies the history of the city as founded by Pretorius. As of 2014, after repeated failed attempts to change the name of the city by the ANC, the city is still officially named Pretoria. The ANC has, however, stated its intention to continue to push the matter in court in the future.
In 1994 Peter Holmes Maluleka was elected as transitional mayor of Pretoria, until the first democratic election held later that year, making him the first black mayor of this capital of South Africa. Maluleka later became the chairman of the Greater Pretoria Metropolitan City Council (later City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality), then was elected Speaker of the Tshwane Metro Council and in 2004 was chosen to be a member of the South African Parliament for the Soshanguve constituency. | <urn:uuid:8bab2115-d478-4b49-982a-3d02a3c97940> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Pretoria%2C_Gauteng%2C_South_Africa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275437.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00068-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970744 | 961 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Editor's note: The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) plans to cut down most of the old growth forest on the grounds of Crown Hill Cemetery. The Indiana Forest Alliance has mounted a campaign to stop the project by contacting legislators. Find out more here.
NUVO accepts letters to the editor at firstname.lastname@example.org.
On September 29, I went to the Indiana War Memorial where the Veterans Administration (VA) presented their new 100 year plan,
a phased approach installing a columbarium in the north woods portion of Crown Hill Cemetery. The particular spot they chose is a forest remnant, once part of the great Eastern Deciduous Forest that covered the Midwest.
This forest remnant is truly a relic of natural change since the Wisconsin glacier which retreated 18-20,000 years ago. Of course the plant life isn't that old but the undisturbed soils and the natural forest we see today is rooted in that ancient past. The post-glacial Spruce Conifer forest was here in central Indiana. That early ice age forest gave way to other types of forests that evolved (including hot and dry pine associations) in concert with the changing climate.
More recently in the last 300-500 years we have the forest community today with elm, ash, oak, hickory, beech and maple. We know the forest type sequences from pollen analysis done by scientists in the 1940s from early peat bogs, which were created by glacial events. These natural bogs were destroyed —- one was at the base of the southwest portion of the kame (glacial deposit) where Crown Hill is situated. There was also bog in Broad Ripple —- Bacon Swamp and one near Southport.
Most of the original forests in the county were cleared by 1865 according to agricultural reports. To have forested remnants in the county today is rare. Other notable forest remnants in Indianapolis: Woollens Garden Nature Preserve, Eagles Crest Woods Nature Preserve, Holliday Park and Raymond Park. The Crown Hill remnant forest was on private land and it was not considered a community asset when it sold to the VA and their vision didn't include the forest.
The VA stated several times they did everything right and went through the environmental process. However, that process isn't primarily to save, restore, and manage a community's natural resources. It is also a process to permit development. The NEPA process generated a "found no significant impact" (FONSI) to natural resources or wildlife. The report did mention three wetlands but stated the VA planned to avoid, minimize or mitigate as a measure. The VA hasn't mentioned the wetlands and IDEM has not received any notice. The FONSI also stated that the VA would follow DNR recommendations to minimize impacts. A concerned veteran asked the VA official Thursday, "Has the VA walked the site with DNR?" The answer was yes. But upon checking with DNR, I found no site visit was asked for and no further contact has been made. The VA official made no mention of following DNR recommendations dated 1-2014.
I'm puzzled why the VA couldn't have asked Crown Hill to sell them the highly disturbed wooded parcel to the far west end of the woods. This area was previously cleared, has no wetlands, and has no large timber. That portion is infested with non-native trees and shrubs. Instead their plan is now both unremarkable and typical. It appears the VA is clearly entrenched. It has invested over three years of planning and over $800,000 so far, and it appears that no amount of discussion will change the plans. Bulldozers are scheduled to start during this holiday season, despite the fact this forest type is listed as state significant and globally rare in the Natural Heritage Database maintained by the Indiana State Division of Nature Preserves. What a loss for Marion County.
Professional Land Steward | <urn:uuid:28414c8e-3fc4-4128-9b5a-68461603f380> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nuvo.net/LetterstoEditors/archives/2016/10/03/letter-globally-rare-forest-cut-down-for-unremarkable-plan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972605 | 799 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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Advances in technology have drastically changed the way we live today compared to those of our ancient past. One type of technology that many of us may take for granted is the ability to communicate with others over long distances, or to large groups of people. A look back at ancient civilizations can give us insight today into the very first methods of long-distance communications. In 350 BC, a Greek named Aeneas invented the hydraulic telegraph, which was a means of communicating important, fairly detailed information, quickly over long distances .
originally posted by: BelowLowAnnouncement
a reply to: nighthawk1954
We aren't getting any smarter as a species, we're just storing more information. God only knows what else ancient man could have done. | <urn:uuid:e64892b9-a24a-4584-882f-983d0ba90c6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1036384/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00525-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949568 | 206 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Are dreams caused only by emotions
Questioner: Hermann F. from Esslingen
Some hunt criminals or fight shaggy monsters, others eat chocolate cakes as high as a house or meet their secret crush. Everything is possible in a dream. But why does the brain produce so many colorful films every night?
The answer from the editors is:
Michael Schredl, sleep researcher at the Central Institute for Mental Health in Mannheim: There are no people who do not dream. Even if we don't remember, we still dreamed. Dreaming is defined as our subjective experience during sleep. This subjective experience never turns itself off - just like in the waking state. If you repeatedly wake people up while falling asleep or while they are asleep, they almost always report bits of dream.
However, it is difficult to answer whether dreaming has a function of its own. Because so that I know what someone has dreamed, they have to tell me the dream. It can be that he is thinking about the dream and therefore has a better idea in the waking state or is able to cope better with a situation. Then I don't know whether the effect comes from the dream itself or from telling and thinking about the dream.
Nevertheless, there are several theories about the meaning of dreaming: During sleep, our brain solidifies and processes what we have learned during the day. Some scientists suspect that dreaming plays an important role in this. Their idea is that when dreaming, the brain mixes new information with old information and then stores it. Because test participants report that in their dreams new experiences mix with old ones, both of which are often emotionally connected. The sleeper works on topics that concern him and, through the creativity of dreams, may find solutions to his current problems.
A similar theory is that in dreams we prepare for situations and train practical skills that we will need later. Because even small children experience a lot of REM sleep, the sleep with the most intense dreams. This sleep stage occurs in four to five phases during the night and makes up about twenty percent of total sleep in an adult. REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement, as the eyes move quickly back and forth under the closed eyelids. This is when the brain is most active, compared to NON-REM sleep or deep sleep. Today it is assumed that we also dream in the other phases of sleep, but the pictorial intense experience is most pronounced in REM sleep.
Other scientists assume that we learn to deal with fearful situations in dreams. Nightmares are only the top of the iceberg. Whenever one experiences a dicey situation during the day, one solidifies the knowledge in the dream in order to avoid this dangerous situation next time. Because those who avoid dangers have a higher chance of survival.
The whole brain works to create dream images, and there is a lot of resemblance to the waking state. When you want to move, the motor cortex is also active. Only the transmission to the muscle is blocked in the brain stem, otherwise the dreaming would move in his sleep. Two differences in brain activity are particularly noticeable in REM sleep: The amygdala, which is responsible for processing emotions, is more active during dreaming than when awake. On the other hand, the prefrontal cortex fires less strongly than in the waking state, which is primarily responsible for planning and straightforward thinking and acting. Some researchers suggest that because of this lower prefrontal cortex activity, dreams are often bizarre.
recorded by Hanna Drimalla
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- How to build a Lego car | <urn:uuid:01106046-434b-4149-83f4-8e7dc4dc808d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lifeinsurancequotesusa.xyz/?post=3375 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058373.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927060117-20210927090117-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.955232 | 919 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Exhibit 136, Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street
In this interactive piece, viewers are invited to assist in reconstructing a forest by travelling the city with paper lanterns. The ecosystem of an Acadian forest is a unique combination of evergreens such as red and white spruce, as well as deciduous trees like sugar maple and yellow birch, all grown out of rocky, loamy soil. But the landscape of the peninsula as we see it today has been widely cultivated and altered, with rivers buried, non-native species introduced, and much of the greenspaces overtaken by development.
