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Foldify – Bring your ideas to life in 3D!
The Foldify app allows you to create a printable ‘origami-style’ 3D model of a work you create.
Use your own drawings or photos, or the bits and pieces in the app, to produce a paper masterpiece. You can combine so many of your own elements in combination with templates and stickers that the creative possibilities are endless.
You can print out the digital creations or print in ‘colouring book mode’ to decorate with pencil, paint and other media such as google eyes. You are limited only by your imagination as you cut out and construct your creation using the simple instructions.
Teaching Idea: Link this app to other studies and activities
1: In a Year 6 Monster Mash Unit students could make a monster robot creation, etc.
2: Students use their own photographs to create caricature of themselves
3: Students investigate the principles of three-dimentionality by taking a 2D design into 3D
BEST IDEA: Students create characters that are used in a stop-frame animation. This could be created individually in an app such as Puppet Pals, or a group could work together, storyboarding and using stop-frame animation to create a larger scale project.
The following gallery of images from Foldify give you an idea of what you can do in the classroom with creative kids, and the snap guide below is a great ‘how to’ for students.
If you want to keep exploring the possibilities, show students these geometric paper birds by Estudio Guardabosques…
…or perhaps you can make one of these huge paper heads – it’s a scary kind of Foldify!
If you liked this post, download Foldify and get creating, then check out our post on iPad animation to get some ideas and ‘how to’ advice for using your 3D models in short films. | <urn:uuid:cf733e9c-efb8-4e63-a4fb-bcd6bd8b0669> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.ipadartroom.com/foldify-bring-your-ideas-to-life-in-3d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.912967 | 400 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The understanding of close links between foreign and energy policy was first reflected in the Russian Federation’s 2003 Energy Strategy. Improving Russian position in international system through savvy use of energy resources is also one of the key goals of the next Energy Strategy – 2030. Moreover, the project of the future Russian Energy Strategy – 2035 has highlighted that a new key goal of energy policy for the coming years is to strengthen Russia’s position in the global energy markets. Therefore, one can read between the lines in all of Russia’s Energy Strategies that it aims at becoming a global energy superpower in the near future. Russian energy policy is frequently effective because the Russian president and prime minister are directly involved in the decision-making process of state-owned oil and gas producers and distributors. Putin’s knowledge of energy policy and industry is no match for any of his European counterparts.
The promotion of Russia’s national interests through using energy resources formed the curriculum of the education program for future diplomats. For example, the International Institute of Energy Policy and Diplomacy, established in 2000, aims at preparing the so-called future energy diplomats. From 2010, the course of “Russian energy diplomacy” became a part of the education program in all relevant universities. In fact, Russian energy diplomacy today has an institutional dimension and has preserved many Soviet features and methods of work in the international sphere.
Most notorious is Russia’s uncompromising position during negotiations, focused on achieving predetermined results. Generally, the components of such approach are hard statements of issues, blocking alternatives and, at the minimum, heated discussion with elements of stressed imposed on the counterpart. EU-Ukraine-Russia negotiations regarding the so-called “2014/2015 winter gas package” are an illustrative example of this approach. After whooping 7 rounds of negotiations between Russia and Ukraine that was facilitated by European Commission (EC), a $4.6 billion “winter package” securing gas supplies for Ukraine and the EU was agreed upon. It was difficult to organize such negotiations before the winter period. Moreover, Russian propaganda sought to escalate the conflict predicting the crash on the European market through the so-called “Ukrainian problem”. The dramatization of the situation around gas supply to Europe via Ukraine began in August 2014. Finally, European and Ukrainian authorities were limited by time and worked under the pressure of a possible energy catastrophe.
Undoubtedly, Russia achieved several of its most important goals. First of all, Gazprom coerced Ukraine to pay its $3.1 billion depth in full. Second, agreement stipulated that Russia will only provide gas supplies to Ukraine based on pre-payments. Third, the gas price for Ukraine remained at the level of $385/cbm. Next, the EC and the International Monetary Fund became Ukraine’s guarantors.
Russian success in negotiations was largely due to a very difficult position which the European diplomacy was facing at the time. Before the active period of EU-Russia-Ukraine negotiations, a gas stress test was conducted. According to the results of the test, the Central and South-Eastern Europe would be the most vulnerable countries in a crisis. Firstly, it needed to find a compromise in Russian-Ukrainian gas conflict and, secondly, minimize risks of a limitation or interruption in Russian gas supply to Europe. All goals were achieved at the same time that European diplomats accepted all conditions of their Russian counterparts.
The following popular approach of Russian diplomacy is to create and use conflicts with partners. This idea was described in detail in the book of James Sherr, “Hard Diplomacy and Soft Coercion: Russia’s Influence Abroad”. The British expert discussed the conflict concerning the 4 billion USD debt owed by the self-proclaimed Republic of Transnistria to Gazprom. The Russian Federation’s Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, was reported as saying that if “Chisinau does not recognize Transnistria, the debt for the gas consumed by Transnistria, becomes a duty of Moldova, and Chisinau will have to pay”. Following this logic, Moldova should take responsibility for a system created by Russia against its objections. A similar approach was exploited by the Gazprom regarding the separatist region of Eastern Ukraine. Russia’s true intention of using this strategy was to create an international precedence regarding the status of Donbas. If Ukraine refused to pay region’s debts, it would implicitly affirm Russia’s claims to the disputed territory.
The next instrument of Russian energy diplomacy ought to be called a political exchange. It is likely that this is Putin’s favorite method of achieving his goals. After two gas crises (2006 and 2009), the Ukrainian authorities were forced to accept a sharply increased (but still discounted) gas price. Indeed, the low gas price was the cornerstone for the Ukrainian economy, which is very energy-intensive. Back in 2010, Russia and Ukraine signed a new ten-year agreement that offered Ukraine a 30% discount on the gas price in return for a 25-year extension of the lease for the Russian Black Sea Fleet at Sevastopol. This example shows Russia’s ability to use its energy resources as an instrument for political exchange in foreign policy goal achievement.
Suppression of competitor
At the same time, Russia is the biggest but not the only gas and oil supplier to Europe. Currently, there is a network of 8000 km of underwater pipeline links between the gas production regions of Norway and Germany, the UK, France and Belgium. Moreover, the Polish initiative to build a trans-Baltic pipeline is still subject of discussion at the European Commission. Therefore, the focus of the attention of Russian energy diplomacy is its direct competitors in the European oil and gas markets, which chiefly includes Norway. The approach of “suppression of competitor” is often used by Russian diplomats.
In this context, it is very important to mention about the annexation of Crimea. The Ukrainian conflict is no longer viewed as local but as a part of a deep crisis in relations between the West and Russia. Uncertainty as to Russia’s policy and interests is on the rise, and there is a concern that the crisis may escalate and draw in the Baltic States, northern areas and even Norway’s arctic province of Svalbard .The Norwegian government admits that Russian diplomats may start a dispute over the status of Svalbard. This makes the situation more dangerous and less predictable.
Similarly, Sweden is also under the pressure of Russian energy diplomacy. The project of Nord Stream 2 (NS2) poses a challenge to the Energy Union. In August 2016, the Polish anti-monopoly regulator UOKiK blocked the establishment of a joint enterprise. Now, it is very important to find other ways of stopping this project. Sweden is the first country along the course of NS2. But there are no signs of Sweden planning to prevent the construction of the project. Nevertheless, if the problems with Sweden occurred because NS2 went through Swedish territorial waters, it would be a powerful argument together with the Polish initiative to block this project. However, Stockholm does not want to use its national laws to block NS2.“We can’t bypass the negotiations with Sweden. This threat is far more important than the story with Poland,” – told Director General of the National Energy Security Fund K.Simonov. Obviously, Swedish politicians have still not decided. “Sweden’s government does not support the building of the German-Russian NS2 pipeline, but has no legal way to stop it” was the message from Foreign Minister Margot Wallström. Most likely, frequent maneuvers of the Russian navy close to the borders of Sweden have had a direct impact on the decision making process in Stockholm.
Conclusions and recommendations
1. The unique features of Russian diplomacy are its capacity to use negotiations as an instrument of promoting national interests, influence and manipulation of public opinion, uncompromising, slyness, bluffing, fighting for the value whereby the end justifies the means and maintain an unfavorable situation before the achievement of a desired result.
2. On the European space, by toying with some European leaders, offering discounts on gas and engaging in joint business projects, Russia undermines the solidarity of European countries. The EU Member States should respond with a strategic vision for regional energy security, rather than concentrate on short-term national interests.
3. The Energy diplomacy of the EU could be a valuable tool to face not only Ukraine-Russia crisis, but also future challenges and perspectives. Nowadays the global energy landscape is changing rapidly. The growing Asian thirst of energy could motivate Russia to change the export energy flows. Undoubtedly, that single European energy diplomacy would also strengthen the EU position in international organizations both in the global (UN, WTO) and regional (IEA, IRENA) institutions.
4. Given the geopolitical and regional challenges to energy security and stability the EU states it is very important to create a value through coordinated energy policy and diplomacy. Such energy issues especially vis-à-vis Russia as the price negotiations, removal of destination restrictions and softening and/or removal of take-or-pay contractual conditions, diversification the sources and routes of supplies should be in the focus of one-voice energy policy all EU countries. The teamwork and using energy diplomacy for promoting trade and energy security would provide benefits not only in the energy policy but also would have positive effects on economic policy as well. | <urn:uuid:8c84ee74-aa7d-436f-9243-6e878523c61e> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://thesec.org/en/research-dossier/1- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526966.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419021416-20190419043416-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.952963 | 1,938 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to Remove a Worm Virus From a Computer
A computer virus is a malicious program that installs itself onto your computer without your permission. Unlike a computer virus, a worm does not need to infect a program on your computer for it to do damage. Worms are self dependent and can affect the quality of your computer or Internet performance. Most computer worms are transferred via unofficial software updates and system exploits. The majority of worms can be removed using a free antivirus program (for example, Spybot.)
Download Spybot. You can use the "Resources" link below to get a quick download of the file.
Double click the .exe file to begin the installation. Follow the onscreen instructions to complete installation. Start the program. Ignore the prompt to create a registry backup.
Click the "Check for Problems" button.
Click "Yes" when asked to clean temporary internet files. Removing temporary internet files will in no way affect your files, web browser, or computer. The scan will begin.
Wait until the scan is complete. Be patient as this usually takes a while. Letting the scan complete will result in a more thorough removal of all viruses on your machine.
Click the "Fix selected problems" button if any viruses are found.
ESET Online Antivirus
Open your web browser and go to eset.com/onlinescan/.
Click the "ESET Online Scanner" button to begin an online scan.
Wait until the scan is complete. The scanner will inform you of any malware found and attempt to automatically remove it.
- Other effective (and free) antivirus programs include Adaware, Avast! Antivirus, and ComboFix. | <urn:uuid:2f189b0c-de30-4648-a49e-3f13ea8c55ba> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/remove-worm-virus-computer-18093.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824041053-20190824063053-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.813863 | 346 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Joan Moliner is a man on a mission and has been for seven years. Every day, as Joan Moliner cycles to and from work, he has one eye on the road, the other on builders’ skips. His quarry, if that’s the word, is cement floor tiles.
All over the city, 19th-century apartment blocks are being made over into luxury flats. In the process, a vital part of Barcelona’s heritage – its decorative tiled floors – is ending up in a dump.
Conservation of the architectural heritage rarely extends beyond listing the facade, despite the wealth of interior detail in buildings erected at a time when Barcelona was a mecca for artists and artisans.
“I see these old buildings as a conversation between all the different parts – the walls, the floors, all the details,” says Moliner. “Preserving the facade and nothing else doesn’t make much sense. It’s part of our evolution as a society that we’re throwing away.”
He picked up his first tile seven years ago and now has 1,600 of them stacked up on his terrace.
The tiles Moliner collects came about thanks to the creation of cheap and versatile portland cement in the early 19th century by the Englishman Joseph Aspdin and were used to floor most of the buildings constructed in Barcelona from 1870 to 1950. Easier to lay, they did not need to be fired and could be produced by hand by a team of four artisans working a hydraulic press.
Furthermore, they could be printed with any pattern, freeing artists from the rectilinear restraints of mosaic to produce the images of flora and fauna that are a trademark of modernisme, the distinctly Catalan version of art nouveau.
Moliner believes it’s important to conserve this part of the city’s heritage, even if the tiles can’t remain in situ. “There’s been talk for a long time about putting them in a museum, but nothing’s come of it so far.” But, hopefully, one day he will be able to properly showcase his haul of tiles for the world to enjoy. | <urn:uuid:2495354c-e2a1-4975-9cdc-daa8ee38be90> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.onlygoodnewsdaily.com/post/saving-barcelona-s-decorative-tiles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.96014 | 464 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A Griffith University researcher has helped create a first-ever global gap assessment of the protection of the world’s rivers to identify where river conservation priorities need to be focussed.
Dr Simon Linke co-authored the study with freshwater scientists from the Nature Conservancy, McGill University and the World Wildlife Fund who used a high-resolution dataset of the world’s rivers to assess protection levels for systems globally. Such an assessment had previously not been possible.
In the paper Looking Beyond the Fenceline: Assessing Protection Gaps for the World’s River, published in Conservation Letters, the authors explain that in 2010 the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) set a 17 per cent target for the protection of ‘inland waters,’ including rivers.
While it was an accomplishment for countries to commit to a global conservation target for threatened freshwater systems worldwide, there was no good way to measure progress toward that target. This is because rivers are a connected system with local protection measures as well as upstream catchment protection contributing to the overall river health.
The study found that most river systems around the world fall far short of the 17 per cent CBD target, both for local protection and especially for protection of the upstream catchment.
About 70 per cent of river reaches, by length, have no protected areas in their upstream catchments, and only 11 per cent of river reaches (again by length) achieve integrated protection.
Worrying protection gaps for rivers
Robin Abell, the lead author of the paper, says: “These findings help to highlight where there are worrying protection gaps for rivers, putting aside functional gaps arising from poor protected area management and ‘false’ gaps where landscapes and rivers receive de facto protection outside formal protected areas”.
Levels of protection vary widely by region; South America, dominated by the well-protected Amazon, has average local and integrated levels approaching 30 per cent, whereas both levels are under 10 per cent for the Middle East. Levels also vary within individual basins for different river size classes.
In general, large rivers, such as the Volga, Colorado, Mississippi or Murray-Darling are the hardest to strategically protect and hence have the largest gap between the amount of local protection and upstream protection.
Dr Linke says measurement doesn’t equal conservation, but researchers can’t assess progress without it.
“It helps to guide us where future priorities for river conservation need to be set,” he says.
Dr Linke is one of the key experts in the field of river conservation planning, and has led and contributed to conservation plans in Australia, Africa and the Himalayas. | <urn:uuid:76e4a117-ae64-49f2-8c69-709c7d6f9837> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://news.griffith.edu.au/2016/11/11/study-identifies-global-river-protection-gaps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.918917 | 547 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Black holes may not be bald after all.
In a challenge to traditional models of the universe's gravitational monsters, new research suggests black holes could be quite "hairy," with more tangled features than previously believed.
The gravitational attraction of black holes is so strong that even light cannot escape their pull, making these super-dense objects invisible to outside observers and almost indistinguishable from one another.
"The accepted picture is that black holes are very simple objects that can be fully characterized by only 3 quantities: their mass, their angular momentum (how fast they spin) and their electric charge," Thomas Sotiriou, a physicist at the International School for Advanced Studies of Trieste, told SPACE.com in an email.
The electric charge, however, is usually negligibly small, and researchers typically throw it out when describing a black hole.
Astronomer John Wheeler, who coined the term "black hole" nearly 50 years ago, famously said that "black holes have no hair" because of their simplicity. Now "hair" is used as a colloquial term among physicists as a stand-in for any other measure needed to describe a black hole that departs from the traditional three-quantity model.
For their study, Sotiriou and his colleagues looked at black holes in the context of the equations of scalar-tensor theories of gravity.
"These are theories different than Einstein's theory, general relativity," Sotiriou wrote in an email. "They also describe the gravitational field in term of curvature of spacetime and predict the existence of black holes. However, they include also a different kind of field — a scalar field — to participate to the mediation of the gravitational interaction."
The researchers found that black holes develop scalar "hair" when ordinary matter surrounds them.
"This does not happen in the standard picture," Sotiriou said.
It's not clear from the study if these strands of scalar "hair" make black holes look much different from the standard picture, and it's not clear how observable the effect is with current technology, Sotiriou explained.
Not only would the existence of "hair" help researchers understand the structure of black holes themselves, proof of "hairy" black holes could represent a paradigm shift, Sotiriou said, since Einstein's theory does not include a scalar field.
The study was detailed in the journal Physical Review Letters.
Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @SPACEdotcom, Facebook or Google+. Originally published on SPACE.com. | <urn:uuid:88833cbf-4d43-4ee1-bf69-bd2b382bc4b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.space.com/23011-black-holes-hair-gravity-theory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643663.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528083025-20230528113025-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.951207 | 529 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Nepal highway alignment survey and aspects of integrated approach for route alignment study
- V. K. Jha, A. K. Roy, D. K. Jugran
- Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing SCI(E) SCOPUS
- Springer in 1988
- Cited Count
Satellite and aerial remote sensing techniques can provide useful, indicative information on most of the factors that are pertinent to a good route location. This information because it is obtained quickly, economically, and with fair to excellent dependability for large areas, can then be translated into better planning, design and constructions as well as lower maintenance cost. The Nepal highway project involved, besides study of geology, the mapping and delineation of land facets through which the route would pass, and included the study of (i) rock, (2) soil, (3) weathering, (4) slopes, (5) landslides, (6) hydrology and (7) construction material availability in an integrated manner. Remote sensing techniques helped in efficient selection of potential route than could have been possible by conventional ground techniques alone.
No relevant information is available
If you register references through the customer center, the reference information will be registered as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:1b7aca08-da0b-489e-990e-1a5753579193> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=34716594 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859904.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180617232711-20180618012623-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.912252 | 258 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Straddling the border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plains regions of North Carolina, Halifax County is known for its significant history and its natural geographical attractions.
The Halifax Resolves is the name later given to a resolution adopted by the Fourth Provincial Congress of the Province of North Carolina on April 12, 1776. The resolution was a forerunner of the United States Declaration of Independence.
An Old Republican Congressman from Edgecombe County and a friend of Nathaniel Macon, Thomas Hall consistently opposed what he deemed unnecessary federal intervention in North Carolina. As a young man he moved to Tarboro, North Carolina, practiced medicine, and married Martha Jones Green Sitgreaves, the widow of James Green and John Sitgreaves. Hall was first elected to Congress as a Jeffersonian-Republican (1817-1825), and again served in Congress from 1827-1835.
Wade Hampton III was one of the richest plantation owners in the South. He served as a general for the Confederacy during the United States Civil War and was engaged in battles, including Bull Run, Gettysburg, and Bentonville, from the beginning until the very end of the war. Hampton became the leader of Robert E. Lee’s cavalry forces, and he was sent southward at the end of the war to stop General Sherman. Hampton played an important role in the fighting in North Carolina. After the war, Hampton was elected as governor of South Carolina and served as a U.S. Senator.
Wilbur Hardee opened the first Hardee’s restaurant in Greenville, North Carolina, in 1960. Offering a concise but premium menu, low prices, and fast service, Hardee’s succeeded in Greenville and a second Hardee’s was soon opened in Rocky Mount. By 1963, the Hardee’s chain had gone public and it soon opened outside the United States. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Hardee’s became a subsidiary of CKE Restaurants, and the chain went through a revolution by offering new and better products, Monster Thickburgers, and witty advertising.
Named after the famous Revolutionary War Patriot, Cornelius Harnett, the County of Harnett was formed from parts of Cumberland County in 1855. There are several communities within the county, including Erwin, Dunn, Angier, Buies Creek, Coats, Johnsonville, and Bunnlevel. In 1859, Lillington was chartered to become the county seat for the county.
Considered by the North Carolina Department of Archives and History to possess the “finest Queen Anne interior styling in the entire state,” the Harper House of Hickory also has a restored landscape, including period gardens. The Catawba County Historical Association (CCHA) raised $2,000,000 for restorations to start the house museum to interpret not only the histories of Hickory and the families who lived in the house but also the history of the Victorian South.
Harris Teeter is a grocery store chain founded in Charlotte, North Carolina. As of 2012, Harris Teeter operated 208 stores in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, Delaware, Maryland, Florida, and Washington, D.C.
Reginald Hawkins was as an boisterous and confrontational desegregation activist of the 1950s and 60s. His passionate avocation for racial equality propelled him to the national civil rights spotlight and helped to dismantle segregation in North Carolina and the South.
When the War of 1812 came, North Carolinians voiced pro and anti-war opinions and debated whether the threat from England was worth answering President Madison’s call for troops. During this time, Governor William Hawkins supported the war effort and cooperated with national authorities in defending the young United States from enemy invasion while increasingly becoming disenchanted with the national government’s lack of military assistance to ensure North Carolina’s safety.
Haywood, a western, mountain county of North Carolina, was established out of Buncombe County in 1808. Named after John Haywood, the county is home to the Great Smoky Mountains, Maggie Valley, and Lake Junaluska. Waynesville, incorporated in 1871, is the county’s seat of government.
Born in Raleigh in 1801, William H. Haywood, Jr., served as a U.S. Senator from 1843 until 1846. He studied at the University of North Carolina, was admitted to the bar in 1822, and he later practiced in Raleigh. As a Democrat, Haywood served in the state legislature until moving to the U.S. Senate. Haywood resigned from office in 1846 and he practiced law until his death in 1852.
During the early twentieth century, many Tar Heels moved to towns and urban areas to find work in mills and on railroads, while local pharmacists also began creating patent medicines. One such medicine, headache relief powders, became popular among mill and railroad workers who referred to them as “production powders.” Pharmacists often compounded their own headache relief medicine in an easier-made powder form rather than in the more complex pill form.
Two Lithuanian immigrants started a furniture company in Goldsboro that survived and grew during the Great Depression. In 1946, the two parted ways, and the company had 19 stores by 1970. During the next three decades, the number of Heilig-Meyers stores increased, and it grew exponentially in the 1990s (from 258 stores in 1988 to 647 stores in 1994). The chain reached its zenith in 1998 yet lost money. It filed for bankruptcy in 2000 and eliminated 4,400 jobs.
A reporter, television-radio executive, and U.S. Senator, Jesse Helms was born October 18, 1921, in Monroe, N.C., to Jesse Alexander and Ethel Mae Helms. The Almanac of American Politics labeled the conservative Helms a “Jeremiah” for believing in an imminent doom and warning against the encroaching dangers of big government, communism, and abortion—to name three examples.
Abolitionist, diplomat, and lecturer, Hinton Rowan Helper was born December 27, 1829, near Mocksville, North Carolina. In 1857 he published The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. This book ranked second only to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in its influence for abolition. Although a racist, Helper profoundly influenced American politics and doubtless hastened the demise of “the peculiar institution."
Henderson County’s boundary has changed considerably since its establishment in 1838, with the formation of Polk County and Transylvania County. The location of its county seat, Hendersonville, sparked a raging political firestorm that pitted the Road Party against the River Party.
More commonly known as O. Henry, the North Carolina-born author was famous for his “O. Henry Endings” and popular short stories in the early-twentieth century. Born in Greensboro in 1862, O. Henry’s early childhood and adolescence greatly influenced his literary style and voice. Some of his famous works include “The Gift of the Magi”, “The Ransom of Red Chief”, and “Memoirs of a Yellow Dog.”
Birthplace of the inventor of the Gatling Gun, the coastal county of Hertford holds an important position in North Carolina’s history. The Meherrin called modern-day Hertford home before the arrival of early European settlers from the Virginia colony. Winton, the county seat of Hertford, was the first town destroyed by Union forces in the Civil War.
Although Joseph Hewes was a native of New Jersey, he was one of three North Carolinians to sign the Declaration of Independence. His business experience, education and honorable character enabled the Tar Heel to serve North Carolina vigilantly in public service for thirteen years.
North Carolina was once the largest settlement area for Highland Scots who brought the Highland Games with them upon settling in the state. The Highland Games are Scottish sporting events, including tossing heavy objects and bagpipe playing, rooted in Celtic tradition. North Carolina’s largest Highland Games event occurs each July at MacRae Meadows at Grandfather Mountain.
Countless Highland Scots migrated to North Carolina during the colonial period and lived primarily in the Upper Cape Fear region during the late 1770s. Immediately the Highland Scots contributed to some of the greatest events in the state’s history. As evidenced by the modern-day Highland Games, these Scots and their families migrated to other parts of the state, where aspects of their culture are alive and well today.
Daniel Harvey Hill was a Confederate States army officer and educator. Described as deeply religious and intellectual, Hill is most remembered for displaying an intense sense of honor, on and off the battlefield. Hill served as a mathematics professor, founded a military institute, and was president of colleges in Arkansas and Georgia.
A Brunswick County native, William Henry Hill was the state’s district attorney, a state senator, a University of North Carolina Trustee, and a U.S. Congressman. Unlike many of his North Carolina contemporaries in Congress, Hill was a staunch Federalist who, according to Lawrence F. London, “believed in a strong central government.”
After a sheriff seized a horse for delinquent payment of taxes, Piedmont farmers used traditional means of protest to call for government to perform its proper role. In the end, however, the Hillsborough Confrontation of 1768 failed to restore the colonial government to its proper function and started a series of events that included the Hillsborough Riot of 1770 and the Battle of Alamance.
Meeting in Hillsborough, North Carolina, Antifederal and Federal delegates convened from July 21 to August 4, 1788 to consider ratification of the newly proposed U.S. Constitution. The two-week long deliberations resulted in neither ratification nor rejection. North Carolina refused to make a decision. Ratification was postponed until the 1789 Fayetteville Convention.
During the 1760s and 1770s, the Regulators of North Carolina’s Piedmont region worked to fight abuses they perceived to be rampant in the government of the time. Their methods, however, were controversial.
In spite of his illiteracy, Hinton was a successful entrepreneur. He ran two flourishing businesses when African Americans struggled for equality and respect and the chance to participate in a free market where each held his own.
European settlement near the Pamlico River in the 1690s led to the creation of Bath, North Carolina’s first town, in 1705. The town’s location seemed ideal with easy access to the river and the Atlantic Ocean 50 miles away at Ocracoke Inlet.
Located on the Roanoke River, the town of Halifax developed into a commercial and political center around the time of the American Revolution. A guided walking tour takes you into several authentically restored and furnished buildings. These include the 1760 home of a merchant, the house and law office of a 19th-century attorney, and the 1808 home of a wealthy landowner. The 1833 clerk’s office, a jail, Eagle Tavern, and a unique archaeological exhibit are also featured on the tour.
The particular never escaped the observant eye of the landed Virginian, William Byrd II. While traveling through North Carolina, the colony’s natural and man-made environments amazed the Virginia gentleman.
Luther Hodges was the 64th Governor of North Carolina (1954 to 1961). He also served as United States Secretary of Commerce from 1961 to 1965. Hodges was known for his role in creating Research Triangle Park.
The administration of Clyde R. Hoey as governor from 1937 to 1941 reaffirmed conservative rule in the state and also the power of the "Shelby dynasty," the label given to the political organization of former governor Max Gardner, Hoey’s brother-in-law and fellow resident of Shelby.
Formerly comprising parts of Cumberland and Robeson counties and named after a famous North Carolinian and former Confederate general, Hoke County was established in 1911. Two previous attempts had failed.
The tumultuous Reconstruction years influenced North Carolina, and political power struggles abounded in the state. In 1870, the Conservative Party won numerous elections, and with its newly gained power, the party worked successfully to impeach Governor William Holden (R). His impeachment marked the second time that an impeachment of a governor occurred in United States history. His conviction marked the first time in the nation’s history
The gubernatorial impeachment of William Woods Holden serves as the only one of its kind in North Carolina history. A brilliant journalist, editor, and lawyer, Holden’s political achievements would ultimately be masked by his shortcomings, including reform failure, an inability to stabilize the state during Reconstruction, and prompting an bloody war with the Ku Klux Klan.
James Holland or “Big Jim” Holland was a North Carolina Militiaman and politician from Anson County, North Carolina. He served in the Revolutionary War and was elected to the North Carolina State Senate (1783, 1797) and the North Carolina House of Commons (1786, 1789). He also served in the United States House of Representatives (1795-1797, 1800-1810). Later in life Holland moved to Tennessee and served as the Justice of the Peace (1812-1818). He died in Maury County, Tennessee in 1823.
Lawyer by profession, planter at heart, Gabriel Holmes’ 1821-1824 term as governor of North Carolina included a push for agricultural reform at the onset of industrialization, an integration of agrarian practices in higher education, and a commitment to the platform of the waning Democratic-Republican Party.
An industrialist who later entered into the political arena as a friend of farmers, Thomas Michael Holt served North Carolina as its 47th governor. His administration is known for supporting higher education and returning elective control to localities.
In 1924 the Greek-American community of Raleigh decided to establish a Greek Orthodox parish, and in 1935 they were served by the first resident priest. Parishioners overcame the economic difficulties of the 1930s and collected enough money to lay the cornerstone of the first Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church on November 30, 1937. Five months later, construction was complete.
A representative of North Carolina at the signing of the Declaration of Independence, William Hooper risked death and sacrificed his personal income to secure the creation of the United States. He later pursued a Federalist political ideology, which many North Carolinians disagreed with, and served as a federal judge until shortly before his death.
The story of the House in the Horseshoe, and the men who fought there during an American Revolution skirmish, reveals the nature and influence of the war in the North Carolina backcountry. One of the first “big” houses built in the frontier lands of North Carolina, the House in the Horseshoe still has bullet holes from the fighting that took place in 1781.
In 1732, Robert Howe was born in Brunswick County, North Carolina. He emerged as the colonies’ highest-ranking officer during the Revolutionary War. Althought he supported Royal Governor Tryon in the 1760s, Howe like many others soon grew disenchanted with the English crown and evinced a strong patriotism by the mid-1770s.
Created in Pasadena, California in 1928, The Human Betterment Foundation sponsored and conducted research dealing with sterilization’s physiological, mental, and social effects. Closely aligned with the Human Betterment Foundation, the Human Betterment League of North CarolinaFounded by James G. Hanes in 1947, used mass media and advertisements to promote the implementation of sterilization procedures. In large part because of the League’s work, the number of sterilizations in North Carolina increased after World War II.
One of North Carolina’s most prolific baseball players, Jim “Catfish” Hunter excelled on the baseball mound from his young days in Hertford to his last professional years with the New York Yankees. Catfish was known for his precision pitching, and he won five World Series during his 14 year career in the major leagues. The all-star pitcher retired in 1979 to his family home in Perquimans County, and he passed away in 1999 after battling Lou Gehrig’s disease.
Born in Maryland in 1724, Herman Husband was a successful farmer and an influential leader during the Regulator Rebellion in pre-Revolutionary North Carolina. Husband represented Alamance farmers’ interests and protested what he considered corrupt government and exploitation.
Vast in size, small in population, and rich in history, Hyde County is not only one of North Carolina’s earliest founded counties, but also a tourism hot spot and a sanctuary for nature aficionados.
A former slave, Hyman became the first African American elected to Congress from North Carolina’s Second District in 1874, and served one term in the U.S. House as a Republican (1875–1877). | <urn:uuid:40e81c69-c213-48fd-b397-5cb505d306b3> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://northcarolinahistory.org/alphabetical/?alpha=H | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363336.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207045002-20211207075002-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.962543 | 3,564 | 2.75 | 3 |
(2010). Educational Research and Innovation Inspired by Technology, Driven by Pedagogy: A Systemic Approach to Technology-Based School Innovations. SourceOECD Education Skills, 2010(27), 164. OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
This report highlights key issues to facilitate understanding of how a systemic approach to technology-based school innovations can contribute to quality education for all while promoting a more equal and effective education system. It focuses on the novel concept of systemic innovation, as well as presenting the emerging opportunities to generate innovations that stem from Web 2.0 and the important investments and efforts that have gone into the development and promotion of digital resources. It also shows alternative ways to monitor, assess and scale up technology-based innovations. Some country cases, as well as fresh and alternative research frameworks, are presented.Today, sufficient return on public investments in education and the ability to innovate are more important than ever. This was the conclusion of the international conference on “The School of Tomorrow, Today” organised by the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation with the support of the Secretariat of Education of the State Santa Catarina (Brazil), in November 2009. The conference and this resulting report share the overall goal of addressing the issue of how education systems achieve technology-based innovations.
Preview Full Text | <urn:uuid:e8a6df15-ae4e-4a0c-92c4-a5fd72108f07> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://internationalschoolsandict.wordpress.com/tag/systemic-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567785.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215075536-20171215095536-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.937462 | 267 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The diagram below will help you learn more about the antaomy of ants.
An ant's body is divided into 3 main segments. The head, the Mesosoma, and the Metasoma.
The head of an ant has some very important parts. The eyes, the antennae, and the mandibles. The eyes are compound eyes which means they have many small lenses connected together. There are also 3 simple eyes on top of the head that can detect light levels and polarization. There are 2 antennae which allow the ant to sense things. Ants also have mandibles which can be used to fight, carry food, or other tasks.
The Mesosoma section is where all 6 of the legs are attached.
The Metasoma of the ant holds some organs and may contain a stinger with poison.
Ants don't have lungs. Air enters through the exoskeleton. There is not a heart but there is a tube that runs the length of the ant which moves liquids in the body.
Information for this page is from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant
Ant Observation at Home
An Ant Habitat lets you watch and learn about the fascinating world of ants in your own home. Life Studies will be happy to get you started. We have a variety of Live Ant Habitats available. We will also send you Western Harvester ants for your observatory. | <urn:uuid:1e3b77a8-a0fb-47e3-9b33-e384ff5df776> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.antsalive.com/ant-anatomy.ants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608416.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525195400-20170525215400-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.934753 | 291 | 3.796875 | 4 |
This section of the education in emergencies e-learning module delves into Domain Two of the INEE Minimum Standards (INEE MS), Teachers and Other Education Personnel. Teachers and other education personnel provide for the education needs of children and youth in emergencies through to recovery. They may vary in perofessional status from state employees with university degrees to volunteers or community-based educators with little formal education. The Teachers and Other Education Personnel Domain consists of the following three standards:
1. Recruitment and Selection
2. Conditions of Work
3. Support and Supervision
These standards are depicted in the map below. Click on the image to enlarge the map, and familiarize yourself with the standards. Keep these standards and key actions in mind as you answer the questions in this section. Refer to the INEE Minimum Standards Handbook for additional information regarding the Teachers and Other Education Personnel Domain. | <urn:uuid:c7124a4c-083b-49a3-9a0c-65f5cde3ce57> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://eie.ineesite.org/?page_id=41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201672.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318191656-20190318212758-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.923778 | 178 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Find projects on which SERC is a leader or collaborator
Resource Type: Activities
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Results 41 - 50 of 341 matches
Offshore wind or offshore oil?
Noah Snyder, Boston College
An introductory environmental science project tasking students with comparing offshore oil and wind power development.
Soil Ecology Lab
Becky Ball, Arizona State University at the West Campus
Students collect soil samples from places of interest around campus and run a series of basic soil analyses to make conclusions about how soil fertility relates to the biological community and human management.
A River Runs Through It: an exploration in land use and water resource management
Robin Humphreys, College of Charleston
This is an in-class activity where students learn about the interconnectedness of land use, water quality, and water resource management. Students are assigned a river front parcel of land to develop, unaware that ...
Using Media to Document Public Attitudes on Waste
Sya Kedzior, Towson University
Students work in small groups to record interviews capturing public attitudes on various types of waste. Students then edit shorter videos into a larger film that incorporates student analysis and synthetic commentary on waste in our society.
The Urgent Need For Understanding and Implementing Sustainability
This activity promotes a clearer understanding of what sustainability at a personal level is, the big contributors to emissions (climate change), a fun quiz-game that promotes learning/knowledge, and a means of collaborating you ides with others.
Exploring the Sustainability of the U.S. Food System
David Koetje, Calvin College
This is a collaborative learning activity based on the documentaries "King Corn" and "Big River" in which students explore and propose solutions to sustainability issues associated with industrial agriculture and food systems.
Assessing Water Resource Demand in New York City
Kyle Monahan, Clarkson University
An exercise assessing the water demand of New York City and population dynamics underlying that demand is provided. Visualization of first order water resource estimates using precipitation data and a known water storage volume are used to draw conclusions about drought risk and the sustainability of NYC water supplies.
Researching Ocean Acidification in General Chemistry
Kalyn Shea Owens and Sonya Remington, North Seattle Community College
This research-based student project used the problem of ocean acidification to cover the sustainability concept of fossil fuel combustion and the disciplinary concepts of kinetics, equilibrium, acid-base chemistry and solubility.
Organic Chemistry: Friend or Foe? An Organic Chemistry Special Investigation
Neal A. Yakelis, Pacific Lutheran University
Students are asked to work in teams to find a claim in the media relating to the impact of an organic compound (or class of organic compounds) on the environment and its inhabitants. Their chosen compound should have an effect on the sustainability of plant or animal life, or, in particular, the sustainability of human health.
Understanding and Analyzing an Environmental Controversy
Steve Martin, Ripon College
Students will write a paper that analyzes a particular controversy that is related to the environment or issues of sustainability. In so doing, they will discover the role discourse plays in resolving, or failing to resolve, the different goals of competing interests. | <urn:uuid:7a39420f-2a66-45c8-be6b-d72c9e1231e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://serc.carleton.edu/serc/site_guides/sustainability_activities.html?results_start=41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158481.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00186-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870438 | 695 | 2.875 | 3 |
(Phys.org) —For physicist Clarence Chang at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, looking backward in time to the earliest ages of the universe is all in a day's work.
Chang helped design and operate part of the South Pole Telescope, a project that aims a giant telescope at the night sky to track tiny bits of radiation that are still traveling across the universe from the period just after it was born.
"Basically, what we're looking at is the afterglow light of the Big Bang," Chang said.
In the wake of the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe was just hot, dense particles and light. As the universe got older, it began to spread out and cool down over time, and the intense light from that period traveled across space. It's still traveling, hitting us all the time, and it has a very distinct radiation signature. "We call this the Cosmic Microwave Background, and it is essentially a snapshot of the universe as it looked about 400,000 years after the Big Bang," Chang said.
There's still a lot we don't know about the makeup of the early universe. Particularly mysterious are the dark matter and dark energy that appear to make up 95% of the universe, but about which we know very little. Mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background can shed some light on these dark forms.
"The Cosmic Microwave Background photons have traveled so far in time that some of them bumped into the early galaxy clusters along the way," Chang said. "You can detect this because they get kicked around a bit, which changes the radiation signature."
This is useful because one of the things we do know about dark energy is that it affects how galaxy clusters form. Being able to compare the distribution of distant galaxy clusters with the distribution we observe nearby helps physicists decode the role dark energy played – and continues to play – in the universe.
The majority of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation has wavelengths of just one to two millimeters. These photons are absorbed by water, so in order to catch them, you need a very dry, flat and preferably cold space, which narrows it down to just two locations on Earth. One is the Chilean mountains, where we have a different sky mapping project underway, and the other is the South Pole.
The South Pole telescope is more than 30 feet across; Chang and colleagues at Argonne helped build its camera. ("We had to build the camera ourselves, because no sane person needs a camera that sees down to wavelengths at millimeter length," he said.) He is part of a rotation that travels to the Pole for weeks at a time to check how the camera is functioning and perform maintenance.
Developing and designing the detectors for the camera required expertise from multiple Argonne facilities and research divisions, including the Center for Nanoscale Materials.
At the core of the detector technology is an extremely thin superconducting film. Although superconductors can carry an electrical charge perfectly, they are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. When thermal radiation from the Cosmic Microwave Background hits the camera, it heats the material up slightly, which changes the conductivity of the film. This lets physicists record the energy coming from that particular part of the sky.
"So far we've mapped about 2,500 square degrees of the sky," he said, "so there's just 37,500 to go."
The South Pole telescope is funded through the National Science Foundation and the DOE's Office of Science. The other institutions in the partnership are the University of Chicago, the University of California at Berkeley, Case Western Reserve University, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, McGill University, the University of Colorado at Boulder and the University of California at Davis.
Explore further: Hubble view: Wolf-Rayet stars, intense and short-lived | <urn:uuid:32f5fff9-7702-4658-8553-e7304da1de7e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://phys.org/news/2013-10-south-pole-telescope-argonne-scientists.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096579.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00200-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946407 | 793 | 4 | 4 |
The Lydian mode is the 4th mode of the major scale. It is a frequently used mode in modern music across a number of styles. The only difference between a major scale and the lydian scale is that it contains a sharp 4. It therefor sounds quite similar to a major scale, but with perhaps a ‘brighter’ sound.
In this post we are going to explore exactly what the lydian mode is and how to construct it.
If you have read the post on guitar modes explained, or if you have read any of the other posts on the individual modes, you should have a good understanding of how modes are constructed and the theory behind them. Of course, I will go into as much detail as possible in this post just to drive home the theory.
If you have not read any of the above posts, I highly recommend reading guitar modes explained. If not, a solid understanding of major scales is the main requirement for understanding modes. You need to understand what a major scale is, what it sounds like and how to play it in any key. If you do not know this, read the post on major scales before reading on.
Parallel vs Derivative Lydian Mode
The key to understanding any mode is to understand the parallel approach and the derivative approach. At the moment, we know two things about the lydian mode:
- It is the 4th mode of the major scale.
- It contains a raised 4 (or sharp 4, depending on what terminology you wish to use).
Let’s explore what this means and how it applies to the two approaches. Let’s first look at the derivative approach. As I mentioned, the lydian mode is the 4th mode of a major scale. To put it simply, that means that if you play a major scale and start on the 4th note, you are playing the lydian mode. Here are a few examples:
The C Major scale contains the following notes:
C – D – E – F – G – A – B
The 4th note of C Major is F. Therefor if we play the C Major scale starting on F, we get the following:
F – G – A – B – C – D – E
What we have there is an F Lydian mode. Simple! Let’s do another example.
The A flat major scale has the following notes:
Ab – Bb – C – Db – Eb – F – G
Db is the 4th note of the A flat major scale. Therefor if we play the A flat major scale and star on D flat, we get the following:
Db – Eb – F – G – Ab – Bb – C
We have just constructed the D flat lydian mode. Both of these examples have used the derivative approach. This is because we ‘played’ the lydian mode by deriving it from a major scale. The lydian mode is the 4th mode of a major scale, therefor we can derive the lydian mode play playing a major scale and starting on the 4th note.
Let’s just look at one more thing before moving on to the parallel approach. Suppose we want to play a G lydian scale. If we were to use the derivative approach, we would need to know what major scale produces the note ‘G’ as the 4th note. If you are familiar with major scales, you would know that G is the 4th note of the D major scale (D – E – F# – G – A – B – C#). This means that to play a G lydian scale, all we have to do is play the D major scale and start on the 4th note:
G – A – B – C# – D – E – F#
Let’s now look at the parallel approach. The lydian mode contains a ‘raised 4th’. This is the information we need to play the lydian scale using the parallel approach. Put simply, it means that to play the lydian mode, you need to play a major scale and then raise the 4th note by a semitone. Again, let’s test this out with a few examples.
The C major scale has the following notes:
C – D – E – F – G – A – B
F is the 4th note of the C major scale. If we raise the 4th note (F) by a semitone, we get F#. Therefor, C lydian is simply a C major scale with an F# instead of an F:
C – D – E – F# – G – A – B
It’s quite simple. The lydian mode is actually quite a simple mode for a number of reasons. Firstly, the fact that the only difference between it and the major scale is the 4th note, means that it is very easy to construct using the parallel approach. The other simplicity is that because it is similar to the major scale, it does not sound very unusual to the ear and can therefor be used a lot more easily than other modes.
Let’s do another example using the parallel approach. Suppose we want to play Bb lydian. Bb major contains the following notes:
Bb – C – D – Eb – F – G – A
The 4th note is Eb. If we raise Eb by a semitone we get E. Therefor, Bb lydian looks like this:
Bb – C – D – E – F – G – A
It is important to remember that both approaches produce the same results. To prove this, let’s look at one more example using both approaches. Suppose we want to play E lydian. The derivative approach tells us that we need to know which major scale contains E as the 4th note. It is in fact B major:
B – C# – D# – E – F# – G# – A#
If we play the B major scale and start on the 4th note (E), we get the following:
E – F# – G# – A# – B – C# – D#
We have just produced the E lydian mode. Now let’s get the same result by using the parallel approach. E major has the following notes:
E – F# – G# – A – B – C# -D#
The parallel approach requires us to raise the 4th note (A) by a semitone. If we raise A to A# we get the following:
E – F# – G# – A# – B – C# – D#
As you can see, both approaches have produced the same result.