In Revisionist Landscapes: Luminary Reforestation, we are able to re-imagine the landscape as it once was, rebuilding it in our imaginations for the night. Visitors are invited to create a paper lantern printed with leaves of real trees indigenous to the area, and "reforest" the city by travelling with them in tow.
The Young Naturalists Club, a local organization that teaches young people to be stewards of the environment, serves as our tour guide to this re-imagined landscape, this ghost forest, with information on Acadian forest ecosystems and the traditional use of the plants that grow within them. Afterwards guests can take their own printed lantern, lit with a tealight, and move through the city, filling the urban landscape with an illuminated canopy.
Perfect for the young naturalist at heart, this creative and educational visit to the Museum of Natural History will help guests better understand the landscape around them, and involve them in a collective re-imagining of the spaces we occupy. | <urn:uuid:0b7b37b1-bce6-48b4-9fc8-7233647979da> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://m.thecoast.ca/halifax/revisionist-landscapes-luminary-forestation/Content?oid=10037191 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.952004 | 331 | 3.375 | 3 |
Bears in the Mountain National Parks
Attractant: Anything with an odour that may attract a bear into an area in search of a potential food source (e.g., human or pet food, garbage, carrion, fruit trees, toiletries, recyclables)
Aversive conditioning: A structured program in which deterrents (e.g., rubber bullets, noisemakers, beanbag rounds) are continually and consistently used on a bear over an identified period of time to modify undesirable behaviour by pairing it with pain or an unpleasant stimulus. See Hazing.
Backcountry: Those parts of the park not accessible by motor vehicle.
Bear Guardians: Parks Canada interpreters who manage bear-related traffic jams and provide roadside bear information.
Bear jam: A traffic jam caused by people stopping their vehicles to view a bear.
Blue-listed species: (British Columbia) Species and subspecies that are considered sensitive or vulnerable and that could become eligible for the Red List (threatened or endangered) in the foreseeable future. The Blue List also includes species that are generally suspected to be vulnerable, but for which information is too limited to allow designation in another category. (There are different provincial and federal categories for Species at Risk; for federal definitions, see the Species at Risk Act glossary.)
Bluff charge: An interaction between a bear and a human where a bear charges toward the human, but stops short of the human or veers away before making physical contact. The bear’s behaviour is intended to intimidate, but not necessarily harm.
Carrion: The flesh of dead animals.
Conditioned: Bear behaviour defined by one or more of the following: seeks and possibly has obtained non-natural foods, destroys property, displays aggressive, non-defensive behaviour towards humans, or is overly familiar with humans.
Delayed implantation: Grizzly bears mate in the spring. If a female’s egg becomes fertilized, it will travel to the uterus but not become implanted. In the late fall, if the female bear is healthy and has enough fat stored up to nurse cubs during winter denning, the embryo will implant in the uterus lining. If the female is underfed or stressed, her body will simply reabsorb the embryo and she will not become pregnant.
Extirpated species: A species that is locally, regionally or nationally extinct, but exists elsewhere in the wild.
Food-conditioned: A bear that has learned to associate people (or the smell of people), human activities, human-use areas, or food storage receptacles with a food reward.
Frontcountry: Those parts of the park accessible by motor vehicle.
Habitat: The food, water, shelter and space an animal or plant needs to live.
Habituated: Bears that become used to being around people and people places are habituated. They have lost their wariness due to repeated exposure to the sights, sounds and smell of people.
Hard release: A bear behaviour modification technique. A bear that is persisting in a campground or townsite is captured. It is released from a culvert trap in the area where it would become a problem amidst a hail of shouting, cracker shells, bangers and rubber bullets. The intent is to have the bear associate the area with a negative experience that will guide it to avoid the area in the future.
Hazing: A technique where deterrents (e.g., rubber bullets, noisemakers, beanbag rounds) are administered to a bear to immediately move the bear out of an area or discourage undesirable behaviour. It is a one-time action. See Aversive Conditioning.
Home range: The area in which an individual animal normally lives.
Human-bear encounter: An encounter between a bear and a human. This may be a non-aggressive encounter (the bear does not threaten the human, but seems curious, stands up, sniffs the air, climbs a tree, retreats, or simply continues its pre-encounter routine) or an aggressive encounter (the bear growls, huffs, slaps the ground, pops its jaws, or displays other threatening signs).
Human-caused mortality: Death of an animal due to the actions of humans.
Hyperphagia: In the late summer and fall, bears enter a state of intense eating and drinking in order to put on enough fat to sustain them during winter denning. Bears literally eat around the clock, feeding 20-23 hours a day.
Omnivorous: Diet consisting of many types of food, including animals and plants.
Radio telemetry: Radio signals sent from a transmitter attached to an animal collar are intercepted by a receiver with an antenna. Different radio frequencies are used for each collared animal being tracked. This allows researchers to collect data on animal movement.
Restricted access: A management strategy that limits how and when people can access a specific area. It is used most often to reduce the risk of a bear-human encounter and to allow bears to use critical habitat with little human disturbance.
Rub tree: Trees that bears regularly rub and scratch against. Bears use them to communicate their presence, and perhaps social status, to other bears.
Secure habitat: A place where grizzly bears have a low probability of encountering people. In secure habitat, grizzly bears can feed with little human-caused disturbance and maintain their wary behaviour.
Special Concern species: (Federal) A species that may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats.
Threatened species: (Alberta) A species that is at risk of becoming endangered. (There are different provincial and federal categories for Species at Risk; for federal definitions, see the Species at Risk Act glossary.)
Wildlife corridor: A route used by wildlife to travel from one patch of habitat to another. | <urn:uuid:7856b5ef-63df-47f5-95c4-39da8e595c48> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-np/mtn/ours-bears/gestion-management/education/glossaire-glossary.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678979.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00212-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932787 | 1,207 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Click here for Frequently Asked Questions on Graves' Disease.
First described by Robert Graves in 1835, Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that arises as a consequence of the body producing antibodies against the thyroid (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) that result in excess thyroid hormone production. GD is the most common diagnosis underlying the development of hyperthyroidism in patients in North America and is the most common autoimmune disease in the United States and Canada, with the incidence in women ~ 0.5 cases per 1000 individuals. The precipitating event for the production of the antibodies and the development of the disease remains poorly understood. The antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland, resulting in enlargement of the thyroid and excess thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Patients with Graves' thyroid disease are also at increased risk for the development of Graves' eye disease, also known as thyroid ophthalmopathy that becomes apparent in about 50% of patients with GD of the thyroid. The eye disease and the thyroid disease may be viewed as 2 separate diseases, as one does not invariably accompany the other. Furthermore, treatment of the hyperthyroid state with drugs does not usually influence the course of the eye disease, which can run an independent course, even though the thyroid disease invariably improves with all treatment options. Nevertheless, patients with severe Graves' eye disease appear to be less likely to experience permanent remissions of their hyperthyroidism after treatment with medications alone as described in Patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy have a higher risk of relapsing hyperthyroidism and are unlikely to remain in remission. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Oct;67(4):607-12.
Patients with GD may also develop thickening of the skin in the legs, particularly around the shins, a condition known as thyroid dermopathy, and rarely if the swelling of the legs is significant, the condition may be referred to as pretibial myxedema. This latter condition is very uncommon.
Although stress is often noted prior to or coincident with the development of GD, it is not possible to state with complete certainty that there is a scientific link between stress and the development of GD.