We won’t go into too much detail in this post about using the lydian mode for improvising and composition etc. The main thing is that you understand what the lydian mode is, how to construct it and how to play the mode in every key.
Individual Lydian Mode Keys
Here is a list of Lydian modes in every key:
- A Flat Lydian
- A Lydian
- A Sharp Lydian
- B Flat Lydian
- B Lydian
- B Sharp Lydian (impractical)
- C Flat Lydian
- C Lydian
- C Sharp Lydian
- D Flat Lydian
- D Lydian
- D Sharp Lydian
- E Flat Lydian
- E Lydian
- E Sharp Lydian
- F Flat Lydian
- F Lydian
- F Sharp Lydian
- Gb Lydian
- G Lydian
- G Sharp Lydian | <urn:uuid:6c52613a-d4f1-48bd-8da2-5c266a09327b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://onlineguitarbooks.com/lydian-mode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.943969 | 1,647 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Robotics for Everyone
The first European Robotics Week is centered on human-robot cooperation
November 15, 2011
Over 125 institutes, universities and companies from 17 European countries were invited, as part of the euRobotics project, to stage more than 340 robotics-related events over a period of seven days. The objective of this initiative, being launched for the first time, is to inform people in Europe about the important role of robotics in society.
This, of course, is an opportunity that KUKA, as coordinator of the euRobotics project, cannot pass up. The employees of the robot manufacturer and system builder agree and will be teaching about robotics at universities, schools and kindergartens. The general public is cordially invited to a lecture on the history and future of robotics at 7:00 p.m. on 28 November in KUKA College, Gersthofen.
KUKA robots are at home in many branches of industry. They lift heavy drinks crates, assemble cars and are even used in the field of medicine. Robots in general, and KUKA robots in particular, help people and create jobs in those sectors that rely on robotic automation.
Current challenges, such as an aging population, climate change, security and environmentally friendly production, can be mastered more easily with the aid of robotic technology and will thus bring robots and humans closer together in the future. Safe cooperation and coexistence of humans and robots is thus one of the central topics on which KUKA is focusing research and development for the future.
Ambassadors for robotics
KUKA is sending out the people who are most familiar with the subject matter, since they work with robots on a daily basis, as ambassadors for robotics: the company’s own employees. Armed with children-friendly presentations and coloring books, KUKA employees are giving lessons about robots in primary schools and kindergartens as well as inviting pupils and students to the company site for an on-site lesson. Karl, a resourceful little fellow and the new KUKA mascot, knows all about the world of robotics and shares this knowledge in a coloring book for children. This is sure to provide them with inspiration for the coloring competition that KUKA has launched for Robotics Week. It is never too late to learn, however, and adults can also find out more about robots at KUKA.
Presentation: “Robotics for Everyone” at 7.00 p.m. on 28 November in KUKA College, Gersthofen
At 7:00 p.m. on 28 November, former KUKA CEO Stefan Müller and Dr. Rainer Bischoff, an employee from the Development department at KUKA Laboratories, KUKA’s technology powerhouse, are holding an evening presentation at KUKA College, Herypark 3000, Gersthofen. Together, they will be talking about the history and development of robotics in Europe. It goes without saying that they will not be letting their audience go without first offering them a glimpse into the future. Anyone who is interested in or has questions about robots is welcome. Simply register or contact us with any questions you may have in advance at email@example.com or by telephone: +49 (0)821 797 5254. Admission is free.
About European Robotics Week
European Robotics Week is an initiative of the euRobotics European research project. One objective of this project, largely initiated by KUKA, is to raise awareness of the variety and quality of European robotics in research and development as well as in production and the service sector. The first European Robotics Week is thus intended primarily to enhance the public image of robotics and allay people’s fear of robotic technology.
Further information can be obtained from www.robotics-week.eu | <urn:uuid:2b4013a6-e5d5-4b95-8e18-a71cd0da1acc> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.kuka.com/en-us/press/news/2011/11/robotics-for-everyone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863489.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620065936-20180620085936-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.945608 | 789 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Dental Clinic is similar to any Hospital or sometimes more than a Hospital in terms of Waste production which are the result of health care activities during Dental Procedures. Hospital Waste includes approximately 75-90% of Non-Hazardous or General waste which do not lead to any spread of infection to others and the remaining 15-25% are Hazardous which can cause infections or spread infections to others who are exposed to it.
WHO Classification of Hospital Waste:
This is very important to keep in mind to make sure that you or your staff are disposing off the Dental Clinic or Hospital waste in a correct manner.
- General Waste: No risk to human health. Ex: Office paper, wrappers, general sweeping waste etc.
- Pathological Waste: Human Tissue or fluid Ex: Body Fluids, Body Tissue, body parts (extracted tooth, excised soft tissue) etc.
- Sharps: Sharp Waste items which can lead to pricking or cutting type injury to others Ex: Needles, Scalpers, Knives, BP Blades etc.
- Infectious Waste: These are substances or items which can transmit bacterial, viral or parasitic disease to other humans who come in contact with it. These waste items are suspected to contain pathogens in it. Ex: Laboratory waste, used cotton or Gauze, tissue swabs, bandages, suture material etc.
- Chemical Waste: These are chemicals which are used in dental treatments or diagnosis. Ex: Laboratory reagent, disinfectants, Xray film developers etc.
- Radio-active waste: These are mostly not found in Dental Hospitals or Clinics. These include Unused liquid from radiotherapy or lab research, contaminated glassware etc.
- Pharmaceutical waste: Expired or out dated drugs
- Pressurized containers: Gas Cylinders, aerosal cans etc.
- Genotoxic Waste: Waste containing Cytotoxic Drugs used in Cancer therapy
Color coding for Dental Hospital Waste Collection and Disposal Management:
Blue Container – Sharp items – Syringe needles, broken ampoules and glasses, scalp vein, BP blades etc.
Yellow Plastic Bag (bucket/card/board box)-
Solid Infectious or Pathological waste items–
- Cotton Swabs and dressing materials
- Anatomical or human – Yellow Plastic Bag (in plastic bucket) – Placenta, organs, infected tissue, excised Gingiva, extracted tooth etc.
Green Plastic bucket – Urosac, Ryles tubes, Foleys catheter, drainage bottles, BT sets
Red Big plastic bucket – Solid non-infectious used IV bottles, IV sets
GI Tub – General waste, Scrap papers, food materials, wrappers
Yellow plastic bag in a bucket – Microbiology and biotechnology waste Culture swabs, stocks of specimen, human and animal Incineration ash
As important is the Collection of waste and segregating it into color coded bags, the storage of the waste is also very important until the collection of the waste is done from your Dental Clinic or Hospital.
Tips for Storage of Waste in Dental Hospital –
- Waste should not be stored in generation area for more than a period of 4-6 hours.
- Segregation should be done in a proper manner by the paramedic or sanitation staff
- Waste collected in various areas should be transported for disposal or treatment
Transportation of Dental Hospital Waste:
- The waste collected should be transported using a separate coriddor and not where the patients are present.
- General Waste can be deposited in muncipal dump
- Waste collected for Autoclaving or Incineration should be dumped in a separate site for external transport in a separate colored bag.
- It has to be supervised constantly that there is no leakage from any of the collected bags.
Once proper transportation is done, it is important to make sure that proper disposal and treatment of the waste is being performed by either your staff of any external service you might have hired. The following are the technologies which are used for waste disposal – Incineration, Chemical Disinfection, Wet and Dry thermal treatment, Microwave irradiation, Land disposal, Inertization. | <urn:uuid:3022085e-581e-4e77-ba4f-e8fb13f0f61c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.juniordentist.com/management-and-handling-of-dental-hospital-waste-color-coding-for-waste-disposal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650993.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324190917-20180324210917-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.887027 | 862 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Published 26 November 2014
From Guy Cox
Whatever one may think of the hermit thrush, nobody who has listened to Australian butcherbirds can doubt that birds make music (8 November, p 12).
Their varied songs can all be transcribed – both pitch and rhythm – into Western notation. Many Australian composers have used their songs, and Brett Dean even incorporated an actual recording in his Pastoral Symphony.
Furthermore, butcherbirds use other “human” musical tricks such as adding ornamentation, or singing a melody followed by its inversion. They duet with others, and even with different species such as the Australian magpie.
I once got a butcherbird to duet with me by whistling its song back to it. The bird replied, slightly changing the melody. This delightful musical conversation carried on for a minute or two before it flew away.
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | <urn:uuid:94039037-62cb-4632-a264-3da7690ef19c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg22429970-200-the-birdie-song/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513144.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117174558-20210117204558-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.947941 | 187 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The choice is clear: truth, justice, freedom or lies, injustice, bondage? The good life and a just society depend on truth telling, but perhaps we are more comfortable with lies and fake news? How can we recognize the truth when everyone does "what is right in their own eyes"? When we accept and expect lies, how is civil society possible? How can we decide what is true, good, and right? If everyone has their own moral compass, is there any compass at all? This book addresses the skepticism about our capacity to know anything for sure and the inevitable consequences of moral relativism. The author says that skepticism and relativism cannot provide effective barriers against the drift by democracies into authoritarianism--characterized by the heavy use of state power to impose the culture of one kind of Me on us all.
In the past religion provided a beacon of hope and as the bedrock for our society and its laws. Now, religion is confined to the private and often silent recesses of the person. How then can we speak of God, truth, power, and justice as a society? These are some of the questions that the book takes up. Long begins by saying that truth and freedom promote human flourishing and concludes by pointing us to how we can discern and practice truth telling as private citizens and as people of faith. | <urn:uuid:9d738c4a-49a7-4e49-9c09-21579163bdfc> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.cokesbury.com/9781945935503-Truth-Telling-in-a-Post-Truth-World?refq=Truth%20Telling%20in%20a%20Post-Truth%20World | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.970626 | 267 | 2.75 | 3 |
Conversion engine, copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc
Densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
The density of flour depends on the measuring method. “Scooped”, or “dip and sweep” refers to dipping a measure into a bin, and then sweeping the excess off the top. “Spooned” means to lightly spoon into a measure and then sweep the top. Sifted means sifting the flour directly into a measure and then sweeping the top. | <urn:uuid:363918df-e78e-4965-a685-8c3561fe7842> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.infoplease.com/pages/unitconversion/cooking/common | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257244.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523123835-20190523145835-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.904088 | 116 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Resurrection of Congressional Cemetery
Historic Capitol Cemetery Revived by Local Preservationists
Twenty years ago, Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., was a no-man’s land two miles from the U.S. Capitol. With crack cocaine permeating the city and driving a sharp increase in violent crime, the historic cemetery had become a popular hangout for prostitutes and drug dealers. Salvagers spirited away urns and statuary. Self-styled satanic worshipers broke into burial vaults to steal remains. The resting place of the nation’s notable was almost past the point of no return.
But reports of Congressional’s demise were greatly exaggerated. Today, the cemetery grounds are frequented by dog walkers, gardeners, history buffs, artists, office workers, and tourists. Collapsed burial vaults have been restored, their contents properly identified and reinterred. Tombstones have been righted, roadways repaved, trees planted, and eyesores eliminated.
You can thank all five branches of the military. You can thank Congress. But most of all, you can thank the volunteers who realized that this cemetery is as much about the living as it is about the dead.
Congressional Cemetery is neither owned by Congress nor reserved for the legislature’s private use. Founded in 1807 by members of Christ Church, it acquired its popular name after the church offered 300 sites to the government for the burial of U.S. senators and representatives. Congress snapped up the offer and soon purchased hundreds more. The cemetery thereafter became the designated graveyard for military heroes and other national figures, including two vice presidents and a Supreme Court justice.
At first, Congress evidenced a sense of responsibility for its namesake and appropriated funds for the infrastructure, including a public vault that was used to hold, among others, First Ladies Dolley Madison and Louisa Adams until they could be interred elsewhere. Congress also tasked architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe with designing memorial markers, or cenotaphs, for each departed member who died in office.
From the beginning, the cemetery was a public burial ground rather than a private churchyard, and consequently evolved into a resting place for people of all faiths. Several Native American chiefs who died while visiting Washington are buried here. The cemetery’s pastoral setting overlooking the Anacostia River also made it popular with prosperous tradesmen and entrepreneurs, such as brothel owner Mary Hall, who liked the concept of being laid to rest with congressmen and cabinet members.
With the creation of Arlington National Cemetery in 1864 for the burial of military veterans, Congress began to lose interest in the Capitol Hill cemetery it had supported for so many years. Gradually, Congressional became primarily a resting place for local residents, among them John Philip Sousa and J. Edgar Hoover, both neighborhood boys.
By the 1970s, Christ Church, with its dwindling congregation, no longer had the funds to maintain a 35-acre cemetery. A Congressional bill proposed entrusting the National Park Service with the burial ground’s care, but estimating that it would take $10 million to put the cemetery right, Park Service officials turned it down, in part because it was still an active burial ground.
Jumping into the void, a group of private citizens formed the nonprofit Association for the Preservation of Historic Congressional Cemetery (HCC), which took over property management in 1976. The nonprofit faced overwhelming problems: broken monuments, crumbling vaults, and long-postponed repairs to the gatehouse and the 1903 chapel. Without funding for even a part-time staff, volunteers struggled to sustain their enthusiasm.
For several years, a changing cast of supporters worked to save Congressional, but eventually two volunteers, Patrick Crowley and Jim Oliver, stayed long enough to guide the cemetery’s turnaround. Working independently at first, they later joined forces on HCC’s board of directors, where each served as chairman.
Crowley first got involved in 1997, after he purchased a townhouse at 14th and C streets SE only to discover that turf wars between drug dealers were being waged all around him. Despite the obvious danger he was convinced the neighborhood retained enormous potential, particularly the gated cemetery at 18th and E, where his Saint Bernard could run free. He found other dog owners who, like him, refused to be intimidated by menacing interlopers.
“It was a lot more Wild West then,” he recalls. “You couldn’t see the tombstones because the grass was so high.” The dog walkers made it a part of their job in the morning to pick up hypodermic needles so that dogs and people wouldn’t step on them. “We would band together, four or five of us, and we would conspicuously walk by the drug dealers in their cars and let them know they were being watched,” says Crowley.
Most of the dealers eventually moved on, but the cemetery’s dilapidated appearance remained. “I kept asking, ‘Why don’t they clean this place up?’ The garbage wasn’t being collected, there were about a hundred dead trees, there was muck in the gutters ... I finally realized that there’s no management, there’s no staff, there isn’t anybody. If there’s no ‘they,’ then we have to do it.”
He began to buttonhole other dog walkers into helping him take down a dead tree or pay for the grass to be mowed. Soon he was asking them to join forces on a workday, to contribute toward repairs in the chapel, to participate in local parades, a festival, and a 5K run. The dog walkers formed a group called the K9 Corps, with membership fees and a yearly requirement of 12 hours of volunteer service. They instituted rules limiting when dogs could run free and required that all pet waste be picked up. Some members of HCC argued that preservation and dogs didn’t mix, but over time most realized that the presence of the dogs and their owners made the cemetery more secure day and night. Today 500 member families contribute more than $170,000 yearly to the K9 Corps, which pays for about a quarter of Congressional’s annual expenses. There’s a newsletter, an informative website (cemeterydogs.org), and a waiting list of 116 families.
In the late 1980s, Jim Oliver, then assistant manager of the House Republican Cloakroom on the Hill, found himself drawn to the cemetery because of its ties to congressional history. On a research mission, he struggled to find information in the incomplete card catalog in the gatehouse. Before he knew it, he had taken on the task of entering more than 55,000 names into a computer database.
Soon Oliver was manning the desk every Saturday, giving tours, supervising grave digging, and even personally digging smaller graves for ashes. He and his fellow volunteers struggled to make do with the minimal funding they received from an ancient endowment provided by Christ Church. “We were always short of funds, and no one knew anything about fundraising,” he says. They could afford to cut the grass (at a cost of $3,350) only three times a year, though it needed to be done every week in the spring. “It was like spitting into the ocean.”
Oliver remained disturbed by Congress’ lack of interest in what was essentially the first national cemetery. “Whatever value you place on Arlington, you should place on Congressional,” he says. “We have a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Elbridge Gerry. We have a number of Sons of the American Revolution. We have arguably the first casualty of the Mexican War and the last survivor.” Having once adopted Congressional Cemetery, Congress was now consigning it, once again, to orphan status.
Oliver made it his job to educate members of Congress about the cemetery, which led to some earmarks for assessment studies. Working in the Republican Cloakroom, he also got to know one of the producers of C-SPAN, to whom he soon began touting the cemetery’s virtues in hopes of some media coverage. Eventually Oliver’s efforts paid off, and a video depicting the cemetery and its desperate need for funds aired on July 5, 1997.
The video became a call to arms. The next weekend, unannounced, an officer from Andrews Air Force Base brought 100 airmen with lawnmowers and sickles and put them to work. The next month, an Army group from Fort Belvoir arrived to do the same. The following month, 1,000 service men and women and their families from all five military branches turned out, starting a Joint Service Day tradition that has become an annual event. Since then, Congressional’s neighbors from the Navy Yard and the Marine Barracks have sent Navy Seabees to build a watering system and a group of Marines to lift 1,000 sunken footstones.
The C-SPAN video and Congressional’s inclusion in the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s 1997 list of America’s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places gave the cemetery both the legitimacy and the publicity it sorely needed. Sponsors such as the Casey Trees foundation came forward; individual bequests appeared like gifts from fairy godmothers; and local agencies, community groups, and interested individuals began to offer a hand. HCC grew savvy about fundraising, moving from bake sales to cocktail parties to grant writing.
But without a generous endowment, Congressional Cemetery’s future would never be secure. In 1999, the quiet campaign begun by Jim Oliver many years earlier produced solid results when Congress offered a $1 million endowment to match funds raised by HCC. The interest from this and a second congressional endowment issued in 2002 is slated for the cemetery’s ongoing maintenance and restoration costs. (The National Trust holds the endowments under an agreement with HCC and the Architect of the Capitol.) Site sales provide another source of funds. HCC has begun the painstaking process of reclaiming unused burial sites, and a future landscape plan includes a columbarium for ashes.
Today, HCC focuses on dramatizing the lives of those buried at the cemetery through walking tours, themed soirées, and concerts. “Our mission is to preserve the stones and the land, but it’s also about preserving the stories and making them come alive,” says Executive Director Cindy Hays. Most events are free to the public but often produce new supporters who want to volunteer, be a docent, buy a site, or donate funds.
Although some visitors question the propriety of scheduling events in a space meant for contemplation, Program Director Rebecca Boggs Roberts says it’s consistent with the 19th-century tradition of treating cemeteries as public parks: “It’s using this place and celebrating this place and keeping it remembered around living people the way it was intended.” | <urn:uuid:6c0d7254-5987-4ebd-836a-6e7e1200ff50> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://savingplaces.org/stories/congressional-cemetery-resurrection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.970819 | 2,288 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Nuclear's supporters want world leaders in Paris to commit to 1000 gigawatts of nuclear generation out to 2050.
While an increase in the global reactor fleet would be great news for Australia's uranium hopefuls and others across North America, Africa and in Europe, the potential downside involved in nuclear power generation are substantial.
World Nuclear Association's director general Agneta Rising said to implement the goals of an ambitious COP 21 agreement governments "need" to develop policies that encourage investment in low carbon generation, especially nuclear energy.
"We need 1000GWe of new nuclear capacity by 2050 to combat climate change. This will require effective regulation and markets that value low carbon emissions and reliable supplies," she said.
The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change says that emissions from the electricity generation sector should fall by 80% by 2050 to prevent a greater than 2C rise in average global temperatures.
She said countries such as Switzerland, Brazil, Sweden and France have all achieved low carbon electricity supplies through combinations of generation from nuclear energy and renewables.
"Nuclear energy is a proven provider of affordable, reliable low carbon electricity. Over the last fifty years nuclear generation has been estimated to have avoided the emission of more than 60 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide," Rising said.
That's more than 10 times the annual carbon dioxide emissions from the world's road transport fleet.
"France has shown that with nuclear energy an affordable low carbon generation mix is achievable. COP 21 must deliver an agreement that helps us achieve a low carbon emissions world," she said.
Her words echoed a call from lobby group Nuclear for Climate, a global initiative supported by more than 140 regional and national nuclear associations and technical societies.
The group says that nuclear should be left on the table as a viable option, and that the choice should not be prejudiced against by the new United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change protocols, specifically with regards to access to climate funding mechanisms such as green climate funds.
The IPCC identified three types of carbon-free electricity: renewables, nuclear energy and fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage.
The group is concerned that nuclear will be left out in the cold, with all the cash being focused on clean, renewable, more distributed options.
"We strongly believe the world must use all available low-carbon energy sources, including nuclear energy, if it is to mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions while meeting development goals and not impeding on economic growth," French Nuclear Energy Society director-general Valerie Faudon said.
European Nuclear Society secretary general Jean-Pol Poncelet said all possible solutions have to be carefully considered and all ideologically or doctrinally driven decisions avoided.
"States should recognise nuclear energy as a greenhouse gas-reducing technology necessary for us to achieve the sustainability we want," he said.
India is one country looking to a large expansion in nuclear power to supply a quarter of the country's electricity, while not adding to the risk of catastrophic climate change.
Globally, 438 reactors generate around 11% of the world's electricity, with almost no greenhouse gas emissions.
In the European Union, nuclear energy accounts for more than half of all low-carbon electricity, although that number is falling as Germany moves away from nuclear in the wake of the Fukishima disaster.
In the United States, it accounts for 63% of all low-carbon electricity.
China is expected to account for one-third of the world's installed nuclear energy capacity by 2050 to meet its energy and climate change goals.
However, none of the groups addressed the massive government subsidies needed to make nuclear generation commercially viable, or the considerable cost and time over-runs that commonly affect nuclear construction.
In September French state-controlled utility EDF announced that the Areva-designed 1650 megawatt European pressurised reactor it is building in Normandy is again running behind schedule and over budget.
The Flamanville reactor had been scheduled to start in 2012 and was scheduled to cost $4.4 billion. It will now start in 2018 and cost 15.5 billion.
It is supposed to be the first of a new series of safer next-generation reactors to replace France's ageing fleet of 58 nuclear reactors.
A similar EPR reactor built by Areva in Finland, on which construction started in 2005 and was scheduled to start up in 2009, has suffered even longer delays.
Olkiluoto 3 will now not start before 2018.
Two more EPRs are under construction in China and EDF plans to build two in Hinkley Point, Britain at an eye-watering $50 billion, of which an estimated $35 billion are in subsidies.
The build will take a decade. Hinkley Point could begin generating in 2026 and provide enough power to meet 7% of UK electricity demand.
In the US the Vogtle and VC Summer facilities in the US are three years behind schedule in construction and each is expected come in billions of dollars over their original budgets, and are acting to discourage further US investment in nuclear power in the near term, with existing, older generation reactors being extended well beyond their lifespans.
Fitch Ratings says the US Energy Information Administration's forecasts of nuclear generation falling by 10,800MW through 2020 could be understated due to political pressure and higher-than-expected operations and maintenance costs which are accelerating plant retirements.
At the same time, the US is reporting that for the first quarter of 2015 84% of new electricity generation capacity was from renewables, primarily solar and wind facilities.
Utility-scale solar power now accounts for 1% of total US electricity generation capacity with small-scale solar an estimated 0.7%, and wind accounting for 5.6%. | <urn:uuid:30b2f43a-faa7-4be7-a66b-796189b1f75f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.energynewsbulletin.net/australia/news/1099286/call-for-new-atomic-age | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514060536-20210514090536-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.940708 | 1,169 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This is a graduate course in Unitarian Universalist (UU)
History. The course will cover the history of liberal religion from its
origins in the Renaissance and Radical Reformation and its development in
Europe, to its history in the United States and Canada. The
course will also critically examine contemporary issues.
UU History is a three-credit, semester-long course designed for
Unitarian Universalist seminarians who do not have access to courses in
denominational history at or near their seminaries. The short course is
designed for members of congregations Dr. Forsey serves, and is intended to
increase awareness of Unitarian and Unitarian Universalist history, help to
create an opportunity for members to get to know each other and provide a forum
for Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists who simply love learning.
The short version of the course is not graded and there are no papers due.
However, everyone in the class is expected to read as much of the material as
possible, post a page or less once a week on responses to what is read and
respond to the postings of one or two colleagues in the class once a week.
Postings may be as brief as one paragraph, especially when responding to a
posting of another student.
The primary text for the course is
Earl Morse Wilbur’s
Our Unitarian Heritage. It will provide the narrative throughout
most of our class. Wilbur’s text will be supplemented by scholarly
articles, helpful bibliographies, and links to the growing body of historical
material on the World Wide Web. The course is divided into fourteen units.
We will cover one unit per week. To successfully complete each unit,
students are required to complete all of the assigned readings and to post a
weekly one-page reflection paper to the “Discussion” forum to
share with other students. Students and instructors are in ongoing
conversation throughout the semester. In addition, a final paper
(printed copy) will be mailed to the professor at the end of the course.
Below, you will find course expectations, a brief syllabus,
and instructions about how to register for the course. You may also follow
a link to sample a typical unit of the course on the topic of Transcendentalism.
All other parts of the course are protected by a password which you will receive
upon full payment. | <urn:uuid:ebc1ce11-4af4-4de7-80c8-121150594e83> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://pacificuu.org/courses/uuhp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.926514 | 509 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Varela initiates in 1818 their philosophical publications with a small change entitled preliminary Lesson, directed to the students who that year began their course. Without hesitation Christo explained all about the problem. The preliminary Lesson of 1818 constitutes the introduction of the Lessons of Philosophy, jointly with the philosophical Notes, also published in that year. These last ones constitute the first treaty of which contains the Lessons of Philosophy. Here it appears the conception of the Logic of the father Varela, understood this one like theory of the knowledge. The pedagogical experience of Varela, their unquestionable ancestry of training takes, to defend it educative budgets that today they constitute proven truths.
The certainty that an idea, a concept, a way to act or to see, cannot be transmitted successfully without the knowledge of the presertor, the conviction of which is not imposing a criterion or fighting on the contrary as it is gotten to obtain that another one thinks what we wished, but it is to turn the interlocutor, to go little by little persuading it, not only that it is mistaken, but of which what it sets out to him is more reasonable and better, it was concept that Varela owned then, and del that test in Letters to Elpidio gives. Varela said who the great secret of to handle youth, removing divided from its talent and good dispositions, consists of studying the individual character of each young person and fixing by him our conduct. The opposition that becomes a young person, if we want that it produces good effect, it must be almost inpersectible and it is precise to try that the same is corrector. But one is not only which they defend the truth as it bases of the knowledge that they acquire. One treats also to provide, by means of the educative management, the instruments that allow to discover the truth by itself him so that, from entirely personal convictions, can live on prudent with these. | <urn:uuid:03421faa-5580-4899-9cd0-9d4b4b956d11> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.broncos365.com/the-interlocutor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585270.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019140046-20211019170046-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.968621 | 399 | 2.6875 | 3 |
IN 1619 an English captain sailing past Cape Cod reported that the Massachusetts shore was “utterly void”. The Indians “died in heapes as they lay in their houses” confirmed an English merchant. By killing much of the population of the Wampanoag confederacy, the epidemic that raged from 1616-19 made possible the first permanent European settlement in north America, that of the Pilgrim Fathers in 1620. The Indians had caught the illness, thought to have been viral hepatitis, from prior contact with Europeans, probably captured French sailors.
Europeans have been exporting their maladies throughout history. They seem to be doing it again, but in a new way. In the past, the problem was infection. Now, illnesses associated with Western living standards are the fastest growing killers in poor and middle-income countries. Chronic disease has become the poor world's greatest health problem.
For many in the West, diseases are a bit like birds: everyone gets them but poor countries have more exotic species. Rich-country maladies are things like heart disease, cancer and diabetes: “chronic” conditions often resulting from diet or physical inactivity. Developing countries suffer more lurid and acute infections: malaria, tuberculosis, measles, cholera. HIV/AIDS is unusual in that it affects rich and poor alike. But otherwise, poor countries are presumed to have their own health problems. The sixth of the United Nations' millennium development goals (a sort of ten commandments of poverty reduction adopted in 2000) is concerned with infections only—the ailments of poverty. The progress report issued last month half way through the millennium programme's 15-year course tracks HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Combating chronic disease is not part of what the UN calls its “universal framework for development”.
Yet the distinction between illnesses of affluence and illnesses of poverty is misleading as a description of the world and doubtful as a guide to policy. Heart disease—supposedly an illness of affluence—is by far and away the biggest cause of global mortality. It was responsible for 17.5m deaths worldwide in 2005. Next comes cancer, another non-infectious sickness, which caused more deaths than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria put together (see chart 1). Chronic conditions such as heart disease took the lives of 35m people in 2005, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO)—twice as many as all infectious diseases.
If you look at lower-middle income countries, such as China, or upper-middle income ones, like Argentina, you find that what kills people there is the same as in the West (see chart 2). Four-fifths of all deaths in China are from chronic sicknesses. That is also true of countries as varied as Egypt, Jamaica and Sri Lanka.
The main difference between these countries and rich ones is that chronic illnesses are more deadly there. Five times as many people die of heart disease in Brazil as in Britain, though Brazil is not five times as populous. Rich countries have become better at dealing with chronic conditions: death rates from heart disease among men over 30 have fallen by more than half in the past generation, from 600-800 per 100,000 in 1970 to 200-300 per 100,000 now.
This has not happened in middle-income countries. In 1980 the death rate for Brazilian men was below the rich-country average (300 compared with 500-600). Its death rate has not changed—and is now higher than all but a few rich countries. Russia is worse off. In 1980 its death rate was 750 per 100,000. Now it is 900, about four times as high as most rich countries.
It may not seem surprising that upper-middle income places such as Russia suffer from “Western” ailments. But chronic diseases are mass killers in the poorest nations, too. Indeed, the only unusual thing about these countries is that they suffer from infections as well as chronic disease: a double burden. Chronic diseases were responsible for over 12m deaths in countries with annual incomes below $750 a head in 2005—almost as many as were caused by communicable ones. Africa is the only continent where infectious illnesses cause more deaths than the non-communicable kinds.
Chronic diseases are becoming deadlier and more burdensome to the poor. By 2015, says the World Bank, these ailments will be the leading cause of death in low-income countries. They already account for almost half of all illnesses there and impose substantial economic costs.
People in poor countries get chronic diseases younger than in the West. There, chronic conditions bear heavily upon the old. Not so in poor and middle-income nations. Death rates for those between 30 and 69 years of age in India, Russia and Brazil are two or three times higher than in Canada and Britain. Almost half of deaths from chronic problems in developing countries occur in people below 70.
As a result, the poor suffer from chronic illnesses longer and are more likely to die of them. The death rate from chronic disease in poor countries is obviously higher than in rich countries; more surprisingly, it is often higher than the death rate from infections. India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Tanzania all have roughly the same death rate for cardiovascular disease: 400 per 100,000. That is at least twice as high as the Western norm and, at least in India and Pakistan, more than four times the average death rate from infections (in Nigeria and Tanzania, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis are still deadlier).
Chronic disease bears down especially hard on working adults, imposing a heavy economic burden. Families in poor countries are much more likely than in the West to spend their savings looking after a chronically ill relative, or to pull children out of school to act as nursemaids.
In short, developing countries suffer more from “rich world maladies” than the rich world itself. Overall in 2005, only a fifth of deaths attributable to “illnesses of affluence” (chronic conditions) actually took place in the most affluent nations. Three-quarters happened in poor or lower-middle-income ones.
Why are poor countries so vulnerable to the diseases of the rich? And why does public attention and aid money ignore them and focus on infections?
The simplest explanation for chronic diseases' increasing importance is that people in poor countries now live long enough to suffer them. Thanks to better sanitation, more food and improved public health, average life expectancy in low and middle-income countries has risen from 50 in 1965 to 65 in 2005. The increase in the poorest countries was proportionately greater: from 47 to 63. There are now more old people around to be vulnerable to chronic maladies.
At the same time, because of increased health spending and safer water, infectious diseases have declined relative to chronic ones. International financing for malaria control has increased more than tenfold in the past decade. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, with its $33 billion endowment, concentrates largely on infections. As a result, the incidence of tuberculosis, measured by the number of new cases per 100,000, has fallen slightly. In Africa fatal malaria cases among children under five (the main victims) fell between 1960 and 1995, though the decline has since levelled off. The WHO reckons that deaths from infections will decline by 3% over the next ten years. So more people in poor places will survive infections in their dangerous childhoods to reach an age when they are susceptible to heart attacks and cancer.
Since chronic disease among the poor is not the preserve of old age, another part of the explanation for its increasing importance must lie in the harmful things middle-aged folk do. Of these, smoking and unhealthy eating are most important.
Around 300m Chinese men smoke. In China, Egypt, Indonesia and Russia, people spend 5-6% of their household income on cigarettes—far more than the share in rich countries. Smoking and its associated ailments are still rising in poor countries, even while they fall in rich ones.
Middle-income countries are also experiencing extraordinary levels of obesity. According to one study, half of all households in Brazil contain at least one obese person; the share is three-quarters in Russia. According to another, Mexico is the second fattest nation among the 30 (mostly rich) countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, after America. It has the highest rate of diabetes among large countries, with 6.5m diabetics in a population of 100m. Not coincidentally, Mexicans are among the biggest swiggers of fizzy drinks in the world. Coke and tacos, anyone?
Obesity affects rich countries, of course: it is a symptom of affluence and urbanisation. But it is occurring much earlier than anyone had expected in middle-income places. Obesity among children there used to be unheard of. Last year China's vice-minister for health, Wang Longde, said more than a fifth of Chinese children between seven and 17 who live in cities are overweight—a proportion that presumably reflects not only the wealth of China's urban elite but the amount of money they lavish on their “little emperors” (the single children they are limited to by China's one-child policy).
Yet despite all the evidence that chronic disease is the world's biggest health problem, most poor countries focus on infectious disease and their health policies are usually based on the idea that infections should be controlled before chronic conditions. These choices no doubt partly reflect bureaucratic inertia at health ministries and investment in fighting infections by medical charities and drugs firms.
Not just statistics
It is true that there are better reasons why poor countries might want to concentrate on infections despite the growth of chronic disease. Infectious illnesses are usually simpler to deal with than chronic ones, requiring inoculation campaigns rather than long-term care, changes of lifestyle and the uphill work of public education. Moreover, if you inoculate a child against malaria, you considerably reduce his or her chances of dying from that disease, since most deaths from malaria occur among children under ten. If you lower someone's risk of getting a heart condition at 50, you might well find they get it at 60. The disease can only be managed.
Still, it can be managed better: the contrast between death rates from heart attacks (falling in the West, rising elsewhere) shows that. Stalin said a single death is a tragedy, a million deaths, a statistic. But millions of avoidable deaths are millions of tragedies. Chronic disease is already the biggest problem for poor and middle-income countries. To concentrate so much on infections is to add to the health burden of the next generation in what are already the world's poorest, unhealthiest places. | <urn:uuid:8b305750-2529-44d5-9b77-8c0cc4b52d9a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.economist.com/node/9616897/recommend | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464876.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00065-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961601 | 2,191 | 3.453125 | 3 |
6.44 N, 10.3 E
summit elevation 1080 m
Oku Volcanic field is located in NW Cameroon. The region is part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes which runs from Annobon Island in the Atlantic Ocean to Oku in NW Cameroon. North of Oku the line splits north to the Biu Plateau in Nigeria, and eastwards to Ngaoundere plateau in eastern Cameroon.
Lake Nyos is a deep maar lake of explosive origin in NW Cameroon. The lake has an area of 1.49 sq km, 208 m deep, and a water volume of 132 million cubic m. The lake was formed by phreatomagmatic eruption several hundred years ago.
1986 Gas Release
In 1986 a gas cloud released from Lake Nyos killed 1746 people from Kam-Nyos, Subum, Cha, and other villages. The eruption was preceded on the same day by smoke or gas emission and a weak explosion. Between 9-10 pm on 21st August 1986 the main eruption of gas was accompanied by a tsunami with a wave height of about 20m. The release of carbon dioxide from the lake was caused by a phreatic explosion which mobilised accumulated gas at the bottom of the lake.
Lake Monoun is located in 10 km north of Foumbot, in the western highlands of Cameroon. The area is part of the Foumbot volcanic field, which consists of 34 craters, many of which contain lakes. The lake occupies a 96 m deep crater which contains a high concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide.
There are no local legends about eruptions at Lake Monoun, but the youthful volcanic topography indicated eruption within the past few hundred years.
1984 Gas Release
On 15th August 1984 a gas eruption from Lake Monoum killed 37 people. The
Lake Monoun event was not related to a volcanic explosion, but was caused by release of long term build up of carbon dioxide derived from soda springs or other carbon dioxide-rich groundwater flow into the submerged crater. Sudden degassing of the C02-rich waters was attributed to an upset of the density-stratification of the lake by a landslide from the crater's eastern rim.
1986, 1984, 1550 ± 100 | <urn:uuid:950dd81c-09bb-4dae-871a-c9211dd11a1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.volcanolive.com/oku.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661289.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00214-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961136 | 462 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Home-School Connections: ideas to enhance student learning at home, September 2018
September 5, 2018—Each month, school newsletters include a one-page insert called Home-School Connections. It describes ways in which families can enhance student learning at home in the areas of literacy; numeracy; healthy, caring schools and improving student learning.
This month’s Home-School Connections (Pdf) features:
- Developing Mathematics: A Parent’s Guide to The Fundamentals of Math (Pdf) states that as students progress through elementary school, they will develop their ability to think mathematically, learn about different concepts and relationships and learn how to apply their knowledge.
- Number Talks are 10 minute daily classroom conversation around intentionally designed strings of problems that are solved mentally. Learn more about the fundamental math skills from Grade 1-8 (Pdf) and ideas about how you can support your child at home.
- Links for Learning: Mathify is a free online service that connects grade 7-10 students with Ontario certified math teachers.
- Every child in HPEDSB has access to the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) where he or she can access a variety of online tools to support learning.
- Important Upcoming Date: Orange Shirt Day: Every Child Matters is recognized on Monday, October 1, 2018.
- Orange Shirt Day is an outcome of the St. Joseph Mission Residential School commemoration event where residential school survivor Phyllis Webstad shared the story of how her brand new shiny orange shirt was taken away the day she arrived at the Mission school.
For more information, please contact:
Kerry Donnell, Communications Officer, 613-966-1170 or 1 800 267-4350, extension 2354, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:5f9810f8-bde6-457d-bfd4-fa7dfc76a0cd> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.hpedsb.on.ca/2018/home-school-connections-ideas-to-enhance-student-learning-at-home-september-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.917134 | 375 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Getting ready for kindergarten? We have some tips from the experts!
By: WebmasterDate: May 22, 2019 Tags: Elementary, School News
During the month of May, students across the country attend Kindergarten Roundup in preparation for the new adventure awaiting them the coming fall. At Plymouth Christian Academy (PCA), we welcomed our brand new elementary students and their parents just a few weeks ago at our Kindergarten Roundup. The excitement was palpable and the questions were numerous because parents want to best prepare their children to begin kindergarten. We want to help, so we asked our experts, PCA veteran kindergarten teachers, Karen Hart & Bethany Romisch, for their advice. They provided some simple steps that we believe are very important as families prepare for the kindergarten days ahead.
1. Read to your child
Spend time reading many types of literature with your child, ranging from fiction, non-fiction, folk tales, rhymes, and more. Point out sounds, ask questions, and engage your child in the story. Developing a love for reading in a young child will reap rewards for a lifetime.
2. Encourage independence
A child who has the ability to perform tasks independently will gain the self-confidence needed to tackle their coming days in kindergarten. This summer, encourage them to take their jacket on and off independently, unpack/pack supplies, put on shoes, and tuck in shirts. The more they are able to do independently, the easier the transition to kindergarten will be.
3. Cultivate Social Skills
Kindergarten is a time for tremendous growth in your child’s social skills. You can give them a head start by providing opportunities to practice sharing, cooperating with others, and using good manners. A very simple task would be training them to make eye contact when speaking. You can also discuss emotions with them and how to understand what others are feeling.
4. Foster gross motor skills
Mastering gross motor skills in childhood are critical to developing fine motor skills and endurance. Both of these are necessary for success in kindergarten. Running, hopping, climbing, and general outdoor fun will further develop gross motor skills. Our teachers recommend spending lots of time outside this summer!
5. Encourage listening/focusing skills
Listening and focusing skills are keys to success in kindergarten! You can help your child develop these skills by working with them to follow 2-3 step directions, sitting for a longer story, and completing projects in one sitting.
6. Develop your child’s self-concept
Your child’s self-concept; defined by Miriam-Webster Dictionary as “the mental image one has of oneself”; is vital to the way they learn and interact with the world around them. You can help to develop your child’s self-concept by teaching them that they were made by God with their own unique talents and abilities. Learning this builds self-esteem and lays the foundation for some amazing school years ahead!
Did you know that the Detroit Parade Company has the largest collection of papier-mache “big heads” in America? Neither did we, but our… | <urn:uuid:9a38341a-d5df-4a94-9ab4-7cfd93198ee6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://plymouthchristian.org/getting-ready-for-kindergarten-we-have-some-tips-from-the-experts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540496492.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207055244-20191207083244-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.945337 | 648 | 3.25 | 3 |
“radiation lurks in the water, the soil, and the food…”
Chernobyl Victims, 26 years after the accident
Today, the threat remains. Caesium-137, a radioactive isotope that was released during the
accident, has a half-life of 30 years and will actively trigger radioactivity in the region for
decades to come. Fractures in the sarcophagus built around the reactor to confine the
radioactivity have allowed the toxins to escape. Radiation lurks in the water, the soil and
the food: fruits, vegetables, milk and meat in the region are contaminated and will remain
hazardous for generations.
Radiation attacks developing cells and damages tissue, organs and bones. It weakens
immune systems, leaving children vulnerable to an onslaught of infections and disease.
Thyroid cancer, heart disease, genetic defects and weak immune systems define childhood
for the people living in the contaminated regions. The rate of pediatric cancer in Belarus is
200 times the world norm. These children were born many years — some even decades —
after the explosion. | <urn:uuid:66169230-3229-42ff-b169-7430148f2095> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://ccoc.net/effects-on-children-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216453.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820121228-20180820141228-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.92494 | 230 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Malnutrition Causes Obesity
Axiom Number One - Nourish your body.
Probably the most important and least understood axiom ofsuccessful weight loss is that you have to nourish your body.The main reason why most people are overweight is that they aremalnourished. In our modern grocery stores are all kinds ofprocessed and packaged foods. The nutritional value of any food substance is inversely proportional to the amount of processing. The more a food is processed, the less nutritionis present.
Trace minerals and elements
Food grown by today's commercial methods are not grown in healthy soil. The soil is essentially dead and there is no life (nitrogen)sources in that soil. The nitrogen is added to the soil as liquid fertilizer along with a lot of not sogood for your health -pesticides. This approach to farmingmay produce some great harvests, by weight, but not by nutrition standards. A lot of what the human body needsis lost in this type of food production.
When you eat a lot of heavily processed food grown in dead soil you do not get all the nutrients that the human bodyneeds. You end up hungry all the time so you eat more of the same foods. In addition to being incomplete foods, theymore often than not have added sweeteners and sometimeseven added chemicals like aspartame (Nutrasweet). The bodyhas to do something with all the added incomplete caloriesso it turns them into fat.
When you eat whole foods that have been grown in soil thathas not been depleted by the commercial farming process, youare getting all the nutrients that you need. You finish a meal and feel satisfied. Often when you finish a really whole and complete meal you end up feeling like you don't needto eat for a week or so. On the other hand, when you eatincomplete foods, you are usually hungry as soon as yourstomach empties, about thirty minutes.
Why organic is cheaper
While good organic produce may cost more than the non-organicvariety, it is still cheaper to eat organic. This is becausethe organic foods actually satisfy you and will turn off yourhunger. The non-organic foods do not turn off your hunger and usually you end up eating a lot more of them, and seem tobe always hungry. This is not to mention all the pesticidesthat are included in the non-organic foods. Chemotherapy isnot cheap these days.
The wrong kind of weight loss
Promises of lost pounds in weeks are rampant. The problem with all of these is that the biochemistry of the human takes time to put weight on -and to take it off. Youmay drop a few pounds on some low "carbohydrate diet" but you are only losing water and lean muscle mass, exactly what you don't want to lose. While the scale may be important, your health and nutrition are much more important.A diet consisting of whole organic fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates with no added sweeteners will nourishyour body while you lose weight without hunger.
The mainstay of any successful diet program has to be feedingthe human body what it needs. In order to accomplish that today, you have to eat organic whole foods, preferably onegood meal a day. This will go a long way to slow down yourappetite and make it easier to resist all those temptingnutritionally bereft hollow calories out there.