Patients that exhibit characteristic features of GD, such as a symmetrically enlarged smooth thyroid, with features of eye disease or dermopathy usually do not need additional investigations to make the diagnosis. Occasionally, patients may have a small or normal thyroid and no other features of GD. In this instance, an iodine uptake and possibly a scan may be helpful to differentiate GD from other causes of hyperthyroidism.
About 10-20% of all patients with GD may have a spontaneous remission of their disease within the first year of diagnosis, however the remission is frequently not permanent and the disease commonly recurs. To review the Treatment Options, return to Hyperthyroidism or see the sections on Drugs or Radioactive iodine.
For a comprehensive review of Graves' disease, see The New England Journal of Medicine -- October 26, 2000 -- Vol. 343, No. 17 Medical Progress: Graves' Disease 1236-1248.
How do I decide what treatment option to pursue; none of the options sounds perfect?
The choice of surgery versus medications versus radioactive iodine is an individual one, and may be influenced by the size of the thyroid and severity of the hyperthyroidism, patient and physician preferences, and co-existing medical conditions. Both radioactive iodine and surgery are associated with higher rates of definitive treatment, due to their destruction and removal of thyroid tissue.
When is surgery indicated as a treatment for Graves' disease?
In many centers, particularly in Europe, surgery is a common first line treatment for Graves' disease. In North America, radioactive iodine and medications tend to be used more than surgery. Patients who are pregnant and have medication allergies, patients with extremely large thyroid glands, and patients with one or more thyroid nodules and Graves' disease often represent reasonable surgical candidates. The risk of thyroid cancer developing in a cold nodule in Graves' disease is ~ the same risk as in patients without Graves' disease, namely about 15%. To review a study of this issue, see Multicentre study of thyroid nodules in patients with Graves' disease. Br J Surg. 2000 Aug;87(8):1111-3.
Can I have part of my thyroid removed by laparoscopy and avoid a scar?
The use of laparascopy in partial thyroidectomy is still considered experimental, but under investigation in some centers. It may be possible to consider this type of option in the future, if experience with a larger number of patients proves satisfactory. For an assessment of this option, see Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy for patients with Graves' disease. Surg Today. 2001;31(1):1-4.
I feel fine right now but everyone says I have to be treated or I will become ill. At what point must I start treatment?
It is not unusual for the diagnosis of Graves' disease to be made early at a point when blood tests or iodine uptake studies point to an abnormality, yet few or no clinical symptoms may be present. It seems reasonable to have a discussion about the ideal time to institute therapy, with your physician, taking into consideration ancillary factors such as any potential planned pregnancies in the future etc. In many instances, it may not be absolutely necessary to initiate treatment unless symptoms are present, but careful monitoring should be initiated. | <urn:uuid:d863f41e-9e0a-4c85-9176-22b9f8c55306> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.mythyroid.com/gravesdisease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164941653/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134901-00010-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947833 | 1,119 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Today we take a look at Psalm 23 and how it perfectly represents Jesus and therefore also perfectly represents the Communion Table.
Communion Psalm 23
Verse 1 The Shepherd’s job was to protect the sheep.
• Jesus is of course The Shepherd, our Shepherd.
o And He has laid down His life for us, the sheep.
o To save us from the attacks of the enemy.
• The shepherd’s job was to lead the sheep to green pastures with fresh grass to eat.
o Jesus is the shepherd and he not only leads us; He becomes our sustenance.
o He is the Bread of Life.
Verse 2 Again, the shepherd was to lead the sheep to new pastures with fresh grass and clean water.
• This is a causative statement in the Hebrew.
• He makes us lay down, but does not force us.
o His provision, His grace, His care, His mercy are so great, we are left with no option
o But to lay down and rest in His provision and grace
• Jesus is also the living water the causes us to never thirst again.
Verse 3 The reality we do face this side of heaven, is that we do have an enemy in the devil.
• Jesus came to overcome the works of the devil and lead us into righteousness
• When we eat these Communion Elements, we become righteous.
o Not because we ate them. Not because there is something special about the bread and juice.
• But because of what Jesus did on our behalf on the cross.
Verse 4 The enemy held death over humanity.
• But we no longer have to fear death. Jesus overcame death when he arose from the grave.
• We also don’t have to fear evil.
Verse 5 Jesus prepares a table of abundance for us.
• This can speak of Jesus’ total care and provision for us.
o But this can also refer to this Communion Table.
• But here is the best part: He prepares this table right in front of the devil.
o The devil has to sit and watch Jesus prepare the table
o And he has to watch us eat from the table.
o Every time we eat from the Communion Table, we are reminded that the devil is defeated.
• But the devil also can’t touch this table or what is on the table unless we let him.
Verse 6 Jesus is Good, everything about Him is good, and everything He does is good.
o This Communion table reminds us of His goodness
• Jesus is also love; God is love.
o This Communion table screams of Jesus’ love for us.
• The goodness and love of God are constantly pursuing us! | <urn:uuid:a1ad43ad-3808-4de3-8067-489d6642e096> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://vineyardcl.net/sermon/communion-psalm-23/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.946678 | 578 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Eugene O'Neill Quotes
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Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into U.S. drama techniques of realism earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The drama Long Day's Journey into Night is often numbered on the short list of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.
O'Neill's plays were among the first to include speeches in American English vernacular and involve characters on the fringes of society. They struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusionment and despair. Of his very few comedies, only one is well-known. Nearly all of his other plays involve some degree of tragedy and personal pessimism. | <urn:uuid:2810d098-d1e6-404a-9679-c111239f6d56> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.inspirationalquotesuk.co.uk/authors/eugene-o-neill-quotes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593208.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722100513-20180722120513-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.965032 | 253 | 2.75 | 3 |
Tweet Image courtesy of ARKive.org media library Image courtesy of ARKive.org media library Species: African wild ass (Equus africanus) Status: Critically Endangered (CR) Interesting Fact: The African wild ass is the ancestor of the domestic donkey! An extremely hardy species, the African wild ass exists in scattered populations in northern Africa. In its desert habitat, it can sustain water loss of up to 30% of its body weight, though it usually remains within 30 kilometres of a water source. While the African wild ass may seek out shade in the hottest part of the day, in early morning and late evening it is more active, and seeks out grasses and herbs on which to browse. African wild asses do not form permanent social groups, but typically live in small, changing groups. Males are often solitary and will defend a territory around a water source, mating with any receptive visiting females. Pregnancy in the female African wild ass lasts for one year, and a single foal is usually produced every other year. Although domestic donkeys are now numerous, only a few hundred African wild ass remain in the wild. Competition with domestic livestock for grazing, restricted access to water supplies caused by agricultural developments, interbreeding with domestic animals and poaching all pose a threat to this species. The African wild ass is currently protected by law throughout its range, although these measures often prove difficult to enforce. Find out more about the African wild ass on the EDGE website. View images and videos of the African wild ass on ARKive. Becky Moran, ARKive Species Text Author SUBSCRIBE TO NEWSLETTER Thank you, your sign-up request was successful! Please check your e-mail inbox. Given email address is already subscribed, thank you! Please provide a valid email address. Oops. Something went wrong. Please try again later. | <urn:uuid:dd2c4928-d880-4a27-927c-e6e77d33050a> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.greenfudge.org/2012/03/10/endangered-species-of-the-week-african-wild-ass/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770399.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00161-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920821 | 379 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Wednesday, NPR reported that the CDC is strongly recommending that pregnant women get the new swine flu vaccine as soon as it becomes available, as they are one of the high-risk groups for the illness.
Of the 45 initial deaths from H1N1 (between April 15 and June 16), 6 were pregnant women. Although that doesn’t sound like a lot, proportionally it’s huge. It’s 13 percent of swine flu deaths, whereas only 1 percent of the population overall is pregnant at any given time. They face a higher death risk and a higher hospitalization risk.
In general pregnant women get sicker for longer.
Experts know they’re climbing an uphill battle with preggos. Many are hesitant to take anything during pregnancy, and OBs don’t generally prescribe medications unless absolutely necessary.
So should all pregnant women jump on this vaccine bandwagon, especially for a shot that is just starting to be tested?
Earlier this week I wrote that the National Institutes of Health was looking for volunteers to test out the new swine flu vaccine. Guess what: plenty of people have leaped for the chance to be vaccinated. While we’re not sure what the side effects of this new vaccine will be, we already have legally immunized manufacturers from litigation, putting any adverse effects in with the federal vaccine court.
We are told not to be concerned about safety about the swine flu vaccine, because the manufacturers are following the same protocol making this one as they do for the seasonal flu vaccine. But what they don’t mention is that the flu vaccine–in most cases–contains thimerosol, a mercury-laden preservative. From US News & World Reports:
The new H1N1 vaccine will come in a variety of formulations, including some that won’t contain thimerosal, according to a spokesperson for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Experts also don’t mention that the seasonal flu vaccine is hardly effective. Indeed, for the 2007-2008 flu season,
In three previous winters people receiving flu vaccines were 33 percent, 43 percent and 24 percent less likely to get the flu than people who did not get flu shots. This year [2007-2008], people who received flu shots were just as likely to get the flu as those who did not get flu shots.
Here are the top priority for vaccinating against swine flu, according to the CDC:
- Pregnant Women. There’s the aforementioned complications for pregnant women, and there is the thought that they’ll pass on their immunity to their unborn.
- Families of Babies Under 6 Months. Because we don’t give tiny babies shots (usually), other members of the family should be vaccinated to protect them.
- All Kids 6 months to 24 years. So far, it seems that toddlers, adolescents, and teens are more susceptible to swine flu than seasonal flu. Plus, if they go to school outside the home, they are at risk in those germ-infested buildings.
- Adults age 25 through 64 who have underlying medical conditions.
- All Health Care Workers. Those in the health care field could spread the virus, but the bigger problem is that if they’re sick, they won’t be able to care for the rest of us.
That adds up to an estimated 120 million Americans. Healthy adults are near the end of the list. And surprisingly, those over 65 are at the back of the line this time, because there is some evidence that they may have stronger immunity because of the last swine flu outbreak, whether vaccinated then or not.
If you’ve read my posts before, you know that I’m a minimal vaccinator. So I’d like to know: Whether pregnant or not, how will you and your family respond to the CDC’s vaccine recommendations? | <urn:uuid:d079870d-cc6a-4eeb-85b1-47583ec7ca4a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://ecochildsplay.com/2009/07/30/cdc-urges-pregnant-women-to-get-swine-flu-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882102.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024051926-20201024081926-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.961434 | 806 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Even though the miniaturization of transistors on chips continues like predicted by Moore's law, computer hardware starts to face scaling issues, so-called performance 'walls'. The probably best known one is the 'power wall', which limits clock frequencies. The best way of increasing processor performance remains now to increase the parallelization of the architecture. Soon standard CPUs will contain many dozen cores on the same die. In addition, vector units become again standard. To not to waste the available resources, application developers are forced to re-think their traditional ways of software design. This talk will explain some of the common problems, and some ways of solving them. It will summarize the on-going parallelization activities in the field of high-energy physics software and as well give an outlook for what to expect in the coming decade. | <urn:uuid:1db73035-413a-4725-bfef-3571863ac9d5> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.desy.de/dvsem/WS1112/hegner_abstract.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891706.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123032443-20180123052443-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.941029 | 165 | 2.609375 | 3 |
FREE Video Lesson Worth $20! Access 10000 Questions From P1 to P6! Access 300 Hours of Video Explanations! Video Tutorials to Tough PSLE Questions!
Primary 4 Problem Sums/Word Problems - Try FREE
- Attempting as Guest
- Attempt Mode: Attempt Single Question
Derek bought 23.66 kg of flour from the market.
He baked three cakes using 2.6 kg of flour for each cake.
He then used the remaining flour to make 13 pancakes of equal size.
How much flour was used to make one pancake? | <urn:uuid:b400f2da-21f9-4b76-919d-b2f55decbaf1> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://singaporemathguru.com/question/primary-4-problem-sums-word-problems-decimals-don-t-sweat-the-complicated-decimals-exercise-4-1416 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584547882.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124121622-20190124143622-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.879194 | 118 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- Prayer is a relationship of intimacy not a transaction that transmits information to a distant God. As with any relationship of intimacy prayer is about presence. We open and make ourselves available to the other even as we offer and give ourselves to the other.
- Prayer begins with God. Our praying is in reality a response to what God initiates. Perhaps our prayer is the “Amen” to God’s prayer.
- Prayer is about a way of being more than it is about words, actions, or results. It is a means by which the Uncreated and the Created, the Creator and the Creature, are united and entwined in mutual self-disclosure.
- Pray as if you see God and if you are unable to do this pray as if God sees you (adapted from the Hadith of Gabriel).
- Pray with the knowledge, belief, and assumption that God is always and already present. Why do so many meetings begin with the prayer, “Dear Lord, please be with us?” Do we start with the assumption that God is not there? The issue is not whether God is with us but whether we are with God.
- How and for what we pray can reveal who and how we believe God to be.
- “How is your prayer?” As our prayer goes, so goes our life. Daily life and prayer are integrally related. I am not speaking here of prayer that seeks to accomplish a result or achieve an outcome but prayer that sustains, enlivens, and awakens. “Prayer is the test of everything.”
What are some of your thoughts on prayer? | <urn:uuid:51bdf9d9-aa6d-471d-b26d-873a9612f6ae> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://interruptingthesilence.com/2013/06/25/7-thoughts-on-prayer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653247.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014124230-20191014151730-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.959427 | 348 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Pupils' perceptions of an alternative curriculum: Skill Force
Hallam, S., Rogers, L., Rhamie, J., Shaw, J., Rees, E., Haskins, H., Blackmore, J. and Hallam, J. (2007) Pupils' perceptions of an alternative curriculum: Skill Force. Research Papers in Education, 22, (1), 43-63. (doi:10.1080/02671520601152078).
Full text not available from this repository.
Alternative curricula at Key Stage 4 have been implemented to help young people who may be disaffected from school to re-engage with learning. Skill Force is one example of an alternative curriculum. Skill Force is a Ministry of Defence (MoD) sponsored youth initiative which offers 14-16 year old students a key skills based vocational alternative to the traditional curriculum. This research explored pupils' perceptions of participation in Skill Force and the perceived impact on their motivation, attitudes to school, attendance, exclusion, behaviour, and attainment. Seven hundred and ninety five Skill Force students completed a questionnaire which explored aspects of their experience using open questions and rating scales. Visits were made to six project where interviews were undertaken with nstudents. The qualitative data were used to provide in depth insights and support the questionnaire data. The findings demonstrated that the programme was successful in meeting the needs of many disaffected students, improving their motivation, confidence, communication and social skills. It reduced exclusions, improved behaviour, attendance, attitudes towards education and attainment and also provided students with a range of practical, vocational qualifications. The discussion considers the implications for mainstream education.
|Keywords:||alternative curriculum, disaffection, exclusion, pupils' perspectives, truancy|
|Subjects:||L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB2361 Curriculum
L Education > LC Special aspects of education
|Divisions:||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Education > Professional Practice & Pedagogy
|Date Deposited:||11 Oct 2007|
|Last Modified:||27 Mar 2014 18:14|
|RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:7a26d4b6-b1ec-439d-b249-ecaaa33e6ee4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/25086/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137046.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00258-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871953 | 474 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Indigenous Guardians Pilot Program began in the summer of 2018 as a means of funding environmental initiatives for Indigenous peoples. The program was brought to fruition by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) and helps organizations protect and preserve the environment and important ecosystems on Indigenous lands.