The MericleDiet ... Is your clear and easy path to whole foodorganic meals on short notice. To visit the MericleDiet follow the link below:
Please stay tuned for the next installment in this series -Control Your Hunger.
Thanks for your time.
Copyright © John Mericle 2005 All Rights Reserved
DrMericle.com is devoted to achieving optimal health and peak performance through diet and lifestyle change. Dr. Mericle brings together a unique blend of formal training in organic chemistry and biochemistry, medical education, 29 marathons, 3 Hawaii Ironman competitions and a lot of practical real life experience.
Fat Is A Self-Inflicted Disease
I just came back from three days in Las Vegas. What an eye-opener!The biggest, most lavish buffets in the world attract the biggest, most expansive people.
Fast Weight Loss -- The Healthiest Fast Weight Loss Plan
In general, fast weight loss is not healthy. The faster you lose weight, the faster you'll gain it back.
Are You Stuck Losing Weight?
Don't get discouraged. I, too, have found myself in this predicament in the past.
The Psychology of Weight Loss: Part 1 - The INSIDE OUT Mindset
WHAT DOES BEING FIT REALLY MEAN?The "INSIDE-OUT" approach to fitness differs from that of conventional wisdom. Most programs work on diet and exercise alone.
Welcome to the Middle Aged Diet
You are not a kid any more and becoming a senior is just around the corner. By now, you are monitoring, at least, one of the following: Blood pressure, blood sugar, or cholesterol levels.
Small Changes to Weight Loss
As much as many of us who are over-weight do not like to admit, it is our past and current eating habits that have us looking the way we do today. We need to make many small changes to our eating and drinking habits to reach our healthy weight.
How To Improve Your Health In 14 Days: Small Changes For Maximum Health & Weight Loss
Many Americans include health improvement in their New Year's Resolutions. But real life intrudes, and we find ourselves facing the fact that our plans for reshaping our lives and health were a bit too much to manage in the face of the rest of our busy lives.
Diet Sodas & Losing Weight: Is Diet Coke Good Or Dangerous For Healthy Weight Loss?
Zero Calorie Diet Sodas: Good Or Bad For Weight Loss?Calorie-free diet sodas, like Diet Coke?, Diet Pepsi? or Diet-7 Up? seem very good for weight loss or maintenance, compared to their sugar-saturated counterparts. For example, just a cup of orange juice contains a whopping 110 calories.
Healthy and Fast Weight Loss: Ephedra - Why the FDA Couldnt Keep Their Ban On It?
Why was the FDA trying to hide the facts about Ephedra from YOU?In April 2004 the FDA removed ephedra from the market claiming that it was responsible for dozens of deaths. The legal battle between the FDA and health officials began when the health officials became unhappy with the FDA's decision to ban ephedra.
Phentermine Side Effects
When you're taking Phentermine, you should go to the emergency room if you experience any of the side effects listed below:I) Allergic Reaction:a. difficulty breathingb.
3 Surprising Statistics About Our Weight
To say that Americans are obsessed with dieting is anunderstatement! Pick up any magazine, tune-in or turn-on anysource of advertising and you're bombarded with the latest dietschemes and food fads. More often than not, they are endorsed bysome familiar Hollywood celebrity, or promoted using some othercleaver technique.
Obesity: Let's Prevent A Life Threatening Disorder
In life, various factors contribute to weight gain. Be it genetic, psychological or hereditary, Obesity grabs you as a severe weight disorder.
Top 5 Weight Loss Strategies From A Top Level Personal Trainer
You are ready to shed those energy draining, body crippling, unattractive extra pounds and you are ready to make it permanent this time. You are on the right track because you've taken the most important step toward your goal.
Reduce And Lose Your Weight With Fats
REDUCE YOUR WEIGHTNow you are not very far from losing your excess fats and unwanted weight. You know to get something you usually have to lose anything and in this case to get success you are going to lose your weight and I hope you would like to lose it.
Weight Loss: Are You Frustrated? Have Low Energy? Dont Feel Good about Yourself? Lose Weight Now!
Twenty years of health club consulting, 50,000 hours of paid personal training, and trainer to the stars has taught me one thing; weight loss is not about numbers, it's about your approach. Here it is in a nut shell!#1: Determine HOW you are motivated and WHERE your desires come from.
Proven Strategies to Effectively Burn Fat Out Of Your Body! Part 1
It is much safer to your long term health to reduce weight by natural means rather than taking medication that poses a series of health threatening side effects. In order to attack the problem of reducing weight we must identify the kind of bodies we have.
Eat What You Like and Still Lose Weight
Did you say there's a way I can eat what I like and still lose weight? Is that even possible? Is there really a way I can lose weight without counting calories, carbs, fats, and without doing all the other stuff that these diet experts tell me?Yes there is. First of all, to put it bluntly, diets just don't work at all for long-term weight loss.
Personal Space: Life After Lap-Band Surgery
Have I become invisible or are people just aiming right at me? It seems to me that in a crowd these days, whether at the grocery store or 5th Avenue in New York City, people will walk right into me if I don't step out of the way. Or they stand so close to me I have to step backward in order to breathe.
Obesity, Whats The Big Deal
Nowadays, so much of the public is obese (fat) that it is the"norm". So much so, that we are starting to ignore thisepidemic.
High Carbs/Low Fat Diets and Cardio Vascular Disease
For the past 20 years, the American public has been bombarded with the message: "Fat is bad!" As a result, our food supply is now inundated with "low fat" foods, engineered foods and foods processed to remove natural fats. In every instance, low fat foods are loaded with carbohydrates. | <urn:uuid:993cad3d-6b61-413d-b994-0975bdfbac76> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.boxingscene.com/weight-loss/33288.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188623.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00498-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94387 | 2,099 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Bridges create connection.
Rural isolation is a root cause of poverty.
Connection is the critical foundation for economic opportunity, healthcare, and education.
We believe that safe access is a human right. When a community has year-round access to key resources like health care, education, markets and employment, residents have greater freedom - freedom to choose how they better their lives.
Connection creates economic opportunity & increases income.
Safe access unlocks economic opportunity for a community. Farmers are able to sell their crops at outside markets or access agricultural inputs like fertilizer or seed. Bridges ensure consistent access to non-agricultural jobs. Women save time on household activities, spurring an increase in women entering the work force.
Last mile connectivity goes beyond transforming local economies. When a rural community is networked to the world around them, they participate in the national and global economy, bringing transformation to the greater population as well as to their local community.
Reliable access to health care & schools improves wellness & education levels.
Easier access to healthcare leads to increased care-seeking behavior; when a community has safe access to a clinic, there is an 18% increase in visits. In an emergency, easier access means a more likely positive outcome. A healthier individual is better able to work or attend school.
Investing in education results in an increased likelihood for economic success. Due to safe access, we see increased attendance in schools by both teachers and students alike.
Connection is the linchpin for other solutions.
Rural communities, governments, and partner organizations are working hard on a multitude of programs and solutions around health care, education, and economic opportunity. But solutions only work if people can access them.
A community health worker cannot be effective if she cannot reach the community. A new school cannot be effective if children can't cross the river to get there. Agricultural programs cannot be effective if farmers can't sell their crops at a market.
Connection leverages the potential of these solutions to create opportunity. | <urn:uuid:9e29914b-bad9-42ef-bab3-723dbc5e06c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/why-bridges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.94971 | 413 | 2.875 | 3 |
A new arenavirus called the Lujo virus was identified as the cause of a highly fatal hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia and Johannesburg, South Africa in September and October of 2008 in South Africa after the air transfer of a critically ill person from Zambia. Of the five cases observed, four passed away (the originally ill patient, a paramedic, a nurse, and a member of the hospital staff who cleaned the patient's room). It is the first new hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from Africa identified in nearly four decades. Using genetic extracts of blood and liver from the victims, researchers found through unbiased high-throughput sequencing that the virus is distantly related to Lassa virus and Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Lassa virus causes an acute hemorrhagic fever that causes approximately 5,000 deaths a year in West African countries. Lymphatic choriomeningitis is a rodent-borne viral disease that causes meningitis or encephalitis. About 5% of the US population is infected with the virus.
As mentioned before, the researchers used a technique called unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify the new virus within just 72 hours. Lipkin, one of the professors responsible for the identification of the virus, said, "it is reassuring that we now have the tools needed to rapidly detect and respond to the challenges of unknown pathogens. A key challenge that remains is deployment of these technologies to the 'hot spots' where new killer viruses frequently emerge. We remain committed to this important public health effort as it represents a unique opportunity to prevent the next pandemic, be it a threat like HIV or SARS." It is exciting that we possess the technology to identify new viruses, but like Lipkin said, can we feasibly use this technology in these "hot spots" which often have weak infrastructure and a lack of resources? I think this case highlights the gap between research conducted in laboratories and action on the ground. There needs to be an effective and feasible delivery mechanism, and I hope that there is more research performed to make this technology more accessible.
For the full article: http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000455 | <urn:uuid:3778fc3e-50d0-4a14-968b-67f537af592e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://smallpox2009.blogspot.com/2009/06/new-arenavirus-discovered-as-cause-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647567.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321023951-20180321043951-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.944037 | 476 | 3.53125 | 4 |
From Our 2013 Archives
Mental Health Care Lacking for Kids, Advocates Say
Latest Mental Health News
Participants were asked about the availability of different kinds of health services for children and teens in their communities.
More than half of the respondents said there was "lots of availability" for teens to have hospital care (55 percent) and primary care (56 percent), but only 30 percent said the same was true for mental health care. Availability for children was very similar.
The survey was conducted by the University of Michigan-based National Voices Project, which was created to assess disparities in children's health, education and economic opportunities at the community level, through the input of paid adults or volunteers who work on behalf of children.
"These findings indicate low availability of mental health care for children and teens in the majority of communities across the U.S.," Dr. Matthew Davis, director of the National Voices Project, and an associate professor of pediatrics and communicable diseases, and of public policy, said in a university news release.
"Even in communities where there are lots of opportunities for children and teens to get primary care or hospital care, access to mental health care is lacking," he added.
The survey also found that in communities where respondents believed there were racial/ethnic inequalities, they reported that children and teens had less access to all health care services, including mental health care. This perceived lack of access was especially true for teens.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: University of Michigan Health System, news release, April 2, 2013 | <urn:uuid:1568b6ba-d705-447d-8164-071653793fea> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=168990 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461848.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00126-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974499 | 316 | 3.109375 | 3 |
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (St Lawrence outside the Walls)
The basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (St Lawrence Outside the Walls) is located in the north of the city, near the Via Tiburtina, the ancient Roman road to Tibur (modern Tivoli). Saint Lawrence, one of the seven deacons of Rome, was martyred in 258 and his grave soon attracted hordes of pilgrims. Constantine the Great had a sanctuary built on the site, which was rebuilt in 579 by Pope Pelagius II (r. 579-90). St Lawrence is buried in the crypt, under the high altar. Pius IX (r 1846-78), the longest reigning pope, is also interred in the crypt.
Centuries later the church was radically remodelled by Pope Honorius III (r. 1216-27). The apse was demolished, the nave was extended westwards and the orientation was completely reversed. The original nave was raised and this became the chancel of the new church. This explains why the late 6th century mosaics appear to be on the wrong side of the chancel arch. The mosaics commemorate St Lawrence and the building of the church in his honour by Pope Pelagius II.
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura boasts a beautiful Cosmatesque pavement. The tomb of Cardinal Fieschi (who died in 1256), on the west wall of the church, reuses an ancient Roman sarcophagus, which sports a splendid relief of a wedding ceremony.
The church's charming little cloister was built at the end of the 12th century.
On the night of July 19th 1943, allied bombs fell on San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, partly destroying the ancient basilica (the target was meant to have been the nearby railway station). It was the only church in Rome to suffer serious damage during the Second World War, but by the end of the decade it had been carefully rebuilt. | <urn:uuid:6fbf283c-0a44-4750-ae86-1452435d8cc4> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.walksinrome.com/church-of-san-lorenzo-fuori-le-mura-rome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500255.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205130241-20230205160241-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.977875 | 408 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The organelle that releases quantities of energy to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the mitochondrion (the plural form is mitochondria). Because mitochondria are involved in energy release and storage, they are called the “powerhouses of the cells.” Green plant cells contain organelles known as chloroplasts, which function in the process of photosynthesis. Within chloroplasts, energy from the sun is absorbed and transformed into the energy of carbohydrate molecules. Plant cells specialized for photosynthesis contain large numbers of chloroplasts, which are green because the chlorophyll pigments within the chloroplasts are green. Leaves of a plant contain numerous chloroplasts. Plant cells not specializing in photosynthesis (for example, root cells) have few chloroplasts and are not green. An organelle found in mature plant cells is a large, fluid-filled central vacuole. The
This is the end of the preview.
access the rest of the document. | <urn:uuid:08baec9a-842a-4d20-ad71-afd941bc1cc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/6532075/The-organelle-that-releases-quantities-of-energy-to-form-ATP/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.912736 | 204 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Lake Wobegon is a fictional town in the U.S.
state of Minnesota, said to have been the boyhood home
of Garrison Keillor, who reports the News from Lake Wobegon on
the radio show A Prairie Home Companion.
The opening words of the monologue usually are: "Well, it's been a quiet week in Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, my hometown, out there on the edge of the prairie."
The closing words of the monologue are "Well, that's the news from Lake Wobegon, where all the women are strong, all the men are good looking, and all the children are above average."
The last phrase is also known as “illusory superiority”; which in consumer behaviour refers to that decision heuristic or bias where consumers think that they are better than anyone else. (This applies to human behaviour broadly as well.)
The Lake Wobegon effect is used to describe a real and pervasive human tendency to overestimate one’s achievements and capabilities in relation to others – basically the tendency for all people to claim to be above average. It has been observed among CEOs, hedge fund managers, presidents, coaches, radio show hosts, late night comedians, stock market analysts, college students and parents to name a few.
So, if you were honest, you’d admit to think your driving skills are better than average right? That is the Lake Wobegon effect.
Now that you know that this is a natural human tendency, have another think about your business:
- How good is your customer service… really?
- How good are your staff relations … really?
- How good a retailer, manager, representative etc., are you … REALLY?
Are you really good or are you from Lake Wobegon?
Whatever your answer, you are invited to visit my own personal holiday home on the foreshore of said Lake. I am the mayor and you are all welcome.
GANADOR: PEOPLE. PERFORMANCE. RETAIL | <urn:uuid:3701d2fa-f515-4217-b276-c2d4c5f93853> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.ganador.com.au/retailsmart/2013/8/27/meet-the-mayor-of-lake-wobegon-it-is-worth-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.960953 | 429 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Complete submission to charm of technological wrap has overwhelmingly eased our lives so much so that the buzz about its harmful consequences on health propagates a slow start.
Foot-tapping jingles of cellular companies, beguiling customers with lucrative free talk time offers; need to be given a second thought in the wake of rising incidence of health hazards caused by its radiations.
On 31st May, 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer, a part of WHO designates cell phones as “possible human carcinogen”. Evidences, in varied case studies, affirming the increase of Glioma and Acoustic Neuroma brain cancer in people with proximity to mobile phone towers, prodded the Government to implement stricter radiation norms at national level, in effect from 1st September, 2012.
According to new guidelines, the exposure limits for base station (BTS) emission have been lowered to one tenth of the existing exposure. Now the permissible radiation levels in India, 0.45 W / meter square for 900 MHz, still surpasses the International Standard of 0.001 W / meter square accorded safe for 24×7 exposures (Bio Initiative Report 2007).
The mobile handsets with Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limit of 1.6 W / kg over 1 gram of human tissue is the new norm with exposure limit to be displayed on handsets made mandatory.
Ranchi Municipal Corporation framed guidelines, for installation of cell phone towers in February 2008, was lying sedate and ineffectual. In coincidence with Centre’s move, the RMC has pitched up its activity pulse in issuing notices to the service providers of 356 BTS towers in the capital for furnishing relevant papers to reign in unauthorised installation of mobile towers. Prima facie it appears that hundreds of mobile towers in the capital and the state have not obtained the due sanction of the concerned authorities. RMC records show only 36 applications lying for approval for cellular towers.
Flouting the safety norms, cluster of BTS towers mounted on roof tops and more than one cellular tower erected within one km of existing ones near residential areas, schools and hospitals are commonly spotted. It intensifies overlapping of high radiation fields grievously affecting the health of humans, animals and birds. People living within 50-300 metre radius of cell phone masts are in harmful high radiation zone. Dangerously low, 10 ft to 20 ft BTS towers have been installed defying the safe prescribed height of 50 ft to 200 ft. Ratu, Upper Bazar, Circular Road and Lalpur are affected areas.
Mobile service operators self assess the BTS transmission in compliance with the TERM rules. Yielding to temptations like increasing radiation level of BTS towers to upgrade coverage, thus cutting expenditure of mounting more towers is not ruled out. However, the Inter Ministerial Committee recommendations empower the Urban Development Authority to keep a tab on cellular installations, their structural safety clearances and low power transmissions. The CEO, RMC, Deepankar Panda informs, “Purchase of radiation detectors is imminent. BIT Mesra has been roped in for expert consultation with vigil radiation checks being outsourced to them”.
Record unnatural death of crows, last year, reported in several pockets of Jharkhand was imputed to hazardous EMF radiation of BTS towers, growing exponentially and haphazardly. Dr Shekhar Kesri, Cancer Specialist, Apollo Ranchi speaking on the jeopardy, says, “Cases of Lymphoma and Brain tumour have gone up in Jharkhand. Rise in the number of children suffering from this fatal disease raises concern. Though no direct scientific evidence, but definitely an inter-relation between disease and harmful radiation exists.”
Mobile subscriber base in Jharkhand is nearly 1.5 crores and catering to them are 8 service providers.
Large number of cellular towers in the state emphasise the need for drastic abatement measures against harmful EMF radiation. Radio waves emitted by handsets and towers cause heating of human head and body fluid.
Disease symptoms arise due to related changes in electrical activity of the brain. Risk factors are enhanced 5 times in children and pregnant women.
Port St. Lucie, Florida
Darwin, Northern Territory
Palmerston Northern Territory Australia
The Government of India has approved new electromagnetic radiation norms for mobile-phone towers and handsets. Starting September 1, the new norms have come into effect.
The Department of Telecom (DoT) has also been working with Telecom operators to implement the new norms. The report also states that non-compliance of EMF standards, will result in a penalty of Rs 5 lakh, to be levied per base transceiver station per service provider.
Apart from that, mobile handsets with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of 1.6 watt/ kg averaged over 1 gram of human tissue will be allowed in India, which is 50% more stringent than current norms. Presently, mobile handsets are compliant with 2 watt/ kg averaged over 10 gram of human tissue. From September next year, mobile phones with new SAR values will be permitted to be manufactured or imported in the country.
Guidelines for issue of clearance for installation of mobile towers
DOT has also issued guidelines (.pdf ) for issue of clearance for installation of mobile towers. The clearance now requires a:
Copy of Access Service License / IP Registration Certificate from DOT
Copy of SACFA clearance for the said location issued by WPC Wing of Department of Telecom.
Other clearance at State / Local authority level: from Pollution Control Board for DG Sets; from Fire Safety Department, if applicable; and from State Environment & Forest Dept. where necessary.
Copy of NOC from Building Owner.
Nominal one time Administrative Fee as may be decided by the Local body to recover its costs on the issue of permission for installation of Tower.
Electricity connection may be provided to BTS site on priority.
For BTS Tower, following details to be required: Data Sheet; Name of Service/Infrastructure Provider; Location; Tower Reference: height, weight, ground/roof top, and number of antennas planned on tower.
Copy of structural stability certificate for ground based BTS. OR
In case of roof top BTS towers, structural stability certificate for the building based on written approvals of authorized Chartered Structural Engineer (local bodies), Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee or reputed Engineering College like IIT, NIIT etc.
Avoid Base Station Antennas in narrow lanes (≤ 5 mt.)
In respect of roof top towers with multiple antennas, the roof top usage desirable to be totally restricted.
In case of both ground based towers & roof top towers, there shall be no nearby buildings right in front of the antenna with height comparable to the lowest antenna on tower at a distance threshold
Formation of State and District Telecom Committees. Keeping public interest in view, there is a need of regular interactions between TERM Cell of DOT and State / District administration. Hence it is proposed to Set-up State and District Telecom Committees for review of all Telecom Infrastructure related issues at State/ District Level.
Though these guidelines do bring the radiation levels lower, but they are still drafted with several open ends, like direction of antenna, How the towers will be mounted in a densely populated areas, how to avoid the pollutions these towers cause by using diesel gen-sets for powering the towers when mains is not available – which is as much as 20 hours in most places in India.
Japan, Tokyo City,
Andorra, Andorra la Vella,
City of Randwick, Australia,
Cotonou (de facto capital),
Central African Republic, Bangui,
Since last 2-3 years, a systematic campaign has been launched in media about the dangerous “radiation” from cell phone towers. It was called ‘radiation’ intentionally to scare the public, as a common man links the word with dangerous products of nuclear accidents. The author of this post, Mr. Balbir Singh, a senior officer of Indian Telecommunication Services, has an experience of nearly 25 years in dealing with radio communications and through this post, aims to make the readers a little more aware of how baseless the theory behind these campaigns are.
The radiations, which are nothing but electromagnetic waves, are identified by their frequency bands. In ascending order of frequency these are named as medium and short wave radio, Very high, Ultra high, microwave, infrared, visible light ,ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays . The frequencies above visible light are capable of ionizing the matter and so, are dangerous to the DNA of living cells. Visible light and frequencies lower than it, on the other hand, are regarded completely harmless. The cell phone towers emit waves in the UHF range which is much below the heat and visible light frequencies.
Coming to the power of these radiations, never will these evangelists report the fact that for a two way communication, the minimum power received by the mobile hand set from the tower and, received by the tower from the hand set has to be the same. So, a mobile tower and a mobile phone actually radiate more or less the same amount of power. Comparing tentative level of emitted powers from some of the most commonly identifiable devices:
Door Darshan: 10-20 Kilo Watts (UHF), Aakash Wani : 10-20 Kilo Watts (VHF), Micro wave oven : 1 Kilo watts, Police wireless : 20-50 watts (VHF), First Generation Mobile system (in 90s) in New York : 250-500 Watts (UHF), Mobile systems used presently : 10 Watts (UHF) per antenna.
There are thousands of maintenance officials working in above departments for eight hours a day and reside in colonies hosting these sources of UHF/VHF since last thirty years. But there is no evidence of any higher incidence of brain cancer or any other specific health problems in these departments. And why would there be? High power electric transmission lines, electric motors, railway engine and lines, spark plugs of vehicles, TV remotes, Computers and kitchens all emit mu UHF power. In fact, all matter at a nonzero temperature, like living animals, vegetables, electric bulb, heaters, and outer universe continuously emits a spectrum of these rays.
In a study conducted to draw some meaningful conclusions in this regard, the radiation level from other sources in our homes were measured. And the power near each of the object was found to be
Tower in open ground =2.52 Tube light= 1.378 Mixie- Grinder System = 4.175 Sun light = 1.67 100 watt bulb=1.6 Hot Tawa (on stove) =0.793 Fire in lighted chulha=0.450 Mobile phone = 0.320.
It can be understood from the above measurements that mobile telephony radiation is of no significance as compared to other radiations in the same band.
Media has reported measured power density in mobile telephony band between 5 to 10 watts per square meter at many congested places. Just by transmitting 10 watts or 100 watt (assuming there are ten mobile towers in area), a power density of 5 to 10 watts per square meter in a radius of 5 Km area cannot be created. It violates the principles of conservation of energy!!
So where from this power has come? And that is the catch. In a market place hundreds of mobile handsets are on. The total power density in an area due to the hand sets will be thousands of times more than the power received from the towers.
Some Ph.D aspirants have concluded that the mobile radiations affect the crops ( Moong specially), honey bees and birds lose their sense of direction and path. A lady from Bombay and a gentleman from Jaipur claim to have developed brain tumor due to the cell phone tower. Some study conducted in a busy mall near mobile towers report irritable behavior, loss of sleep, and depression in the employees. So let us consider the following things:
1. If these cell phone towers had any adverse impact on life cells, then all bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa, and plants near the towers would have died. Mosquitoes and flies would die or run away. The life time of these organisms and insects is few hours or few days. Millions of their generations have passed and were exposed since last 15-30 years. We would have come across many new mutated species by now. But this is not observed.
2. Mobile radiation is predominantly accused of brains cancer and tumors. But, in fact, reaching frequencies up to the brain penetrating the skin and electrolytic fluids around the brain is not possible. Skin cancer, ear cancer, nose cancer or teeth cancer will precede the brain cancer. There are nearly 20 lakh cell phone towers in India. If we assume that each tower creates cancer in three families living nearest to them then there must be at least sixty lakh families with different forms of cancer. Fortunately there is no such evidence.
3. The mobile phones have penetrated every place in the country during last 15 years. There is no down fall in the total production of any crop, honey or whatever the claims have revolved around. On the contrary, towers have and still seem to be the preferred resting place for birds.
4. In busy malls there is a heavy flux of customers. Every new face causes secretions of adrenaline in the attendants. The irritability or sleeplessness or mild depressions are the well known consequences of the adrenaline. Some people answer 400 calls daily. This will affect their health irrespective of a mobile or a land line phone.
It is the right time for creating a proper public understanding of the issue before unfounded panic is spread. They say knowledge is power, so the next time someone talks about this nonsense, you can kick their asses right out of the park.
Irving Texas USA
Czech Rep Prague
Guatemala, Guatemala City,
Al Quwayz, United Arab Emirates, Al Quwayz, UAE
MUMBAI: Freedom from the alleged deadly intensity of electro-magnetic radiation from cell phone towers may come at a price for consumers, especially in the city, where tower density is comparatively higher.
A recent department of telecommunication (DoT) directive to reduce levels of radiation to 1/10th may force telecom operators to increase towers or base transmission stations of lesser radiation levels, rather than putting up fewer high-radiati-on towers.
This, experts said, would increase capital expenditure of operators, which consumers may have to compensate by paying higher tariffs. Each station comes at Rs 3-5 lakh and requires costlier maintenance. But sources said companies will have to first appeal for a higher tariff before the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), following which the authority will take a decision after hearing consumer appeals.
Against high-radiation towers fitted as densely as 300 metres from each other in Mumbai, telecom firms may have to go in for lower power stations or towers beyond a minimum 500-metre peripheral distance from each other.
The distance between towers has been specified in the natural habitat by the environment ministry, which is supposed to be 1,000 metres from each tower. But for dense urban localities like Mumbai, having highrises, no specific distance is recommended.
IIT professor Girish Kumar said each tower should radiate maximum two watts of power and be placed 500 metres from each other. “”Consumers can fit repeaters of maximum 0.1 watt capacity in offices or homes for safer radiation levels,”” he said.
Though bringing down radiation levels is welcome, he said, it will not reduce below 450 milliwatts, which is still high. “”Cell phone firms will not obey this directive of reducing levels. They will only assure consumers that radiation levels are lower than what is prescribed. We need a strong monitoring force to get it implemented,”” said Kumar. He said the notification could be a ploy to show the betterment of society but will result in more towers mushrooming, and consumers will have to pay for infrastructure and maintenance through bills.
Kumar said health problems occur after 15 years if the power is .1 watts, but with .45 watts (or 450 milliwatts), it takes few years. “”With 10 watts, it’s a matter of one or two years,”” he said. But Rajan Mathews, director-general, Cellular Operators Association of India), said levels were in compliance with international standards., thus achieving safest levels
The survey was by several institutes, including the wireless communication laboratory of IIT Madras and was sponsored by COAI and the Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers of India, Mathews said.
TRAI eye on city
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has started setting up its office in Mumbai to keep an eye on telecom, broadcasting and cable services in the western region. It recently appointed Madan Mohan, a senior Indian Telecommunication Services officer, as its advisor for the region, which comprises Mumbai, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa. Monitoring quality and standards of services through audits and surveys, and ensuring compliance of tariff-related guidelines by telecom, broadcasting and cable operators, will be the office’s main responsibility, besides development of consumer advocacy groups and coordination with telecom enforcement and resource-monitoring cells of the department of telecommunication.
Marshall Islands, Majuro,
Fort Wayne, Indiana
City of Canterbury, Australia,
LUCKNOW: The Lucknow Development Authority is all set to put in place new guidelines for installation of mobile towers in the city. The authority has constituted a committee headed by LDA secretary to come up with new guidelines/regulations within two months. The development coincides with the Centre’s move to issue new guidelines, while asking mobile companies to reduce radiation levels.
LDA vice-chairman, Rajneesh Dubey said that the committee has been asked to study the new guidelines of the Centre, see how the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) adhered to it and subsequently come up with measures which are in conformity with the new guidelines of the central government. The new guidelines are based on the recommendations of the inter-ministerial committee of the ministry of communication and information technology (IT), which suggested reduction in the level of radiation from the existing 9.2 watt per square metre to 0.92 watt per square metre.
“”Once the committee submits its report and comes with new guidelines they will be endorsed by the board of LDA,”” Dubey said, while speaking to TOI on Monday. “”The committee has been asked to submit its report within two months after which necessary action will be taken against the erring companies,”” he said.
As a matter of fact, none of the scores of mobile towers installed in the city have got the due sanction of the authority. According to records, LDA received only 60 applications to install the towers, till date. Of these, 21 applications were for installation of towers in Hazratganj, while 24 were from Hasanganj. Couple of applications were also received from areas like Chowk, Alambagh, Wazirganj, Gomtinagar, Aliganj and Indiranagar. However, none of them have got the sanction. LDA officials maintain that while in some case, the map of the building is not passed, while in some cases there is absence of no-objection certificate from the respective residential welfare associations. There have also been cases, where the companies did not show the requisite NOC from the UP Pollution Control Board (UPPCB).
It, however, remains to be seen as to how the authority would enforce the new guidelines, which appear to get stricter considering the health hazards posed by the radiations from the mobile towers. The authority has already been struggling to get the existing rules, which are essentially in conformity with the building by-laws, enforced.
LDA sources said that there had been instances of residential welfare associations pointing out some of the dangerously installed towers in the localities. “”We have been lodging complaints with the LDA repeatedly. However, no action has been taken against anyone,”” said Brikeshwar Tewari, president of a residential welfare society in Gomtinagar.
Yonkers, New York
Mexico, Mexico City City
Elizabeth, New Jersey
Cary, North Carolina
HYDERABAD: The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) will crack the whip against mobile phone service providers who have put up illegal cell towers without permission from the civic body.
The corporation has decided to take action against faulty telecom companies like dismantling cell towers if they do not pay Rs one lakh fee and get them regularised immediately. In June, the AP high court, while disposing cases on illegal cell towers, said that the towers should be erected by taking permission from the corporation. After HC verdict, the GHMC town planning wing slapped notices on service providers like Airtel, Vodafone, Reliance, Idea, Tata, BSNL and others. A meeting was also conducted with representatives of service providers in June last week and they were asked to submit documents like structural stability certificate and owners’ lease agreement within 10 days. However, even after three months, less than 10 applications were received. “”The corporation will remove cell towers if they do not come forward to regularise the existing 3,400 cell towers,”” GHMC chief city planner GV Raghu told TOI on Monday.
Incidentally, GHMC records show there are only 3,433 cell towers in the city, but there could be another 1,000 more as several new towers have come up in the past two years. Several towers do not have structural stability and were posing danger not only to inmates of buildings where they were erected but also their neighbours. For identifying the existing illegal and new towersGHMC would have to carry out a survey again. Officials estimate that they would get at least Rs 30 crore revenue in form of cell tower fees. As per the survey conducted by the town planning wing in 2010, there were 3,433 cell towers in GHMC limits with highest density (428) towers situated in Circle-10 areas like Khairatabad, Punjagutta, Banjara Hills.
Pomona California USA
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur,
City of Maitland, Australia,
NEW DELHI, SEPT 01: With the Government’s new norms for mobile towers coming into effect from Saturday, India will be among the few countries in the world to have stringent Electromagnetic Frequency (EMF) Radiation Standards, established in the interest of public health.
The US, New Zealand and Canada have already adopted similar norms. Indian standards are now 10 times more stringent than over 90 per cent of the countries, Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal said here on Friday.
The EMF exposure limit for Base Station Emissions has been lowered to one tenth of the existing level, he said.
“Health of the people should not be compromised at any cost. Technology must be embraced but ultimately public health should not be compromised,” he said.
Telecom Enforcement Resource & Monitoring (TERM) Cells under the Department of Telecom (DoT) will conduct random audits of the self certification furnished by the service providers.
TERM, which also monitors illegal telecom operations, will carry out test audit of 10 per cent of the base transceiver station (BTS) site on a random basis and in all cases where there is a public complaint, the Minister said.
Another agency under the DoT, the Telecom Engineering Centre has revised the test procedure for measurement of Electromagnetic Frequency in accordance with new standards.
A penalty of Rs 5 lakh is liable to be levied per BTS per service provider on non-compliance with the EMF standards, Sibal said.
According to DoT, 95 per cent of the towers are already complying with the new emission norms.
On handsets, the Minister said all new designs of mobile handsets shall comply with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of 1.6 watt/kg averaged over 1 gram of human tissue from Saturday.
The mobile handsets with existing designs which are compliant with 2W/kg averaged over 10 gram of human tissue, will continue to co-exist up to August 2013. Mobile handsets with revised SAR value of 1.6 watt/kg would be permitted to be manufactured or imported in India from September 2013.
Mauritius, Port Louis,
Cape Verde, Praia,
West Jordan Utah USA
Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby,
City of Canterbury, Australia,
An insight into the current situation about regulations for radiation levels from cellular towers and mobile phones in India.
The hazards of mobile phones and cell tower radiation join the list of potentially alarming issues for the country. Multinational companies and telecom operators have been wound up to provide better quality services that are also ecologically safe. The World Health Organization had declared that microwave radiation from mobile phones can increase the possibility of cancer. With the September 1 date approaching, stricter regulations related to electromagnetic radiation emission (EMR) from cell towers and mobile phones will be levied.
Millions of mobile subscribers had taken part in the delayed roll out of 3G wireless telephony networks in India. Now, mobile subscribers will experience it all over again. The Department of Telecommunication had given a timeline for telecom operators and mobile phone makers to adhere to the globally permissible and safe levels of electromagnetic radiation emissions. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has asked the DoT not to permit the installation of cellular towers within one kilometer of existing ones. This is to ensure that there is no potential risk of EMR harming humans, animals and other biological systems.
The Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) had informed The Mobile Indian that the Government of India/DoT has already adopted and implemented ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) standards for the telecom sector in the country. These standards are considered to be among the best in the world and have been adopted by over 90 per cent countries worldwide.
The Inter-Ministerial Committee comprising of the Department of Telecom, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Department of Biotechnology, and Indian Council of Medical Research, was set up in August 2010 for studying radiation from cellular towers and mobile handsets. This report can be accessed at . Following that the Department of Telecom announced that new regulations regarding radiation emissions from cellular towers and mobile phones will be effective from September 1, 2012.
Regulation of EMR from cellular towers
While the common man is still half-aware of the potential risks of the mobile phone, macro-level matters need immediate attention. Basically, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has notified the DoT to ensure that radiation emission levels from cell towers are under permissible limits. The DoT on the other hand stated that no scientific study had conclusively stated that cellular towers pose a threat to human life. Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal noted that service providers’ cellular towers are maintaining the EMR levels as per pre-defined limits.
The cellular towers run by telecom service providers regularly go through audits and checks initiated by the Department of Telecom to measure EMR levels and quality of service. From September 1, the Department of Telecom will ensure that the exposure limits for radio frequency fields (1800 MHz) will be brought down by one tenth to 0.92 Watt per square meter compared to the current standard 9.2 Watt per square meter. However, Rajan S Mathews, director general of COAI, stated that lowering the radio frequency field limits will bring no health benefits. Also, prohibition of cell tower installation in close proximity to one another could lead to poor services.
If cell tower frequencies are lowered, then the mobile phones will consume higher power and emit more radiations to gain better cellular coverage. Also, with higher power consumption on the handset that would lead to lesser battery life, lesser talk time as well as standby time and more mobile charging energy consumption. So eventually that will lead to an unpleasant experience of mobile telephony.
Minister of state for communications and IT, Sachin Pilot, said, “”Necessary changes in the design and packaging for compliance with this instruction will have to be in place on or before September 1. More stringent self-certification will become mandatory for every tower and mobile handset. The ministry will conduct random checks for RF exposure. Violation of radiation limits or non-certification will entail a fine of Rs 5 lakh per tower.””
Telecom service providers will have to tweak the cell towers to adhere to the new RF level standards and also ready them for the new 1800 MHz frequency spectrum. The government of India has plans to refarm the 1800 MHz spectrum by substituting the airwaves being currently crowded in the 900 MHz band by most telecom service providers. The government of India wants to make this possible by early 2013 but apparently it is too short a period for service providers to invest in and implement such changes to boost the efficiency of cellular networks. In order to perform a smoother shift from the 900 MHz spectrum band to the 1800 MHz spectrum band, the government of India will have to let both the bands exist for a couple of years.
Amendments to SAR in mobile handsets
Mobile phone handsets also generate electromagnetic fields which are basically absorbed by the human body. The amount of radio frequency absorbed by the human body while using a mobile phone is measured by Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). As per current standards, the SAR permissible for mobile phones imported and manufactured in India is set at 2.0 Watts per kilogram of the user’s body mass.
As per the IMC report, DoT had announced that Indian mobile handset makers and importers will have to adhere to the new SAR limit of 1.6 Watt per kg effective from August 31, 2013. This date is for mobile phone makers to phase out their products with SAR higher than 1.6 W/kg and this deadline was previously set to September 1, 2012.
Indian mobile phone makers have already started working on their devices to adhere with the 1.6 W/kg SAR levels. Multinational handset makers are already offering devices with SAR levels capped at 1.6 W/kg in the US while in Europe the limit has been set to 2 W/kg. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission is an autonomous body that performs exhaustive tests to check the RF emission levels and accordingly offer FCC certification mentioning the relevant SAR level.
All new mobile phones that will be sold in Indian markets ought to have their SAR level mentioned on the packaging. Also, old mobile devices that have higher SAR levels should be disposed. That clearly means that if you have been using a three year old mobile phone then it is time to recycle/discard it and purchase a new one. Also, non-branded handsets potentially have higher than permissible SAR levels. It is advisable to keep mobile phones away from infants and kids for they have thinner skulls and are more prone to carcinogenic hazards.
The aforementioned scenario where cell towers emitted weaker microwaves will drive mobile phones to function on stronger waves. That means the SAR levels of the phone might spike in low network areas. Hence, it is advisable to switch off the phone or put it in offline mode in weaker signal areas. Health Researchers advise that one must not keep an active smartphone near one’s head while sleeping at night. However, no research has so far been able to conclude that mobile phones cause cancer and you can read a paper on the same from COAI.
Handset makers will be required to move to an aircraft grade chassis material for their high-end (3G and 4G LTE) smartphones to keep SAR levels under control and diminishing.
Tags and accessories
In Delhi, the State Health Department, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University and World Health Organization decided in a meeting that all mobile phones that are sold and imported in the Delhi region should have SAR level tags on them. Besides that, there will be a boom in the market for accessories that will help reduce radiation levels emitted from the smartphone and also protect the quality of telephony.
Australian company Pong Research has been offering custom cases for the Apple iPhone, Android based devices and BlackBerry devices. These Pong cases look fancy and also reduce radiation while optimizing mobile phone reception at the same time. The Pong cases claim to reduce radiation levels by up to 96 per cent below the SAR level limits set by the international regulatory.
While a majority of Android smartphone owners continuously crib about battery life, poor reception from the cell tower or improper modem software could be the culprit. With different SAR level values in different regions, we advise users to purchase mobile phones after checking the radiation tags. Currently, the Indian SAR level limit is as much as the one permitted in Europe but soon the Indian limit will be brought down to 1.6 W/kg. So be ware if you are purchasing a mobile online or in a region that has a higher SAR level than the one permissible in India.
As of now, there are no conclusive reports that radiation emitted from mobile phones and cell towers cause immediate harm. However, it is better to be safe and take enough precaution from microwave radiation than be sorry later.
Miami Florida USA
Andorra, Andorra la Vella
San Buenaventura California USA
New Delhi, Aug 31 — Stringent new radiation norms for mobile phone towers and mobile handsets will come into effect Sep 1 across the country, the government announced Friday, keeping in view their possible adverse impact on human health.
“”We have to be careful as a nation. Technology must be embraced but ultimately public health should not be compromised,”” Communications Minister Kapil Sibal told reporters here, unveiling the norms.
A penalty of Rs.5 lakh will be liable to be levied per tower per service provider for non-compliance of EMF standards.
The new EMF limit will be one tenth the existing exposure limit for all mobile phone towers across the country.
“”Indian standards would now be 10 times more stringent than more than 90 percent countries in the world,”” the communications ministry said in a statement.
The norms also say that mobile handsets shall comply with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 gram of human tissue. Earlier it was 2W/kg over 10 gram of human tissue.
All cellphone handsets sold in the market in India shall be available in hands-free mode. Existing handsets which do not comply with these norms will co-exist only up to Aug 31, 2013.
From Sep 1, 2012 only the mobile handsets with revised SAR value would be permitted to be manufactured or imported in India.
The ministry issued guidelines for mobile handset owners. It says customers shoul follow basic health rules such as holding the cell phone away from body to the extent possible and using a headset to keep the handset away from your head.
The government said it will set up a test laboratory in the telecom engineering centre (TEC) by this year-end for testing of SAR value of mobile handsets.
The Comptroller and Auditor General in a report tabled in parliament Thursday had slammed the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for delay in finalising safety standards for cell phones.
–Indian-Asian News Service
Miami Gardens, Florida
Paterson, New Jersey
Hervey Bay, Queensland
Durham, North Carolina
Gladstone Queensland Australia
Taking a major step in the favour of public health, the government has directed the telecom players to follow the new guidelines of radiation, which has come into effect from September 01, 2012 (Saturday).
According to new guidelines, as of now, the EMF (Electromagnetic Frequency) exposure limit (Base Station Emissions) has been lowered to 1/10th of the existing International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure level. It means mobile towers will emit 1/10 times of EMF from Saturday as against earlier.
The higher EMF can cause several deadly diseases like cancer, mutation in human and animals. Viewing the growing network of mobile towers, telecom players and mobile users, the Department of Telecom, Minister of Information and Broadcasting has decided to revise the radiation guidelines.
Besides, mobile towers, now even handsets with higher energy absorption rate can continue to be in use until August 31 of next year. Government has ordered to mobile manufacturing companies to follow the new standard level of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) which has been set at 1.6 watt per kg.
Mobile manufacturers will also have to display the SAR value on the handset and inform the consumer while selling,’ ordered DoT.
With this new stringent EMF Radiation Standard, India has come up into an elite group that has less EMF Radiation Standard.
DoT has also stated that in case of violation of this norm, a penalty of 5 lakh will be levied per BTS per service provider.
Telecom Enforcement Research & Monitoring cells will be responsible for conducting audit on the self-certification furnished by the service providers.
The following are the highlights of the Standards:
A. Mobile Towers (EMF Radiation Norms)
EMF (Electromagnetic Frequency) exposure limit (Base Station Emissions) has been lowered to 1/10th of the existing ICNIRP exposure level, effective 1st Sept. 2012.
Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cells have been entrusted with the job of conducting audit on the self certification furnished by the Service Providers. TERM Cell will carry out test audit of 10% of the BTS site on random basis and on all cases where there is a public complaint.
Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC) has revised the Test Procedure for measurement of EMF for verification of EMF compliance for BTS towers in accordance with new standards.
For non-compliance of EMF standards, a penalty of Rs. 5 lakhs is liable to be levied per BTS per Service Provider.
The BTS site details i.e. self-certification, registration with TERM Cell, test results etc. is proposed to be provided on DoT web site for General Public information.
B. Mobile Handsets
All the new design of mobile handsets shall comply with the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values of 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 gram of human tissue w.e.f. 1st Sept. 2012.
The mobile handsets with existing designs which are compliant with 2.0 W/kg averaged over 10 gram of human tissue, will continue to co-exist up to 31st August 2013. From 1st Sept. 2013, only the mobile handsets with revised SAR value of 1.6 W/kg would be permitted to be manufactured or imported in India.
SAR value information display on the mobile handsets like IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) display. The information on SAR values to be made available to the consumer at the point of sale.
Mobile handset manufactured and sold in India or imported from other countries shall be checked on random basis for compliance of SAR limit after TEC SAR Laboratory is set up by end of 2012. Test results from international accredited labs will be acceptable in the interim period.
The manufacturers in India will provide self-declaration of SAR value of the handset.
Suitable amendments in the Indian Telegraph Rule under Indian Telegraph Act 1985 are being enacted in support of ensuring compliance of new SAR values for handsets.