Marilyne Lavoie, spokesperson for ECCC, says funding is allocated on an individual level. Each each Indigenous group works with ECCC to co-develop a personalized plan determining the governance and priorities of their program. Lavoie says this strengthens the role Indigenous people have in conservation of their own lands and helps develop better partnerships.
“By working together with Indigenous peoples, other governments, and all Canadians, we will strengthen networks of protected and conserved areas, the cornerstone of biodiversity, and support reconciliation and the sustainability of local communities,” Lavoie says. “The insights and contributions of Indigenous peoples are essential to understanding and protecting our ecosystems.”
Twenty-eight programs received funding as part of the pilot program in all but three of Canada’s provinces and territories.
RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAM, WALPOLE ISLAND, ONTARIO
Walpole Island First Nation (Bkejwanong) in Ontario first received funding in 2019 for its Natural Heritage Program, particularly the Bkejwanong Eco-Keepers youth program. Clint Jacobs, of the Walpole Island First Nation, says they’re also submitting a proposal to extend the funding into a multi-year project.
The current funding helped to purchase, protect, and restore natural habitats on Walpole Island. Jacobs says it protects, maps, and asses various at-risk species, develops education and outreach programs, and advised university research projects, among many other initiatives.
Walpole Island has one of the country’s most biologically diverse ecosystems, Jacob says. It includes large wetlands, tallgrass prairies, oak savannas, and large forested areas.
The Bkejwanong Eco-Keepers monitor local wildlife, participate in habitat restoration projects, maintenance of trails, and environmental education.
Jacobs says youth can work in the summer, providing them with many opportunities such as CPR and canoeing certification, survival skills, and flora and fauna surveying and monitoring.
“They also roll up their sleeves to carry out fieldwork to help doncut reptile inventories, species at risk surveys and monitoring, freshwater mussel monitoring, and removal of invasive plant species,” Jacobs says. “They connect with knowledge holders to learn about our history, traditional teachings, medicine plants, and roles in Anishnaabeg culture. These activities empower the youth to be positive role models and give back to the community.”
COMMUNITY BASED MONITORING PROGRAM, FORT CHIPEWYAN, ALBERTA
The Community Based Monitoring (CBM) program is an initiative run by the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation and Mikisew Cree First Nation in Fort Chipewyan, Alberta.
The two first nations invest in both traditional knowledge and scientific monitoring. They monitor water quality and quantity, climate changes during winter, and tracking of wild foods.
The Mikisew Cree First Nation has four guardians (environmental technicians) and the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation has one full-time staff member with more members assisting as needed.
Bruce Maclean, environmental consultant with the CBM program, says the guardians received funding in fall of 2018. The guardians trek out weekly to monitor the water and lands and work alongside the government, universities, and foundations.
“We are leaders in protecting the Peace Athabasca Delta, the traditional territory of the Mikisew Cree (also known as Wood Buffalo National Park) which is also designated as a UNESCO site,” Maclean says.
He says the funding made it possible to hire students, engage with elders, collect more data and increase storage collection. He stresses this funding helped to eliminates barriers to their success due to the remoteness of the community.
PIMACHIOWIN AKI WORLD HERITAGE SITE LAND GUARDIANS, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA
The Pimachiowin Aki is Canada’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site that was chosen for the Indigenous Guardians program for both its cultural and natural attributes. The land became a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its wild and varied landscape including lakes, rivers, wetlands, and boreal forest.
It encompasses the traditional lands of four Anishanaabeg communities: the Bloodvein River, Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi, and Poplar River First Nations. These nations work together with provincial governments to form the Pimachiowin Aki Corporation, which employs Land Guardians who help to conserve, monitor, and protect the lands and waters in Ji-ganawendamang Gidakiiminaan, or “keeping the land”.
Executive Director Alison Haugh says as a World Heritage site, they are required to fulfill obligations to observe, record, and report on the state of conservation. She says it’s created stable and meaningful employment for First Nations.
“We’re working to contribute to the world’s understanding of nature, culture, and connections in protected areas,” Haugh says.
She says the funding was integral to keeping the guardians working in year round. In its previous iteration, the First Nations had to lay them off due to lack of money. It also enabled them to bring in technology for the guardians, such as cameras with built-in GPS, social media channels, and a new site.
UNAMA’KI INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESOURCES (UINR) AND CONFEDERACY OF MAINLAND MI’KMAQ PARKS GUARDIAN PROGRAM, TRURO, NOVA SCOTIA
The Guardian Program and Unama’ki Institute of Natural Resources (UINR) work to encourage Mi’kmaq participation in natural resources management and in providing employment. They are represented by the five Mi’kmaq communities of Unama’ki–Eskasoni, Wagmatcook, and We’koqma’q, Membertou, and Potlotek.
This includes their forestry division, which creates employment for Mi’kmaq people and strengthens local industry relationships. They also partner with graduate students to follow movements of aquatic species.
Moose have additionally proved to be an important resource for the Mi’kmaq peoples, including a spiritual significance. In response, UINR developed a Moose Management Plan. The Mi’kmaq Grand Council and Unama’ki Council of Elders work together to maintain a long-term plan for moose management that follows Mi’kmaq treaty rights.
Funding from the pilot program helps the parks guardian program, as well as UINR, to maintain traditional ways in combination with science in its research and natural resource management. | <urn:uuid:00853bcb-6b8c-4fb4-805a-5baeb3acd58b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2019/03/saving-mother-earth-indigenous-guardians-leading-the-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361808.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228235852-20210301025852-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.932545 | 1,460 | 2.890625 | 3 |
“The tears of the world are a constant quantity. For each one who begins to weep somewhere else another stops. The same is true of laughter.” ― Samuel Beckett
We begin life with a cry, and continue to have experiences with tears throughout our time on earth. Emotions like sadness, grief, joy, and jubilation can all make us feel a bit weepy. Have you cried lately? It’s nothing to hide. Your tears are the mirror of the universe. The imprint of the whole world is in every drop.
Think about a single tear sparkling in the sunlight. It is actually quite beautiful, reflecting all the colorful prisms of the world. What you don’t see, but can innately feel, is all the emotion that has created this liquid---all of the life experiences and energies that have brought us this far.
Did you know that while every animal has some form of tear duct or mechanism to cleanse and protect their vision—only humans weep tears as a reaction to emotions? What’s more is that scientists have discovered that emotional tears differ chemically from the ones we shed when we chop onions or get a speck of dust in our eye (Oaklander, 2016). This may in part explain why they carry such strong emotional power. One theory suggests that the higher protein content of these tears make them more likely to stick, moving more slowly along your cheek. This also makes them more likely to be seen and shared.
Many people resist crying or apologize for it, but to cry is to be human. We all do it at one time or another, and for good reason. Tears have a special ability to clear your mind, release energy, and reconnect with the greater Universe. When we cry, we realign the mind with the heart and the soul.
Too often this happens subconsciously because we have forgotten. Babies instinctively know that tears encourage a strong social bond and human connection. It’s why they use tears as a means for soliciting care. Tears are a universal signal that triggers empathy, kindness, and compassion. Though society may perceive tears as a sign of weakness or vulnerability, it is actually just opposite. In the words of Charlotte Bronte: “Crying does not indicate that you are weak. Since birth, it has always been a sign that you are alive.” We might add that crying is a sign that you are part of this interconnected Universe.
Indulging in a good, deep crying session makes you feel better because crying is also healing on the emotional, spiritual, and physical planes. It detoxifies. When we cry, we release unserving energy—letting go of grief, disappointment, hurt feelings, and even physical pain. Crying is incredibly healthy.
Studies by the school of psychiatry at UCLA have shown that crying also has another purpose; it acts as a warning to our own consciousness (Doheny, 2015). There are times when we push aside exhaustion, frustration or other discomforts when we should react. When your psyche nears a breaking point, it cries as a signal for change.
When we are busy, our hearts and minds become cluttered. We take on too much stress or worry. We repress anger, tension, or hurt. And we lose sight of the blessings or solutions right in front of our eyes. What is amazing is that crying in itself sets off a chain of biological mechanisms that lead to seeing our situation with greater clarity. When we cry, we rediscover feelings and emotions that we have repressed. Some clients are surprised that they cry during meditation sessions for this very reason. When we let go of our conscious thoughts and conditioning, unresolved emotions find their opportunity to be released.
cleaner beauty, natural ingredients">Allow yourself a good cry every now and then. Not only does crying protect, liberate, detoxify, and heal, but tears are one of the most powerful reminders that we are all infinitely connected. So, remember that tears are powerful, beautiful things that act as mirrors to the Universe. Schedule a consultation with Rose for more on how Your Tears Are The Mirror Of The Universe and personalized guidance for applying this information to your own Energetic Healing.
*This blog contains Amazon affiliate links. The owner of this site may receive a small commission if you click a link and purchase a recommended product.
What To Remember:The imprint of the whole world is in every tear.Allowing yourself to cry is healthy and assists in processing energy.Tears connect us to the Universe and our humanity.
Watch Energy Matters, LLC's Video: Your Tears Are The Mirror Of The Universe
Doheny, Kathleen. (2015). Why We Cry: The Truth About Tearing Up. Retrieved from WebMD.
Montagu, A. (December 1959). Natural selection and the origin and evolution of weeping in man. Retrieved from PubMed.
Oaklander, Mary. (March 2016). The Science of Crying. Retrieved from Time.
Orloff, Judy. (July 2010). Health Benefits of Tears. Retrieved from Psychology Today.
My Amazon Picks: | <urn:uuid:1be90bd8-5a9f-4d88-b946-d6a04a3451f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://energymattersllc.com/blogs/news/your-tears-are-the-mirror-of-the-universe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668544.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114232502-20191115020502-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.934646 | 1,044 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Researchers aiming to make buildings much safer during natural disasters have revealed 3D-printed concrete that gets stronger when cracked.
As the old saying goes, ‘what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger’, and when it comes to the latest concrete design, that couldn’t be closer to the truth.
In a paper published to the journal Advanced Materials, a team from Purdue University in the US revealed an advanced 3D-printed concrete paste designed to actually become stronger when it starts to crack.
The new material drew inspiration from nature, specifically the shell of arthropods such as lobsters and beetles that get tougher under pressure. In doing so, the creators hope that the concrete paste could be used to make houses and buildings stronger during wildfires and earthquakes.
With a ‘built-in’ weakness, the concrete would be able to control how damage spreads between the printed layers of the material, similar to trying to break a bundle of uncooked spaghetti versus a single piece.
Power of the ‘dactyl club’
The Purdue team is the first to harness 3D printing to create bioinspired structures using cement paste, potentially giving future engineers greater control over design and performance at a scale not achievable before.
“3D printing has removed the need for creating a mould for each type of design, so that we can achieve these unique properties of cement-based materials that were not possible before,” said researcher Jeffrey Youngblood.
The team also analysed the material using micro-CT scans to see how 3D-printed, cement-based materials behave, with their major advantage being the ability to control how they crack under pressure.
The original inspiration for the design was the mantis shrimp, famous for its ‘dactyl club’ appendage that grows tougher on impact through twisting cracks that dissipate energy and prevent the club from falling apart.
So far, using this method, the team has used the paste for a number of 3D-printed techniques, including a honeycomb design and ‘Bouligand’. This latter example takes advantage of weak interfaces to make a material more crack-resistant. | <urn:uuid:0b64852e-b181-41fb-b9ed-d617b197823d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/3d-printed-concrete-earthquake-proof | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202889.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323161556-20190323183556-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.937013 | 444 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When teeth are missing, over time the bone begins to shrink. This can make the jawbone unsuitable for some prosthetics, dental implants in particular. Weak jawbones may also be more susceptible to breakage. The way to build up a weak or small jawbone is through dental bone grafting. There are a few ways this can be accomplished.
Autograft: Most dental bone grafting uses this method. Healthy bone is harvested from the patient’s body, often from the hip. The harvested bone is grafted onto the area that needs to be strengthened.
Allograft: In some situations, a patient may not have a healthy bone to harvest, or for some other reason their own bone is not available for grafting. In these instances, the bone may be harvested from a cadaver. The bone is treated several times so it can be neutralized and made suitable to be used for grafting into the patient who requires it.
Alloplast: Occasionally, bone tissue is not used. Instead, a synthetic material takes the place of the bone and this is used to restore thickness to the jaw.
Xenograft: Another unique and very successful bone grafting procedure is accomplished using the bone material from an animal. Usually, a cow bone is used in this procedure.
What to Expect from Bone Grafting
Most bone grafting procedures are done under local anesthesia and sedation. Once the surgery is completed, the healing process will be monitored by your dentist to ensure that it is proceeding as expected. In some cases, a dental implant is performed at the same time as the bone grafting procedure. Depending on the circumstances, the bone graft may need to heal completely before the implant can be done.
While bone grafting may sound like a complicated procedure, it is one that can be accomplished easily. Your doctor will explain the entire procedure to you in detail and you will have the opportunity to have all your questions answered.
Katy Cypress Oral Surgery offers bone grafting to patients who need it to ensure the success of a dental implant procedure. Contact us if you have questions about this or any other procedure. We look forward to helping you get your best smile. | <urn:uuid:f76052b8-81c4-4aec-badd-b2c5bfef6227> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.katycypressoralsurgery.com/dental-bone-grafting-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127173917-20221127203917-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.923097 | 449 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A half hardy culinary herb with clove-like flavour that is often used for flavouring soups, omelettes, fish, minced beef dishes,plus pizzas and pastas.
It originates from India, and can be found growing wild in Mediterranean areas.
Although it will grow in British soil,better results can be had from pot grown specimens grown in a cool greenhouse or on the kitchen windowsill.
Sweet Basil on
There are many varieties of basil, each with a slightly different flavour, for example;
Sweet basil - Ocimum basilcum is the most popular variety grown in the UK where it grows to a height of 750mm (30")
Purple basil - Ocimum basilcum purpurea is similar to sweet basil.
Lemon basil - Ocimum citriodorum has a mild lemon flavour and is a great accompaniment to fish, and grows to a height of 300mm (12")
Cinnamon basil - Ocimum basilcum originates from Mexico, and has a mild flavour of cinnamon, and grows to a height of 450mm (18")
Harvesting is generally from late July till September.
The flower/leaf can be used fresh, dried or frozen for later use.
When the plants are roughly 100mm (4") tall pinch or cut the leaves off as required.
Avoid chopping off whole this will weaken the plant and hamper growth.
Sow seeds in pots/trays of moist seed compost and germinate at a temperature of 13°C (55°F).
Germination should take up to a week.
When the seedlings have produced five true leaves prick them out into 75mm (3") pots of potting compost and grow them on at a slightly lower temperature.
Alternatively, prick out two or three seedlings into a 100mm (4") pot to be grown on indoors.
Alternatively, sow in the open and thin out to 40-50mm (15”-18”) apart when the true leaves appear.
Place seedlings in coldframe to harden off.
Plant out 50 -100mm (2”-4”) apart in well-drained fertile soil in a sheltered sunny site.
circa Week 30:
Small insignificant scented flowers will appear, these should be pinched out to promote foliage. | <urn:uuid:029c3139-94ef-4082-9575-a4780c36041d> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://thegardenersalmanac.co.uk/Content/B/Basil/Basil.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216051.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820082010-20180820102010-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.910897 | 490 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Well, this looks promising:
LearnToMod is a program that teaches kids to code, and to use code to create their own Minecraft mods. I love the idea of kids becoming producers of technology, not just consumers, and it’s becoming clear that coding is a key skill that the workerbees of tomorrow can apply to just about any job or any situation. I love this summary, from Teacher Gaming founder Joel Levin:
“Kids are passionate about the game and they quickly understand that they can extend and enhance their Minecraft experience by learning some basic programming…. And that’s really what we want, isn’t it? To have kids realize that with code, they can improve their life in a way that’s relevant to them.”