Manufacturer’s mobile handset booklet will contain safety precautions.
All cell phone handsets sold in the market in India will comply with relevant standards and shall be available in hand free mode.
C. SAR Test Laboratory:
SAR Test Laboratory is being set up in Telecom Engineering Centre for testing of SAR value of mobile handsets imported/ manufactured in India. New National SAR Standards from Telecom Engineering Centre.
National SAR standards from Telecom Engineering Centre are being finalized.
DoT is procuring EMF radiation measuring instruments for TERM cell units.
Outsourcing for EMF radiation measurement for BTS towers is also being considered.
Expert Group Study:
A scientific study in India-specific context is being undertaken jointly by Dept. of Telecom and Dept. of Science and Technology in collaboration with ICMR, MOEF and Min of Science and Technology to derive norms based on credible scientific evidence taking into account diversity of Indian social context.
F. Guidelines to State Government
Department of Telecommunication has released Guidelines covering BTS Towers so that some consistency gets evolved on setting up of BTS towers. Guidelines have been placed on DoT website.
G. Guidelines for Consumers
Guidelines for consumers on Mobile handset usage have been issued and hosted on DoT Web site (http://www.gov.dot.in) for general public awareness. Some of them are: keep distance – hold the cell phone away from body to the extent possible, use a headset (wired or Bluetooth) to keep the handset away from your head, do not press the phone handset against your head. Radio Frequency (RF) energy is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source-being very close increases energy absorption much more, limit the length of mobile calls, use text as compared to voice wherever possible, put the cell phone on speaker mode, when your phone is on, don’t carry it in chest/breast or pants pocket, when a mobile phone is on, it automatically transmits at high power every one or two minutes to check (poll) the network. . A booklet addressing possible queries from mobile telecom users on radiation-related issues along with other informative inputs is also being placed on DoT website.
H. TEC Test Procedures Document for Service Providers and Term Cell Units
TEC has revised the Test Procedure for measurement of EMF elaborating the methodology, calculations, measurements and report formats for verification of EMF compliance for BTS towers in accordance with new standards effective from 1st Sept. 2012. This will be applicable for all Mobile Service Providers and Term Cell Units to verify compliance.
Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and IT has ensured that the new EMF Radiation standards get implemented through close co-ordination with the industry. The guidelines underline the Government’s efforts at providing the best possible Telecom services across the country without compromising on public safety and human health.
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh,
Knoxville Tennessee USA
Adelaide, South Australia | <urn:uuid:b9d25106-9731-499c-a4f9-12d6c9381620> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.emfnews.org/articles/category/uncategorized/page/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864624.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522034402-20180522054402-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.937911 | 8,874 | 2.625 | 3 |
The project, which has been dubbed “Beauty and the Mask,” was conducted by Temple University’s College of Public Health and the Center for Human Appearance at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine. With the help of 500 participants, 60 faces were ranked on attractiveness.
This study utilized a “racially diverse set of male and female faces,” which were sourced from the Chicago Face Database. Participants were required to rank the faces without a mask and categorize them as “unattractive,” “average” or “attractive.”
However, when surgical masks were digitally added to the faces, researchers found that participants upped their attractiveness rankings “in statistically significant amounts for both women and men.”
The faces that were previously categorized as “unattractive” reportedly saw the most improvement in their average rating at 42 percent.
“Many people believe that the appearance of the eyes is one of the strongest influencers of judgments of attractiveness,” said David B. Sarwer, the associate dean for research and director of the Center for Obesity Research and Education at Temple’s College of Public Health. “This study suggests that aspects of the lower face, which are covered by masks, also play an important role in perceptions of attractiveness.”
The study also reiterated the long-held assertion that facial symmetry and harmony were key factors that play a role in attractiveness.
Faces that had “disharmonious” facial features such as the nose, jaw, neck or lips had attractiveness rankings that skewed on the lower end of the spectrum, but when those features were covered, the faces were viewed more favorably. | <urn:uuid:bcedabd7-88f8-407c-9798-15c23c9e1bae> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://reinershineinsights.com/small-study-ranks-faces-with-and-without-masks-finds-masked-ones-hotter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360107.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228024418-20210228054418-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.981178 | 358 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1994, had a significant impact on the pace and pattern of urbanization in Mexico.
NAFTA removed tariffs on imported corn and beans. Small Mexican producers could not compete with the cheap imports from the USA. As a result, an estimated 1.3 million agricultural jobs in Mexico were lost. Many of those who lost work in rural areas, moved to Mexican cities or to the USA to search for employment. Most of these drifted into the urban informal sector in cities throughout Mexico.
On the plus side, NAFTA created an estimated 500,000 jobs in Mexican manufacturing, mostly maquiladora assembly plants focused on the US market. These plants and their multiplier impacts generated rapid growth in border cities, particularly Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, Mexicali, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, and Reynosa (see map).
Largely as a result of NAFTA, border cities grew faster during the 1990s than most other Mexican cities, essentially reversing the trend that existed during the 1980s. Though after 2000 many of Mexico’s border maquiladora industries moved to lower cost countries, most border cities continued to grow rapidly.
In conclusion, the overall NAFTA impact has strongly stimulated urban growth while fostering rural decline and out-migration. | <urn:uuid:6474c9f7-5447-4f07-adbf-3e1a8e6895fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://geo-mexico.com/?p=1617 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112230002-20191113014002-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.940692 | 275 | 3.640625 | 4 |
When Hurricane Sandy made landfall in October of 2012, more than 186 people were killed, over 600,000 homes were damaged, and infrastructure was devastated across New York State. During the “Snowvember” storm in November 2014, 70+ inches of snow fell in Western New York, causing 14 fatalities, and numerous roofs to collapse. These two events suggest that building design in New York needs to shift to address varying weather patterns caused by climate change.
On 4 November 2016, the University at Buffalo will host a symposium entitled “From Sandy to Snowvember: Climate Change and Buildings in New York State”. This symposium will draw together academics and practitioners to discuss contemporary thinking in climate resilience.
The symposium will also share the results of recent research conducted by the University at Buffalo, L&S Energy Services, and Weather Analytics; the work was supported by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
For more information and to register, please visit https://resilientbuildings.org/symposium/. | <urn:uuid:a39ce401-fa51-43c2-b2b6-235919078b96> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://resilientbuildings.org/2016/10/02/from-sandy-to-snowvember-symposium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.953895 | 212 | 2.640625 | 3 |
According to a new report issued by the China Iron and Steel Association (CISA), as of July 31 this year imported iron ore inventory at Chinese ports totaled 116 million mt, increasing by 0.66 percent month on month, constituting the first month-on-month rise following the declines recorded in the previous three months. With the increases seen in iron ore shipments, iron ore inventory levels Dec 31, 2018Iron (Fe) is a metallic element that constitutes 5.6% by weight of the Earth's crust and is the fourth most abundant element in the crust. Iron ores are rocks from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The principal iron ores contain hematite (Fe 2 O 3) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4). Hematite is an iron oxide mineral. It is non-magnetic
Aug 21, 2020Rising demand for iron ore has driven up its price to a level unseen since January 2014. Major iron ore producing countries, including Brazil, Russia, and India, were hit hard by the pandemic. As the supply of the commodity begins to rise until the year's end, analysts anticipate a slump in price.
Aug 12, 2008Woodward Iron Company Four iron-making enterprises, each controlling substantial deposits of iron ore, coal, limestone and dolomite, came to dominate the industry. These companies were unique in their use of advanced blast-furnace plants that smelted iron ore into pig iron. Woodward Iron, Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Company, and Thomas Works operated blast-furnace plants that
Sep 05, 2008To put that into context, that means that there are 1.8x10 21 metric tonnes of iron in the Earth - our annual mining of iron ores is about 3.0x10 9 tonnes, or a tiny, tiny amount. However, as you might know, the Earth's core is mostly made of iron, due to it being a rather heavy element and hence sinking to the centre.
The iron ore deposits began forming when the first organisms capable of photosynthesis began releasing oxygen into the waters. This oxygen immediately combined with the abundant dissolved iron to produce hematite or magnetite. These minerals deposited on the sea floor in great abundance, forming what are now known as the banded iron formations
Mining Iron Ore Mining iron ore begins at ground level. Taconite is identified by diamond drilling core samples on a grid hundreds of feet into the earth. Taconite rock comprises about 28 percent iron; the rest is sand or silica. These samples are analyzed and categorized so that mining engineers can accurately develop a mine plan.
how are iron ores are moved iron ore crusher equipment line mill crusher iron ore crushing plant. iron ore processing the most commonly used crushers in iron ore crushing plant are jaw crusher ore crushing plant customers usually choose a complete iron ore production line for compared with many other grinding mills the capacity of ball mill is higher granite ore crusher and fine crushing
Aug 27, 2020Resource nodes are specific locations spread across the world where resource extractors (Miners and Oil Extractors) can be placed to automate ore (or Crude Oil) harvesting, solid resources to be extracted manually by the Engineer, or power to be generated using Geo Thermal Generators on Geyser nodes. Three nearest resource nodes (or batches of them) from the Engineer can be located
Feb 14, 2020Iron deficiency anaemia is a condition where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells. Iron is used to produce red blood cells, which help store and carry oxygen in the blood. If you have fewer red blood cells than is normal, your organs and tissues won't get as much oxygen as they usually would.
Iron ore must go through a lengthy pre-processing stage before it can be pelletized – a series of steps that work to beneficiate and concentrate low-grade ores. This process varies depending on the ore source, but typically involves various stages of crushing and grinding to reduce the size of the iron ore.
Iron Ore is the basis for building materials used in almost everything. It is the lynch-pin metal for Space Engineers. Throughout all stages of game play the Space Engineer can never have enough Iron. Thankfully, it is the most common metal in Space Engineers, even more common than Silicon Ore, which is odd. It is a naturally occurring ore found in veins on asteroids and planets. It has a
Some ore is moved by rail to LKAB's Svappavaara plant for pelletisation. Products are hauled by rail to the ports of Narvik (Norway) or Lule for shipment. The current main haulage level at the mine is 1,365m underground. Ore processing takes place in three concentrating plants and three pelletising plants.
Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel. 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. Indeed, it has been argued that iron ore is more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil.
Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper. Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah.Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota's Mesabi Range.
Iron ore is an ore always in demand, due to its use in producing iron and steel bars via Smithing.There are many locations to mine iron ore, but one of the best members' places to mine iron for banking is Ardougne Monastery.It has six iron rocks total that are all very close to each other. Players can teleport there quickly with an Ardougne cloak, which offers infinite teleports, and then
How Are Iron Ores Are Moved. 2010-1-18Iron ore is categorised by dint of where it is produced and priced, and by its ferrous content, expressed as a percentage. The largest producing countries are Australia, Brazil, India, pricing cycles had moved significantly, impacting contract stability for those longer-term prices.
Iron ores are mainly iron oxides and include magnetite, hematite, limonite, and many other rocks. The iron content of these ores ranges from 70% down to 20% or less. Coke is a substance made by heating coal until it becomes almost pure carbon. Sinter is made of lesser grade, finely divided iron ore which, is roasted with coke and lime to remove
Jul 19, 2020Iron Ore shares many properties with other metal ores, but lacks a defining feature that provides it an edge, such as the decor bonus on Copper Ore or the thermal overheat bonus of Gold Amalgam. It is, however, by far the most abundant metal found, coming in small to massive nodes in the Caustic biome and modest nodes in the oil biome.
The taconite pellets are loaded into ore ships. These ships sail on the Great Lakes to Gary, Indiana, Cleveland, Ohio and other steel-making towns. The taconite pellets are brought to the steel mills to be melted down into steel. Taconite is mined from the Mesabi Iron Range, near Hibbing, MN.
Iron Ore (Fe) is mined in around 50 countries worldwide and used to make steel (buildings, cars, white goods etc.). Global economic growth is the primary factor that drives its supply and demand. When economies are growing, the need for steel in construction increases which drives the price up.
Iron Wolf was a stand-up roller coaster located in the County Fair section of Six Flags Great America that operated from 1990 to 2011. It was moved to Six Flags America and reopened in 2012 as Apocalypse and later renamed and re-themed to Firebird in 2019, with new floorless trains. Iron Wolf opened to the public on April 28, 1990.
The development of iron ore and its resulting innovations gave rise to Celtic expansion in Europe and aided in the growth of the Roman Empire. Centuries later, British chemist Henry Cort's discovery of the process to create wrought iron and Abraham Darby's invention of a blast furnace which created cast iron helped spark the Industrial | <urn:uuid:36cb6dd9-ec32-4003-97b2-41f0e97fe0cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://dalessandro.pl/2014_12_31/4501.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703548716.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124111006-20210124141006-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.955307 | 1,719 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Part of speech:
The definition of three is two plus one more.
The definition of tertiary is third.
The base to the right of the pitcher, the third of the four bases that a base runner attempts to reach safely
Occurring every other day so that it happens on the first and third days: usually applied to fever or a disease causing it, esp. any of certain forms of malaria
Occurring every third year.
A period or term of three months; specif., any of the three three-month periods of a human pregnancy
in the third place
one of three equal parts of a divisible whole
A cask of this capacity, between a barrel and a hogshead in size
Find another word for third. In this page you can discover 15 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for third, like: after the second, 3rd, three, trichotomize, next but one, tertiary, third-base, tertian, triennial, trimester and thirdly. | <urn:uuid:81e45117-0412-4fc9-8aa5-a57095c3e8b3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/third | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.941824 | 219 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Animals in Research
Across the pond, the animal rights group PETA is waging a battle against sound science by calling for the elimination of animal testing in Europe’s chemical regulations, and particularly the elimination of duplicative testing involving animal research.
The criticism is particularly ironic at a time when modern science is grappling with a “replication crisis,” where scientists duplicating prior studies aren’t achieving consistent results. Researchers from the University of Virginia discovered that two thirds of psychology studies couldn’t be duplicated, and drug developers Bayer and Amgen found that studies driving their work could only be confirmed less than a quarter of the time.
This is an enormous problem, because science and medicine rely on the foundation of existing knowledge to build future advancements. When scientists aren’t allowed to use animals in research that has “already been done,” we have no way of verifying whether the original study is accurate, or suffered from a false positive or false negative.
Additionally, fail-safes exist to monitor animal research. Federal law requires every research institution in the U.S. to appoint an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to approve every study involving live vertebrate animals. Requirements for approval include a detailed rationale of why scientists selected the particular animal model, why alternative methods would be insufficient, and means to assure animal well-being. The committees also inspect the facilities in which research animals are housed and tested.
That’s not to say that animal research is absolutely necessary in every case. Rats, for example, lack the ability to vomit. A researcher wouldn’t do much good using rats to study the effectiveness of a drug to induce vomiting. And since humans and rats are separated by about 130 million years of evolutionary divergence, we can’t expect rat body systems to function exactly the same as our own 100% of the time.
Despite its limitations, animal research continues to play a massive, vital role in medical advancement. And the pragmatic “3 R’s”—reduce, refine, and replace animals in research as appropriate—have already guided research for decades.
Ethically approved research should not be barred from replication simply because the original study involved animals. It would be far more prudent to ensure that medically relevant animal research continues to be ethically conducted, rather than bar the practice entirely. | <urn:uuid:e3e1792c-0cb9-4689-aad3-712d0712e32e> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.accountablescience.com/animals-in-research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947328.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424202213-20180424222213-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.924862 | 488 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Open and closed systems in social science
Ludwig Bertalanffy describes two types of systems: open systems and closed systems. The open systems are systems that allow interactions between their internal elements and the environment. An open system is defined as a “system in exchange of matter with its environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material components.” Closed systems, on the other hand, are held to be isolated from their environment. Equilibrium thermodynamics, for example, is a field of study that applies to closed systems.
The idea of open systems was further developed in systems theory.
In social sciences, schematically, if there is an interaction or feedback loop between ideal and material or subjective and objective then the system is an open system, otherwise it is a closed system. A closed system offers a deterministic relationship. René Descartes’ view of a Cartesian subject as a determining agent, detached from nature, is a closed system. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s view of the world that the idea determines the being is another example of a closed system. Raymond Williams’ open-ended approach and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice suggest non-deterministic relationships and are thus open systems. Schematically, closed systems are the sphere of being, identity, theory, molar, information, normal, and past. Open systems offer becoming, difference, practice, molecular, noise, pathological, and present. In short, systems theory in social sciences is basically closing the gap between phenomenology and structuralism and instead searching for embedded hermeneutics in which the subject is not cut off from a society but weaved in a social context. Once the Cartesian subject, who imposed mental concepts on reality, is flattened out, then the task is how to actualize materiality.
One possible way of describing the non-subject-centered view of the world is through the organization. According to Gregory Bateson, "Relationship could be used as basis for definition." That is, instead of signifying things under the blanket terms, the thing should be described the way it is organized in a complex relationship. In other words, materiality should not be represented by us but through us.[who?] In social science, the network approach has been increasingly becoming popular to undertake such kind of non-representational framework. It flattens out the representational systems that have become deterministic. The interconnection automatically reveals spaces that are left unconnected or silenced under the abstract machine of signifiers. The study produced with this connection is a mere description of a complexity that is characteristic of a society. There is no politics involved in this. Politics implies categories and naming, which according to Bateson, is always classifying and thus reducing complexity of organization. "The organization of living things depends upon circular and more complex chains of determination." The interconnection of things thus becomes a new way of understanding the reality. Walter Benjamin's montage, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's assemblage, and Humberto Maturana's autopoiesis suggest that things should not be seen in terms of their functionality or physical properties but rather the relationship, circularity, or networks serve as a general criteria for the knowledge. The essay surveys various disciplines to demonstrate the ways in which the idea of difference or becoming has posed challenges against given conceptual categories within their respective fields.
Although anthropology has been somewhat successful in displacing the modern subject from the center by observing various other institutions such as gift exchange and kinship, it continues to struggle with developing the open systems. In anthropology, the open system raises the question of how to represent a native point of view. The idea behind the ethnographic writing is to understand a complexity of an everyday life of the people without undermining or reducing the native account. Historically, ethnographers insert raw data, collected in the fieldwork, into the writing "machine." The output is usually the neat categories of ethnicity, identity, classes, kinship, genealogy, religion, culture, violence, and numerous other. The systems theory, however, challenges, among other fields, the ethnographic writing that is usually focused on representing the Other.
Anthropologist Gregory Bateson is the most influential and earliest founder of the system theory in social sciences. Bateson describes system as “any unit containing feedback structure and therefore competent to process information.” Thus an open system allows interaction between concepts and materiality or subject and the environment or abstract and real. In natural science, systems theory has been widely used approach. Bateson's work influenced major post-structuralist scholars especially Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. In fact, the very word 'plateau' in Deleuze and Guattari's magnum opus, A Thousand Plateaus, came from Bateson's work on Balinese culture. They wrote: "Gregory Bateson uses the word plateau to designate something very special: a continuous, self-vibrating region of intensities whose development avoids any orientation toward a culmination point or external end.” Bateson pioneered an interdisciplinary approach in anthropology. He coined the term “ecology of mind” to demonstrate that what "goes on in one's head and in one's behavior" is interlocked and constitutes a network. Guattari wrote: Gregory Bateson has clearly shown that what he calls the “ecology of ideas” cannot be contained within the domain of the psychology of the individual, but organizes itself into systems or “minds”, the boundaries of which no longer coincide with the participant individuals.
With the posthumanist turn, however, the art of ethnographic writing has suffered serious challenges. Anthropologists are now thinking of experimenting with new style of writing. For instance, writing with natives or multiple authorship. It also undermines the discipline of identity politics and postcolonialism. Postcolonial scholars’ claims of subaltern identity or indigeneity and their demand of liberal rights from a state is actually falling back into the same signifying Western myth of Oedipal complex of ego and the Id. Instead of looking for a non-unitary subject in multiplicities organized into assemblage and montage; postcolonial studies limit flows into the same Western category of identity thus undermining the networks that sustain people’s everyday lives. Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizomatic and Benjamin’s montage dismantle the top-down and hierarchical social reality and bring into attention the micro-politics of mapping multiplicities of networks and assemblages.
One can also trace open and closed systems in linguistics. The two most obvious examples are of Ferdinand de Saussure and Valentin Voloshinov. Saussure, in search of discovering universal laws of language, formulated a general science of linguistic by bifurcating language into langue, abstract system of language, and parole, utterance or speech. The phonemes, fundamental unit of sound, are the basic structure of a language. The linguistic community gives a social dimension to a language. Moreover, linguistic signs are arbitrary and change only comes with time and not by individual will. The distinction of language between langue and parole without any feedback loop demonstrates that a language is a closed system. Volosinov rejects abstract objectivism perpetuated by the language distinction between langue and parole. He also rejected the Cartesian notion of language as a mere manifestation of pure subjectivity. In fact, he dissolved the dichotomy of objectivity, language as external and independent of human consciousness, and subjectivity, language as a cognitive activity. The dissolution was to put the becoming of language in a practice of utterance. In other words, the language only comes to existence when uttered not intentionally but in a practice of everyday life. The meaning of language also comes into being in a particular context thus putting language in its ideological milieu. This is Volosinov's most important theoretical intervention -- in rendering language an ideologically laden mechanism. Since humans are social the linguistic utterance also embodies power relations. Volosinov further writes on philology as a “finished monologic utterance—the ancient written monument.” This illustrates how ideology is concealed in texts such as dictionaries that list words free of their particular contexts. Thus moving away from Saussure static being to the idea of becoming.
In the discipline of history, there have also been critical debates of how to represent past in its complexity without undermining the differences. That is what are the ways in which history writing could be written as an open system. Walter Benjamin’s Theses on the Philosophy of History perhaps could be referred as one of the earliest radical explorations in the idea of the past and representation. Benjamin differentiates between historicism as a discipline that views past and present as separate from each other and temporality as a homogenous empty time moving in a linear fashion in search for an objective truth. This detached view of the history makes historian a master signifier who imposes concepts onto the materiality of the process. Historicism is thus a history of silences. Historical materialism, on the other hand, is the history of the present that is past and present are not detached from each other but constitutes a single interrupting and non-linear temporality. “History is the object of a construction whose place is formed not in homogenous and empty time, but in that which is fulfilled by the here-and-now [Jetztzeit].” Writing history of present that is now-here releases differences and multiplicities from the clutches of historical categories that impose silence. The now-time serves as a new temporality for the representation of the present. With the postmodernist turn, history writing has been suffering challenges of how to recover those silences marginalized under the systems of representation or historicism. Put simply, what are the ways the history of differences could be written that would rupture the official history? German historian, Reinhart Koselleck, based his argument on social and conceptual history. The social history belongs to a history of the present whereas conceptual history is the history of ideas or representations. Subaltern Studies historian, Dipesh Chakrabarty name the conceptual and social history as History 1 and History 2. Anthropologist, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, referred them as historicity 1 and historicity 2 and urges for a history of the present. Hayden White's idea of emplotment as narrative form demonstrates a new radical move towards history writing that collapses the traditional historical tropes.
The debate in philosophy is grounded in terms such as abstract and real. To put simply, the question in philosophy could be written as how to get to reality without deploying the given abstract concepts. In contemporary philosophy, Deleuze's philosophy of becoming is currently a popular version. According to Deleuze and Guattari, "becoming is a verb with a consistency all its own; it does not reduce to, or lead back to, "appearing," "being," "equalizing," or "producing."" The becoming disrupts the imagination of the Western thought, organized in an arboreal, into a rhizomatic nature of haecceities. A Rhizome may be "broken, shattered at a given spot, but it will start up again on one its old lines or new lines."
In The Normal and the Pathological, Georges Canguilhem demonstrates the ways in which the concept of norm emerged as a reference point for organizing, or more precisely, normalizing differences into a normal order necessary for a general functioning of a liberal society. “A norm offers itself as a possible mode of unifying diversity, resolving a difference, settling a disagreement.” The norm thus became the abstract universal signifier and the normal as a signified and what "escapes" the normal is considered pathological. In fact, the existence of pathological becomes the necessary condition for the normal. By interconnecting the idea of norm with institutions of technology, economic, and juridical, Canguilhem grounds the concept of norm into the materiality of social and shows that normal is not a natural given but rather it is the product of normation.
Drawing on Canguilhem's work, Foucault develops the notion of biopolitics as an open system that is a process free of deterministic relationship. Biopolitics can be described as when the “basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy of a general strategy of power.” The biopolitics becomes the governmental reason of modern society which Foucault referred as security society. The individualizing technique of the care of the self in the disciplinary society and the totalizing technique of the management of the population through apparatuses of security is called governmentality. The governmental apparatuses of security produce optimum risk or danger, which subjectivize individuals in terms of the care of the self and at the same time manage the population. Insurance technologies, as an apparatus of security for instance, use a calculus of probabilities that transform everything into risk, but most importantly, it “keep a type of criminality, theft for instance, within socially and economically acceptable limits and around an average that will be considered as optimal for a given social functioning.” Thus, there are two streams of thought in Foucault’s work. The earlier work relates to disciplining or individualizing of the body through the police state. The later thought develops around the notion of biopolitics, as a totalizing technique, that targets the biological given of the population through the apparatus of security. These two techniques, individualizing-totalizing, microphysics-macrophysics, care of the self-management of the population, are the two modalities of power that function in a non-deterministic relationship. It is a model different from Louis Althusser's idea of Ideological State Apparatuses as structure of dominance and hegemony functioning in a top-down manner. In Foucault's work, there is no top-down and bottom-up approach.
In Security, Territory, Population, Foucault developed the idea of milieu as a system consist of natural- river, water, earth, and artificial given-institutes, norms, discourses. The milieu is an idea similar to Vernadsky's biosphere as a realm of living. The biosphere or milieu has also been going through the process of social engineering. Foucault particularly focuses on space and demonstrates the ways in which urban forms have been subjected to discipline and regulation to enhance circulation. It seems that Foucault was moving towards the direction of bridging the gap between the nature and culture by proposing the idea of a milieu. This collapsing of given spaces also signifies that merely unpacking or de-centering the Cartesian subject will not be enough; in fact the milieu or biosphere requires careful collapsing into multiplicities. In general each discipline needs networking with materiality.
German theorist Niklas Luhmann develops a systems theory approach to society and demonstrates the ways in which systems work only in relation with their environment. Drawing on Humberto Maturana and Francis Varela’s idea of autopoiesis and Hegelian dialectics, Luhmann argues that systems are self-referential autopoietic systems, that is they produce and reproduce their organization without getting input from a Cartesian subject and systems maintain their distinction from the environment by the unity of the difference. By doing that, he displaces the modern subject as a point of reference and instead places communication as the index. Schematically, a system represents a conceptual realm, a meaningful world, a place of identity, past, and actuality. Whereas environment signifies noise, meaninglessness, difference, future, and possibilities. Luhmann's social systems are closed systems except when the system needs information from the environment. Thus, it is up to the system to select the meaninglessness or noise from the environment and encode it into a meaningful complex in the system. Although Luhmann maintains the unity of the difference of the system and environment, the closing of the system does not allow innovation or rupture in the order. In fact, the encoding of information in the system reduces complexity of the environment.
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu challenges the same duality of phenomenology (subjective) and structuralism (objective) through his Theory of Practice. This idea precisely challenges the reductive approach of economism that places symbolic interest in opposition to economic interests. Similarly, it also rejects subjected-centered view of the world. Bourdieu attempts to close this gap by developing the concept of habitus, "a system of durable, transposable dispositions." In this system, agent is not a conscious subject but "the schemes of thought and expression he has acquired are the basis for the intentionless invention of regulated improvisation." Symbolic capital, for instance, a prestige, as readily convertible back into economic capital and hence, is ‘the most valuable form of accumulation.’ Therefore, economic and symbolic both work together and should be studied as a general science of the economy of practices. Unlike Pierre Bourdieu, who provides a general theory of practice that regulates subjective (phenomenology) and objective (structuralism), or in Luhmann’s terms systems and environment, together in an open system, Luhmann develops a closed system only letting the systems select its information from the environment. The more radical approach of Deleuze and Guattari completely collapses Hegelian dialectics by actualizing the materiality of the deterritoralized environment over on the territorialized systems.
Bruno Latour develops the open system by flattening out the discipline of sociology, ingrained in phenomenological tradition, into multiplicities embedded in the society. The de-centering of a Cartesian subject from the center of the universe open new spaces that were left unconnected by classical sociological tradition. Latour thus suggest an Actor-network theory to bridge the gap between the nature and culture. He rejects theoretical or conceptual models; in fact he dislike the fact that the description of anything has to fit in some kind of a framework. Theory, for Latour, is a mental projection of a modern subject which reduced the materiality of things into neat categories of groups and identities which, more precisely, violates the polymorphous nature of society. The network thus emerges as a new transcendental ego or what Humberto Maturana called a network theology.
Jürgen Habermas brings the intersubjective centered view of the world. He develops a communicative theory as a closed system. That is there exist a consensus which could only be validated by the communication among individuals. It gives primacy to a certain group of people who have access to a public space and who could communicate in a dominant language of a given context. There is no interaction between the speech act and the consensus. Thus, Habermas communication theory is a consensus driven closed system. It is the attempt to rescue the Enlightenment project embedded in logocentrism.
|Volosinov||Language system||Speech act||Linguistics|
|Chakrabarty||History 1||History 2||History|
|Canguilhem||Normal||Pathological||History of Science|
|Trouillot||Historicity 1||Historicity 2||Anthropology|
- Systems theory
- Complex systems
- Systems science
- Social systems
- Systems theory in anthropology
- L. Bertalanffy, General system theory (G. Braziller New York, 1988). 4
- Gregory Bateson, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, (E. P. Dutton: 1979), 17
- Gregory Bateson, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, (E. P. Dutton: 1979), p 103
- Gregory Bateson, A Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 260.
- Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, 22
- Walter Benjamin, Thesis on the Philosophy of History
- Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Pleateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 239.
- George Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological, (New York: Zone Books, 1991), 240
- M. Foucault, M. Senellart, and A. I. Davidson, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) 1.
- M. Foucault, M. Senellart, and A. I. Davidson, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) 5.
- Vladimir Vernadsky, The Biosphere, (New York: Copernicus, 1998)
- Niklas Luhmann, Social Systems(California: Stanford University Press, 1995), 350
- Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of a Practice, Cambridge University Press, 72
- Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of a Practice, Cambridge University Press, 79 | <urn:uuid:236ca8d1-08b8-4615-a3c6-f066f428aec3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_and_closed_systems_in_social_science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948551162.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214222204-20171215002204-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.921055 | 4,396 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Has the spell check function in Microsoft Word or Outlook seemed to have disappeared? Chances are it hasn’t gone anywhere, but rather, your settings got changed somehow. We’ll run through the steps for checking your spell check settings, but first, let’s start with the basics.
Where is spell check in Microsoft Word?
Word 2010 & 2007 – In your document, find the “Review” tab at the top of your tool bar (it should be second to last). Spelling and grammar is in the very first section on the left, labeled “Proofing.”
Where is spell check in Microsoft Office?
Office 2010 – When you open a new email, find the “Review” tab at the top of your tool bar (it is the last one). Spelling and grammar is in the very first section on the left, labeled “Proofing.” Essentially, it looks nearly the same as Word, see image above.
Office 2007 – When typing a new email, you should be in the “Message” tab automatically. You can find the spelling and grammar check at the far right end of the tool bar.
If you are able to locate the spelling and grammar buttons and they still do not seem to work, something in your settings may be off. Here are some things to check for:
1. Make sure your language settings are set to English (or whatever language you are currently typing in).
Word and Office 2010: You can set language preferences and proofing settings by clicking on the “Language” button found under the “Review” tab, next to the “Proofing” section (see the first image above).
Word 2007: Open your document and go to the “Review” tab. In the same area as spelling and grammar, there is a small world icon with a red check mark (see image below with pink arrow). Click this to change your language settings.
Office 2007: In a new email, find the spelling and grammar option on the right-hand side of the main tool bar. Click the down arrow of this option, and choose “Set Language” in the menu.
2. Once you’ve ensured that your settings are in English, check your spelling and grammar settings.
Word 2010: Click on the file tab in the tool bar. Find “Options” at the bottom of the list on the left-hand side of the screen. In that window, click on “Proofing” (the third one down). Here you can ensure that the correct options are enabled. (You can also edit language settings from this window.)
Word 2007: Click on the circular “File” button in the top left corner, and go all the way to the bottom where it says Word Options. Open the options and find Proofing (third in the list) and adjust settings.
Office 2010: File-> Options-> section Mail-> option: Always check spelling before sending. You can adjust other settings here as well.
Office 2007: Tools -> Options…-> tab Spelling-> option: Always check spelling before sending. You can adjust other settings here as well.
These are just some general troubleshooting options. If you need help getting through these steps or still need help after you check all of this, feel free to give us call! 612-865-4475 | <urn:uuid:cdd843cf-5c75-4464-9e91-bc69677a7b89> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://callthatgirl.biz/where-did-spell-check-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145751.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00003-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869884 | 709 | 2.625 | 3 |
The International Organization for Standards was founded in 1947 to coordinate work of standards and specifications for products, services and business practices wordwide. ISO was adopted as a universal acronym because of language differences. It has published more than 19,000 standards for almost all aspects of technology and business. One of those is ISO 9004, a tool designed for quality management, first issued in 1987 and updated most recently in 2009.
ISO says standard 9004-2009 "provides organizations with a model for 'sustained success'," which it defines as both producing goods and services to satisfy customers and insuring the economic survival of a business or organization. It is a tool that managers can use to identify strengths and weaknesses in organizations of any size and take specific actions as required.
ISO 9004 is a suggestion document, offering guidance for top managers, the highest level of decision-making authority, in any size or type of organization. It suggests how to structure an enterprise to achieve its goals both in the short term and long term as situations evolve. It includes advice on monitoring and analyzing the organization's environment, external factors that may affect its success or failure. It is up to managers to implement suggestions.
Covers All Areas
The standard covers everything from personnel to financial resources. That includes such things as training, promoting teamwork and sharing of knowledge and ensuring that workers know about and are involved in achieving the objectives. Managing financial resources varies from making sure funds are available when needed to eliminating waste of time and materials or reducing failures of products or services.
An important element of ISO 9004 is self-assessment, how managers can rate operations, business strategies and other factors so any part of the operation that is not functioning effectively can be corrected. That includes looking at how the organization is structured, analysis of the environment and such internal things as personnel and product or service development.
- Comstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:150e4c0f-5dd1-4f7d-951f-f242745fa34f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://smallbusiness.chron.com/iso-9004-55038.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.953959 | 385 | 3.125 | 3 |
women in Islam are appreciated and highly respected,opposite to a lot of misleading and incorrect information that are widely spread among non muslims.Qoran has highlighted the fact that men and women are equal in the sight of Almighty Allah.
Morever the islamic law has guaranteed Rights to over 1400 years ago;where as women in western societies are now struggling to obtain their rights.for example islam considers the women a full person,the spiritual of male.Also,according to islamic law,women have the right to own property,operate a business and receive equal pay for her work.
the woman in islam has total control of her wealth,she can not be married against her will.she can get divorced,if she does'nt get good treatment from her husband,and can no longer stand her life with him [yet she has to have a good reason].women are participating in all forms of works same like men.actully the rights that islam give to women over 1400 years ago were almost unheard of in the west until 1900.fifty years ago women in western societies couldn't buy a house or a car without the sighnature of the father or husband,islam gives great respect to women and their vital role in society.
Also it is notworthy that the prophet mohammad's mission stopped many of the vicious practices in regards to women that were present in the society of his time.
For example,the qoran put an end to arabs practice of killing their baby daughter when they were born.
if women in the muslim's world today don't get their rights,it is not beacause islam didnot grant them their rights,but beacause of some Alien traditions prevailing in many places that have to overshadow the teachings of islam. | <urn:uuid:f79ab077-9568-4d5b-b098-57924717ce35> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.bitlanders.com/blogs/women-in-islam/324346 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869785.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020021700-20201020051700-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.974591 | 369 | 2.84375 | 3 |
When studying Scripture, an infrequently-considered topic is time. The three major, monotheistic religions–Christianity, Islam and Judaism–treat time differently, each following its own calendar, complete with times that are set aside for observance. Importantly, as Johnson has noted, all of these faiths depart, to one degree or another, from what he calls “God’s clock”, a depiction of time that secures its foundation in the words of Scripture. For instance, while the birth of Jesus is covered in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, the annual celebration of it, Christmas, is not found in the Bible. There is no instruction from Jesus that His birth is to be remembered on a particular date or at an appointed time, if at all.
We first find the term, appointed times, towards the very beginning of the Biblical narrative.
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years. (Genesis 1:14, KJV)
The word translated above as “seasons” is in Hebrew, moadim. This is the plural form of moed (pronounced mo-ade), which in turn derives from the verb, yaad, meaning “to appoint.” The noun, moed, takes on the meaning of an appointment, meeting or appointed time. Moses met with God at the ohel moed, the tent of meeting. When God wishes to meet with His people, He sets an “appointed time” for that to take place.
The Torah concentrates a description of appointed times in the Book of Leviticus, Chapter 23. Before launching into a discussion of this passage of Scripture, it may be helpful to explore the essential “mechanics” of the Biblical calendar. The first month on the calendar is mentioned in the Book of Exodus:
This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you. (Exodus 12:2, KJV)
The word translated above as “month” is the Hebrew, chodesh. The root of this word is the verb chadash, meaning that which is “new” or “renews”. The noun, chodesh, means both “month” or “new moon”, the visible, waxing crescent that “renews” at the beginning of each lunar cycle, every 29th or 30th day.
Just before God unleashed the plague against the firstborn, leading to the immediate release of the Israelites from enslavement in Egypt, the LORD said to Moses:
On this day in the month of the Abib, you are about to go forth. (Exodus 13:4, NASB)
The “first month” mentioned in Exodus 12:8 is called the “month of the Abib“. What then is abib? It is a state of ripening of a barley plant. Barley, which grows in the wild throughout the land of Israel, can, through careful observation, be discerned to have reached the abib state. Barley found in the abib state, was described as a casualty of the plague of hail:
Now the flax and the barley were ruined, for the barley was in the ear and the flax was in bud. But the wheat and the spelt were not ruined, for they ripen late. (Exodus 9:31-32, NASB)
The phrase “in the ear” found in verse 9:31 translates the Hebrew word, abib. The first new moon following the discovery of barley that has become abib constitutes the first day of the first month of the Biblical calendar. From this understanding of what establishes the beginning of the Biblical year, the appointed times found in Leviticus 23 fall into place, with the exception of the weekly Sabbath covered in verse 23:3. For instance, the Passover falls “in the first month, on the 14th day of the month at twilight.” (Leviticus 23:5) The Feast of Unleavened Bread then begins “on the fifteenth day of the same month” (Leviticus 23:6) and lasts for seven days.
The next appointed time, not named in Leviticus 23, is otherwise known as the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot). It falls on a date according to a specified counting of weeks or days. “You shall also count for yourselves from the day after the sabbath. . .there shall be seven sabbaths. You shall count fifty days to the day after the seventh sabbath.” (Leviticus 23:15-16, NASB)
The seventh month has three appointed times. The first is the Day of Shouting (Yom Teruah). “In the seventh month on the first of the month you shall have a rest, a reminder by shouting, a holy convocation.” (Leviticus 23:24, NASB) Then follows the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) ten days later. “On exactly the tenth day of this seventh month is the Day of Atonement; it shall be a holy convocation for you, and you shall humble your souls and present an offering by fire to the LORD.” (Leviticus 23:27, NASB) Finally, there is the Feast of Tabernacles. “On the fifteenth of this seventh month is the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days to the Lord.” (Leviticus 23:34, NASB)
The vast majority of Christians reject the observance of these appointed times. At or near the top of the reasons for this is that they consider the appointed times cited above to be “ceremonial” observances, satisfied once and for all by Jesus, the Messiah. Therefore, they relegate them to observances reserved exclusively for Jews. Debating the relevance of these particular occasions for Christians is not the purpose of this article. However, we should operate under a principle advanced by Paul in his second letter to Timothy:
All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness. (2 Timothy 3:16)
Our cursory explanation of the “mechanics” of the Biblical calendar has prepared us to examine the literary structure of Leviticus 23. This may lead us to uncover a hidden treasure in its textual arrangement that makes the discussion profitable for all studious readers of the text, not just Jewish believers.
Leviticus 23 begins and ends–an inclusio–with a synonymous parallelism capturing Moses’ declaration of the appointed times to the sons of Israel.
The LORD spoke to Moses, saying, “Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, ‘The LORD’s appointed times which you shall proclaim as holy convocations–My appointed times are these: (Leviticus 23:1-2, NASB)
So Moses declared to the sons of Israel the appointed times of the LORD. (Leviticus 23:44, NASB)
Following a brief mention of the Sabbath as an appointed time, the LORD’s instruction to Moses in verse two essentially repeats in verse four:
These are the appointed times of the LORD, holy convocations which you shall proclaim at the times appointed for them. (Leviticus 23:4, NASB)
Between the synonymous declarations of verses 23:4 and 23:44 are two groups of appointed times.
Group 1 (Lev. 23:5-21)
The Feast of Unleavened Bread
The Feast of Weeks
Group 2 (Lev. 23:23-43)
The Day of Shouting
The Day of Atonement
The Feast of Tabernacles/Shemini Atzeret
The Feast of Weeks and the Feast of Tabernacles share a special parallelism. Both are associated with harvesting. The Feast of Weeks occurs near the beginning of the harvesting cycle whereas the Feast of Tabernacles falls at the end of that cycle.
The appointed times in Leviticus 23 are distributed, more or less evenly, around the central idea of the literary arrangement. The parallelism involving harvesting points directly to this idea, found in Leviticus 23:22:
When you reap the harvest of your land, moreover, you shall not reap to the very corners of your field nor gather the gleaning of your harvest; you are to leave them for the needy and the alien. I am the LORD your God. (Leviticus 23:22, NASB)
The central idea is that one should care for the needs of the poor and the alien, both groups of whom are those without land from which to feed themselves. This is a recurring instruction in the Torah. Immediately relevant to its placement at the center of the appointed times in Leviticus 23, we find essentially the same instruction in Leviticus 19:
When you reap the harvest of your land, do not reap to the very edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. Do not go over your vineyard a second time or pick up the grapes that have fallen. Leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the Lord your God. (Leviticus 19:9-10)
Verses 19:9-10 fall within a sequence of “holiness instructions” culminating in the admonition of verse 19:18b, “you shall love your neighbor as yourself”. In each of the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus utters this same instruction. (Matthew 22:37, Mark 12:31,33, Luke 10:27)
Jesus stressed caring for the needy. Again, in each of the Synoptic Gospels, He instructed a rich, young ruler to sell his possessions and give them to the poor. (Matthew 19:31, Mark 10:21, Luke 18:22) It was also central to the judgment of nations. (Matthew 25:31-46)
The appointed times, His moadim, are important to the LORD. It is on those occasions that He wishes to meet with His people. That notwithstanding, the literary structure of Leviticus 23 points to a more important matter at hand: providing for those who are not able to provide for themselves. Leviticus 23:22 is not there by accident. And although it is spoken to the sons of Israel, it is a matter that “crosses over” into the teachings of Jesus. Therefore, it has relevance for Christians, even those who regard the moadim as purely ceremonial observances.
We find an instance in which chodesh is properly translated as “new moon” in the story of the Shunammite woman. Upon the death of her son, she urgently desired to seek out the prophet Elisha to which her husband replied: “Why will you go to him today? It is neither the new moon (chodesh) nor sabbath.” (2 Kings 4:23, NASB)
This sabbath marks the sabbath falling immediately after the seven days of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The day after that sabbath begins the counting of seven sabbaths or fifty days, leading to Shavuot.
In Jewish circles, there is debate over the day following the seven days of Tabernacles. This day is referred to as the eighth day, Shemini Atzeret. Some Jews regard the eighth day to be attached to the Feast of Tabernacles whereas others regard Shemini Atzeret as a wholly separate appointed time.
This connection is also referenced in Exodus 34:22. | <urn:uuid:319725c6-8c6b-4ab7-8bf7-9b70133643fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fojlv.org/?p=693&replytocom=11838 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510138.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516140911-20220516170911-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.94285 | 2,558 | 3.03125 | 3 |
An ozone testing chamber to eliminate listeria in food sources
Customer : Cardiff Metropolitan University’s ZERO2FIVE is a centre providing technical, operational and commercial support to food businesses across the UK. As well as employing food and drink technologists, ZERO2FIVE also works with senior lecturers and professors from the university. Microbiology lecturer, Dr James Blaxland is part of this initiative and has built an ozone testing chamber to research the use of ozone to eliminate listeria in food sources. To do this, he has recently purchased a 2BTech 106 ozone monitor from UK company Air Monitors.
Country: United Kingdom
Application: Ozone monitoring
Dr Blaxland’s role at the ZERO2FIVE food industry centre focuses on the decontamination of the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes from both food and food preparation areas. Listeria is the causative agent of listeriosis, a rare, but potentially life-threatening condition which typically affects certain groups of people, which includes; those who are immunosuppressed, pregnant or elderly.
Listeria is a huge problem in the food and drink industry and with the help of the 2BTech’s 106 ozone monitor, James and his team have been looking at how effective ozone is on different surfaces.
They also have a sensory analysis suite where they can see if ozone has an effect on taste, colour and smell of certain foods. Can the public tell the difference? That is a key question for the food manufacturers to ensure that the public don’t notice any discernible difference.
James says, “The 2BTech Ozone monitor has been producing great results since we started the research a few months ago and so far, growth of different strains of listeria have been found on different surfaces and the aim is to minimise, if not remove this going forward. As well as listeria being present on food sources, it can also contaminate medical devices and hopefully ozone can be used for the removal of these bugs.”
Caroline Bennett, Air Monitor’s Technical Sales Executive added, “we have enjoyed seeing how the Cardiff Metropolitan University’s ZERO2FIVE centre has used the 2BTech Ozone monitor and have been really happy to have helped this project along.”
The University are looking to set standards with this ongoing testing and will be working alongside ‘Ozone Industries Limited’ who are a major provider of ozone generator applications for the control of odours and micro-organisms in both air and water for a wide range of commercial, industrial, and domestic markets.
To find out more about the Acoem Solutions, please get in touch with our experts. | <urn:uuid:5cc00a6c-40d5-4ad2-8d02-2b19724d22c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.acoem.com/australasia/case-studies/safety-and-wellbeing-an-ozone-testing-chamber-to-eliminate-listeria-in-food-sources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.936798 | 577 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Gunma Daruma Doll Manufacturers’Cooperative Union
What is Takasaki Daruma?
Eyebrows are represented by cranes.Noses and moustaches are represented by turtles.Featured on the face of Takasaki Daruma are two very auspicious animals in Japan.Takasaki Daruma is also known as good-luck Daruma or lucky Daruma.As of 2011, there are more than 50 Daruma doll manufacturers in Gunma.Total annual shipment of Takasaki Daruma reaches as many as 900,000, accounting for the great majority of Japan’s papier-mache Daruma doll production.
The History of Takasaki Daruma.
Manufacturing of Takasaki Daruma dolls was first invented by Tomogoro Yamagata approximately 200 years ago.The silk-raising farmers who lived in Toyo-oka and Yawata, created Daruma dolls during winter.Today, a majority of Japan’s Daruma dolls is produced in Takasaki city Toyo-oka,Yawata. | <urn:uuid:2069810f-e64b-4c0c-9723-0bad452ab988> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://takasakidaruma.net/multilingual/english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.903739 | 215 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Richmond County, Georgia
Richmond County, one of the original counties of Georgia, has a population of over 200,000, and is part of the Augusta, Georgia Metropolitan area of Georgia. It is named after Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, a British politician and office-holder sympathetic to the American colonies.
A Brief History
Richmond County was created on February 5th, 1777 through the first Constitution of the State of Georgia. It was formed out of a portion of the colonial Parish of St. Paul, after the Revolution disestablished the Church of England in Georgia.
Today it contains the communities of Augusta, Blythe, Hephzibah and Fort Gordon.
Last updated 04/04/2015 | <urn:uuid:85833648-a5d0-42be-90c1-c2238fe3797c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.globalrichmonds.com/richmond-county-georgia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255251.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520001706-20190520023706-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.894498 | 152 | 2.890625 | 3 |
生物多样性 ›› 1999, Vol. 07 ›› Issue (1): 24-30.doi: 10.17520/biods.1999005
• 论文 •
袁磊, 张莉, 袁国映, 赵志刚, 李红旭
YUAN Lei, ZHANG Li, YUAN Guo-Ying, ZHAO Zhi-Gang, LI Hong-Xu
Wild Bactrian camels( Camelus bact rianus ferus) survive now only in and around the Great Gobi
National Park in Mongolia and Xinjiang region of Western China , principally in the eastern part of the Thaklimakan Desert in the vicinity of Lop Nur. Lop Nur region , which is the only remaining area in the world where
wild Bactrian camels can be considered genetically pure , because it is isolated from domestic living stock.
Number of camels in this area is estimated not more than 120 , and as a result of surveys , total number of wild
Bactrian camels remaining in both China and Mongolia is a maximum of 880 and a minimum of 730. Different
habitats of wild Bactrian camels as well as human influence were investigated and assessed in this paper
袁磊, 张莉, 袁国映, 赵志刚, 李红旭 (1999) 野双峰驼各分布区的生存环境差异及评价. 生物多样性, 07(1), 24-30.
YUAN Lei, ZHANG Li, YUAN Guo-Ying, ZHAO Zhi-Gang, LI Hong-Xu. Difference of habitat environment and assessment in wild Bactrian camel distribution areas. (1999) Biodiv Sci, 07(1), 24-30.
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电话: 86-10-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:55239d4e-0f3c-45f9-9fb6-4e79499ada5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.1999005 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.659901 | 602 | 3.078125 | 3 |
It might not sound very spectacular, but the
advantages can be significant. In large cruise liners, electric
motors drive propellers directly for smother running.
There is no direct mechanical connection. Tugs
and research ships have been using drives without mechanical
switching units for some time, on account of their
manoeuvrability, and high efficiency, in partial load range.
Many naval boots have electrical cruising motors, which must run
in "Yacht" on 21.04.04 -
Innovation: The perfect alternative to a ship diesel
The Icemaster test yacht, 35 foot Motor sail
boat, carries the E-Motor in a type of pod under the hull. It
can rotate 180 degrees. The Permanent Magnet Machine is a
brushless DC motor. An Electronic Control produces the otherwise
normal pole winding. It not only runs without wear, but is,
above all more effective.
In order to achieve a drive performance of 12
Kilowatt with low current, the motor is driven by up to 480
Volts, generated by a 14-Kilowatt- Fischer Panda generator. It
has little to do with generation of power, apart from the
principle, how they can be made available for 230-Volt-devices.
These would simply be too inflexible for ship propulsion. True,
the Fischer-Panda-Generator also internally generates AC, but
optimized for powering DC circuits. The speed of the diesel
motor is infinitely adjusted to match the required drive
AC Generators, on the other hand, run at constant
speed, in order to generate a frequency of 50HZ. This means,
they run at 3000 rpm without load. Conventional ship diesels are
similarly inefficient. They are so designed that at full speed,
the nominal speed and also the highest performance is achieved.
More torque is available in the partial load range, than can be
produced by the screw in the water.
This is exactly where the great energy saving
potential of the Fischer Panda concept can be found: In the case
of electrical power transmission, the speed of the propeller and
ship diesel are extensively disconnected. The Generator can
always run economically in this range.
The „Aziprop". This is the name of the
test yacht, consumes less than half the fuel during cruising,
since modification has been carried out, in comparison to the
previously installed 38PS diesel. And: There is indeed more
power available during manoeuvring, because of the torque
characteristic, which is more suitable for ship propulsion.
In addition, highly powerful AC power supply. On
board, 230 volt devices can easily be run by the DC system via
an inverter. Smaller consumers, such as hair dryers or laptops
are powered by the batteries. The diesel generator automatically
starts, as soon as the rechargeable batteries lose power. Up to
4 Kilowatt is then available – more than enough, even for an
air conditioning unit.
Only in the case of sailing yachts was this
comfortable and economical technology not used as being too heavy and
too expensive. The generator manufacturer, „Icemaster“,
better known as „Fischer Panda“ have been working for five
years to find a suitable solution for small boats. The „YACHT“magazine
have, for the first time, published the results of a boat with a
fully tested diesel electric drive.
The Principle is simple: A normal diesel motor is
driven by a large generator. This unit, known in expert circles,
as genset is fully contained in a capsule and supplies power to
the electrical cruise motor. The reverse gear functions and gear
reduction are electronically controlled.
Until a few years ago, the price and effort
required for the necessary components bore no relation to the
achieve-able advantages, at least, for the normal drive
performance of yachts. The use of the most modern technology
means the concept is now ripe for this system to be also
installed into sport boats. Icemaster use brushless DC motors
and an innovative electronic control. This improves the system
enormously. The cruising motor and generator, for example, are
almost identical, which reduces the development and
manufacturing costs. This should not be mistaken for purely
electrical driven boat drives, which are nowadays, in general
use. The battery bank is used as a buffer. The range, using
batteries, for long sailing trips along the coast or at sea, is,
however, to small; that is why this concept is suitable,
fore-mostly for inland waters. The diesel electric drive, on the
other hand, generates the cruising current, whenever it is
required, and the range is superior to conventional ships.
podded propulsion systems have already been approved in the big
ship building industry for several years.Shortly after its
introduction, the system became the standard solution. Many
newly designed oceangoing passanger cruising vessels built later
after 1999 have this outstanding new propusion system fitted.
The motors are avalable up to 20.000 kW performance per unit
with up to 3 units mounted underneath the hull.
The lack of noise is impressive whilst cruising
at 6 Knots: gulls crying, the bow wave splashes quietly and
somewhere in the fjord, a freight ship can be heard chugging
along. The motor and generator run in sound insulated capsules
below deck. Practically only the cooling water discharge can be
heard. This is no comparison to the racket made by some ships`
There are two reasons for the unusual peace;
firstly there are no sound or vibration jumpers at the hull. All
mountings are cushioned – there is no mechanical connection
between motor and prop, such as shaft or sail drive. Secondly,
the diesel electric drive is doubly insulated, because the
installed diesel and generator unit, located in the engine room,
are additionally in a capsule.
Disconnection of the motor and propeller has
further advantages. The generator can be placed where it will
not take up too much space. In addition, it is easy top lay the
cables to the E-Motor. On catamarans, a central “power
plant” suffices for both drives.
The costs for a diesel electric drive are, true,
somewhat greater than the classic diesel. The generator is
supplied as well. Reason enough to consider this convincing
concept. Icemaster are already working on the next
project. A series Volvo Penta Diesel Bavaria 49 is being
converted to electrical power transmission.
degree turning - no need for bow thruster
is the registered trade mark of Fischer Panda. Fischer Panda has
developed the System based on the AGT Permanent Magnet Motor
Technology. These electric motors are based on the latest
technology. Fischer Panda has been involved with this
technology for more than 10 years. The
Panda DE Aziprop system combines both electric motor and
propeller into one unit. The motor is located underneath the
hull, in a rotatable gondel (a fully sealed stainless steel
Information regarding Bavaria 49DE and Whisper prop can
be found on the following Links: | <urn:uuid:f7fb2965-b66b-4da8-aa2a-a802ff79d8a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.solarnavigator.net/fischer_panda_diesel_electric.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864740.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622162604-20180622182604-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.904637 | 1,551 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Tips For Collecting And Planting Acorns
Yes, you can grow mighty oaks by planting acorns. The oaks may not necessarily become mighty in your lifetime, but if you plant the acorns when you're young enough they can still reach a decent size. If you live in an area of the country where oak trees grow, which is in most places, you've no doubt picked up an acorn or two on the ground. Many, if not most of them have lost their cap, and finding an intact acorn is always something of a prize. Sometimes an even greater prize can be finding an intact acorn that doesn't have a hole in it. The hole means a grub has beaten you to the punch. Many collect the intact acorns for ornamental or decorative purposes. But you're collecting them with oak trees in mind.
Planting acorns can involve several steps. You can't just take them home and stick them in the ground. You can, but the results at best will be mixed. If it's just a single tree you want you can bury a whole bunch of seeds and at least one will possibly reward you with a sprout, but maybe not. It's a little more fun though, as well as educational, to follow a few simple steps which will give you a fairly high chance of success.
Start Looking - Let's begin with collecting the acorns. The best time to find quality acorns is at the time they begin falling from the tree. This usually happens during the month of October, sometimes a week earlier, sometimes a week later. The exact time for best collecting can vary depending upon the particular species of oak tree, where you live, and the climate. The local climate can cause a change in the date from year to year for a given tree, but usually not more than a few days at most. If you don't know when you should start looking, just ask the locals, and you should get a pretty good idea of when it is time to start collecting. The most difficult trees to collect acorns from are those growing in the woods, where the ground is covered by fallen leaves or mulch, and the acorns still on the tree are out of reach. The best bet is either a tree with low hanging branches, or one that adjoins a paved street, sidewalk or parking lot, where the fallen acorns are easy pickings.
Know What You've Collected - If you know the species of oak tree you've been gathering from, fine. If not, note which tree it was and then ask around until you find someone who knows, or go to the library and get a book that gives you that information. When planting acorns it's important to know the species of oak tree you're getting. Even if you don't care about the species, the acorns do. Different species should be planted at different times, and if you get it wrong you may not get your oak trees. So, note the tree or trees you've gathered from and find out the species of oak they are. Once you've gathered some acorns you want to select those that are ripe. If the caps come off easily, that's a sure sign. If they've fallen from the tree they are most likely ripe. If you've picked them from the tree, and they haven't started falling yet, they may not be ripe, and acorns that are not ripe won't do you much good.
Keep Your Trophies Cool - Another thing to be aware of is it is best to pick fallen acorns that have fallen in a shady spot. If they fall on asphalt on a hot day, the nut inside can quickly dry out. If that happens, it won't germinate. So, when you're busy collecting, don't set the acorns aside in the hot sun. Keep them in the shade, or in your pocket. Cool is best. When you take them home, put them in the refrigerator, but not in the freezing compartment, until you're ready for the next step.
If the species you've collected are white oak acorns, they are ready for planting as they don't go through a dormancy period and will sprout soon after planting. However you'll have to wait until spring before planting acorns from a red oak tree as they require a period of dormancy. That's why it’s important to know the species.
Keepers Can't Swim - Before storing your acorns, you might as well eliminate any that have no chance of sprouting. Larger acorns usually have a higher percentage of germination, but another test is to put all of your acorns in a pail of water. Let them sit for a day, and keep those that have sunk to the bottom, discarding the floaters. If you have red oak acorns, put the selected acorns in a polyester bag and store in the refrigerator, or anywhere the temperature will remain about 40 degrees F, until spring. The white oak acorns you can plant right away.
Planting Instructions -You might choose to plant the seeds out of doors, in the yard or in a field, but unless placed in a protective device such as a wire cage or a can (with drain holes) they can very easily fall victim to any number of critters - gophers for example. It might be easier, and more fun, to start them in pots, and transplant them later. Successfully planting acorns involves removing the cap from the acorn and removing the seed or nut. Prepare some good planting soil, making certain you have good drainage if not in a pot or container, an place the nuts, either on there sides or tips down, in the dirt, covering with soil to a depth equal to about the width of the nut. Keep the soil moist but not soaked, don't allow the pot to freeze, and you're off to a good start. Plant several nuts in a pot, as all of them are unlikely to germinate and you can thin out to the best looking one or two sprouts later.
Transplant Quickly - Unlike many plants, your young oak tree will be ready to plant as soon as the first leaves have opened. That may seem to be a little too soon, but the oak develops a root system rapidly, including a long tap root. The earlier you can get the seedling and its root system into its permanent location the better. While you may have become quite fond of your little sprout or sprouts, the permanent home should not be to close to yours. Remember, mighty oaks can become quite large. | <urn:uuid:5d029488-73bb-44eb-b5c6-8313cbee666f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.gardeningcentral.org/planting_acorns/planting_acorns.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736673439.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215753-00243-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963968 | 1,352 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Moving Beyond Accommodation: The Work and Findings of the AHA Task Force on Disability
Sandy Sufian and Michael Rembis, October 2011
Disability eventually touches everyone, whether through contact with friends, family, or co-workers, or through personal experience. In academia, many faculty and staff teach or encounter students with disabilities on their campuses. Not surprisingly, the pervasiveness of disability in our academic world is replicated in current demographic measures that show that people with disabilities represent the largest minority group both in the United States and worldwide.1 According to a U.S. federal survey for the year 2008, students with disabilities make up 11 percent of all postsecondary students.2 The profile of this rapidly growing group of disabled students appears to be similar to their nondisabled peers with regard to age, race, and type of school. In the United States, a small but rising percentage of disabled students are attending graduate school and are attaining academic positions.
The presence of students with disabilities on U.S. campuses has been accompanied by an increased interest by historians in teaching and researching topics relating to disability history. Within a growing field of inquiry, disability historians have written histories of deafness, blindness, chronic diseases, epidemics, prosthetics, eugenics, veterans, immigration, and social welfare policy, among other topics. Much like historians of gender and race, disability historians call for a critical assessment of disability as a category of historical analysis.
In response to the rising prevalence of disability amongst academics and in historical practice, the Disability History Association (DHA) contacted the American Historical Association (AHA) in 2006 about "more fully integrating disability into the intellectual and functional life of the AHA." The AHA's Professional Division recommended creating a joint task force with the DHA, which was approved at the 2008 Annual Meeting. The Task Force on Disability (TFD) formally began its work in June 2008. The charge of the TFD was to research and to propose practical solutions that address the concerns of graduate students and historians with disabilities in the profession. The Task Force made recommendations to strengthen accessibility at the AHA's annual meetings and to alleviate serious barriers faced by historians with disabilities in their graduate training, on the job market, and in tenure and promotion procedures. In addition to organizing three open forum sessions (in 2008, 2009, and 2011) at the annual meeting, the task force held phone meetings to discuss its ongoing work and to set forth subsequent plans. The text of the final report of the Task Force on Disability can be found at historians.org/governance/tfd/CouncilReportJune2011.cfm.
In 2010, the task force conducted separate surveys directed at three constituencies in history departments—directors of graduate studies (DGS) and history department chairs, DGS/Chair, faculty, and graduate students. The surveys sought information about issues encountered by people with disabilities in their departments and at the annual meeting. Topics included hiring and promotion experiences, discrimination encountered at their universities and colleges, and knowledge of disability policies and resources at their workplace. All surveys were anonymous. The sample size was small; the 93 total responses consisted of 26 from the graduate student survey, 31 from the faculty/professional historians' survey, and 36 from the survey of the department chairs and directors of graduate studies (the low response rate was most likely due to hesitancy to disclose disability status). But the narratives and general findings are particularly instructive on the status of people with disabilities in the history profession. A discussion of our findings follows.
Perspectives on Disability Discrimination, Accommodation,
and Experiences on Campus
Perhaps the most striking result of our surveys was the stark disparity between what the DGS/chairs reported with regard to disability accommodations and what faculty and graduate students with disabilities described. This discrepancy applied to questions concerning accommodation and discrimination in all phases and aspects of one's career: graduate school, interviews and hiring, promotion and tenure, research, and teaching.3
Hiring: The majority of DGS/chair respondents indicated that they were unaware of any discrimination in the hiring process. In contrast, 74 percent of graduate students reported having specific disability-related concerns and strong fears related to interviewing and the hiring process. One graduate student respondent remarked that misunderstandings of certain disabilities like Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) easily led to discrimination in the hiring process. Graduate students living with other psychiatric labels wrote of being fearful of disclosure because of the stigma surrounding mental illness. Still other graduate students stated that taking medication that caused memory loss or speech difficulties posed significant obstacles to successful interviews. One graduate student feared making mistakes during a job talk because of dyslexia. Blind and deaf graduate students were concerned that a lack of disability awareness and a concern about accommodation costs (such as those incurred for interpreters) would prevent them from securing a job, especially in settings that required classroom instruction. One graduate student recounted being denied academic employment because of the inaccessibility of a university building. Some graduate student respondents felt as though students with disabilities are either forced to fit into a "one size fits all" graduate history program or are forced out of programs, and that disability accommodations are only granted "up to a certain point" in their departments.
Promotion and Tenure: Survey results indicated that challenges around discrimination and accommodations continue after a disabled scholar gets hired as a faculty member. Of the DGS/chair respondents, 79.4 percent believed they have adequate knowledge about disability services and providing accommodations, and 73.5 percent stated that they were unaware of any instances where discrimination affected a colleague. All but one DGS/chair respondent believed that attempts at providing accommodations were successful and that their colleagues were satisfied. Yet, in contrast, 52 percent of disabled faculty stated they were not accommodated at work.
Research: It is well known that faculty must do research and publish within a certain amount of time in order to receive tenure and promotion. These requirements however, often have an unfair impact on disabled faculty. Archival research, for example, is not always an easy or straightforward undertaking for scholars with disabilities. More than one faculty respondent wrote that they had to change their research plans because of inaccessible archives where no one "wanted to help." In addition, academic expectations for writing and timely publication do not always fit the life circumstances of disabled faculty and often result in inequitable professional standing. One faculty member, for instance, took more than 10 years to write a second book because of disability-related issues and felt that the consequently delayed promotion and lack of merit raises meant the loss not only of wages but also the respect of colleagues. Survey responses showed that it was not merely faculty with disabilities who suffered and felt frustration with regard to research, promotion, and tenure; faculty who have children with disabilities are equally misunderstood and their promotion, tenure, and equity concerns frequently go unaddressed. Overall, the faculty surveys revealed that disabled faculty members' inability to be equal participants in the departments can have real and lasting effects on their morale and upon their tenure and promotion process and prospects.
Attaining accommodations: Despite the legal requirement that employers make reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities, 100 percent of disabled faculty respondents stated that the burden of getting accommodations falls largely on them, sometimes to the extent of providing their own health insurance, accessible equipment, and software. Faculty respondents wrote that departmental and university staff commonly treat accommodations like "favors." They maintained that they have to ask "repeatedly" for accommodations, sometimes with no results. When arrangements are made, they are regularly "ad hoc." Many faculty are compelled to educate colleagues, administrators, and students about access issues. A majority of faculty said they are forced to plan ahead; many avoid going to departmental functions where they know they will encounter accessibility difficulties. Many adjunct and assistant professors expressed their hesitancy to make accommodation requests because of their tenuous institutional status and their general sense of being disempowered.
Classroom and technology accommodations: More than half (53.3 percent ) of disabled faculty respondents reported that they encounter issues with classroom accommodations; 23.3 percent encounter issues with computer accommodations and technical assistance; and 30 percent have issues with office accommodations. All of these logistical aspects of the profession are important, indirect components of advancement.
AHA Annual Meeting: One critical point that nearly all respondents agreed upon was that the AHA should take a more active role in promoting equity not only in interviews and on campus, but at the annual meeting. Nearly all (95 percent) graduate students want the AHA to help increase awareness of disabilities and disability-related issues in the profession. A big majority (74 percent) of chairs/DGSs also felt the AHA should promote increased awareness of disability issues in the profession. Half of all respondents supported promoting awareness of disability issues beyond the meeting though mentoring and networking programs.
Consistent with the supportive testimony of survey respondents, the AHA Task Force on Disability recently initiated a mentoring program connecting history faculty with disabilities and graduate students with disabilities. The program is meant to nurture and help graduate students with disabilities navigate their academic terrain and to facilitate their entrance into the profession and to do so while preserving confidentiality. Readers who are interested in mentoring or being mentored under this program, should go to the following website to sign up: www.historians.org/resources/disability/mentorship.cfm.
The Task Force on Disability made several recommendations to the AHA in its final report that attempt to address the concerns expressed in the surveys. The details of these recommendations can be found in the report. A few ideas will be presented here.
Interview process: The task force suggests that the AHA provide information to history departments/employers, at the annual meeting and beyond, about the rights of access and accommodation to which people with disabilities are entitled under federal law. Best practices in hiring and information on the ADA should be disseminated. The TFD recommended that the AHA request that all employers, when indicating the various steps of the interview process, state that accommodations will be provided, and then provide a check box to ask if an interviewee needs accommodations (and put this query only to all who are invited to an interview). The onus for asking for accommodations should not be on applicants with disabilities for it is clear that many fear this will jeopardize their candidacy.
Universal Design and Disability Law: Similarly, information about the ADA on the AHA web site will help history department chairs understand their obligations to their faculty members with regard to disability accommodation in teaching, research and service. The task force suggested that the AHA promote the concept of "universal design" in education to history departments so that students with disabilities and faculty with disabilities will not face barriers to their classroom experiences. This practice provides a welcoming environment for all students and teachers , including those with disabilities. The University of Washington has developed a center for universal design in education; it details principles and practices for instituting universal design in postsecondary education.4 We recommend that the AHA either feature these ideas in an issue of Perspectives on History or that it send a document to affiliated history departments encouraging faculty and staff to institute as many elements as possible.
Annual Meeting: The task force also recommended ways to strengthen the number and content of panels and papers related to disability history at the annual meeting. Suggestions included having the AHA Program Committee look for possibilities of creating multisession workshops or thematic strands out of independently proposed panels on disability history in order to stress the broader conceptual rubric of disability history where appropriate. Highlighting such sessions explicitly in the program will likely bring scholars together and bring more visibility to disability history as well as the issues facing historians with disabilities.
In its work and in its recommendations to the AHA, the task force emphasized that historians and academics in general must all work together to promote access and integration, and not merely accommodation. The Task Force on Disability believes that historians must educate and integrate disability and disabled people into our lives and into our histories.
Sandy Sufian, who chaired the task force on disability is now chair of the AHA's newly constituted Advisory Committee on Disability, and also represents the Disability History Association on the committee. She is associate professor of medical humanities and history at the Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine.
Michael Rembis represented the American Historical Association on the task force and continues as an AHA representative on the committee. He is associate director of the Center for Disability Studies and adjunct professor in the department of history at the University at Buffalo (State Univ. of New York).
1. Recent reports from the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that between 650 million and 1 billion people worldwide live with some form of disability. In the United States, there are approximately 54 million disabled people, or 19 percent of the total US population. World Health Organization, World Report on Disability 2011 (WHO Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 2011); Disabled World, ADA 20th anniversary U.S. disability facts and statistics (online at disabled-world.com/disability/statistics/ada-anniversary.php, accessed August 3, 2011); United Nations Enable, Fact Sheet on Persons with Disabilities (online at un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=18, accessed August 3, 2011).
2. Government Accountability Office, "Higher Education and Disability: Education Needs a Coordinated Approach to Improve Its Assistance to Schools in Supporting Students," (online at gao.gov/products/GAO-10-33, accessed August 3, 2011). | <urn:uuid:85856d0d-4b7e-442f-8932-622216369877> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2011/moving-beyond-accommodation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298538.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00051-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959472 | 2,770 | 2.84375 | 3 |
I think the other answer misses your point, so here's my attempt.
You're saying that ~(p→q) is true, since being 6ft tall doesn't imply being 5ft tall, and since ~(p→q) is equivalent to p&~q, we get that p&~q is true as well, which entails that p is true. So from the mere logical relation between 'George is 6ft tall' and 'George is 5ft tall' we get that George is 6ft tall, which could be false. So propositional logic allows us to generate false statements.
Here's the problem with your argument. Suppose George is not 6ft tall. So, by the semantics of classical logic, ~(p→q) is false, since p=F makes (p→q)=T, which makes ~(p→q)=F. So it's incorrect to model the fact that being 6ft tall doesn't entail being 5ft tall as ~(p→q), at least in classical logic, since that turns out to be false when p is false. (This also shows how '→' in classical logic differs from some uses of 'if ... then ...' in everyday language.)
Perhaps a better way would be to use p⊭q. That is, that q doesn't logically follow from p. This doesn't imply that p&~q is true and so the problem you indicate doesn't arise. | <urn:uuid:35861207-9cee-4b1e-ae4e-c97fcf679dfa> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/58997/generating-false-statements-in-propositional-calculus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810807.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408072713-20200408103213-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.973568 | 300 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by the two Houses of Parliament, their committees and their members. They are necessary in order to secure the independence and effectiveness of their actions. Without these privileges, the Houses can neither maintain their authority, dignity and honour nor can protect their members from any obstruction in the discharge of their parliamentary responsibilities.
The Constitution has also extended the parliamentary privileges to those persons who are entitled to speak and take part in the proceedings of a House of Parliament or any of its committees. These include the attorney general of India and Union ministers.
It must be clarified here that the parliamentary privileges do not extend to the president who is also an integral part of the Parliament.
Parliamentary privileges can be classified into two broad categories: | <urn:uuid:cdf10c58-2f7d-4119-b758-2511e31d00b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.shaktiiasacademy.com/blog/parliamentary-privileges | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400187899.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918124116-20200918154116-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.956711 | 156 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Marina Joubert explains that cooperating with the media is in scientists' interests — and isn't as scary as you might think.
We all base many of our everyday decisions on what we hear or see in the mass media, which for the majority of the population has become the only source of scientific information. The scientific community therefore can no longer afford to dismiss its importance.
Despite this, however, many young scientists complete their studies and embark on a career in research without any training in public speaking, interviewing or popular writing. It is not surprising, then, that scientists often shy away from media interviews and public platforms.
"South African scientists are very creative and innovative in their work," says Christina Scott, science reporter at the SABC, South Africa's public broadcasting company. "They are often highly respected by their peers abroad. But, they have absolutely no idea how to communicate to a non-scientific audience."
For many, the relationship between scientists and journalists remains difficult, sometimes even hostile. There are complaints on both sides — scientists doubt the ability of journalists to report accurately and responsibly on their work, while journalists complain that scientists are bad communicators, hiding behind jargon.
Overcoming the 'us and them' dynamic therefore requires commitment from both parties. However, once achieved, a relationship based on mutual trust will benefit society in general.
Also, at times in a scientist's career, it can be extremely important, perhaps even critical, to have a good relationship with a few key journalists.
"Communication is an essential aspect of your work," says Sandy Dacombe, an award-winning science writer based in Malawi. "Take it seriously."
Why should I care about getting media coverage of my research?
If you are not convinced that communicating with the public is your responsibility and in your own best interest, consider the following:
- Science enriches human life and can improve the lives of many people. Public taxes pay for most scientific projects and therefore the people have a right to know. Communicating about science has become part of the ethical and professional responsibility of scientists.
- In a democratic society, the public should have a say about science, and should be enabled to make rational personal choices about scientific issues. But to do so, the people need to be properly informed in a manner that doesn't patronise. Once this has been achieved, the way is open to a two-way dialogue with the public, one of the more ambitious aims of science communication.
- Scientists who use the media effectively see significant advantages in having a media presence for themselves, their projects, and their research organisations. It is regarded as an imperfect, but powerful method for reaching end users, research funders, bureaucrats, and other scientists.
- Scientists read newspapers too. For example, The New England Journal of Medicine carried out a survey of its articles that had been covered in the New York Times and found that papers that did get media coverage had 70 per cent more citations than those that didn't.
- Remember, you are not communicating to the media; you are using them to communicate with a variety of audiences.
Strategies for working with the media
The stage of the research and the type of story, both demand different media strategies. Working successfully with the media takes time, practice and a willingness to understand how journalists work and what they need. To get started, here are some simple guidelines and practical tips that will help you in the long-term process of achieving constructive and mutually beneficial collaboration with the media.
Just say "yes!" and make it personal
Many journalists complain that they have difficulty simply getting a scientist to agree to an interview in the first place. When a journalist contacts you, it is usually you that they want to speak to, not your head of department, not your partner, not your assistant and definitely not a whole team. The journalist wants to interview the scientist who actually did the work — the one who was in the bush, lab, and water or wherever the research was done.
Remember, science is about things, but science news is about people. So, when you tell your story, make it personal and convey your feelings about it. That way, your inherent excitement will come through naturally. Journalists don't need to speak to the team leader or the world expert in you; they just want you to explain something to ordinary people. So don't be condescending in your approach, or pretend that you are too busy; speak to them.
When is it news?
If it is the first, oldest, biggest, smallest — any of those superlatives — it can make what journalists call a 'hard' news story. But too often this information is hidden in a news release.
Make it easy for the news editor or journalist to spot about the heart of the story by lifting it out for them. Hundreds of stories pass across the desk of a reporter (or news editor) every day. They have only a few seconds to consider yours before passing rapidly on to the next one. So make sure that your most important point gets to them quickly.
It really is now or never
Journalists work to incredibly tight deadlines. The nature of journalism demands that they juggle several stories at the same time, and can seldom wait to phone you back the next day, or even an hour later. You must be willing to give priority to a media interview, and to drop other commitments if necessary. Remember that you're not doing the journalist a favour; you are using the media as a tool to reach thousands of readers, listeners or viewers. See it as an opportunity, not an intrusion.
The competition is tough
Getting science stories into the mass media is no easy task. In many countries, editors are often locked into believing that newsworthy items can only be disasters, politics or sport. Faced with such obstacles, the only way to get your science story covered is often to 'spin it', highlighting an angle of relevance and excitement that will grab and hold the attention of the reporter, his or her editor, and the sub-editor who will be responsible for seeing it into print.
Prepare, and practice
It takes time to come up with an interesting angle to your scientific story. The abstract of your scientific paper is not going to do the trick! Before you take the initiative to contact a journalist, or return their call, think carefully about the story you want to tell and how you can make it come alive. Think about comparisons, analogies and metaphors that will help explain your work.
If you are going to do a prepared interview, get a friend — not another scientist — to listen to your story. Other essential aspects of preparing for a media interview include finding out information about the specific programme or newspaper, and also checking in advance how the interview will be conducted.
You can be in control
If you are prepared and enthusiastic about your topic, and clear in your own mind about what you want to get across, you can keep the interview on course. Don't stray into irrelevant areas, and don't be a slave to irrelevant questions.
Make sure that you stick to the main points that you want to get across. Before the interview, it may help to jot these down on a piece of paper. This will help you remember what you wanted to say, and keeping to the salient points could help the journalist to report the story accurately. If you get distracted and sidetracked, it increases the chances that the journalist will lose interest, or write a totally different story.
Focus on the angle and messages you want to get across. Make sure you have the relevant supporting information and visuals on hand. Focus on what you have found — remember, the method of your research is only interesting to the journalist (and the reader) if it involves something really unusual. Also, give the journalist your business card to make sure they get your name, institution and department right.
Everything is on record
Many journalists will honour an 'off the record' statement — providing that you have said this before, and not after, the statement in question, and ensure that the journalist has accepted it.
However some may fail to respect such commitment. If you are uncertain, or have reasons not to trust the journalist in question, you should proceed on the basis that as soon as you sit down for an interview, or pick up the phone, every word you say is on the record. Do not put yourself into a situation where you later have reason to regret anything you have said in an interview.
Keep it short
For a specific interview, choose three to four main points that you would like to get across. This is not the time to attempt to explain the entire spectrum of your research. You can use different angles on what you do for different interviews. But each article or interview has to be short and focused.
Look them in the eye
Keep eye contact with a television reporter throughout the interview. If others ask a question — for example, when you are the member of a panel — look at them too. Don't look up — or down — for inspiration. Looking from side to side will make you look shifty. Finally, an obvious, but sometimes-overlooked point: don't wear sunglasses on TV.
A picture is still worth a thousand words
Striking images virtually guarantee good media coverage. Television thrives on action, movement and noise. In a newspaper, an unusual full-colour photograph with a caption will grab more readers than stories that use text alone, no matter how interesting. If you have images in different formats — print, film, video and electronic versions — that is even better for you. For radio interviews, you have to 'speak in pictures' to help the listener visualise what you are describing.
Keep it simple, exciting and relevant
Journalists have to report complex issues to lay audiences, and they need your help. If you are being interviewed on radio or television, it is likely that the viewers or listeners are busy with several other things while listening to you. You have to seduce them into paying attention to what you are saying. Finding the right words is part of the trick; when asked to describe coronal mass ejections that disrupt magnetic fields, John Dudeny of the British Antarctic Survey said, "Well, it's a bit like the sun belching".
"Scientists often find it difficult to speak simple language because they're so immersed in their own jargon," Jeanne Viall, a feature writer for the South African newspaper the Cape Argus explains.
"So please be willing to explain, explain, explain. As a journalist working for a newspaper, I know my audience, and I know that if I'm not clear about a concept or issue, neither will they be. My job is to take sometimes difficult ideas and present them clearly."
Sometimes it is hard to step back and simplify your work.
"Pretend you are speaking to a bright nine-year old child. Make it interesting, varied and easy to grasp. Stick to broad overviews, avoid painstaking detail," is the advice from writer Sandy Dacombe.
"The journalist has limited time and need[s] clean, clear facts to build their story."
Tell them why it is "cool"
When you are interviewed as a scientist, you are representing not only your discipline, but the entire field of science. For those few seconds, it is your responsibility to not only tell your story, but also to present science as something worthwhile, exciting, interesting and inspiring.
Use visual language and imagery to fire up the imaginations of your audience. An energetic and enthusiastic interviewee will quickly win over not only his/her audience, but also the journalist doing the interview. This is your opportunity to show that science is worth investing in, and that it offers great career possibilities.
It's a lot to fit into twenty seconds, that's why it takes some practice. Show some passion and learn to use short, punchy statements.
Use the news hooks of the day
If an issue or topic is already in the press, that's a good time to seize the opportunity and immediately contact the media if you are doing research that is relevant (even remotely) to the news of the day.
Get to know and understand the media, and respect the journalist
Talk to journalists about their work to get an understanding of the constraints under which they operate. These include tight deadlines, the need for simplicity and speed, the influence of sub-editors on the final story, and the role of editors in deciding whether the story makes it at all.
All this will help you to anticipate some of their needs and approaches, and to build a better relationship with individual reporters. You know your subject, but the journalist knows the audience — you have to find common ground and respect each other's expertise.
Beware of statistics
Too many numbers, or numbers that are difficult to comprehend, doesn't further your cause. Your chances of being misquoted increase dramatically once you start giving complicated statistical or numeric information. And remember that even if the journalist gets the numbers right, his or her readers or audience may still have difficulty interpreting the data. So try to explain 'around' the numbers if you can. Say "one out of four people" instead of "25 per cent of the population", or even "most" rather than "the majority of". Use comparisons to explain how small, big or rare something is.
Follow up, but think twice before asking to see the final article
You have the right to ask to check the facts once a story has been written. Not all journalists will agree to do so, but the more responsible ones will realise that it is in their interests, as well as yours, to ensure that the facts are correct.
You may also ask to see the full article, although it is up to the journalist to decide whether to show it to you. Some journalists hate being asked to send an article to a person who has been interviewed prior to publication, because they know from experience that scientists (and others) often want to change more than the facts.
They may refuse and probably, will not interview you again if you protest too vigorously. Rather, ask them to read back any facts and figures to you so that you can check accuracy. Also, offer to make yourself available for any follow-up questions the reporter may have while finalising the article or while editing the broadcast segment.
If the journalist agrees to send you the article prior to publication, you can complain if you feel that you have been misquoted, but you must resist the temptation to interfere with their interpretation, opinion or style. It might be worth remembering that the journalist may be interviewing several people about a specific issue or topic, and your view is just one side to their story.
Think of the broader picture and impact
It is best to learn to live with minor differences of interpretation, as long as the essence of the story is correct. Don't look at the story only from your own, narrow perspective; rather try to judge its general impact on the audience you are trying to reach. Scientists with very little experience of the media tend to distrust them because they think the media trivialises and distorts science. But they often base this judgement on harsh critical scrutiny that can lose sight of the broader message that the journalist is seeking to get across.
Some more tips
- For radio or TV, don't use phrases like "as I said earlier"; that piece may well have been edited out.
- Many acronyms and jargon will sabotage your efforts, and the resulting interview will probably be dumped.
- If you use a scientific term, try to explain it immediately as simply as possible.
- Never correct a presenter on air — you are not speaking to a student. You can diplomatically work the correct information into your response.
- If you plan to host a press conference or invite a journalist for an interview, schedule it for the morning. Journalists, particularly those working on daily newspapers, tend to gather information the mornings and write in the afternoons. If you don't want anyone to turn up, schedule your event for late afternoon.
- Less is more. Journalists deal in information — preferably information their competitors don't know about. Don't be dismayed if you can get only one journalist interested in a story. Others are bound to call once you've appeared in the media as an 'exclusive'.
Read, listen and watch
Research the media — read newspapers, watch television, and listen to the radio. Decide then which branch of the media is best suited to carry your specific message. Do more research. Find out which journalist is most in sympathy with your way of thinking. Get to know a journalist through his/her work — that way you will be able to target your story according to his/her audience and style.
You'll get better at it
Very few scientists are born communicators. But you can and will get better at it the more you do it. Media training and attending courses in communication and presentation skills could make all the difference.
At times in your career, it can be extremely important, even critical, to have a good relationship with a few key journalists. Once you have established yourself as a credible and interesting source of information, you can expect more calls from the media.
"I have a list of experts in different fields that I will phone over and over again, because I know they give the kind of comment that I can use in my newspaper," says Laurice Taitz, science writer for the South African Sunday Times. "They understand what I need to make a story work for our readers."
Getting help on the Internet
There are several sources of advice for scientists on media strategy. Most are published by science organisations in developed countries, but they contain useful advice for scientists in developing countries.
The Natural Environmental Research Council, based in the United Kingdom, has a user-friendly and useful section on its website about communicating research. http://www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/guidance/comyourideas.asp
The National Association of Science Writers in the United States has produced this guide for scientists, doctors and public information officers. http://www.nasw.org/resource/pios/csn/index.htm
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council has advice for scientists on how to communicate their science to the general public. http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/support/communicate/Welcome.html
The Economic and Social Research Council, based in Britain, provides a toolkit on all aspects of communicating research. http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/toolkit
The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada gives useful information on how to communicate science to the public. http://www.nserc.ca/seng/how1en.htm
Marina Joubert, is a science communication consultant at Southern Science in South Africa and coordinator of SciDev.Net's science communication topic gateway
This article was previously part of SciDev.Net's e-guide to science communication and has been reformatted to become this practical guide. | <urn:uuid:cc49293d-9e9b-4056-b47a-f900817cd743> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.scidev.net/global/communication/practical-guide/how-do-i-become-media-savvy-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021205648-20171021225648-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.959621 | 3,925 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Would you get yawning constantly throughout the day? Have you got difficulty remaining asleep? Struggling with sleeplessness? In Canada, sleeplessness and rest problems are apparently common amongst adults.
“Short rest length and poor sleep quality are predominant among Canadian adults. About one-third sleep fewer hours per than recommended for night optimal physical and psychological state.” CBC
Relating to Statistics Canada, advised amount of sleep for anyone 18 to 64-years-old is seven to nine hours, and seven to eight hours for those 65 or older. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:e10e06d1-8667-4c75-a3e5-c81a9d896a66> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://hooplr.edmundfraser.co.uk/wp/?cat=184 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703557462.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124204052-20210124234052-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.952576 | 116 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It was an act of courage that could have cost her everything but 75 years on, a 92-year-old Greek woman has been reunited with Jewish siblings she hid from the Nazis during the Second World War.
At an emotional reunion in Jerusalem, Melpomeni Dina also met around 40 of the two siblings’ descendants, who owe their very existence to her bravery as a young woman.
Clutching the hands of two of the Jewish survivors whom she fed and protected as a teenager, she said she could now "die quietly."
"I would like to have saved more," Mrs Dina said during the ceremony, which is likely to be the last of its kind given the advanced age of the Jews who were hidden and those who saved them during the war.
Mrs Dina and her two sisters hid the Mordechai family in the attic of an abandoned Turkish mosque before moving them to their home in the town of Veria, near Thessaloniki in northern Greece.
"It is a very emotional feeling, I can't describe it," said Sarah Yanai, 86, the oldest of five siblings who were given refuge.
"We were hidden in her house. She saved all my family. You can't imagine how dangerous it was for her, for her family, to keep us all. What can I say? Look at all these around us. We are now a very large and happy family and it is all thanks to them saving us."
Her brother, Yossi Mor, is now 77 but was just a baby when the family was hidden from the Germans.
He said they had to be moved from the mosque attic after a year because conditions there were cramped, airless and “deteriorating”.
"They fed us, they gave us medicine, they gave us the protection, everything, they washed our clothes.”
One of his brothers, Shmuel, fell ill and died in a local hospital.
The Greek sisters then moved the Jewish siblings to their own small home, sharing their meagre rations and giving them clothing.
When the situation there became too dangerous, the sisters helped the Jewish family scatter, with one brother heading for the forest and another to the mountains to hide.
The family eventually managed to reunite after the war and moved to Israel, where they forged new lives.
The tearful encounter took place at the Hall of Names, in Jerusalem's Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, a shrine to the six million Jews who were killed in the Holocaust.
"For me, the three Greek sisters always symbolised heroism, a model of life," said Yossi Dagan, 28, Mr Mor’s grandson.
He was one of around 40 descendants who, one by one, leaned down and hugged Mrs Dina as she sat in her wheelchair.
Such encounters between saviours and saved are becoming ever rarer as their numbers dwindle.
"This is probably going to be our last reunion, because of age and frailty," said Stanlee Stahl, the executive vice president of the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, which sponsored the event.
"Either the survivor has passed on, the righteous has passed on or in some instances either the survivor or the righteous gentile is unable to travel," she said.