Check out the full story on WIRED:
My daughter is dying to learn to code for Minecraft, and as someone whose skills are pretty much limited to typing, I had no idea where to start. The software, developed by ThoughtSTEM, isn’t available until October, but you can preorder here. I’m planning on holding this particular carrot out in front of her through the first part of school year–she’s a homework procrastinator, so if she can break that habit in September, there will be a nice prize in October. | <urn:uuid:ac0832d3-9f67-4ba7-91fb-7f17cc5a5d0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://narrowbackslacker.com/tag/minecraft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479627.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215224408-20190216010408-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.966123 | 274 | 2.875 | 3 |
In August 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) came in with contractors to drain the toxic Gold King Mine near Silverton, Colorado. When they failed to control the toxic sludge, the dam ruptured uncontrollably.
Instantly, millions of gallons of heavily polluted water burst from the mine, spilling into the majestic Animas and San Juan Rivers. The once beautiful waters turned putrid yellow. The chemicals, heavy metals and uranium dispersed, traveling into Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. The water from the river was no longer safe to drink or use for crop irrigation.
For the two days that this toxic sludge invaded the Navajo Nation, the EPA failed to call and alert the people. When the EPA did get around to issuing a notification, no details were given on how long the toxic sludge would contaminate their land. The most secluded areas that rely heavily on this water source didn’t hear from the EPA for weeks about how the contamination would impact their livelihood. After losing their crops and being poisoned by the EPA’s negligence, the Navajo Nation is now coming together and suing the agency for neglect and for providing no true recourse.
Navajo Nation becoming radiation victims
EPA officials told the Navajo people that the river would restore itself and would be safe to use two weeks after the spill. However, Navajo president Russell Begaye warned residents not to trust the EPA’s official story. After conducting their own analysis of the river and finding widespread contamination, the Navajo Nation pressured the EPA into sending non-potable water to their farmers so that they could try to sustain their crops and animals.
The effort wasn’t enough to sustain the crops, however. An estimated 2,000 Navajo farmers lost their crops over the past year when they stopped using their irrigation pumps. Their produce sales have dropped dramatically, since people are afraid of being poisoned by toxic uranium and other heavy metals. Petuuche Gilbert of the Laguna Acoma Coalition for a Safe Environment says that the uranium mines cause radioactive contamination, and as a result, “All the residents in their vicinity are becoming nuclear radiation victims.”
EPA provides no recourse
The EPA has yet to offer compensation for the farmer’s lost crops, which is the reason for the lawsuit. The EPA hasn’t even helped with cleanup efforts, or worked to improve health protections for the Navajo Nation.
Leona Morgan of the organization Dine NO NUKES confirms this, saying, “A mostly-Navajo community in Sanders, Arizona has been exposed to twice the legal limit allowable for uranium through their tap.” At the very least, the EPA could be handing out standalone water filtration devices to the families living in areas of high contamination.
The people of the United States continue to wonder if the EPA’s purpose is to protect the environment and the people’s health, or if it merely exists to control and facilitate industries such as uranium mining.
The Gold King Mine Spill is just the beginning of the problems associated with abandoned uranium mines. There are an estimated 15,000 of such abandoned mines throughout the Western United States. About 75 percent of these mines lie on native and tribal lands, which will pose an ongoing threat to the future and health of the people of these regions. | <urn:uuid:424f98b0-596c-4daf-9091-a60f66cab4e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://indiemedianetwork.com/navajo-nation-sues-the-epa-for-negligence-after-being-poisoned-by-contaminated-waters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323908.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629103036-20170629123036-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.952947 | 675 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What began in 1982 with an internet connected Coca-Cola machine that could order its own refills, now includes dishwashers, cars, robots, traffic lights, and anything else that might benefit from collecting and acting on shared data. Experts predict that, by 2020, 50 billion such devices will have joined the IoT. But to fit this feature onto six pages, we'll focus on the smart home and wearables, because that's where the IoT is having its most immediate and beneficial impact.
In fact, the government believes that by 2019, 69 per cent of UK homes will have connected devices, and has invested around £40million in the Internet of Things. Your own investment could be something as modest as a lightbulb capable of joining your home network so that you can turn it on or off using an app on your phone. Or you could install a rather more sophisticated system that simultaneously turns on the lights, dials up your thermostat and wakes up the coffee machine when it senses that you're on your way home from work. The GPS module in your smartphone is what would give you away.
Sound clever? Well, it's easier to install than you think – there's certainly no wiring to worry about. The way all these sensors and actuators work together is made possible by the fact that we all now have a home Wi-Fi network and a smartphone. Consider the humble kettle again for a moment. With the addition of an inexpensive circuit, a sensor and a companion app for a smartphone, manufacturers can offer a smart kettle that lets you not only boil water while you're out of the room, but also check how much water remains and find out the temperature. OK, so on its own the smart kettle probably isn't going to change your life, but the IoT gets more interesting when the 'Things' also talk to each other.
The smart thermostat is, for many, where home automation begins, and it makes an ideal hub for influencing other IoT devices. There are obvious advantages in being able to check up on your central heating when you're away, but when that temperature data is shared with your smart smoke alarm and other connected kit, steps can be taken without your intervention. In the event of a fi re, for example, the thermostat will confirm a sharp temperature rise, and automatically turn off the gas and switch on all your lights to a brightness best suited for seeing through smoke, while alerts are sent to your phone.
For all of this to happen, you need compatibility between the various devices. As you might expect, the Nest Learning Thermostat works with the Nest Protect smoke alarm, and parent company Google has encouraged a whole ecosystem of products from other brands that use the same platform. So anything bearing the 'Works With Nest' logo on its packaging – such as LIFX's smart bulbs – will be a cinch to synchronise with Nest.
All of Nest's products can be controlled via the proprietary app, while third-party Works With Nest devices usually have their own apps but work seamlessly with Nest. On buying up SmartThings, Samsung became another big-hitter in the IoT league, and its Arctic platform makes it exceptionally easy to use your Galaxy phone to operate your lights and home security system. Meanwhile, Microsoft, Sony, Philips and some other major electronics brands use a system called AllJoyn by Qualcomm. T3's advice is to pick your platform based on the kit you already have if you want an easy life, but that's not to say the various protocols are completely incompatible.
Apple has also jumped on the IoT bandwagon, with its HomeKit ecosystem. This enables you to control the HomeKit badge-holders around your home with a quick instruction to Siri, and also works seamlessly with Apple TV. So, say you're watching your favourite programme and you want to know what's happening in baby's room – just ask Siri, and HomeKit will 'speak' to your Withings Home baby monitor, before beaming the picture straight onto your TV screen. What Apple TV won't currently do is show you a feed of your Nest Cam, which uses Google software. However, there's nothing to stop third-party app developers bringing some much-needed inter-brand compatibility. You can already watch a live video feed from your Nest camera on your Apple Watch, thanks to a nifty WatchOS app called Drop. And while Philips Hue officially works with Nest, it works just as well with Samsung and Apple products, too. Indeed, the slick Hue app on the Apple Watch is a favourite in the T3 office. When you can make all of the lights in your home change colour in time with the music you've got playing, just by tapping your Apple Watch, it's hard not to feel a little like the Fonz snapping his fingers.
So how can a sensor in one IoT 'Thing' trigger the desired action in a different 'Thing'? That's where an ingenious enabler app called IFTTT comes in. If This Then That blends two different apps in what it calls a 'recipe' to induce the desired result. For example, when the location app on your phone indicates that you're entering the vicinity of your house, it triggers your Hue app to turn on the door light, or your August app to unlock the door, or your coffee-machine app to put on a brew.