In 1994, Yad Vashem honoured Mrs Dina and her sisters by granting them the title of "Righteous Among the Nations", which is given to people who helped save Jews during the war.
Over the years, Yad Vashem has given the award, on behalf of the State of Israel, to more than 27,000 non-Jewish people around the world as a sign of gratitude for taking huge risks to save Jewish lives.
Of the total, around 350 were from Greece. During the 1941-1944 German occupation, almost the entire Greek Jewish population – as many as 80,000 people – were wiped out. | <urn:uuid:730646a4-52ca-4e60-b468-10941ab8d494> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/11/04/greek-woman-nineties-reunited-jewish-siblings-saved-nazis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.988909 | 808 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A new study has revealed that quitting smoking may not result in a person putting on weight.
The study, conducted by University of Otago, followed the progress of about 1000 people born in Dunedin in 1972-1973 and measured their smoking habits and weight regularly from the age of 15 to 38, Stuff.co.nz reported.
According to the findings, both male and female quitters were likely to gain about 5 kilograms more than those who carried on smoking, but their weight returned to the same level as those who had never smoked.
The study also found that being a smoker did not prevent long-term weight gain, and all the groups in the study put on weight as they aged, regardless of their smoking status.
Head researcher Lindsay Robertson said that a previous study had suggested people might gain large amounts of weight after quitting, but these studies were unreliable.
The study was published in the Nicotine and Tobacco Research journal. | <urn:uuid:86137746-0a9d-4d85-887c-2f68d6c90f81> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-quitting-smoking-may-not-result-in-weight-gain-says-study-1957650 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447660.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00325-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988419 | 188 | 2.84375 | 3 |
How well do you know The GOAL?
The answers to The GOAL Quiz #2 are in bold italics...
1. According to Jonah, productivity is defined as what?
a. Every product that can be produced and actually is produced is productive
b. Everyone staying busy is productive
c. Every resource working on anything is productive
d. Every action that brings a company closer to its Goal is productive
2. Jonah stated that, "A plant in which everyone is working all the time is very _____."
3. What "two phenomena" did Jonah say is found in every plant?
a. Resources and Materials
b. Productive Resources and Non-Productive Resources
c. Dependent Events and Statistical Fluctuations
d. Vendor Problems and Quality Problems
4. According to Jonah, every plant has two types of resources. They are:
a. Productive Resources and Non-Productive Resources
b. Bottlenecks and Non-Bottlenecks
c. Machines and Manpower
d. Money and Machines
5. Jonah's definition of a bottleneck resource is:
a. Any resource that is busy
b. Any resource that has a lot of demand
c. Any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the demand placed on it
d. Any resource that has more capacity than demand
6. When talking about material flow through a plant, Jonah would say:
a. "Balance flow with demand from the market - not capacity."
b. "Balance capacity - then try to balance flow."
c. "Balance market demand."
d. "Balance capacity - then balance demand."
How did you do on Quiz #2? Ready to try Quiz #3? | <urn:uuid:9171fb35-5060-4c75-9570-7e57460a71a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.goldratt.com/goalquiz2answers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174124.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00272-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932268 | 363 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Who’s who on the list of the richest people in the history of mankind? Check out and find the wealthiest and most influential figures of the past.
By today’s currency, William the Conqueror would be worth between $209 to $229 billion. The first Norman king of England derived his wealth in an old-fashioned way, mostly by pillaging. During his rule, William the Conqueror also built several immense castles, many of which still stand today.
The Scottish-American industrialist built his own empire by way of expansion of the steel industry. He founded the US Steel Corporation in 1901 which had made him about $310 billion richer. Despite his enormous health, Carnegie was very generous — in fact he gave away all of his fortune, leading him to become one of the world’s most well-known philanthropists.
Cornelius Vanderbilt was an American business tycoon and philanthropist who made a huge splash in the railroad and shipping industry during the 19th century. As one of the richest figures in the history of the United States, he was also the founder of Vanderbilt University. During his prime, Vanderbilt’s fortune reached up to about $185 billion, most of he earned in his later years as a result of growth of his railroad empire in the years after the Civil War.
Henry Ford was an American industrialist and business magnate who, of course, founded the Ford Motor Company. He envisioned that one day middle-class Americans would be able to buy and drive their own cars, so Ford helped develop the mass production of automobiles. For this he is credited with enhancing the assembly line technique and mass production, as well as higher wages for workers. During his heyday, Ford had a net worth of nearly $200 billion.
The name Jakob Fugger won’t ring a bell to you right away, but he is among the wealthiest figures in the world. Fugger (1459-1525) was a German merchant, entrepreneur and banker who was able to amass a fortune of $221 billion from his ventures. Aside from his huge textile trading business, Fugger also had lucrative mining and banking ventures.
One of the wealthiest and most influential business magnates and philanthropists in history, John D. Rockefeller was one of the people who earned his fortune from oil during the turn of the century. He was the co-founder and head of Standard Oil, and the oil boom brought him a fortune of $340 billion.
Mansa Musa doesn’t sound familiar to many of you, but the king of West Africa’s Malian Empire was richer than either Bill Gates or even John D. Rockefeller. Also known as Musa I, he is the richest person on earth with $400 billion in today’s money. He earned his fortune thanks to the vast resources of gold and salt.
Another name that is unknown to most of us, Mir Osman Ali Khan was also one of the richest men on earth, with $230 billion to his name. He was the ruler of Hyderabad State in India from 1911 upon the death of his father, Mahbub Ali Khan. Up to now he is believed to be the wealthiest man in South Asia during his time until his death in 1911.
Gaddafi was the late revolutionary and politician who ruled Libya from 1969 to his death in 2011. He is said to have amassed a total of $200 billion during his long reign. Gaddafi was an extremely controversial and divisive political figure who was worshiped as an anti-imperialist warrior but was also highly detested as a dictator. In 2011 he was overthrown in the heat of the Libyan civil war where he was reportedly captured and killed by revolutionaries.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, also known as Tsar Nicholas II, was the last Russian emperor before the fall of the country during the Russian Revolution. Nicholas ruled from 1894 until 1917 when he abdicated his throne; during his reign he had a fortune amounting to $300 million. | <urn:uuid:491a77ae-5368-4244-ba54-fea3de201b82> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://finehighliving.com/richest-people-in-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401624636.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929025239-20200929055239-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.990702 | 823 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Oxford Languages and Google
Google’s English dictionary is provided by Oxford Languages.
Oxford Languages is the world’s leading dictionary publisher, with over 150 years of experience creating and delivering authoritative dictionaries globally in more than 50 languages.
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Oxford’s English dictionaries are widely regarded as the world’s most authoritative sources on current English.
This dictionary is regularly updated with evidence from one of the world’s largest lexical research programmes, and features over 350,000 words and phrases.
The coverage spans forms of the English language from across the English-speaking world. British English and American English are only two of the many individual varieties of the language that share a common lexical core but develop their own unique vocabularies. In addition to British and American English, our dictionary documents many further varieties, including forms spoken in Australia, Canada, India, South Africa, Ireland, Nigeria, the Philippines, and the West Indies.
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At Oxford Languages, we are committed to an evidence-based approach to creating dictionaries in order to provide the most accurate picture of a language.
The evidence we use to create our English dictionaries comes from real-life examples of spoken and written language, gathered through a series of corpora that continuously monitor language development. The corpora, which collect these examples from a variety of language sources, are curated by the Oxford Languages team and enable us to analyse the ways words are used in context by people all around the world.
Our lexicographers analyse genuine uses of words collected from these sources to determine a word’s definition, spelling, and grammatical behaviour, and to offer guidance on a word’s use based on this research. The team uses this process to identify new words and senses as they come into use.
This evidence-based approach to creating a dictionary is known as descriptive lexicography. Our dictionaries aim to describe the way languages are and have been used by people around the world, rather than attempting to prescribe the way a language should be used.
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Example sentences are real-life examples selected to help people understand words in the context in which they are commonly used. These sentences do not replace our definitions but give additional context.
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We do our best to eliminate example sentences that contain factually incorrect, prejudiced, or offensive statements from real-life sources and always welcome feedback on specific cases you feel do not meet our rigorous quality standards so that we can review and update our dictionaries.
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Our dictionary content include some words which have or are asserted to have proprietary status as trade marks or otherwise. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance nor any other judgement concerning their legal status. In cases where the editorial staff have some evidence that a word has proprietary status this is indicated in the entry for that word but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby. | <urn:uuid:e0017e4e-2792-4242-b01e-e584507ff4a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663019783.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528185151-20220528215151-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.926911 | 1,060 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterraneanby Irad Malkin
Pub. Date: 01/28/2004
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Greek mythology and cult often served both as expressions of collective, historical identity and of attitudes to lands and territories. Functioning historically, myths provided justifications and legitimations of conquest, displacement, and settlement. Focusing on the Spartan Mediterranean--the world of Sparta and its colonies--this book examines the spectrum of the uses of myth. Extending beyond the Greek world, the book also raises the important question of how peoples relate to and justify their national and territorial identities.
- Cambridge University Press
- Publication date:
- Product dimensions:
- 5.98(w) x 8.98(h) x 0.83(d)
Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The 'colony of the Dorians' and the Return of the Herakleidai; 2. The Homeric king of Sparta: Menelaos in a Spartan Mediterranean; 3. Spartan colonisation in the Aegean and the Peloponnese; 4. Taras: native hostility, territorial possession, and a new-ancient past; 5. Foundation and territory: the cults of Apollo Karneios and Zeus Ammon; 6. Myth and colonial territory: Libya; 7. Promises unfulfilled: Dorieus between North Africa and Sicily; 8. Myth and decolonization: Sparta's colony at Herakleia Trachinia.
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Is it possible to see into the future? Many believe that a man named Michel de Nostradamus could. His predictions of the future have mystified scholars for over four hundred years. Nostradamus made over one thousand predictions and historians say that over half of them have already come true. The most startling of his predictions deal with the coming of three anti-Christs. My paper will focus on these prophecies made by Michel de Nostradamus. If his predictions of the past are accurate, then his predictions for the future may also come true.
In order to establish Nostradamus' credibility, it is important to know facts concerning his actual life. Michel de Nostradame -who later latinized his name to Nostradamus- was born in 1503 in St. Remy de Provence, France. His family was Jewish but converted to Christianity, and the young Michel was brought up as a Catholic . Being a brilliant student, Michel learned classical languages, mathematics, and astrology from his grandfather. Later he decided to pursue medicine and enrolled at the University of Montpellier . As a skilled physician, he became famous for his amazing success in treating victims of a deadly plague .
Beginning in 1532, Nostradamus enjoyed three years of happiness. During this time he got married and had children, but the terrible plague that Nostradamus himself had helped to fight returned killing his wife and children . Deeply depressed, Nostradamus spent the next six years wandering around France and Italy. This is when he began to notice and take account of his strange prophetic gifts . While wandering through Italy, Nostradamus encountered a group of Franciscan monks. Standing aside to let them pass Nostradamus suddenly exclaimed and threw himself on his knees, bowing his head and clutching at the garment of one of the monks. The monk, named Felice Peretti, was a former swine herder of very lowly birth. When asked why he had done such a silly act, Nostradamus replied, "I must yield myself and bow before his Holiness." Nineteen years after the death of Nostradamus, Peretti became Pope Sixtus V .
Many such stories arose as testimony to Nostradamus' alleged second sight. In one account, the visionary was challenged by a skeptic, the Seigneur de Florinville, while staying at his chateau in the province of Lorraine . Nostradamus was shown two suckling pigs, one black, the other white. Florinville then asked Nostradamus to predict which they would eat that night for supper. Nostradamus replied they would eat the black pig. Florinville then told the cook to prepare the white pig. That evening at dinner, Nostradamus was again asked which pig they were eating, and again he replied the black one. Florinville triumphantly asked the cook to tell which pig it was that they were eating. The cook said that while preparing the white pig a tamed wolf cub had wandered into the kitchen and devoured it. The cook then slaughtered the remaining black pig and prepared it for the dinner .
In 1547, Nostradamus finally settled in the small town of Salon. There he remarried and began to compose prophecies, drawing on his accumulated knowledge and books on astrology and magic . In 1550 he published his first almanac. This almanac won him fame and success, and among his many followers was Catherine de Medici, the wife of Henry II. In 1555, Nostradamus published the first of ten books, all entitled Centuries. Each volume contained 100 predictions written in four line verses known as quatrains. He wrote in his native French but to protect himself from the superstitious which hunters of the day, he confused the verse with Latin, Greek, and even anagrams . In 1559, Nostradamus urged Catherine to keep her husband away from ceremonial battle for it appeared that this would bring his death. Later that year his prediction was fulfilled when King Henry died in a jousting accident. This accident thus sealed two mens fate: that of King Henry (he was dead), and that of Nostradamus as his warning had been well known. From then on, the noblest families of France sought his advice and could be found passing through his house until his own death in 1566.
His death, however, didnt mark the end of his mischief. On his death he was buried upright in the wall of a church in Salon, and it was rumored that within his coffin lay not only his corpse but also the key to decipher the strange poetry with which he had written the Centuries, the eight books that contain his predictions for the world after his death. In 1700 it was decided that his body should be moved to a more prestigious wall in the church, and the clergy took the opportunity to recover this key. However, when they opened the coffin they found no key, only a medallion hung around the neck of the corpse with the number 1700 engraved into it, the very same year they had chosen to open his coffin.
The following predictions and interpretations are based on the English translation of Nostradamus' prophecies.
Throughout Nostradamus' quatrains he speaks
of three powerful and tyrannical leaders that he calls anti-Christs.
He said they would lead their people through reigns of terror
after first seducing them with promises of greatness .
Napoleon is thought to have been the first of these anti-Christs.
Of Napoleon's rise to power and years as Emperor Nostradamus
An Emperor shall be born near Italy.
Who shall cost the Empire dear,
They shall say, with what people he keeps company
He shall be found less a Prince than a butcher.
Napoleon, who was considered a butcher even by his supporters, certainly cost the Empire dearly in both manpower and political strength .
From a simple soldier he will rise
to the empire,
From the short robe he will attain the long.
Great swarms of bees shall arise.
After becoming Emperor, Napoleon adopted the beehive as his imperial crest . Some scholars say that Nostradamus was referring to Napoleon's destruction of Moscow when he wrote:
A great troop shall come through
The destroyer shall ruin a city.
Napoleon's forces drove too far and got trapped in the Russian winter. The following verse resembles what could have been Napoleon's retreat across the icy part of Russia.
The rear guard will make defense.
The exhausted ones will die in the white territory.
Nostradamus made other predictions of Napoleon's fate:
The great Empire will soon be
exchanged for a small place.
Which will soon begin to grow.
A small place of tiny area in the middle of which
He will come to lay down his scepter.
The captive prince, conquered, is
sent to Elba;
He will sail across the Gulf of Genoa to Marseilles.
By a great effort of the foreign forces he is overcome,
Though he escaped the fire, his bees yield blood by the barrel.
Napoleon was exiled to the small island of Elba but escaped for 100 days. After a defeat at Waterloo he relinquished all power for exile on tiny St. Helena .
The second anti-Christ Nostradamus wrote about was "a man stained with murder...the great enemy of the human race...one who was worse than any who had gone before...bloody and inhuman." Experts are in agreement that the sixteenth century prophet was referring to Adolf Hitler.
Out of the deepest part of the
west of Europe,
From poor people a young child shall be born,
Who with his tongue shall seduce many people,
His fame shall increase in the Eastern Kingdom.
Adolf Hitler, born in Austria of poor parents, with his knowledge of mob psychology and powers of speech, was successful in seducing many people , even in the Eastern Empire of Japan . In some quatrains Nostradamus refers to Hitler as the child or sometimes captain of Germany. Here are two examples:
He shall come to tyrannize the
He shall raise up a hatred that had long been dormant.
The child of Germany observes no law.
Cries, and tears, fire, blood, and battle.
A captain of Germany shall come to
yield himself by false hope,
So that his revolt shall cause great bloodshed.
All of these images certainly describe Adolf Hitler. After seducing his people, Hitler ignored all treaties and began a massive invasion of Europe . In the following verse, some experts say that Nostradamus actually referred to Hitler by name but missed by one letter.
Beasts wild with hunger will cross
The greater part of the battlefield will be against Hister.
Finally, Nostradamus sums up Hitler's life and even predicts the fact that his death in Berlin in 1945 would never be satisfactorily confirmed:
Near the Rhine from the Austrian
Will be born a great man of the people, come too late.
A man who will defend Poland and Hungary
And whose fate will never be certain
According to Nostradamus, the first two anti-Christs were extremely evil, and history has shown this to be so; however, Nostradamus speaks of a third anti-Christ who is more hideous than all the others combined. Some say Sadaam Hussein, the dictator from Iraq, could be this evil tyrant. Others say that he has not yet appeared. What does Nostradamus say about this third anti-Christ? First, Nostradamus tells us he will come from the Middle East.
Out of the country of Greater
Shall be born a strong master of Mohammed...
He will enter Europe wearing a blue turban.
He will be the terror of mankind.
Never more horror.
Here, Nostradamus says that a man from Greater Arabia will lead his forces on an invasion through Europe. This invasion will start a third world war that will be far worse than all the other wars put together . When will all this take place? In one quatrain Nostradamus gives us an exact date in which the war will be well under way.
In the year 1999 and seven months
From the sky will come the great King of Terror.
He will bring back to life the King of the Mongols;
Before and after war reigns.
Nostradamus predicts the war will begin shortly before the year 1999 . He also tells us how long the war will last.
The war will last seven and twenty years.
Nostradamus says that the war will be so terrible that the world will come face to face with final annihilation. Here, he implies that the war might involve some kind of horrible weapon, possibly nuclear. Nostradamus tells what the first target will be.
The sky will burn at forty-five
Fire approaches the great new city.
In this phrase, Nostradamus refers to a great city in the new world of America near forty-five degrees latitude. Experts agree this could only be New York.
By fire he will destroy their city,
A cold and cruel heart,
Blood will pour,
Mercy to none.
Although Nostradamus 's predictions for our future sound frightening he does give us some hope by telling us how this third world war will end. He says it will end as a result of an unexpected alliance.
When those of the Northern Pole
In the East will be great fear and dread...
One day the two great leaders will be friends;
Their great powers will be seen to grow.
The New Land will be at the height of its power:
To the man of blood the number is reported.
The new land was a common term used by Nostradamus to refer to what we now call America. The countries of the northern pole could be Russia and the United States. We have recently seen the breakdown of Communism in Russia and an increasing friendship between Russia and the U.S. .
Was Nostradamus a fraud or a prophet? There are some who say that the seeming accuracy of his quatrains are a result of their facile interpretations . Still, more than four hundred books and essays about his prophecies have been published since his death in 1566, along with a great number of articles and other commentaries, in numerous languages . Even skeptics pay careful attention to Nostradamus' predictions of the three anti-Christs. If Nostradamus truly predicted Napoleon and Hitler we should take heed of his words about the future. Perhaps we can prevent the dismal fate Nostradamus has predicted.
Cast & Characters - The Antichrist - Time of Troubles - Scientific Achievements - WW-III - Earth Shift - Grab Bag
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Visual Illustration about how the VIRUS worked , Spread across the Net and Effects of its Impact | <urn:uuid:521b839a-c1d2-4dba-86d8-a7ffaeefc894> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://nostradamusspeaks.tripod.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375090887.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031810-00147-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97118 | 2,740 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Iraqi army and allied militias have taken over areas in northern Iraq near the autonomous Kurdish region. For some background, here are five questions about the Iraqi Kurds.
1. Why are Iraqi and Kurdish forces fighting? They are all Iraqis, right?
Yes, they are all Iraqis according to their passports, but the Kurds enjoy a special status within Iraq. Since Saddam Hussein’s Anfal campaign against the Kurds in the eighties, the Kurdish region has enjoyed some level of autonomy from the central government in Bagdad. This was formalized in the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 with the establishment of a Kurdish Regional Government (KRG). However, an area of land bordering the Kurdish region is claimed by both the Iraqi and Kurdish administrations. These "internal disputed boundaries" include Kirkuk and the Ninewa Plains and are home to Kurds and Arabs, but also many other minority groups, such as Yezidis, Christians and Turkmen. Since 2015, the Kurds were able to take control of most of this disputed area when they helped push ISIS out.
Capitalizing on these territorial gains, KRG president Barzani unilaterally organized a referendum on 25 September on Kurdish independence. People were asked to vote in the Kurdish region and in the disputed territories, including Kirkuk. Iraq and most of the international community were against holding the referendum, but it was held anyway amid great Kurdish patriotic fanfare and without transparent oversight. An overwhelming majority supported an independent Kurdish State. The Iraqi government’s response has been to halt international flights to KRG and to send in the Iraqi army and allied militias to retake control of the disputed territories.
2. What is the Kurdish Region of Iraq?
The Kurdish Region of Iraq is an autonomous region in the north of Iraq with between 5 and 7 million inhabitants (there are no reliable census figures and the region hosts many displaced Iraqis and refugees from Syria). Some Kurds consider Iraqi Kurdistan to be part of Greater Kurdistan, covering areas in neighbouring Turkey, Iran and Syria. Since 1991, Iraqi Kurdistan has functioned quite independently from the central government in Baghdad. Kurdistan has its own military force, called the Peshmerga, which is internally controlled by Kurdish KDP and PUK political parties (see question 4).
3. Is Kirkuk in the Kurdish Region of Iraq?
Although Kurds are estimated to make up nearly half of the population of Kirkuk, it is formally not part of the autonomous Kurdish area. However, during the rise of ISIS, Kurdish forces took advantage of the chaos in norther Iraq to take control of areas outside the recognized Kurdish region. These areas include Kirkuk. Under Saddam Hussein´s rule, Kirkuk underwent Arabization campaigns which altered the demographic balance in the city. After the Peshmerga took control of Kirkuk in 2014, many Kurds have returned but the lack of an objective census complicates an overview of the current ethnic balance.
4. Are the Kurds united?
No. The Kurdish Regional Government is divided between spheres of influence, primarily between two Kurdish political groups. The Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) of KRG president Masoud Barzani is alligned with Turkey, and enjoys most support in Dohuk and Erbil. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) of the recently deceased Jalal Talabani has ties to Iran and Baghdad and is centered in Suleymania and Kirkuk. The dominance of tribes in both these parties, partisan power-plays and the lack of orderly transition of power has resulted in widespread distrust and frustration towards Kurdish leadership in general.
5. How will this end?
Hard to say. The sudden takeover of Kirkuk and other areas by the Iraqi army and aligned militias, coming so close on the heels of expectations of independence, has left many Kurds feeling deceived by the own leadership and has increased the opposition to Barzani in particular. In addition, Kurds feel betrayed by the international community and by the Iraqis following Kurdish sacrifices in the war against ISIS. Many are in particular afraid of the Popular Mobilizations Units (PMU, or Hashd al Shaabi), notorious for human rights violations in their fight against ISIS. Due to the lack of a strategy for what happens after ISIS is defeated, the main local allies of the International Coalition Against ISIS are now turning against each other for control of the areas where ISIS has retreated. A sustainable solution and inclusive power-sharing will be vital to prevent new rounds of conflict.
PAX calls on all parties to stop the use of violence and to initiate dialogue with representatives of all communities, including members of civil society.
Bonus: What does PAX do in northern Iraq?
PAX has established a number of peace committees in northern Iraq in an effort to rebuild trust among the various communities. The peace committees are in Ninewa Province, which has a large diversity of ethnic and religious groups. Trust among these groups suffered greatly when large parts of the province were overtaken by ISIS. PAX is committed to continuing our work with these committees.
PAX, in close coordination with its local partners, also conducts its Human Security Survey project in Kirkuk, as well as in Salahaddin and Basra governorates. Through this initiative we solicit information from a wide cross-section of Iraqi citizens about their experiences in conflict, the impacts of insecurity on their daily lives, and their expectations for the future. We then bring this data back to facilitate constructive dialogue between local communities and relevant authorities about how to improve the protection environment with a focus on civilians’ needs, priorities, and capacities.Middle East | <urn:uuid:fd2c722f-4f9c-435d-94cb-241a38618677> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.paxforpeace.nl/stay-informed/news/5-questions-about-iraqi-kurds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718193656-20180718213656-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.961839 | 1,119 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Pregnancy is a long haul: 40 weeks. While some women feel great until the very end, some expectant moms may be “ready” a whole lot sooner. The last few weeks of pregnancy can be pretty uncomfortable with symptoms like fatigue, back pain, swelling and insomnia. You may be tempted to ask your doctor to induce labor early. But, did you know those last few weeks are especially important to your baby’s development?
In the medical community, there’s a growing trend to discourage elective induction before 39 weeks. In fact, Providence doesn’t allow women to be induced before 39 weeks unless there’s a medical necessity. And, there are good reasons to back up this policy.
It’s Best to Wait
First of all, calculating your due date isn’t an exact science. Even with the most modern equipment and sharpest minds, your due date can be off by as much as two weeks. So, even if you think you’re just a few days short of 39 weeks, in reality, you might be a little more than two weeks short of 39 weeks. If you and your baby are healthy and your pregnancy is uncomplicated, it’s really best to let labor start on its own.
Plus, sometimes early induction doesn’t work and a c-section becomes necessary. That’s major surgery, which means mom is at a greater risk for complications like infection – and she’ll have a longer, more difficult recovery than with a vaginal birth. A c-section can also present problems for future pregnancies.
Last Few Weeks are Important to Development
During those last few weeks of pregnancy, your baby is working hard to hit a number of developmental milestones:
- Her brain nearly doubles in size and connections to help with coordination, movement and learning are being fine tuned.
- Her lungs are growing so she’s able to breathe on her own after she’s born.
- She’s developing her suck and swallow reflexes and learning to stay awake long enough to feed.
- She’s gaining about a half-pound per week, which will help her stay warm after she enters the world.
- Her ears and eyes are developing. Those extra weeks in the womb will mean she’s less likely to have vision or hearing problems later.
Babies born earlier than 39 weeks are more likely to spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) than babies carried to term. This is hard on the baby because she’s separated from her parents. It’s hard on the parents, too. Plus, it usually leads to a longer hospital stay and greater costs.
Trusted Organizations Agree
National organizations like the March of Dimes and the National Institutes of Health believe the best health outcomes for baby – and mom – happen when a baby is born after week 39 of pregnancy. Give your new bundle of joy the most healthy start possible. And, if you’re tempted to ask your doctor to induce labor earlier, remember this from the March of Dimes: “Healthy babies are worth the wait.”
Still Have Questions?
If you still have questions, talk to your Providence primary care provider, certified nurse-midwife or OB/GYN. | <urn:uuid:77023b20-bffc-4c01-8a8d-63ea4b4dbd79> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://blog.providence.org/blog-2/healthy-babies-are-worth-the-wait-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989614.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511122905-20210511152905-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.956728 | 689 | 2.59375 | 3 |
TRADITIONAL FILE BASED SYSTEM ::
A collection of aplication programs that perform services for the end users, such as
production of reports….
LIMITATIONS OF FILE BASED SYS ::
1. separation & isolation of data :: data s isolated n diff files n FBS
2. sharing:: can't share different files on a network…..
3. duplication:: to enter the data more than once can wastes time , money & space..
4. data dependecy::: depend of prog & field…changes to existing str r difficult….
5. incompatible file format:: we can't merge different files data in one file due to difference
6. fixed queries / poliferation of application prog :: all the queries had to be written by
application programmers , have no facility of evolution or new change or new demand in data….. | <urn:uuid:0e07fa76-d73f-4ec3-aad2-4211ffb2991c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.cramerz.com/database_concepts/flat_file_system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541157498.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214122253-20191214150253-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.835882 | 176 | 2.90625 | 3 |
General Guidelines for inclusive education and multidisciplinary care of learners with spina bifida and hydrocephalus is the basic paper of the Multi-IN resource kit. This is the foundation from which all other Multi-IN resources are developed. The paper unites previous international experience, research and good practices in the field of education and care of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus and case studies from Bulgaria and Slovakiа.
The purpose of the guidelines is to introduce the life of children with diagnosis spina bifida and hydrocephalus and to help important people around them understand the condition – so they can make informed decisions and to provide effective support for the group of children and young people. Spina bifida is a complex of varieties. Many professionals around the world working with the group refer spina bifida to “snowflake condition” – the situation of each of them is so different. No two people are affected by this diagnosis in the same way. There are also many consequences. It is similar to the diagnosis of hydrocephalus – it affects people in different ways.
The guidelines aspire to introduce important points and to highlight prevention of the known ones. Current knowledge makes it possible to prevent many serious and in the past common consequences in the development of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Many people living with the diagnosis are changing the picture of their life with the diagnoses. The focus of the guideline is to underline the rights based multidisciplinary, holistic, family – centered approach.
We are convinced that current knowledge from various fields, awareness of the rights of people with disabilities and opportunities for self-realization of these people are good basis for their fulfilled life. School is one of the most important institutions that every child goes through, it is a key intervention environment with many opportunities for multidisciplinary cooperation. Its uniqueness allows you to capture and support the child and his family from an early age, regardless of whether his or her primary environment perceives this need. Throughout the school we support children and families. In the document we present a proposal for multidisciplinary work in the school, thanks to which not only students and their families, but also teachers and the school management can feel the support.
All of us are so important to be supportive to develop functional abilities, independence, and self – esteem of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. It is possible if we believe in them, we know how to support them, we respect their rights, we fulfill their needs and cooperate.
Let’s do it together! | <urn:uuid:bea2f2ee-f159-43c2-9406-58a65ad44e77> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://multi-in.eu/en/general-guidelines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.957777 | 534 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The use of Ritalin and Concerta, drugs for treating attention deficit disorders, has soared by 76 percent in one year, Health Ministry figures show.
The 2010 figures show the steepest increase since surveillance on Ritalin and Concerta marketing in Israel began in 1993. The surveillance is required since these drugs contain the active ingredient methylphenidate, which is classified in Israel as a dangerous drug.
Ritalin, a central nervous system stimulant that affects chemicals in the brain and nerves, is used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ). Ritalin is also used in the treatment of a sleep disorder called narcolepsy (an uncontrollable desire to sleep ).
Ministry figures recently passed on to Citizens Commission on Human Rights, a psychiatric and human rights violations watchdog, show 621 kilograms of methylphenidate were issued in 2010, compared with 352 kilograms in 2009.
Health Ministry officials say the rise reflects the growing awareness of ADD and the improvement in the drug's effectiveness in treating the disorder.
The ministry attributes the increase to adults' use of Ritalin and Concerta as well as children, and to the approval, in 2010, of raising the daily Ritalin dosage from 60 milligrams to 90.
"Until the end of 2009 the amount of Ritalin was limited to 60 mg, too little for the treatment of adolescents weighing 50-60 kgs and adults," says Professor Asher Ornoy, Head of the Dept. of Child Development in the Health Ministry.
"Since 2010 it is possible to prescribe up to 90 mg a day, which enables effective dosage and raises the consumed amount by tens of percent," he says.
Ornoy says the estimated number of Ritalin and Concerta users - 55,000 - is low compared to the number of ADD patients, which is estimated at more than 100,000.
Dr. Iris Manor, head of the ADHD unit at Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Petah Tikva, says "most of the children treated with the drug still need treatment as adults. In addition, awareness of the drug among adults who have not been diagnosed with ADD as children is growing."
The dosage difference between Ritalin and Concerta, stemming from the different mechanism of active-substance release in the body, could also explain part of the rise in the drugs' use.
Another factor is growing awareness of learning disabilities. In the past two years about a tenth of children have been diagnosed with learning disabilities at school, says Ornoy. Almost every child with learning disabilities is sent to be examined by an ADD specialist.
"In my experience, a considerable number of children sent for examination do not have an attention disorder," says Ornoy. "However, due to Ritalin's high effectiveness, the number of treated children is constantly rising," he says.
The consumption increase also reflects a ministry policy introduced two years ago, enabling family doctors and pediatricians who have undergone special training to prescribe Ritalin and Concerta.
"There is a very long wait - from about six months to a year - for diagnosis by a specialist psychiatrist or neurologist (respectively ) to begin treatment with the drug," Manor says.
The Health Ministry said "the assumption is that if the rise in Ritalin use continues in 2011 it will be relatively moderate."
Haaretz reported in July that the IDF had begun recruiting soldiers who are treated with ADD drugs. Some 5 percent of those with attention deficit disorders do not respond to Ritalin and Concerta and need alternative drugs that are not included in the state-subsidized medicines.
A study published last March by Dr. Shlomo Antebi, of the Maccabi Health Maintenance Organization, found that thousands of Israeli children are prescribed Ritalin without first undergoing an examination for accompanying psychological problems as required.
Consequently, up to 20 percent of the children are treated with Ritalin even though they do not need it, the study says.
קראו כתבה זו בעברית: עלייה של 76% בשימוש בריטלין בישראל
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now | <urn:uuid:f47e25d8-2939-46b3-ba82-2e8f42ce97eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.haaretz.com/israel-health-ministry-use-of-adhd-drugs-soars-by-76-in-2010-1.396957 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00475-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949976 | 900 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Photo from flickr user Photos8.comEnlarge Photo
California has long been known for its efforts to reduce pollution from vehicles, and efforts to popularize hybrids and electric cars.
The California Air Resources Board has now taken that one step further by approving a $27 million fund for its Air Quality Improvement Program (AQIP).
Much of this fund will be used to incentivise the purchase of zero-emission and plug-in hybrid cars. The California Energy Commission will contribute a further $5 million.
"This unique incentive program makes ultra-clean cars affordable for more Californians, helps slash smog-forming pollution and cuts greenhouse gas emissions" said CARB chairman Mary D. Nichols.
As well as plug-in passenger cars, $10m of the fund will go towards zero-emission trucks and buses, with $2m being used for advanced-technology demonstration projects.
Since the scheme began in 2008, the AQIP funding has already helped to put over 7,500 green cars and over a thousand trucks and buses on California's roads.
All in all, the new funding should help California on its target of one in seven new cars being zero-emissions by 2025. | <urn:uuid:00e9de05-940c-42b4-b3c6-fd7e47c8e68e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1077443_carb-renews-electric-vehicle-fund-with-27-million | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696182.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926141625-20170926161625-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.942191 | 246 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Raising Chickens in the City - from Ode Magazine
Urban gardeners are flocking to chickens to keep bugs away and provide eggs and compost. Keeping backyard birds is easier than you might think.
It’s a sunny Saturday afternoon, and Beatrice, Gertrude and Zelda, three butterscotch-brown Buff Orpington hens, are having a field day in Jennifer Carlson’s Seattle back yard. A landscape designer and organic gardening expert, Carlson has placed a floorless chicken coop––or “chicken tractor”––on her lawn, where the hens methodically search for bugs and worms, taking an occasional break for a dust bath. Once the birds have excavated one area, she moves the tractor to a new piece of turf.
The remains of the chickens’ excavations—a rich mixture of dirt, chicken manure and grass that’s sprinkled with oak leaves to help decompose the droppings—gets a second life as compost for Carlson’s organic vegetable garden, which features basil, raspberries, eggplant and heirloom tomatoes. “The vegetables we grow then provide scraps for the birds, who produce delicious eggs and great compost for the vegetables,” explains Carlson, who has raised chickens in the city since the 1980s. “It’s a really cool cycle.” Carlson, who spent her early childhood among Wyoming and Colorado ranchers, now lives in a cheery red house on a corner lot in Seattle’s Magnolia neighborhood. “Chickens make ideal pets,” she says. “They like being around people, and they’re very curious, comical and ungainly. Yet they’re contained, so they’re not chasing the mailman.” With a cup of coffee in hand, she makes a daily round of the garden every morning. “It’s relaxing seeing the chickens and garden thrive.”
Recycling Bins That Cluck
The municipality of Diest in Flanders, Belgium, gave 2,000 households an unusual gift: three chickens each. Why? The birds are supposed to recycle biodegradable garbage.
Chickens are omnivores who love leftovers, according to Kippenmail, the digital newsletter of the Dutch animal-rights campaign Adopteer een kip (“Adopt a Chicken”). In one month, a chicken can consume approximately nine pounds of kitchen garbage. In return, it will lay eggs. And what’s more, its droppings can be used to fertilize the garden.
Officials in Diest see the chickens as an economical solution to the costly problem of recycling biodegradable trash, which costs the town about $600,000 annually.
“I make the mistake every now and then of ordering an egg dish at a restaurant, and I regret it...
A homegrown egg tastes just like butter. It’s fantastic.”
From Seattle to St. Louis, hens are the latest trend in natural gardening. The Murray McMurray Hatchery in Webster City, Iowa, the country’s largest supplier of two-day old chicks, sends about 1,000 chicks a week to people in urban and suburban areas. (Five years ago, the number of urban buyers was so small the hatchery didn’t even keep track.) Reversing decades-old laws against urban chickens, advocates across the country are lobbying city officials to permit backyard hens, while community gardening organizations are hosting overflow crowds for chicken-coop tours and chicken-raising classes.
“People have lost touch with what used to be considered common knowledge about animals,” says Pam Karstens, who teaches Backyard Chickens 101 through the Madison, Wisconsin, nonprofit Mad City Chickens. Most attendees are well-educated urban professionals in their 30s and 40s. “Many are parents trying to teach their children where food comes from,” she says.
As the number of city chicken owners increases, chicken-coop entrepreneurs have sprung up to meet the need. Many cater to the custom-built sensibilities of urban professionals, including Egganic Industries in Ringgold, Virginia, which sells the $1,300 (plus shipping) luxury Henspa, complete with an automatic egg-retrieval system. A British company, Omlet, sells the Eglu, which resembles an iMac computer and is made from recyclable polymers.
For most people, however, hosting a couple of backyard chickens is neither high tech nor high cost. Carlson’s henhouse, a regular stop on Seattle’s annual chicken-coop tour, is a 3-by-18-foot modular coop painted bright orange and yellow. The wooden structure, which Carlson designed and built herself, sits on six inches of gravel, topped by concrete pavers. “The pavers protect the wood from rotting and discourage burrowing by predators—and you will have predators,” Carlson says, noting that raccoons and possums pose the biggest threats to urban fowl.
A storage unit under the nesting box contains feeding and cleaning supplies. Carlson points out other useful coop features: plenty of horizontal space for birds to move, good air circulation, sunlight in the afternoon and a spot for shade. The chicken tractor, a portable cagelike structure without a bottom that is meant to be rotated and moved on a regular basis, gives birds daily escape from the coop and access to new scratching space, while restricting yard destruction to a designated area.
“It’s kitty TV,” Carlson laughs, noting that the family cat spends hours watching the hens peck in the tractor. Zelda, Gertrude and Beatrice are unruffled by the feline attention, she says. “That’s what I love about this breed; they’re so mellow.”
Ordinances governing city chickens vary from city to city. Bill Finch, a Mobile, Alabama, newspaper editor who has written several articles on the subject, says laws prohibiting backyard hens often can be traced to the suburban development boom in the 1950s and 1960s. “As bedroom communities incorporated, they overturned codes allowing animals so they wouldn’t appear to be podunk towns,” he says. “But in older cities and towns, the codes were never updated.”
Mobile, for example, allows a liberal 25 chickens per household. Finch himself keeps seven backyard Ancona hens—a good breed for hot weather—that make the rounds of his oversize vegetable garden in a chicken tractor. “It’s the only nitrogen fertilizer I need,” he says.
As the “buy local” food movement gathers steam nationwide, activists are working to loosen more restrictive chicken codes. In Madison, Karstens says interest in backyard birds was so high that a fairly active “chicken underground” was developing until last year, when she and several others persuaded local officials to pass an ordinance permitting backyard coops and a maximum of four hens. The group prevailed with support from affiliates of the University of Wisconsin Poultry Science Department, who helped convince city officials that reasonable regulations could deter potential problems. “With a flock of 40 chickens, manure is a concern,” Karstens says. “With four, it isn’t.”
In Providence, Rhode Island, the Southside Community Land Trust raises urban chickens to educate the public about safe treatment and how to use chicken manure as compost. The organization also is working to combat the myth that you need roosters, the chicken world’s noisemakers, for egg production. You don’t. Although females need to mate with a male to produce a fertile egg, hens lay edible eggs as part of their ovulation cycle.
Every once in a while a male can sneak into a backyard, unannounced. A few weeks after Cranston, Rhode Island, resident Joanne Rich got her first hen—a Polish Golden Lace she dubbed Mrs. T because of a crown resembling a mohawk—she awoke to an unexpected surprise: a 5 a.m. wake-up call in the form of rooster crows emanating from the coop she had fashioned from her daughter’s swing set.
Mrs. T., as it turned out, was actually Mr. T—a gender mix-up that got the hapless male whisked out of Rich’s yard to an urban farm operated by the Southside Community Land Trust. “I didn’t want a run-in with my neighbors,” says Rich, an avid organic gardener who tends a vegetable patch and grows five kinds of berries. “And I wanted eggs.”
For Carlson, eating eggs straight from the source is like nothing else. Between March and October, Beatrice, Zelda and Gertrude each lay about one egg per day. The rest of the year, Carlson gets an average of one or two eggs per day from the trio. “I make the mistake every now and then of ordering an egg dish at a restaurant, and I regret it,” she says. “It’s like eating cardboard. A homegrown egg tastes just like butter. It’s fantastic.”
Aren’t Chickens Unhealthy?
Talk of chickens inevitably brings up two big health concerns: salmonella and Asian bird flu.
Emilio DeBess, public health veterinarian for the Oregon Department of Human Services, says his department occasionally sees outbreaks of salmonella associated with chickens in Portland, where hen-free neighborhoods are becoming the exception, not the rule. These outbreaks usually occur around Easter, when families get baby chicks and keep them inside, DeBess says. “Keep chickens outside, wash your hands and don’t allow kids under 5 to handle them,” he says. “If you follow these guidelines, you’ll reduce salmonella exposure by 100 percent.”
First-time chicken owners often raise questions about Asian bird flu. Like mad cow disease, avian flu is largely a product of limited resources, overcrowded conditions and cross-contamination between species—and thus has little to do with managing one or two chickens in a yard. The fear among world health officials is that the disease will spread to migratory birds; if and when that happens, urban chickens will be a bit player in a catastrophic global epidemic, not the cause. Echoing DeBess, organic gardening expert Jennifer Carlson says: “It’s a matter of being mindful and keeping clean. | <urn:uuid:7dca1e0e-ae51-412b-b515-e93c88412757> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://littlecityfarm.blogspot.com/2009/05/raising-chickens-in-city-from-ode.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320261.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624115542-20170624135542-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.938427 | 2,233 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Marine fish and invertebrates feeding
The most common sounds associated with feeding fish are simply a result of chewing and ingesting food items. The diets of many fishes include the skeletons of crustaceans and other fishes, and the calcium carbonate skeleton of corals. Crunching sounds are produced when the fishes’ teeth chew on these hard objects. Even fishes that eat seaweeds, algae and seagrasses may produce sounds in this way. Sounds produced while feeding may be detected by other fishes and used as cues to indicate feeding opportunities. These sounds can be quite obvious even to people. For instance, the queen parrotfish biting chunks of coral reefs are often heard by divers.
Hydrodynamic sounds produced by fishes may also provide information on feeding opportunities. For example, large schools of fish such as jacks (family Carangidae) or ladyfish often begin voracious feeding frenzies when they locate areas abundant in prey items. During these feeding frenzies, rapid changes in swimming velocity produce low frequency hydrodynamic sounds that may attract other fish to the area, including predators such as sharks. Scientists believe that sharks are attracted to naturally occurring, rapidly pulsed, low frequency sounds. Sources of these pulsed sounds include quickly swimming, schooling fish (like that of a feeding frenzy), schooling fish being attacked at the surface (and leaping out of the water), other sharks that are actively feeding, as well as wounded or struggling fish. These attractive signals are thought to indicate to sharks the presence of available prey. Sounds that may be used to deter other predators and competitors have also been observed during feeding frenzies.
In some cases sounds may be intentionally produced during competition over resources such as food. Researches have described in detail the sounds made by streaked gurnards while competing for food. Aggressive chasing behavior accompanied by low growling sounds were emitted by these fish when competing for prey items. Similar growling sounds are also produced by rockfish species (Family Scorpaenidae) during competitive interactions.
Little is known about how marine invertebrates use sound to feed. Invertebrates usually scavenge for their food using chemical cues produced during the decomposition of organic matter. However, many marine invertebrates have specialized mechanoreceptors know as chordotonal organs, that enable them to detect vibrations associated with sound. There are circumstances where these organs may alert invertebrates to potential food sources. For example, the northern shrimp may be able to detect food falling to the seafloor with its chordotonal organs. The impact of a sinking carcass coming in contact with the seafloor may create vibrations that could clue the shrimp to the possibility of a newly available food source. Once alerted to this possibility, the shrimp may then be able to use chemical cues to locate the food.
Similar to sounds produced by feeding fishes, marine invertebrates produce stridulatory sounds while feeding. These sounds are made by the movement of appendages or mouth parts used while feeding. Sounds produced while feeding may be detected by other marine organisms alerting them to the possibility of a near by food source.
- Banner, A. (1968). Attraction of Young Lemon Sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, by Sound. Copeia, 1968(4), 871. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441861
- Schrope, M. 2002, Deep-Sea Creatures Hear Food Coming. Discovery News. January 28, 2002.
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr., Ha, S. J., Walewski, S., & Banbury, J. C. (1972). Effectiveness of acoustic signals in attracting epipelagic shark to an underwater sound source. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22(4), 926–949.
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr. (2001). The Acoustical Biology of Elasmobranchs. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60(1–3), 31–46.
- Banner, A. (1972). Use of Sound in Predation by Young Lemon Sharks, Negaprion Brevirostris (Poey). Bulletin of Marine Science, 22(2), 251–283.
- Amorim, M. C. P., & Hawkins, A. D. (2000). Growling for food: acoustic emissions during competitive feeding of the streaked gurnard. Journal of Fish Biology, 57(4), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02200.x
- Klages, M., Muyakshin, S., Soltwedel, T., & Arntz, W. E. (2002). Mechanoreception, a possible mechanism for food fall detection in deep-sea scavengers. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00047-4
- Myrberg, A. A., Jr., Gordon, C. R., & Klimley, A. P. (1976). Attraction of free ranging sharks by low frequency sound, with comments on its biological significance. In A. Schuijf & A. D. Hawkins (Eds.), Sound Reception in Fishes (pp. 205–228). New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
- Tavolga, W. N. (Ed.). (1977). Sound production in fishes. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. | <urn:uuid:91596a14-f6e1-4a12-8a4f-3807129dfe86> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://dosits.org/animals/use-of-sound/marine-fish-and-invertebrates-feeding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419122151-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.914897 | 1,166 | 4 | 4 |
What happens when our recipes combine with our partner’s recipes?
What happens when our recipes combine with our partner’s recipes?
Well, each member of the couple, irrespectively of what their personal combination might be, will find that the other partner may express any of the previously mentioned combinations for any given recipe. Based on these recipes, at the time of fertilisation, the different combinations, giving the different probabilities of presenting some trait or hereditary disorder, will be appear.
As stated previously, in order for the number of chromosomes to remain constant and for germinal cells to be able to fertilise, a reductional division or meiosis has to occur. To explain the risk percentages in the different types of heredity, we will focus on the type of cells that are produced immediately after reductional division has taken place, as these are the only possible resulting combinations.
Under normal conditions in a woman, one of these cells is lost. Since we do not know which one of them will be lost, and one cell complements the other, both will be studied. These are the only two possible combinations and any of the two can occur.
From now on we will only refer to one single character encoded by the same chromosomal set, which will be represented as follows:
Given that each of us has two chromosomes from each set, our resulting gametes will be these.
And our partner’s gamete will be these.
We will always be talking about the same recipe within the same chromosomal set, for both members of the couple.
And now let me give you a graphic representation of the different combinations that can result in reproduction.
If we pay close attention we will see that we are all a mixture of all the characters that run in our family. Our hair can be the same colour as that of our maternal grandfather and our eyes can be the same colour as our paternal grandfather’s, the hands may resemble our maternal grandmother’s and the teeth can be exactly like our father’s.
For sure, you will ask yourselves: How is this mixture possible?
Well, it is extremely easy. Chromosomes of a same set exchange information between them before they undergo reductional division or meiosis. That is, recipe number 4 from chromosome number 1 is exchanged for recipe number 4 from the other chromosome number 1, and this same process is repeated in many other recipes.
In the end, the resulting chromosomes are a mixture of all the recipes or characters from our ancestors.
And it is thanks to this exchange that the variability of the species prevails, making each of us different from the other, unique and unrepeatable.
But, for every thing to come out right, each chromosome of the same set must contain the same recipes at the end of this process, irrespectively of whether they have been exchanged or not, so that each chromosome has all the recipes it needs, without a single one missing or in excess.
And, which different combinations can result when we reproduce?
You have different options:
Read through all the combinations, which will provide you with a global view. We recommend this option as it will enhance your overall understanding as to how we fight disorders today.
Read through only a few pages starting at the beginning, so that you become familiar with how these combinations give rise to disorders.
And if you are at specific risk, because you fall into any of the situations described, I suggest that you first read everything and then come back to the section that concerns your particular case.
As you can see, it is very easy.
Sex linked disorders (X-chromosomes disorders)
In this group, there can be two possible scenarios: that the pathological “X”-chromosome is carried by the female or the male, and that, in turn, this X-chromosome-linked character is expressed in a dominant or recessive way.
To identify the “X” -chromosomes that are contained in the incorrect recipe, this symbol will be used:
Please do not forget that we are always referring to the same character or allele located in the X -chromosome, both in the man and in the woman alike.
“That is, we are always referring to the same recipe in both genders”.
PLEASE REMEMBER that in this case, the X chromosome with the wrong recipe, in the presence of another X chromosome with the right recipe, will express because it is dominant, IN OTHER WORDS, IT DOMINATES THE SITUATION.
Healthy woman who reproduces with an affected male
The expected offspring will be as follows:
50% affected women
50% healthy men
In this case, all the male children will be healthy because they inherit the father’s Y – chromosome, while all the daughters will be affected because they receive the father’s X- chromosome, which in this case is pathological.
The fact that all the daughters of an affected male are affected and all the sons are healthy, allows us too distinguish between a family with an autosomal dominant disorder and another with a X-linked dominant disorder. In dominant autosomal disorders, the affected male transmits the pathological gene to both males and females, as it is not gender-dependent.
In synthesis, if we focus on males only, we can see that each male has a 50% chance of being healthy and a 50% chance of being affected. And the same thing happens if we focus on women only, each woman has a 50% chance of being healthy and a 50% chance of being affected.
REMEMBER that dominant characters, even if they are present in one single dose, are always expressed. Thus, in this particular case, and despite the fact that we are looking at sex chromosomes, if a woman has a X chromosome with the incorrect ” X ” recipe, and the other chromosome contains the correct recipe, she will express the disorder, given that the same concept as for autosomal dominant disorders applies because two X chromosomes are shared and one of them is incorrect.
As regards the male, it will depend on which of the two X chromosomes he has inherited, the “good one” or the “bad” one.
25% have one correct recipe and one incorrect recipe
25% in whom both recipes are incorrect
25% of healthy males
25% of affected males
That is, if we take males only, we can see that each male has a 50% chance of being healthy and a 50% chance of being affected, whereas if we take women only, they will always be affected because they inherited their father’s X-chromosome (and in this case, it is pathological).
Healthy female carrier who reproduces with a healthy male
If the female is the carrier, she does not express the disorder, but during meiosis or reductional division, two types of gametes will be produced, one that has a normal X chromosome and one that has a mutated X chromosome, therefore, according to the sex that this child has after the paternal contribution, the probabilities are as follows.
25% are healthy non carriers
25% are healthy but carriers
25% healthy males
25% affected males
Therefore, if we just focus on males only, each male has a 50% probability of being healthy and a 50% probability of being affected. Whereas if we focus on females only, they will always be healthy, although a 50% of them will be carriers.
25% affected females because both recipes are wrong
25% healthy males
25% affected males
Therefore, each male has a 50% probability of being healthy and 50% probability of being affected, whereas each female has a 50% probability of being healthy but a carrier and a 50% probability of being affected.
In this case all their children will be healthy because:
the males inherit the Y chromosome from their father, the females will all be healthy, but all of them carriers, because although they inherit the X chromosome from their father which is pathological, it is compensated by the X chromosome they inherit from their mother, which is normal.
Having seen how hereditary diseases are transmited, if you require specific information on a certain disease, the following links can help you.
And please, regardless of all the information you get on the subject of your interest, do not forget that it is only an information service, containing data that must be interpreted by a specialist, so please before you make any decision, have a consultation with a Genetics department, where your individual case will be accurately assessed and where all your questions will be answered.
Well, it is easy, when one of the progenitors is sick, or one or both of them are carriers of the same genetic disorder, they have a risk to produce affected children. The amount of risk and the sex of the affected individual is dependent on the type of inheritance.
For this reason, in case a malformation or a family disorder exists, the first thing to do is to study the family background and see which inheritance pattern runs in the family.
To this end, a genealogical tree is made using an international nomenclature in which all the individuals appear, identifying those who are affected and once these are identified, to determine the degree of severity, because we know that, in some cases, this can vary among the particular individuals.
¡Remember that the final flavour depends on all the ingredients mixed in the pie!
In this case, the degree of severity for each individual depends on how all the recipes are assembled.
In case that the disorder or malformation is not diagnosed, appropriate exams must be performed to try and obtain a diagnosis, and on the basis of this diagnosis, the risk of the particular individual to produce children with the same problem is calculated.
Some of these disorders are very severe, so at the time of deciding on their reproductive future, couple may encounter the following situations:
They ACCEPT the prenatal diagnosis, if available for this particular disorder, regardless of whether they decide to terminate or go ahead with the pregnancy.
Because people that are blood related are more likely to have the same mutations causing different diseases, thus contributing to the emergence of recessive diseases, whether autosomal or linked to sex chromosomes, sex chromosome X.
Because both SHARE THE SAME COMMON ANCESTOR, and if this ancestor had pathological genes, these could have been transmitted from generation to generation.
Because we know that the PROBABILITY of having inherited the same gene is directly proportional to the degree of kinship; in other words, the closer the kinship relationship, the greater the chance of having inherited the gene.
To take an example: let’s go check out the third option of autosomal recessive diseases described above, because it is the most common situation among relatives, reproduction between two healthy individuals who are both carriers of the same pathological hidden recessive gene.
“Healthy individual who is a carrier that reproduces with another healthy individual who also happens to be a carrier “.
We can see that merely because that both progenitors share the same ancestor they have much higher chances, compared to the general population, of both being carrier of the same pathological gene or genes. And this significantly increases the probabilities (by a 25%) that when reproducing, the offspring may inherit the affected gene and manifest the disease because he or she has inherited the same wrong recipe from each of the two progenitors. That is, a baby with both affected genes or wrong recipes (homozygous) for a particular gene.
In contrast, if reproduction takes place with an individual that does not belong to the same blood- related family, these possibilities go down to the risk of the general population; that is, the risk continuous to exist but it is much lower.
And, do you know why there is still a small risk?
Because it has been estimated that each person carries between one and five recessive lethal mutations that would be lethal if the children inherited them in the homozygous state. Therefore, all mankind carries pathological genes. We also know that there are pathological genes that are much more common in certain groups or human populations. Hence, if we belong to any of these population groups, we run a much higher risk to reproduce with a healthy carrier like us, which even if there is no family blood connection, will lead to a higher chance of having a child that has inherited the mutations.
Because both specialists will assess whether there is any risk factor to be correct, prevented, or taken into consideration before conception, and will implement the appropriate measures to ensure that everything goes well.
YES, and it is done by estimating the kinship coefficient.
To estimate the kinship coefficient, you need to have a consultation with a geneticist physician who will assess your familial history and draw your genealogical tree.
The geneticist, apart from assessing the mean genes that the couple may have in common (siblings born to the same parents share 1/2 of DNA sequences, uncles and nephews share ¼ of DNA sequences due to their common ancestors, cousins share 1/8, second cousins share 1/16 and third cousins share 1/32) will also assess the ethnic origin (due to the possibility that this population group may have high incidence specific diseases).
Taking into account all of the above, the geneticist should assess the possibility of requesting some sort of study to rule out if the future couple are or not carriers of any disease in particular, and based on the findings, if positive, decide whether or not it is advisable to do some sort of specific follow-up during the pregnancy to detect specific conditions. The geneticist will also assess the different reproductive options that assisted reproductiontechniques available (from preimplantational diagnosis to gamete donation: ovum or spermatozoon), or even look at the possibility of adoption, in case:
there is no prenatal diagnosis for a specific disease
or, if there is a prenatal diagnosis, the couple might not consider abortion, should the affected offspring have any specific disease.
REMBEMBER: the kinship coefficient must be calculated by a geneticist, specifically for each couple.
It is very important to take into account that many human groups have been isolated by barriers of different types, for instance, geographical barriers, language barriers, as well as social, religious, political barriers, etc. In all these populations there is an increased risk for non-related individuals to be carriers of the same pathology and to reproduce among themselves, thus causing the disease to manifest.
If you belong to this group, it is highly recommended before reproduction attend the consultation of a geneticist physician for assessment and genetic counseling custom , as the risk to have sick children can be as high as in the case of blood relatives.
"Genetics Made Easy" is a non-profit divulgative web site on human genetics, the objective of which is to bring the scientific community closer to the general community in order to disseminate the advances and knowledge that arise in this field and how the general population can benefit from this developments. The language used in the website is simple and the terminology easy to comprehend, with clear and straight forward explanations and user-friendly software. | <urn:uuid:3bd3d54c-2c8b-450f-a825-2467e1c2ea9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://lagenetica.info/en/diseases/what-happens-when-our-recipes-combine-with-our-partners-recipes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487610196.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613161945-20210613191945-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.947636 | 3,145 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- freely available
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(12), 15942-15954; doi:10.3390/ijms131215942
Published: 28 November 2012
Abstract: The Asian hard clam, Meretrix petechialis, is an economically important bivalve, but its catch and population sizes are decreasing rapidly, owing to many factors, including large-scale reclamation of its natural habitat on the western coast of the Korean peninsula. Attempts to restore the resources and production of this species require genetic structure and diversity information. In this study, we developed 15 microsatellite markers from a partial genomic library enriched in GT repeats. Nine of these markers were polymorphic, with an average allele number of six, and six were monomorphic in 95 tested individuals. No linkage disequilibrium was found between any pair of loci (p > 0.05), and deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test showing excess of heterozygotes was observed in only one of nine loci. In addition, no null alleles or genetic differentiation between two tested populations were detected. A cross-species amplification in 12 species of four families resulted in two M. petechialis-specific loci and three possible universal markers. This information will be useful in the future development of high-quality artificial seedlings and sustainable resource management.
The genus Meretrix, commonly known as Asian hard clams, is distributed in the West Pacific, Asia, and the Indian Ocean and is an important commercial bivalve in East and Southeast Asia and East Africa . These clams inhabit tidal flats, estuaries and sandy beaches, which are well developed on the southern and western coasts of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the members of the genus are important fishery resources.
Among the nine recognized species, two very closely related species, M. lusoria and M. petechialis, occur naturally along the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and China and are economically very important. Meretrix lusoria inhabits the southern coast of Korea, and M. petechialis occupies the western coasts, with the border between them located along the southwestern coast of Korea from Gangjin Bay to Baeksu .
As with other clams, natural populations of M. petechialis have decreased drastically on the Korean Peninsula because of ocean pollution and reclamation. The annual production of M. petechialis in Korea was 11,705 M/T in 1971, but only 1454 M/T in 2008. Among the many factors affecting the decrease of M. petechialis in Korea, the reclamation of the Saemangeum area, with a 33 km long dike, has had a great effect, as this area is the most productive site of M. petechialis in the country .
In response to the decrease in natural habitat and production of M. petechialis, aquaculture production and seed release to restore natural resources have become necessary. The aquaculture of this species has been long attempted, and complete culturing, including reproductive control, captive spawning, hatching, and larval and juvenile rearing, has only recently become possible on a small scale.
Future production of high-quality seedlings for aquaculture and release depends on information regarding the genetic structure and diversity of the species, which can be provided by using reliable genetic markers. However, despite their economic importance, few phylogenetic and population genetic studies of the genus Meretrix have been conducted.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the most commonly used target DNA for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes because of its simple maternal inheritance, absence of recombination and high substitution rate . However, a very high level of sex-associated mtDNA heteroplasmy and unusual doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) have been reported from different bivalve families, including the Veneridae [7,8]. Thus, special care in the taxonomy of bivalves is required.
In contrast to mtDNA markers typically used for species identification, co-dominant genetic markers, such as microsatellite (MS) markers, are useful for genetic structure analysis, family identification and parentage assignment. The combination of microsatellite markers and genetic improvements in breeding has considerably improved shellfish aquaculture, including oysters, mussels and abalones [9–12]. However, little information is available on the genetic diversity of the genus Meretrix based on microsatellite markers, because these useful markers have only recently been applied to the genus.
Microsatellites, also known as single sequence repeats (SSRs), are highly useful because of their abundance, even distribution of short lengths and high polymorphism. Although high-throughput sequencing, called next-generation sequencing (NGS), techniques have been applied to recent MS marker development [13,14], the development of effective MS markers is tedious, labor-intensive and expensive, involving the screening of genomic libraries using repetitive probes and sequencing of positive clones . One way to solve this problem is to apply MS markers developed for a particular species to closely related species, which has been proven useful in fishes [16,17]. In this study, we developed microsatellite markers for M. petechialis and tested their transferability to other clams belonging to the order Veneroida.
2.1. Microsatellite Marker Isolation and Polymorphism Analyses
In total, 1,700 positive colonies were obtained from the transformation of the hard clam (GT)n-enriched genomic DNA library. Of these, 1000 clones were randomly picked and sequenced. Primers were designed and tested for 160 loci that contained a minimum of eight repeat units, and only 50 primer sets produced strongly amplified PCR products. Of those, 35 gave either inconsistent or noise peaks, despite adjusting the dNTP concentration and PCR annealing temperature. The remaining 15 were considered successful genetic markers. Table 1 lists the variability information and GenBank accession numbers of the 15 microsatellite markers. Among these, nine showing polymorphisms in the amplified microsatellite markers were used for further genetic study of two hard clam populations.
2.2. Genetic Variability of Meretrix petechialis Populations
Table 2 summarizes the genetic characterization indices estimated for the two hard clam populations. The mean allelic richness per locus ranged from 2.0 to 16.3 in the two populations. The average number of alleles in all populations was 6.0. No linkage disequilibrium was found between any pair of loci (p > 0.05), indicating that the markers were independent. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test, indicating the deviation from expected heterozygosity, showed significant deviation after sequential Bonferroni correction (p < 0.01) in the Mp07-nfrdi locus with excess heterozygosity in two populations. No null alleles and no genetic differentiation between GC and MA populations were detected by FST (=0.013, p < 0.01) using all nine microsatellite markers.
2.3. Cross-Species Amplification
Cross-species amplification of 15 loci was conducted in 12 related species belonging to four families in the order Veneroida (Bivalvia: Heteroconchia). The 12 species were representative of shellfish. As shown in Table 3, two MS markers, Mp04-nfrdi and Mp09-nfrdi, produced PCR products from only M. petechialis. No PCR product was obtained from the remaining 11 tested species. In contrast, the marker Mp06-nfrdi produced PCR products from 11 of the 12 tested species, followed by the Mp02-nfrdi and Mp08-nfrdi, which produced PCR products from 10 of the 12 species. These markers were polymorphic in the 5, 6, and 7 species, respectively. The transferability of 15 loci to the 12 related species ranged from 33.3% to 66.7%, with the ratio of polymorphic sites being 6.7%–46.7%. However, some of the markers that were monomorphic in M. petechialis were polymorphic in other species, and vice versa.
In total, 15 microsatellite markers were obtained from a partial genomic library of M. petechialis enriched in GT repeats. Nine were polymorphic, with an average allele number of six, and six were monomorphic in 95 tested individuals. Deviation from HWE equilibrium, including significant deviation in the Mp07-nfrdi locus, indicated excess heterozygosity in two populations. Deviations from HWE have been observed in several marine commercial fish and mollusks [19–22]. Deviation from HWE may be due to one or a combination of factors, including the substructure of samples due to the pooling of samples from many sites, inbreeding or the presence of null alleles . The presence of null alleles produce an excess of homozygotes, and heterozygote deficiency observed in several bivalves, including the geoduck clam, European flat oyster and pink mucket , is thought to be due to the presence of null alleles . We did not find any null alleles among the 15 loci tested in M. petechialis, which may be one reason for the excess of heterozygosity. This is a major limitation in cross-species transfer of microsatellite markers .
The other possible reason of the excess of heterozygosity can be a genetic bottleneck caused by a recent decrease of the population due to ocean pollution and reclamation, such as the reclamation of the Saemangeum area, the most productive site of M. petechialis in the country . A population that suffered a recent bottleneck can show an excess of heterozygosity, because alleles are generally lost faster than heterozygosity during a bottleneck [28,29].
Type-specific microsatellite markers, such as Mp04-nfrdi and Mp09-nfrdi, can be useful for species identification, especially at the early larval stage when morphological distinction between these two species is impossible. Torii et al. reported that the two species could be differentiated with 98.89% success by modified discrimination scores using five characteristics. They also showed that the matching scores of nucleotide sequences between the two species were 93% and 97% in the mitochondrial COI gene and ITS-1 gene, respectively. However, these methods can be applied only to individuals of sufficient size, require time-consuming sequencing procedures and cannot be used on mixed larval samples to detect the presence of specific species. Restriction analysis of specific PCR products can be used to produce specific banding patterns, which can be used for certain purposes, such as the identification of the M. petechialis-M. lusoria hybrid ; however, these techniques cannot be used in mixed samples. Species-specific microsatellite markers have been used to identify specific oyster species in mixtures of oyster larvae . As with other aquatic animals, microsatellite markers have been used to determine parentage in the genus Meretrix, either alone or in combination with other genetic markers . The possible use of the two species-specific loci for species identification was further confirmed by a BLAST search of primer sequences, which showed no match to known DNA sequences.
Nuclear microsatellite markers are the most popular genetic markers in population genetic studies, but they need to be developed and optimized for each species, which is time-consuming and somewhat expensive. Thus, markers that can be readily transferred to related species are desirable. We tested the transferability of 15 microsatellite makers developed in M. petechialis against 12 species in four families of the order Veneroida. As shown in Table 3, the overall cross-species transferability of the 15 makers to the 12 tested species ranged from 33.3% to 66.7%, with polymorphic loci ranging from 13.3% to 46.7%. Among the 15 markers, three loci, Mp02-nfrdi, Mp06-nfrdi and Mp08-nfrdi, showed an amplification success rate of 90.9%, with a polymorphism ratio of 45.5%–63.6%, suggesting that these markers can be used as universal markers in related species. In the cross species PCR, some of the products in other species were far outside the range of those observed in M. petechialis. For example, MP05 has a size range of 78–92 in 95 specimens of M. petechialis, but a range of 82–332 in only two specimens of Cyclina sinensis. Therefore, further cloning and sequence analysis of these PCR products might be necessary for the confirmation of these PCR products as real alleles. The limited information available regarding cross-species transfer of microsatellite markers developed in bivalves shows the transferability between species within genera to be 93.3% (14 of 15) in Crassostrea and 86.7% (13 of 15) in Lampsilis.
As Barbará et al. suggested, the evolutionary distance between the source of microsatellite markers and the target species is the most important factor affecting the success of cross-species amplification. This was confirmed in our study, as shown in Figure 1. Except for the Psammobiidae with one member, transferability was related to the evolutionary distance deduced from the sequence of 16S rRNA, averaging 56.6%, 44.4% and 40% for Veneridae, Mactridae and Corbiculidae, respectively. One exceptional case in our study was the low transferability to M. lusoria, the most related species, which showed successful amplification at only seven loci. One possible reason could be the genetic homogeneity of the individuals used for the test, but no information regarding the genetic diversity of this species in the Korean Peninsula is available. In an analysis of 611 cross-species microsatellite marker transfers, Barbará et al. reported that the percentage of amplified markers among families within the order ranged from 28% to 33%. The transferability of the microsatellite markers developed in our study has a comparably high transferability, and some, such as those listed above, could be used as universal markers in the order Veneroida.
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Sample Collection
A total of 95 wild hard-clam samples were collected from two locations on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula, Gochang (GC, N = 35) and Muan (MA, N = 60). Tissue samples from a leg were preserved in 100% ethanol at the sampling site and then transported to the laboratory for DNA extraction. Total DNA was isolated from each sample using a MagExtractor MFX-6100 automated DNA extraction system (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). The extracted genomic DNA was quantified using a Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Barrington, IL, USA) and stored at −20 °C until microsatellite genotyping analysis. For the cross-species transferability test, DNA was extracted by the same method from ethanol-fixed tissues of 12 related species belonging to four families of the order Veneroida that had been stored at the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan.
4.2. Library Construction and Sequencing
A partial genomic library enriched in GT repeats was constructed using the procedures described by Hamilton et al.. Genomic DNA was isolated from one individual using the TNES-urea buffer method . Extracted DNA was digested with a restriction enzyme mixture containing AluI, RsaI, NheI and HhaI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA). Following agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments of 200–800 base pairs (bp) were isolated from the gel and ligated to an adapter SNX/SNX rev linker . The linker-ligated DNA was amplified using SNX as a linker-specific primer for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For enrichment, the DNA was denatured, hybridized to biotin-labeled repeat sequence (GT)10 probes and then attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The enriched fragments were digested with the enzyme NheI, and ligated into the XbaI-digested pUC18 vector (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, USA), followed by transformation into Escherichia coli DH5α-competent cells. The positive colonies were screened for the presence of a repeat insert using PCR with universal M13 primers and non-biotin-labeled dinucleotide primers. PCR products were examined on 2% agarose gels, and inserts producing two or more bands were considered to contain a microsatellite locus. Positive clones were cultured, and plasmids from insert-containing colonies were recovered using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (ver. 3.1; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and an automated sequencer (ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer; Applied Biosystems).
4.3. Primer Design and Genotyping
Primers were designed based on sequences flanking the microsatellite motifs using the PRIMER 3 software package. Newly designed PCR primer pairs were tested to optimize annealing temperatures: a gradient PCR at 50–60 °C annealing temperature range was performed on a set of samples from eight individuals. PCR amplification was performed in a 10 μL reaction mixture containing 0.25 U Extaq DNA polymerase (TaKaRa Biomedical Inc., Shiga, Japan), 1 × PCR buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 10 pmol each primer (forward primer of each pair was 5′-end-labeled with 6-FAM, NED and HEX dyes; PE Applied Biosystems) and 100 ng template DNA, using a PTC 200 DNA Engine (MJ Research, Waltham, MA, USA). PCR conditions were as follows: 11 min at 95 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at the annealing temperature listed in Table 2, and 1 min at 72 °C, with a final extension of 5 min at 72 °C. Microsatellite polymorphisms were screened using an ABI PRISM 3130 XL automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems), and alleles were designated according to PCR product size, relative to a molecular size marker (GENESCAN 400 HD [ROX]; PE Applied Biosystems). Fluorescent DNA fragments were analyzed using GENESCAN.
4.4. Statistical Analysis
The number of alleles per locus, allele frequency and heterozygosity were calculated using CERVUS 3.03 . Tests for population-wide linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci and deviations from HWE were estimated using GENEPOP ver.4.0 , and the adjusted P-values for both analyses were obtained using a sequential Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons . MICRO-CHECKER 2.2.3 was used to test for the presence of null alleles. Allelic richness (AR) as a standardized measure of the number of alleles per locus, independent of the sample size, was calculated using FSTAT version 2.9.3 .
To our knowledge, this is the first report on the development of microsatellite markers for M. petechialis. As the aquaculture of this species is at an early stage, this study will be helpful in the future genetic improvement of culture stocks and in managing the natural resource of this economically valuable, but threatened, species. In addition, some of the microsatellite markers could be used as universal genetic markers for other species.
This work was supported by grants from the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea.
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|Table 1. Characteristics of 15 microsatellite loci isolated from Meretrix petechiails.|
|Primer name||Core sequence||Primer (5′→3′)||Annealing temp.||Amplicon size||No. Allele||Ho||He||GenBank accession No.|
|Table 2. Variability of alleles at nine microsatellite loci in two populations of Meretrix petechialis from Korea.|
|Mean all pops.||N||46.5||46||46.5||46||45.5||46.5||46.5||46.5||46|
Number of samples (N); number of alleles per locus (Na); allelic richness (AR); allelic size range (R); expected heterozygotity (He); and observed heterozygosity (Ho) are given for each population and locus.*Not in conformity with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p < 0.01, Bonferroni-corrected value).
|Table 3. Allele sizes in cross-species amplification of 15 microsatellite loci of Meretrix petechiails in 12 related species.|
|Number of Individuals||95||7||2||2||9||3||1||2||1||2||2||4||2|
|Transferability *||-||46.7 (20.0)||53.0 (26.7)||66.7 (40.0)||60 (46.7)||60.0 (33.3)||33.3 (20.0)||60.0 (20.0)||40.0 (13.3)||33.3 (13.3)||40.0 (20.0)||40.0 (26.7)||46.7 (6.7)|
*Numbers in parentheses represent the percentage of polymorphic loci.
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). | <urn:uuid:2188da76-4a7b-44e3-8a1f-ba3eb622cef4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/12/15942/htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657104119.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011144-00126-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80932 | 7,121 | 2.734375 | 3 |
!0,000 Titicaca Water Frogs Die in Peru And Nobody Knows Why
October 18, 2016
The Titicaca water frog (Telmatobius culeus), a critically endangered species from Peru that is often ground up into a drink for human consumption, has suffered massive losses in Peru’s River Coata as an estimated 10,000 frogs have recently perished. Initial reports are blaming pollution in the river amid pleas from environmental groups imploring the government to construct a sewage treatment facility in the area.
According to the BBC, The Committee Against the Pollution of the Coata River, the government has not addressed what it sees as a serious pollution problem in the area around Lake Titicaca, a problem os severe that the endangered frog, known for its large body and massive folds of skin that help it breathe in high altitudes have been dying in huge numbers.
The government has reportedly taken water samples of the area where the frogs have died, an area that spans over 30 miles from the Cacachi bridge past the town of Juliaca where it ends at the mouth of Lake Titicaca. Those samples along with dead specimens will be examined by Roberto Elias and Enrique Ramos of the Denver Zoo to determine the cause of death.
The Titicaca water frog has a snout to ben length between 3,0 to 5.4 inches in length with very large specimens reported to weigh up to 2.2 pounds. It is also known as the scrotum frog due to its large folds of skin. It faces a range of issues, including over collection for human consumption, predation of its tadpoles by introduced fish and could be threatened by the chytrid fungus. | <urn:uuid:3ec0bd1d-cdef-43b0-b22e-756f32cd55c6> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/0000-Titicaca-Water-Frogs-Die-in-Peru-And-Nobody-Knows-Why-trending/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596542.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723145409-20180723165409-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.964247 | 349 | 2.828125 | 3 |
12 Common Core Essentials: Literature
Selections from New and Classic Books for the English Language Arts Standards for Middle and High School
As you reevaluate the books you use in your classroom to meet the Common Core Standards, this free collection—filled with selections from classics such as Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, contemporary novels like The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, and the AP English favorite How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster—will help you decide which books are right for you and your students.
100 pages; ISBN 9780062296177
, or download in
Title: 12 Common Core Essentials: Literature
Author: Harper Academic; Paulo Coelho; Neil Gaiman; Agatha Christie; Barbara Kingsolver; Richard Wright; Thomas C. Foster; Richmond Lattimore; Ray Bradbury; Zora Neale Hurston; Betty Smith | <urn:uuid:9218b8be-6a21-4dfc-8b56-da3dbbf456ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ebooks.com/1163244/12-common-core-essentials-literature/harper-academic-coelho-paulo-gaiman-neil-christie-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191986.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00033-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839029 | 186 | 3.46875 | 3 |
8 Useful Tips For Feeding Your Cat
Nutrition is essential for the good health and long life of every creature. Cats are not an exception. Young cats are especially pliable to nutritional imbalances and feeding errors. The feeding habits of the cat established after weaning are very important for its future health status. Cat owners should be familiar with the nutritional requirements of their cats.
Cats are carnivorous animals and cannot receive nutrition from the majority of vegetable proteins. Wild cats eat the whole of their preys – muscles, organs, viscera, bones, offal, skin. Thus, they ingest the digested food the prey has eaten. This gives the cat the opportunity to receive nutrition from various sources – meat and vegetable sources.
Cats and dogs have different nutritional requirements – cats need more protein and have greater tolerance | <urn:uuid:45f1c481-4f60-4ae9-837b-491f9222a66a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.accessoriesforcats.com/8-useful-tips-for-feeding-your-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703537796.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123094754-20210123124754-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.937115 | 169 | 2.953125 | 3 |
for communication class and please also see the attached APA SAMPLE FOR THE PAGE.
For this paper, you will need to complete two parts. The first part of the paper is a series of questions about your own touching behaviors (see Chapter 4). The second part will utilize the answers from a provided scenario (details below). Your final paper should be at least three (3) full pages, deductions will occur for those who fail to meet this requirement. Be sure to include a title page (example on eCampus) and the grading sheet(located on the back of this paper) with your paper. This paper is due Tuesday, September 18th, 2018 as a hard-copy at the start of class.
The goal of this assignment is to understand how touch influences your interactions with other people in everyday interactions.
Directions for Part 1:
To begin, you should answer the four questions below in approximately 1-2 pages. You should answer eachquestion and think about the reasons you answered the way you did. This section is worth 15 points.
Questions below about your own touching behavior:
Am I toucher? Why or why not.
Do people touch me more than I touch them?
What types of relationships do I have with the people I touch? (e.g., romantic partner, friend, etc.)
Whatdo I try to communicate when touching for these types of people?
Directions for Part 2:
Using the answers you’ve just provided, pickoneof the following scenarios. For the biggest impact, you should pick a scenario that is opposite of your normal touching patterns.Once you pick the scenario, you need to apply this scenario to your everyday life and interaction partners. Meaning you will need to “act out” this scenario with some relational partner – a romantic partner, a friend, a parent, etc. DO NOT tell the other person in the interaction that you are altering your touching behaviors until after the scenario is over; rather, you should alter your behaviors according to the scenario and observe what happens. Once your interaction is over, debrief your interaction partner on what happened and answer the following questions about your experience. This response should be around ~2 pages in length. This section is worth 25 points.
Option 1. When interacting with a conversation partner, do not touch them at all. You should avoid touch at all costs even if they attempt to touch you.
Option 2. When interacting with a conversation partner, you should touch them a lot. Your touch should be continuous and constant.
Now answer the following questions:
Who did you interact with?
What type of conversation were you having with this person when you began acting out the scenario?
What was their reaction to your touching behaviors?
How did the conversation flow?
What are your reactions and feelings to using the touching behavior in the scenario?
Grading Sheet for Paper 1
(Staplethis to the back of your paper)
Section 1 – Analyzing my own behaviors (15 points)
_____/ 5: Clear introduction to paper. Preview and state the purpose of the paper.
_____/ 10: Each of the 4 questions is thoroughly answered. Answers should be complete, full sentences, not one-word answers and focus on your own touching behaviors.
Section 2- Explaining the interaction (25 points)
_____/ 5: The scenario that was enacted, touching or not touching, should be provided.
_____/ 15: Each of the 5 questions should be answered. The answers should be complete, provide details about the interaction, and give information about the outcome of the interaction.
_____/ 5: Clear conclusion. The conclusion should summarize the paper and revisit the thesis statement from the introduction. This should be a wrap-up and review of the paper.
Style and writing (10 points)
_____/ 5: The paper was clearly written. The paper flowed from introduction to conclusion. Spelling and punctuation mistakes were primarily avoided.
_____/ 5: The paper met the minimum page requirement (3 pages). Formatting is correct (12-point font, Times New Roman, 1 inch margins, double-spaced, 0pt spacing between paragraphs) and the paper included the title page and grading sheet.
Grades will be reduced for work turned in late. 5 points (or 10%) will be deducted per day up to three calendar days. After three days the paper will be given a zero***
_____: Grade Reduction
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The post 3 pages for comm class appeared first on Top Premier Essays.
Get FAST homework help. Place a similar order and get a 15% Discount for your first three orders. We have a team of professional tutors to help you with any assignment regardless of the deadline. Contact us for immediate Homework Help. | <urn:uuid:d5ddda2d-0cf3-4125-a70f-0a71e8bc2e58> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://essayclue.com/3-pages-for-comm-class/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.930213 | 1,060 | 3.0625 | 3 |
On Aug. 10, 1519, Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan began the first recorded voyage around the world.
In 1792 mobs in Paris attacked the palace of Louis XVI.
In 1821 Missouri became the 24th state in the Union.
In 1845 the U.S. Naval Academy was established at Annapolis, Md.
In 1846 Congress chartered the Smithsonian Institution, founded with approximately $500,000 bequeathed by English scientist James Smithson.
In 1885 commercially operated electric-streetcar service began in Baltimore.
In 1921 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 39, was stricken with polio at his summer home on Campobello Island, New Brunswick.
In 1945 Japan offered to surrender in World War II after the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs, on Hiroshima Aug. 6 and on Nagasaki Aug. 9.
In 1949 the War Department was renamed the Department of Defense.
In 1976 Hurricane Belle caused millions of dollars in property damage in New York City.
In 1977 New Yorker David Berkowitz was arrested and later charged with the ``Son of Sam`` killings.
In 1980 Hurricane Allen tore across Texas, ripping up beachfront property.
In 1984 a federal jury in Reno convicted Harry Claiborne, Nevada`s chief U.S. district judge, on tax-evasion charges. Also in 1984 the women`s 3,000-meter race at the Los Angeles Olympic Games ended abruptly for American runner Mary Decker when she collided with South African-born Zola Budd, who was competing for Britain. The race was won by Romanian Maricici Puica. | <urn:uuid:22708944-e8f3-45fc-a64e-e5f60926493d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-08-10/news/9003070054_1_new-brunswick-james-smithson-louis-xvi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.932452 | 330 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Although Helena Rasiowa was born in Vienna, her parents were Polish. In 1918 Poland regained its status as an independent nation and Rasiowa's parents moved to Warsaw. She was educated there, obtaining a good secondary school education with music lessons taken at a special music school. After completing her school studies she took a course in business management before entering university.
Rasiowa entered the University of Warsaw in 1938 but, after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the university closed. Rasiowa and her parents moved to Lvov but the Poles were trapped between the Soviets and the Germans and Lvov came under Soviet control. Life there seemed even more difficult than under German occupation, so after a year the family returned to Warsaw.
There was an impressive collection of mathematicians at the University of Warsaw at this time including Borsuk, Lukasiewicz, Mazurkiewicz, Sierpinski, Mostowski and others. They had organised an underground version of the university which was strongly opposed by the Nazi authorities. Borsuk, for example, was imprisoned after the authorities found that he was helping to run the underground university.
In this dangerous situation Rasiowa learnt mathematics, knowing that the penalties for being discovered were extreme. Yet in this environment Rasiowa studied for her Master's Degree under Lukasiewicz's supervision.
When the Soviet forces came close to Warsaw in 1944, the Warsaw Resistance rose up against the weakened German garrison. However German reinforcements arrived and put down resistance. Around 160,000 people died in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 and the city was left in a state of almost total devastation. Rasiowa's time during the Uprising is described in :-
In 1944 the Warsaw Uprising broke out and in consequence Warsaw was almost completely destroyed, not only because of warfare but also because of the systematic destruction which followed the uprising after it had been squashed down. Rasiowa's thesis burned together with the whole house. She herself survived with her mother in a cellar covered by ruins of the demolished building.
After the war Rasiowa taught in a secondary school while her supervisor Lukasiewicz left Poland after the terrible suffering he had gone through. Mostowski however remembered Rasiowa's impressive work and persuaded her to return to the University of Warsaw to complete a second Master's Thesis under his supervision.
In 1946, having obtained her Master's degree, she was appointed as an assistant at the University of Warsaw and continued to work for her doctorate under Mostowski's supervision. Her thesis, presented in 1950, was on algebra and logic Algebraic treatment of the functional calculus of Lewis and Heyting and these topics would be the main areas of her research throughout her life.
Rasiowa was promoted steadily, reaching the rank of Professor in 1957 and Full Professor in 1967. She led the Foundations of Mathematics Section from 1964 and the Mathematical Logic Section after its creation in 1970.
Her main research was in algebraic logic and the mathematical foundations of computer science. In algebraic logic she continued work by Post, Stone, Tarski and Lukasiewicz :-
... aimed at finding a precise description for the mathematical structure of formalised logical systems.
Of course Rasiowa's work on algebraic logic was in precisely the right area to make her a natural contributor to theoretical computer science. However it is one thing to be in the right area and yet another to have the ability to see the importance of a new subject such as computer science. Her contributions are described in :-
Her contribution to theoretical computer science stems from her conviction that there are deep relations between methods of algebra and logic on the one side and essential problems of foundations of computer science on the other. Among these problems she clearly distinguished inference methods characteristic of computer science and its applications. This conviction of hers had been supported by her results on many-valued and non-classical logics, especially on applications of various generalisations of Post algebras to logics of programs and approximation logics.
In fact in 1984 Rasiowa introduced an important concept of inference where the basic information was incomplete. This led to approximate reasoning and approximate logics which are now central to the study of artificial intelligence.
Rasiowa wrote over 100 papers, books and monographs. She also supervised the doctoral dissertations of more than 20 students. However her contributions were not restricted to research. She helped set up the journal Fundamenta Informaticae which she was editor-in-chief from its setting up in 1977 until her death. In addition to these editorial duties she also was Collecting Editor of Studia Logica from 1974 and, from 1986, an associate editor of the Journal of Approximate Reasoning.
She also played a major role in the mathematical life of Poland. A member of the Polish Mathematical Society, she was its secretary in 1955-57 and its vice-president in 1958/59. She served on the Committee on Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and chaired various committees of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. It was partly through her endeavours that the Polish Society for Logic and the Philosophy of Science was set up.
Rasiowa remained active right up to her death, having completed eight chapters of a new monograph Algebraic analysis of non-classical first order logics before entering hospital with her final illness.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson | <urn:uuid:de1d03e4-c5f6-4ffe-a0f4-acb11b229142> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rasiowa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981921.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00238-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977537 | 1,106 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Main Article Content
This article discusses the writing styles in Lanna texts on ethics by analyzing the characters transliterated from Lanna to Thai script in seven Lanna texts about ethics. This study found that these texts have an introduction, main content and a close as was customary in texts written on palm leaves. The introduction would be in two styles: the use of auspicious words or a declaration of the purpose of the message. According to Robert E. Longacre’s theoretical framework of discourse types, the main content could be categorized as behavioral discourse or narrative discourse. Behavioral discourse would have a beginning, main content and a close, but the beginning and the close were not essential. The type of beginning and ending in each behavioral text affected its categorization and association to other texts. Main content in the narrative style would also be used for the purpose of teaching and had three types of introduction: the stories themselves would focus on actions and the results of actions so that people could apply them to daily life. The ending of narrative texts similarly had three styles and the end would be declared. This would be followed by information concerning the inscription. | <urn:uuid:c550d57a-8f21-4ee8-899c-491064a716b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JHUMANS/article/view/163234 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891884.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707080206-20200707110206-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.955988 | 228 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A group of young girls aged 6 to 15 walk into the back of Broadway Pigeons and Pets Supplies in Bushwick. This is one of the few pigeon shops left in New York. Shop owner Joe Scott asks the girls if they like pigeons. The girls shake their heads and ask to see the lovebirds in the opposite cages.
“Pigeons aren’t domestic animals,” Scott explains.
But this hasn’t kept pigeon flyers like Kenny King from building a strong bond to the birds. King is one of Scott’s regulars. Now 55 years old, King started flying pigeons as a young boy in Brownsville with Mike Tyson, former heavy weight boxing champion of the world who has been vocal about his love for flying pigeons. To King, flying pigeons was a way to forget the poverty and the tensions he lived with at home. Spending time with the birds even helped King fight alcohol and drug abuse.
“It becomes therapeutic,” King explains. “If you have any kind of problem, you go up to the roof for 4 or 5 hours and sit there. That’s it.”
King, just like Tyson, is still flying pigeons to this day. But the gentrification of Brooklyn and a growing dislike of pigeons are posing a threat to the destiny of these birds.
Pigeon flying came to life when Italian immigrants brought their own pigeons to New York in the 1950s, according to Colin Jerolmack, Professor of Sociology at NYU and author of the book, The Global Pigeon. Jerolmack explains that they would watch the birds take off for a few hours before they flew back to their coops. The birds are identified by a small bracelet and the flyers used to try to catch each other’s pigeon as a sort of informal competition.
Although pigeon flying used to be a working class white immigrant pastime, says Jerolmack, as neighborhoods diversified people of different ethnic backgrounds became experts in the art. In places like Bushwick, Black and Latin American children helped the older Italian residents take care of their birds. “There were a lot of racial conflicts in the Bushwick area but in the midst of all this, this is a sort of interesting and hopeful story,” says Jerolmack. To this day Scott’s store gets costumers from various different ethnic backgrounds. “We get all kinds of people,” Scott says.