We've been dreaming of smart homes for decades, and a lucky few have even been living in them. But before the Internet of Things, that meant custom installers hardwiring proprietary systems that came with a bafflingly expensive Crestron or AMX remote control just to dim the lights. In the age of the smartphone, we can assume that everyone has their own supercomputer with a perfect touchscreen interface right in their pocket, so the rest of the system can be simple and cheap – a lightbulb with a Wi-Fi module in it, for example. The clever stuff is done by the companion app, and that's usually the best way to judge an IoT 'Thing'. The IoT is here to make our lives easier, and a smart gadget with an app that can find your wireless network and set itself up is a great start. Security cameras, in particular, highlight just how far the IoT has taken us from the dark days of CCTV. Nowadays, there are dozens of affordable camera options, and, happily, none of them take more than five minutes to get online. Door locks have taken a little longer to join the IoT. Perhaps it's our innate, and not unfounded distrust of tech – but the benefits are clear.
With brands such as Yale joining August and Lockitron in offering Bluetooth deadbolts that release on wireless command and MasterLock offering Bluetooth padlocks, we no longer need to faff around looking for our keys. That said, we'll keep our T3 key ring in our pocket, just to be sure.
The kitchen, on the other hand, has always been a fertile ground for connectivity, with internet fridges showing up at electronics trade shows every year. For a long time, these white elephants with their emails telling you that the milk is going sour never found their niche, but in the smartphone era their interior cameras are proving extremely useful.
Now you can simply glance at your smartphone – or, indeed, smartwatch – the next time you're in Tesco to see exactly what you need. AEG has just applied a similar science to a steam oven, the ProCombi Plus Smart. This time, the internal camera enables you to watch your joint of meat cooking from your iPad, and adjust the temperature while you sit back and catch up on your favourite TV programmes. Naturally, the app also covers the company's other smart kitchen kit.
Brands like Miele and Bosch are also exploring the Internet of Things, working on appliances that expand their functionality by joining your network. Smart washing machines that will begin their cycle with the touch of a smartphone, then send an alert when it's finished, are a good example. In all of these scenarios, it's our smartphones that are the universal controllers making things happen, but our personal devices just got even more personal with the arrival of wearable tech. Smartwatches and wristbands make the IoT yet more accessible by enabling us to leave our phones in our pockets. Many IoT devices, like locks and wireless speakers, need only to be touched to make an NFC connection, or require just one tap to switch on the lights.
They might rely on the smartphone app for more in-depth commands, but for the most part our mobiles can remain in our pockets. If the IoT is here to make our lives easier, then this seamless integration with wearable tech is the latest logical progression on a path towards the perfect smart home. Instead of fumbling with smartphones, our smart devices will simply know where we are and have a good idea of what we want them to do. Otherwise, a prompt from a smartwatch will nudge them into action. If you want to usher in the IoT right now, and surround yourself with helpful and proactive connected devices, there are already plenty to choose from. Be it heating, lighting, entertainment, security, cooking or cleaning, T3 can recommend a smart device that's ready and eager to help.
Liked this? Then check out 10 ways the Internet of Things will improve your life | <urn:uuid:b77e7444-396c-49af-8d5f-b3a7551280b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.t3.com/news/what-is-the-internet-of-things | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424079.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722142728-20170722162728-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.954739 | 1,915 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In any way whatsoever, the process remains identical. This microorganism, which usually grows in mud or mushrooms, is evolving through a photo bioreactor and produce hydrogen then heat and energy. Exposed to the light, it absorbs the CO2 within to convert it into biomass and is reused as an energy source.
The bio reactive façade of Séché Environement group already consents to save 50% of cooling and heating resources in its test building, SymBio2. Here, the microscopic algae stabilise the walls temperature between 18 and 20°C. By supporting this revolutionary project, the French State is considering generalising it. There is a similar building in Hamburg, the BIQ House. The Splitterwerk and Arup’s green house and its 129 algae panels make it possible to provide heating for its residents.
The uses of this Green Gold are multiple and non-polluting. From the algae fuel invented by French company Ennesys to Pierre Calleja’s street lamp in Bordeaux, micro-algae grow without involving environmental hazard.
Translated by S. Muller – Meretdemeures.com. | <urn:uuid:1fba9b35-434a-4f11-b10b-80d0c5942f16> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.meretdemeures.com/en/news/science-microalgae-green-gold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651481.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325005509-20180325025509-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.918351 | 241 | 2.890625 | 3 |
to the friar, to morality and suicide, the stars and fate, and gender differences.
Read romeo and juliet essays john andrews
Romeo and Juliet : Critical, essays (Shakespeare Criticism
Reactions after learning that she is to marry Paris. Romeo and Juliet: A Formal Dwelling. Willingness to marry Romeo and Juliet. If we have attended to what we have seen and heard, our sentiments will echo the humility and compassion implicit in a sixteenth-century cleric's prayer of thanksgiving. Relationship to others. Leaving Juliet in the tomb after she awoke. Presenting excerpts and articles on the themes and characters from the most famous story of young lovers, this collection brings together scholarship relating to the language, performance, and impact of the play. Shakespeares Star-Crossed Lovers. Her attitude toward her parents. Preference to death rather than be parted from Juliet. The Problematic Friar in Romeo and Juliet James. | <urn:uuid:c93a771d-331e-46dd-a2f8-34a780c617de> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://lederoz.info/05820-read-romeo-and-juliet-essays-john-andrews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826306.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214184754-20181214210754-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.908412 | 201 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Daisies have several species, including shasta daisies (Leucanthemum x superbum) that grow as perennials in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 8, and gerbera daisies (Gerbera jamesonii), which are perennial in USDA zones 8 through 10. Both grow as annuals in other zones. One thing different daisy species have in common is their fibrous root systems that supply nutrients to the plants.
Types of Roots
Plant species typically develop one of three types of root systems. Plants with taproots have one large, main root from which smaller offshoots grow, sometimes along the length of the taproot or from the crown or end of the root only. Carrots and dandelions have taproots, for example. Fibrous root systems have many roots of about the same size that spread out and down, and this spread can help prevent erosion. Many types of grass and flowers use fibrous root systems. Adventitious roots grow along rhizomes, or ground-level stems that extend outward from the main stem base. Several types of ferns and ivies use rhizomes to spread, for example.
Daisies use fibrous root systems to deliver nutrients to the plants and hold the plants in place in the soil. As annuals, they may not develop many long roots, but perennials have roots that continue to grow for years, even as newer roots develop. When you plant daisies in bunches, the roots tend to interlock, making it difficult to remove just one plant if a problem, such as disease, arises.
Caring for Daisies
Daisy root systems start out shallow as a way to gain the most immediate moisture; newer plants require frequent watering. As the plants continue to grow, deep watering, at least an inch once a week, helps the roots sink deeper into the soil, ensuring a stronger plant with access to extra nutrients. If erosion is a problem, plant the daisies close together to ensure their fibrous root systems intertwine to help hold the soil in place.
Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) is a weed, not a garden daisy, that thrives in USDA zones 3 through 8. It's often seen in fields or along roadsides, and it can quickly become invasive. Although it looks much like a white shasta daisy, it's not easy to control and should be avoided. Like true daisy plants, oxeyes have fibrous root systems. However, they use adventitious roots through rhizome systems to propagate in addition to spreading seeds -- one reason they are so hard to control. Instead of stopping on the side of the road to divide what appear to be daisies for your garden, always buy daisy seeds or seedlings from a reputable grower or retail outlet.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:3d168743-8a02-4ebe-add3-6a421d59b69f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/type-roots-daisy-82675.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542665.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00146-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932968 | 609 | 3.6875 | 4 |
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