But Jerolmack has seen a steep decline in pigeon flyers over the last ten years, during which a young, primarily white wealthier population has been moving into Brooklyn. Jerolmack estimates that the number has halved, leaving approximately 150 pigeon flyers remaining in New York. This is partly because new neighbors call 311 or complain to their landlords about the pigeons on their roofs. “I know guys who never had inspections before 2000 and then have had several in a year,” says Jerolmack. These inspections often lead to evictions as the coops very rarely meet fire safety norms. Moreover, a large number of these coops have been installed on top of abandoned factories or warehouses, which are being taken over by building owners who have no interest in keeping the pigeons.
“You can’t disconnect how people feel about these pigeons to how they feel about street pigeons – which generally, they don’t feel great about,” Jerolmack says. The concern for pigeon related illnesses in the last decade has prompted a general apprehension about the birds, which Jerolmack sees as a misconception. While common pigeon feeding areas are being replaced with “No Feeding The Pigeons” signs, Jerolmack insists that there has been no real documentation of people getting diseases from being in contact to street pigeons.
This hasn’t stopped people’s uneasiness about the birds. New York State Senate Simcha Felder (representing the 17th district) illustrated this general concern vis-à-vis New York pigeons as he suggested to curb the city’s pigeon population in a report written back in 2007 when he was on the City Council. He claimed: “The uncontrolled pigeon population in New York City poses a threat to public health.” However, in the same report Felder admits that “cases of civilians contracting diseases from pigeons or pigeon droppings are rare and the threat is often exaggerated.”
Although Jerolmack acknowledges the possibility of birds locked up in an enclosed space being more prone to developing bacteria and diseases, he argues that this isn’t relevant to pigeon flyers in New York. “People move in not knowing that these guys take good care of the birds and vaccinate them, which people who have been in the neighborhood know,” Jerolmack says.
Nelson Plaza certainly cares for his birds. Every week, he comes to Broadway Pigeons and Pets Supplies to buy about eight $25 bags of feed for his pigeons. This is just part of the budget: Plaza vaccinates his pigeons every year and gives them vitamins daily. When one of the birds gets sick, he has to spend around $45 on medication. Unlike King, Plaza doesn’t face the risk of having to cover roof damage charges (which, according King, can cost up to $1000 in the case of a snowstorm). He still has to fly the pigeons and clean their coop daily. “It’s a lot of responsibility,” Plaza admits.
But attentive care isn’t enough to ensure the flight of his pigeons. Although Plaza flies the birds from his garden in Crown Heights, the changing landscape of Brooklyn still represents a challenge to his coop. “Right now they are putting a six story building behind me. The birds are going to have a hard time navigating in my borough: they will have to go above the building. People are going to complain about the birds and they will send the health inspector,” Plaza fears, “One day they are going to say: ‘No pigeons in New York City, period.’” | <urn:uuid:baf2fbb2-f12b-43a7-9c8a-2c47f936988a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://newsdocvoices.com/2016/11/03/brooklyn-pigeons-a-fight-for-flight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656963.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610030340-20230610060340-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.973093 | 1,285 | 2.578125 | 3 |
My name is David Stott and I am a PhD student at the University of Leeds. I’m working on the DART project, which is looking at improving our understanding of how archaeological deposits are detected using remote sensing techniques. This work is important, as remote sensing allows us to prospect for archaeological features and understand the nature of archaeological landscapes. This is crucial as better knowledge about the nature and location of significant cultural heritage sites enables us to protect them by mitigating human actions and environmental processes that place them at risk.
My role in this project is to look at contrast in optical remote sensing data, specifically multi and hyperspectral aerial and satellite imagery. Archaeological features are identified in these data because past anthropogenic activity creates differences in soil which can be detected because they contrast with the surroundings. These differences are either observed directly, for example as as changes in bare soil on the surface, or by proxy, where the underlying soil causes differences in the ground cover, for example as cropmarks. Cropmarks are variations in vegetetation stress and vigour caused by underlying differences in the soil, and are the means by which most buried archaeological sites are identified in the UK. What makes them interesting is that cropmarks are visible only when variables such as climatic conditions, crop type and soil types intersect. Getting a better understanding of how these factors influence the formation of cropmarks will allow us to acquire our data at the optimal time, leading to better value from these data. Looking at contrasts outside the visible spectrum is vitally important for this work as there may be subtle contrasts that are not detectable using conventional aerial photographic techniques.
To do this I’m doing repeated surveys over the same archaeological feature using a spectroradiometer, which measures reflectance across the electromagnetic spectrum from the near ultraviolet to the shortwave infrared. This allows us to simulate what we would see from an aerial sensor but at much greater spatial and temporal resolution. In addition to this I’m also measuring crop height, density and chlorphyll content. My colleagues from the University of Birmingham have installed TDR sensors in the features that will allow us to accurately determine soil moisture and temperature at the time these surveys are conducted. To extend these ground-based observations to more features, crops and soils we have acquired imagery from a variety of sources. We’ve got hyperspectral data from the Environment Agency and NERC. Roger Palmer and Bob Bewley have been taking oblique aerial photographs and we’re in the process of applying for grants to get additional hyperspectral flights next year and as much multi-temporal stellite imagery as we can.
Now that I’ve explained what I’m doing I’ll talk about what I’m doing today. I spent my morning trying to process some of the Eagle hyperspectral imagery provided to us by the ARSF at NERC. This imagery has 255 bands. I’m away at my parents house in Argyll, so I’m working on my laptop. This is not ideal as the data is 114GB in size so I’ve had to delete anything superfluous that was lurking on my hardrive. Goodbye music, films and a big chunk of photos. Once I start processing the data it will take about 12 hours to run it’s course during which time I can’t do much else on my computer, so I’ll sit in the sun and catch up on my reading and maybe later go and look some lumps and bumps in a field. | <urn:uuid:eed204e7-8294-44de-ada6-7d8f4d576b0e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.dayofarchaeology.com/working-on-the-dart-project-hyperspectral-remote-sensing-and-archaeology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986668569.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016113040-20191016140540-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.945302 | 725 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Charter schools are public schools that are given increased freedom to be innovative in exchange for a higher level of accountability for improved student achievement.
Charter School Characteristics:
- Charter schools are public schools.
- Charter schools allow teachers to innovate.
- Charter schools give parents choices.
- Charter schools introduce accountability.
- Charter schools are closing the achievement gap.
At Gateway Public Schools, we work in partnership with the traditional public school system, not at odds with it. | <urn:uuid:2a01ff74-282c-4413-8cc9-b420e44558c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.gatewaypublicschools.org/what-is-charter-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529472.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420080927-20190420102927-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.941126 | 99 | 3.265625 | 3 |
, since the First Sustainable Coffee Congress in 1996, has been a passionate issue within the specialty coffee industry. The subsequent 1998 Sustainability Conference in Denver provoked a lively debate that seemed to boil the issue down to “shade versus organic” and to determining which of these growing practices is more sustainable. While the shade-organic-bird-friendly debate opens up important industry dialogue about sustainability, it focuses on relatively minor issues within the much larger picture of global sustainability for the coffee industry. Ironically, the industry can’t seem to see the forest for the trees.
The United Nations Commission on Economic Development defines sustainable development as, “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The specialty coffee industry can benefit from applying a similarly holistic view of sustainability. As representatives of the second most traded commodity in the world, our industry has a tremendous opportunity to make a significant impact on society’s move toward sustainability. This opportunity is not only the right thing to do, it also economically rewards companies who proactively implement sustainability strategies.
Currently, the Earth’s human population is over six billion people and is expected to double in this century. The earth’s environment is under duress due to the collective actions of human society. Author, environmentalist, and upcoming SCAA Conference Key Note Speaker, Paul Hawken notes, “We are far better at making waste than at making products. For every 100 lb. of product we manufacture in the U.S., we create at least 3,200 lb. of waste. In a decade, we transform 500 trillion lb. of molecules into nonproductive solids, liquids and gases.”
At the turn of the last century the sparsely populated earth possessed seemingly limitless quantities of natural resources, and so the Industrial Revolution was born as humans set out to exploit those resources with brute force. At the turn of this new century, the paradigm is reversed; we are on an increasingly crowded planet with rapidly diminishing resources. The old paradigm on which the Industrial Revolution was based is no longer valid for the planet today; we must develop a new one to meet the needs of present and future generations.
Environmental degradation, from crop to cup, is connected to every step of the coffee industry: 26 million acres of the Earth’s surface are planted with coffee trees. And in much of this area, coffee is planted as a monoculture crop (one species of tree in a defined land area). These farms tend to use more chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which have a tremendous impact on birds and wildlife, human health, water quality, and soil erosion. Processing facilities dump billions of tons of coffee pulp in riverways, choking aquatic life and polluting the waterways indefinitely. On the consumer side of the industry, packaging is the single most significant contributor to waste; thousands of tons of nonrenewable foil laminate packaging are thrown away both in the manufacturing process, and as post-consumer waste. No one is responsible for converting packaging into something useful; thus it is sent to our ever filling-up landfills. And, in a broader perspective, the global coffee industry is hugely dependent on that other titan of a commodity, oil, which is mainly used for transporting the product from seed to cup.
With global annual sales of $40 billion, coffee is a major industry that is considering sustainability issues at the level of a key industry association, the SCAA. The National Coffee Association has also begun to incorporate these issues in its membership discussions. Incorporating the goals of sustainability in our industry will make a significant impact on the world at large. While general industry has customarily viewed environmentalism as a threat to the bottom line, forward-thinking companies regard the sustainability imperative as a chance to gain a competitive advantage, reduce costs, increase employee loyalty, and stimulate greater innovation while improving the health of both planet and people.
Definitions Of Sustainability
A number of sustainability concepts are used throughout the specialty coffee industry today. Many center on farming practices such as biological control, the use of shade trees, or organic farming methods. Some concentrate on better working conditions for the growers, emphasizing land stewardship and restoration of the family farm. Others focus on water use and recycling. Still others stress economic viability and profitability. Diverse groups and interests working toward sustainability frequently do not agree on which goals are most important.
To make real progress in sustainability, the industry must move beyond areas of difference and conflict to areas of agreement. Some of the viewpoints and concepts on sustainability (i.e. shade versus organic) are just differing routes to the same destination, merely different expressions of the same goal of practicing more respect for the environment. To be fully encompassing, sustainability for coffee must involve all sectors of the industry and the whole process from tree to cup. Allowing businesses to employ their own creative solutions to incorporate the goals of sustainability - pertinent to each entity’s unique circumstance - will be a key factor in gaining the support of the entire industry.
Sustainability means securing quality of life for people within the means of nature. A long-running slogan of environmental groups has been, “REduce, REuse, REcycle.” In recent years a fourth “RE” - REdesign - has frequently been incorporated with that slogan, in recognition of the crucial need to re-evaluate the design of the current business paradigm and our own business operations.
The Natural Steps to Sustainability
Sustainable development requires a sufficiently broad perspective and a workable definition to be useful. The ultimate starting point would be a framework outlined by core principles for ecological, economic, and social sustainability for the whole planet. From this kind of a framework, individual companies and industries could design their own sustainability programs.
Such a framework does exist and is being successfully used by hundreds of corporations, municipalities, government agencies, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations around the world. The Natural Step Framework for Sustainability was developed in 1989 by Dr. Karl-Henrik Robert, one of Sweden’s leading cancer researchers. Dr. Robert noticed first-hand the link between environmental contaminants and human health, particularly with his child patients, and was moved by the willingness of distraught parents to do anything to help their ailing children. After seeking advice and consensus from top scientific experts in Sweden, The Natural Step (TNS) framework was born.
The TNS framework helps individuals and organizations address key environmental issues from a whole system perspective. It gives people a common language and guiding principles to help change existing practices and decrease their impact on the environment. Four System Conditions - conditions that must be met in order for a society to be sustainable - are used as a shared mental model for problem solving and for building consensus so that organizations can implement effective and meaningful sustainability programs:
These system conditions are the basic components of sustainability, based in science, that everyone can agree upon regardless of their industry, background or type of business. While there is no one fixed solution for sustainability, these conditions can guide companies in creating their own programs relevant to their own business and place in the industry. The same conditions can be used to guide the grower, the roaster, and the retailer, as well as allied service sectors of the coffee industry.
- Substances from the earth’s crust must not systematically increase in the biosphere.
- Substances produced by society must not systematically increase in the biosphere.
- The physical basis for the productivity and diversity of nature must not be systematically diminished.
- We must be fair and efficient in meeting basic human needs.
The basis for the Natural Step Model is to view the primary components of the environmental situation as the walls of a giant funnel representing where increasing societal demand for resources and decreasing resource availability create a funnel representing the area in which companies can operate unhindered (Fig. 1). As aggregate societal demand increases and the capacity to meet those demands decreases, we are moving as a society into the narrower portion of a funnel. Companies which “hit the wall” of the funnel are confronted by unexpected business crises such as increased costs or taxes, tighter government regulations, and consumer backlash.
In the late 1980’s McDonald’s Sweden hit the wall when customers began to picket their stores, protesting the company’s extensive use of Styrofoam packaging. Sales dropped and the image of the company suffered greatly. Other companies which have hit the wall in terms of consumer backlash are Nike and The Gap (for alleged purchases of goods produced in sweatshop conditions - see next month’s article on Social Responsibility) and Home Depot (for alleged purchases of old growth wood products). Reactive strategies (as in these cases) tend to be much more costly in both the short and long run than do proactive sustainability strategies.
Participating in sustainable and restorative behavior opens the walls of the funnel and moves the sides further apart. Having adopted the Natural Step framework, McDonald’s Sweden is now considered one of the most environmentally-friendly companies in Sweden, based on its commitment to sustainability and the aggressive actions it has taken toward that goal. Recently, the company has taken its commitment even further, by prioritizing the use of more organically and locally grown products. Currently, they serve organic milk in all their restaurants and purchase organic meat as often as possible.
TNS’s flexible approach has been successful in encouraging hundreds of companies to adopt sustainable business solutions thereby helping them navigate the funnel without hitting the wall. | <urn:uuid:5e552b43-1e2c-41dd-a730-ff5e50e14297> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0300/special.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137046.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00124-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945952 | 1,951 | 2.703125 | 3 |
7.00pm to 8.30pm, Tuesday 15 March
This event has already taken place
Where is the best place to find living life beyond Earth? It may be that the small, ice-covered moons of Jupiter and Saturn harbor some of the most habitable real estate in our Solar System. Life loves liquid water and these moons have lots of it!
Kevin Hand will explain the science behind why we think we know these oceans exist and what we know about the conditions on these worlds. He will focus on Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is a top priority for future NASA missions. Dr. Hand will also show how the exploration of Earth’s ocean is helping to inform our understanding of the potential habitability of worlds like Europa. Dr. Hand was a scientist onboard James Cameron’s 2012 dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, and he was part of a 2003 IMAX expedition to hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He has made nine dives to the bottom of the ocean.
Dr. Kevin P. Hand is Deputy Chief Scientist for Solar System Exploration at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. His research focuses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the solar system with an emphasis on Jupiter’s moon, Europa. His work involves both theoretical and laboratory research on the physics and chemistry of icy moons in the outer solar system. His work has brought him to the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, the depths of the Earth’s oceans, and to the glaciers of Kilimanjaro. In 2011 he was selected as a National Geographic Emerging Explorer. Hand earned his PhD from Stanford University and bachelors degrees from Dartmouth College. He was born and raised in Manchester, Vermont.
Helen graduated from Cambridge University in 2001 with a first in Natural Sciences (Physics), and then was awarded a PhD in experimental explosives physics at Cambridge in 2006. She currently researches the bubbles underneath breaking waves, both in the lab and at sea.
Ri Members experience more! Receive free or discounted tickets, access unique events and connect with others... | <urn:uuid:6fbd650e-1afe-4a89-ba52-434dd0a7ec29> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.rigb.org/whats-on/events-2016/march/public-the-search-for-life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824319.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00015-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937975 | 435 | 2.765625 | 3 |
“Bell Rung”, “Head Dinged”=CONCUSSION or MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Concussion is a brain injury that affects function. It occurs when the brain is shaken inside the skull, causing changes in the brain’s chemistry and energy supply. A concussion might happen as a result of a direct blow to the head or an indirect force, such as whiplash. You might or might not lose consciousness.
Recently concussions have received a great deal of attention as people in the medical and sports worlds have begun to speak out about the long-term problems associated with this injury. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that in sports alone, more than 3.8 million concussions occur each year. Recent scientific evidence highlights the need for proper care to prevent complications from concussion.
There are many symptoms related to concussion, and they can affect your physical, emotional, and mental well-being.
Physical Symptoms may include:
- Difficulty with sleeping
- Double or blurred vision
- Sensitivity to light and sound
Cognitive (thinking) symptoms may include:
- Difficulty with short-term or long-term memory
- Slowed “processing” (a decreased ability to think through problems)
- Difficulty with concentration
Emotional symptoms may include:
- Mood swings
- Decreased tolerance of stress
If you think you might have a concussion:
- Seek medical care immediately
- Avoid any additional trauma to your head –don’t engage in any activity that carries a risk of head injury.
- Limit activities of all kinds, including school and work.
How can a Physical Therapist Help?
Physical Therapists can evaluate and treat many problems related to concussion. Some Physical Therapists may have training in ImPact which is a program designed to be used as a tool to aid in concussion management. It is a tool to help determine recovery from injury, return to exertion, return to academics, and return to play. It is a tool to help communicate post-concussion status to coaches, parents, and clinicians. It is not a substitute for medical evaluation or treatment. Because no 2 concussions are the same, a physical therapist’s examination is essential to assess the individual symptoms and functional limitations. A Physical Therapist then can design a treatment program that fits the individual needs. Impaired balance, dizziness and headache are just a few problems that a physical therapist can address. As symptoms and problems due to the concussion improve, a physical therapist can help one resume physical activity gradually, to avoid overloading the brain and nervous system that have been compromised by the concussion. | <urn:uuid:fae0b450-be7a-4bd8-afe4-25c236a00b82> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://mathispt.com/concussion-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816841.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225170106-20180225190106-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.943038 | 552 | 3.546875 | 4 |
1. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
a. spongin and spicule b. medusa and polyp c. epidermis and gastrodermis d. cnidocyte and nematocyst e. gemmule and planula
2. Explain the relationship between choanocytes and filter feeding.
3. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: colloblast, apical organ, and bioluminescence.
4. Word Roots and Origins The name Porifera is derived from the Latin porus, meaning "channel," and ferre, meaning "to bear." Explain why Porifera is a good name for the sponge phylum.
Understanding Key Concepts
5. Identify three ways that sponges represent the transition from unicellular to multicellular life.
6. Describe why sponges are classified as animals.
7. Outline the path of water through a sponge, and explain what causes water to flow through a sponge.
8. Explain how a sponge's usual method of feeding is suited to its sessile lifestyle.
9. State the role of gemmules in the life cycles of sponges.
10. Summarize the process of sexual reproduction in sponges.
11. Compare the two types of body structures that cnidarians have.
12. Describe how a cnidarian captures and ingests its prey.
13. Identify the specialization that is found among the individuals that make up a Portuguese man-of-war.
14. Name the benefits a sea anemone obtains from its symbiotic relationship with a clownfish. What benefit does the clownfish obtain from this relationship?
15. Explain why coral reefs are limited to warm, shallow environments.
16. Compare ctenophores and cnidarians. Include at least two differences.
CONCEPT MAPPING Use the following terms to create a concept map that sequences sexual reproduction in a typical scyphozoan: adult male, medusa, blastula, adult female, sperm, polyp, planula, and egg.
18. Applying Information A single species of sponges may assume various appearances, depending on substrate, availability of space, and the velocity and temperature of water currents. How might these factors make the classification of sponges confusing? What features besides outward appearance can biologists use to classify sponges and eliminate some of this confusion?
19. Analyzing Information Sponge larvae have flagella on the outside of their bodies, while adult sponges have flagella lining their internal cavity. How is this structural difference related to functional differences between the larval and adult stages of sponges?
20. Analyzing Patterns Hydras generally reproduce asexually during warm weather and sexually in cooler weather. Based on what you have learned about the hydra embryo, what is the advantage of reproducing sexually when the weather turns cool?
21. Predicting Results What would happen to a coral reef if pollution or sediment caused the water around the reef to become less clear? Explain your answer.
22. Interpreting Graphics The pie chart below shows the relative numbers of hydrozoans, scypho-zoans, and anthozoans. Which segment of the chart represents scyphozoans? How do you know?
w Standardized Test Preparation
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the answer choice that best answers the question.
1. Why are spongin and spicules important to a sponge?
A. They digest food.
B. They remove wastes.
C. They provide support.
D. They produce offspring.
2. Which of the following structures are involved in both feeding and sexual reproduction in sponges?
F. spicules and gemmules
G. amoebocytes and spongin
H. gemmules and choanocytes
J. choanocytes and amoebocytes
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cnidarians?
D. gastrovascular cavity
4. What do colloblasts do?
F. They produce light.
G. They secrete a sticky substance.
H. They draw water through sponges.
J. They form medusae that live in colonies.
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The diagram below illustrates a hydra. Study the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
5. Identify the substance found at point 3.
D. gastrovascular cavity
6. Which structure is involved in defense?
DIRECTIONS: Complete the following analogy.
C. nerve net
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The diagram below illustrates a medusa. Study the diagram to answer the question that follows.
8. In which class is this body form dominant?
H. Anthozoa J. Scyphozoa
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Discover How To Sleep In Peace And Harmony In A World Full Of Uncertainty And Dramatically Improve Your Quality Of Life Today! Finally You Can Fully Equip Yourself With These “Must Have” Tools For Achieving Peace And Calmness And Live A Life Of Comfort That You Deserve! | <urn:uuid:4d6d441b-50b6-46e9-9622-0a681d607a34> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.alpfmedical.info/critical-thinking/info-kxr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677964.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018055014-20191018082514-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.87435 | 1,101 | 3.875 | 4 |
It’s not too late to submit your entry to the “What is a Germ?” Challenge being put on by ASBMB in conjunction with the Cambridge Science Festival. Submit your best explanation for answering the question “What is a germ?” — and frame your response so that an elementary school student can understand it. Why? Because they are the ones who will be judging you! Schools from the greater Boston area will be grading the entries and letting our participants know which ones they like best. Finalists will be invited to present their submissions before a live audience during the 2013 Cambridge Science Festival’s Curiosity Challenge on Sunday April 21! Email your submission to email@example.com by March 25. | <urn:uuid:e3a78742-05dd-4b58-bd50-656e2764eabf> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://interactome.asbmb.org/2013/03/08/what-is-a-germ-challenge-featured-on-nature-blogs-community/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621055646-20180621075646-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.940372 | 150 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The course is aimed at providing students with the basic concepts of
linear algebra. On completion of this module, students should be able to:
a) deal with and solve elementary problems in linear analytic geometry,
b) operate with matrices and solve systems of linear equations,
c) solve simple aigenvalue problems.
High school mathematics.
Course contents summary
1. Linear analytic geometry in Euclidean space: space vectors, scalar
product, vector cross product, lines, planes, and their reciprocal positions.
2. Vectors, matrices, linear systems: R^n as a vector space, operations
on matrices, determinants, rank, linear systems, dependent and independent
vectors, basis of a vector space, dimension.
3. Linear transformations and diagonalization: change of coordinates,
matrices and linear transformations, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, diagonalization.
L. Alessandrini, L. Nicolodi, Geometria A, UNI.NOVA, Parma, 2002/2004.
S. Lang, Linear algebra, Springer; 3rd edition, 2004. | <urn:uuid:5f00bfd2-48bf-46de-8bd7-b1a63dbcd1c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://en.unipr.it/ugov/degreecourse/36588 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.787725 | 236 | 3.359375 | 3 |
UCSF Study Shows One-Third No Longer Fit Criteria for ADHD After 4 Weeks’ Play
A video game under development as a medical device boosts attention in some children with sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD, a condition that can make the sound of a vacuum, or contact with a clothing tag intolerable for young sufferers.
In a study published April 5 in PLOS ONE, researchers at UC San Francisco measured the impact of a “digital intervention” on attention among 38 children with the disorder and compared them with 25 typically developing counterparts, matched by age and gender.
The researchers found that 20 of the children with sensory processing dysfunction also met criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using parent reports. These children exhibited reduced midline frontal theta activity, a neural measure of attention revealed through the examination of brain wave patterns.
After playing the video game for four weeks, this group of children showed improvements in attention. Seven of the 20 (one third) showed such marked improvements that they no longer met research criteria for ADHD. Significantly, parent-reported improvements were noted nine months after the intervention.
‘First Step in Personalizing Care’
“To varying degrees, all children with sensory processing dysfunction struggle to properly modulate sensory information,” said senior author Elysa Marco, MD, director of the UCSF Sensory Neurodevelopment and Autism Program, and associate professor in the UCSF departments of neurology, psychiatry and pediatrics.
“A subset of children with sensory processing dysfunction show challenges involving cognitive control, which includes sustained attention, selective attention and goal management. These challenges act as an additional impediment in their daily lives and suggest an important avenue for treatment,” she said. “This is our first step in personalizing care for these children and we’re excited to be approaching it with cognitive training.”
Sensory processing dysfunction affects 5 percent of all children, according to the American Occupational Therapy Association, and is considerably more prevalent among those with autism and ADHD. The condition can cause extreme sensitivity to some stimuli, such as loud noise or bright lighting, and poor sensitivity to others, leading to inappropriate behavior like “crashing into walls” or overly aggressive hugging. Occupational therapy is sometimes recommended to help children regulate sensory input and make them more comfortable and focused.
Game Design Engages Young Players
The study participants, whose ages ranged from 8 to 11, were instructed to play the video game that uses a digital platform called Project: EVO™. The platform is designed to feel like a consumer product with a high-level interface and engaging visual and auditory feedback. The core technology is based on patent-pending neuroscience designed to strengthen the brain’s ability to process and prioritize thoughts and external stimuli. It was originally discovered in the lab of Adam Gazzaley, MD, PhD, of UCSF.
The platform uses proprietary algorithms to automatically assess a child’s ability level, adjusting the difficulty of the tasks as they become more proficient. Users navigate a character through winding paths, avoiding walls and obstacles, while responding selectively to colored targets.
The researchers found that after playing the video game for 25 minutes, five days a week for four weeks, children with sensory processing dysfunction and inattention showed improvements in attention, according to both parent reports and an increase in midline frontal theta activity. While previous research has shown how the brain of children with sensory processing dysfunction is structurally different from their typically developing counterparts, the new study shows that some children have measurable functional differences that can be improved with this intervention.
“These findings are also important to consider from the perspective that one size doesn’t fit all, as there were selective benefits of this intervention for some of these children compared to their counterparts without attentional deficiencies,” said lead author Joaquin A. Anguera, PhD, director of the clinical program in the Neuroscape center and assistant professor in the UCSF departments of neurology and psychiatry.
“Moreover, this study highlights the importance of conducting individual assessments from multiple perspectives – parental reports, attention testing and neuroimaging – to have a robust understanding of why this approach was beneficial in the first place.”
Alternative to Medication
Support SPD Research
Thanks to groundbreaking work from UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco, a biological basis for SPD has been discovered. There is much work to be done and a funding gap. We still need to:
- Understand the genetic causes of sensory processing differences
- Uncover risk factors for SPD
- Measure the neurologic brain differences in affected individuals
- Determine if current interventions are truly effective for brain plasticity
- Develop new therapies based on scientific evidence
You can pave the way for a new era of sensory research and therapies by supporting UCSF’s scientific sensory processing team.
Marco said that the intervention may prove to be an appealing alternative to medication for the subset of children with sensory processing dysfunction and inattention.
“We believe that all children with sensory processing dysfunction should be assessed for attention challenges. We expect that about 40 percent will have deficits in this important neurodevelopment domain and could benefit from cognitive training,” she said.
If the technology is approved as a medical device by the Food and Drug Administration, it may be available through a child’s medical provider and eventually covered by health insurance companies, said Anguera.
The technology is also being studied in an ongoing large-scale clinical trial for children with ADHD. It follows the results of a study last year that found it could be used effectively to identify children with attention disorders, as well as a more recent study using the same platform to treat older adults with depression.
The technology was developed by Akili Interactive Labs in Boston and San Francisco. Authors of the current study report that they have no financial interests in Akili.
The study’s co-authors are Anne Brandes-Aitken, Ashley Antovich, Camarin Rolle and Shivani Desai, all of the department of neurology at UCSF.
UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises top-ranked hospitals, UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – and other partner and affiliated hospitals and healthcare providers throughout the Bay Area. | <urn:uuid:1b528414-9e5a-4287-8d3e-2c34bf659668> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2017/04/406441/video-game-promotes-better-attention-skills-some-children-sensory-processing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00378-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941359 | 1,390 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Yellow (BugScan) and blue (BugScan B) sticky traps are indispensable for the detection and monitoring of flying insects for the biological control in protected cultivations. The traps can also partially contribute to an effective control.
Research has shown that whiteflies, leaf miners, sciarids, aphids and many other flying insects are attracted to the colour yellow, while thrips are attracted to the colour blue.
This brought about the development of the BugScan (B) sticky traps. At the beginning of cultivation, the traps are hung amongst the crop. As all kinds of flying insects are attracted by the coloured traps and stick to them, the sticky traps provide a simple, but effective monitoring system. Information about the presence of particular pests and their development makes it easier to determine the proper time for the introduction of appropriate control measures.
In low crops the sticky traps are hung as closely as possible to the heads of the plants. In taller crops this should be at most 30 cm above the plants. As the crop grows, the height must be readjusted. Regular checks (1-2 times a week) and perhaps counts will show a spread or an increase of infestation of the crop.
All BugScan products provide an ecological protection measure against pests; they are made of recycled plastic of the highest quality which guarantees a long life span. The glue used is non-toxic, waterproof and does not dry up, soften or drip off in warm conditions. Furthermore, the size of the sticky and roller traps is not affected by temperature and atmospheric humidity.
Good to Know
Glue on your hands can be easily cleaned with soap.
It is easier to install sticky tapes under warm conditions. Therefore, store sticky tapes at room temperature, so that they can be easily unrolled.
When using biological control in protected cultures, the biological balance can be disturbed by an influx of flying insects from outside the greenhouse. Using sticky tapes such as the BugScan Roll (B), BugScan Roll Mini (B) or BugScan Ribbon (B) can help to solve this problem. | <urn:uuid:274f0677-95a6-4ac6-bbc0-b2d5e4d47436> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://horticentre.co.nz/index.php/products-services-2/pest-disease-control/crop-protection/sticky-traps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326115319-20190326141319-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.925329 | 421 | 3.234375 | 3 |
- The first evidence that Mary Treat was interested in insects came in 1869 when she wrote to the editor of American Entomologist, C.V. Riley, asking for help identifying a green beetle she found?
- Asa Gray of Harvard introduced Mary to Sir Joseph Hooker, director of Kew Gardens in London, as well as other famous naturalists and scientists, including Charles Darwin?
- Darwin said "Mrs. Treat of New Jersy [sic] has been more successful than any other observer" in comprehending the way in which bladderworts (Utricularia clandestina) capture insects?
- While in Florida, Mary discovered a water lily (Nymphaea flava) previously described by Audubon but considered a fiction?
- Mary discovered a new amaryllis lily, which Sereno Watson of the [Asa] Gray Herbarium named for her: Zephranthes treatae (Zephyr lily)?
- Mary was well-respected and well-liked by her male contemporaries, as evidenced by this quote written to her by Asa Gray, not normally known for being jovial: "most of the letters I have to respond to are done from a sense of duty; but yours are a treat"?
- Currently, people think of the New Jersey Pine Barrens as a dark and haunted place, with an abandoned town and a mythical creature known as the "Jersey Devil," but Mary thought the Barrens were "Nature's gardens, where [Nature] nourishes the sweet wildflowers in her own mysterious way. . .[with] flowers not to be met with in any other part of the world"?
- 1830 Mary is born in New York and then moves to Ohio as a child.
- 1863 At the age of 33, Mary marries an Ohio doctor, Joseph Burrel Treat, age 40.
- 1869 The Treats move to Vineland, NJ, where Mary will live most of the remainder of her life observing insects, birds and plants and writing books and articles about them.
- 1869 Joseph and Mary separate; he moves to New York.
- 1878 Joseph dies destitute in New York.
- 1880 Mary first publishes Home Studies in Nature.
- Beginning around 1880, Mary writes forty-one articles for Garden and Forest on the flora of the New Jersey Pine Barrens.
- 1923 Mary Treat passes away.
Mary Treat (1830-1923) was born in New York and moved to Ohio with her parents as a young child. She eventually married a doctor there, Joseph Burrel Treat; she was 33 and he was 40. Joseph was interested in natural science and this spurred Mary to indulge in her own botanical, entomological and other naturalist interests. In 1868, she and Joseph moved to Vineland, NJ, a new community known for its progressive humanist beliefs, agriculture and fruit culture. Charles K. Landis founded the town in 1861 and offered rewards to anyone who could keep the most insect pests from attacking the crops. This began the Treats' interest in entomology.
Between 1869 and 1880, Mary wrote ten articles on insects for American Entomologist magazine. She also wrote about birds and plants. She became special friends with Asa Gray, a Harvard botanist, C.V. Riley, editor of American Entomologist, as well as other male naturalists. Asa suggested where Mary might find botanical specimens, which she then sent to him, and he also introduced her to Charles Darwin. Mary and Darwin were both interested in the biologial mechanisms of carnivorous plants. Mary notably corrected Darwin about the mechanism by which bladderworts capture insects, and he capitulated that she was correct.
Mary traveled throughout the United States, but most of her life was spent observing insects and nature in her backyard in Vineland, NJ. | <urn:uuid:df5c28e3-cc84-4d8b-a569-8c4d4b256d8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://earlywomeninscience.biodiversityexhibition.com/en/card/mary-treat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321351.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824172818-20190824194818-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.971719 | 808 | 3.078125 | 3 |
How does thermal imaging for electrical installations work?
Thermal images are captured of the key components of an installation, such as:
- distribution boards
- fuse boards
- control panels
- switchgears, and
The thermal images allow us to see the heat signatures associated with high electrical resistance long before the circuit becomes hot enough to cause an outage or explosion. Faults such as high resistance caused by poor surface contact or an uneven load can be detected in seconds.
How thermal imaging can save you money
Failures of electrical installations in buildings are becoming increasingly costly in terms of downtime and disruption. They can have far reaching consequences and a long term financial impact.
Thermal imaging technology allows for the early detection of faults that could otherwise present risks to health and the environment. Where faults are identified, the planning of structured preventative maintenance will minimise the disruption to workflow keeping costs to a minimum. | <urn:uuid:19568e81-7d17-446e-a2e1-59328b7a3932> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ocs.com/uk/services/electrical-testing-and-compliance/thermal-imaging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987803441.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022053647-20191022081147-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.903742 | 184 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Economic impacts from Indiana’s first 1,000 megawatts of wind power
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of Energy, August 2014.
The magnitude of Indiana’s available wind resource indicates that the development of wind power infrastructure has the potential to support millions of dollars of economic activity in the state. The Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) models, developed by NREL, are tools used to estimate some of the economic impacts of energy projects at the state level. According to this analysis, the first 1,000 megawatts of wind power development in Indiana (projects built between 2008 and 2011):
- Supported employment totaling more than 4,400 full-time-equivalent jobs in Indiana during the construction periods
- Supports approximately 260 ongoing Indiana jobs
- Supported nearly $570 million in economic activity for Indiana during the construction periods
- Supported and continues to support nearly $40 million in annual Indiana economic activity during the operating periods
- Generates more than $8 million in annual property taxes
- Generates nearly $4 million annually in income for Indiana landowners who lease their land for wind energy projects. | <urn:uuid:c566dd81-8431-4086-b5b2-00db9feed307> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://endcoal.org/resources/economic-impacts-from-indianas-first-1000-megawatts-of-wind-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668525.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114131434-20191114155434-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.935278 | 230 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This Week in Texas History: A column
by BARTEE HAILE
A monument honoring the courage and sacrifice of Hood’s Texas Brigade was dedicated on the grounds of the state capitol on Oct. 27, 1910.
In the frantic weeks following secession, the Confederate government called upon its westernmost member to furnish 20 infantry companies. Texas responded with 32 combat-ready units, local and county militias that eagerly marched off to war half a continent away.
Enlisting en masse under names like the Knights of Guadalupe County, Five Shooters, Texas Invincibles and Polk County Flying Artillery, more than 4,000 Lone Star volunteers joined the Confederate Army. Instead of complete strangers assembled at random, the hometown detachments were made up of relatives and lifelong friends, who would stick together come hell or high water.
In frigid Virginia during the winter of 1862, the Texas Brigade was born. The First, Fourth and Fifth Texas Regiments formed the heart and soul of the fighting force, while the 18th Georgia and Wade Hampton’s South Carolina foot soldiers brought it up to brigade strength.
Serving as the warrior elite of the Army of Northern Virginia and Longstreet’s Second Corps, the Texas Brigade participated in 24 battles and innumerable minor skirmishes over a three-year span. Enlistment was for the duration, but tragically few Texans lived that long.
Brig. Gen. Louis T. Wigfall, a political appointee, resigned as the original commander in February 1862 to make way for an incomparably more qualified replacement, John Bell Hood. A Kentuckian and West Point graduate, the 31 year old Hood seemed a poor choice to ride herd over the rambunctious Texans, who made no attempt to conceal their contempt for spit-and-polish professionals with a parade-ground mentality.
But the fiery general and the raw recruits hit it off right from the start. No rearguard spectator, Hood risked his neck right along with the rank and file, a fearless trait that inspired respect. As a result and at the insistence of the soldiers themselves, they would be forever known as Hood’s Texas Brigade.
Just four months after Hood took command, the unit fought the first of six major engagements. At Gaines Mill in sight of Richmond, the Texans singlehandedly saved the Confederate capital from a Union invasion.
Braving the lethal crossfire that stopped two previous charges cold, Hood’s men successfully stormed the federal defenses perched atop a heavily fortified hill. Despite snipers and cannon which cut their ranks to ribbons, the Texans obeyed strict orders to hold their fire until the enemy trenches were overrun.
A hundred and fifty yards from the objective, the unwavering line trudged past the petrified survivors of the earlier assaults. Deaf to defeatist warnings to turn back, the Texans captured the contested summit and set the stage for the Rebel triumph.
For the battered brigade, the price of victory at Gaines Mill was sky high:570 officers and men dead, missing and wounded. But even bloodier battles lay ahead.
Less than 90 days later at Antietam, the First Texas suffered the worst one-day losses of any regiment on either side in the entire conflict. A scant 18 percent of the butchered contingent escaped the slaughter unscathed.
Chicamauga in September 1863 cost the brigade its popular leader, when Hood lost a leg to a cannon ball. In a valiant effort to fill his giant shoes, Gen. John Gregg took one chance too many and perished in action the next year.
Hood eventually recovered and was given command of the Army of Tennessee. However, on the heels of a disastrous setback at Nashville, he was sacked.
Meanwhile, his old brigade was fighting for its very life not against the relentless North but against a decision by President Jefferson Davis to consolidate the undermanned army. As part of a sweeping reorganization, Hood’s Texas Brigade was due to merge with several other casualty-depleted units.
Fearing the loss of their independence and proud identity, the Texans sent Major Howdy Martin to appeal directly to Davis. Gen. Robert E. Lee happened to be present and interceded on behalf of the Lone Star heroes. “Mr. President, before you pass upon the major’s request, I want to say I never ordered that brigade to hold a place that they did not hold.”
Clearly swayed by Lee’s heartfelt words, Davis said, “Major Martin, as long as there is a man to carry that battle flag, you shall remain a brigade.”
Of the thousands that fought as members of Hood’s Texas Brigade, only 557 lived to see the surrender at Appomattox. Walking home past the graves of fallen comrades, the survivors must have wondered if fate had shown the dead more mercy.
San Marcos Mercury columnist BARTEE HAILE welcomes your comments, questions and suggestions at P.O. Box 152, Friendswood, Texas 77549 or by email here.Email | Print | <urn:uuid:6990ec04-057b-4e93-81fb-5e80e1dbd43f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://smmercury.com/2012/10/26/bartee-haile-monument-honoring-hoods-texas-brigade-dedicated-at-capitol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999740.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624211359-20190624233359-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.95467 | 1,044 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A celebration is set to take place in Glasgow to mark Scotland's role in creating the Italian nation.
Giuseppe Garibaldi was known as the "Father of Italy"
More than 140 years ago a concert in the city helped raise funds to support Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi.
He in turn used that backing towards his fight to create a unified country in the second half of the 19th Century.
The Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama is now to host an exact repeat of the historic Glasgow concert to assist the man known as the "Father of Italy".
Garibaldi is widely recognised as a major influence on the founding of Italy as a unified country.
One of his most famous actions was leading about 1,000 of his "red shirts" to liberate Sicily from Bourbon rule.
This year is the 200th anniversary of his birth in Nice and events have been organised around the world to remember him.
Scotland helped to support Garibaldi's struggle in a number of ways.
The Glasgow concert took place at the City Hall on 26 May, 1860.
The programme and music from the original event will be used to recreate the same atmosphere with a performance by the Accademia Santa Cecilia on Wednesday night. | <urn:uuid:d756fffe-ea1b-4021-a042-143df29550e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7103963.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187225.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00627-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974857 | 255 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A car that protects itself from superficial damage using supple bodywork is on the drawing boards at General Motors
in Detroit, Michigan, US.
GM is using a "shape memory” alloy, which expands when heated, to remove minor dents, and claims to have had best results with an alloy of nickel and titanium that changes state at around 70°C. The alloy is mixed with filler particles of electrically conductive carbon, so that feeding a current through the material makes it heat up and rapidly change shape.
The alloy could be placed along the edge of a car door, an area that often suffers knocks as people climb in and out. When the door opens, a low current would flow through the strip, making it expand slightly. As it closes again, the current switches off, cooling the strip down. Should the door have suffered a bump, the expanding alloy ought to absorb any dents as it shrinks back to normal.
Unfortunately, GM says, the material provides no protection against heavy impacts and certainly cannot grow a new surface.
Learn more about the self-protecting bodywork patent here | <urn:uuid:6532717f-466f-4c2c-af4d-b4d8b0a2eda0> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.newscientist.com/blog/invention/2005/10/self-healing-bodywork.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824570.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00107-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954979 | 227 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It’s time for some sensory play peeps! Not only do sensory activities encourage kids to explore new textures and materials, they can also help children develop new skills. Play-Doh, sensory bins, bubbles and water beads are just a few examples of activities that give kids the opportunity for sensory exploration. The key to making sensory activities successful is to make them fun and easy (plus easy to clean up!). Here are three sensory activities you can try with your children on the Play Mat.
Foam: Kids love playing with the squish-able and squash-able properties of foam. I love using it in therapy, but it was always such a pain to cleanup! Now I use it on the Play Mat, and cleanup has become ezpz - the foam clumps together on the silicone mat! I also find that kids are drawn to the way I separate the foam colors in the flower compartments, which makes it an organization activity for both individual and group play. I use foam for reinforcement, sensory breaks, color matching, managing behaviors, improving fine motor skills, creative play and improving speech and language skills. In my experience, kids open up and talk when playing with foam, which I use to my advantage in a therapy session. If you are hesitant about buying foam for your kids because of the mess, try using it on the Play Mat!
Manipulatives: Manipulatives are found in large quantities in classrooms, homes and therapy centers, but what are manipulatives? In the context of teaching, manipulatives are items that children use to support hands-on learning through play. Legos, crayons and blocks are a few examples that are great for teaching skills like counting, sequencing, colors and prepositions. To avoid stepping on that dreaded Lego, try using the Play Mat to keep toys and crafts on the mat, instead of on the floor. Placing manipulatives in the flower compartments also keeps the task clutter-free while improving a child’s attention to the activity.
Slime: You can make homemade slime with glue, dish soap, laundry detergent, borax or liquid starch. I prefer to opt for less toxic ingredients when working with sensory kiddos that might lick their hands or accidentally eat the slime. Here is my ezpz sensory slime recipe.
2 Tbsp. Cornstarch
1 Tbsp. Water
Have your kids put the corn starch into a clear bowl and add some water. Ask them to slowly mix the ingredients with a spoon. Continue to add small amounts of water until it reaches the consistency your child prefers (some children like a runny texture and others like a more solid consistency). Pick a color and add a few drops of food coloring. Continue to stir the slime until the color is completely mixed in. Then, have your child knead the slime with their hands to make sure it is the perfect texture. That’s it; now start having slimy fun!
How do you use slime and other sensory games with your kids? What is your favorite homemade slime recipe? | <urn:uuid:97c1629d-9460-48b2-a538-7eb6b34eb959> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ezpzfun.com/blogs/activities/sensory-activities-on-the-play-mat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668618.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115093159-20191115121159-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.942971 | 633 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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